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THE 


LrrERARY  PANORAMA. 


REVIEW.  S    EEOISTER   ^    AfAGAZINS 

OF  (  OF  t  OF 

300KS.     S      EVENTS,     V  VARIETIES. 


coMraitiHo 

INTERESTING  INTELLIGENCE 

taoM 
THE    VABIOUS  DISTRICTS  OF  THE  UNITED   KINGDOM, 
THE  SaiTISH  CONNECTIONS 


nB  BAST  IK 

rDIBS,          AMBRICA, 

WBSTBRK 

THB  WBST  IVPIBfl^         AFRICA, 

ASIA,  &C. 

AHD  FROM 

E  COJ^TINENT   OF 

•   EURO] 

AUSTRIA* 

H0LhAV1>, 

PRUSSIA, 

DEHMARK, 

HUirOARTt 

RUSSIA, 

YRAVCB, 

'ITALY, 

BFAIV, 

OBRICAVTf 

FOLAVO, 

SWBDBV, 

•RBBGBf 

FORTUOA^:, 

TURKBT,  ice. 

VOL.  I. 

Tunung  with  easy  eye  tbou  mty'st  behold 

rVom  India  and  the  golden  Chenonese 

And  iitmott  Indian  isle  Tabropane, 

From  Gallia,  Gades,  and  the  Britiih  west, 

Gennans  and  Scythians,  and  Samartians  north, 

Bwond  Danubius  to  the  Taoric  pool : 

All  nations. MILTON.  P^raiiti  tUgainii. 


LONDON! 

W«tod  hy  Cox,5oir,  and  B^Ytf  t,  i^reti  aueen-stiett, 
J^QT  C,  TAYLOR,  «b.  108,  HiUoA  Gtrden,  Hollwrn. 


1807. 


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PREFACE. 


It  is  a  favourable  circumstaDce  to  the  Editor  of  a  Volume  like  the 
pcesent,  that  the  Preface  is  the  last  article  required  by  the  Press.  Never 
is  a  modest  assurance  more  embarrassed,  than  in  soliciting  the  attentioil  of 
llie  Public  to  a  work,  the  character  of  which  is  wholly  comprised  in  anti- 
^MtioD  and  futurities.  But  when  the  conduct  of  a  publication  has  been 
approved  of,  and  the  good  opinion  of  its  Readers  is  obtained,  the  uncer- 
tainties of  a  first  introduction  are  over,  and  the  most  timid  may  assume  a 
confidence  which  will  not  be  censured  as  unbecoming  or  ungraceful.. 

The  Literary  Panorama  has  ^  every  reason  to  be  satisfied  with  the  re- 
ception it  has  met  with:  in'point  of-ebaracter,  we  speak  with  grateful 
aennbility,  no  work  stands  higher;  in  point  of  sale,  we  need  only  appeal 
to  tbe  necessity  for  reprinting  our  early  Numbers.  And  we  feel  the  greater 
oUigation  to  the  liberality  of  the  Public,  because  we  are  conscious,  that  not 
evesy  intention  has  been  completed,  and  that  various  improvements  remain 
to  be  adopted.  The  effect  of  Continental  events  on  a  plan  so  extensive, 
as  that  formed  in  support  of  this  undertaking,  must  be  obvious  to  all :  nor 
can  our  failings  be  properly  imputed  to  us  as  faults. 

FcHT  these  ^vours  we  beg  leave  to  return  our  sincerest  thanks,  and  to 
iolicit  a  continuance  of  the  same  candour  in  behalf  of  our  future  exertions ; 
at  tbe  same  time,  assuring  our  Subscribers  that  no  endeavour  shall  be  want- 
ing, on  our  part,  to  increase  the  merit  and  interest  of  a  Work,  whic&  they 
bave  io  bandsomely  honoured  with  their  patronage  and  protection.       , 


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by  Google 


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80 

90 

8 

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aar 

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— 

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7dO 

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85 

984 

*— 

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84 

10S7 

10 

1108 

-^ 

1898 

— 

1843 

4 

ERRATA. 


tor  Jdlloiialy  tetA  JoAMiky. 
Bead  approaching  to  comctneas. 
JPor  ss.  read  8s 

Fiom  bottom,  1^  ttmbtf  cbennf8,«ttd  d8cU)^9  ra«ii8inbScB,d 
For  1790»  read  1740. 
For  Tower,  read  Sflue  IlQieeOflhM. 
For  joy,  read  of  joy. 
'Bottom  tide,  for  179O  read'  170O. 
For  Per(owii8»  read  Petrowna.^ 
From  bottom,  for  1700,  read  1O70. 
fOrtap,iiadita». 
Bottom  line,  for  does,  read  do. 
'For  easy  flow  of,  read  gracefolly  flowing. 
For  1807.  read  1808. 
For  No.  Vltt.  read  No.  fit. 
Bottom  linok  for  HmmboUt,  read  Hmnbaldt. 
For  dcrlvcd|  read  desired. 


TotheBmder. 


The  Tkle^  Preface^  Table  of  Cootents^  the  Signatures  a.  b.  with  the  Pages  marked 
in  small  ntunerfcal  ktten,  to  be  placed:  at  the  bq;inDin^  of  the  Volume.  The  Platei 
of  OiRaro  to  free  page  97. 


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TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


btfroductoffyViewttateof  Europe  1800....       i 
tffot  Bricun,  AusiTM^  Deniqaik»  Fnacc, 
HoUaad,    Itsly,   Pnmia,    Rotiia,  $ptiii» 
Sweden,  Toikey.) 

Bkictth  Finances,  1800 xx 

(Voles  »nd  supply  ;  ways  and  means ;  pro- 
perty tax  ;  Guscoms  and  excise ;  loan ;  civil 
Uic  ;  increased  pay  to  navy;  the  army  (  na- 
tknal  debt ;  ships  built,  I804  180A.) 

Sccshnd,  Highlands xxx 

Ifebnd,  grants ;  ways  and  mean* ib. 

Anerican  Finances xxxi 

Dr.  WUktns's  Peisiaa  Dtcciooary 1 

^ReaailcsoD  similar  works -opposite  mran- 
n^  oC  Arabic  words— Ptfrt  or  Fairy— Per- 
•on  moDchs— Kjogs  of  Persia— Divination 
by  arrows.) 

Sir  R.  C  Hoare's  Giraldus IS 

(Sketch  life  of  Giialdus^Welsh  sainu  angry 
•*«Caibedrai  of  St.  David's— Roman  cam- 
paigns in  Britain— custom j  of  the  Britons 
-*«w<ic  of^— boats  of— late  improvements.) 
Bishop  of  London's  Beneficial  efiects  of  Chris- 

tiattily     ^ f.^.*.*      90 

(In&ncicide — slavery— ^ar— human  sacri* 
ficcs— infidels'  acknowled|^ements.) 
MuBose's  Examination  of  Kevenue?  of  Great 

Britain (Mr.  Pitt's    S3 

finances,  17 80 — Tables  of  Revenue.) 

Bainel  on  Exchange  (French) 44 

(Complaints  of  depressed  state  of  commerce.) 

Barrow  s  Voyage  to  Cpchio-China 40 

rMadeira — Rto  de  Janeiro— Brazilian  ve^c- 
tibtes  —  Batavia  —  Cochin-China  —  South 
Africa,  town  of  LeelakmJ 
Onat^%  Graphic  History  of  Lord  Nelson,  i . .     54 

Varenne's  Events  of  France  in  1 7  9i    »0 

Colcbrooke's  Remailcs  on  Husbandry   and 

Commerce  of  Bengal 57 

rFlopolation  of  Bengal— catdc—opium-*to- 
Mceo  —  sugar  —  cotton  — *  silk— indigo  — 
hemp — yellow  cochineal.) 

DtU  Harpe's  works 04 

(Recollection  of  M.  Caiottc's  prophecy.) 

Soiiib  on  Water  Meadows , 70 

Crocker  on  Land  Surveying 71 

Lanrie  and  Whitde's  Traveller's  Companion    7S 

Banctl's  Cromer 74 

Tbomtoa'sTlansactions  widi  Burton  ......     75 

Price's  Astrariom  improved 70 

Frederic  Kfaig  of  Pru<isia*s  JLast  Utoug^ts  •  •     77 

Mrs.  Oooch,  Memoirs  of. 76 

UlmandTrafidgar,  apoem 2>. 

Bnisce's  Dictionary  of  Universal  Geogrtpby    80 
(Icebnd.) 

Sabbagh's  Messenger  Dove  ..  • 81 

Marael  d'Arttbmetique   , 88 

(Assignats,  ftlative  value  of.) 

Fcrib  at  Naples 88 

(?leapoUtan  anger— foneril  processions — 
•qaipsgei  giming^^atottsy— public  rea- 
den-^  lottery—  Maccarorii  —  filths-water 
selleis— cheese  sellers^milfc  scllrn— beg- 
gars—sea-fish— ambulatory  preachers — 
ttkty  at  inne    Viaticum— 4heft—roottos.) 

Annals  of  Natural  History,  Madrid Ol 

Buflbn's  Natoral  History  of  Man,  Berlin. ...     02 

Ciritivationot  Fruit  Trees,  Halle ib. 

PlanttoC  Ftanoe  ib. 

Vol.  I.     {Lit,  Pan.  Martji  18Q7  ] 


1^ 

Rudiger's  Astronomy,  &c.  ...» •.•     08 

Ubersall's  Structure  dec.  of  the  Liver ib. 

Reide's  Scaif-OiRcer's  Manual oO 

Cattaro,  description  and  history  of,  two  plates    97 

Lord  Suffolk's  Plan  for  assisting  Poor lOft 

(Abolition  of  poor  rates.) 

Thousand -headed  Cabbage 104 

Eton  on  the  Black  Sea 105 

(Productions- wheat — charts  of— timber- 
sea  of  A^ph  suddenly  filled.) 
Esublishment  for  educating  young  Men  for 

India  service 110 

(Report  of  Committee  on— French  before 
us  in  this-^Hercford  College,    plan    of-*- 
Colleg?  School.) 
Report  to  H.  of  Commohs  on  Wool  Trade. .   119 
(Machinery — two  modes  of  conducting— 
domsstic  system  and  factory — apprentice- 
ship— stable  of  progressive  increase  of,) 
Chateaubriand's  Excursion  to  Mt.  Vesuvius  ]S5 

Papcnburg,  Account  of 141 

Books  and  Reading  in  Russia  145 

Lomonossove  the  Russian  poet,  life  of  ... «   149 

College  of  Fort  William,  BeOj^l 157 

(Visitation  of.) 
Rruseostem's  Voyage  round  the  World  ....   107 

Nerves  injected  by  M.  Osiander  . .  *. 109 

Patents  . . .  ^ 170 

(Willcox—t-Ifobson  and  Co. — Sampson.) 

Proposita  Philanthropica 17* 

(Bible  societies  abroad,  at  horn:; — mi,<sion 
to  Africa— friends  of  foreigners  in  distrcHS— 
unfortuhate  females— >ficc  chapel  re-opcncd.) 

Poetry   (Paratout— ode  1 79 

to  sleeping  infant  in  Italian  and  French.) 

Maida  (Battle  of  ^proclamation.) 181 

Bucnos-Avres  (Capture— proclamation.)   ..   1«7 

Observanda  Externa 109 

(China,  vaccination  —  portable  medicine 
cheat— Zebra,  breed  of  in  France— chrystal 
flute— Greek  classics  by  modem  Greeks — 
Vespasian,  gold  medal  of— Indigo  in  Eu- 
rope —  Cotton,  do.  —  inland  navigation, 
France  —  vaccination  on  animals — rot  in 
sheep,  inoculated— Dr,  (Jail  at  Frankfort— 
lUbc  on  antlent  Greece — painting  on  glass 
— geognostic  excunion— Luther  exhibited 
on  the  sfcige— prize  question,  Holland- 
Rhine  conducted  to  sea— instrument  for 
measuring  depths — Pest,  canal  to,  com- 
merce of— Sculpture  for  Ameiica— manu- 
scripts at  Milan — typography  at  do.— Uni- 
venity  in  Gallicia — Russian  voyage  round 
the  world— botanixing  excursion  in  Tartary 
<— mercantile  fiiilure,  Constantinople.) 

Literary  Prospective 808 

(Great- Britain,  America,  Denmark,  Greece, 
France,  Ruvia,  Sweden.) 

Obituary    '. 315 

rLordthurlow- Mr.  Fox— J.  J.  Bachclier,  > 

Promotions  (Gazcttej 817 

Bankrupu ib. 

London  Weekly  Returns , 818 

(Wheat,  bread,  meat,  hay  and  straw,  hops, 
leather,  tallow,  coals.) 

Meteorological  Tables 210 

Courses  of  Exchans(e  and  ButHon !li9 

Insurance,  Premiums  of 921 

Fi:i«^Ciirrta^- ib. 


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P*gc 
StociiB Daily Pricei of    •..;.••'.....•..<.  928 
QC3r     Tie  smkjects  wf  thite  Ta$Us  heh^  mfwdp 
ili  sam^,  thvj  are  m$i  pMrtimtkriied  im  fieirfiAtm 
ing  reemrrenen^  hmi  an  anlf  marhJ  '*  Tthlet, 

Spanish  Armada  papers    ...'. 935 

(Lord  Howard's  letter — Sir  Francis  Drake's 
-—Force  of  Armada — Engttsh  shipping- 
home  forcc^-«11owances  to  do— victualling.) 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh— -life  of 941 

Micklc's  Works ;  .^. 940 

Grahame's  Birds  of  Scotland    •  •   94 8 

Established  Church — hints  for  security  of  . .  950 
Methodi$tj^*<oleration— -want  of  churches  254 
Jewish  Prophecy— tone's  Sermon ........  955 

Camus  on  Teeth  of  Wheels 257 

Strabo's  Geography,  ^ris • 202 

(Stadia  of  different  lengths) 

^ad  books,  danger  of. •••...   900 

Gustavus  III.  of  Sweden— works  of  208 

Plutarch,  excerpts  from  relatiV^  to  arts  .. . •  974 

Grand  juries— -obsfrrations  on 278 

French  principles— fettialtf  dress 981 

Dr.  Morsels  HTistiMry  of  New  Engird 282 

lapland^roineralbiitory  of. 284 

Greek  oortespotaidence  ... .' • «••  988 

(Alexander  MauroconfaUo.) 

Hotcroft's  Tales  in  Verse • 900 

De  Hordt,  Coont— miliury  memoirs 201 

(English  valour  —  Citadel,  Peteisburgh —    - 
Empress  l)ring  in  state — kvjring  contribu- 
tions.) 

Miseries  of  Human  Life,  Beresford's 907 

I'rench  system  of  weights  and  measures  •  •  •  •  802 

Freqch  finaocea 808 

Moial  anecdotea— Berlin ib. 

Varieties — Berlin ib. 

Fruits,  le  Fanier-*Fleurs,  la  Corbdlle  ....  304 
Historical  Pictures  of  Bonaparte*s  campaigns 

hi  Italy ,....r.. /  304 

Vlfilas^s  Translation  ofthe  Bible,  Gothic  ..  30f 
Appel's  coins  and  medals,  Vienna  .^ ..... .  S07 

Comasarye  queen,  her  nxmnment 308 

Statistic  view  of  Europe  300 

French  army— strength  of  at  different  periods  811 

Didascajia .  •  (Opera— Drury  Lane  Theatre—  314 

Covent  GardenTheatre-Beggar's  Opera,  note.) 

folitica 317 

(Britannic  Msgesty's  Declaration,  Oa.  21, 
I  1800.— Prussian  Manifesto,  Oct.  o.^Aus- 
'  trian  finance  patent.) 

Life  of  Prince  Menzicoff 821 

Proposita  Phitanthropica 841 

(Missionary  Society — Catholic  Religion  in 
America — Indian  speech.) 

Proposita  Literaria • 85d 

(Correction  of  John  xix.  '5.— in  Tacitua— 
in  Shakespeare.)  .    " 

College  of  Fort  WilKaitt— prizes 857 

Door  latch  improved    ' 350 

Musical  teitiperamenty  Earl  St8nhope*S  ....  300 
Russien  instruction— scarcity  of  Bibles  ....  302 
Turnpike  roads  repott(carts— wheels— roids.)  305 

Animals  of  burden,  vrith  notes    .'• 870 

Buenos  Ayres  (tiUde  oQ    878 

Montevideo '. 370 

fffiu/rroff—Krade— animal*— custom^.) 

la  Plati  river ,  880 

Opera,  condtict  of. 300 

Cliaracter  of  Lord  Thurlow 301 

■    ■     ■'■     Mir,  Fox  8W 


^  I, ;  P»5e 

^Ot^     ,, ,..,, ,^ 409 

rRetrospoodon— Recollection— Mammoth.) 

Observaiida  Externa • 408* 

(Ltvisiana  Litew^ure  CremUnd,  Travels 
in— ingenuity  in  goal— galvanism-*Greno- 
ble  portraits—  bttiricaiieb>  how  caused— 
China, .  mission  to  (F^tndi)— history  of 
physic  — photpbtte  of  magnesia  in  bones- 
spider  Muned— Grecian  theatricals  restore<V^ 
—book  trade  hi  Germany— «tTaw  to  whiten 
— CBOmiRient  to  Kcplai^— astronomical  hi- 
strumeats— Gnek  scbool,  Transylvania— 
litoncursy  Holland— exotic  piants  — Am* 
stsfdam,  port  of— Iceland  new  city^Bells 
History  e^i  Rome  —  antiqirities  —  North 
C^pCfCol.  Sk'oljebrand— Dorpat,  Livonia, 
UnhrcKlty— ladies ^mhiary,  imperial,  sup- 
pressed—college in  Georgia— si!k  mamifnc- 
tufc  in  Spaiiv—litefBture  — medals,  coins, 
ftc.— fiopulaiioa  and  institutions — ^burying 
grounds— city  discovered  in  Tartary — Ara- 
bian works  in  Turkey.) 
Avalanche  of  mountain,  hi  Switzerland. .. .   419  . 

French  frigates  taken 429  ' 

IngKsh  frigate  Constance  lost .... « 42f 

Prorootioas  (Gazette)  • 430 

•  University ib. 


Bankrupts 49' 

Obiivafy » 431 

Literaiy  Prospective 4ss 

rioeArts  • 437 

Literary  Retrospect 43t 

TaMes  « ^ 443 

Expeditions  against  Enemies  ..••   (Eatl  of  449 
Essex's  instructions— composition  Of  nation- 
al force.    Sit  Geo.  Rooke  s  instructions.) 

Patriotic  Fund,  Third  Report. 408 

Malmesbury  History  of • .,. . .  400  ' 

(King  Cbaries— origin  of  abbey— trade.) 

Kdlads  and  Songs  (old)  Jamieson*s  472 

(Mermaids— mermen— Christmas  Carol  by 
G.  Wither— the  Dry's  sang.) 

Works  of  Louis  XIV 462 

(His  bsrgain  with  Charles  U.— influences 
the  K.  of  England's  marriage— history  of 
CroqaWeirs  procuring  Donkirk— buys  that 
tofOk  (torn  Chartcs  If.) 

Swedish  Zoology^  E/k,   404 

Landscape  gardening  (Russel  square.) 4oo 

AtlasofEaghmdby  Luffinan 508  . 

MScbunc  GenUs's  Works 504 

Bocnos  Ayres  to  Pbtosi  (Travels  by  Helms.)  500 

piedmont,  Hydngraphic  essay  on 510 

Inquiry  into  nfttiom safety  1^  Bowles  ....   518 

Alexandffiad  apotm.*.. 518 

Miscellaales  of  Physiolosyj  ^  ^X  Roi^cher 

.  dcRatte 511 

'  (Df  scotery  of  other  people's  thou^ts,  dec.) 
Trareb  huo  Italy  aiid  Sicily  by  Creuz^  dc 

Lesser   (Englishwomen.)  598 

Small  pox,  dccorigin  of 528  , 

New  globes,  by  Carey 520 

Life,  &c.  of  Dr.  Watts 530 

French  Dynasties,  (bunders  of  531 

Historical  library  —  Fre/tck ib. 

Siberian  flax,  Mtmwe ib. 

Atlas  of  old  worid,  Weimar ib. 

HoUand statistics^ &c ....   532 

V^eta^cs  cotthrated  in  Europe ib. 

Vib4iG8lio»of^tf.  Ciaoitc'sfropheoy    ••••  5^ 


Digitized  by  V^OOQlC 


Taik  qf  Contents. 


^ Pipe 

GnespooAenoe  ..••*.••••.  nUioarlts  on  an  Ma 
cnor  m  Girakluft— on  Stone't  termon— to 
etior  respecting  Mr.  MelTin.) 

Ictrospect  state  of  9Ci«^ce 345 

(Astfonomy — geography— zoology— botanf^ 
P*"T«*o>ogT—  mineral^— crystallography 
—volcanoes  —  fossils— geoIogy*-physic»* 
dectricity — chemistry.) 

loads  piesernicion  of  .... .' 317 

fWi^g^rDOBy  wheels*  new  wayt  proposed.) 

Greece,  comroerce  of (Population  of,  b6i 

weights,  nxmies,  produccrions  of,  table.)  [ 

Coasaaoption  cured  by  cunaots  . . .  •  • 573 

-Anstria-lHtenry  advices  from,  journals  of . .   57s 

Froposata  Pbilanthropica , 573 

(Dnscntris'  gratrmar  -  school  —  mfcwiony 
,    cacfaolic  tn  China— Free  chapel.) 
J**  Tra««aer»  memoirs  of,  in  retirement. . .  • . .  ^34 

Traveller,  Belgian , 533 

(Hottand-^Eoglish  at  Antwerp— spies  in 
Pfaace— Lyons-— Laora's  tcmb.) 

Bory,  monks  of,  custom ••   594 

l^ltament  man  solicited b9^ 

Servants,  orders  fer  hcusehc^d 50f 

Peruvian  miues   .•••.. •....••...•   590 

Gotting!eo  Uoifeni^ ib. 

Moseom  of  nac  hist,  at  Moscow 3oi 

American aflairs  ..'...'.'^T. 004 

Veaovios  eni^lon  of. ^f 

£aA-ft£ffia  pvodactions  desirable  in  Europe  010 
(Coctou  I  siyir  canes^-indigaev— wheats-* 
nee    ^ruha.) 

iXdascalia (Coriohnut— Ot^ 

Adrim  and  Orilla— Vindictive  Man.) 

i    Observxnda  Externa... Olg 

(America,  Astronomy  —  Eclipse  —  Esqnf. 
mactz  Christians— Classical  Literatures-In- 
dian Doelling— Denmark,  Ice  Praam — Ca- 
nals in  France — ^Persian  professoi^— dumb 
p»9on,  will  of— l>remony  at  Beauvats— 
rriae  Question — ^Ncw  Caniages. — Astro- 
j»oB^,  sol  If  spots— Insects,  mification  o^-* 
Pfcnia— Black  Sea— Caspian— Tiger  cured  - 
of  Opthalmia — New  Musical  instrument— 
Eomoa  Rains  in  Germany— Price  Ques- 
tions,  Gorlitz— Paper  currency,  at  Vienna 
<— Hnogary,  Catho  ic  students  •—  Chinese 
prohibit  books.  ■    persecute  Chris- 

tiaos— India  Company's  servants  lepri- 
nanded  —  Misncnarles,  Baptist  — *  Hindoo 
fdigioos  ceremony — Galvanism,  Icaly."^— 
ilsmmomy  Mexican— Philanthropic  esta- 
Mishments  Bcrgen-T^yreek  schools,  Crons- 
fadt  —  Elephant  fossil  skeleton  —  English 
Meichants  and  Emp.  Rossia  —  Naati  al 
atchlres,  Spain — Hydrophobia  core  of-« 
WidowLinneus,  death  of— Degree  of  Earth 
measorcd— -Sciences  Academy,  Stockholm 
—Odin  tomb  of— Seasons  in  Tkrtary— ' 
CoiiusjKa  sobUmate  tikrn    Literary  statii- 


Ptig« 


maris.  New.  Road  — Welch  Conjuror- 
Perth  navigable  Canal— Tonnd  of  Forth— 

Isle  of  Man  herring— Machinery 

—Ireland,  Cattle  exported  ^—  Linen  trade 
•^-inland  navig^t^on- Aqueduct — ^Agricul- 
tural lecture,  Dublin— Silver  mine — Lead 
mine^^Longevity.) 

Literary  Ptospective 047 

•Retrospect 05O 


Obituary    ^  050 

University  Promotions 057 

I  Army  ditto   • 053 

Bankn^iCs  •••••••••.•*••.•«••.••* 001 

Tabka  0*07 

BalanceofThuk 073 

(Commercial  treaties — ^Netherlands— policy  ' 
of  France— Spain— H  Hand.) 

Stranger  in  Ireland  by  Carr 039 

(Dublin— Irish  Sunday— perjury— Church 
establishment — Irish  cabbin  —  ^rmers  — 
co'iiage,  specie  scarce^ladics— bogs— linen 
manufaoiMre.) 
British  Flag  triumphant  (Nelson's -prayer,)..   70* 

Slave  Trade  resolutions    700 

Arts  of  Design  in  England,  by  Prince  Hoare  7^7 
Picturesqye  Cottages  by  Atkinson   ........  700 

Ornaments  by  Tatham.". 711 

Plate  by  Do 713 


r  Hall,  inwrovements  near  t 
J  c«siom  at— Cast^roii  impioved*- 
New  tSwB,  Doron-^otatoes,  Dorham-* 
Amow  opeaed,  Gkmcestefshire  f— Cider 
A»pk»  new— Liverpool^  improvenients— 
HMh  Shields  dtttOw-CowskOlod  by  patat 
'*'  cifkufa  of '^Birmingham  ira- 


034 


Army,  state  of 714 

Comforts  ^  Human  Li^ .' 7 10 

Woits  of  Louif  XIV.  ....  (Private  negocia-  7 i  • 
tions  with  England— with  the  £mperor») 

Plants  near  Gottiugea 700 

Poetique  Aiiglai<«e • « . .     ib. 

Poems  bv  the  Rev.  H.  Moure 737 

Valais,  Letters  on  ....... .  (Wild  scenery—  72f 

people — Hottpital  St.  Bernard — road.) 

Hours  cif  Leisure .'•   730 

Chester,  Walk  round  ..; 738 

Pocket  Dictionary,  Russian,  French,  German  Tax 
Lectures  on  Italian  Language  by  Gagliani  •  •   743 

Italian  Extracts  by  Montucci  74s 

Pesth,  Directory 744 

Historian  for  Youd),  Flrench 74^ 

Illustrations  of  Cvzotte's  prophecy  continued  747 
(Malesherbes— Maix|.  de  Condorcet.) 

Stone's  Scrmoa,  Letter  on,  by  A.  B 759 

Didascalia • • 70a 

(Tekeli— Mr.  H— .— Miss  Ray— Deserts  of 
Arabia  —  Teoipest  -—  Arbittadon —  Opeim» 
Mad.  Catafauu.) 
FeaelonVEttlogium,  byDeUHarpe......  709 

Cuba,  Island,  Account  of. 7^4 

Salt  Lakes,. Mines,  Russia 70d 

Indian  Productions,  desirable.. 791 

(I^lm  tree— poppy — incense  shrob— ben- 
join— oil  of  wood— agallochum— babeila-« 
green  indigo— bon^jbax,  ^) 

Commerce,  History  of « 797 

India  Budget  1800 805 

Drought  in  India • him 

JusticeatBomhay(Sentenoeand  sentiments.)  8 19 

Proposlta  Philanthropica 834 

(Society  for  promo  ingChristiBn  knowledge; 
'  boqksfpven-^mission  toTanary,  B. Wood- 
Hibernian  Sgciety— Jewish  children,  sdiool 
—  Bible   Society  —  unfortunate  iiimiks.) 

Pkroposita  Liieraria. 88/ 

(Correction  tif  a  misiranslation  of  Pope— 
8  stage  Cdor-^yoibcUne  by  W.  C.— by 


Digit 


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Table  of  Contents* 


Page 
Fib^c^A— Latin  epigram  os  synod  of  Don 
— X  '  'Ptrsus  W.  G.  on  John  xix.) 
i     St.  Bride's  Church,  mode  of  repairing  Steeple  080 
Recondite  Learning,  Popular  progress  oC . . .   889 

V^  Light  House  at  Flamborough  Head    835 

Fumigation,  Remedy  for  Consumption  ..  ••   838 

/   Islands  produced  by  Insects 840 

Society  of  Sciences  at  Haeilem,  Questions . .   84 1 

Poetry 845 

(Sonetto  del  Conte  Vittorio  Alfieri — Pro- 
logue to  Adrian  aud  Orhla—- song  in  do.— 
duet  in*' do.— diamond  cut  diamond— lines 
in  thunderstorm^  epitaph  by  Bp.  Lowth.) 

'  Ob«ervanda  Externa *   §50 

(Remedy  against  bite  of  mad  dog— Astro- 
nomy,  mines,  Austria  —  Prize  questions, 
Bohemia — ^Drought,  China  —  Dr.  Bucha- 
nan's journey  to  Cochin— 'American  trade. 
Canton — ^Circenland,  tour  through  —  Cal- 
cutta, officer's  fund  —  bank  —  Portugue2e 
inspector  of  settlements  —  ship  launch* 
Bombay — artificial  stones  at  Dunkiik — ^hu- 
'  man  hair  aualyzed—^iize  question,  Liege 
—  Compicgnc  Chateau  of — prematurity, 
phenomenon  —  languages,  Professor  Adc- 
luP^ — New'  Holland,  settlements -i- Polish 
and  Sclavonian  dictionary— Black  Sea,  co- 
l3nitts  on— Forster.  Professor's  death — Spain 
antiquities :  Christmas  customs  -^  Sweden, 
geometriciaas,) 

Observcnda Interna 850 

Qd'  TArtf  t'ttfoJ>agei  are  trammed  in  somt 
copifs.  tmd  occupy  the  place  rftmch  othr, 
(Conunerca  —  manifest  act  — Royal  Aca- 
demy-yeUow  oker,  mine  oC— oil  from  Sun 
ilower  s^eds — Sunday  schools  Durham— > 
Glocester  Cathedral  —  sghc  fiidUenly  re- 
fEained— fossil  bones  — gold  coin  found- 
Colston  commemorated,  BrisCo* — ^Valentia, 
Lord,  returns— good  stove,  or  calorifere — 
PoUantographV}   impressions  ftom  stones-      -    j 
Artemisia  Absinthium  as  hops — sea  salt        ^ 
as  manure.) 

Psilitical  Periscope    .' 805 

Kegociation  with  France 878 

Obituary..  (Mad.  de  la  Rochefoucauld —  88 > 
H.  C.  Bi)ie — I'Abbe  de  Fontenay — Bishop 
Of  Orleans — Pierre  Monnede*  aged  ilO.) 
Literary  Prospective  (Moon  in  Piano.)  . . » .    817 
Sute  ot  Trade  (Stocks  1709  to  1800*)  ....   604 

Bankrupts 800 

Army  Piomotions goi 

University  Do 005 

Tables v..    007 

Negociation  for  peace  with  France 018 

( Holland —  Settlements—  Naples— Sicily- 
Turkey.) 

Agriculture,  board  of,  Vol.  V.  pan  1 02S 

(rise  in  prices  of  labour— cxpences — malt— > 
G  aa^w  market  -  Glasi^ow  poor  —  cattle 
sold  in  i  miihfield  —  numbers —  weight-^-. 
acres  fur  feeding  animals — price  of  corn- 
population.) 

Perth.  .Memorabilia  of 085 

Bankrupt  and  Creditoi's  Eriendly  Assistant     038 
.acts  of  bankruptcy— course  of  comini«ion.) 

Henault.  President,  works  of D45 

Louis  XIV.  works  of. S-i  7 

Expression  in  Fainting,  aiwtoniy  of  by  Bcil     0^^ 
(wood  cut— newly  observed  rauscici,; 


Page 

Charge  to  the  clergy  of  St.  Asaph 967 

(marriages  inadvertent — methodists.) 

Christian  temper,  beneficial  effects  of. 070 

Orthodox  divinity,  for  Endeavour  Society  ..   074 

Friend  of  Vouth,  trades*  &c ib. 

Cow  Pox  introduced  in  India •   079 

Corsham  house,  account  of  by  Brittoo . . . .  07  s 
Verbal  index  to  Shakespear,  by  Twiss  ....  080 
Letters.  Whitbread,  Esq.  Spitalfield's  poor  083 

Experienced  Millwright  by  Gray *^83 

Travels  of  Licomedes  in  Corsica 085 

Silk  Worms,  rearing  of 087 

Fine  Art^t,  influence  of 088 

Historical  Eloges,  P^s ib. 

Farmer's  Travels— subdivision  of  land   ....   089 

Semiologie  buccale OOO 

Elizabeth,  by  Mad.  Cottin    ib.  ' 

Russian  Courier OOi 

Pasilogie — music— language ib* 

Fighting  gladiator,  anatomy  of  009 

Rumiing  horses,  portraits  of 003 

HogaJth's  works  reduced ib. 

Prophecy  of  M.  Cuzotte  illustrated ........    oo* 

(J.  A.  Roucher-— Nicolai— Vicq  d'Azyr— 
I>uchess  of  Gramont-—Cazotte— Louis  XV 1} 

Didascalia > loojt. 

(Harlequin Sultau^-Mr.  Ray,jun. — False 
— Alarms — Harlequin  and  Mother  Goose.) 

Pomerania,  trade  ofv % looo 

(Strmlsnnd — ROgen- nuptial  ceremony  in 
— harvest  Jipme  in— dances.) 

Sehamanic  religion  in  Siberia 1014 

Osiiaks  in  Siberia    lOid 

Dancing,  origin  of  imitaUTe loi  8 

Russia,  mines  in lo^l 

Plata  River,  account  of loa4 

Buenos  Ayres 1095 

Senegal  French  colony loM 

(Ooree — the  Gambia — ^Africans.) 

Camper,  Life  of  Professor    (birds,  1020 

structure  of— fishes— quMnipeds — man.) 

Indian  producdons  desirable 1034 

(camel — ^bui&!o— Cashmire  iheep-fmusk 
deer — four  eyed  gazelle— dwarf  elephant 
— siagush— fights  the  tiger— «buli$.) 

Proposita  Philanthropica    loso 

(Germans,  distressed,  re'ieved  -«  letters 
from  various  parts— Endeavour  Society.) 

British  antiquities— Collectanea io48 

(  Wei  sh  laws — pri  vilci!:es  of  king,  ^uecn,  &c. 
— value  of  simdry  articles.) 

Expiring  laws,  I807  )808 loss 

Woollen  manufactory lOGO 

(gig  mills— shearing  frame— apprentices) 

Bishop  of  Mumter  wailikc. if  fl7 

Excursion  to  Mont  Blanc,  Chateaubriand's    K  «o 

Bells,  religious  uses  of   i«77 

Hertford  College-*East*lndia  Pri?cs io«i 

l^rd  Nelsun,  death  of .^^ 1084 

Prize  cattle,  smithfirld  looo 

Parliamentary  I  listoiy    T . .  . .    1003 

(Debate  on  Negociation  papers.) 

Obscrvatida  Interna iioi- 

(fisheries— Mr,  Stock's  charity,  Dublin- 
white  thorn,  propagation  o4f-«-repository 
for  poor,  Lancaster — fossil  animals,  Lin- 
colnshire—yew  ircc  ptMsonous  —  antique 
onmmcnts,  Sussex — St.  Andrew's  Church, 
Dublin — PoweU\  Christmas  donation.) 
Obse^vanda  Externa  *«••••' •....   uoj 


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TabU  of  Contents. 


Pige 
7Aid>naiiiaof  coQotrifs-— 'bounical  lee- 
noes — Bohemia— Sound,  num^r  of  ships 
vhich  passed— military  hospitals,  France 
— nleat  nation,  Amcfica^-mofingwood  at 
feeaamts— diminution  of  animals— return 
of  ancient  cusrorns— crown  of  tboma-* 
dock  removed — St.  Denis,  Mausoleum— 
Spaatab  newspapcr«-aeid  fumigation*  pow* 
cr  of — plan  for  paying  debt,  Vienna— aa- 
UQoomfcal  observations,  Italy — roincralo- 
fical  toar.  ^witaerhind  —  ancient  ruins 
nev  Bagdad.) 
Foetry — (Odefor  the  new  year— taBonaparte  11 10 

Songs  in  Fklse  Alanns.) lb. 

liicnry  Prospective    liil 

Obtttniy 1117 

(Mr.  J.  Packer— Bidiop  of  St.  Pol  de  teon.) 

ScatcofTradc    1119 

FoUtkal Periscope ;    i\^ 

Umvernty  Promotioiis 1 193 

Arm/do 1117 

Tkbles ^  1131 

Finance  proposition  eluciflated 1137 

(No.  1.  Table  of  loans— No.  ft.  Sitraor- 
^naiy  expenditure— No.  8.  Money  capital 
of  dd>c — No:  4.  Su pplementary  loans.— > 
No,  5.  Present  debt  in  future  years — ^No.  tf . 
Debts  combined,  ditto  —  No.  7.  New 
taxes  lequired — ^No  8.  War  taxes  released 
Ko.  g.  Sinking  fund,  &c  — Finance  paper, 
byantbofhy — Lord  Castlereagh's  ob)ect- 
tioos,  and  comparative  tables  —  Ship- 
owners' lesolotkms^) 

Loois  SV  Works 11<53 

(Fnie$lanU,  Edict  of  Nants  revocation  of.) 

Oriental  Customs,  Burder's    1 1 73 

Cdtic  monomfnti,  researches  on 1 183 

P*'lftical  system  of  Europe,  revolutions. ...    1 1 85 

'Haveis  to  sources  of  Nile,  Brace's   iigo 

^lifaof  Mr.  Bm^— travels  in  Africa — 
••lave  trade  — second  cauract  of  Nile, 
foontaias  oC— vise  of— desert — Simoom.) 

Ru«saa«  advantages  of,  against  France 1 205 

SUve  Trade,  abolitiQn,W.Wiiberforce,  Ksq.  1.209 
(Middle    passage— average  deaths — mor- 
taiity  of  Europeilhs — insunection  danger 
of — colonial  legislatures  inadequate.) 
Attack  and  defentoe,  experiments,  Russel's  121 8 

Hydrophobia,  from  Gent.  Mag 13 itf 

(Madd(^;s,  symptoms.) 

On  cantne  madness  by  Lipscomb •    1231 

Gospel's  triumph,  Sptiu»h  .  • « ib. 

Fisherman's  hut... • ..«•..    1222 

Austerlitz,  battle  of. 122s 

flnglish  Poetrr— Index  to  Warton <. . .   1 224 

Louis  XIV.,  death  of  ...>. 1225 

Didascalia. . . .  (Assignadan— The  Curfew.)  1228 
BeUs,  civil  uses  of^Immcnsesixe — names  of.)  1233 

Rugen,  antiquities  in .« '. . .    1238 

Nethcriand,  subjects  of  trade  in 1239 

■Dutch  ditto    ditto.-. 1 243 

Shoes,  good,  described  by  M.  Camper. .. .    124O 
(AnascKny  of  foot— parts  of  shoe— corns 
—callosities— remedies-^woad  cut.) 

Pigeons  trained  for  messages  ..••• 1252 

Dancing,  solemn,  anciently  . » 12^3 

(Temple  — Lincqln's-lim — Clergy — Shak«- 
•  spears  Twelfth  Night.) 

fuUaoi^nt men  solicit  TOtftaociexitl/.,..  W>j 


American  Indians  tpttchei;  visit  Bo8toa -1M» 

Cridcism  and  satire,  thOughu  on 13<IS 

Rosslan  Generals,  anecdotes  of ltd7 

■  ■  Ointment  at  ct]it>nation 1 20» 

■    '    Sealing  wax,  ti^e  of • .     'ib. 

-7-Blackink,  useof.% ib. 


Saltand  ashes,  with  tea 127^ 

Russian  drummer's  ^patriotism ib* 

Theatrical  represeniatidn,  at  Riga 1971 

Alexander  Newskoi,  Order  of  ••...•....       ib. 

Female  Order,  in  Siberia   ..•   \t1% 

Horses  and  oxen  compMtd    -tb^ 

Machinery,  curious ^ I17S 

(Woollen— paper— printing^— types.) 

Abb^  Prlmi,  an  impostor 197» 

Shawls  of  Cashmire,  sheep 1131 

Universities,  state  of idss 

TGottingen— Frankfort^ort  Oder— Halle.) 

Holland,  cenfiurate  of  books  .  • » ib. 

British  antiquities.  Collectanea— -II ib* 

(Music— musicians— poems.) 

PropositaPhilanthropica    laod 

(Emigrant  scht)ol,  Abb^  Carron — Qua- 
kers' school  at  Ackworth— 4ndigent  blind)     . 

Fine  atts,  British  Institution .«   isot 

Window  in  Whitechapd, church I808 

Parliamentary  history,  chap.  IL    1307 

(Slave  Trade — Ordnance  estimates— army 
— supply— Lord  Casdereagh's  objections- 
army  extraordinaries — Mr.  Cawtheme*s 
seat — navy — Marq.  Wellesley— Finances 
—Training  act,  allotments  under.) 

Poetry 1801 

(Assignation,  Epilogue ^By  a  lady  on 

Iter  little  girl— On  decease  of  young  lady.) 

Observanda  Externa 1831 

(American  population — Vaccination,  Chi* 
na— Prize  questions,  France— Criticism, 
effects  of — Remrn  to  former  .ideas — Pri* 
soners  at  war,  character  of^-Bordeaux, 
comQ(iercej  I805  •»  Religious  impostots» 
Mount  Ceuis— Theatre  profits  o*',  Schil- 
ler, Germans—*  Haydn,  John  Michad^ 
death  of— Physic,  Maims  cured- Now 
Univershy,  Dusseldorf — Moon  mountains 
in,  Munich — French  requisitioi)s,  not  con- 
tributions—Leipsic,  loss  of  privileges-* 
Dr,  Gall,  at  Marburg  —  HolUnd,  de* 
dine  of  commerce,  «--  Milan,  French 
Theatre  ~.  Lucca,  forced  vaccination-^ 
Naples,  peimy-p^ftt)  Priests— Dessalmcs, 
character  of— Engli^  coins,  discovered  in 
Norway— Russia,  voyage  round  the  world 
Sweden,  mild  season,  180<^— Vaccina tioo, 
sent  abroad  by  Spain-Constantinople.) 

Observanda  Interna 1881 

(London,  melancholy  disaster  —  Astro- 
nomy —  Medical  notices  ^-  Commercial 
shares — Herefordshire  Cider — Lancashire^ 
natural  curiosity — Norwich  improvenoems 
.  — \VcdiJC!>bury  church,  data  of  -  Brighton, 
new  road— Milftird,  road  and  d  ck— Ca» 
thoiic  meeting,  Ireland.) 

Literary  Retrospect    <«•  «%...   1887 

Literary  Prospective 1389 

Political  Periscope «....»• 1348 

State  of  Trade I3f7 

Curassoa,  capture  of. ...  • 1349 

Army Pjomot«)ns  *.^....4» *..«..   1858 

L^uVrupgi    • »«   \ZiiJ 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


A4^  T6f , 

Adclims,  856. 

ao>f<Ci4o8 
iUcxaiiaH^dt  518. 
4kficru  84$. 
Alibm»  }88. 

<«9»  65o».85<wiio6* 

ilaicncaiif»  353»  i»ii. 

JLncillon^  1185* 

Anecdotci  Qcrliny  $03. 
JuBioials,  370. 
▲otiqiiitiff       Britiiby 

10489  1999. 
Aoiis,  359. 
Appd,  307. 
iLpprentices,ioo4^399. 
Arbif  B7  d'y  30a. 
Arithincliqiie^  8i. 
AriM44*  2»5. 
Anny,  Eng.,  7i4#  1397* 

^r,^ Pr.,  3i»* 

Arnobki,  303* 

Art*,   437>    707,  988, 

1301. 
Astfooomy*  93>     545» 

Atkusod  W.»  707. 
AtlM,  5^3,  J3i,6»a. 
AusterlitSy  I12.3. 
Awtrk>J,335>575»85^- 

J.  T^  1215. 

Bachtlicr,  iio» 
^iUy,  M.  385. 
lUlUdi,  472. 
^anknipts»  117,    427* 
66i»  899.  938, 1357- 
"BaraiUm  J.  F^  X183. 
Barker,  1380. 
BirlowSirG.,  159. 
'Barfow>  44,  841. 
Birry  Mad.  iooo»i38i. 
Bartell,  74, 
Baufr,  GeB.»  1263, 
Beany  Pr^  1084. 
BcaMJoory  565. 
Bell  C  955. 
Bell*,  41 3»  «07>»  «*33- 
BcDfal,  57,  157. 
Beretibrd,  G«n.,  187. 
Boheroiay  8509 1105* 
Bobot  Oen^  u6u 
Boie*  886. 
Boitte,  M.9  80. 
Bombay,  819,  854. 
Books,  ba4, 166, 
Botany,  548. 

Bowks  J.»  513* 
BraodfRev.,  1382. 
BrtyUy,  W.,  542. 
Brewer,  G.,  736. 
Drisbaoei  9a|^  1349» 


Britalo«i. 
Brtttoii,  978. 
Broad  CloUkt  134. 
Bmce,  J.,  2x90. 
Bockaoaa,  30. 

BaeiiotAyrcs,i87»373f 

506,  io*5f  140X* 
Border,  Rev.  1179. 
Bury,  MoAks,  594. 

Cabbaife,  X04. 
Caitar,  20. 
Cakrftft»  Mr.  130!. 
Cak^tta,  8x8, 851, 853. 
Camfpcr,  Profintor,  956, 

1M94  1246. 
Caauia,  257. 
Caoning,  G.  tio8. 
Carey,  76,  5*9- 
Carr»  Sir  J.  689. 
CarroB,  Abbi  1296. 
Carter,  Mrs.  138%. 
Cftatlcreagb,  Lord  1 1 59, 

1309, 13 12. 
Cat^Uoi,  Mad.  767. 
CatboUes,  341. 
Cattatu,  97. 
Cattle  Prise,  1090. 
Cawt borne,  Mr.  1315. 
Caylcy,  241. 
C^aotte,  J.  1001. 
Gels,  M.  43»* 
Celtic  Mon.  XI83. 
Gkampfbrt,  in,  538. 
Cbapcl,  free,  738. 
Charities,  12^. 
Ckateaufariand,      135, 

^069. 
Cbemastry,  557. 
Cbesttr,  73^. 
diina^  407,  sir,  6*7» 

^51'  >323-  ^ 

Chohnoodeky,     Mi^f, 

451. 
Cbnitian  Temper,  970. 
Chiitcopke,  X404. 
Chorch,  250. 

■  St.  Bride's,  830. 

Cochrane,  Capr.  1401. 
CoUet^f  B>  ^*  C.  110. 
— ^Ben*^,  iS7f3S7. 
Cooiinerec,  797* 
Comaaarye,  Qi  308. 
pMidorcet,  753. 
Coojutor,  64a. 
Cosseripcs,  1375. 
Consui&ptioa,  5  73, 838. 
Cortham  Hoiite^  978, 
Corsica,  986. 
Cottages,  709, 
Polttn,  Mad.  7,  990. 
Conner  Rnase,  991. 
Criticism,  1265,  13H* 
Crocker,  71. 
Crouch,  Mrs.  78* 
Cuba,  784. 
Cynthio,  1265. 
Dacret,  Ada.  1349, 
P«lbcf^  9S8, 


Dancing,  1018,  1253. 
Darwin,  Dr,  1203. 
Da^es,  214,  849. 
Denmark,  si,  62o»  851, 

1 105. 
Dcssaiines,  1328, 1404. 
Devisae,  991. 
DeTOBsbtre,Dncb.i  384 
Diamond,  848. 
Dicfionnaire,  74i>  857. 
DidateaUa,    313,    613, 

762, 1007,  1228. 
Ptmoad,  Mr.  614. 
IX>g»  mad,  850,  12x9, 

I22I. 

Domingo,  St.  1404. 
Door  lock,  359. 
DorpAt,  414. 
Dove,  1252. 
Dr»ke,  Sir  F^  231. 
Dnckwonh,  E.  1401. 
Duteos,  584. 
Dynasties,  Fr.,  531. 
East  India  College,  110^ 

114,  1081. 

School,  I  x8. 

—— Finances,  805. 
'  Prodncttons^ 

610,  791,  1036. 

Echaascrianx,  M.  729. 
Edgcworth,  Ahbiiooj. 
Eldon,  Lord,  1096. 
Electricity^  556. 
Elk,  494* 
Emigrants,  1296. 
Endiavour  Soc.,    974, 

1048, 
Essex,  Earl,  452. 
Eton,  Mr.  X05. 
Europe^  i,  309. 

Facius,  274. 
Females,  178,827. 
FeneloD,  769. 
Fiddis,  544. 
Finances,    xzz,    1127, 
1x54,    1309,     I361, 

Fisclier,  6ox. 
Fitsjohn,  828. 
Fitsparrick,  G.T316. 
Fhtf,  British,  702., 
Flats,  M.de  6x0,  791, 

1036,  xftSi. 
FUx,  531. 

Folkeatone,  Lord,  12x6, 
Fonttnay,  Abb^,  886. 
Foreigners,  177, 
Forster,  858. 
Fossombroni,  370, 
Poodrinier,  1275, 
Fox,aj.2i5,393,873. 
France,  xi,   199,  621, 

650,855,  XX05, 1323. 
Frederic  of  Prussia,  77. 
French  weigbtaftc.  302. 
I  Finances,  303. 

Fmiu,  30^,  Sit, 


Fmit  Trees  02. 
Fumigation,  838. 
Fund,  Patnotic,  463. 
—  Literary,  1408. 

G.P.C.,  544. 
Galicia,  207. 
Galignini,  742. 
Gall,  Dr.  203,  1326. 
Gell,  Adm.   1385. 
Genlis,  Mad.  504. 
Geography,  546. 

5«oi«fy»  554. 

<5««»g».  4'4' 
Germany,    645,    652, 

856,1041,  X  107,1315. 
Giraldlis,  X3. 
Ola»(;ow,  giS. 
Gospel  Triumph,  1221. 
Oossellin,  M.  ^9. 
Cottiagen,  599. 
Grahanie.  ^48. 
Grammont,  Mad.  rooo. 
Gray.  983. 

Greeks,  214,  187,  565. 
Grcnville,  Lord,  1094, 

1307. 
Greovitle,  T.  f3i6. 
GrcTille,  H.  F.  402. 
Grosvenor,  Lord,  1096. 
GustaFus  III.,  268. 

Haerlem,  84?. 
Half,  W.  982. 
Harpe,   de   \i   ^!.  64, 

538,747»769.995- 
Haryngtou,  ^96. 
HastcU,  309. 
Hawkesbury,  Ld.  1096. 
Helms,  506. 
HcnauJt«  Fres.   945. 
Rennet,  M.  726 . 
Heym,  M.  74I. 
Historia  Nacoral,  9T«' 
Historical,    531,    532, 

746,  988. 
Hoare,  Sir  R.  C,  13. 
Hoganh,  993. 
Holcroft,  290,  617. 
Holland,  iyx,  204,  53»» 

1 3*7* 

I,   ■  I ,  ■  .  New,  856. 

Hood,  Sir  S.,  422. 
Hordt,  Count,  291. 
Horsley,  Bp,  431, 967, 
Howard,  Lord,  228. 
Howick,   Lord,    1097, 

1099,  t3«o-  ..     . 
Hvmao  Life,  MMcnea, 

297. 
— —  Comforts,  7i6« 
Hungarr,  6^4. 
Hydiophobia,  ^^^^ 

I.  N.,  79^ 
Jamicson,  472. 
Insects,  623. 
Inithotion,  Biit.  1301. 
■       >■       Royal,  i4C» 


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^  449* 

Itiaa^  S40. 
faly,    XTii,    304,    547* 
455,  1 10?,  I  jaS. 

Kai^  T.  A.  639. 

1319.    ' 

UfBCSW*  99<>» 
Lipbod,  aS4,  414- 
Lasierdale,  Lord,  1097. 
'  lauie»a<i  WKktlc»  73. 
Livs,  Expivtngp  1055, 

Lee^  Mas,   iiftS* 
LcstcTy  «ie  5^5. 
Life,  ?wtiscnes,  «97- 
^—  Cofnibrt*,  716. 
li{bt  House,  835- 
L^KomlvG.  i2£f ,  IZ97 
I«e'«>>»354»355>35^» 

Liienrj  PinospectiTC 
ao8.  433.  647.  887, 
till,  isjqr 

Llcraiy      Recrvspect, 

4?5,s75»  ^iO.  '337- 
liver,  93, 

Loaono»sovc,  149. 
Loadpa,  Bp.  26. 
Lovth,  Bp.   849^ 
Lans  XIV.,  4B1,  71S, 

«47.  947,  1169. 
Lo«bXVf.   1003,  1225. 
hm^^  Sir  T,  42**. 
Ucdcr,   531. 
Uffaian,  503. 
Lotber,  203. 

liKStxiry,  Eail  1388. 
Madijnciy  127^ 
Ifftduntosli,  Sir  J.  819. 
Mrittubary  4^6. 

lbi<4]crbc4,M.  747 
Ifammcsh  403. 
IfD,  Isle  of  044. 
MnMa,  F.  6»6. 
lldTinS44. 
Menzilcoffsai. 
Mcnscfaen,  History  9a. 
Ucjneli,  Mr.  iai9. 
Mkkk  240. 
MisKMi  173. 
MitcfaeK,  Adtn.  1300, 
MsBCfalogj  5M>. 
Kaet,  I%ru  j^gg. 
,  Rttssia  790,  loai. 

MO0O89S. 

Mooce,  H.  727. 
Moftfacd,  Dr.  743. 
Moan^oe,  Mr.  1099. 
MoDDcdcesO* 
Uomefiore  939.  . 
Moate  Video  870* 
Mone,  Dr.  999v 
II09COFO92. 


.  Index  tf  Names,    . 

Monster,  Bishop  1007.     Prussia  xviii  331*,  033 
Music  300, 903. 

a-- -.,1077*  1333* 
Nap;esB3.  €iiiitosi397* 

NegotiatioQ   B73,    913, 

.1013.  Itak^,  Sk  W,   941 

Nelson,  Lord  54,    705>  Rimcl,4a. 

1094.   s  Ratte,  521, 

Netberltnds  1989.  Ray,  Mr.  1007* 

■■''    ■■■,  Doicti  1949,    RebonU  Mod.  099, 
NkoUi  997*  Reed,  1399. 

Nile  1197.  Reide,  90. 

Norway  OtO.  Repcon,  499* 

Rey9olds>0S7>70S»7«^*  Tables,  919 
Observanda  Interna  084,  Rlchelott^  5iOb 

830, 1101, 1331.  Riga.  Theat.  l«7l* 

-— r« Externa  405,  Roads,  305 ^  870,557* 


(tantiope,  Lord,  SOo. 
Stone,    955  549r  759* 
8tones,855. 
Stove,  803. 
Strabo,  909. 
Smart,  Sir  J,  19U 
Stibbs,  6.  1894. 
Stotterhcinl,  19801 
Suffolk,  Lord.  109. 
SWtden,  jUt,914,«80^ 

055,  85i,  1330, 
Switxerlasd,  419>  055, 


510,  650,  1105,  1893.    RochcfotkCanU,  589. 
Opera  388.  Rooke.  Sir  0. 4(0. 

Order,  St.  Ales.  News-  Rose,  Mr.  83. 


koi,  1971. 
Order,  Female  1979. 
Orientfil  Customs  1 170. 
Orleans,  Bisbop  980. 
Onne54. 
Osiander  100* 
Ostiaks  1010. 
Oxen  1979. 

Packer,  J.  H.  1117. 
Papenburg  141. 
Parltacnent  590,  1957. 


RoQcher,  I.  A.  99S. 
Rugen,  1010, 1339. 
Russell,  1319. 
Rosseil,  1899. 
Russia,  xtx,  145,  107. 


Talleyrand,  878, 
Tartary,  907,  039, 99*. 
Tatbam,  C.  71 1»  7i3% 
Thornton,  CoU  75. 
Thieknessci  Oapt;  498, 
Thnrlow,  Ld.  919,  89U 
Tobin,  1230. 
Trade,  073,  894,  lil9» 

I847. 
-~,  Slave,  7<>0»  »«09» 

IS07. 


207,  914,  802,  414,  Trades.  974, 

038,  055,  790,  857,  TmfcOgar,  78w 

901.  1905,  1890.  Tiainhig  Act,  1890. 

RuMian  Generah,  1907.  Traveller,  Belgian,  59«» 

——Drummer,  1S70.  588. 


S.  G. 848. 


-  Hist.  1003, 1307.   iH.  Pol.  de  Leon    Bp. 


Pasilogie  09i. 
Paston  1957. 
Patents  170, 1405. 
Perceval,  Mr.  13 1 5. 
Persia  694,  11 08. 
Penh  042,  935. 
Pesth  905,  744. 

Petit  1990. 

Pteity,  LdH  1815,1817. 


1118. 
Sabbagh,81,  1951. 
Satr,  1270. 
Sand  CUmds,  1209. 
Sauvage,  Dr.  099. 
Schamanism,  1014. 
School,  Jews',  890 
-—-Dissenters,  578. 
-Quaker's  1907. 


Plii)anthi-opicai7d,34i,   Blind,  13U0. 

578,  581,  894,  ]089>   Semiologie,  090. 


1900. 
Physic  407. 
Physics  555. 
Phy>iology,  540. 
Piedmont,  510. 
Pkt,  Mr.  38. 
Pilletan  1090. 
Plants  99,  790. 
Plat#,  River  380, 1034 
Phitarcb  274. 
Poetry  170,  402,  845,  Simooe^  Gi«n.  1803. 

I100>  1321.  Skiolljebraftd,  414. 

Poedque  72O.  Smalt  Pox,  598. 

Poland  857.  Smith,  70. 

Politica3u,  865,1131,  Societies, 

1345.  —Bible,  17s,  827. 

POpham,Sir  H.  ^  87 , 1 90.  —Missionary,  34 1 . 
Poraerania  1000. 
Pooroaa,  1308. 
Porter,  Gen.  1315. 
Pocqucvitle  571. 
Price  70. 

P^mni,  Abb<  1978. 
Promotions   217,    490, 


657,001,1123,  1358<    $pes,    809. 

Pfbtottaou  1170.  Spider j  407 . 


Twiss,  8,  OOd. 
Turk^,  XX,  !I09|  939f 
1330. 

Vaccination,  109»  401, 
970,  13^  I397» 
1380. 

Valais,  790. 

Valemia,LoTd^  868. 

Vareone,  56: 

Vanstnart,  1310. 

Vesuvius,  007. 

Vicq-d'Azyr,  OO*.. 

Vokauioes,  55 1 ,  007, 

Ubersaal,  03^ 
Ulfilas,  d06« 
Uhn,  78. 
UuiversiiieSy         1919, 

1890. 

Waiton,i994, 

Watis,  Dr.  530. 

Wdtesley,  Marquii» 
1319. 

Wdsh,  1049. 

Westminster,  034. 

Whitcchapel,  13O0. 

Wilbeilbrce,  W,  1209« 

Wiikins,Dr.  1. 

"Wither,  G.  472. 
—Hibernian,  595,  895.  Wood,  B.  894.      , 
—Antiquary,  1407.  Wool,  llOi. 

—Royal,  1407. 

Songs,  845.  X,  Tcnofk  W.  G.  829. 

Sonntsg,   1203.      * 

Spain,  xir,  41  e,   090>  Yearley.  Mrs.  1805. 
850.  858,  1^04  Youth,  974. 


Scne;^l,1020. 
Servani,  5o7- 
Shakspeare,  98O. 
Shawls,  1281. 
Shipowners*,  1160. 
Shoes,  1240. 
Siberia,  iOl4,  roiO. 
Sidtnouth,  Lord,  109O. 
Silk  Worms,  997. 
—Manufacture,  414, 


Zoology,  Mik.  404. 


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INTRODUCTORY  VIEW  OF  THE  STATE  O^  EUROPE, 
IN  THE  PUBLIC  RELATIONS  OF  ITS  NATIONS  TO  EACH  OTHER, 

Dir&IlrO  THB  TBAR   ]^)6. 


Deducedjhm  the  principal  Events  in  wMck 

Ev BUI'S  of  no  cnmmon  magnttude,  and 
importance,  have  lately  passed  under  our  no- 
tice. Thev  excite  our  wishes  to  know,  not 
iDcrtdy  their  coufk,  but  their  origin  and 
catoses.  In  fiwrt,  the  accounts  we  receive  of 
tbcm,  is  barely  intelligible  to  us,  while  their 
liistory  is  yet  recftit  ^  and  we  well  know,  that 
alter  ^  short  time  has  elapsed,  the  memory, 
kstng  a  correct  impression  of  their  order,  is 
liable  to  the  inconvenience  of  confusion,  by 
misplacing  them,  and  thereby  misjudgiDg 
their  relative  influence  and  importance.  We 
bstre,  therefore,  thought  it  advisable  to  sub- 
mit a  sli^t  survey  of  public  events,  from  the 
beginning  of  the  year  I8O6,  although  our 
irofk  did  not  commence  till  much  of  that 
year  had  elapsed :  our  intention  being  to  ren- 
der tntell^blc  to  future  readers,  what  other- 
wise they  might  find  obscure.  The  opposite 
pag^e  comprizes  a  comparative  view  of  the  Bri- 
tiik  Ministry  in  January^  and  April  1806> 
and  January  1807- 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

JANUARY. 

p.  The  remains  of  Lord  Nelson,  who  had 
^Uen  in  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  20, 
1805,  havine  been  yesterday  remo\'ed  from 
Greenwich  Hospital,  where  they  had  lain 
in  state,  by  water,  to  the  Admiralty,  were 
this  day  conveyed,  in  grand  funeral  proces- 
sion, to  St.  Rtul's  Cathedral,  for  solemn 
interment. 

16.  Intdlifi^ence  received  of  the  peace  signed 
at  Presbuig  between  Austria  and  France.^* 
Iliis  peace  was  the  result  of  an  uncommon 
aeries  of  actions  and  battles  between  these 
|ioiwtrs ;  in  which  the  French  had  so  decid-* 
cdly  the  advantage,  that  Austria  became  6ls* 
lieartened,  and  terminated  the  war  with  all 
possibk  speed.  The  first  disaster  was,  the 
€»)ture  ot  the  Austrian  army  under  General 
]£ck,  in  October.  Vienna  was  entered  by 
the  French  in  November.  The  Austrian 
Emperor  retired  towards  Olmutz.  The  bat* 
tk  of  Austerlitz>  in  which  the  Russians  also 
nfere  eng^iged»  was  on  Dec.  1 .  An  armis* 
ticewai  signed  Dec.  6 :  and  peace, wassi^- 
«d,  Dec.  85,  I8O6.  For  the  general  terms 
of  it  vide  Auiiria^ 

tl.  Session  of  Parliament  onened  bycom- 
g^ggion. —  The  speedi  chiefly  notioed  the 
Vot.L     iUt.  Pan.  Si^.^ 


tKeyatEinteresttdi  ChromtiogitaUy  arranged ^ 

sucoei^^of  the  fleet,  especiallv  the  victory 
off  Cane  Tra&lgar:  and  desired  such 
national  munificence  to  the  family  of  the  lata 
Lprd  Nelson,  as  "  might  preserve  to  the 
latest  posterity,  the  memory  of  his  name 
and  services,  and  the  benefit  of  his  great  ex« 
ample:"  it  laments  the  events  of  war  ia 
Germany :  but  trusts  to  the  loyalty  and  spi-^ 
rit  of  Britons  for  support  and  perseverance. 

«3.  Death  of  Rt.  Hon.  W.  titt.  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer,  &c.  &c.  See  his  Uk, 
in  the  Panorama. 

1?7.  Mr.  H.  Lascelles  moved  the  H.  of  Com- 
mons, for  an  address  to  his  M ijesty,  desir« 
ing  a  public  funeral  for  Mr.  Pitt.  Ayet 
258.    Noes  89. 

SQ.  Intelluence  received  of  the  deadi  of 
Maitjuis  Comwallis,  at  Ghauzepore,  in  the 
Provmce  of  Benares,  in  India,  of  which 
country  he  was  Governor  Genend.  Ha 
died  Oct  5,  1805.    Agedd?. 

^EBRtTART. 

5.  In  consecjuenceof  Mr.  Pitt*s  death,  a  new 
administration  came  into  office.-^^flfe  com« 
parative  list  of  the  British  minbtry^ 

6.  Admiral  Duckworth  captured  and  destroys 
ed  in  the  bay  of  St.  Domingo,  five  sail  0/ 
French  line  of  battle  ^ips. 

Taken. 
L*Alexandre»  .    .     «     .    84  guns4 
LeJupiter  .    «    .     .    «    74 

Le  Brave 75 

Driven  on  shore^and  wrecked* 
^Imperial       .    «    •     <  l£0gua8« 
Le  Diomed      «    .     «    .    84 
29.  Public  funeral  of  late  Mr.  Pitt» 
26.  General  Fast  in  Enzland. 
97.  Advices  received  01  the  captuit  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  Sir  David  Baird 
and  Sir  Home  Popliam,  Jan.  10. 
-^   General  Fast  in  Scotland. 

MARCHi 

3.  Lord  Ellenborough  being  Chief  Justideof 
the  Court  of  Klng;*s  Bench,  it  was  thought^ 
that  theit  was  an  intionsistency  in  his  being 
at  the  same  time  a  Judge  and  a  Cabinet  Mi-^ 
nister ;  as  he  might  be  the  proposer  of  laws, 
&c«i  in  one  ca(Mcitv,  which  he  might  also 
be  the  medium  of  Officially  enforcing,  in 
another  capacity.  This  subject  was  d isct^sed 
in  the  House  of  Lords,  on  a'motion  against 
it,  by  the  Earl  of  Bristol.  Negatived  with- 
out a  division.  Also  in  the  H.  of  Commons. 
Negatived  ^22  to  64. 

-->  Session  of  the  Fi^i^  Ltgislaturi  ojpenad 


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i'O 


Piew  of  ilie  Stale  of  Eitropf. 


\y 


by  Buonaftart^.— An  expressmti  he  used  iir 
his  speech  is  selected  by  M.  Talleyrand,  as 
proper  for  the  ooosideratioii  of  Mr.  tox.— 
Viae  France ;  also  Negociation  Pap^s,  p. 
873. 

Id:  Capture  of  th^  Af aren^  of  dOgntn^  with 
the  French  Rear-Admiral  Linok,  and  the 
Belle  Poule,  of  40  guns,  on  their  return 
from  India,  where  they  had  cruized  rery 
iuccessftiUy.  They  were  takeri  by  the 
8quadr<m  under  Sir  John  Borlase  Warren. 

S8.  In  the  H.  of  Commons  LortI  Henry 
Petty  opened  the  Budget,  or  Waj's  and 
Means  of  Supply  for  the  current  yelar*  For 
Are  prtnci'pal  features  of  his  plan,  vide  the 
itate^f  the  Public  Finances  for  1806. 

APRIL. 

3.  Ill  the  H  of  Commons,  Mr.  Wmdham 
gave  the  diitlines  of  his  pl&n  for  a  new  or- 
^nization'  df  the  army.  He  proposed  that. 
The  Regular  Army  should  not  have  any 
lirescnt  fncfcase  of  pay.  The  pay  of  the 
oflkers  is  left  for  future  consideration.  Sol- 
diers are  befeafler  to  be  enlisted  fbr  7  years, 
flt  the  end  C)f  that  period  they  may  claim  the^ 
discharge;  may  follow  any  trade  in  any 
j)lace.  If  they  choose  ta  enlist  for  7  years 
more,  to  deceive  6d.  per'  week  additional 
pay ;  anJ  at  the  end  of  thib  teVm,  a  small 
pensipn,  in  addition  to  the  adrantages,  of 
first  7  years.  If  they  enlist  a  tlrird  7  years, 
to  receive  additional  1#.  Weekly  paiV,  and  at 
^e  end  If .  a  day  pension  for  life.  '  The  pre- 
sent army  to  enjoy  the  bomities,  but  not  the 
right  of  claimins  discharge.  Chelsea  al- 
lowances also  to  follow  the  same  prhiciple. — 
T/ie  MiHtia  to  be  loJvrererd  nearly  ta  40,000. 
Tlie  ballot  to  cease.  Vacandes  to  be  filled 
np  by  rec'rftiting  at  a  liitiited  bminty.— i7%e 
Volunteeri  to  have  clothing  for  this'year,  but 
no  loHger  i  no  pay  or  allowances.'  Govem- 
.  ment  wiK  6nd  arms>  but  not  contingent  ex- 
penses. 190  nmk  higher  than  diptain.  No 
Vdunteer  ofHccr  to  command  a  regular  ofii" 
cer,  unless  below  the  rank  of  captain. — 
Armed  Inhabitants.  The  population  of  thfe 
country  to  be  trained  to  the  use  of  arms. 
To  Include  those  not  in  any  of  the  former 
classet  t  not  clothed  i  not  ombodi6d;  but  to 
learn  ttf  shoot,  or  handle  a  pike :  to  be  taught 
86  half  days  in  the  year,  and  allowed  for 
each  hi\(  day.  Is.  To  be  divided  into  fou^ 
ages,  fWm  l6to40.  One  years  training 
deemed  sufficient.  The  King  in  Council 
to  judge  of  the  ages  to  be  trained.  Sup- 
posed 200,000  persons  enough  at  finti 
lO.  Rupture  with  Prussior  announced  by  em- 
iKirgo  laid  on  Prussian  vessels,  in  n;prisal  for 
King  of  Prussia  having  taken  possession  of 
the  iLlectorate  of  Hanover,  and  excluded 
British  ve-ssels  from  the  northern  ports. 
80.  Doclanition  and  p^o^:^8t  of  George  III. 
of  Great    Britain:  Elector    if  Ii«nover, 


Sec.  on  the  Pmssian  oceupatioo^  of  Hanover, 
dated  Windsor. 

21.  Message  from  his  Majesty,  to  Parlia- 
ment, announcing  the  Rupture  with  Prus- 
sia. 

2^.  A  Rmsian  foree  having  taken  possession 
of  Cattaro,  part  of  the  province  of  Venetian 
Dalrftatray  tno«gh  not  properly  subject  to 
Venice,  but  since  the  dissolution  of  the 
Venetian  government,  to  Austria,  (Fide 
Panorama,  p.  97,  &c.) — France  declared, 
in  an  article  in  the  Moniteur,  the  French 
official  paper,  that  she  insii>ted  on  receiving 
this  town  and  its  district  from  Austria,  sole- 
ly >  as  specified*  bv  treaty  between  these 
powers,  atPresburg.     Fide  Austria. 

—  In  H.  of  Comujons  Mr.  Paull  exhibited 
chaiws  aeainst  Marquis  Wellesley,  for  mis- 
condiict  during  his^  government  in  India. 

—  Death  of  the  Prince  of  Orange. 

23.  Skirmish  between  the  Swedish  and  Prus- 
sian troops :  the  latter  take  possession  of  the 
duchy  ot  Lauenburgh.     Fide  Sweden. 

i5.  His  Swedish  Majesty  embaii§pes  all  Prus- 
sian vessels  in  his  dominions,  blockades 
the  Prussian  ports,  with  frigatea,  8cc. 

-^.  On  the  American  station,  a  shot  fired  from 
H.  M.  S.  Leander,Capt.  Whrtby,  off  Sandy 
Hook,  killed  a  man  on  board  jm  American 
sloop.— This  incident  was  die  more  uttfbr-< 
tunate,  as  th6  Americans  were  urging  9 
course  of  complaint  against  the  pressing  of^ 
American  sailors  by  British  ships  of  war^^ 
Submission  to  this  ppctfte  was  refused  by 
the  Americans ;  and,  in  the  non-compliance 
with  signals  for  the  purpose  of  this  vessel't 
bein^  examined,'  a^  t6  whethei^  she  had  any 
British  seamenon  board,  this  niali  was  killea^ 
The  French  party  in  America  used  e^cry 
art  ta  inflame  the  minds  of  the  populace  on 
this  oceasion.  Great  clamour  was  raised 
against  the  captain  of  the  Leander,  (who, 
it  is  understood,  was  at  dinner  on  board  ano^ 
ther  vessel,  at  the  time) .  The  grand  jury  of 
New  York  found  a  bill  for  murder  against 
Caf>t.  Whitby;  and  the  president  of  the 
United  States  issued  a  proclamation  for  ap^ 
prehending  him,  Sst. 

2c^.  Lord  Melville  hating  been  impeached  by 
the  H.  of  Commons,    for  sundty  misde- 
meanors in  tespect  to  his  personal  use  of  the . 
public  money,  in  his  office  of  Treasurer  of* 
the  Navy,  the  proceedings  on  this  impeach'* 
ment  commenocd  this  day.     It  may  be  pro- 
per to  hint,  that  his  Lordship  was  supposed 
to  have  bad  more  money  in  bis  office  than 
the  law  allowed,  as  balances ;  to  have  bor- 
rowed part  of  tliis  money  from  time  to  time/ 
for  which  accommodation  he  paid  no  in- • 
terest^  and  to  have  |)ennittcd  a  confidential 
servant  In  the  office,    Alexander  Trotter^ 
Esq.  to  have  derived  impfoner  advantases 
from  suth  money.    As  Mr.  Trotter  was  the 


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FUwqfilks  Skate  cf  Evfope;. 


9ctive  man  in  (b»  liustac^,  ao  Act  of  Par- 
luunent,  screening  him  from  punishment, 
was  pa^sacd,  in  order,  by  obtaining  his  cvi- 
<Icace,  to  aficct  liis  principal.  He,  being 
ihm  at  iibcru*  to  speak  openly,  took  the 
major  rart  ot  the  guilt  oq  himsdfy  indc^ 
pendentiV  of  his  Lordship ;  leaving  on  his 

rcipai  the  blan;le  of  having  pbced  an  nn- 
confidence  and  partiality  m  a  favourite 
servant,  ff^de  the  ten^ination  of  tlie 
trial,  June  12.) 

MAT.' 

42.  Message  from  his  Majesty  to  the  H.  of 
Commons,  recommending  that  an  annuity 
•f  JtoOOO  be  settled  on  the  present  Earl 
Nelson  (brother  to  the  late  Admiral  Lord 
Nebon)  and  to  accompany  tlie  title :  with 
£120,-000  ibr  the  purchase  «of  a  mansion 
and  lands,  to  be  annexed  t^  the  dignity,  as. 
the  seit  of  the  earlflom.    . 

J4.  Motion  ia  the  H.  of  Comm<vis,  by  Mr. 
Jdfery  of  Poole,  criminating  Earl  St.  Vin- 
cent ;  negatived.  Mr.  Fox  moved  directly 
contrary  propositions ;  carried. 

»— .  Ships  belonging  to  Hambui^h,  Olden^ 
boigl/,    Bremen,  and  Papenbufgh,  relieved 

.  fiom    embai^,    &c.      (Vide    Panorama, 

— .  Nevra  arrive^  of  peace  in  India,  with 
Scindiah,  otie  of  the  Marhatta  chiefs. 
f2.  I*  JJ.  of  Cqmmous ;  Lord  H.  Petty 
moved  for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill /or  more 
tpeedily  exaniining  the  public  accounts.  He 
Jtated  the  amount  of  the  accouots  uncx- 
afflioed  to  be  ^455,600,000. 
14.  Order  of  council  for  ceoeral  reprisals 
«g?uiist  the  vessels,  &C;  of  ftiissia. 

JPNB. 

*.  l«uia  Bonaparte,  with  great  ceremony, 
ftodaimed  King  of  HoUaod,  by  his  -brother 
Napofcon,  at  St.  Cloud.  Fide  Holland, 
W.  Mr.  For  moves  in  the  H.  of  Commons  a 
Moiution  for  the  abolition  of  the  A/Hcan 
<*we  tiada.  (Vide  Panorama,  p.  706.) 
12.  Lord  Melville's  trjal    tetminated:     ac- 

Smed  by   njajority  of  his  peers,-. — Loiri 
wille   was  impeached  of  converting  to 
fcwown  itse,  in  178(5,  ^£10,000  ol  the  jpub- 

V  "*°***ik  ***  ^"5  ^^  Treasurer  of  the 
2«^  This  he  refused  to  account  for  in 
«e  H.  of  Comnions,  June  1 1 ,  1806.  Not 
gil^  ISl,  guilty  l5.-r2.  Of  permitting 
Mr.  Trotter  10  deposit  the  pubKc  money  at 
~oiitts,|if  Co.  private  bankets,  in  viobtion  of 
Jjc  a«t,  which  directed  it  to  remain  at  the 
pauk,  where,  when  it  was  paid,  the  service 
It  WIS  paid  for  was  specified.  Not  guilty  83, 
JwItv53.--3.  Tliat  after  passing  the  act, 
»W).III,  the  same  conduct.  Not  guilty 
W,  niUty  32.-^.  That  his  Lordship  and 
«i;.  Trotter,  on  the  commencement  of  the 
Wjpg  o{  thp  CQOMXjMssioA  of  enquiry,  Feb. 


1803,  mutually  agreed  .to  bum  all  books, 
memorandums,  and  vouchers.  —  6.  That 
Lord  Melville  received  loans  of  large  sums 
of  money  from  Trotier,  which  he  knew  to 
he  public  money,  in  the  hands  oiCoutts,and 
Co.  bankers.  Not  guilty  89,  gudty  47.  -* 
6.  Among  these  sums  one  is  specified  of 
j^22,000  without  interest.  Not  guilty  86, 
guilty  51.— -7.  Repeats  the  sixth  charge.— 
8.  That  I'rotter.  thgugh  poor,  was  always  in 
advance  to  Lord  M.  10  or  jf«^0,000,  which, 
tbeitefere  Lord  M.  knew  to  be  public  mo- 
ney. Not  cuiJty  128,  guiky  14  -^.  That 
Trotter  made  these  advances  to  Lofd  M.  in 
consideration  ef  his  conni\'ance  at^  Trotter's 
profit  made  on  the  pul)lic  money.  Not 
gwU^  li?3,  guijty  13.— 10.  That  between 
1784  and  1786,  hoxA  M,  had  appropriated 
jg27,000  of  the  public  money.  Not  Ruijtv. 
124,  guiJty  12.  '  *^      ^ 

18.  Lorel  Grenville  in   the  H.  of    Lords, 
moved  sundry  resolutions  for  amending  the 
naode  of  administering  justice  in  Scotland. 
«4.  Concurrence  of.  the  H.  of  Peers  in  the 
resolution  of  the  Commons  for  abolishing 
the  slave  trade.    (Vide  Panorama,  p.  706.) 
24.  Intelligence  ffom  India  of  peace  with 
I    Ilolkar,  the  last  of  the  inimical  Mahiatta 
I    chiefs,     Sigwd  Dec.  £4. 

JOLT, 

?.  Message  bom  His  Majesty^to  ineredse  thtf 
incomes  of  certain  of  the  Royal  Family. 
Lord  H.  Potty  moVed  that  there  be  granted 
out  of  the  Consolidated  Fund  to  the  Dukes 
of  Clarence,  K^nt,  Cumberland,  Sussck. 
and  Cambridge  jf6000  per  Ann.  making 
their  mcomes  iCl  8,000  per  Ann.— Princess 
Charjottftof  Wales  ^^7000,  Duchess  Dowa- 
ger of  Gloucester  ^4000,  Duke  of  Glouces- 
ter jei4,000.  Princess  Sophia  of  Glouces^ 
ter  in  lieu  of  je4000  on  the  aggregate  fund 
jr4000,  making  in  all  an  addition  of 
^51,000. 
4.  Victoiy  of  Maida,  in  Calabria,  rFi<fc 
Panorama,  p.  181.) 

*£•  '^^^  si^ed  at  Pzns  between  Frtmce, 
Bavaria,  Wirtemberg,  Baden,  and  several 
other  smaller  German  states,  by  which  the 
latter  renounce  their  connection  with  the 
German  ^Empire,  and  place  themselves  un- 
der the  protection  of  Franoe,  under  the  title 
of  "  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine."  Vide 
France, 

20.  Treaty  of  peace  between  France  and  Riis. 

sia  s^gn^  by  I>Oubril  on  the  part  of  the 

latter,     Vide  Negociation  Papers,  p.  879. 
33.  Parliament  prorogued    by    commission, 

after  a  speech  in  His  Majesty's  name,  hint* 

ing  at  the  negoctations  for  peaie. 

28.  Surrender  of  Buenos-AyrestotheEngliih, 
(Tirfr  Panorama,  p.  W7;). 


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View  of  the  State  of  Europe. 


[rill 


AUGUST. 

f.  Lord  Lauderdale   deoarts 


for 
for  peace 


Paris,    to 

With  the 


conduct  negociations 
French  government. 

7>  The  Emperor  of  Gcrmanv  resigns  his  title 
and  station,  as  head  of  the  Germanic  body» 
in  oonsetiuence  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Bhine.  llavingabout  two  years  before  assumed 
the  title  of  Emperor  of  Austria,  he  now  re>- 
takis  this  as  his  principal  title.    Vide  Austria. 

13.  The  Emperor  of  Russia  holds  a  grand 
council,  which  advises  a  refusal  to  ratify 
P*Oubrir«  treaty  made  at  Paris.  The  in- 
fluence of  this  refusal  on  the  negociations  for 
peace  between  France  and  England  is  consi- 
derable. (Fide  Negociation  Papers^  pp. 
879,  884. 

^.  Lord  Holland  and  Lord  Auckland  ap- 
pointed by  His  Majesty  joint  commissipners 

\  to  treat  with  the  Amencan  commissioners, 
Mr.  Monroe  and  Mr.  Pinckney,  for  the  tcr- 
minaUon  of  disputes  between  the  two  coun- 
tries. 

95,  John  Philip  P^Jm,  bookseller  at  Nurem- 
berg, shot  by  a  French  military  commis- 
sion, for  sellmg  publications  in  opposition 
to  Buopapart^,  Thro  others  condemned  at 
the  same  tnne,  but  escaped. 

30.  Russian  Manifesto  against  France.       « 

HEPTEMBER. 

9.  Tremendont  hnrticaneat  Dominica  and 
Martinique. 

12.  Death  of  Lord  Thurlow.  (Vide  Pkno- 
nma,  p.  3^4,) 

13.  Death  of  Mr.  Fox.  C^ide  Pknorama, 
p.  395.)      . 

14.  French  squadron  dispersed  in  a  storiq. 
L'Impeteux,  74  guns,  destroyed  in  the  Chc- 
aapeak  by  ^^  English  ^ 

17.  Order  of  Council  for  opening  the  trade 
with  Bueno^Ayrcs)  diminishing  tht  Im- 
port duties,  &c  ^ 

^.  King  pf  Prussia,  with  his  Queen,  joiiu 
his  army  against  the  French, 

tl.  Booapart^  addresses  circular  letters  to  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  ordering  their 
contingents  against  Prussia 

95.  Bonaparte  leaves  Pwa  U>iQiQ  his  army  in 
CJerm^y. 

30.  The  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  WurUborg, 
broker  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  aoeed^ 
to  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. 

OCTOBER t 

1 .  Lord  Morpeih  sent  to  the  Court  of  Prussia. 

^.  Louia  Bonaparte,  King  of  Holland,  ac- 
companies the  Dutch  troops  intended  to  cc« 
opexatp  Against  Prussia. 

$.  Changes  m  the  British  administrttion  in 
oonscquence  of  ihe  death  of  Mr.  Fox.  (Vi4* 
firiiish  Miniftr^  in  1^  forui^  page,) 


9.  King  of  Prussia's  Manifesto  against  France. 
(Vide  Ptoorama,  p.  38 1  • . ) 

12.  Lofd  Lauderdale  returns  to  England,  ne- 
zociations  for  peace  with  France  having 
tailed. 

14.  Battle  of  Auerstadt  between  the  French 
and  Prussians,  the  latter  defeated  with  im- 
mense loss  '.—leads  to  the  defeat  of  Prince  ^ 
Hohenlohe,  with  the  left  wing  of  the  Prus- 
sians, loss  of  Stettin  and  Custrin,also  of  Ber-  . 
lin  24th. 

22.  His  Majesty's  declaration  of  the  causes  Qf 
the  rupture  of  the  negociation  with  France. 
(Vide  Panorama,   p.  3 17-) 

24.  Parliament  dissolved  by  Proclamation. 

25.  Bonaparte  establishes  his  head  quarters 
^  at  Beriin,  holds  levees,  kc,  in  the  Pklace 

there, 

31.  The  Spanish  general,  Miranda,  formerly 
in  the  service  of  France,  lately  adventuring 
on  his  oWn  accomit,  having  fitted  out  in 
North  America  a  small  fleet,  for  the  purpose 
of  effecting  an  insurrection  in  the  Caraocas, 
a  province  of  Spanish  South  America,  after 
several  fruitless  attempts  faib  of  his  purpose, 
and  returns  to  Trinidad. 

—  A  revolution  in  the  black  Empire  of 
Hayti,  i.  e.  that  part  of  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo  which  formerly  belonged  to  the 
French.  After  the  transportation  of  Toua- 
saiat  from  this  island,  in  1804,  the  govern- 
ment was  assumed  by  Deasalines,  a  n^ro 
chief,  who  caused  himself  to  be  crowned 
Emperor  of  Hayti,  by  which  name  this 
island  was  called  by  its  natives  when  fh^t 
discovered.  —  This  Emperor  being  killed, 
Christophe,  a  negro  seperal  who  headed  the 
insurrection  aeainst  him,  assumes  the  go- 
verpmeat  in  his  place.  Manifestoes,  fie. 
calumniating  the  memory  of  the  late  £m- 
pefor,  are  printed  and  dispersed ;  together 
with  g^eral  invitations  to  all  foreigners  tD 
trade  with  the  island ;  which  had  bmi  (un- 
wisely) restricted  and  limited  by  Dessalines, 
to  the  injuiy  of  the  inhabitants. 

VOVBM^R. 

1.  l/ni  Morpeth  returned  from  the  conti- 
nent ;  the  battle  of  Auerstadt  having  render.* 
ed  his  mission  unproductive. 

3,  Proclamation  in  Poland  from  the  French 
head-quarters,  calling  on  the  Poles  to  resume 
their  ancient  establishpnent  as  a  people ;  signi 
ed  by  General  Dombrowski. 

61  The  Electors  of  Saxony^t  and  of  Hesse, 
accede  to  the  confederation  of  the  Rhine. 

7.  Lubeo  taken  by  assault.  The  French 
overcome  the  opposition  of  the  Prussians, 
who  had  retreated  thither,  under  General 
Blucber,  from  Auerstadt.  The  citizens  suf- 
fer extremely  from  the  cruelty  and  licentious^ 
nessof  the  victors:  tfie  city  being  pilhgedj, 
&c.  for  a.cotisiderable  tioi^, 


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FUw  of  the  Stale  rf  Europe. 


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7.  Mj^ddmr^  surrenders  to  the  Frq^h. 
9.  TTie  Duke  of  Brunswick  died  at  Otten- 
sen,  near  Altona,  in  consequence  of  a  wound 
in  the  head,  received  ai  the  battle  of  Auer- 
stadt,  and  of  vexation  at  succeeding  circum- 
stajices. 

10.   French  army  enters  Poland. 
12.  GoMial  Crawford  sails  from  Falmouth 

wiih  nearly  (),0U0  men. 
19.  Westminster  Election  ends,  having  lasted 

15  days.     Votes   for  Sir  S.  Hood,   5,478. 

Mr.  Sheridan,  4,768.     Mr.  Piioll,  4,481. 
— .  Uambor^    occupied    by    the   French, 

who  confiscate  all  Endish  property  found 

there;  and  put  the  English  merchants  under 

anest. 

50.  Hamdn  surrenders  to  the  French. 

51.  Loid  Hutchinson  embarks  for  the  con- 
tinent J   his  object — the  Prussian  army,  &c. 

^-.  Booaparte  publishes  a  decree  declaring 

Britain  in  a  slate  of  blockade. 
58.  The  French  enter  Warsaw,  the  capital  of 

Fbluid. 

DECEMBER. 

1.  Bonaparte  arrives  in  Poland.  Issues  a 
proclamation,  in  which  he  determines  to 
occupy  dl  the  countries  he  has  overcome,  till 
Britain  shall  restore  all  the  conquesu  she  has 
made ! 

2.  Louis  Bonaparte,  ^ing  of  HolUind,  is- 
sues a  decree  enforcing  the  blockade  of 
Britain! 

J5.  Meeting  of  the  new  Imperial  Parlia- 
ment :  Mr.  Abbot  re^dbosen  speaker  of  the 
H.  of  Commobs. 

19.  His  Majesty's  speech  by  Commission, 
to  Parliament.    (Ttde  Panorama,  p.  870.) 

^.  Negodation  papers  laid  before  Parlia- 
ment.    {Fide  Panorama,  p.  878.) 


The  principal  events  of  the  year  as  they 
afieci  Britain,  may  be  considered  as,  1.  The 
4kath  of  its  most  eminent  statesmen  and 
officers :  with,  2,  The  consequent  changes  in 
administration  :  3.  The  atteinpt  at  n^ocia- 
tioDS  for  peace:  with,  4.  Their fsulure :  ^. 
The  controversy  with  America,  and  its  ar- 
tai^ements :  b.  The  breach  with  Prussia 
and  its  termination :  7-  The  election  of  a 
new  Pbriiament :  8.  The  blockade  of  the 
viand:  and  9.  The  conquest  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

AUirRIA, 
By  the  artides  of  the  treaty  of  Presburg, 
signed  Dec.  25,  1805,  Austria  relinquishes  to 
France  eveiy  thing  beyond  the  Alps ;  theVene- 
tian  dominions :  several  principal  cities  to  the 
King  of  Bavaria ;  five  cities  on  the  Danube  to 
fbe  King  of  Wirtemberg,  with  partof  thcBris- 
Mw,    The  Emj)eror  of  Austria  takes  the  pub- 


lic debts  of  these  dbtricts  on  himself  ^  receives 
Saltzburgh,    and  Beithtolsgaden  j,  for  Duka 
Ferdinand,  the  principality^  of  Wurtzburg. 
Bavaria  takes  Auosbui]^ ,  Winemberg  takes 
Borndoff ;  the  Helvetic  republic  is  acKuomr- 
led^,  also  the  Batavian.    Presburg  apd  its 
environs  to  be  evacuated  by  the  French  in 
five  dap'^  Moravia,  Bohemia,  Hungary,  and 
Styria,  in  ten  days  ^  and  in  twp  months,  the 
whole  of  the  hereditary  dominions  of  Austria^ 
except  Brannau.    Venice  shall  be  given  up 
in  fifteen  days  to  the  French :  Istria,  Dalma- 
tia,  the  mouths  of  the  Cattaro,  and  the  Vene* 
tian  Isles,  in  six  weeks. 
Jan,  15.    The  Emperor  issues  a  proclama- 
tion to  the  inhabitants  of  Vienna,  on  hb 
return  to  that  capital,    "  impressed  with 
sentiments  of  their  inviolable  attachment  and 
fidelity." 
The   Archduke  Charles  issues  a  proclama- 
tion to  hb  array,  which  must  '<  return  to  tha 
peace  establishment.  Hi  like  protection  ^tit 
throne  and  the  country  summon  them  to  new 
dangers  and  new  glory,**  s^er  a  period  of  ie» 
pose. 

Feb.  1.  Proclamation  of  the  Emperor  to  his 
'  subjects  :  **  Has  made  great  sacrifiQes,  with 
difficulty  wrung  from  hb  heart*'— for 
the  welfare  of  millions,  in  the  return  of 
peace.  ''  The  wounds  inflicted  by  the  war 
are  <jieep  :  sev<hxkl  years  may  be  necessary  to 
heal  them,  and  to  oblUerate  the  impres- 
sion inflicted  by  the  suflferings  of  thb  unfor* 
tunate  period.** 

Aug.  6.  The  Emperor  of  Austria  resigns  the 
omce  of  Emperor  of  Germany,  because  he 
finds  it  impossible  to  continue  the  obligations 
contracted  by  the  capitulation  of  election ; 
and  because  tne  Convention  of  July  1£,  sign- 
ed at  P^ris,  has  entirely  destroyed  every  such 
hope.  **  Beins  thus  oonvincecl  of  the  impos- 
sibility of  fulfilling  the  duties  pf  the  Imperial 
functions,  we  consider  as  di^ved  the  ties 
which  have  hitherto  attached  us  to  the  states 
of  the  G^manic  empire  ;  considering  as 
extinguished  by  the  Confederation  of  the  ^ 
states  of  the  lihine,  the  charge  in  chief  of  * 
the  empire,  do  resign  the  Imperial  crown, 
and  the  Imperial  government,  and  absolve 
all  states  of  the  empire  from  their  duties,** 
&c.— By  a  second  proclamation  the  Em^ 
peror  continues  the  salaries  and  appointment! 
of  the  officers,  &c.,  connected  with  the 
dignity  of  Emperor. 

The  chief  matters  relating  to  Austria  are» 
1 .  The  treaty  of  Presbuigh  :  2.  The  squabbk 
about  Cattaro,  which,  France  not  having  oc^ 
cupied  it  within  the  time  appointed  for  its  de- 
livery by  Austria,  was  seizod  by  the  Russians 
and  Alontenegrins,  as  beins  no  longer  the 
property  of  Austria  but  of  France :  3.  The 
resignation  of  the  Imperial  crown  of  Ger,, 
many :-  4,  The  dbtre^  state  of  the  iinaQ.i 


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tres  ,  9*  The  interest  of  Austiia  in  the  iiffairs 
of  Poland,  and  the  proposition  of  rcstx)ring 
to  ihat  country  its  independence  and  nionar^ 

^  DENMARK. 

This  country  maintains  its  neutralitv,  hi- 
therto. The  French  conduct  at  Hamhurgh 
renders  this  difficult ;  but  the  occupation  of 
Bonaparte  in  Poland,  does  not  yet  suffer  him 
to  overwhelm  this  kingdom. 

FRANCE. 

Jan,  14.  The  Arch-Chanceflor  gives  notice 
of  the  marriage  of  Prince  Eugene  (Beauhar- 
iiois)  frith  the  Princess  Augusta,  daughter 
of  the  King  of  Bavaria. 

Hatch  3.  Bonaparte,  oo  opening  the  session 
of  the  le^slauvc  body,  used  the  following 
expressions  concerning  England.  '<  I  am 
desirous  of  peace  with  England.  On  my 
part,  I  shall  never  retard  that  moment.  I 
shall  always  be  ready  to  conclude  it  in  adopt- 
ing fpr  its  bases,  the  stipulations  of  the  treaty  of 
Amiens.**— -This  passage  was  extracted  by 
51.  Talleyrand  in  his  correspondence  with 
Mr.  Fox,  and  led  to  the  nc^ocktions  for 
peace  between  France  and  England. 

— •  AnAnal    Expos^,    at    the    opening   of 

.  the  session  of  the  le^slative  body, states 

a  project  of  navigation  of  the  Seine  from 

iP^ris-  to   Chattillon, improvements   on 

the  S^one  at  Chalons,  Tours,  and  Ma9on, 
with  a  cathedral  at  the  latter  place, pays 

freat  attention  to  Lyons,  as  the  "  capital  of 
rencb  industry.*' Savoy,— —Pieamont : 

a  brother  of  Bonaparte  will  govern  and  reside 
at  Turin.— —Genoa,  •*  her  wishes  are  to 

he  French  :  she  is  half  so  already** has 

solicited  the  honour  of  adoption  by  France  : 

ihh  wish  has  been  accomplished. ^The 

ancient  kingdom  of  the  Lombards  is  restored. 

.    Italy ,  her  power  is  our  own .    Roads  are 

Tcpairing ;  bridges  building ;  canals  forming ; 
basins  eigging ;  ports  cleansing ',  weighing 
machines  for  the  roads,  in  number  125  ; 
telegraphs.*— New  cities  in  La  Vend<^e 

,  cTuizers  and  privateers-—**  It  was  Bonab- 
pane's  chief  aim,  by  getting  Dalmatia  into 
nift  hands,  to  be  ready  to  protect  the  inde- 

pend^ce  of  Turkey** **  Let  En^nd 

•e  finally  convinced  of  her  imbedlit}  .'* 
4.    Message  from  Bonaparte  to  the' French 
Senate ; — -—has  •'  married  the  Princess  Ste- 

Sanie,  neicc  of  owr  dearly  beloved  spouse,  to 
incc  Charles,  hereditary  Prince  of  Ba- 
den :**  and  has  adopted  the  said  Princess 
Stephanie. 

May  27-  Ragusa  taken  possession  of  by  the 
French. 

3/ay  30.  Bonaparte  issues  an  edict,  announ- 
rinji^  an  assembly  of  the  principal  Jew^,  at 
Parw,  for  J,ulv  15.  The  number  appointed 
from  the  wnofe  of  France  is  74. 

Jitfy  |ir-  The  act  of  ihe.Coufcderation  of  the 


Rhine  siencd  at  Parbi  It  oemprises  Fianoe, 
Bavaria,  Wirtcmburgh,  Baden, ^rg,  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Nassau  -  Weill  urg,  Nassau- 
Usingen,  Hohen/ollorn-Ochingen,  Ho- 
henzollcrn-Siegmaringcn,  Salm-Salm,  Salna*^ 
Kyrbur^,  Iscnburg,  Birstein,  and  Lichten- 
stcin,  Aremberg,  and  Levin ;  who  de- 
termine to  be  for  ever  separated  from 
.  the  Germanic  body,  to  abolish  all  kws  of 
the  empire  by  which  they  have  been 
hitherto  bound  ;  to  assume  ttd^s  of  higher 
rank  than  heretofore  ;  to  meet  in  congresa 
at  Frankfort  j  to  enter  no  service  of  foreign 
powers ;  and  not  to  alienate  any  part  of  auy 
sovereignty,  except  to  the  confederates,  8cc, 
&c  Contingent  of  France,  300,000  m^n, 
Bavaria  30,000,  Wirtembcrg  12,000,  Ba- 
den 3,000,  Beig  5.000,  Darmstadt,  4,000, 
Nassau,  Hohcnzollcrn,  and  others  4,000. 
Aug,  4.  The  assembly  of  the  Jews  depute4 
to  represent  that  nation  held  sittings  a| 
Paris :  sevetal  qaestiOns  pvopojfd  to  it,  this 
day  ^  but,  they  are  extiaprainary^  ocdy  by 
their  litUe  io^portance^ 

Oct.  6.  The  Jevra  address  a  letter,  fiom  tkic 
assembly  to  those  of  their  nation  and  reli- 
gion, announcing  Buonaparte's  intention  of 
convening  at  Parts,  a  Grand  Sanhedrin,  and 
inviting  '*  our  dear  brothers  to  .choose  men 
known  for  their  wisdom,  friends  of  truth 
and  of  iusrice,  and  capable  of  concurring 
with  us  m  this  great  work,*'  that  all  the  Jews 
in  Europe  may  co-operate  in  the  regeneration 
of  their  bnrtnren,  undcf  the  inspection  of 
Napoleon  the  great. 

10.  Message  ffom  Bonaparte  informing- the 
French  Senate  of  the  War  with  Prussia, 
including  a  note  from  M.  de  Knobelsdorff, 
the  Prussian  minister,  in  which  he  says, 
**  But  above  all,  wh;,t  proves  the  spirit  of 
this  measure  [the  Prussian  armaments]  is^^ 
that  his  Majesty  has  concerted  it  with  no 
person  whatsoever,  and  that  the  intelligence 
respecting  it  arrived  sooner  at  Paris,  than  at 
Vienna,  St.  Petersburgh  and  London.** 
-<-.  Bonaparte  heads  his  army  againt  Prussia* 
which  he  leads  from  France^  to  Berlin,  &c. 
and  to  Poland,  ice.  after  the  batde  of  Auer- 
stadt,  .,.,»* 

The  chief  ohseivahles  in  France  inUrnMlIy^ 
are.  I.  Thcattempts  made  to ^ve  importance 
to  ordinary  occurrences,  sudi  as  the  repair  of 
roads,  bndges,  &o.  with  4he  planning^  of 
canals,  improvements  in  the  ports,  dock-yaids, 
&c, — 2.  The  general  deadness  of  mercantile 
adventure,  and  mdvciUurotts  trade,  ice.  notn 
withsuinding.  the  annual  eithibition  of  goods 
at  a  kind  of  fiiir  in  Paris. — 3.  The  prevalent 
use  of  English  commodities,  notwithstandingj 
all  endeavours  of  Bonaparte  to  prevent  it. 
[33'  The  English  language  is  so  prevalent 
m  France,  that  besides  there  being  already  j^ 
news-paper  printed  in  this  language  at  Piuis, 
M .  GagUaiii,  a  bookseller^  came  (oX/m^oni  ^ 


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Cxll^ 


ihc  dose  of  1806^  as  an  agent  for  establishing 
asTFCspoDdcnts  on  behalf  of  a  projected  Ma- 
l^ncy  to  be  publbbed  luonthly  at  Paris,  Iq 
lac  English  language.  The  ne\v9-|>a|jer  was 
estaUished  'with  intention  to  degrade  the 
English  nation  ^  but  seems  to  have  spread  a 
(kure  for  additional  acquaintance  with  £ng- 
fish  literature.] — 4.  The  forcible  conscription 
of  the  ^'outh. — 5.  Tlie  state  of  religion,  and 
id'ijbDus  opinion. 

The  oraservabks  as  to  the  external  cnn- 
dnct  of  France  are,  I.  Its  duplicity,  and  fi- 
nesse.— 2-  Tbe  state  of  warfare  iiito  which  it 
I^UD^  it*  neighbours. — 3.  The  success  of 
that  warfare.— 4.  Farther  plans  of  a  like 
nature. — ^5-  Tlie  extent  of  its  present  power, 
br  means  of  having  subjected  Holhind,  Ba- 
firb,  Wirtemberg,  Northern  Italy,  Southern 
luly,  &C-,  to  its  yoke.— 6.  The  enmity  of  its 
chief  against  Bntain  which  hitiierto  refuses 
to  wear  that  yoke. 

GERMANY. 
M.  14.  The  Brunswickers  presented  to  their 
Duke,  on  a  report  that  he  was  to  exchange 
bii  tenitories  fbr  others,  a  petition  most  ho- 
■ooiable  to  his  character,  in  which  they 
■treat  him  not  to  leave  them  :  they  enu- 
Bcrate  tbe  advantages  the  Duke  has  pro- 
cured (or  dieir  Country,  and  profieiss  tncir 
|ride  and  happiness  in  his  person  and  cha- 


IVe  cfaaDges  and  vicissitudes  of  this  country, 
aie  noticed  under  France,  Austria, 
PkusstA,  &c. 

M.  ^,  Marshall  Bcrnadotte^s  proclamation, 
wbei^iy  Anspach  being  ceded  to  France  by 
Prania,   is  gi^n  to  Bavaria. 

tft.  Tbe  Prince  Royal  of  Bataria  assumes  the 
tidBof  Ardidake;  and  a  number  of  Princes, 
Coonts,  Sec.  whnie  territories  lie  between 
tiM  nven  liter.  Lech,  and  Danube,  merge 
talB  the  dominiom  of  Bavaria^ 
Mmrk  15.  Bonaparte*8  brother  in  law.  Prince 
Mwat,  appointed  Duke  of  Cleres  and  Berg, 
m  perpetoity.  These  countries  being  ceded 
to  Fiaooe  by  the  Kings  of  Prussia  and  Ba« 


HOLLAND- 

/oa.  I.  The  tax  on  profenions  takes  place 
from  this  day:  hereafWr  no  person  can 
cxevcife  any  traffic^  aoromeree,  trade,  pro- 
fieanon,  &c.  Sec  without  having  obtamcd 
a  pctent,  to  be  renewed  yearly.  These 
patentB  must  nay^  according;  to  the  extent  of 
the  business  <M>ae  by  individuals,  from  500 
fiorins  down  to  a  single  florin.  The  thea^ 
trcs  and  other  tfstamishments  of  diversion 
are  ecpially  subject!  d  to  this  tax.    Those 

'  Wiio  wear  nair  powder  are  taxed,  by  patent, 
5  florins,  5.  so.  Same  day  takes  place  an  ex- 
ttaofdinary  duty  on  hats,  gloves,  stockings, 
pantakions,  waistcoats,  bn;eches,  watches, 
docksy    tablccloclu,     perfumes^    prescned 


fruits,  playing  cards,  almaftacts,  n^wspaperF, 
and  all  other  articles  of  luxury.  The  tax  is 
to  be  paid  by  the  buyer  to  the  seller,  over 
and  above  the  value  of  the  article. 
May  24.  Treaty  between  France  and  HoU 
land  for  the  establishment  of  a  Kmg  of  Hol- 
land, signed  at  Paris. 

Jtnic  5.  The  extraordinary  ambassadors  of 
Holland,  at  Paris,  were  fetched  with  great 
state  to  the  throne  of  Bonaparte,  and  after 
three  profound  reverences,  they  intreathim  to 
**  grant,  as  the  supreme  chief  of  the  repub- 
lic, as  King  of  Holland,  Prince  Lmiis  Najx)- 
leon,  brother  of  your  Majesty,  to  whom  we 
deliver,  with  entire  and  respectful  confi- 
dence, the  administration  of  our  laws,  the 
defence  of  our  rights^  and  all  the  interests  of 
our  belm'ed  country — closely  united,  by  hci 
very  destiny,  to  that  of  your  immense  and 

immortal  empire.** Graciously  granted, 

of  course.  *'  I  procbim  Prince  Louis, 
Kinjj  of  Holland.  Rei^,  Prince,  over  thcie 
people."  His  Imperial  Highness,  Prince 
Louis,  then  advanced  to  the  foot  of  ^e 
throne  and  made  his  acknowledgements: 
''  I  will  go  and  reign  in  Holland,  sinca 
those  peo^ne  desire  it,  and  I  am  ordered  by 
your  Majesty. — United  by  interest,  my  peo- 
ple will  likewise  be  united  by  their  senti- 
ments to  your  Majesty  and  to  France." 
Bonaparte  continues  in  his  brother  the  office 
of  Conncstable  of  France.  Allows  Cardinal 
Fesch  (his  uncle)  to  be  coadjutor  to  the 
Afch -chancellor  of  the  Germanic  Empire. 
Confers  the  principality  of  Benerento  on 
Talleyrand  :  that  of  Ponte  Corvo  on  Mar- 
shal Bernadotte.  In  his  message  to  the 
Senate,  he  says,  "  in  a  commercial  point  of 
view,  Holland  being  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  great  rivers  that  water  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  our  territory,  it  was  necessary  that 
we  should  have  a  guarantee  for  the  faithful 
execution  of  the  treaties  of  commerce  we 
shall  conclude  wiih  her,  in  order  to  recon- 
cde  tbe  inteifest  of  our  manufactures,  and  of 
our  commerce,  with  those  of  that  people^ 
Holland  Is  the  first  political  interest  of 
France." 

THE   COKSTITUTIOXAL    LAW. 

General  dispositions, —  1..  The  constitu- 
tional laws  actually  in  force,  especially  the 
constitution  of  1805,  as  the  civil,  political, ' 
and  religious  laws,  the  exercise  of  which  is 
conformable  to  Ihe  regulations  of  the  treaty 
concluded  May  24  of  this  year,  shall  be  pre- 
served inviolate,  with  the  exception  of  tho^ 
only  which  shall  be  abolished  by  the  present 
constitutional  laws.  -2.  The  administration 
of  the  Dutch  colonies  b  regulated  by  particu-  • 
lar  laws,  and  tlie  expenses  of  the  colonies 
shall  be  estimated  as  a  part  of  the  revenues  of 
the  state.  3.  The  public  debt  is  guaranteed 
by  the  present  laws.  4.  The  Duich  language 
shall,  continue  to  be  employed  exclu-sivoly  iu 


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the  hem,  the  publications,  ordonnanoes, 
jbdgments,  and  all  public  acts,  without  dis* 
tinction.  5.  There  shall  be  no  changes  made 
Jn  the  name  or  the  value  of  the  current  coin, 
uotess  it  shall  be  authorised  by  a  particular 
law.  6.  The  ancient  colours  of  the  state 
shall  be  preserved.  7.  The  council  of  state 
shall  be  composed  of  thirteen  members^  The 
ministers  shall  hold  their  rank,  their  sitting;, 
and  their  votes  of  deliberation,  in  the  said 

council. Of  religion.^.  The  Kinj^and 

the  law  grant  equal  protection  to  all  rehgions 
which  are  professed  in  the  state.  By  their  au- 
thority every  tliinjB^  necessaiV  for  the  organiza- 
tion, the  prchcction,  and  the  exercise  of  e\efy 
kind  of  worship  is  to  be  confined  to  the  in- 
terior of  the  churches  belonging  to  the  dif- 
ferent communions.  2.  The  Kin^  shall  en- 
joy the  public  exercise  of  his  religum  in  his 
Fslace,  and  in  every  other  place  where  he 

shall  reside. Of  the  King.—\.  The  King 

shall  have,  exclusively  and  without  restric- 
tion, the  complete  exercise  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  all  the  power  necessary  to  secure 
the  execution  of  the  laws,  and  to  cause  them 
to  he  respected.  He  has  the  nomination  to 
all  the  charges  and  offices,  civil  and  military, 
which,  accordinc  to  anterior  laws,  were  vest- 
ed in  the  Grand  Pensionary.  He  likewise 
enjoys  the  pre-eminence  and  the  pijero- 
^tives  hitherto  attached  to  that  dignity.  The 
coin  of  the  state  shall  bear  his  name.  Justice 
shall  be  administered  in  his  name.  He  has 
the  right  of  granting  a  pardon,  abolition,  or 
the  mitigation  of  the  pains  pronounced  by 
judiciary  awards;  nevertlieless.  He  shall  not 
be  authorised  to  exercbe  this  right,  but  after 
having  heard  the  members  ol  the  national 
court  in  his  privy  council.  2.  Upon  the 
death  of  the  King,  the  office  of  guardian  to 
the  Minor  King  slhall  be  vested  in  the  JJuecn 
Dowager;  and,  in  case  of  her  death,  m  that 
person  who  shall  be  nominated  for  the  pur- 
pose by  the  Emperor  of  the  French,  &c.  &c. 

' Of  the  Law. — 1.  The  law  is  established 

in  Holland  by  the  concurrence  of  the  legisla- 
tive body,  formed  of  the  assembly  of  their 
Hi}^  Mightinesses,  and  by  the  King.  The 
legislative  corps  is  composed  of  38  members, 
elected  for  five  years,  and  nominated  as  fol- 
lows: for  the  department  of  Holland,  17 
members  j  Guelderland,  4 ;  Brabant,  4 ; 
Friesland,  4  ;  ,  Overyssel,  3  ;  Zealand,  2  j 
Groningpn,  2;  Utrecht,  2;  Drenihe,  1. 
Bat  the  number  of  tlieir  High  Mightinesses 
may  be  augmented  b}{  a  law,  in  case  of  ag- 
grandizement of  territory.  2.  To  complete 
the  numj^r  •f  members  authorized  by  the 
foreaoing  article,  their  Hieh  Mightinesses 
shallpresent to  his Migesty a  list  of  two can- 
didatts  for  each  of  the  vacant  places.  The 
King  shall  make  the  election  out  of  the  can- 
didates proposed.  3.  The  uresenfGrand  Pen- 
sionary shall  take  the  title  of  President  of 


their  Hi^  Mightinesses,  and  exercise  his 
function  m  this  quality  during  life.  Tlie 
choice  of  his  successor  shall  take  place  in  the 
manner  determined  b^^  the  ooftstitution  of 
1805.  4.  The  legislative  body  shall  diuse  a 
recorder  out  of  its  own  body,  by  a  plurality 
of  votes.  5,  The  legislative  corps  snill  as- 
settible  in  ordinary  twice  in  the  year,  viz. 
from  the  15th  of  April  to  the  1st  of  June, 
and  from  the  15th  of  Nov.  to  the  15th  of 
Jan.  On  the  15th  of  No%'.  a  fifth  of  tlie 
oldest  members  shall  eo  out  from  the  body. 
The  first  members  shall  go  out  on  the  15th  of 
Nov.  1807*  Such  members,  notwithstand* 
ing,  may  be  re-elected.——  Of  judiciary 
power. — 1.  The  judiciary  institutions  shall  be 

C resented  in  the  mode  they  have  been  esta- 
lished  by  the  constitution  of  1805.  2.  Re- 
lative to  the  judiciary  power,  the  King  shall 
exercise  all  tne  rights  and  all  the  authority 
vested  in  the  Grand  Pensionary  by  virtue  of 
the  constitution  of  1805.  3.  Every  thing 
that  relates  to  the  exercise  of  military  crimi- 
nal justice,  shall  be  separately  regulated  by 
an  ulterior  law.**  ' 

On  Wednesday,  June  11,  King  Louis  ar- 
rived from  Bieda  virith  his  wife  and  childien 
at  Rotterdam-^bout  9  o*clock  same  evening 
arrived  at  the  Hague. 

20.  Gave  public  audience  in  high  style :  a 
speech  was  delivered  by  Mvnheer  De  Vov 
VanSteenwyckTotDenH(^nhof.  **The 
assembly  of  their  High  Mightinessesy  ia  ' 
whose  name  I  speak,  are  come  in  a  body  to 
offer  their  obedience  to  your  Mij.  and  to 
felicitate,  &c.'*  King  Louis's  answer  con- 
siders * '  this  as  the  first  day  of  the  real  ind^ 
pendence  of  the  United  States.**— <«  How- 
ever, even  monarchy  b  not  sufficient  for  a 
country  whidi,  tluwi^  powerful  and  im-' 
portant,  b  not  sufficiently  so  for  its  position, 
which  requires  forces  of  the  first  rank  both 
by  land  and  sea.  It  will  therefore  be  neces- 
sary for  it  to  form  a  oonnectioD  with  one  of 
the  great  powers  of  Europe,  with  which  its 
amity  may  be  eternally  secured  without  any 
alteration  of  its  independence.** 
Aug.  6.  King  Ixmis  suppresses  certain  Dutch 
newspapers,  "  for  having  spoken  in^  a  lig^t 
and  unJQstMable  manner^  of  governments 
with  which  we  are  at  peace.**  Ordaining 
that  all  censure  of  the  acts  of  different  go- 
vernments shall  be  punishable. 

Oci.  3.  King  Louis*s  letter  to  their  High 
Mightinesses,  lamenting  '^  the  burdens  and 
grievances 'of  our  good  people,**  has  assem* 
bled  his  troops  in  cotisequenoe  of  rumours  of 
war— desires  supplies  of  money — ^to  anticipate 
the  reception  ot  the  incomes—*'  had  reckon* 
ed  on  a  moinentary  aid  from  our  faithful  ci- 
ties of  Amsterdam  and  Rotterdam,  but  a 
concurrence  of  peculiar  circumstances  has 
opposed  obstacles  to  the  complete  success  of 


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xviij 


View  of  the  Slate  of  Europe, 


[xviir 


that  undertaking '*^-no  tiiQC  to  lose,  the  bu- 
siness is  pressing.  ^ 
The  chief  points  of  recollection  concerning 
HoUjumI  are^  1.  the  universality  and  pres* 
sure  of  the  taxes.  2.  The  inability  of  the 
^ovemprs  to  remedy  the  evils  which  over- 
if^helm  the  country.  3.  The  erection  of 
this  republic  into  a  Kingdom,  and  the  King 
of  it,  Louis  Bonaparte ;  with  the  new  con- 
stitution, of  course.  4.  The  Dutch  army, 
"with  the  anticifMition  of  the  revenue  neces- 
sary to  equip  it.  b.  The  silence  of  the 
IDutch  navy.  6.  The  failure  of  a  loan  to 
JLoois,  in  Amsterdam  and  Jlottcrdam. 

ITALY. 

J3«c.  27,  1805.  Bonaparte  gives  notice  of  his 
mteotion  to  desUt>y  tlie  Kingdom  of  Naples 
— "  the  Neapolitan  dynasty  has  ceased  to 
lejgn." 

Jan.  12.  Bonaparte  informs  the  French  se- 
nate that  he  has  appointed  Prince  Eugene 
(Beauhamois)  Viceroy  of  Italy,  whom  he 
has  adopted  as  his  son,  and  gives  him  an 
eventual  right  to  the  crown  of  Italy. 

Sept.  17.  Borne.  An  edict  a^inst  assisting  the 
rebels  of  adjoining  countries  ;  political  dis- 
putes, and  political  discussions.  The  eon- 
gregation  of  general  police  is  authorised  to 
pONDeed  without  the  ordinary  formalities  of 

justice,  and  from  the  simple  notoriety  of 
the  fact,  against  every  person  without  dis- 
tinction. 

Observe,  I.  In  the  north  of  Italy,  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  son  of  BonapQite]s  wife  by 
a  former  husband.  2.  The  expubion  of  the 
King  of  the  two  Sicilies  from  Naples  ;  his 
Majesty  takes  refuge  in  Sicily,  under  the 
piotection  of  British  troops.  3.  The  placing 
of  Joseph  jSonaparte  as  King  of.  Naples, 
which  is  but  an  uneasv  station  without  the 
possession  of  Sicily  also.  (Vide  Panorama, 
p.  91 8.)  4.  The  nullity  of  the  Roman  power 
civil  and  ecclesiastical. 

PRUSSIA. 

Jan,  27-  Issues  a  proclamation  pro^sing  to 
occupy  Hanover  and  its  dependencies,  by 
Prussian  troops,  *'  till  the  conclusion  of 
a  general  peace." 

Feb.  28.  The  King  of  Prussia  transfers  his 
sovereignty  over  the  little  state  of  Ncufcha- 
tcl,    to  France. 

March  28.  Procbmation  by  the  Prussian 
Governor  of  Hanover,  Coutit  SchuUen- 
buigh,  for  shutting  the  ports  of  the  North 
Sea,  against  the  Biiiisb  trade  (dated  Han- 
over) *•  in  the  same  manner  as  when  the 
French  troop*  occupit*d  the  states  of  Han- 
over'*—** to  prevent  the  introduction  and 
transit  of  British  gQo<ls/* 

April\.  King  of  Prussia's  procbmation  for 
ttdting  detinttive  possession  of  Hanover. — 
Vol.  I.   Suu,  LU.  Fun. 


"  vre  have  signed  a  convention  with  hi» 
Majesty  of  France,  in  conformity  to  which 
the  legal  possession  of  the  states  of  the 
Electoral  House  of  Brunswick  Lunebuig, 
belonging  by  r'glit  of  conquest  to  his  Im- 
))€rial  Majesty  of  France,  is  granted  to  us^ 
m  exchange  for  the  cession  of  three  of  our  ' 
provinces,  and  in  virtue  of  farther  solemn 
guarantees  on  each  side*' — these  countries,— 
*'  from  this  time  forth  are  to  be  considered 
as  in  our  (possession,  and  sHbject  to  our 
f)o\i^er  aloiie." — Magistrates,  Kc.  to  con-  ' 
tinue  their  functions  in  Our  name. 
June  24.  Declaration  of  King  of  Prussia  tn 
council  to  Hanoverian  Deuutiesj  that  sonic 
things  which  they  complained  of  as  con- 
trary to  former  public  securities  were  only 
intended  pro  tempore — that  his  intention 
was  only  to  introduce  such  changes,  "  as 
may  be  necessary  to  unite  as  intimately  as 
possible  the  Hanoverian  territory  with  my 
monarchy,!  of  which  it  now  osnstitutes  a 
part." 

Sept.  12.  Proclamation  by  the  Prussian  Ad- 
ministration of  Eichfcld  and  Erftut,  an- 
nouncing his  Prussian  Majesty's  intention 
not  to  consent  to  cede  or  exchange  any  of  his 
provinces  whatsoever,  **  as  authorised  by  his 
lloyal  Majesty.'* 

Oct.  g.  Proclamation  of  the  King  of  Prussia 
to  his  drmy,  dated  head-quarters,  Erfurt 
•*  We  ha\-e  to  cope  with  an  enemy  who  has 
defeated,  around  us,  the  most  ndmerous  ar- 
mies ;  who  has  humbled  the  most  power- 
ful states  ;  who  has  destroyetl  the  most  vene- 
rable constitutions  ^  who  has  deprived  morb 
than  one  nation  of  its  independence  and  its 
name ;  a  similar  fate  was  intended  for  tlic 
l^russian  monarch — that  monarcliy  too  wits 
doomed  soon  to  disappear,  to  be  subjected  to 
a  foreign  master,  and  arrogance  and  rapam- 
ty  already  anticipated  the  partition  ot  the 
North  of  Germany. — ^VVe  fight  then  for  in- 
dependence, for  our  altars,  for  our  home, 

nay,   for  every  thing  that  is  dear  to  us." - 

**  We  are  also  the  saviours  and  deliverers  of 
our  German  brethren." — *«  Great,  energetic, 
and  decisive,  must  be  our  exertions.'* 

The  points  for  recollection  in  the  conduct  of 
Prussia  are  1.  her  concupiscence  in  wishing 
to  obtain  territories  belonging  to  others,  and 
receiving  them  as  a  bribe,  from  Bonaparte. 
2.  Her  want  of  foresight  that  her  own  tutn 
for  being  spoiled  was  only  postponed,  not 
forgotten.  3.  Her  rashness  in  attempting  to 
mamfain  herself,  single  handed,  agaitist 
France,  without,  at  least,  attempting  to 
derive  assistance  from  those  powers  which 
she  had  rendered  inimical  by  delusion,  who 
yet,  might  have  been  induced,  upon  proper 
representation,  to  atssist  her.  She  had  of- 
fended England  by  her  conduct  as  to  Han- 
over, &c:  Russia,  by  her  ttr^^iversaiionaf- 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


^^  Vitw  tf  the  State  of  Europe, 

terliavinifslgniathetfcttYor  Pdtzdam,  in 
ifvhicb  she  acrecd  to  mate  common  cause 
•with  th<t  power  and  Atistria  against  France* 
4.  Her  improridcnce  in'suffering  her  fortifi- 
ed places  to  be  tmprovisioned,  and  riskitig 
ter  existence  on  a  single  armvi  that  bciftp 
dispersed,  all  his  lost.  6.  The  refusal  of 
the  King  to  sign  an  armistice  on  degrading 
terms ;  and  his  reliance  on  Rutsia,  for  pro- 
tection. 


Cx» 


24.  The  Prussians,  after  a  skirmish  with  the 
small  body  of  Swedish  troo^is,  enter  Lauen- 
bur^.  In  conse<juence,  Sweden  blockades 
the  ports  of  Prussia. 

JuneSX,  Prodamalion  of  the  Kinj^of  Swe- 
den dissolving  the  then  Constitution  of  the 
States  of  Pomemnia-  The  general  consti- 
tiition  of  Sweden  is  afterwards  established. 
June  26.  The  Khig  relates  that  he  had 
found  difficulties  and  delays  imjicde  all  his 
intentions — that  the  population  and^industry 
of  these  states  did  not  equal  those  df  other 
provinces — ordains  the  Swedish  constitution ; 
but  promises  that  Pomerania  shall  not  be 
subject  to  the  dcbu  of  Sweden,  or  the  im- 
posts related  to  it. 

TURKEY. 
The  progress  of  the  Wechabisbas  extended 
even  to  the  holy  city  of  Medina,  which  has 
surrendered  to  them  by  capitulation.  The 
first  action  of  the  conquerors  was  to  destroy 
the  tomb  of  the  founder  of  the  Mahometan 
religion.  Mecca  is  threatened  with  the  saiiip. 
fete.  We  are  taking  active  measures  to  pre- 
serve it.     Constantinople, 

The  general  stite  of  Turkey,  may  be  gav 
thered  ftom  Panorama,  p.  92a.  The  Turk- 
bh  councils  have  been  repeatedly  influenced 
by  French  politics ;  and  then  have  vibrated 
back  again  to  Russian  influence,  during  the 
course  of  the  year.  Some  of  its  arandee*  ia 
the  Frcndi  interest  hare  been  stranded,  whiob 
has  giv?n  an  antiffallioan  turn  to  the  opinion 
Of  the  Divan.  This  is  likely  tobcfunher 
confirmed  by  the  presence  of  an  Englisli  fleet 
of  seven  sail  of  the  line  cruizing  in  the  Black 
Sea,  or  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Constan- 
tinople, die  supplies  of  which  city  are  almMt 
whmly  furnished  by  water. 

BRrriSU  FINANCES. 

Feb.  6.  Mr.  Hase,  from  the  governor  and 
company  of  the  Bank  of  England,  pre- 
sented an  *^  account  from  the  Bank  of 
England,  of  the  receipt  and  cxpchdiiure  of 
jg7,6l5,l(i7.  Is,  ad,  in  one  year,  from  3d 
February  180a,  to  Slot  January;  1800*,  by 
the  commissioners  for  the  itrduciion  of  tlie 
national  debt;  and  of  the  receipt  of 
jgl,90(),l(>4.  17*.  li^*-  to  be  applied  in  tli« 
quarter  between  Feb.  I  and  May  1,  1800. 

March  7.  In  the  H.  of  Commons  die  Secre* 
taryatWar  mo%'ed,  that  134,473  eftective 

dish  forces  are,  they  cannot  be  attacked  with- 


RUSSIA 

Appears  to  ba^-e  come  forward  wilKttgly  to 
the  assistance  of  her  allies,  previous  to  the 
bittie  of  Austerlitz,  in  which  her  troops 

Vefe  engaged,  but  the  main  body  of  her 
contingent  was  not  arrived.    After  the  Ero- 

'peior  of  Austria  had  made  the  peace  of 
.  PresbuTg,  Russia  withdrew  her  troops;  but 
shevired  her  foresight  of  the  plan  of  Boua- 
parte,  Inr  ocicupyirtgCattaro,  which  checks 
the  proceedings  of  France  against  the  Otto- 
man empire,  to  the  great  vexauon  of  the 
Fhsnchdiief.  Since  the  disasters  of  Prus- 
sia, Russia  has,  for  self-protection,  stepped 
forward  to  oppose  the  French ;  hitherto  her 
Ecncralshave  acted  cautiously  and  wisely, 
what  further  dicy  may  have  effected  is  not 
yet"known4ou8. 

Russia  maintains  her  relations  with  Britain: 
the  signing  of  a  peace  with  Fran<»  by  d'Ou- 
bril  m  July,  has  been  disavowed.  The 
probability  w,  that  purt  of  the  Russian  states* 
men  wish  for  peace,  but  diat  odier  part  fear 
it  would  prove  temporary  and  delusive,  the 
insidious  character  of  the  enemy  being  so 
notorkHis  as  it  b. 

SPAIN 
Has  been  enfeebled  by  repeated  losses,  and 
fcays  being  worse.  Scarcely  an  article  of 
intelligence  of  any  importance  during  the 
whole  year  1806.  For  the  loss  of  lU  co- 
lony or  Buenos  Ayres,  vide  Britain  and 
Pahorama,  p.  187. 

SWEDEN. 
Jan.  13.  The  King  of  Sweden  lircsents  a  note, 
in  which  he  dtdares  it  beneaUi  his  dignity 
to  .take  any  furthci  part  in  the  deliberations 
of  the  diet  at  Raiisbon. 
April  2«.  Circular  dispatch  addressed  to  the 
ministers  of  his  Swedish  M^esty  at  Foreign 
CourU,  dated  Head  Quarters,  Gnefswald. 
The  King  Insists  on  his  right  to  protect 
Lauenburgh  as  part  of  the  Electorate  of  Ha 


out  die  King  oonsideniig  such  attack  as  a 
declaration  <>f  war,  and  m  that  light  he  will 
view  it."  "The  Swedish  corps  under 
Count  de  Lowenhiclm  will  never  retire  un- 
kssjcompeUtd  by  foroe  of  arms." 


Committee  of  Ways  and  Means. 

Lord  Henrv  Petty  stated  the  supplies  U 
would  be  proper  to  vote  for  die  current  year, 
and  the  ways  and  means  to  meet  diose  sup- 
plies. The  amount  of  the  funded  debt  on 
the  ist  of  Feb.  WQ5,  was  4*493,^,000,  die 


Digitized 


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wil 


Bniish  Knances,  1806. 


[x\il 


anQnal  charge  upon  tihich  n-at  jf  18.000,000. 
The  amount  oi  debt  redeemed  up  to  that 
day  was  ^J 1 1 ,797>000,  the  annud  chai^ge 
ufioa  whicli  was  j(^»834,000,  makiog  to- 
gether of  debt,  redeemed  and  unredeemed, 
4^ti03, 924,000.  and  an  annual  charge  of 
jf  24,904,000.  In  the  course  of  the  year 
1805,  there  was  made  an  addition  of 
;C34,400,000,  creating  an  annual  charge  of 
1^1.392,000,  besides  j^i,420,000,  for  the  dis- 
•  cnaige  ol  the  loyahy  loan,  at  an  annual 
cbafVQe  of  ^o3,000,  making  a  total  for  that 
year  of  debt  j£^,687>000,  and  of  annual 
cfaar)ge  j£l,44d,000.  'Against  this  was  to  be 
put  a  diminution  of  jC!53 1,000  of  debt,  and 
£iG,000  of  annual  chaige  by  the  redemption 
of  the  land-tax,  and  by  the  commissioners  for 
the  redaction  of  the  national  debt  a  diminu- 
tion of  debt  of  j^l2, 148,000.  -,  making  a 
total  diminution  ol  debt  to  the  amount  of 
i^  12,679,000  and  a  diminution  of  annual 
change  to  the  amount  of  jC386,000.  lliis 
presented,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
present  year,  an  amount  of  funded  debt  of 
j^5 17,280,000.  The  amount  of  debt  re- 
denned  was  i^l23,47(>,000. 

On  the  5th  Jan.  1805,  there  were  out- 
•CMidifig  exchequer  bills  to  the  amount  of 
i^ ,253,500  :  of  which  were  provided  for 
j|r]2,388,400. ;  leaving  unprovided  ibr 
1^12,865,100;  navy  debt  j£5, 1 00,000;  Xrca- 
Huy  bk)k  jiOgaybQQ.  i  barracks  jtf  1,56?, 000 
oidnanoe  expenses  and  arrears  of  cnil  list ; 
Making;  a  total  of  ^^20,305 ,(i<)0\  On  the  5^h 
Jan.  1806,  the  outstanding  exchequer  bills 
wer^  jt^,  180,400.  Of  which,  in  anticipa- 
tkm  of  aids  jgl  2, 180,400,  leaving  unprovided 
for  j^l5,000,000. ;  navy  debt  i:*9,570,000. ; 
treasury  bills  jt530,75l.;  with  cbai^  for 
barracks,  army  debt,  ordnance  charges, 
and  civil  list  'ahea>s,  making  a  total  of 
j£:23,  l()8,747'  Thus  there  was  an  addition  to 
the  unfunded  debt  of  £Q,SG3, 161.— He  cume 
now  to  the  Way^  and  Means  to  meet  this 
amount  of  debt,  whieh  he  had  thought  it 
tieeessary  to  state  thus  fully  and  fairiy,  in 
Ofder  tiiat  the  pi^lic  might  be  completely 
aware  of  its  situation,  ana  that  it  might  be 
prepared  to  make  the  necessary  excnions. 
The  first  of  rhc^  was  the  Consohdnted  Fund, 
consisting  of  (Knnanent  (axes  to  the  amount 
of  je:W,orj5,/»ol  ;  from  which  was  to  be  de- 
ducted for  arret*  rs  of  assessed  taxes,  ^1 10,000, 
hrdving  a  biilancc  of  j^32,935,501;  The 
charges  on  the  consolidated  fund  were  die 
charges  of  the  public  debt,  amounting  to 
jC23,  102,733 ;  for  paying  off  tlie  five  net 
cents,  j^4,757,518  ;  making,  with  civil  list 
arrears  of  ;£958,000,  pensions  £2S4,B(iO, 
mi^ici'llaneous scr\icc"j  jC2, 170,000,  interest  of 
the  imperial  loan  ;t497t473,  and  other  leaser 
Items,  a  total"  of  j^30, 188,000;  from  which 
after  deducting;  ,€430,000  for  the  purchase  of 
the  k-gal  quays,  ;hcre  remained  ;f  :J9,758,CCO^ 


chargeable  00  the  consolidated  fund  :  so  that- 
on  the  consolidated  fund  there  was  an  excess 
of  charge  of  j^.  177,500  beyond  the  pre-' 
cedins  year.  This  stite  of  die  oonsolidiited 
fund  he  wished  gentlemen  to  bear  in  mind, 
as  it  was  to  the  consolidated  funj  that  we 
were  to  look  for  the'  payment  of  the  interc^ 
of  the  public  debt. — But  he  wished  them  also 
to  attend  particularly  to  the  state  of  the  Sink- 
ing Fund,  as  it  was  to  that  we  were  to  look 
for  the  extinction  of  the  debt.  In  the  year 
ending  Feb.  1,  1803,  the  interest  redeemed 
by  means  of  this  fund  was  jf5,835,000» ; 
the  unredeemed  debt  was  at  that  pericd 
j^480,572,0{X).  ITius  the  proportion  of  the 
sinking  fund  to  the  unredeemed  debt  was  as 
1  to  82.  In  the  year  ending  Feb.  1,  I8O6, 
there  had  been  redeemed  ji7 .560,539  >  the 
unredeemed  d^cbt  was  then  /^5 1 7,280,500  ; 
making  the  proportion  of  the  redeemed  to 
the  unredeemed  as  1  to  68.  Total  of  the 
navy  expenditure,  jf  14,377,513.  Total  of 
the  army,  j€l7,l83,^.  Ordnance^ 
j^4,490,853.'  With  several  other  charges* 
amounting  in  the  whole  to  j£43,()90,418. 

SUPPLY 

The  first  head  then,  is  the 
Navy,  exclusive  of  sea  service  -  jf  15,281, 000 
Army  ---..-..      18,5()0,6oO 
Ordnance — Eng- 
land, iududing 
sea  service-    't    jC3,91 1,000 
Ireland    -    -    -    -      807,000       4,718,000 
Miscellaneous—- 

EngUmd    -    -  1,500,000 
Ireland      -    -      ^70,000       2,170,000 
Arrears  of  subsidies  -    -    -    ^        l«000,000 
Vote  of  credit—^ 

England    -    -  1,400,000 

IreUind      -    -     (k>0,000       8,000,000 

Making  the  joint  sutiply  •  43,609,000 
Add,  ^owerer,  separate  chaigei 
of  ]£nglan(|. 

To  the  East-India  Company  •  -  1,000,000 
Dc6ciency  of  malt,  1804  -^  ^  340,000 
OiltOjWap  and  Means,  180^  -  1,707,000 
Interest  on  Exchequer  bills  ^  •  1^000,000 
It  may  be  proper  10  soy  a  few 

words  in   explanation  of  that 

article.    It  arises  f;om  the  mc« 

thod  pursued  of  iisuing  Ex- 

chaquer  BilJs  bearing  a  certain 

interest.    It  has  not  hitherto 

been  vimal  to  provide  the  in- 
terest  at    the  time    the   bills 

are  voted,  bat  it  eomes  intj^ 

the  supply  of  the  followii  1^  year. 

It  has  been  thou^lit  advisable, 

however,    to    bring-   that  ex.* 

prnce  within  the  year,  and  p«>- 

vide  for  it  accord iiijcly 

C    2 


Digitized 


by  Google 


xxiii] 


British  Finctnces. 


twv 


There  15  called  for,  also,  a  sum  . 
of  ^700,000  to  pay  ofF  5  per 
cent^.  of  1797>  and  in  Octo- 
ber nexi  ^500,000  more  will 
be  wanted 1.200,000 


Total  supplies    -    -    -      48,916,000 
Dciluct  for  Ireland,2-17th8 

of  ^43,6l59.6ck)  -5,137,528 
Also  2-  17ths    for 

Civil  List  and  other 

Charges      -     -     -      l60,000       5,297,528 

Ecmains,  on  account  of  England  43,618,472 


WAYS   AND  MEANS. 

In  the  first  place  there  were  the  malt  and 
personal  estate  duties  which  he  took  at 
jfe;2,750,000  ;  then  the  ^nts  of  the  proceeds 
of  the  ships  captured  prior  to  the  war.  His 
ipajesty's  mtention  on  this  subject  had  been 
communicated  to  the  house.  Though  the 
sum  of  j€ 1, 000,000  thus  obtained,  bdonged 
exclusively  to  England,  yet  it  was  thought 
proper  to  allow  two-scveiiteenths  to  Ire- 
land. The  lottery  he  should  take  at 
^380,000 ;  the  surplus  of  tlie  Consolidated 
Fund  at  j£3, 500,000.  The  War  Taxes  had 
been  taken  last  year  at  jei4,500,O0O  but  for 
reasons  he  should  explain,  he  should  take 
them  at  jg  1 8,000,000. 

The  Ways  and  Means  would  stand  thus  : 
Malt  and  personal  estate  duties    j£2,750,000 
Grants  from  proceeds  of  shi^js 

captured  prior  to  the  war    -        1,000,000 

Lottery 380,000 

Surplus  Consolidated  Fund  to 

5th  April;  1807    -     -     -     -        3,500,000 
War  Taxes      -     -  19,500.000 
Dciluetas  likelv  to  b«  ouistand- 

ir^.  5lhApr.'j807>  1,500,000—18,000.000 
Loan 18,000,000 


43,630,000 
The  lo3n  h/e  had  made  this  morning  was  for 
j^2e,(M}(),000  of  whicb  jg  1 8,000,000  was 
for  England,  and  j^2,000,000  for  Ireland. 
The  terms  of  it  he  believed  had  given  general 
satisfaction  ;  of  this  loan  no  less  a  sum  than 
jg5, 800,000  was  to  supply  arrears  and  defi- 
ciencies of  last,  year,  so  that  the  loan  for  the 
current  year  was  only  ^12,200,000.  In 
1798i  the  right  hon.  gent,  who  had  preceded 
him  in'  office,  bad  thought  it  necessary  to 
have  recourse  to  the  principle  of  raising  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  supplies  within  the  year. 
But,  to  enable  the  house  to  judge  of  the 
gpuoral  expediency  of  continuing  those  efforts, 
be  should  slate  what  had  been  the  effect  of 
the  system  of  tj»e  war  taxes  last  war,  com- 
pared with  ihf  present  war.    On  the  6th  of 


February,  1793,  the  unredeemed  debt  was 
j^226,989,000.  On  the  5th  of  February, 
1803,  j1'480,572,C00,  which  was  an  in- 
crease, in  the  ten  years  of  j£253, 583,000, 
making  an  average  mcreasc  in  each  year  of 
j^25,o58,333. 

PROPERTY  TAX. 

This,  said  his  lordship,  I  propose  to  cany 
at  once  to  10  per  cent.  It  may  seem  para- 
doxical to  say,  that  this  mode  of  increase  ii 
preferable  to  one  more  gradual,  and  les» 
alarmine;  to  the  public.  Such,  however,  is 
my  opinion.  A  gradual  rise  would  have  led 
to  the  sup})ositicn  that  this  ^vas  a  futid  to  be 
drawn  upon  to  an  indefinite  extoit,  but 
beinz  riised  «t  once  to  its  natural  limit,  there 
will  be  less  suspicion  of  future  augmentationv 
^t  is  proposed  then  that  10  per  cent,  shall  be 
paid  on  all  property  above  j^50  a  year,  but 
on  production  of  the  will  or  deed,  constitut- 
ing the  annuity  and  demonstrating  the  claim 
to  exemption,  the  tax  oflice  will  be  autho- 
rised to  make  rep.ayment.  There  will  be 
some  regulation  respecting  hospitals  and  cha- 
ritable institutions.  As  one  mode  of  render- 
ing the  tax  mpre  productive,  I  am  happy  to* 
state,  that  the  governors  and  directors  of  the 
bank  have  agreed  to  receive  the  duty  on  the 
dividends  at  the  bank.  It  b  prooosed  to  em- 
power the  commissioners  to  mate  an  assess- 
ment of  houses  and  land  for  two  years,  which 
will  save  them  some  trouble,  and  it  b  pro- 
bable that  such  a  modewill  be  equally  satis- 
factory to  all.  The  sum  which  this,  addi- 
tion will  produce  is  estimated  at  5  millions. 

CUSTOMS   AND   EXCISE. 

Another  million  is  expected  from  the  cus- 
toms and  excise  ;  and  this  source  will  be  the 
more  agreeable,  seeing  that  it  is  derived 
chiefly  from  the  enjoyments  of  the  higher 
classes.  It  re  proposed,  with  certain  modi- 
fications and  exceptions,  to  raise  the  war 
duties  of  the  customs  from  one  fourth  to  one 
third.  Tobacco  will  be  taxed  under  the  ex- 
cise. Certain  woods  coming  under  this 
branch  are  to  be  exempted.  An  addition  will 
be  made  to  tlie  duty  on  sugar  of  3  shillings 
additional  per  cwt.  As  this  tax  has  coutinued 
proj;ressively  to  increase,  and  sugar  from  its  bulk 
and  ))eTishable  nature  cannot  easily  be  smug- 
gled, there  is  little  doubt  that  with  this  addi- 
tion it  will  be  productive.  The  customs  tlua 
I  t3ke  at  ;£700,000.  Under  the  excise  an 
additional  duty  on  tobacco,  and  in  the  present 
circumstances,  and  digtribution  of  our  navy, 
smuggling  being  less  practicable,  it  will  con^ 
tinue  productive.    This  will  be  j^300,000. 

;£!, 000,000 
5,000,000 


Total — Customs  and  Excise 
IVopenj  Tax     -    -> 


(),000,00Q 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


xxvl 


British  Finances. 


[xxvi 


THB  JiOAV, 

Next  follows  the  loan  contracted  for  this 
day,  which,  1  am  happy  to  say,  is  not  only 
upon  terms  advantaceous  to  the  public,  but 
from  what  1  have  heard,  is  also  beneficial  to 
the  contractors.  7  he  terms  are. 
For  cvcrv  JtiOO  advanced,  100  three 

per  cent,  comols  at  6oi  -    -    £60    7    6 
^  Three  per  cents  reduced  591   -    3g    3     9 

99  11    3 
Amount  of  Discount  on  prompt  pay- 
ment     3  10    0 

103     1     3 
So  that  the  Interest  paid  by  the  pub- 
lic  is    under  5   per  cent,  being 

To  cover  the  interest,   1  per  cent,    shikmg 
fund,  charges,  &c.  on  this  loan,  a  sum  of 
i6l,  136,000  b  to  be  provided  j  which  I  pro- 
pose to  do  in  the  following  manner  :  ^ 
I  propose  to  render  the  wine  duty  al- 
ready existing,  permanent  and  ap-  - 
plicable  towards  the  interest  of 
the  loan,  which  will  give    -    -^£500,000 
A  duty  on  pig  iron  of  408.  per  ton. 
This  tax  was  formerly  in  contem- 
plation, and  as.  the*object  is  now 
greatly  extended  in  use,  and  as 
200,000   tons  was  the  quantity 
then  manwfactured,   I  apprehenS 
that   the  quantity   may  be  esti- 
mated at  260,000  tons,  which  at 
40*.  will  be  ------     -  500,000 

Upon  this  head  there  will  be  coun- 
temtiline  duties  on  foreign  iron, 
&  a  fair  chaw-hack  will  be  allowed. 
This  tax  will  be  under  the  excise. 
The  third  object  is,  a  regulation  of 
the   duties  on  tea.     Formerly  it 
was  Intended,  for  the  relief  ot  the 
lower  clas:tes,  that  no  tea  supjws- 
cd  to  be  used  hy  them  should  fall 
under  the  tax.    But  the  fact  is, 
either  that  the  lower  classes,  pre- 
ferring a  belter  article,  do  not  buy 
the  inferior  kind,  or  the  vem-ers 
mix  it,    so  defrauding  both  go- 
vernment and    their  customers, 
the  inferior  tea  is  not  sold.    The 
cqnalization  of  the  duties  on  tea 
b  expected  to  produce  -    -     -    -     70,000 

Kext  1  propose,  that,  as  there  is  a 
considerable  tax  on  auctions,  there 
should  be  a  tax  on  appraise- 
ments;  both  these  modes  being 
adopted  to  give  the  hij^hest  vaUic 
|hat  can  be  procured  to  objects 
sold.  I  estimate  this  tax  at  (one- 
half  the  duty  on  auctions)     -     -     60,000 

Total    -      J,  136,000 


CIVIL   LIST.     - 

'Before  I  sit  down,  I  am  desirous  to  make 
a  few  observations  respecting  the  expences  of 
the  Civil  List,  amounting  on  the  dth  of 
Januan-,  1806,  to  jgl58,000.  Thecircuni- 
f  tances'  which  have  occasioned  this  debt ; 
will  be  satisfactorily  and  fully  explaiiied  when 
the  subject  comes  under  consideration.  As 
far  as  1  have  been  able  to  judge  of  the  itenw 
of  increased  expence,  many  of  them  appear  to 
be  unavoidable.  My  advice  is,  that  they 
should  be  discliarged  out  of  the  proceeds  of 
I  the  ships  captureil  previous  to  tlie  war,  of 
which  fund  there  is  yet  a  considerable  sjir- 
plus,  even  after  the  deduction  of  the  millioa 
included  in  ttie  Ways  and  Means. 

INCREASE  OF  PAY  TO  THE  NAVY. 

April  26.  In  the  House  of  Commons  Lord 
Howick,  after  a  variety  of  preliminary  oh- 
8er\'ation8,  proceeded  to  the  main  subject  of 
discourse  by  saying, 

I  propose  to  allow  every  ordinary  seaman 
an  a<klitional  pay  of  2s.  per  month  ;  to  every 
able  seaman  4*.'  per  month  5  to  all  petty  offi- 
cers, who,    according  to  the  universal  opi- 
nion, are  so  materially  instnunental  in  pre- 
serving tlie  discipline,  and  promoting  the  suc- 
cess ot  our  fleets,  58.   per  montli.     Attl^ 
same  time  I  mean,  that  a  considerable  addU 
tion  should  take  place  in  the  number  of  this 
very  useful  body  of  men.    This  addition  to 
include  all  those  who  are  denominated  oa 
board,  the  captains  of  the  fore-castle,  of  the 
mast,    of  the  tops,  and  of  the  afterguard, 
who  arc  the  roost  active  seamen  on  board  ; 
and  to  each  of  them  I  propose  an  increase  of 
9*.  6d.  per  month.    To  master's-mates  and 
warrant  officers   I  would  give  an  addition  of 
6*.  per  ^nonth.    As  the  warrant  officers  are 
retained  and  receive  their  pay  during  peace, 
as  well  as  war,  the  addition  to  be  granted 
them,  in  this  instance,  is  only  to  be  allowed 
while  thev  are  in  actual  ser^'ice.    To  the 
master  and  surgeons,  I   have  already  stated, 
no  addition  is  to  be  made.    But  there  is  a 
class  of  persons  in  the  navy;  whose  claims  to 
attention  arc  as  well  founded  as  the. general 
respectability  of  their  character,  I  mean  the 
chaplains;   among  the  general  ad\ance,    I 
propose  to  grant  to  the  chaplain  the  appoint- 
ment of  scnoolmaster,  wivch  will  form  i^i 
addition  to  his  revenue  of  j^20  a  year.    I 
now   come    to    the    commissioned  officers, 
whose  pav  has  not  experienced  any  rise  since 
the  days  of  queen  Anne.     First,  as  to  lieute- 
nants,   who  have  recei\cd  but  5^.  per  day 
since  that  i)erioil,  1  should  add  is.  per  day  ; 
to  the  captains  and  ailmirals,  whose  }^y  has 
been  as  stationary  as  that  of  the  lieutenants, 
I  would  also  make  an   addition.     The  cap- 
tains, I  assure  the  house,  although  theircom- 
|>laints  have  not  been  so  oitcn  heard,  have  as 
much  ground  to  complain,  and  are  as  much 
entitled  to  aiuntinn,  as  any  cliss  in  his  IvJa- 
j!bty*6  service.     To  iho'  i>ay  of  these  officers. 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


xxviT] 


Brithh  Financed. 


» therefore,  I  would  add  4.*.  per  day.  The 
gradation  respecting  tlic  admirals  I  Would  ar- 
range thus :.  to  cear-admirak  an  addition  of 
3s.  6d.  per  day ;  to  vice-adinirals,  bs.  ;  to 
adeairala,  7s. ;  and  to  adonirals  of  the  fleet, 
105. — I'he-  aggfegate  of  the  estimated  chart^es 
tinder  these  several  heads  will  be  £2SS,3li6 
oi  say  jDOt\000  per  annum.  But  as  the 
^increase  for  the  present  year  will  only  coni- 
mence  from  the  1st  of  \iay  next,  I  have  only 
Bo\v  to  move  for  the  grant  of  j^  193,168  — 
Tbtf  plan  of  providing  for  those  who  are  able 
to  serve  being  gone  through,  we  naturally 
turn  oor  attention  to  those  who  are  disabled 
by  age»  iniirroityy  or  wounds,  from  any 
longer  serving  their  eountrv'.  For  such  pci^ 
8008  Greenwich  ehest  and  Greenwich  noft- 
pital  already  furnish  some  provision.  As  to 
the  ho-npitaf,  that  institution  has  quite  suffi- 
cient funds  to  answer  its  object,  and  any  fur- 
ther alkmauce  to  tlic  seamen  who  subsist  on 
it  would  be  rather  liable  to  abu^. ;  but  as 
lo  the  chest,  hs  funds  would  be  insulTicient 
(or  the  purpose*  Those  in  view  require  an 
Addition  of  from  14  to  j£20,000.  Out  of 
this  sum  I  would  have  allowed  to  out-peii- 
•ioners  a  certain  addition  to  each,  to  be  regu- 
lated according  to  their  ser\'ices  and  their 
-vretCDt  sitoatioii.  From  J£7  a  year,  it  should 
rite  in  gradation  till  it  reached  Is.  per  day. 
For  this  sum  1  mean  no  addition  to  the  pub- 
lic burthens.  I  propose  it  to  be  provided  for 
by  a  measure  which  will  require  a  bill  to  be 
biought  in,  namely,  by  a  grant  of  }s.  in  the 
fiound  from  all  pnse-money ;  and,  in  addi- 
tion to  this,  I  have  no  doubt  of  his  majesty's 
consent  to  set  apart,  for  the  same  purpose, 
all  (froiis  of  the  admiralty.  His  Majesty's 
vntform  solicitude  for  the  comfort  and  reward 
0f  the  navy,  warrants  a  confidence  in  h'ls 
acquiescence  upon  this  subject.  'It  will  be 
feen  tliat  I  ha\^  altogether  omitted  any  ai- 
Insion  to  the  marines,  not  however  from  any 
disposition  to  overlook  their  just  claims.  But 
this  det  eripdon  of  force  having  so  much  ana- 
logy I©  the  Tegular  array,  I  thought  it  better 
to  postpone  any  refcicnce  to  their  case,  mitil 
the  ouesiion  respecting  the  pay  of  the  array 
fhall  be  determined. 


COMPARATIVB   BTRBXGTH    OF  THE  AKMT. 

In  the  H.  cfr  Commons,  April  3,  IFOO, 
Jjord  Castlereagh  matle  the  following  state- 
ment of  the  coaq^arative  strength  of  the 
lumy  at  different  pcriod^.-^ Observing, 

1  select  these  periods,  not  to  disparage  in 
^ny  degree  the  meritorious  exertions  of  ihrse 
•WHO  preceded  in  oflice,  whose  measures 
for  the  increase  and  impnnemcnt  of  tlie  anuy 
I  ?hall  always  contend  were  highlv  vij^orous 
and  productive,  but  as  ftrrinl.ij;  tW  crite- 
rion by  which  the  effect  f.f  that  sy?tcni, 
which  it  is  now  proposed  tf»  <fxplode  antf  abro- 
l^ate,"  can  best  be  judged  of.      Incloding  p»i- 


litia  and  artillcri',  the  gross  strength  of  the 
army  at  home  at'ul  abroad  stood  as  follows  in: 
effective  rank  and  file : 

l8t  Jan.  1804,      -    -     -     234,005 
1st  March,  I8O6,       -    -     2(>7,554 

lucrcasc     -      33,549 
The  rc^lar    army,    including   ariillen-,    as 
dbtinguiihed  from'ilie  militia : 

IstJan.  1804,      -     -    -     148,486 
1st  March,  I80C,      -    -     Uj2,o72 


Increase    -      43,88() 
The  regular  army  disposable  for  general  icr* 
vice: 

IstJan.  1804,      -     -     -     115,947 
1st  March,  1806,      -    -     160,790 


Increase  -  49,843 
This  statement,  I  trust,  wiH  establish  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  house  the  important  in- 
crease in  gross  strength  which  our  army  hae 
tcceived  during  the  last  two  years — they  will 
likewise  observe,  whilst  the  numbers  of  the 
militia  have  been  reduced,  that  the  relative 
strength  of  the  regular  army  has  been  aJ- 
A-anccd,  and  that  the  increase  in  the  disposa- 
ble branch  of  the  regular  army  has  been  still 
more  marked,  being  not  less  than  49,843 
men,  or  neariy  that  of  one-half.  Whilst  I 
concur  with  the  ri^t  hon.  gent,  in  deeming 
a  further  augmentation  of  our  force  necessary 
under  the  present  ciraimstances  of' the  coun-^ 
try,  comparing  the  present  amount  with  that 
at  which  it  formerly  stood  when  at  the  high- 
est, it  is  impossible  for  the  right  hon.  gent,  to 
depreciate  either  the  high  condition  of  our 
existing  establishment,  or  tlic  system  by 
which  ft  has  been  so  rapidly  augmented  and 
improved. 

1st  Jan.  1602,       ...     942 MO 
Isi  March,  I8O6,      -    -    »67,.^54 

Present  army  more  than  ati  „,  -. 
any  former  {jeriod  -  -  -  J  •*^»  * 
Excludmg  the  militia  from  our  considcrattrm 
in  this  view  of  the  subject,  and  confining  it  %•< 
the  r^^lar  army  alone,  bv  the  returns befoic 
the  house,  ttapfiears,  that  independent  of  any 
considerable  loss  of  men  .sustained  in  the 
field,  the  annual  aveiage  of  deaths,  desertions, 
and  discharges,  for  the  last  six  years,  may  be 
stated  at  about  15,000  men.  An  augmenta- 
tion of  aboiit  8,000  men  to  the  Irii^li  militia 
was  6oroe  time  since  ordered,  and  is  in  pro- 
gress of  levy. 

April  Cp.     In  the  H.  of  Commons,  on  thf 
ot^cussic^n  of  the  proposed  tax  on  pi^-iron. 

Lord  II.  Petty  stated  the  amount  of  deduc- 
tion for  iron  used  in  the  ordnance,  and  the 
navy  departments,  to  be  altngcth<:r  d^b  1 ,46o ) 
thellKiwback  on  foreign  iron  J^13^T}0  j  *tha^ 
on  British  iron  j^l23,000;  making  a  total, 
wiih  ^6000-  the  estimated  exj>euse  of  iht  coW 


Digitized 


by  Google 


iLxi&3 


Britain. — Scotland, — Ireland. 


t«^ 


Wetion,  of  jfl()3,000  to  be^edtscted  from 
ih«  produce  of  the  tax.  The  average  of  th« 
drawback  was  £4  a  ton. 

Mr.  Hote  said,  that  a  fanner  who  hod  four 
faooes  in  his  team,  would  pay  at  least  4Qt.  a 
year  under  the  tax. 

Mr.  Babtngton  thought  that  the  seneial 
efiect  of  the  lax  would  be  severe ;  but  in 
checking  the  machinery  of  theoountry,  lie 
appvdiended  its  operation  would  be  particubr- 
Jv  iojurious.    llie  tax  was  afterwards  aban- 

mUDXJCTION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  DtBT. 

An  Account  shewing  what  has  been  re- 
dmncd   of   the  National  13ebt,    ^e  Land 
Tax,  and  Imperial  Loan,  to  the  1st  of  May, 
1805. 
Redeemed  by  annual  million, 

Sec ^659,076,889 

'Dkteby  j£l  percent,  per  ann. 

on  loans 48,099,277 

Diuo  by  Land  Tax  -    ...     32,409, 16O 
Ditto  by  j^l  jier  cent,  per  ann. 

on  Imperial  fjoan      -    .    -    -      673,126 


Total 


jf  130,3 18,452 


The  sum  to  be  expended  in  the 

ensuing  quarter  is     .3^4^,193,5628*. 


lOi^. 


COMPAKATIVB  ACCOUNT 

Laid  before  the  House  of  Commons,  of  the 
number  and  tonnage  of  British  and  fo- 
reign vessels  tliat  entered  inuanls  at  the 
several  ports  of  Great  Britain,  including 
iheir  repeated  vovages  in  different  j)eriods 
of  peace  and  war.' 
In  the  year  1792,  being  the  year  of  peace 

'^ich  preceded  the  late  wai^— 

British  ship*    15,030 — tonnage,  l,587»645, 

Foreign  ships,  2,477 — tonnage,      304,074. 
In  the  year  1801,    being  the  last  whole 

fear  of  war  before  the  late  peace — 

liritish  ships,  10,347— tonnage,  1,378,620. 

Fbrdffn*     -       6,497— toimage,      784,155. 
Rcdoction    In    voyages  made  by   British 

ahipSy  1,683 — tonnage  209,025.     Increase  in 

Yoyages  made  by  foreiga  ships,  3,030 — ton- 

4iage,  476,081. 


Abstract  ^  Ships  built  in  Great-Britain  in 
ike  last  two  Yeari, 

1804. 

Vessels  under  100  tons  432 


1801, 

34,443 

56,677 
155,042 

11,285 
4,647 
1,113 
1.332 
1,423 

30,3«ir 


Ships,  to  200  - 
to  300  • 
to  400  ' 
to  .500  • 
to  650 

India»800to  1«0U 

Total  Ships    - 


1805. 

Dec. 

Inc. 

486 

r.- 

54 

152 

23 

— r 

38 

22 

•»' 

20 

7 

-_ 

10 

3 

— . 

3 

1 

—. 

5 

•~ 

3 

175 
61 
27 

13 

4 
3 


ri4     714     57     57 


Tola!  Tonoajje  79,61 2.7lj495. 3117; 


SCOTLAND. 

Pvpuhtioti  of  the  Highlands 

Sutherland,     and  High-     1755. 
lands  of  Caithness  .     .   32,749 

Rosssihire  and  Cromarty     47,656 

Inverness  and    Argylf.  127.947 

hlands  of  Bate  and  A  rran    6,ntJ6 

Highland   of  Nairnshire     3,748 

— Elginshire    .     .     1,7H5 

Banffshire    .    .     1,238 

Dumbartonshire    1 ,444 
Perthshire    .     .  3«,367 

Total  population  of  the — 

Highlands    ....  255,846       296,844 
The  first  column  of  the  above  table   ts 

extracted  from  the  population  table  irf  vol.  xx. 

of  Sir  John    Sinclair's   statistical '»ur\'ey  of 

Scotland:  the  second   from   the   popohtkui 

abstract,  printed  by  order  of  parliaxuent 

IHELAND. 

Grants/or  Pullic  Services,  April  3,   i«06. 

(Irish  Curretici/.J 

Linen  manufacture    .    .    j^21,600      0   -  9 

Civil  buildings      .....  25,000       0      Q 

Printing  and  binding  copies 

of  acts  46  Geo.  in.  .  .  1,200  0  0 
Proclamations,  &x.  .  .  .  10^600  0  0 
Printing,  Stat iouar^•,  &:c.  .21,880  0  '0 
Criminal  proatnitions  .  .  25,0(M)  O  0 
Apprehending  olVendcrs'  .  2,500  0  O 
Building  chuBchcs  andglebov 

houses 6,000      0      0^ 

Non-conforming  ministers .        264     18  lOf 

Ditto 9,4i)9     18       il 

Pratique  Dublin  harbour  .  1,047  10  O 
Gold  mine,  Wicklow  .  .  (S\0 
Preparing  public  accounts  .  78O 
Imports  6:  exports  (acoosmts)  460 
Excise  (accounts)  .  .  .  350 
ExclKquer  (accounts)  .  .  COO 
Battlcaxe  guards  (18  months)  74O 
Incidents,  Trtaswry  .  .  ,  2,000 
Protestant  schools  ..  .  \  22,<j21 
Foundling  hospital  DuUin  22,600 
Marine  society  ib,  .  .  .  1,588 
Soldiers*  chiWren  school  .  8,210 
Female  orphan  house  .  .  1,081 
Association  for  discounte- 
nancing vice,  and  pro- 
moting Christian  Religion  1,391  2  6 
Lock  hospital  Dublin  .  .  8,988  0  O 
Penitentiary  Dublin  .  .  22,862  17  10 
Fever  hoBuilal  Dublin  .  .  1,030  18  6 
Lying-in  hosnical  DuUin  .  2,287  8  0 
Sur^ns'hall  (building)  .  4,600  0  O 
Soaety  for  promoting  h«i»* 

bandry  and  arts  .  .  .  l0,OCp  0  0 
Farming  society  ....  3,000  0  o 
Charitable  donations  .  .  400  0  O 
Paving,  8cc.  Dublin  .  .  .  10,000  0  0 
Improxement  streets  Dublin  4,£00  0  O 
Catholic  seminary  .  .  .  8,000  ^  O 
St.  Andrew's  church  Ci*n7(fi/7gJ  2,700  0  0 
Madam  StC8V«;DS*s  ho^piul  .    4,740      3     ^ 

Digitized  by  VoiOOQ  IC 


6  11^ 
o 

o 

o 
0 
I 

0 
0 

10 
2 


0 
o 
o 

0 

o 

0 

6 

0 

15 

10 

2 


xxxi] 


Irish  Finances, '^American  Finances, 


It  appears  to  be  the  general  opinion,  that  the 

fublic  prosperity'of  this  kingdom  is  encreasin^. 
n  stating  the  Ways  and  Means  for  180(i, 
May  7,  Sir  John  Newport  described  the  offi- 
cial \-alue  of  the  exports  last  year,  as  amounting 
to  j66,2o2,ooo,  which  was  greater  than  any 
year  since  1792,  which  was  considered  as  the 
most  favourable  year  for  the  trade  of  Ireland, 
liie  exchange  Had  kept  steadily  low  for  the 
last  four  months.  The  Loan  was  contracted 
for  last  year  at  £5  \2s.  4d,  per  Cent,  the  pie- 
Bent  year  at  £4  17*.  3d. 
Ireland^s  proportion  of  the  joint 

charges  of  the  empire  was     .      8,175,197 
He  reckoned  as  fFavp  and  Means. 
In  the  hands  of  collectoni     .     .         139,ooo 
Share  of  million  prize  money 

given  bv  his  Majesty,      .       •         127,450 

Treasury  Bills 600,000 

The  product  of  the  Irish  Revenue 

for  18o5,  was  3,62o,ooo,  this 

he  proposed  to  raise  to  3;8oo,oo 

New  Taxes. 

3s.  6d. 


On   Muscovado  Sugar, 

per  cwt.        .     .     .     •     •     • 

On  Russian  and  Swedish^  Iron, 
SSs.  per  cwt. 

On  Tea  below  2*.  5d.  per  lb.  2o 
^'pcr  cent. 

Stamps. — ^Attorney,  per  annum, 

£3 

Probates   of    Wills,     above 
jg3,500,  2  per  cent. 
Mortgages    above  j£5,ooo,  a 
Duty 

Legacies  above  £boo,  ten  shil- 
lings 

Deeds  of  Sale 

Discharge  of  goods  imported 
duty  above  £b,  sixpence 

DislUleries.— Take  off  bounty 
on  stills  of  500  gallons  cntircl  v, 
and  half  the  bounty  on  slilU 
of  1,000  gallons      .... 

Malt  Duties  new  anangcment 


60,000 


70,000 
60,000 


AMERICA. 

i4fwertcohas  so  matiy  relations  with  Britain, 
that  we  consider  a  slight  statement  of  its  con- 
cerns previous  to  the  appearance  of  our  work, 
as  no  less  necessary  for  a  proper  understanding 
of  allusions  likely  to  occur,  than  if  it  were  a 
European  state.  That  this  immense  country 
iiiouWincrease  in  population,  can  excite  no 
wonder,  when  we  reflect  on  the  natural 
atachment  of  man  to  the  labours  of  the  tiold  j 
on  the  space  which  yet  remains  unappropria- 
ted in  the  western  wilderness;  and  on  the 
spirit  of  emigration  which  the  troubles  of  Eu- 
Tope  have  promoted  to  an  uncommon  degree. 
The  accounto  of  this  country  arc  kept  in  Dol- 
lars, which,  for  ease  of  calculation,  may  be 
taken  at  5s  each .  their  true  \'alue  u  As.  Od. 


The  Revenue  for  the  year  I  Sol 

: 18o2 

^ 18o3 

.  18o4 


[xxxi. 

Dollars. 
12,020,279 
10,164,664 
ll,3o6,43o 
12,672,323 


The  Revenue  for  l8o5  did  not  fall  short  of 
the  former  y^r;  the  years  18o2  and  18o3, 
during  which  this  Revenue  sunk,  were  years 
of  peace  in  Europe.  XHiring  18o5,  were  sold 
of  public  lands  145,ooo  acres,  to  claimants; 
and  474,000  acres,  at  ordinary  sales,  makinz 
nearly  2,o0o,ooo  of  acres  sold  since  I800,  and 
this  is  taken  as  a  branch  of  permanent  Reve- 
nue, to  the  amount  of  1,000,000  of  dollars 
annually. 

Rex^enue 12,5oo,ooo 

Sale  of  l.Ands       .... 
Balance  in  Treasury   .     .     . 


1,000,000 
4,575,000 

18,075,000 


Exprnces. 

Princinal    and    interest  of  the 
public  debt,  appropriated  an 
nually       .     .     .     .     .'    . 

Civil  de|)artment,  pensions,  sur 
veys,  and  miscellanies 

Foreign  intercourse    .     .     . 

Military,  and  Indians     .     . 

Navy      .     .     .    ^    .     .    . 


8,000,000 

l,15o,ooo 

200.000 

l,o3o,ooo 

1,070,000 

^ei  1,450,000 


Extras. 

Navy  deficiencies,  18o4,    18o5 
Balance  of  American  claims  as- 
sumed by  French  Convention 
unpaid,   18o4,  September  3o 


600,000 


Receipt  exceeds  Expenditure 


3,400,000 

15,450,000 
2,625,000 

jgl8,o75,ooo 


Of   the   public    debt  has  been 

pidoff 4,377,898 

Two  installments  to  Great  Bri- 
tain      :    .    .  1,776 

Biid  of  the  public  debt  since 

I80I    .     . 17,954,790 

To  Great  Britain  ....  2,664,ooo 
Balance  in   treasury,  April   1, 

I80I 1,794,068 

— < September  3o,  18o5  4,575,654 

Wc  have  already  stated  the  unhappy  event 
whidi  took  place  at  New  York  in  April  1806 
with  its  consequences.  It  is  understood  that 
a  treaty  is  signed  between  Britain  and  tliia 
country,  but  the  particulars  are  kept  private 
till  ratitied.  , 

UTERARY 


Digitized 


by  Google 


THE 


LITERARY  PANORAMA. 


For  OCTOBER,  n06. 


A  Dictionary  y  Persian,  Arabic,  and  Eng- 
lish ;  with  a  Dissertation  on  the  Lan- 
guages^   Literatuie,    and  Mannert  of 
Eastern  Nations,  by  John  Richardson, 
Esq-  F.  S.  A.  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
imd  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford.    A 
new  Edition,  with  numerous  Additions 
and  Improvements,  by  Charles  Wilkins, 
LL.  D.  F.  R.  S.    Vol.  I.  Royal  Quarto. 
pp.  Dissertation  QQ,  Dictionary  1157. 
Richardson,  &c.  London,  18C6. 
Languages  are  at  all  times  an  in- 
teresting study  to  the  liberal  mind,   in- 
asmuch as  speech  is  the  vehitle  by  which 
man  conveys  his  sentiments  to  his  fellow 
men,  and  a  nation  maintains  its  inter- 
course with  surrounding  nations.    Who- 
evct  has  acquired  a  language  has  removed 
one  formidable  barrier  which  opposed  his 
being  considered  as  a  native  in  any  coun- 
try, whether  civilized  or  savage.     Quit- 
ting the  humiliating  character  of  a  silent 
spectator,  he  now  rises  to  the  dignity  of 
an   associate  and  friend,    he  ingratiates 
himself  with  those  whom  he  addresses  in 
Accents  recommended  by  their  familiarity, 
and  in  terms  received  with  effect,  because 
received  with  understanding. 

In  proportion  to  the  intimacy  of  na- 
tions, and  the  connections  established  be- 
tween their  subjects,  an  acquaintance  with 
the  language  spoken  by  each  other,  be- 
comes indispensable  J  and  their  mutual 
necessities  will  induce  them  to  devise 
means  for  effecting  that  medium  of  inter- 
course, from  which  both  expect  the  es- 
tablishment of  mutual  convenience  and 
confidence. 

Countries  so  distant  in  situation  as 
BriUin  and  Persia,  might  be  supposed  to 
have  little  occasion  for  acquiring  each 
other's  languages ,  nevertheless,  such  is 
ch»  magic  influence  of  commerce,  that 
Vol,  L     \JLit.  Pan.  Oct.  X80(5.] 


the  importance  of  this  acquisition  is  en* 
titled  to  national  attention  -,  and  the 
advantages  it  presents  are  not  only  nume<* 
rous  and  valuable,  but  unattainable  b/ 
any  other  means. 

When  the  possessions  of  Britain  in 
India  were  confined  to  a  few  acres  on  the 
Coast  of  Coromandel,  the  language  pre- 
valent on  that  coast  was,  apparently,  the 
only  one  necessary  for  transacting  the 
concerns  of  the  English  East-India  Com- 
pany, at  that  time  merely  an  associa- 
tion of  traders.  But,  when  the  obvious 
policy,  amounting  to  a  duty,  of  expelling 
the  French  from  their  insidious  encroach- 
ments, had  annexed  extensive  territories  to 
the  British  Dominions,  and  when,  by  de- 
grees, the  sovereignty  of  these  Merchants 
comprized  not  only  provinces,  and  king- 
doms, but  an  empire  with  many  millions  of 
subjects,  the  languages  and  dialects  of  the 
country,  bex:ame  objects  of  serious  con- 
cern in  discharging  the  highly  important 
duties  of  governxnent. 

Many  and  serious  are  the  embarrass- 
ments arising  from  extemporaneous  inter- 
pretation ;  whether  in  courts  of  justice, 
where  the  law  should  be  administered 
with  impartiality,  and  tetnpered  ;«rith  mer- 
cy j  or  in  carrying  into  effect  the  ordinan- 
ces of  authority,  where  he,  who  inten- 
tionally demands  no  more  than  customary 
tribute,  or  who  endeavours  to  adjust  local 
and  opposing  interests,  is  liable  to  impo- 
sition in  a  thousand  shapes,  under  ever- , 
varying  pretences,  and  to  an  indetinite 
amount.  Mistake,  and  still  more  eff:^tu-» 
ally  misrepresentation,  may  impoverish 
the  subject  wlthaut  enriching  the  sove^ 
reign  5  and  vexations  utterly  repugnant  to 
the  intention  of  the  legislator,  may  attich 
so  many  difficulties  to  the  operation  of  the 
wisest  regulations^  as  to  disgust  the  y<sry 


B 


t        Digitized 


by  Google 


3] 


Dr,  Wilhins^s  Persian  Dictionary,  Wc. 


C4 


parlies  whose  welfare  was  expressly  con- 
sulted, in  the  promulgation  of  such  acts  of 
authority. 

India  had  long  submitted  to  Maho- 
metan conquerors,  Persians  by  origin, 
who  had  adopted  much  of  the  Arabic  into 
their  native  tongue,  by  reason  of  the  pre- 
valence of  that  language  among  them,  in 
consequence  of  the  religion  they  professed, 
of  which,  Arabia  was  the  primitive  seat. 
India  had  also  commercial  relations  with 
Arabia  and  Persia,  so  that  to  conduct  the 
business  of  government,  or  even  to  fulfil 
the  commissions  of  trade,  was  impossible, 
without  acquaintance,  if  not  familiarity, 
with  the  languages  of  those  countries. 

The  learning  and  research  of  Britain  had 
been,  and  continued  to  be,  directed  to  such 
Oriental  writings  as  might  assist  in  the- 
ological enquiries,  rather  than  to  those 
which  were  requisite  for  facilitating  com- 
merce. Hence  we  had  but  slight  and 
confined  knowledge  of  the  Arabic  j  and 
respected  it  no  further  than  we  felt  its 
utility  in  explaining  the  Biblical  Hebrew. 
Of  the  Persian  we  were  utterly  ignorant  j 
neither  had  we  any  facility  in  the  spoken 
dialects  $  but  these,  however  essential 
they  might  be  thought  to  a  few  supercar- 
gos,  were  neglected,  as  of  little  concern, 
or  were  relinquished  as  absolutely  unat- 
tainable by  European  literati. 

It  is  true,  that  a  few  distinguished 
characters,  notwithstanding  such  discou- 
ragements deservedly  acquired  the  cha- 
racter of  scholars  in  Oriental  Literature, 
but  of  these  the  major  part  were  votaries 
to  the  Arabic,  and  only  one,  or  two,  re- 
garded the  Persian  with  any  better  feeling 
than  indifference.  So  that,  while  the 
former  could  boast  of  Erpenius,  Go- 
lius,  D*Herbelot,  Schultens,  and  many 
others,  abroad ;  and  of  Greaves,  Hyde, 
Walton,  &c.  at  home;  while  Reiske 
could  read  ancient  MSS.  which  baffled 
Arabians  themselves,  and  while  Britain  hud 
established  professorships  for  Arabic,  in 
her  seats  of  learning,  the  Persian  was 
scarcely  noticed,  till  recommended  by  the 
grammar  of  that  excellent  scholar  Sir  W. 
Jofies ;  notwithstanding  the  dictionary  of 
Dr.  Edmund  Castell,  was  published  ^ 
long  ago  as  l66g. 

The  most  valuable  compendium  of  Ori- 
ental languages  known  in  Europe  was 
compiled  by  Meninski,  and  appeared  at 
Vienna,  in  1680.  The  Arabic  and  Per- 
«ian  parts  of  this  have  served  for  the  basis 


of  the  work  under  consideration.  The 
extreme  rarity,  and  the  high  price,  of 
complete  copies  of  Meninski  (little  short 
of  ^100)  rendered  a  performance  more 
accessible  to  students  extremely  desirable  j 
and  the  first  edition  of  Mr.  Richard* 
son's  dirtionary,  was,  in  consequence^ 
extremely  well  received  by  the  Public. 

It  was  published  in  1777*  principally 
under  the  patronage  of  the  East-Iudia 
Company  3  and  the  present  improved 
edition  must  depend  on  the  same  quar- 
ter, for  that  remuneration  to  which  it 
is  amply  entitled.  Indeed,  it  gives  us 
pleasure  to  observe  in  those  who  con- 
duct the  immense  concerns  of  this  dis- 
tinguished corporation,  a  sense  of  the 
importance  attached  to  literature  j  with  a 
readiness  to  promote  and  communicate  tlie 
benefits  which  naturally  flow  from  it. 
The  institution,  in  this  country,  of  an 
establishment  in  which  the  necessary  pre- 
parations for  situations  of  olficial  conse- 
quence in  our  Indian  Empire  may  be  ac- 
quired, is  an  honorable  proof  that  public 
feeling  is  not  absorbed  amid  the  rapid  and 
bewildering  vicissitudes  of  commercial 
speculation. 

These,  and  many  other  considerations^ 
that  will  suggest  themselves  to  our  riders, 
induce  us  to  welcome,  with  great  com- 
placency, the  volume  under  examination, 
which  combines  the  Arabic  language  with 
the  Persian  3  and  is  a  spirited  attempt 
to  render  both  more  attainable  than  hi« 
therto.  For  this  purpose,  the  Arabic 
types  have  been  cut  with  a  skill  which 
does  great  credit  to  the  founder,  Mr. 
William  Martin  5  tliey  seem  to  be 
everything  that  can  fairly  be  expected 
from  their  size.  The  paper  also  is  good  ; 
and  the  execution  of  the  work  at  the 
press,  as  well  as  the  appearance  of  the 
English  type,  is  extremely  respectable. 

Dr.  Wilkins  has  attempted  to  commu- 
nicate the  accurate  pronunciation  of  the 
Arabic,  by  means  of  points,  above,  or 
below  the  letter,  generally,  which  to 
some  letters  arc  as  many  as  four.  These^ 
in  addition  to  tlie  symbols  already  esta- 
blished, might  be  thopght,  on  a  cursory 
inspection,  to  give  an  air  of  complexity 
to  the  appearance  of  the  Arabic  words ; 
and  they  might,  doubtless,  occasion  great 
embarrassment  in  works  less  carefully  ex- 
ecuted than  the  present,  or  by  an  inju* 
dicioUs  extension  of  the  scheme. 
The  Dr.  has  also  inserted    **  nume* 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


«3 


Dr.  Wilkins's  Persian  Dictionary,  isfc. 


[6 


rous  literal  and  verbal  corrections;" — 
'^  the  additions  in  new  words,  and  signi- 
fications marked,  £.  at  the  end  of  every 
period  containing  them/'  which  V  must 
amount  to  many  .thousands}'*  and  must 
have  been  a  long  continued  subject  of  care 
and  anxiet/,  being  mostly  drawn  from 
Persian  and  Arabic  lexicons,  in  possession 
of  the  editor ;  though  some  were  deriv- 
ed from  loans  and  communications,  pro- 
cmned,  if  we  are  not  misinformed,  at  a 
coQsiderabld  expense.  Dr.  W.  has  not 
only  augmented  the  number  of  signifi- 
cations under  many  articles ;  but  he  has 
remodelled  various  parts,  and  made  dis- 
tinct letters  of  some  that  were  before  in- 
termingled :  he  has  introduced,  of  course, 
a  new  arrangement^  and  has  rendered  the 
whole  more  distinct  and  satisfactor}-  than 
in  the  first  edition. 

This  work  will  be  found  extremely  nse- 
fiil  to  young  gendemen,  who  propose  to 
engage  as  linguists  in  the  Company's  ser- 
Tice :  to  those  already  setded  in  mercan- 
file  establishments,  whether  in  Eastern 
or  Western  Asia,  or  in  Africa,  and, 
generally,  wherever  the  Arabic,  or  the 
Persian,  is  the  spoken  language. 

We  must,  however,  be  permitted  to 
express  our  persuasion,  that  the  study  of 
Oriental  Literature  among  the  learned  of 
Britain  would  have  been  more  effectually 
promoted,  had  the  roots  of  the  Arabic 
words  been  pointed  out  in  this  work ; 
^diereby  the  relations  of  the  various  senses 
into  which  they  diverge  would  have  been 
more  evident,  and  of  course  more  con- 
vincing. For  though  aijv  one  accustomed 
to  the  construction  of  Oriental  languages 
may,  in  many  cases,  determine  the  ori- 
ginal idea  of  the  root  i  and  may  trace  it 
with  much  apparent  certainty  through  all 
its  transmutations,  yet  in  others,  the  very 
learned  editor's  assistance,  and  authority 
would  have  been  extremely  acceptable. 
And  why  should  not  this  dictionary  have 
been  rendered  so  complete  in  every  de- 
partment, as  to  preclude  the  necessity 
of  recourse  to  any  other  ? 

Moreover  what  can  be  thonght,  by  a 
reader  only  moderately  acquainted  with 
Arabic,  of  the  precision  of  that  lan- 
guage, in  which  the  same  word,  has 
contradictory  meanings?  E.gr. — "  Climb- 
ing a  mountain,*'  and  "  descending  a 
hill,"  as  ifrai, — "  Ravishing,  delight- 
ing the  soul,"  and  "  killing,  murder- 
ing,"   as   jansttan.'^    *'    Plaiting    the 


hair,"  and  ''  shaving  it  off,**  as  tumum. 
—  "A  miracle  of  beauty,'*  and  *'  a 
monster  of  deformity,"  as  Eajla. — 
"  What  is  before,  also  what  is  behind,** 
as  wara, — *'  Gathering  together  scattered 
camels,  in  order  to  be  numbered  by  the 
tything  man:  (^contra J  separating  those 
which  are  in  a  body  5  concealing  one's 
camels  in  another's  herd,  or  in  an- 
other's field,  that  the  tythe  gatherer 
may  not  see  them,"  as  wirat, — ^This 
last  instance  conveys  but  a  moderate  idea 
of  Arabian  honesty  5  alas!  that  in  all  coun- 
tries, men  should  practice  deception! 
To  the  sedate  imagination  which  charac- 
terizes inhabitants  of  the  temperate  zone, 
the  ideas  presented  by  these,  and  similar 
oppositions,  must  appear  utterly  in- 
congruous; and  the  process  by  which 
they  have  been  derived  from  the  same 
source  will  greatly  need  explanation. 
Mr.  Richardson's  allusion  to  this  circum- 
stance, in  his  pre&tory  dissertation,  is  un- 
satisfactory. 

We  should  also  suppose,  in  coincidence 
with  our  own  feelings,  that  to  have  met 
more  frequendy  with  descriptions  of  the 
customs,  manners,  ideas,  prejudices,  and , 
principles,  of  the  productions,  imple- 
ments, labours,  and  diversions,  of  the 
east,  would  have  contributed  to  ren- 
der this  work  a  favorite  among  those, 
and  they  are  now  not  a  few,  who  allot  to 
such  investigations  a  considerable  portion 
of  their  studies.  It  was,  we  are  well  con- 
vinced, in  the  power  of  Dr.  W.  to  have 
added  much"  gratification  on  these  points; 
nor  would  the  students  in  sacred  litera- 
ture have  withheld  their  grateful  acknow- 
ledgements  also,  had  his  plan  included  il- 
lustrations of  cognate  Hebrew  words ;  and 
of  incidents, .  phrases,  or  terms,  allied  to 
others  of  similar  import  which  occur  in 
Holy  Scripture. 

In  short,  our  opinion  is,  that  though 
the  merit  of  this  performance  in  its  actual 
state  ranks  it  considerably  before  any  hi- 
therto submitted  to  the  European  public, 
yet,  that  the  Editor's  learning  included  a 
variety  of  knowledge,  which  the  too  con- 
fined  plan  of  the  work  as  originally  fixed 
withheld  him  from  communicating.  Had 
he  trusted  more  to  himself,  and  less  to 
his  predecessors,  the  value  of  his  la- 
bours would  have  been  proportionately  in- 
creased, together  with  the  obligations  of 
the  public. 
Aj  the  reputation  of  this  Dictionary 
B2 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


7i 


t)r,  Wilktns^s  Persian  dictionary,  ^t* 


[ft 


!s  already  cstablisliecl,  we  shall  content 
ourselves  with  extracting  a  few  articles 
as  specimens  of  the  style,  (which  ought  to 
have  been  improved)  while  they  may  com- 
municate to  our  readers  some  of  that 
amusement  which  arises  frorti  inspecting 
the  manners  of  the  cast.  The  following 
is  connected  with  the  history  and  reputa- 
tion of  our  country. 

Inkttar  or  Angitar,  an  Englishman. 
This  is  the  name  which  the  Arabian  his- 
torians of  the  Crusades  have  given  to  Rich- 
ard, Cosur  de  Lion,  King  of  England,  fa- 
mous among  them  for  his  heroic  achievements, 
but  particularly  on  account  of  the  truce  for 
which  Uie  Great  Saladin  was  obliged  to  sue. 
One  of  ^e  articles  of  this  treaty  was  a  mar- 
riage between  Maleku'  rAdil,  brother  to 
Saladin,  and  thfe  Queen  of  Sicily,  sist€;r  to 
Richard;  which,  however,  did  not  take 
|4ace,  the  bishops  of  England  insisting  that 
the  Saracen  prince  should  become  a  Chris- 
tian, which  could  not  be  complied  with. 

Of  this  anecdote^  Madame  Cottin 
has  lately  taken  advantage,  to  compose  an 
interesting  novel:  but  she  has  thought 
proper  to  deviate  from  the  truth  of  his- 
tory in  her  character  of  the  Arabian  lover 
and  his  English  mistress  j  no  less  than  in 
her  general  conduct  of  the  story. 

As  we  have  often  in  our  youngei 
days,  wished  for  a  rencontre  with  a  troop 
of  fairies,  we  leel  a  pleasure  in  tracing 
their  history;  meaning,  nevertheless 
inflexibly  to  insist,  that,  however  beauti- 
ful or  benevolent,  those  of  Persia  may 
be,  our  British  fairies  infinitely  surpass 
them. 

Pari,  a  good  genius,  a  beautiful  species 
of  imaginary  creature,  neither  man,  woman, 
nngcl,  nor  devil  5  but  answering,  in  many 
respects,  to  that  beneficent  litUe  being  to 
whom  our  ancestors  paid  so  much  attention, 
called  the  Fairy,  which,  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  name,  and  many  other  circum- 
stances, was  in  all  probability,  of  eastern  ex- 
traction. The  6m  romances  of  Arabia  and 
Persia  allot  them,  a  particular  country  called 
Jinnistan  [Pom/aw?]  where  thev'  live 
upon  |)erfume  alone ;  and  conceive  them  to  be 
80  extremely  beautiful,  that  they  call  a  lovely 
woman  Parizadah,  **  bom  of  the  Paris,'* 
the  name  of  the  second  daughter  of  Darius, 
whom  the  Greeks  have  called  Par«a/?> ;  cor- 
rupting in  the  same  manner  Sitarah  (a  star) 
into  Slalira,  and  Roshan  (spleiKlor)  into 
Roxana.  The  Devas  or  Dews,  J  ins  or 
Genii,  are  another  sj^ecies  of  ideal  beings, 
but  the  reverse  of  the  Paris,  being  ugly,  ma- 
liguant.  and  perpetually  at  war  witlithcm. 


and  with  mankind,  whom  the  Parts  zrt  sup- 
posed constantly  to  protect.  These  two 
classes  of  supernatural  creatures  form  Kre^ait 
part  of  the  machinerj-  of  eastern  poctrv,  fable 
and  romance,  and  give  a  most  tanciiul  and 
extended  field  to  luxuriant  imaginations. 

The  descriptions  of  the  Persian  months, 
the  festivals  observed  in  them,  and 
their  presiding  angels,  is  an  extremely 
curious  article.  The  whole  of  it  is  too 
long  for  transcription  5  but  we  cannot  re- 
sist the  temptation  of  extracting  a  few  pa- 
ragraphs. 

We  are  informed,  that  the  ancient  Per- 
sians did  not  measure  the  subdivisions 
of  their  months  by  weeks,  but  gave  a  par- 
ticular name  to  every  day  in  the  month, 
and  to  e\ery  month  in  the  year,  which 
they  adopted  from  certain  angels,  sup-* 
posed  to  preside  over,  and  to  influence, 
all  the  actions  of  those  periods,  commit- 
ted by  Omnipotence  to  their  care.  The 
presidents  of  the  months  were  regarded 
as  a  superiqr  class  to  the  rulers  of  tho 
days.  It  was  considered  as  a  high  disre- 
spect to  address  to  ode  angel  the  prayer 
proper  to  the  day  of  another.  The  first 
month  of  the  Persian  year  commenced, 
from  high  antiquity,  at  the  vernal  equi- 
nox, and  was  formerly  named,  togetner 
with  its  angel.  Fire:  but  the  sultan, 
JalaP  ud*  din,  about  the  end  of  the  ele- 
venth century,  reformed  the  Persian  com- 
putation of  time,  and  transposed  the 
places  of  the  months,  no  less  than  half  a 
year,  in  the  calendar. 

Fhrttardin,  (March,)  is  so  named  from  ail 
angel  supposed  to  be  treasuter  of  Paradise^ 
On  the  first  of  this  month,  new  year's  day, 
began  the  principal  festival  among  the  Per* 
sians,  which  lasted  six  days.  On  the  eve  of 
tht*  new  year,  a  young  man  of  elegant  figure, 
pcrsonaUng  the  new  year,  was  stationed  at 
the  door  of  the  royal  bed-chamber,  which  he 
entered  without  ceremony,  the  moment  the 
sun  appeared  above  the  horizon.  The  King 
immediately  addressing  him,  said,  •*  What 
"  art  thou  ?  Whence  dost  thou  come  ? 
"  Whitber  dost  thou  go?  What  is  thy 
'*  name  ?  Wherefore  dost  thou  approach  ? 
**  What  dost  tliou  brmg?"  To  which  he 
answered ;  «  I  am  the  fortunate  and  tho 
"  blessed :  I  am  sent  hither  by  God,  and 
*<  bring  with  me  the  new  year  :'*  then  sitting 
down,  another  appeared  with  a  laige  silver 
dish,  in  which  were  wheat,  barley,  pease, 
vetches,  sesame,  and  rice,  (seven  ears  and 
nine  grains  of  each)  with  a  lump  of  sug^, 
and  two  new-coined  pieces  of  gold,  which,  as 
an  ofiering,  were  placed   before  the    king. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


91 


Lr,  Wllkim*s  Persian  Dictionary,  CsTc. 


Cio 


Then  entered  the  prime  minister,  the  general 
of  the  forces,  the  lord  high  treasurer,  and  the 
superintendant  of  %var :  after  whom,  follow- 
ed the  nobles  and  people,  according  to  their 
dignity  and  respective  classes.  A  Targe  loaf, 
nutde  of  the  above-mentioned  grains,  being 
then  presented  to  the  king ;  after  eating  i^art 
of  it,  he  offered  some  to  those  who  werfe 
aroand  him,  saying  **  This  is  the  new  day, 
"  of  the  new  month,  of  the  new  year,  of 
**  new  time:  when  all  things  consistent 
"  with  time  must  be  renewed."  Then  in- 
vesting^ his  nobles  with  rich  robes,  he  blessed 
and  distributed  among  them  the  presents 
which  had  been  brought. 

Such  were  the  ceremonies  of  the  Per- 
sian new  year,  at  court.  At  the  Autumnal 
equinox  they  were  not  wholly  unlike, 
though  somewhat  differently  conducted. 

The  angel  of  the*  month  Mthr  (Septem- 
ber) was  supposed  to  be  the  intelligence  which 
regulated  the  sun,  and  to  preside  over  love 
and  friendship.  On  the  l6th,  being  this 
aQgel*s  particular  day,  began  one  of  their 
g^test  festivals  called  Mihrgan,  The  king 
on  the  first  day  of  this  festival,  after  anoint- 
be  himself  with  tlie  oil  of  Ban,  [as  did 
ail  of  his  subjects  who  could  procure  it] 
dressed  in  a  superb  robe  of  many  colours,  his 
head  adorned  with  the  royal  taj,  (diadeiti)  on 
"which  was  a  splendid  figure  of  the  Sun,  seat- 
ed himself  on  his  throne ;  when  the  hich 
priest  entering  alone,  with  a  larp  silver  dish, 
wkd  with  sugar,  peaches,  qumces,  apples^ 
citrons,  pomegranates,  the  jiyube,  the  lote, 
abonch  of  white  grapes,  and  seven  myrtle 
berries,  muttered  over  them  a  prayer,  and 
presented  them  to  the  king,  who  eat  of  them 
*ll  •,  after  which  the  nobility  and  others  ap- 
proadiing  according  to  their  rank,  followed 
the  so\'ereign*s  example;  when  a  variety  of 
robes  and  other  rich  furniture,  from  the  royal 
vard-robes,  were  distributed  amongst  them 
in  proportion  to  their  degree.  On  this  day,  it 
^as  esteemed  fortunate  to  wean  or  name 
children ;  and  if  a  son  was  then  born  to  the 
ting,  he  was  immediately,  with  great  so- 
kmnity,  consecrated  high  priest  of  the  Sun, 

Murdad  (July).  This  angel  was  one  of 
the  reputed  guardians  of  trees,  herbs,  fruits, 
«nd  seeds.  Murdad,  amongst  other  attri- 
butes, is  supposed  to  be  the  presiding  angel  of 
^nter;  but  that,  must,  apparendy,  have 
wen  when  his  month  (now  July)  corres- 
ponded with  November,  for  the  same  reason 
^  ridiculous  parade  of  raknb'  ul  Kusaj  or 
^^ahnishin  (ttie procession  of  Knsah)  men- 
tioned to  have  been  celebrated  in  the  month 
•^^w,  must  apply  to  it,  when  coinciding 
^th  the  vernal  equinox.  This  festival,  how- 
**'5T  whimsical  it  may  appear  to  us,  was  so- 
■^^■uuzed  in  Persia,  by  all  ranks,  fmm  the 
pioce  to  ^  peasaau    Ao  oU   toothless. 


beardless,  figure,  representing  winter  in  his 
dejiarture,  was  mounted  on  a  mule  or  ass. 
He  was  generally  some  poor  buffoon,  (if  one 
eyed  so  much  the  better),  who,  byludicrou:j 
gesticulations  afforded  much  mirth  to  the  peo- 
ple ;  some  sprinkling  him  with  warm  water 
and  giving  him  hot  victuals,  whilst  others 
were  drenching  him  with  coW ;  Kusah  all  the 
while  fanning  himself,  and  exclaiming,  gar* 
ma  !  garma  I  O  heat  I  heat !  He  had  a 
crow  in  one  hand,  and  a  fan  or  scourge  in  the 
other,  and  was  attended  even  by  the  family 
of  the  King,  or  of  the  governor  of  the  city, 
who  accompanied  him  on  horseback  through 
the  whole  of  the  fantastic  ceremony,  in 
this  manner  he  paraded  the  streets,  entering 
the  house  of  every  nobleman,  who  was  oblige 
ed  to  give  him  a  piece  of  money,  if  he  did 
not  wish  to  have  his  clotlies  bedawbed  with  a 

Eiece  of  red  clay,  which,  dissolved  in  water^ 
e  carried  by  his  side,  in  a  lit  lie  earthen  ves^ 
sel.  He  then  went  into  every  sliop,  die 
owners  of  which  took  esj)ecial  care  to  have 
their  money  ready,  for  a  moment's  delay  gave 
Kusah  a  right  to  seize  all  that  was  in  them. 
Whatever  was  thus  collected  before  the  firsi 
prayers,  became  the  property  of  the  king,  if 
in  the  metropolis,  or  of  the  governor  in  any 
other  city;  but  from  that  hour  until  the  se^" 
cond  prayer,  the  receipts  were  reserved  by 
Kusah,  himself,  who  then  suddenly  disap^ 
peared ;  for  if  this  representative  of  Winter 
was  found  in  public  after  that  time,  any 
person  might  beat  him  with  impunity. 

On  the  same  grounds,  we  must  place  io 
the  month  of  April,  anodier  festival  of  a 
more  dignified  nature,  which  they  celebrated 
anciently  on  the  8th  of  the  month  Day,  (De- 
cember), called  Khurm  roz  (cheerful  day) ; 
when  according  to  the  Earhangi  Jahanguiri^ 
and  other  authors,  the  King  of  Persia  ctothed 
in  white  robes,  descended  frorti  his  throne, 
and  seating  himself  on  a  white  carpet,  the 
sarapardah  (or  veil  before  the  royal  throne) 
was  thrown  open,  and  all  his  subjects,  were 
admitted  to  his  presence.  Tlie  husbandmen 
were  treated  with  parucular  respect,  some  of 
their  chiefs  dining  at  the  same  table  with 
their  sm'ereign,  when  he  addressed  them  in 
the  following  strain :  "  I  am  one  of  you; 
*'  my  subsistence,  and  that  of  my  people 
*'  rests  on  the  labour  6f  yoyr  hands;  the 
"  succession  of  the  race  of  man  depends  upon 
**  the  plough  ;  without  you  We  cannot  exist ; 
•*  but  your  dependence  upon  me  is  recipro- 
•*  cal ;  we  ought,  therefore,  to  be  brotliers, 
**  and  to  Uve  in  perpetual  harmony." 

We  cannot  possibly  be  displeased 
with  the  attention  paid  by  the  Sovereign 
to  husbandry,  or  hushaiuloien  5  but  we 
confess,  that  the  following  custom  affects 
us  still  more  closely. 

We  have^  indeed,  heard  ia  our  owa, 
£3 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


lO 


Dr.  WtlHns's  Persian  Dictionary,  isfc. 


[13 


country  of  privileges  appertaining  to  tlie 
ladies  in  leap-year,  in  the  choice  of  their 
lovers  J  but  it  seems,  that  in  Persia  every 
year  has  leap-year-prjvilege  j  though  re- 
stricted to  one  month,  and  to  one  day 
of  that  month  :  but  then,  in  revenge,  it 
extends  to  married  women,  as  well  as  to 
maidens ;  and  includes  husbands,  as  well 
as  bachelors,  under  its  dominion. 

Sapandarmuz  (February  Xllth  montli). 
To  this  angel  they  assigned  the  care  of  the 
earthly  globe,  ana  also  the  guardianship  of 
virtuous  women  j  in  consequence  of  which, 
the  fifth,  his  peculiar  day,  was  considered 
as  highly  auspicious  to  eveiy  circumstance  re- 
lative to  marnage.  One  ot  the  names  of  this 
day,  was,  Mard  giran  (taking  or  governing 
men)  ;  founded,  as  they  say,  upon  a  aistom 
which  prevailed  in  ancient  times  of  vesting 
the  ladies  upon  that  day  with  despotic  power, 
tlie  husbands  paying  an  implicit  obedience  to 
the  most  arbitrary  commands  of  theij  wives  ; 
whilst  the  virgins,  in  their  respective  classes, 
had  the  singular  privilege  of  choosing  for 
themselves  a  husband  from  among  the  un- 
married part  of  the  male  sex ;  who,  they  say, 
had  too  nif;h  a  respect  for  this  gallant  institu- 
tion to  hesitate  a  moment  in  receiving  their 
fair  admirers.  The  pairing  of  the  birds  about 
this  season,  might  possibly  have  suggested 
those  inducements  to  matrimony,  as  well  to 
the  west  as  to  the  east,  Valentine's  day,  in 
old  times,  with  some  variation  of  ceremony, 
bearing  a.8trong  resemblance  to  this  Persian 
festival. 

Kings  of  Persia, .  .Mirkond  and  Klion- 
demir,  in  their  histories,  describe  them  as 
the  most  ancient  monarchs  in  the  world,  their 
empire  being  supposed  to  be  founded  by 
Caiumaias,  near  nine  hundred  years  before 
the  Chrbtian  aera.  They  are  divided  into 
four  peat  dynasties  or  families,  called  the 
Pishdadians  (legislators),  Caianians  (great 
kings),  ^fAcantanj  (fit>m  Ashek,  or  Arshek 
the  founder  of  this  race,  better  known  in 
Europe  by  the  name  of  Arsacides),  and  the 
Sassanians,  from  Sassan,  the  father  of  Ar- 
deshir  Babcgan,  the  first  king  of  that  family, 
'(whose  posterity  reigned  from  the  beginning 
of  the  tiiird  to  the  middle  of  the  seventh 
century ;  when  they  became  extinct  by  the 
death  of  Yezdiaxd,  dethroned  by  the  Ara- 
bians imder  the  ILhalifat  of  Omar,  who  then 
annexed  Persia  to  the  great  empire  of  the 
Moslems).  Under  those  dynasties  are  com- 
prehended all  the  princes  known  formerly  to 
the  Greeks  by  the  appellations  of  the  Assy- 
rian, Chaldean,  Babylonian,  Median  and 
Persian  kings:  whibt  it  may  be  observed, 
that  the  Greeks,  as  well  as  the  Jews,  have 
frequently  mistaken  the  viceroys,  governors, 
or  lieutenants  of  those  ancient  monarchs  of 
Persia  for  the  kings  thefnselves ;  their  resi- 
dence in  the  provinces  nearest  to  Palestine  and 


Europe  having  made  them  better  known  in 
the  west  than  their  sovereigns.  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, Baltazar,  Cyrus  and  Sennecherib, 
among  others,  were  only  governors  of  Baby- 
lonia, and  the  adjacent  districts,  under  Loho- 
rasb,  and  other  princes  'Of  the  Caianian 
dynasty. 

Mr.  Richardson  has,  in  his  Disserta- 
tion, employed  many  strong  *  and  incon* 
trovertible  arguments,  in  opposition  to 
the  tenor  of  Grecian  history,  and  the  re- 
ports of  Grecian  writers,  as  usually  un-  ' 
derstood.  We  abandon  to  his  prowess, 
the  numbers  included  in  the  army  of 
Xerxes,  as  reported  by  Herodotus,  and 
other  particulars  J  but  we  cannot  bring  our- 
selves to  suppose  that  the  Jews,  who  were 
carried  captive  from  their  own  land  to  Per- 
sia, where  they  resided  many  years,  should 
have  •'  frequently  mistaken  the  viceroys, 
governors  or  lieutenants  of  the  aticieni 
monarchy  of  Persia,  for  the  kings  them- 
selves  ;'*  without  being  able  to  obtain  a 
knowledge, of  the  true  character  and  ranfc 
of  their  captivators  j  or  of  the  monarch  to 
whom  all  of  them  were  subjects,  and  of 
whom  some  were  commercial  agents, 
and  others  were  official  representatives. 
This  sentiment  required  revision.  The 
unqualified  assertion  of  Mr.  R.  in  his 
Dissertation,  p.  xxxix.  that,  in  Hin- 
dostan,  they  "  positively  refuse  to  believe 
the  important  era'*  of  the  deluge,  should 
also  have  been  corrected.  The  imputation 
of  forgery,  by  which  Major  WilforcJ 
was  deceived,  never,  so  far  as  we  know, 
attached  to  the  pieces  translated  by  Sir  W. 
Jones  3  and  these  are  undeniably  in  ^- 
vour  of  the  history  of  the  deluge,  as  an 
event  acknowledged  in  Hindostan. 

We  close  our  account  of  this  work  by 
an  instance  of  service  rendered  to  Biblical 
literature. 

Zarib,  one  who  presides,  shakes,  and  throws 
the  arrows  at  games  of  chance.  Those  arrows 
were  eleven  m  number,  without  points  or 
feathers,  the  first  having  one  notch,  the  se* 
cond  two,  and  so  progressively  to  seven  5  the 
last  four  being  blanks.  They  were  much  in 
use  amgng  the  Pagan  Arabians,  but  were 
prohibited  by  Mahomet.  Such  arrows  wera 
likewise  early  in  use  among  the  Babylonians, 
and  other  Eastern  nadons.  See  Ezekiel,  xxi. 
80. 

This  Dictionary  will  form  two  volumes  j 
the  second  may  be  expected  in  about 
twelve  months.  The  price  of  the  two  i^ 
twelve  guineas :  to  be  paid  on  delivery  of 
the  firsts  the  second  will  be  delivered 
gratis. 


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13] 


71u  Ittnentry  of  Archbishop  Baldwin,  (sfc. 


iU 


Tke  Itinerary  of  Archhishop  Baldwin 
through  Wales,  A,  D.  mclxxxviji.  By 
GiraUks  de  Barri  ;  translated  into 
English,  and  illustrated  with  Views,  An- 
notations, and  a  Life  of  GiraJdus,  by  Sir 
Richard  Ck)lt  Hoare,  Bart.  F.R.S.F.A.S. 
2  vols  Royal  Quarto,  pp.  850.  Price 
81.  8s.  With  a  Volume  containing  the 
Original  Latin  111.  lis.  London,  Mil- 
ler, 1806. 

All  luxuries,  say  some  of  our  se- 
yerer  moralists,  are  injurious  in  their  very 
nature.  Nevertheless,  the  volumes  be- 
fo-e  us,  though  they  cannot  but  be  reck- 
oned among  the  greatest  literary  luxuries 
of  ihcse  days  of  elegance  and  refinement, 
have  not,  we  believe,  been  injurious  to  any 
one.  To  their  editor.  Sir  Richard  Colt 
Hoare,  whose  labours  in  translating  some 
partj  of  them,  and  in  composing  other 
parts,  have  laid  the  public  under  no  tri- 
vial obligation,  their  preparation  and  su- 
perintendance  must  have  been  a  source  of 
agreeable  amusement,  combining  just  so 
much  interest  as  would  impart  a  zest  to 
the  undertaking.  What  can  be  proposed, 
as  more  eligible  for  a  gentleman  of 
taste,  skill,  and  research,  of  knowledge  in 
history  and  antiquities,  for  a  man  of  lei- 
sure and  fortune,  in  the  intervals  of  se- 
rious occupation,  than  visits  to  the  most 
interesting  districts  of  his  native  island, 
for  the  express  purpose  of  illustrating  its 
antient  historians  r  Whatever  of  health 
attends  a  country  excursion,  whatever  of 
novelty  delights  the  eye  by  change  of 
scene,  whatever  of  curiosity  is  gratifies!  by 
observation  of  manners,  or  by  inspection 
of  places,  xmites  with  the  consciousness  of 
having  a  determinate  object  in  view,  to 
enliance  the  enjoyments  which  attend  an 
amateur,  in  expeditions  like  those  of  the 
worthy  Baronet  before  us.  We  should 
not  obey  the  convictions  of  our  minds,  if 
we  did  not  recommend  this  example  to 
the  imitation  of  our  gentry,  who  without 
losing  an  atom  of  enjoyment  in  their  sum- 
mer migrations,  may  ensure  the  gratitude 
of  the  literary  world,  by  the  exercise  of 
their  inquiries,  and  the  correctness  of  their 
observations.  The  combination  of  an- 
tient history  with  modern  investigation 
inay  set  many  events  in  a  new  light, 
and  at  the  same  time  assist  the  inquisi- 
tive and  the  learned,  while  it  furnishes  ra- 
tional amusement  to  general  readers. 
Many  obscure  events  which  embarrass  our 


chronicles,  might  be  elucidated  into  deci- 
sive  authority,  at  an  hundredth  part  of  the 
expense  and  labour  bestowed  on  these  vo- 
lumes. 

The  object  of  the  work  before  us  is,  to 
illustrate  that  zealous  itineration  of  Arch- 
bishop Baldwin,  in  the  eleventh  century, 
of  which  Giraldus  de  Barri,  commonly 
called  Camlrensis,  or  the  Welshman,  has 
left  us  a  history.  The  editor  has  accom- 
plish'jd  this,  by  attentively  and  repeatedly 
following  the  same  track,  so  far  as  die 
change  of  roads  and  circumstances  permit- 
ted. He  has,  in  fact,  surveyed  the  coun- 
try, and  reports  his  observations  for  the 
satisfaction  of  the  curious.  He  has 
spared  no  pains,  nor  expense,  in  the 
execution  of  his  design,  and  his  vo- 
lumes must  be  ranked  among  the  most 
splendid  for  typographical  appearance,  and 
picturesque  embellishment.  They  con- 
tain upwards  of  thirty  respectable  en- 
gravings of  views,  from  drawings  by  Sir 
R.  C.  H.  himself,  (another  source  of  de- 
light, most  assuredly  !)  five  neatly  colour- 
ed maps,  of  great  service  towards  under- 
standing»  the  subject,  besides  others  on 
different  scales,  and  more  than  twenty 
plates  of  antiquities  of  various  descriptions, 
of  which  a  few  are  selected  from  the 
publications  of  our  most  eminent  antiqua- 
ries. 

The  work  opens  with  a  life  of  the  au- 
thor, Giraldus,  and  an  account  of  his  ma- 
nuscripts extant  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,* 
Lambeth,  and  in  the  British  Museum. 
This  is  succeeded  by  an  introduction  to 
the  history  of  Cambria,  prior  to  A.  D. 
1188.  The  object  of  this  dissertation  is, 
the  elucidation  of  the  Roman  campaigns 
in  Britain,  till  the  entire  conquest  of  the 
country  bv  that  people.  Some  minor 
inquiries  follow ;  after  which  we  are  pre- 
sented with  the  main  history,  and  subject 
of  the  performance,  the  itinerary  of  Bald- 
win, Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  through 
Wales,  A.D.  1188,  undertaken  with  de- 
sign of  inducing  the  natives  to  assume  the 
holy  cross,  and  assist  in  recovering 
the  sacred  precincts  at  Jerusalem  from 
their  Mohammedan  enemies.  This 
is  in  two  books.  We  have  also  the 
description  of  Wales  by  Giraldus;  and 
essays,  by  the  editor,  on  the  poetry, 
architecture,  and  scenery  of  the  country, 
with  which  he  has  acquired  so  much  inti- 
macy, by  repeatedly  traversing  it.  A 
friend  has  furnished  hinui  so  widh  transla- 


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The  Itinerary  ofArchhishop  Baldwin,  tic. 


[15 


tions  of  two  festive  evasions  hj  Owain 
Cyveilioc,  prince  of  Powis;  one  the 
*'  Hirlas,*'  or  drinking  horn,  the  other  the 
*'  Circuits  of  Wales.** 

In  his  life  of  Giraldus,  Sir  R.  C.  H.  has 
taken  the  pardonable  liberty  of  an  editor, 
who,  without  violating  truth,  is  permitted 
to  place  the  character  of  bis  principal  in 
the  most  advantageous  point  of  view.  He 
has  thought  proper  to  soften  some  of  those 
harsher  particulars,  which  have  been 
charged  as  blemishes  on  the  character  of 
this  eminent  churchman.  He  also  con- 
siders the  self-comn^endations  which  oc- 
cur in  his  works,  as  what  might  be  justi- 
fied by  circumstances  under  which  he 
wrote,  rather  than  as  proofs  of  overween- 
ing vanity,  or  impertinent  hauteur.  We 
partly  agree  with  him :  but,  we  believe 
that  under  our  present  peaceable  establish- 
ment, we  cannot  adequately  conceive  of 
those  jealousies,  ambitions,  and  heart- 
burnings on  account  of  ecclesiastical  rival- 
ship,  which  actuated  the  clergy  in  the 
days  of  Giraldus.  Each  was  desirous  of 
extending  his  personal  influence,  not  to 
call  it  dominion,  and  in  accomplishing 
this,  each  thought  he  was  essentially 
serving,  at  the  same  time,  the  inte- 
rests of  the  church,  and  the  cause  of  God. 
This  is  a  principle  so  seductive,  and 
so  deeply  seated  in  human  nature,  that  we 
cannot  suppose  its  influence  is  unknown, 
or  unfelt  in  our  own  day,  however  for- 
ward In  professions  of  liberality :  or,  that 
the  present  state  of  religion  among  us,  is 
such  as  to  preclude  every  suspicion  of  the 
same  spirit,  though  not  manifested  under 
the  same  denomination. 

A  slight  sketch  of  our  author's  life  may 
shew  what  were  his  opportunities  of  in- 
formation, and  what  confidence  is  due  to 
his  narrative. 

Giraldus  de  Barri  was  descended  from 
a  family  of  rank  and  importance  in  Wales. 
He  was  bom  A,D.  J 140,  at  the  Castle  of 
Manorbeer,  in  Pembrokeshire.  He  seems 
to  have  had  a  natural  disposition  to  litera- 
ture, and  he  pursued  his  studies  with  dili- 
gence ;  he  adds,  with  applause,  not  only 
in  his  native  land,  but  at  Paris,  where  he 
remained  three  years,  and  returned  to 
England  in  1 1 72.  At  this  time  he  enter- 
ed into  holy  orders.  Directing  his  at- 
tention to  the  amelioration  of  the  state, 
and  revenues  of  the  church,  under  a 
power  derived  from  the  archbishop,  and  as 
archdeacon,  he  officially  visited  his  native 


country ;  where  he  effected,  by  the  dread 
of  excommunication,  a  partial  reformation 
in  temporalities,  and,  as  he  supposed  in 
morals,  when  he,  terrified  the  priests  into 
separation  from  their  wives.  He  discharged 
his  office  with  rigour;  raised  himself 
many  enemies  5  had  much  controversy  to 
sustain,  and  much  opposition  to  overcome. 
He  appears  to  have  been  active,  indefati- 
gable, prompt ;  yet,  the  policy  of  King 
Henry,  in  declining  to  promote  him  to 
eminent  stations  in  the  church,  was, 
doubtless,  founded  in  a  just  estimate  of 
his  character,  his  zeal,  and  his  attachment 
to  the  principles  of  ecclesiastical  supre- 
macy. 

He  visited  Paris  a  second  time,  and  de- 
scribes his  popularity  in  glowing  terms. 
His  residence  here  was  long.  At  his  re- 
turn to  Wales,  he  found  the  diocese  of  St. 
David*s  in  great  confiision.  He  was  ap- 
pointed administrator  of  all  the  spiritual 
and  temporal  concerns  of  the  church.  His 
fame  increasing,  King  Henry  II.  induced 
him  to  reside  at  court,  appointed  him  his 
chaplain,  and  preceptor  to  his  son  John« 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Ireland  as  secre- 
tary, where  he  refiised  two  bishopricks, 
aud  afterwards  an  arcbbishoprick.  HerQ 
he  composed  a  *'  Topography,"  and  a 
*'  Conquest  of  Ireland,**  which  on  his  re-n 
turn  to  England  he  recited  before  the  Uni^ 
versity  of  Oxford,  on  three  successive  days. 
"  On  the  first  day,"  says  he,  "  I  enter-  ' 
tained  with  hospitality  the  poor  people  of 
the  town;  on  the  second,  the  doctors  of 
the  diffisrent  professions,  and  the  students 
of  the  greatest  celebrity;  and,  on  the 
third,  the  remainder  of  the  scholars,  with 
the  burghers  and  militia  of  the  city.  Such 
a  magnificent  and  sumptuous  festival  re- 
vived the  antient  times  of  classic  poetry; 
and  was  wholly  unknown  in  England  ei- 
ther in  the  past  or  present  age.** 

In  tlie  year  1187,  King  Henry  with 
many  of  his  nobility,  engaged  themselves 
in  the  crusading  expedition,  at  that  time 
highly  popular  throughout  Europe  j 
and  Baldwin,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury;^ 
was  led  by  this  enthusiastic  undertaking 
into  Wales,  accompanied  by  Ranulphus  d© 
GlanvilU,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Realm. 
The  chiefs  of  Wales  met  these  noble  iti- 
nerants at  Radnor;  and  notwithstanding 
the  Archbishop  and  Giraldus  could  ad- 
dress their,  auditories,  only  by  the  me- 
dium o£  interpreters^  yet  they  in- 
duced many  Antient  Britons  to  ^e  th^ 


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cross.  This  holy  mission  travelle^  over  a 
considerable  part  of  Wales,  principally  of 
South  Wales,  and  the  records  of  the  jour- 
ney, as  composed  by  Giraldus,  in  Latin, 
are  now  for  the  first  time  submitted  to  the 
puUic  in  English,  in  the  work  before  us. 
(^laidus  afterwards  attended  King  Henry 
on  his  military  expedition  into  France: 
was  elected  Bishop  of  St.  David's  by  t^e 
canons  of  that  church  j  and  went  to  Rome, 
to  solicit  confirmation  in  his  see ;  but  the 
IV)pe  annulled  the  election.  He  after- 
wards resigned  his  offices  of  archdeacon 
and  canon,  to  his  nephew,  Philip  de  Barri ; 
retired  from  public  life,  lived  seventeen 
years  in  privacy,  and  died  at  St.  David's 
in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of  his  age. 

We  are  not  to  estimate  the  character  of 
Giraldus  by  associating  with  it  our  ideas, 
familiarised  to  science  by  the  advantages 
of  modem  times.  When  literature  was 
not  assisted,  as  it  is  now,  by  extensive 
cocnmvmications  from  the  press,  and  by 
free  intercourse  among  the  learned,  the 
man  who  acquired  knowledge  in  history 
sacred  and  profane,  who  was  eminent  in 
dassical  studies  as  well  as  theological, 
deserves  applause  proportionate  to  the 
difficulties  he  overcame.  He  is,  moreover, 
entitled  to  many  allowances  for  the  re- 
mainiog  weaknesses  of  his  mind:  nor, 
should  we  censure  him  with  too  great 
severity,  when  relating  incidents,  some 
credible,  and  others  incredible,  which  in 
the  current  language  of  his  day  were  ierm- 
tAfKtracuUnu.  To  have  described  them 
under  any  other  distinction  would  have 
been  thought  profane  by  his  readers  ;  al- 
thoi^b,  at  this  time,  they  would  scarcely 
excite  surprise  in  the  veriest  rustic.  Gi- 
raldus was  a  man  of  no  ordinary  abilities  \ 
and  bad  the  principles  of  the  Reformation 
been  then  promulgated,  his  zeal,  activity, 
and  resolution,  might  have  entitled  him  to 
the  admiration  and  gratitude  of  ages. 

As  we  cannot  communicate  -to  our 
readers  an  adequate  idea  of  the  course  he 
pursued,  we  shall  not  follow  the  arch- 
bishop in  bis  progress;  but  must  refer 
those  who  interest  themselves  in  the  study 
of  our  antiquities,  to  these  elegant  vo- 
Inmes.  Giraldus  originally  divided  his 
work  into  chapters  5  to  which  the  edi- 
tor has  add^  numerous  notes,  on  the 
respective  pag«» ,  with  more  copious  an- 
notations at  the  end  of  each.  Some  of 
these  additions  are  longer  than  the  chap- 
ter they  illustrate;  but  this  is  the  result 


of  considerable  investigation  and  inqnirfu 
Leland  has  been  useful  on  many  occa* 
sions ;  and  his  authority,  as  it  ought  to  be^ 
is  trealed  with  respect.  We  shall  insert 
an  extract  by  way  of  specimen  of  the  au- 
thor's style  and  manner.  It  is  from'  chapu 
vii.     Part  II. 

From  Bangor,  we  crossed  over  a  si^naO 
arm  of  the  sea  to  ine  island  of  Mona,  distant 
from  thence  about  two  miles,  where  Koderic^ 
the  younoer  son  of  Roen,  attended  by  nearly 
all  the  irmabitants  of  the  island,  and  many 
others  from  the  adjacent  countries,  came  in  a 
devout  manner  to  meet  us.  Confession  having 
been  made  in  a  place  near  the  ^hore,  where 
the  surrounding  rocks  seemed  to  form  a  natu- 
ral theatre,  many  persons  were  induced  to 
take  the  cross,  by  the  persuasive  discourses  of 
the  Archbishop,  and  Alexander,  our  interpre- 
ter, Archdeacon  of  that  place,  and  of  SirifiuSp 
Abbot  of  Stratfleur.  Many  chosen  youths  cf 
the  family  of  Roderic  were  seated  on  an  oppo- 
site rock,  and  not  one  of  diem  could  be  pi?e- 
vailed  upon  to  take  the  cross,  although  tba 
Archbishop  and  others  most  earnestly  exhortr 
ed  them,  but  in  vain,  by  an  address  pfrtiou- 
larly  directed  to  them,  it  came  to  pass  with* 
in  three  days,  as  if  by  divine  vengeance,  that 
these  young  menwitn  many  others,  pursuei 
some  robbers  of  that  country  3  being  discom* 
fited  and  put  to  flight,  some  were  slain,  othess 
mortally  wounded,  and  the  survivors  volunta* 
rily  assumed  the  cross  they  had  before  despised. 
Vol.  II.  p.  102. 

The  island  of  Mona  is  a  dry  and  stoinf 
land,  rough  and  unpleasant  in  its  appearance, 
similar  in  its  exterior  qualities  to  the  land  of 
Pebidion,  near  St.  David*s,  but  veiy  differ- 
ent as  to  its  interior  value;  for  this  island  as 
incomparably  more  fertile  in  corn  \hau  ai^ 
other  part  of  Wales:  from  whence  arose  die 
Bridsn  proverb,  **  Mon  mam  Cymbry," 
Mona  mother  of  Wales;  and  when  the  cropa 
have  been  defective  in  all  other  parts  of  thft 
country,  this  island,  from  the  ricnness  of  its 
soil  and  abundant  produce,  has  been  able  Itt 
supply  all  Wales,     p.  103. 

Then  follows  the  history  of  a  miraco^ 
lous  stone  resembling  a  human  thighs 
to  whatever  distance  this  stone  might  bo 
carried,  it  returned  home  of  its  own  ac- 
cord tlie  following  night.  But,  a  pleasant- 
er  miracle,  well  suited  to  the  man* 
ners  of  the  people,  is  related,  as  perma« 
nent  "  in  a  small  island,  almost  adjoin* 
ing  to  Anglesey,  which  is  inhabited  by 
hermits,  living  by  manual  labour,  and 
serving  God.  It  is  remarkable,  that  when* 
by  the  influence  of  hurhan  prions,  any 
discord  arises  ^oug  them,  all  their  provi* 
sions  are  devoured   and  infe^:ted  by  a 

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The  Itinerary  of  Archlishop  Baldwin,  &c,  [20 


species  of  small  mice,  with  which  the 
island  abounds  j  but,  when  the  discord 
ceases,  they  are  no  longer  molested." 
When  the  punishment  of  strife  was  star- 
yation,  we  might  hope  for  profound  tran- 
quillity :  that  smaller  chastisements  were 
inadequate  to  this  purpose,  may  be  in- 
ferred from  a  remark  of  our  author,  in  the 
foregoing  page,  "  tha^  the  Welch  and 
Irish  are  more  prone  to  anger  and  revenge 
than  any  other  nations:  t/ie  saints  likewise 
cf  those  countries  appear  to  be  of  a  more 
vindictive  nature  J* 

The.  editor  has  been  particularly 
attentive  to  tlie  Cathedral  of  St.  David's, 
llie  ruinous  state  of  some  parts  of  this 
edifice,  he  feelingly  laments. 

Three  distinct  but  adjoining  baildings, 
says  he,  form  this  massive  groupe  of  varied 
architecture,  the  Cathedral,  College,  and 
Episcopal  Palace;  the  two  latter  of  which  are 
in  ruins,  and  are  the  most  picturesque  in  their 
appearance.  On  entering  the  Close  through 
a  fine  octagon  gateway,  they  unexpectedly 
burst  upon  the  sight,  and  form  a  coup  d*c£il 
which  cannot  fail  to  excite  the  surprise  and 
admiration  of  even  the  most  indifferent  specta- 
tor: but  how  much  more  impressive  would 
this  view  appear  if  the  rtiodem  Chapter  House 
was  removed ;  for  it  unfortunately  intercepts 
the  most  interesting  building  in  the  whole 
gioupe,  the  Bishop*s  Palace.    Vol.  II.  p.  22, 

On  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  attar, 
under  leoesses,  are  the  figures  of  two  knights 
in  armour,  well  executed  in  free  stone.  The 
e£figy  on  the  south  side  represents  a  man  ra- 
ther advanced  in  years,  in  a  recumbent  atti- 
tude, clothed  in  armour,  with  his  vizor 
raised,  booted  and  spurred,  his  head  reposing 
on  a  helmet ;  on  his  left  side  he  carries  a  sword 
suspeiKled  by  a  rich  belt ;  a  lion  rampant  is- 
•culptured  on  his  breast  plate,  and  there  is  an 
animal  of  the  same  species  at  his  feet.  This 
interesting  monument,  intended  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  the  illustrious  Prince  Rhys, 
who  died  A.D.  1 1 96,  is  in  a  good  state  of  pre- 
ter^^ation.    p.  2b 

Thb  neglected  cathedral  of  St.  David's  b 
rendered  interesting  to  the  antiquarian  by 
many  particularities  which  it  still  retains,  and 
such  as  are  not  frequendy  met  with  in  other 
cathedrals,  among  which  are  the  penitentiary, 
the  rood-loft,  and  the  shrine  of  the  saint  to 
whom  the  church  is  dedicated.  The  antiqua- 
rian, however,  will  have  reason  to  regret  that 
the  numerous  monumental  effigies,  which 
once  enriched  this  edifice,  have  been  so  bar- 
barously mutilated  and  robbed  of  their  inscrip- 
tions, by  which  so  wide  a  field  has  been  left 
open  to  conjecture,  and  so  uncertain  a  clue  for 
modem  ages  to  determine  their  right  and  ori- 
ginal owners,    p.  31. 


f  Yet  to  the  shrine  of  this  Cathedral^ 
princes  formerly  came  barefooted :  wit- 
ness William  the  Conqueror  in  I609- 
Henry  II.  in  II71.  Edward  I.  with  his 
Queen  Eleanor.  Its  riches  were  so  great> 
and  the  ofiferings  to  it  so  abundant,  that 
the  monks  are  said  to  have  divided  them 
every  week,  by  dishfuls;  the  quantity 
being  so  massive  as  not  to  allow  leisure  to 
tell  it. 

We  should  be  glad  to  present  our  read- 
ers, if  our  limits  permuted,  with  the  sen- 
timents of  Sir  R.  C.  H.  off  the  incursions  of 
Caesar,  and  the  progress  of  the  Roman 
arras  in  Britain.'     The  first  attempt  .of 
that  consummate  general    (before  A.  D. 
55)  was,  we  know,  a  mere  landing.    The 
second,  in  the  next  year,  was  productive  of 
more  important  consequences.     Our  au- 
thor accompanies  the  Roman  army  frona 
its  station  at  Deal,   when,  quitting  the 
coast  it  advances  into  the  interior  of  the 
island,  by  a  route  not  very  distant  from 
that  of  the  present  high  road.     He  sup* 
poses  that  Caesar  had  a  skirmish  with  the 
Britons   at    Newington,    near    London, 
where  the  name  of  Key  Col  seems  to  be 
a  modem  corruption  from  Cad  Collis; 
and  where  the  Romans  were  surprised  in 
the  act  of  fortifying  their  camp.    They 
however  crossed  the  Thames  at, Richmond, 
and  penetrated  as  far  as  Verulam,  which 
they  took  by  assault  $  the  Britons  leaving 
vast  numbers  of  cattle  behind  them.    Hero 
ended  the  progress  of  Cs&sar ;  nor  could 
he  be  said  to  have  conquered  so  far  at 
this  capital  of  Cassibelaunus ;  he  had  in-* 
deed  terrified  into  submission  the  southern 
nations;  but  he  left  Britain  unsubdued; 
and  the  poet  Lucan  even  hints  that  he 
shewed  his  hack  to  the  Britons  : 
Territa  queesitis  ostendit  terga  Britannis. 
The  campaign  of  Plautius  A.  D.  43  was 
a  more  serious  inroad :  and  die  natives 
being  divided  into  separate  states,  without 
harmony,  zeal,  or  combination,  weregra* 
dually  subjugated  by  their  better  disd- 

? lined  invaders.  Sir  R.C.  H.  supposes  that 
lautius  continued  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  Thames  af^er  receiving  the  submis- 
sion of  Cataratarus,  Togodmus,  and 
others ;  and  he  places  at  Dorchester,  on 
this  river,  that  surprize  of  the  Britons  in 
their  camp,  which  other  writers  have  un- 
derstood as  happening  on  the  banks  of  the 
Severn.  He  then  examines  the  campaign 
of  Claudius ;  to  which  he  allots  the  marshy 
districts  on  the  Essex   coast^   near  th6 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


1,3 

month  of  tbe  river.  He  difF<^rs  also  from 
other  writers,  by  supposing  that  the  chain 
of  forts  erected  by  Ostonus,  along  the 
baoks  of  the  Ancona,  and  Sabrina,  ex- 
tended from  Stratford  upon  Avon  lo  Peter- 
borough ;  ratlier  than  from  the  Avon  at 
fiath,  to  the  Severn.  And  by  way  of  sup- 
porting this  proposition,  he  informs  us, 
that  a  friend  of  his  found  an  unusual  num- 
ber ot  fortified  posts  along  the  river  Nen 
in  the  proper  direction  for  this  purpose. 
it  seems,  therefore,  that  the  geography  of 
oar  ancient  history  is  not  yet  absolutely 
fettled.  Ostonus  carried  his  anns  into 
Wales  :  the  scene  of  his  action  with  Ca- 
ractacus,  our  author  places  at  Brandon 
camp,  and  Coxall  Knoll;  the  first  a  little 
to  the  west  of  the  great  Roman  road,  lead- 
ing froni  Kench6bter  to  Wroxeter.  The 
second  within  sight,  a  little  above  the  vil- 
lage of  Brampton  Brian.  The  river  Teme 
rans  through  the  vale.  Agricola  in  the 
jfar  78  completed  the  conquest  of  Wales, 
after  an  obstinate  and  continued  struggle  of 
many  years.  Sir  R.  C .  H .  then  proposes  cer- 
tain principles,  in  aid  of  junior  antiqua- 
ries when  endeavouring  to  ascertain  the 
Roman  roads,  or  the  original  British  com- 
nronications  ;  which  appear  to  hav^  been 
chosen  not  unskilfully.  Most  of  these  he 
has  examined,  with  ^very  assistance  de- 
rited  from  history  or  learned  dissertation. 
A  sketch  of  Cambrian  events  from 
the  days  of  the  Romans  to  A.  D.  11 88 
connects  these  introductory  chapters  with 
the  account  of  Archbishop  Baldwin's  pro- 
gress, and  his  success  in  procuring  re- 
cruits, for  his  pious  and  military  expedi- 
tion*. 

The  "  Description  of  Wales"  by  Giral- 
dos  Cambrensis,  comprises  in  the  first 
bock  eighteen  chapters,  and  these  exhibit 
an  equal  number  of  excellencies  in  the 
character  of  this  people.  In  the  third 
chapter,  Giraldus  remarks  that  the  Welsh 
faards^  and  singers,  or  reciters,  have  the 
genealogies  of  their  princes,  turitten  in 
the  Welsh  language,  in  their  ancient  and 
aotbeotic  books,  and  also  retain  them  in 
their  memory,  from  Roderic  the  Great — 
from  whom  they  ascehd  to  Sylvius,  Asca- 
liiQs,.£neat — Adam.  He  says  in  chap, 
vii.  that  Cambria  was  so  called  from 
Camba-,  son  of  Brutus,  who  divided  the 
kingdom  of  Wales  between  his  three  sons, 
Locrinus,  Albanactus,  and  Camber.  He 
cammeods  the  sober  suppers  and  frugal 


The  Itinerary  of  ArcklUhop  Baldwin,  &fc. 


chapter,  as  ^  pleasing  piptiire  ^  their 
hospitality,  liberality,  and  mutual  con- 
fidence. 

No  one  of  this  nation  ever  b^,  for  dio 
houses  of  all  are  common  to  all  j  and  they 
consider  hberality  and  hospitality  among  the 
first  virtues:  so  much  does  hospitality  he« 
rejoice  in  communication,  that  it  is  neither 
offered  nor  requested  by  travellers,  who,  on 
entering  any  housed,  only  deliver  up  their  arms, 
when  water  is  oficred  to  them  ;  if  thev  suffer 
their  feet  to  be  washed,  they  are  received  as 
guests  j  for  the  offer  of  water  to  wash  their 
feet,  is  with  this  nation  an  hospitable  invita* 
tion.  But  if  they  refuse  the  proffered  ser- 
vice, they  only  wish  for  morning  refresh- 
ment, .and  not  lodging.  The  young  men 
move  about  m  troops  and  families  under  the 
dircfction  of  a  chosen  leader ;  attached  only 
to  arms  and  ease,  and  ever  ready  to  stand  forS 
in  defence  of  their  country  j  they  have  free 
admittance  into  every  house' as  if  it  were  their 
own. 

Those  who  arrive  in  the  morning  are  enter* 
tained  till  evening  by  the  conversation  of 
young  women,  and  the  music  of  the  harp; 
for  each  house  has  its  young  women  and 
harp,  allotted  to  this  purjx)se.  Two  circum* 
stances  here  deserve  notice :  that  as  no  na- 
tion labours  more  under  the  vice  of  jealousy 
than  the  Irish,  so  none  is  more  free  from  U 
than  the  Welsh ;  and  in  each  family  the  ait 
of  playing  on  the  harp  is  held  preferable  to 
any  other  learning.  In  the  evening,  when 
no  more  guests  are  expected,  the  meal  b  pre- 
pared according  to  the  number  and  dignity  of 
the  persons  assembled,  and  according  to  the 
wealth  of  the  family  which  enterSns;  the 
kitdien  does  not  supply  many  dishes,  nor 
highly  seasoned  incitements  to  eating  j  the 
house  is  not  adorned  widi  tables,  cloths,  and 
napkins  5  they  study  nature  more  than  splen- 
dor ;  for  which  reason  they  place  all  the  dishea 
together  upon  mats,  with,  laige  platters  or 
trenchers  full  of  sweet  herbs  5  they  also 
make  use  of  a  thin  and  broad  cake  of  bread, 
baked  every  day,  which  in  old  writmgs  was 
called  Lagana-,  and  they  sometimes  added 
chopped  meat  with  broth.  Such  tables  were 
formerly  used  by  the  noble  youth,  from 
whom  this  nation  boasts  its  descent,  and 
,  whose  maimers  it  still  imitates,  according  to 
the  words  of  the  poet : 

Heu  !  mensas  consumimus,  inquit  lulus. 
While  die  family  is  enga^  in  waiting  on 
the  guests,  the  host  and  hostess  stand  up 
paying  unremitted  attention  to  every  thina 
and  take  no  food  till  the  company  are  satis! 
ficd ;  that  in  case  of  any  deficiency  it  mav 
faU  upon  them.  Abed  made  of  rushes,  and 
covered  with  a  coarse  kind  of  cloth  manu- 
factured m  the  country,  called  Bn/chan    {* 


to  qf  th.people.    W/«Uagt  the  tenth  J  d,«  pUu^d  2^  the^c  rf  tf/S^iu^ 

Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


833 


they  an  in  common  lie  down  to  sleep;  nor  is 
their  dress  at  night  different  from  that  by  day, 
for  at  all  seasons  they  defend  themseWes  from 
the  cold  only  by  a  thin  cloak  and  wabtcoat ; 
the  fire  continues  to  bum  by  night  as  well  as 
by  day,  at  their  feet;  and  they  receive  much 
comfort  from  the  natural  heat  of  the  persons 
lying  near  them  :  but  when  the  under  side  be- 
mns  to  be  tiied  with  the  hardness  of  the 
bed,  or  the  upper  one,  to  suffer  from  cold, 
they  immediately  Iflap  up,  and  go  to  the  fire, 
which  soon  relieves  them  from  both  incon- 
veniencies ;  and  then  returning  to  their  couch, 
expose  alternately  their  sides  to  the  cold,  and 
to  the  hard  bed.     Vol.  II.  p.  2g4. 

Part  oi  the  preceding  extract  will 
recal  to  the  mind  of  the  scholar,  inci- 
dents he  has  met  with  in  Homer; 
they  may,  also,  be  assimilated  to  various 
patriarchal  occurrences  in  Holy  Writ.  The 
tM-ead  called  Lagana  is  evidently,  that 
made  in  baste  by  the  good  housewives  of 
old  ;  which  we  believe  is  still  called  plank 
bread,  because  baked  on  a  plank  of  iron. 
It  IS  a  sort  of  household  bread,  or  thin 
csike,  called,  says  Mr.  Owen,  Bara 
JJech,  and  Bara  Llochan;  griddle,  or 
gradell  bread,  from  being  baked  on  the 
iron  plank,  called  a  griddle. 

The  following,  which  is  the  thirteenth 
chapter,  seems  to  describe  something  ap- 
proaching closely  to  a  knowledge  of  coun- 
terpoint 5  which,  if  certain,  would  dis- 
tmguish  the  musical  proficiency  of  the 
Cambrians,  and  rank  il  above  that  of  any 
other  nation  at  the  time. 

In  their  musical  concerts  they  do  not  sing 
in  unison  like  the  inhabitants  of  other  coun- 
Ities,  but  in  many  different  parts;  so  that  in 
a  company  of  sineers,  which  one  very  fre- 
^tientiy  meets  with  in  Wales,  you  witl  hear 
9»  many  different  parts  and  voices  as  there  are 
performers,  who  all  at  length  unite  with  or- 
ganic melody,  in  one  consonance,  and  the 
•oft  sweetness  of  B  fiat.  In  the  northern 
4istript  of  Britain,  beyond  the  Humber,  and 
90  the  borders  of  Yorkshire,  the  inhabitants 
make  use  of  the  same  kind  of  symphonious 
hannony,  but  with  less  variety ;  singing  only 
in  two  parts,  one  murmuring  m  the  bass,  the 
other  wWbling  in  the  acute  or  treble.  Neither 
of  the  two  nations  has  acquired  this  pecu- 
liarity by  art,  but  by  long  nabit,  which  has 
renderea  it  natural  and  familiar;  and  the 
practice  is  now  so  firmly  rooted  in  them, 
that  it  is  unusual  to  hear  a  simple  and  single 
melody  well  sune;  and,  what  is  still  more 
wonderful,  the  children,  even  from  their 
tnfeivcy,  sing  in  the  same  manner.  As  the 
Eng^sn  in  general  do  not  adopt  this  mode  of 
ringing,  but  only  the  northern  counties^  it 


The  Itinerary  of  Archbishop  Baldwin,  bfe.  [2# 

seems  probable  that  these  parts  of  the  island 
were  more  frequently  invaded,  mid  remained 
longer  under  me  dominion  of  the  Danes  and 
Norwegians,  from  whom  the  natives  con-i 
tracted  tlieir  mode  of  sin^ng,  as  well  as  of 
speaking,    p.  320. 


We  shall  only  add  the  following  de- 
scription of  what  in  modem  days  are 
known  under  the  appellation  ctf  Coracles  i 
and  which  appear  to  have  beeo  m  uae 
from  the  remotest  antiquity. 

The  boats  which  they  employ  in  fishing  or 
in  crossing  the  rivers  are  made  of  twigs,  not 
oblong  nor  pointed,  but  almost  round,  or 
rather  triangular,  covered  both  within  and 
without  with  raw  hides:  wlien  a  salmoa 
thrown  into  one  of  these  boats  strikes  it  hant 
with  his  tail,  he  often  oversets  it,  and  endan- 
gers both  the  vessel  and  it«  navigator.  The 
fishermen,  according  to  the  custom  of  their 
country,  in  going  to  and  from  the  rivers,, 
carry  these  boats  on  their  shoulders ;  on  which 
occasion  that  famous  dealer  in  fables,  Bled-^ 
here,  who  lived  a  little  before  our  time,  thua 
mysteriously  said,  "  There  is  among  us  a 
*«  people,  who  when  they  go  out  in  search  of 
**  prey,  cany  their  horses  on  their  backs  to 
'*  the  place  of  plunder ;  in  order  to  catch 
"  their  prey,  they  leap  upon  their  horses,  and 
*'  and  when  it  is  taken,  carry  their  horsea 
*'  home  again  upon  their  sliouiders.** 

The  boats  described  by  Herodotus,  lib. 
i.  as  used  on  the  Euphrates,  and  those 
described  by  Pococke  as  employed  on  the 
Nile,  and  of  which  he  gives  a  prints 
bear  great  resemblance  to  these  of  the 
ancient  and  modem  Britons. 

The  second  book  exhibits  the  defecta 
which  disfigure  the  Cambrian  charactetj^ 
such  as  inconstancy,  rapine,  want  of 
steadiness  in  battle,  family  dissention,  and 
other  evil  dispositions.  As  these  are  com-* 
prized  in  ten  books^  v^hile  what  re- 
dounds to  their  credit  and  glory  occupies 
eighteen,  we  presume  that  the  balance  of 
mora]  qualities  is  quite  as  favourable  in 
the  inhabitants  of  Wales  as  among  man« 
kind,  in  general,  or  among  whatever  nati- 
on may  be  brought  into  comparisoQ  with 
these  Antient  Britons. 

Sir  R,  C.  H.  has  favoured  us  with  a  sup- 
plement to  this  Itinerary,  in  which  he 
presents  a  summary,  but  pleasing,  course 
of  remarks,  on  the  principal  objects  which 
occur  in  the  journey  5  such  as  Churches, 
Monasteries,  Abbeys,  Castles,  and  other 
substantial  constructions. 

We  cannot  quit  this  article  without  ex« 
pressing  oiuf  satisfaction  at  the  modenn 


Digitized  by  CjOOQ IC- 


iishop  of  LondotCs  Senefiaal  Effects  of  ChnslianUy ,  &c. 


«1 

improvemeots  of  this  interesting  country. 
Cor  author  informs  us  that. 

Till  within  these  few  years  the  southern 
j«rts  of  Wales  had  a  decided  superiority,  in 
point  of  good  roads  and  other  necessary  accom- 
modatiouSy  so  requisite  for  the  comfort  of  a 
traveUer ;  but  of  late  the  appearance  of  the 
Bortbem  provinces  has  been  totally  changed ; 
lane  tracts  of  land  have  been  rescued  by  em- 
banuoents  from  the  ravages  of  the  sea :  new 
inns  have  been  built ;  and  the  new  roads  of 
coo&manication  have  been  cut  through  the 
most  mountainous  and  apparendy  impractica- 
We  districts.  And  here  let  me  pay  a  just  and 
giateful  tribute  to  the  laudable  zeal  and  disin- 
tcfested  exertions  of  an  English  nobleman 
(Lonl  Ptnrhyn)  who  has  devoted  the  profits 
of  a  large  estate  to  the  public  good ;  who  at 
lus  own  expense,  has  formed  an  extensive  tract 
of  excellent  road,  has  established  a  sea-port, 
aod  introduced  into  the  very  bowels  of  the 
mountains  an  industrious  and  numerous  po- 
pulation.— ^Butthe  most  important  improve- 
ment of  the  country  has  been  totally  over- 
looked, nantely.  Planting  : —  the  native 
iroods  diminish  daily. — ^In  a  very  few  years 
many  estates  will  not  furnish  even  an  oak  for 
agate  post. 

The  work  closes  with  a  view  of  the 
progress  of  Architecture,  from  a  period 
Dearly  coeval  with  the  Conquest,  to  the 
sixteenth  century ;  illustrated  by  a  series 
of  designs  taken  ^om  existing  remains  in 
South  Wales,  and  arranged  systematically. 
We  consider  some  of  tlie  principles  pro- 
posed in  this  dissertation,  as  well  intitled 
to  attention^  and  the  progress  of  the 
pointed  arch,  from  its  rise  to  its  maturity 
and  decay,  is  displayed  with  perspicuity, 
and  supported  by  well  selected  examples. 
SirR.  C.  H.  supposes  it  possessed  its  greatest 
strength,  and  beauty,  when  corresponding 
with  the  proportions  of  an  equilateral  tri- 
angle. After  it  became  lower,  and  conse- 
qtiendy  broader,  it  declined  to  absolute 
diilness  and  deformity. 

We  must  here  close  our  account  of  this 
splendid  publication. — The  views  are  exe- 
ctited  by  the  late  Mr.  Byrne,  whose  ta- 
lents as  an  engraver  of  landscape,  were  long 
acknowledged  by  the  public ;  the  antiqui- 
tfes  are  by  Basire.  The  work  is  printed 
by  Bulmer.  The  whole  does  honour  to 
the  taste  and  liberality  ofthe  Editor. 

We  r^ret,  however.  Sir  R.  C.  H's. 
hnperfect  acquaintance  with  the  Welsh 
language ;  but,  the  assistance  of  Mr. 
Owen  has  rendered  this  little  sensible.  Mr. 
O.  has  also  contributed  a  judicious  essay 
on  the  Bardic  system  3  of  which  very  few 
modems  possess  equal  knowledge. 


t26 


The  Beneficial  Effects  of  Christianity  ojt 
the  Temporal    Concerns  of  Mankind, 
proved  from  History  and  from  Facts. 
By  the  Right  Reverend  Beilby  Portetis, 
D.  D.  Lord  Bishop  of  London .     Second 
Edition.  Cadell,  pp.  90.  Price  5s.  ISO6* 
Religion  is  that  intimate  resident  in 
every  man's  bosom,  which  directs  and 
controuls  his  principles  and  actions.     Se- 
cret,   but    powerful  is  the  influence    it 
exerts;  not  always  understood  by  the  sub- 
ject himself,  and  conspicuous  only  on  oc* 
casions  of  moment,  or  on  incidents  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  rouse  it  into  action.     But 
Religion  is  of  different  kinds,  and  takes 
different  directions  :  it  is  internal  or  ex- 
ternal;   principle    or    practice,*     happy 
those  in  whom  it  is  a  due  mixture  of  both ! 
When  what  is  denominated  religimi, 
evaporates  in  rites  and  ceremonies,  and 
when    the  performance    of  certain  so- 
lemnities is    considered    as    having  ful- 
filled the  duties  of  religion,  weak  indeed 
is  the  effect  of  such  worship  on  the  heart. 
The    man  remains  unconscious  of  any 
injunctions,  opposing  his  vicious  inclina- 
tions, or  of  any  invigorating  virtue,  which 
may  confirm  his  wiser  judgment,  and  give 
effect  to  his  better  intentions.  Yet  such 
was  the  religion  of  the  antient  world. 

The  deities  of  paganism  were  originally 
mortals  like  their  worshippers.  Subject 
to  all  the  weaknesses  of  humanity,  they 
were  soothed  by  the  servilities 'of  flattery, 
they  were  dazzled  by  the  glittering  mag- 
nificence, of  which  they  were  the  objects, 
they  were  won  by  entreaty  and  solicita- 
tion; and,  like  other  men,  they  naturally 
desired  to  be  remembered  with  veneration 
by  thoise  on  whom  they  had  (^inferred  fa- 
vours, or  those  who  professed  more  than 
ordinary  attachment  to  their  interests. 
Hence  their  votaries,  wherever  they  mi- 
grated, retained  those  external  senices  in 
which  their  deities  had  taken  delight. 
Hence  originated  pompous  ceremonies, 
and  expensive  oblations  j  prolonged  parade 
amused  the  eye,  and  music  the  ear,  per- 
fumes were  employed  to  gratify  the  sense 
of  smell,  and  sacrifices  to  regale  the  sense 
of  taste.  And,  because  the  person  thus 
worshipped  could  not  be  every  where 
present,  nor  prolong  his  life  to  meet  his 
devotees  in  succeeding  ages,  an  idol  was 
substituted ;  to  receive  the  same  homage 
as  was  paid  to  himself.  Apprehension  of 
a  distant  (though  living)  power,  from 
which  the  votary  expected  neither  visit  nor 
scrutiny,  was  little  competent  to  correct 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


m 


Bishop  of  Londofis  Beneficial  Effects  of  Christianity,  f^a 


[2^ 


the  manners^  and  feeble  beyond  calcuJa- 
tioo  was  it  on  the  heart.  At  what  still 
lower  degree  on  the  scale  of  impotence, 
shall  we  mark  that  infinitely  small  frac- 
tion of  moral  influence  which  superstition 
miagined  might  emanate  from  an  idol  ? 
Could  an  insensible  block,  however  vene- 
rated, either  detect  xhrt  open  negligence, 
or  punish  the  secret  aversion  of  its  voia- 
lies  ?  Could  it  penetrate  the  imagination, 
could  it  discover  whether  the  soul  ac- 
companied the  worship  of  those  persons  ? 
Or,  if  they  abandohed  the  devotions  to 
which  they  had  been  accustomed,  by  what 
means  should  it  regain  their  lost  affec-. 
tions,  or  prevent  the  contagion  of  such  dc- 
linquenc}'  from  spreading  ? 

The  appointing  of  deities  to  distinct 
qualities,  had  a  further  tendency  to  de- 
prive religion  of  moral  sentiment:  for 
what  had  Hercules,  the  god  of  muscular 
strength,  to  do  with  any  other  quality  in 
his  worshipper  than  that  on  account  of 
which  he  himself  wak  worshipped  ?  Were 
morals,  considered  as  internal  principles, 
improved  by  libations  to  Bacchus? — When 
Mars  was  venerated,  valour  might  be 
rouzed,  but  not  compassion  j — when  Ve- 
nus, desire,  but  not  modesty.  And,  yet 
the  party  who  had  paid  his  devotions  to 
these  deities  congratulated  himself  on 
having  accomplished  his  religious  duties; 
nor  admitted  a  single  serious  considera- 
tion, as  tolhe  moral  and  mental  effects  of 
his  services. 

But,  when  Christianity,  distinguishing 
the  moral  good,  or  evil,  of  actions,  by  the 
quo  animo,  the  intention  in  which  they 
originated,  taught  those  who  embraced  it, 
to  watch  over  the  primary  conceptions  of 
their  minds,  when  it  enforced  the  princi- 
ple by  proclaiming  a  Deity,  omniscient  and 
omnipresent,  the  **  judge  of  the  spirits  of 
all  flesh,"  then,  indeed,  might  every  one 
infer  the  necessity  of  "  keeping  the  heart 
with  all  diligence,  since  out  of  that  were 
the  issues  of  life.'*  Then  was  the  seat  and 
center  of  religion  established  in  the  soul ; 
and  then,  were  words,  and  actions,  the 
general  conduct  of  life,  considered  as 
"  outward  and  visible  signs,  of  an  inward 
and  spiritual  grace,"  or  as  marking  the 
total  absence  of  every  principle  which 
could  claim  affinity  with  "  genuine  and 
undefiled**  religion. 

Christianity  may  be  considered  as  regu- 
lating the  personal,  the  relative,  and  the 
public  character  of  its  professor.  That  the 
personaltharacter  of  Christians,  is  essen- 


tially improved  by  the  principles  of  their 
beneficent  religion,  admits"of  no  doubt. 
The  fact,  we  believe,  will  be  universally 
acknowledged,  and  taking  this  for  granted, 
the  tract  before  us  proposes  to  state  in  the? 
first  place,  the  effects  of  Christianity  on 
our  domestic  relations,  from  which,  as  his 
Lordship  justly  obsenes,  "  flows  a  very 
large  proportion  of  the  misery  or  the  com- 
fort of  human  life.  Among  these,  the 
first  in  order,  and  from  which  the  others 
take  their  rise,  is  the  state  of  Ma  mage." 
Among  Pagans,  polygamy  and  divorce, 
were,  and  tliey  continue  to  be,  the  banes 
of  conjugal  happiness.  Of  these,  Chris- 
tianity has  effectually  banished  one,  and 
restrained  the  other j  very  much  to  tlie 
amelioration  of  the  state,  and  character  of 
the  softer  sex.  The  parental  relation  is 
the  next  in  the  Bishop's  order.  It  is  but 
too  true,  that  in  some  of  the  most  cele- 
brated Heathen  nations  the  exposure  of 
newly  born  infants,  in  other  words,  tl>eir 
murder,  was  permitted  and  even  patron- 
ised by  the  state.  The  practice  still  sub- 
sists in  China,  wher«  the  number  of  expos- 
ed children,  is  about  9,000  annually  in  Pe- 
kin,and  as  many  in  the  rest  of  the  empire, 
says  Mr.  Barrow.  The  Hindoos  are 
guilty  of  the  same  inhuman  conduct  to- 
wards their  offspring;  and  hang  them  up 
on  trees,  in  baskets,  to  be  devoured  by 
birds  of  prey.  The  tremor  with  wh|H^^ 
. /we  pemse  such  accounts,  is  a  triumpbaoB^^ 
'  proof  of  the  superior  sympatliies  induceo^p^ 
by  chiistianity.  ^*^* 

The  Bishop  draws  a  very  affecting  pic- 
ture of  the  miseries  of  domestic  ser^tude, 
pr  slavery,  as  extant  among  the  ancients. 
The  number  of  slaves  was  very  great.  In 
Athens  tliere  were  only  21,000  citizens, 
but  400,000  slaves.  It  was  common  for 
a  private  citizen  of  Rome  to  possess  10  or 
20,000.  Most  of  these  dragged  out  a 
life  of  labour,  subject  to  the  unremitted 
lash  of  their  imperious  taskmasters,  un- 
certain of  the  prolongation  of  their  lives, 
incapable  of  demanding  justice,  when  op- 
pressed, and  liable  to  be  murdered  tot 
amusement !  Christianity  abrogated  sla- 
very ;  not  by  a  sudden  and  general  ma* 
numission  of  slaves,  not  by  instigating  re- 
volt against  their  superiors,  but,  by  open- 
ing the  minds  of  their  proprietors  to  senti- 
ments of  compassion,  by  inducing  them  to 
communicate  some  of  those  blessings 
which  accompany  liberty,  till  at  length 
the  possession  of  these  unhappy  individuals 
was  no  longer  regarded  as  a  mark   of 

.      Digitized  by  ^OOQIC 


ig]  Bishop  of  London  s  BenM^l 

voeltfar  atad  the  state  of  shivery  was  pro-' 
claimed  illegal  by  the  edicts  of  Christian 
Emperors.  His  Lordship  takes  this  op- 
poTtonity  to  express  his  expectations  that 
sbvery  in  every  country,  particularly,  un- 
der British  influence,  will  be  abolished  j 
and  be  asks,  "  how  is  it  possible  for  a  na- 
tion professing  the  mild  and  merciful  reli- 
gion of  ike  gospel,  to  authorise  andencou- 
r^e  that  inhuman  traffic  ?  This  is  suiely 
ooe  of  the  many  strange  inconsistencies  of 
the  human  mind,  which  it  is  difficult  to 
explain^and  impossible  to  defend."  On 
this  part  of  his  subject,  the  right  reverend 
anthor  has  spared  his  readers  many  of 
those  afflicting  details,  which  he  well 
knows  where  to  find  in  the  pages  of  an- 
tient  writers.  In  fact,  the  lot  of  a  slave 
was  the  sport  of  what  we  call  accident, 
«  hen  his  master  was  kind  and  considerate  .- 
bat  if  he  fell  into  the  power  of  a  morose 
and  croel  despot,  his  comfort  consisted  in 
awaiting  the  general  termination  of  hu- 
man miseries.  Law,  and  custom  more 
powerfiil  than  law,  allowed  barbarities  at 
the  relation  of  which  the  ears  of  Christians 
VDuld  tingle  ;  barbarities  too  atrocious  to 
be  here  enlarged  on. 

The  influence  of  Christianity  on  the  ci- 
vil, or  public  character,  of  individuals,  and 
of  governments,  forms  the  second  section 
of  ^he  Bishop's  inquiry.  We  should  be 
g^,  if  the  memory  of  certain  eminent 
■JKo  in  the  Christian  world,  could  be  vin- 
Hfeated  from  the  charge  of  persecuting 
TAcwe  who  differed  from  them  in  opinion. 
This  bis  lordship  has  not  attempted ;  but 
he  is  persuaded^  that  such  conduct  has 
Dsoally  originated  in  political  motives, 
however  disguised  under  the  mask  of 
zeal  for  religion.  He  thinks  that  Chris- 
tianity has  introduced  milder  laws,  more 
general  liberty,  more  impartial  adminis- 
tration of  justice,  with  a  greater  sense  of 
what  is  due  from  the  various  ranks  of  life 
to  ^ch  other.  He  urges  particularly  the 
diminution  of  the  horrors  of  war,  the  pro- 
tection afforded  to  the  yanquished,  and 
the  moderation  of  those  evils  which  can- 
not be  wholly  prevented,'  amid  the  cala- 
mitous glory  of  military  triumph.  Mo- 
dem ages  have  rarely  seen  in  Christen- 
dom, cities  burnt  to  the  ground,  and  their 
inhalntants  carried  into  captivity.  We 
r^ret,  undonbtedly,  those  who  perish  in 
action,  but  what  is  this  kind  of  death, 
compared  with  the  tortures  inflicted  on 
prisoners,  antiently  ?  or  what  are  the 
aombers  it  destroys  compared  with  those 


Effects  of  Chris tia?iiiy ,  isfc. 


[30 


devastations  which  exterminated  alike  tot- 
tering infancy  and  decrepid  old  age,  which 
spared  neither  rank  nor  sex,  which  even 
included  beasts  in  their  proscription,  and 
scattered  the  mangled  limbs  of  every  liv- 
ing thing  over  the  streets  of  the  city 
which  had  afforded  them  habitation  ? 

With  respect  to  all  the  various  nations  of 
Asia,  fays  his  lordship,  the  whole  history  of 
that  country,  both  ancient  and  modern,  irom 
one  end  of  the  continent  to  the  otiicr,  exhi- 
bits such  an  unintcrfiiptcd  series  of  l^arbarity, 
bloodshed,  havock,  and  devaslation  in  theit 
incessant  wrars,  revolt*?,  revolutions,  and  in- 
testine dissentions,  a3  it  is  impossible  to  con- 
template without  disgust,  astonishment,  and 
horror. — [See  the  dreadful  achievements  of 
Gengis-Knan,  Timur,  Aurcngzcbe,  and 
Nadir  Schah,  in  India  and  Persia.] 

Yet  all  this,  and  more  than  this,  was  na- 
turally to  be  expected  from  the  principles  en- 
tertained and  avoAved  by  the  great  warriors 
and  statesmen  of  antiquit)-.  One  of  theiA 
was  this,  **  to  glut  our  souls  with  the  crnelest 
**  ven^nce  upon  our  enemies  is  perfectly 
'*  lawful,  is  an  appetite  implanted  in  us  by 
•*  nature,  and  is  the  most  exquisite  pleasure 
*•  that  the  human  mind  can  taste." — [I'liucvd. 
1.  vii.  p.  540.1  In  this  most  exquisite  pfea- 
sure  they  indulged  diemselveswidiout  reserve; 
in  this  species  of  voluptuousness  they  wett 
certainly  perfect  epicures. 

Nothing  can  so  stronij^ly  mark  the  different 
spirit  of  the  two  Helicions ;  and  the  conse- 
quences to  mankind  have  already  in  some 
measure  corresponded,  and  will  hereafter  cor- 
respond sull  more,  to  that  difference.  Though 
too  much  fierceness  and  animosity,  too  much 
propensity  to  war,  too  many  acts  of  passion 
and  cruelty,  are  still  to  be  found  among  the 
nations  of  the  earth,  yet  the  diabohcal  prin- 
ciple of  vengeance  is  certainly  much  abated, 
and  many  of  its  most  tragical  effects  are  no 
longer  seen.  To  a  certain  degree  there  must 
undoubtedly  be  disputes  and  contests  both  be- 
tween kingdoms  and  individuals,  so  long  as 
kingdoms  consist  of  men,  and  men  are  sub- 
ject to  the  infirmities  of  human  nature.  Bat 
that  vindictive  and  implacalle  Jury  which 
raged  in  the  breasts  of  the  ancient  conouerors, 
does  not  seem  to  be  as  it  was  then,  the  pre^ 
dominant  passion,  the  general  turn  and  tem- 
per of  the  present  age. 

That  the  Gospel  abolished  human  sa<^ 
crifices,  is  undeniable.  On  this  subject 
the  Bishop  has  subjoined  a  note  which 
deserves  attention. 

From  a  late  very  interesting  Publication  by 
Mr.  Buchanan,  one  of  the  chaplains  at  Cal- 
cutta, called  A  Memoir  on  the  Expediency  of 
an  Ecclesiastical  Establishment  in  India,  it 
appears,  that  human  sacrifices  still  subsist 
among  the  Hindoos.  Death  is  inflicted  in 
various  ways  in  their  saca^  rites.    Childjsa 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


»0 


Bishop  ofLondorCs  Behqficial  tffects  of  Christiamiy,  (fc. 


{3t 


are  sacrificed  by  their  parents  to  Gtmga.  Men 
aind  women  drown  themselTes  in  the  Ganges, 
ia  the  places  reputed  holy.  They  devote 
themselves  to  death  by  udling  under  the 
wheels  of  the  machine  which  carries  their 
gods.  Widows  are  burned  and  buried  alive 
with  their  deceased  husbands.  And  it  was 
calculated,  bv  the  late  learned  Mr.  William 
Chambers,  tnat  the  widows  who  perish  by 
this  self-devotedness  in  the  northern  provinces 
of  Hindostan  alone,  are  not  less  than  10,000 
annualljf.— App.  p.  95,  q6,  97,  98.— This 
shews,  in  the  strongest  point  of  view,  of 
what  infinite  importance  it  fs  to  communi- 
cate the  lightof  the  Gospel  to  heathen  nations, 
as  it  is  tne  only  effectual  means  of  extirpat- 
ing the  savage  customs  to  >vhich  they  are  all 
more  or  less  addicted,  especially  Uiat  ot  human 
sacrifices.  Christianity  has  already  annihila- 
ted this  horrible  practice  wherever  it  has  been 
introduced.  Does  it  not  then  become  the 
British  Government,  is  it  not  the  duty  of  a 
Christian  kingdom,  to  impart  to  their  pagan 
subjects  in  India,  the  blessings  of  the  Gospel, 
which  can  alone  completelv  civilize  and  nu- 
inanize  them,  and  which  tne  above-mention- 
«d  Memoir  shews  to  be  perfectly  practicable, 
if  a  sufiicient  Ecclesiastical  Establishment  is 
allowed  to  that  country? 

The  third  Section  is  allotted  to  the 
proofs  that  these  benevolent  improvements 
are  consequences  of  Christianity ;  and  not 
of  Philosophy,  whether  antient  or  mo- 
dern. Rousseau  has  well  said,  '*  Philoso- 
phy can  effect  no  good,  which  Religion 
cannot  efifect  still  better :  but  Religion 
can  accomplish  much,  which  is  beyond 
the  power  of  Philosophy.**  This  confes- 
sion does  more  honour  to  that  writer,  tlian 
many  others  with  which  he  obliged  the 
imblic.  And,  perhaps,  a  service  of  no 
trivial  nature  might  be  rendered  to  our 
Holy  Religion,  if  the  confessions  of  its  ad- 
versaries were  combined,  and  properly  in- 
troduced to  the  world.  A  very  strong 
body  of  evidence,  in  proof  of  the  depravity 
of  ancient  tiroes,  and  of  the  ameliorating 
consequences  of  Christianity,  might  be  se- 
lected from  different  parts  of  the  writings 
even  of  infidels,  though  we  must  admit 
that  the  undertaking  would  be  attended 
with  many  a  painful  trial  of  patience,  as 
well  literary  as  moral.  A  few  of  these 
selections  are  hinted  at  by  his  Lordship ; 
the  extent  of  whose  treatise  did  not  allow 
bim  to  enlarge  this  part  of  his  plan. 

They  acknowledge,  that  the  *'  pure  and  ge- 
<'  nuine  influence  of  Christianity,  may  be 
'*  traced  in  its  beneficial,  though  imperfect 
*•  effects,  on  the  barbarian  proselytes  of  the 
"  north  ;**  and  that  on  the  fall  of  the  Ro- 
man empire,  it  evidently  mollified  the  fero- 


Of/as  temper  of  the  conquerors. — [Dedine  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  v.  iii.  p.  633.] 

They  acknowledge,  that  Constantine  acted 
the  part  of  a  sound  politician,  in  afibrding 
Chnstianity protection  and  support;  because 
it  not  only  tended  to  give  firmness  and  so- 
lidity to  his  empire,  but  also  to  soften  the  fe- 
rocity of  the  armies,  and  to  reform  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  provinces  J  and  by  infusing  a 
spirit  of  moderation  and  submission  lo  go- 
vernment, to  extinguish  those  principles  of 
avarice  and  ambition,  of  injusUce  and  vio- 
lence, by  which  so  many  factions  were  form- 
ed, and  tne  peace  of  the  empire  so  often  and  so 
fatally  broken. — [BoUn^roke,  v.  iv*  p.  433.1 

They  acknowledge,  in  still  more  pointed 
and  decisive  terms,  mat  no  Religion  ever  ap- 
peared in  the  world,  whose  natural  tendency 
was  so  much  directed  to  promote  the  peace 
and  happiness  of  mankind. — [Bolingbroke.] 

They  acknowled^,  in  fine,  that  these 
chang^  are  not  owing  to  the  cultivation  of 
letters,  because,  wherever  they  flourished  the 
most,  humanity  was  not  the  most  regahled  ; 
but  that  from  the  Gospel  numberless  acts  of 
mercy  and  kindness  take  their  rise.^-[Roua- 
seau,  Emile,  t.  iii.l,  4.  12mo.] 

An  Appendix,  containing  notes  and 
further  illustrations,  concludes  the  work. 

In  communicating  this  tract  to  the  pub- 
lic, the  Bishop  of  London  has  conferred 
a  favour  on  the  rising  generation,  especial- 
ly J  and  has  done  a  service  to  Christianity^ 
in  which  we  trust  he  will  have  ample  oc- 
casion to  rejoice. 

We  do  not  mean  to  say,  that  a  larger, 
and  perhaps  a  more  complete  treatise  on 
the  subject  might  not  have  been  written: 
but  we  presume  that  his  lordship*s  inten- 
tion was  to  present  a  succinct  compendium 
for  the  use  of  those  who  would  be  startled 
at  a  bulky  volume.  In  this  he  has  suc- 
ceeded. Men  of  learning  may  examine 
for  themselves  :  they  can  be  at  no  loss  for 
facts  strongly  corroborating  the  princi- 
ples and  arguments  of  a  work  like  the 
present,  and  authorizing  language  much 
more  severe  than  the  Right  Rev.  Prelate 
has  thought  proper  to  adopt.  But,  in  the 
mean  time,  what  becomes  of  that  nume- 
rous class  of  readers  whose  opportunities 
are  not  equal  to  extensive  investigation  ? 
When  facts  are  set  before  them,  they  can 
reason,  and  they  can  receive  conviction 
as  well  as  others :  but  they  neither  know 
whence  to  procure  the  documents  neces- 
sary in  such  enquiries,  nor  does  their 
leisure  afford  the  time  required  by  such 
researches.  To  persons  of  this  descrip- 
tion we  heartily  recommend  the  perusjA 
of  this  excellent  performaace. 


Digit 


zed  by  google 


33] 


ilf r.,  Rose's  Brief  EpMLmination,  Isfc, 


[34 


A  Brirf^  Examination  into  the  Increase  of 
ike  Revenue,  Commerce,  and  Naviga- 
tion, of  Great- Britain,  during  the  Ad- 
minstroHon  of  die  Rt.  Hon.  William 
Pitt  i  with  Allusions  to  some  of  the 
principal  Events  which  occurred  in  that 
Period,  and  a  Sketch  of  Mr.  Pitt's  Cha- 
racter, by  the  Right  Hon.  George  Rose, 
M.  P. — Octavo,  pp.  109.  With  several 
Tables,  Price  5s.— 'London,  Hatchard, 
18(X5. 

THIS  pamphlet,  at  the  present  time, 
may  be  considered  as  a  kind  6f  montimen- 
tal  comroemoralion  of  the  late  Mr.  Pitt : 
and  such  is  the  acknowledged  intention  of 
its  aothor.  It  comprizes  principally  a 
republication  of  two  works  under  similar 
titles,  the  first  of  which  appeared  in  the 
year  1792,  the  second  in  1799:  but  it 
brings  down  some  of  the  comparative 
tables  to  a  date  considerably  lower. 

As  a  life  of  Mr.  Pitt  is  preparing  for  the 
public  eye,  we  refer  to  a  subsequent  oppor- 
toxiity  those  remarks  which  might  other- 
wise be  suggested  on  the  sentiments  of 
Teoeration  expressed  by  Mr.  Rose  for  his 
late  illustrious  friend.  He  considers  him- 
self as  called  on  "  to  do  justice  to  that 
great  and  virtuous  statesman,  whose 
unrivalled  qualities,  both  in  private  and 
in  public  life,  will  ever  be  in  my  recol- 
lection. 
Dim  memor  ipse  mei,  dum  tpirihts  hos  regit  artus.** 

That  such  an  intention  is  laudable,  can- 
not justly  be  denied  j  and  now  ^  hen  that 
animated  and  vigorous  minister  is  no  more, 
his  bitterest  enemy  may  admit  without 
reluctance,  that  he  possessed  unquestion- 
able ability,  however  the  spirit  of  party 
may  continue  to  impugn  tlie  decisions  of 
his  political  judgment. 

Our  intention  at  this  time,  is,  not  to 
introduce  even  the  most  remote  allusion  to 
party* or  party-connections,  but  simply  to 
avail  ourselves,  for  the  benefit  of  our  rea- 
ders, of  the  information  contained  in  the 
tract  before  us.  It  is  of  importance  to  every 
Briton  to  be  acquainted  with  the  compara- 
tive strength  and  state  of  his  country,  at 
those  periods,  the  most  distant  of  which 
niay  be  considered  as  still  recent,  to  which 
Mr.  Rose  has  directed  his  attention. 
Hie  statements  referring  to  the  latest 
of  these  periods  cannot  yet  have  t)een 
£uniliar  to  the  public.  We  presume  there- 
fore,  that  m  assisting  their  circulation,  we 
promote  the  intention  of  their  author  j 
\oL.  1.     ILit.Fan.  0$t.  18(X>.1 


and  we  rely  with  implicit  confidence  on 
their  character  and  correctness,  because, 
they  purport  to  be  taken  generally,  from 
public  dociunents  of  the  highest  authority  | 
and  because,  Mr.  R.  pledges  his  honour  as 
a  gentleman,  by  giving  them  to  the  work 
under  his  own  name,  as  their  compiler. 

We  remember  to  have  penised.  the 
former  publications  alluded  to,  on  their 
first  appearance,  with  great  attention  and 
satisfaction.  In  that  of  1792,  a  comparison 
was  drawn  between  the  state  of  our  re- 
venue at  that  period,  and  in  J  783.  In 
that  of  1799>  the  comparison  was  brought 
down  pn»portionately  lower  5  and  in  the 
present  pamphlet,  the  progress  is  continued 
to  the  latest  returns  presented  to  parlia- 
ment. 

We  would  for  a  moment,  recal  to  the 
attention  of  our  readers,  the  most  promi- 
nent instances  of  Mr,  Pitt's  financial  ar- 
rangements 5  such  as,  providing  for  the 
deficiencies  of  the  then  actual  revenue, 
besides  funding  that  immense  debt,  wliich 
he  found  floating,  at  his  entrance  into 
office.  It  is  thus  stated  by  our  author, 
(in  a  note  p.  9),  *'  The  interest  of  the  debt 
contracted  in  the  Americnn  war,  and  fund- 
ed at  the  end  of  it,  was  j£4,8t)4,000.  The 
increase  of  revenue,  in  the  year  ending 
Christmas  1784,  (nine  months  after  the 
peace)  was  .i'l, 75 5, 000  above  the  year 
1774)  which  left  a  deficiency  of 
^3,108,000.  Tlie  floating  debt,  at  the 
end  of  the  war,  was  ^27,000,000  ex- 
clusive of  loyalists*  debentures.** 

Besides  tliis,  the  appropriation,  in  1786, 
of  the  annual  million  to  the  extinction  ot 
the  national  debt,  which  has  ever  since 
been  uninterruptedly  continued  j  the  ad- 
dition of  one  per  cent,  to  capital  borrow- 
ed, for  the  purpose  of  instantly  beginning 
to  redeem  a  certain  portion  of  the  prin- 
cipal :  the  consolidation  of  the^customs ; 
anda  distitrction  established  between  those 
statements  which  shew  the  produce  of  the 
old  taxes,  and  that  revenue  which  is  de- 
rived from  later  imposts.  Some  may  think 
this  latter  article  misplaced  among  impor- 
tant arrangements  j  but,  in  fact,  it  assists 
essentially  in  removing  tliat  veil  of  obscu- 
rity under  which  the  public  accounts  of 
this  kingdom  had  long  been  involved; 
and  by  giving  publicity  to  our  financial  si- 
tuation,  it  promotes  the  confidence  ot  the 
nation,  and  thereby  the  secuiiiy  of  th« 
state. 
We  proceed  to  select  from  vajrioui 
C  , 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


55] 


Mr.  Rosens  Brief  Examination,  i^c. 


[3(f 


pages  some  of  the  important  information 
they  contain,  at  the  same  time,  obser>'ing, 
that  whoever  feels  himself  interested  in 
the  subject,  as  who  does  not  ?  will  find 
in  the  work  itself  many  financial  obser- 
vations intermingled  with  general  remarks, 
which  will  amply  repay  his  attention. 

By  way  of  specimen  we  insert  the  fol- 
lowing 

In  contemplating  the  amount  of  the  public 
revenue,  there  is  something  more  than  the 
mere  consideration  of  the  sum  paid  into  the 
Exchequer.  The  revenue  is  not  only  the  pro- 
duce, but,  in  a  certain  degree,  the  criterion 
of  national  wealth  ;  especially,  as  much  of 
it  is  raided  on  articles  not  of  necessity  but 
of  convenience,  and  even  luxury;  which 
shews,  iti  a  most  satisfactory  manner,  as  well 
•  what  the  people  enjoy  as  what  they  contri- 
bute. On  examination  it  will  be  found,  that 
the  increase  of  late  years  has  arisen  as  much 
upon  such  articles  ais  on  any  others  of  which 
the  revenue  is  composed. 

It  is  a  principle  of  taxation,  equally  perma- 
nent and  politic,  to  spare,  as  far  as  is  consis- 
tent witli  the  productiveness  of  the  taxes  to 
be  imposed,  the  great  body  of  the  people ; 
those  mferior  ranlcs  from  whose  labour  and 
industry  the  wcaltli  of  the  country  is  chiefly 
derived,     pp.  35,  36. 

It  appears  by  the  accompt  laid  before  Par- 
liament in  1804,  that  the  charge  incurred  to 
1803,  inclusive,  was  j^  13,998,000,  and  the 
actual  produce  of  the  new  taxes,  in  the  year 
to  January  1804,  was  ,€15,433,000,  affbriin^ 
a  surplus  of  ;£*!  ,435,000  of  income  beyond 
the  charge ;  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  lat- 
ter was  for  the  Sinking  Fimd,  to  redeem  the 
debt  incurred  in  each  year. 

I  n  1 802 ,  the  latest  year  for  which 
the  produce  of  the  taxes  imposed 
before  1793  can  be  ascertained,  the 
produce  of  the  old  taxes  was-  -  ^15,433,000 
Kstimate  of  the  committee  in  1 79 1, 

on  an  a\crage  of  tliree  years  -  -  13,472,000 

Surplus  of  the  taxes  --.:.-  j^l  ,961,000 
pp.  18,  19.  

The  old  taxes,  existing  previous  to  the  war, 
have  produced,  annually,  on  the  average  of 
the  8e%en  years  to  1803,  more  than  on  the 
averajxe  of  seven  years  of  peace  preceding, 
notwithstanding  the' imposition  of  new  taxes 
to  an  inmiense  amount  since  that  iieriod, 
j^l, 484,000. 

The  imports  into  Great  Britian  have,  on  a 
similar  average,  during  the  last  se\'en  years, 
exceeded  those  in  the  former  period,  annually, 
to  the  amount  of  ^'12,090,000. 

The  British  manufactures  exported  have, 
on  a  similar  avenge,  during  the  last  seven 
years,  exceeded  those  in  tlie  fonuer  period, 
annually,  j^l  1,296,000. 


Foreign  goods  and  manufactures  exported 
have,  on  a  similar  average,  during  the  last 
8e\en  jears,  exceetled  those  in  the  former 
period,  annually^  ^1^6,501,000.  ra^/f,p.  43. 

Mr.  Rose  justifies  this  statement  by  a 
Table  given  in  his  Appendix  No.  I.,  of 
wJiich  tJie  following  is  a  copy. 

PRODUCE    OF  THE    PERMANENT     TAXEd 
IMPOSED    BEFORE    1793. 


Year. 

'1785 
1786 
1787 


The  Taxes  for  the  Debt 
funded  were  iiii[X)sed 
in  1784  and  1785, and  .  ..^^ 
the  Consolidation  ofl  ;^^  ' 
the  Customs  look  j^^  " 
place  in  1787.  l^^g^\ 


Deduct  Taxes  repealed  1792, 

Average  of  these  7  years  -  - 

In  this  period  new  Taxes 
were  imposed  to  the 
amount  ,£7,500,000 
a  year. 


12,104,791 
11,867,055 
12,923,134 
13,007,642 
13,433,0()8 
14,072,978 
14,132,000 

91,540,67^ 

13,077,239 
223,000 


-  12,854,239 


1792  - 

1793  - 

1794  - 

1795  - 

1796  - 

1797  - 
J  798  - 


Average  of  these  7  years    -  -  -  - 

Average  of  the  preceding  7  years 

Excess  in  the  last  7  years  over 

the  preceding  period     -  -  - 

In  this  period  Taxes  1799  ■ 
were  imiK)bed  to  the  ^  1800  - 
amount  ^7,468,000  ^1801  ■ 
which  sum  is  taken  '  1802  - 
from  the  actual  produce,  as 
laid  before  the  House  of 
Commons  in  June,   1804. 

Average  of  these  4  years 

Average  of  the  first  7  years 


Average  of  these  4  years  over) 
the  Averageof  the  first  7  years  J 

Tile  amount  of  the  old  Taiass  cannot  be 
ascertained  later  than  1802. 

In  the  following  statements  of  import! 
and  exports,  the  Old  Custom  House  va* 
luations  are  adopted,  for  the  sake  of  com- 
parisons among  the  respective  periods: 
the  real  value  is  estimated  from  declara- 
tions made  in  co»uequenx:e  of  the  convoy 
duty. 


14,284,000 

13,941,000 

13,858,000 
13,557,000 
14,292,000 
13,332,000 
14,275,000 

97,539,000 

13,934,000 
12,854,000 

1,080,000 

15,727,000 
14.238,000 
14,641,000 
15,433>000 

60,039,000 

15,009,000 
l2,854,Cto0 


2,155,000 


Digitized 


by  Google 


97} 


Mr.  liose*s  Brief  Sxaminaiion,  &d. 


TOTAI.    TALUB    OP   IMPORTS    INTO    OREAT 
BRITAIN  IN  THB  FOLLOWING  YEARS. 

Year.  £. 

1785  -  15,948^000 

1786  -  15,786,000 

1787  -  17,804,000 

1788  -  18,05?7,000 

1789  -  17,821,000 

1790  -  19,^iO,000 
I79i  -  19»^»000 

AT«iage  of  tlieac  7  years   -  -  -  -  17,^40,000 

1792  -  19,659,000 

1793  -  19,250,000 

1794  -  22,288,000 

1795  -  22,736,000 

1796  -  23,187,000 

1797  -  21,013,000 

1798  -  27,857,000 

Average  of  these  Tfytt^ 22,285,000 

Excess  in  favour  of  the  second  .  — '■ 

period  compared  with  the  first  |     4,545,000 

1799  -  26,837,000 

1800  -  30,570,000 

1801  -  32,795,000 

1802  -  31,442,000 

1803  -  27.992,000 

1804  -  29,201,000 

1805  -  29,973,000 

Average  of  these  7  yeara    -  -  -  -  29,830,000 

'j^^nt'^  in  favour  of  the  third  . 

period  compared  with  the  se-  I     7,545,000 

cond  period -* 

Excess  in  favour  of  the  third . 

period    compared    with   the  [   12,090,000 

first  period     - --^ 


TOTAL   TALUE  OP  EXPORTS   PROM   GREAT 
BRITAIN  IN  THE  POLLOWINO  YEARS. 


.^r  Porricn   and  British  TCrrAl^ 

Year.     Colomal  Produce.  Manufactures.       '»-'*'**- 

1785  if 4,742,000  j^l  1,082,000  jf  15,824,000 


17S6 

4.270,000 

11,830,000 

10,100,000 

17«7 

4,()0(i,000 

12,053,000 

l(i.()59,000 

1788 

4,517,000 

12,724,000 

17,241,000 

1789 

5^79.000 

13,779,000 

19,158,000 

1790 

4,979,000 

14,921,000 

19*900,000 

17dl 

5,ii70,000 
4,880,000 

10,810,000 

22,480,000 

13,314,000 

18,194,000 

Avera^  of  these  7  yean. 


Year.     P^reign  and 

Colonial  Produce. 

179^  jfc^o,  129,000  j^ 

1793  5,784,000 

1794  8,380,000 

1795  8,509,000 
179^'   ^,923,000 

1797  9.412,000 

1798  10,617,000 


Br'Hsh 
Manufactures. 
18,330,000 
13,892,000 
16,725,000 
16,527,000 
19,102,000 
16,903,000 
19,(>72,000 


[38 

TOTAL. 
jC24,465,000 
19»676,000 
25,111,000 
25,036,000 
28,025,000 
•26,315,000 
30,289,000 


Average  of  ihese  7  years. 

8,251,000     17,308,000 


25,559,000 


Excess  in  favour  of  the  2d  period  compared 
with  the  1st  period, 
3,371,000      3,994,000      7,365,000 


1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 


9,556,000 
13,815,000 
12,087^000 
14,418,000 

9,326,000 
10,515.000 

9,950,000 


24,084,000 
24,304,000 
25,699,000 
26,993,000 
22,252,000 
23,935,000 
25,003,000 


33,640,000 
38,119,000 
37,786,000 
41,411,000 
31,578,000 
34>450,000 
34,953,000 


Average  of  these  7  years, 

11,381,000     24,610,000     35,991,000 


Excess  in  favour  of  the  3d  period  compared 
with  the  2d  perioJ, 
3,130,000       7,302,000     10,432,000 

Excess  in  favour  of  the  3d  period  compared 
with  ihe  1st  |)erioil, " 
6,501,000     11,296,000     17,797,000 

The  expense  of  rollcctino;  the  revenue  of 
the  Kingdom,  including  all  rhe  establishments, 
was  stated  by  the  comniittee  of  Finance,  in 
1797,  to  be  on  the  gross  receipt — 

£.  s.     d. 
Customs     -    -    6    2    6  percent. 
Excise        -    .    4  12     1 
Stam|)s       -     -    4  17    7 
Taxes    -     -     -     3   12     5 
As  it  is  increased  since  that  time,  and  undei* 
the  change  of  management  of  a  part  of  it,  if 
is  reduct^  in  1805  as  under. 

£,  s.    d. 
Customs     -    -    5    4    7  percent. 
J^xcise        -     -     3     0     7 
Stamps       -     -     3     5     0 

Comparative  slate  of  our  navigation  and 
commerce  at  the  extreme  periods  of  the  List 
ttventy-one  j-ears. 


NAVIGA  HON. 

Shipping  l)e!oliging  to 
Grreat  Britian  and 
her  colonies,  Ire- 
land not  included 

Number  of  seamen 
emplo\ed)  in  the 
meichant*8  lervice 


1784. 
Tons, 


1805. 
Toils, 


1,301,000    2,226,000 


101,870        U2,C4« 


Digitized 


by  G00gl( 


393 


Du  Change,  etc.  par  RameL 
1784.  1805. 


COMMERCE  i 

Imports  from  British 

colonies,  and  from         £»  £' 

possessions  in  India  6,751,000  13,271,000 

Ditto  from  Ireland  -     1,820,000    3,010,000 

Ditto   from    Foreign 

countries   -     -    -    6,573,000  13,221,000 


Export  of  Brit, 
manufactures    to 
Brit,  possessionsy 
To  Foreign  countries 


15,144,000  29,502,000 


3,757,000 
7,517,000 


1804,« 
9,322,000 
14,613,000 


11,274,000  23,935,000 

Ditto  of  Foreign 

merchandize  -     -    3,846.000  12,227,000 
The  alove  are  the  Custom-house  va- 
iuations,  according  to  rules   esta» 
blishcd  more  than  a  century  ago. 
The  real  value  of  ex- 
ports    of    British 

manufactures     ex-       1784.  1805. 

ported  in  the  two        M.  £- 

periods  were-    -    18,603,000  41,068,000 

FISHERIES. 

Value  of  produce  im- 
ported      -    -    -         127,000        484,000 

THE   FUNDS* 

The  price  of  the  3  per  cent.  Con- 
sols in  aperiod of  profound  peace, 
the  beginning  of  1784,  were    56^  to  55f 

In  December  1805,  after  thirteen 
years  from  the  commencement  of 
the  war,  with  an  interval  of  less 
tlian  two  years  of  feverish  peace  60  to   6l 


As  the  attention  of  the  ()ublic  is,  with 
the  utmost  propriety,  more  than  ever  it 
was,  directc^d  to  the  investigation  of  our 
national  finaoces,  and  as  much  anxiety 
has  been  entertained  respecting  their  true 
condition,  we  trust  that  our  insertion  of 
the  foregoing  statements,  will  be  accept- 
able to  our  countrymen.  The  subject  will 
repeatedly  come  under  future  observa- 
tion. For  the  present,  we  dismiss  it  with 
•our  thanks  to  the  right  honourable  author 
for  his  labours :  and  our  hopes  that  those 
who  are  adepts  in  our  financial  learn- 
ing, will  think  it  not  unwise,  or  unbecom- 
ing to  favour  the  public  with  such  infor- 
mation, as,  besides  being  entitled  to  confi- 
dence in  llie  points  of  correctness  and  au- 
thenticity, may  properly  accompany  and 
direct  those  reasonable  expectations  (we 
do  not  say  those  insatiable  wishes)  which 
ever)'  honest -hearted  Briton  is  induced 
to  indulge  in  belialf  of  his  country. 

♦  ITic  latest  period  to  which  these  aaountt 
can  be  obtained. 


Du  Change,  du  Cours  des  Effets  Pu^' 
blics,  &c.  Of  Exchange,  the  Varia- 
tions in  Value  of  Public  Securities,  and 
the  Interest  of  Money,  considered  ia 
its  Reference  to  the  Welfare  of  the  State, 
&c.  By  D.  V.  Ramel,  8vo.  pp.  188. 
Paris,  1806. — Imported  by  Dulauand 
Co. — Price  6s. 

TH  IS  work  appears  to  be  the  production 
of  a  man  of  understanding  and  bmines?. 
Those  who  have  never  before  considered 
the  subject  on  which  it  treats,  may  re- 
ceive useful  instruction  from  it :  bat,  be- 
ing calculated  for  France,  and  especially 
for  Paris,  very  litfle  of  the  main  subject  of 
the  performance  could  be  interesting  ta 
our  readers.  The  author  recomn^nds  to 
French  bankers  and  agents,  a  new  mode 
of  estimating  tlie  course  of  Exchange; 
we  shall  content  ourselves  with  referring 
the  effects  of  this  ^'ariation  to  the  consi- 
deration of  our  English  bankers,  when 
they  have  direct  mtercouise  with  those 
who  may  have  adopted  it. 

But,  as  tlie  political  considerations  in- 
terwoven with  these  calculations  of  our 
author  appear  to  be  founded  on  good 
authority,  to  be  composed  with  very  great 
caution  not  to  reveal  too  much,  while, 
nevertheless,  they  describe  a  state  of 
things  in  France,  which  is  very  proper  to 
be  known  in  Britain  ;  we  translate  a  few 
pages  selected  from  different  parts  of  the 
work. 

Government  cannot .  continue  its  activity 
without  incurring  expenses ;  expenses  cannot 
be  paid  without  returns  to  the  pubhc  treasury  j 
returns  cannot  he  expected  without  imposts ; 
it  is  useless  to  combat  the  chimerical  ^stem 
of  taxes  paid  in  kind ;  imposts  cannot  be 
gathered  without  a  circulating  medium ;  it  is, 
therefore,  the  interest  of  Government  that 
this  circulation  should  exist  and  should  be 
maintained.  Nations  which  work  no  mines, 
cannot,  in  the  natural  state  of  thii\gs,  procure 
the  precious  metals  of  which  currency  it 
made,  unless  the  balance  of  commerce  be  in 
their  favour.  It  is  often  said,  tliat  ceteris  pari' 
his  the  richest  nation  becomes  Uie  stmngest ; 
and  that  when  those  nations  which  exuract 
gi>lJ  and  siKer  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth, 
may  have,  at  length,  attained  this  distinction, 
others  contest  their  superiority,  and  by  in- 
dustry deprive  them  ot  it. 

Tlie  c|uantity  of  coin  in  drculation  con- 
stantly increasing,  every  day  should  augoieai 
the  favourable  balance  of  trade ;  beonue,  in 
its  comparative  estimate,  it  is  unfavourable  to 
that  nation  which  continues  stationary,  while 
its  neighbours  are  uicreasing  their  wealth 
Accordingly,  we  may  observe  that  if  France, 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


♦11 


Du  Change,  etc.  par  RameL 


[4a 


iadncHi^its  new  limits,  possessing  three  mil- 
loids  of  livres  in  coin,  snould  not  endeavour 
to  augment  this  sum,  while  an  adjoining 
state,  possessing  only  two  milliards  should 
double  that  sum,  this  thriving  state  would 
become  richer  than  France  by  one  fourdi  part  j 
mi^t  on  occasion  exert  superior  means  of 
attack  and  defence,  and  might,  especial ly,  by 
the  high  price  which  it  could  afford  to' pay, 
«leprive  Fiance  of  those  commodities,  the 
prodoclions  of  foreign  parts,  which  circum- 
soLDces  rendered  ind  ispensably  necessary.  The 
difierence  of  the  balance  of  trade  is  paid  ulti- 
mately m  the  precious  metals ;  this  pa}'ment 
is  indicated  by  the  course  of  exchange ;  if  this 
b  a^tnst  France,  she  is  debtor :  a  few 
exceptions  rather  establish  the  general  applica- 
lioa  of  this  rule,  than  destroy  it.  It  is  there- 
fofc  of  the  utmost  importance,  that  Govern- 
ment should  be  informed  of  the  true  state  of 
the  exchange,  and  the  causes  of  its  variations, 
and  shoulcl  use  its  efforts  to  direct  them 
constantly  to  the  advantage  of  the  state. 

Bj  this  method,  England  and  Holland 
have  acquired  a  distinction  which  nature  had 
denied  them,  but  which  their  industry  has  ef- 
fected. In  those  countries  the  state  of  ex- 
change is  r^arded  as  an  important  department 
of  the  public  administration  ;  those  who  are  in 
office  nexer  forget  that  their  measures  ought 
DOt  to  fiiil  of  those  results  which  they  consider 
as  importjunt,  and  they  study  them  even  in 
dieir  manner  of  paying  those  subsidies  which 
they  furnish  to  their  allies. 

In  Holland,  and  at  Hamburgh,  France 
ftgnlates  its  accounts  with  the  north  of  Ku- 
fope :  is  the  exchange  against  us  in  those 
marts?  what  is  the  cause  ofthis  disadvantage  ? 
It  "wras  fomierly  otherwise. 

The  great  increase  of  our  naval  power  re- 
quites more  timber,  and  more  corda^  :  their 
price  is  higher  than  formerly.  Ou^it  we  to 
cootmue  our  purchases  in  order  to  prevent 
OUT  riv*als  froqi  procuring  on  too  favour- 
able terms  what  they  stand  in  need  of,  or 
cg^t  we  to  procure  from  oar  own  forests 
those  supplies  which  now  we  import,  and 
encoun^  the  cultivation  of  hemp  on  our  dwn 
soil  ?  Are  the  productions  of  our  mvn 
growdi  equal  in  quality  to  what  we  purchase 
abroad? 

Sweden  ftunidies  us  copper  ;  have  we  no 
mines  which  could  supply  this  article  ?  We 
purchase  also  Swedish  iron ;  is  not  the  iron 
of  the  ci-devaut  Berry  equally  good  ?  If  it 
cost  somewhat  more,  ought  we  not  to  consider 
ihp  higher  price  as  compensated  by  the  advan- 
tage of  giving  employment  \o  our  own  citi- 
itns,  and  thereby  of  retaining  our  coin  within 
ouneKes  ?  We  fonnerly  furnished  colonial 
produetions  to  the  north  of  Europe  ;  now  we 
^  there  to  (Istch  them  ;  while  our  political 
situstion  forbids  us  from  cultivating  those 
possessions  which  prodt^ce  them,  why  should 


we  not  offer  to  neutral  powers  those  axlvan. 
tages  which  by  inducing  them  to  frequent  our 
ports,  may  relieve  us  from  paying  in  adJition 
to  the  value  of  the  commodities,  the  expenses 
not  only  of  brokerage,  but  of  a  second  voy- 

y^  e  formerly  exported  the  productions  of 
our  industry  to  the  north  ;  the  vessels  which 
now  come  to  us  from  thence,  return  in  bal- 
last, formed  often  of  our  precious  metab ; 
why  do  not  our  manufacturers  direct  their 
labours  to  such  articles  as  might  please  those 
people,  who  are  ^till  partial  to  us  ?  What 
goods  do  they  prefer  ? — can  we  not  imitate, 
or  even  surpass  them  ?  Our  fashions  were 
formerly  sought  after  in  those  countries  ;  by 
what  means  may  we  enable  theui  to  r^ain 
th^r  ascendancy  r  HoUaqd  lends  us  its  capi- 
tal :  but  why  nave  we  recourse  to  such  bor- 
rowings ? 

Are  the  reciprocal  exchanges  with  the  Le- 
vant a:5iunst  us  ?  Why  have  they  changed 
their  former  character  ?  The  ci-dcvant  Lan- 
guedoc  sent  thither  formerly  cloths  to  the 
amount  of  more  than  50  millions  of  livres, 
which  were  consumed  in  the  Ottoman  domi- 
nions ;  what  power  has  deprived  us  of  this 
profitable  market?  Colbert  had  wrested  it 
from  Holland  j  who  has  now  seized  it  ?  Why 
have  our  manufactures  suspended  their  inter- 
course with  most  of  the  factories  ?  Have'^our 
agents  lost  that  confidence  which  formerly 
they  enjoyed  in  transacting  business  ? 

Have  the  inhabitants  on  the  shores  of  the 
Bosphorus  been  deceived?  Let  the  public 
authority  re-establish  those  regulations  which 
formerly  gave  us  a  consunt  superiority.  Do 
our  rivals  better  understand  the  taste  of  their 
customers  ?  How  may  we  in  our  turn  give 
them  satisfaction  ?  Do  foreioi  dealers  vend 
their  productions  cheaper?  Let  us  be  in- 
stmcted  by  what  means  they  accomplish 
this. 

Our  reladons  with  Spain  are  advantageous  : 
but  is  it  not  in  respect  to  exchange  rather  in 
appearance  than  in  reality  ? 

Are  the  advantages  which  result  fioni  our 
intercourse  with  America,  reciproail  ?  Do 
their  vessels  quit  our  ports  loaded  with  our 
merchandize,  as  they  enter  them  heavily  laden 
with  their  own  ? 

Our  industry  and  manufactures  have  not 
been  able  to  maintain  the  contest  with  those 
who  borrowing  capitals  at  5  per  cent,  deliver 
their  commodities  10,  12,  and  15  per  cent, 
cheaper  than  ours. 

The  fatal  increase  of  luxury,  and  the  in- 
creasing deamess"  of  articles  of  consumption, 
have  not  bwn  in  France  consequences  of  a 
larger  circulating  medium,  which  always  con- 
tribute to  diminish  its  value ;  but  effects  of 
the  sales  of  those  valuable  decorations  whirh 
formerly  belonged  to  oi>uknt  familief;  and 
C3 


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#3]  Barroiv's  Voyage  to 

of  a  desire  more  general  and  extended  than 
formerly  for  articles  of  pure  superfluity. 

With  a  kind  of  fury,  the  French  people, 
ouilting  those  employments  which  confer  dis- 
tmctioQ  only,  throw  themselves  into  those 
that  promise  wealth  ;  and  rush  into  the  pro- 
iession  of  agent,  banker,  merchant,  manufac- 
turer, or  speculator.  We  have  seen  so  many 
«hQp&and  warehouses  opened  that  we  may  say, 
there  are  more  dealers  than  purchasers  ;  mure 
places  of  public  resort,  such  as  coflee-bouses,  in  a 
•ingle  street,  than  there  formerly  were  in  the 
vbole  city ;  more  clerks  than  letters  to  be 
written ;  more  brokers  at  the^  Exchange  than 
tomsfers  to  be  made, 

WhatCAcr  advantages  we  mi^t  derive  from 
our  national  industry ; — ^You  debtroy  those  ad- 
vantages}  you,  who,  u  der\aluin^au  the  useful 
classes,  esteem  only  idlers,  para&itedj  and  sur- 
round yourselves  only  with  their  inutility , 
vou,  ttrangomanes,  who  only  commend  as 
bandsome  what  is  brought  you  from  a  dis- 
tance, who  arc  vain  of  your  furnitures  bought 
of  our  enemies,  and  take  a  pride  in  your  con- 
mections  with  them,  as  if  they  were  the  most 
honourable ;  you,  pompous  cits,  of  the  lower 
classes,  who  despising  the  potteries  of  our 
own  manufacture,  amass  those  metals  in 
your  dhiing-rooms  of  which  you  deprive  the 
circulation ;  you,  French  women,  who  do- 
mineer over  the  fashions  of  our  neighbours, 
yet  at  the  same  time  set  no  value  on  your 
own  dresses,  unless  they  have  been  woven  on 
the  banks  of  the  Gan^ ;  who  think  your- 
selves not  protected  from  the  inclemency  of 
tlie  seasons,  unless  they  be  trimmed  with 
,ennine  and  sable,  or  the  hammer-cloths  of  your 
equipapes  arc  Siberian  bear  skins  ;  who  think 
yourselves  decently  clad  only  when  wrapped 
jn  Cashmire  shawls  of  the  most  grotesaue  pat- 
terns, while  our  own  manufactures  oficr  you 
the  chrfs'd^ceuvrei  of  human  industry  ;  you, 
al>ove  all,  destroy  these  advantages,  you,  detest- 
'  able  smugglers,  who  seduce  by  a  few  ounces 
of  silver  those  wretches  who  risque  their  lives 
and  their  liberty  to  efl'cct  the  introduction 
of  prohibited  articles,  and'  who,  in  your 
warehouses,  decorated  most  elegantly  witli 
foreign  pioductions,  introduce  our  own  with 
expressions  of  contempt,  but  are  voluble  in 
commendation  of  whatever  has  been  bought  of 
our  rivals. 

We  are  somewhat  mistaken  if  this  work 
had  not  other  sanction  than  thatof  itsobten- 
sible  author,'  and  other  purposes  to  answer 
than  those  dependent  on  calculations  of  in- 
terest, remittances,  and  agencies.  The  de- 
scription it  presents  of  the  difficulties  under 
which  the  commerce  of  France  labours, 
^nd  is  likely  to  labour,  will  pot  surprise 
any  intelligent  Briton  who  knows  how 
vain  it  is  to  expect  that  commerce  should 
flourish  hy  the  e;^portatioo  of  manufactures 


Cochin  China,  etc. 


[44 


on  one  side  only.  Tliis  jealously  of  re- 
ceiving the  productions  of  others  while  she 
endeavours  to  force  the  sale  of  her  own, 
per  fas  ei  nefas,  restrains  the  commerce 
of  France  to  its  present  disadvantageous 
condition.  When  she  shall  be  willing  to 
act  with  equity  and  probity,  to  give  and 
take,  to  admit  into  her  ports,  tliose  Arti- 
cles which  others  may  wish  to  exchange 
for  her  productions,  as  she  also  ex«- 
changes  her  productions  for  the  commodi* 
ties  of  other  countries  : — ^When  a  more 
liberal  spirit  shall  animate  her  rulers,  and 
principles  of  good  faith  sliall  be  established 
in  immoveable  supremacy  throughout 
her  govern  ment,  and  among  hermerchaata, 
theu  may  she  hope  for  that  favourable  turii 
in  the  course  of  ber  exchange,  which  till 
that  period,  every  writer  in  her  pay  roajr 
labour  in  vain  to  efl^*ect.  —  Till  then, 
visionar}',  merely  visionary  are  her  ex- 
pectations of  any  great  accessions  to  her 
Ships,  Coloi^ies  and  Commerce! 

^  Voyage  to  Cochin  China,  in  the  Years 
179^.  1793.  Containing  a  general 
View  of  the  valuable  Productions  and 
political  Importance  of  that  flourishing 
Kingdom,  ^c.  To  which  is  annexed  an 
Account  of  a  Journey  in  1801,  1802, 
to  the  Residence  of  the  Chief  of  the 
Booshuana  Nation,  being  the  remotest 
Point  in  the  Interior  of  Southern  Africa 
to  which  Europeans  have  penetrated. 
By  John  Barrow,  Esq.  F.  R.  S.  qto.  pp. 
450.  Price  .^'3.  13s.  6d.  Cadell  ai/d 
Davies,  I8O6. 

Ma.  Barsow  is  already  well  koown  to 
the  public,  by  his  travels  in  Southern 
Africa,  and  his  voyage  to  China.  The  for- 
mer were  undertaken  by  command  of  the 
government,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  5 
ihe  latter  was  performed  in*  the  embassy 
which  accompanied  Lord  Macartney  to 
the  Court  of  Pekiu.  The  &vourable  re- 
ception of  both  these  works,  which  we 
perused  with  pleasure  long  ago,  contri- 
buted, we  suppose,  to  promote  the  appear- 
ance of  the  present  volume.  In  size, 
subject,  and  execution,  it  forms  a  proper 
companion  to  them. 

The  author  has  not  merely  given  a 
journal  of  his  voyage,  and  of  the  -events 
which  occurred  in  its  course;  but  has  dis«- 
tiuguished  himself  as  a  man  of  observa- 
tion, and  has  thrown  out  a  variety  of  sug- 
gestions intended  for  the  advantage  of  his 
country.    We  do  not  affirrp^  that  00  part 


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45] 


Borrow* s  Voyage  to  Cochin  China,  etc. 


E4a 


of  bis  reasoning  is  unexceptionable,  but  we 
ft&dj  .acknowledge  our  obligations  to 
him ;  and  confess  that  his  volume  abounds 
with  proo6  of  sound  judgemcni,  and 
vigorous  understanding:  with  novelty, 
amusement,  and  information. 

The  track  pursued  by  the  little  squadron 
charged  with  the  British  embassy  to 
China,  was  nearly  coincident  with  tliat 
usaailj  adopted  by  our  Indiamen :  from 
England  to  Madeira,  and  Teneriffe,  to 
Brazil,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the 
Straits  of  Sunda,  Batavia,  and  from  thence 
to  China :  avoiding,  however,  in  this  in- 
stance Canton,  and  landing  at  a  port  much 
nearer  to  Pekin. 

Without  attempting  a  particular  analv- 
sis  of  this  work:  we  shall  insert  for 
public  benefit  a  selection  of  passages  which 
may  enable  our  readers  to  estimate  the 
coosideration  due  to  the  labours  of  Mr. 
fiarrow.  If  we  cannot  on  every  subject 
regard  them  as  complete,  yet  we  consi- 
der their  author  as  much  more  deserving 
of  commendation,  for  what  he  has  com- 
municated, than  of  censure  for  deficien- 
cies, which,  whatever  be  our  wishes,  his 
in^ifficlent  opportunities  forbad  him  the 
means  of  supplying. 

.  The  Island  ©t  Madeira  is  so  well  known, 
that  we  shall  merely  state  the  proportion 
of  its  exports  taken  by  different  countries : 
viz. 

Pipes. 
To  the  East  Indies  -  -  5,500 
To  England  ,  -  .  4,500 
To  the  West  Indies  -  -  3,000 
To  America,  and  by  Ameri- 
cans      -  -  -         -     2,000 


15,000 
The  value  of  which,  with  a  little  fruit, 
flnd  other  articles  may  be  estimated  at 
^500,000.  The  balance  of  cash  against 
Great  Britain  is  about  ^£'100,000.  per 
annum. 

The  population  of  the  inlands  under  the 
Portuguese,  and  Spanish  governments,  is 
wretched  in  the  extreme.  Mr.  B.  met  at 
TenerilTe  with  a  descendant  of  the  original 
inhabitants  of  the  island,  called  the 
Gmanckes,  He  was  a  tall,  muscular  fi- 
gure, perfectly  upright,  active,  and  vigo- 
rous, though  more  than  sixty  years  of  age, 
of  a  sallow  complexion,  with  high  cheek 
bones,  nose  rather  flattened,  lips  some- 
what thick,  and  long  black  hair.  The 
PHiDber  of  this  race  of  Bo^n  remaining  is 


very  few,  perhaps  not  more  than  a  dozen 
on  the  whole  island. 

A  very  interesting  description  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  is  given  by  Mr.  B.  He  has 
also  favoured  us  with  a  plan  of  the  har- 
bour, and  two  views  of  the  coast  around 
the  town.  From  the  present  state  of  pub- 
lic report,  we  attach  uncommon  impor- 
tance  to  these  documents,  and  shall  trans- 
cribe a  part  of  their  contents. 

The  first  remarkable  object  after  passing 
Cape  Frio,  is  a  gap  or  rent  in  the  verdant 
ridze  of  mountains  which  skirts  the  sea-cbast. 
This  chasm  appears  from  a  distance,  like  a  nar- 
row portal  between  two  checks  of  solid  stone. 
The  cheek  on  the  left  or  western  side,  is  a  so- 
lid stone  of  a  sugar  loaf  form.  A  solid  mass 
of  hard  sparkling  granite,  680  feet  high  alwve 
the  surface  out  ot  which  it  rises.  The  opposite 
cheek  is  of  the  same  material ;  but  has  a  regu- 
lar and  easy  slope  from  Uie  water's  edge  to  the 
summit. 

A  little  island  strongly  fortified,  just  within 
the  entrance,  contracts  tne  passage  to  the  width 
of  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile.  Having 
cleared  this  channel,  one  of  the  most  magnifi- 
cent scenes  in  nature  bursts  upon  the  enrap- 
tured eye.  Let  any  one  imagipe  to  himself  an 
immense  sheet  of  water  running  back  into  the 
heart  of  a  beautiful  country,  to  the  disumce  of 
about  thirty  miles,  where  it  is  bounded  by  a 
screen  of  lofty  mountains,  always  niiyestic, 
whether  their  rugged  and  shancless  summits 
are  tinged  with  azure  or  purple,  or  buried  in 
the  clouds.  Let  him  imagme  this  sheet  of  wa- 
ter gradually  to  expand,  frum  the  narrow  portal 
through  wiVich  it  communicates  with  the  sea, 
to  the  width  of  twelve  or  fourteen  miles,  to  be 
everywhere  studded  with  innumerable  little 
islands,  scattered  over  its  surface  in  every  di- 
versity of  sha|)e,  and  exhibiting  everj-  variety 
of  trait  that  an  exuberant  and  nicessant  vege- 
tation is  capable  ofafiording.  Let  him  con- 
ceive the  shores  of  these  islands  to  be  so  frin- 
ged with  fragrant  and  beautiful  shrubs,  not 
f>Ianted  by  man,  but  scattered  by  the  ciLsy  and 
iberalhand  of  nature,  as  completely  to  be  con- 
cealed in  their  verdant  covering.  Let  him  fi- 
gure to  himself  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water. 
with  its  numerous  islands,  to  he  encompassed 
on  every  side  by  hills  of  a  moderate  height,  ris-' 
ing  in  gradual  succession  above  each  other, 
all  profusely  clad  in  lively  green,  and  crowned 
witn  groupies  of  the  noblest  trees,  while  theii 
shores  are  indented  with  numberless  inlets, 
shooting  their  arms  across  the  most  delidiliul 
vallies,  to  meet  the  murnmring  rills,  and  bear 
their  waters  into  the  vast  and  common  reser- 
voir of  all.  In  short,  let  him  imagine  to  him- 
self a  succession  of  Mount  Edgecumbes  to  be 
continued  along  tlie  shores  of  a  mngnificcnt 
lake,  not  less  In  circuit  than  a  hundred  miles; 
and  having  placed  thiese  in  a  climate  whert 
C  4 


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47] 


Barrow's  Voyage  to  Cochin  China,  etc. 


[48 


sprinj5  forever  resides,  in  all  the  glow  of  youth- 
ful vigour,  he  "will  still  possess  only  a  verj-  im- 
perfect idea  of  the  magnificent  scenen^- display- 
ed within  the  capacious  harbour  of  llio  de  Ja- 
neiro; which,  as  an  harbour,  whether  it  be 
considered  in  the  liglit  of  aifording  security  and 
convenience  for  shipping,  for  its  locality  of  po- 
sition, or  fertility  of  the  adjacent  country,  may 
justly  be  ranked  among  the  firet  o{  naval 
stations. 

The  town  of  Rio,  or,  to  speak  with  be- 
coming dignity  of  the  capital  of  the  Brazils, 
the  city  of  St.  Sebastian,  is  charmingly  situa- 
ted, on  a  projecting  quadrangular  proni'ontory, 
of  an  irregular  fonn,  three  of  whose  sides  are 
oppa'ied  to  the  harbour,  and  the  fourth  shel- 
tered from  the  prevailing  westerly  winds  by  a 
screen  of  high  hills  well  covered  with  wood. 
The  side  of  the  town,  which  is  next  to  that 
part  of  the  harbour  where  the  shippmg  us^ial- 
Jy  lie  at  anchor,  is  nearly  a  mile  and  a  naif  in 
length;  and  the  depth  inwards  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile.  The  northern  angle  of  the 
promontory,  is  a  bold  broken  eminence,  on 
one  point  of  which  there  is  a  regular  fortifica- 
tion, and  on  the  other  a  con  vent  of  Benedic- 
tine monks,  which,  being  also  surrounded 
with  lines  of  defence,  is  actually,  as  well  as 
metaphorically^  a  church  militant.  The 
heights  completely  command  tlie  to^^-n,  and 
the  anchorage ;  and  they  appear  to  command 
also,  at  least  they  are  on  a  level  with,  the 
strongest  work  in  the  harbour,  on  which  the 
defence  of  the  place  is  thought  principally  to 
depend.  This  is  the  llha  dos  Cobras,  or 
Snake  Island,  a  rock  of  about  eighty  feet  high 
at  the  point  on  which  tlie  citadel  stands,  and 
slanting  to  eight  at  the  opposite  end ;  iXs  length 
is  300  yards ;  and  it  is  detached  by  a  narrow 
but  veiy  deep  chanTiel  from  the  eminence  on 
which  the  Benedictine  convent  is  situated. 
Hound  e\ery  side  of  this  strongly  fortified 
island,  and  close  to  its  shores,  ships  of  the 
greatest  draught  of  water  may  lie  in'perfcct  se- 
curit)*.  Here  also  are  a  commodious  dock- 
}-ard,  an  arsenal  of  naval  stores,  a  sheer  hulk, 
and  a  wharf  for  heaving  down  and  careening 
shipping.  The  largest  fleets,  however,  may 
anchor  m  this  capacious  harbour,  intirely  out 
of  the  reach  of  any  of  the  guns  that  are  mount- 
ed on  the  forts. 

The  government  allows  no  stranger  to 
remain  on  shore  after  sun -set :  nor  even 
to  walk  the  street  in  the  day-time,  witl^- 
out  a  soldier  at  his  heels.  Though  the  sun 
was  tiearly  vertical,  yet  the  heal  was  not 
insupportable.  Thermometer  in  the  day 
from  7d"  to  84°  of  Fahrenheit.  The 
nights  were  most  disagreeable ;  and  the 
torment  occasioned  by  insects,  especially 
the  mu^quito,  was  intolerable.  The  state 
of  manners  is  extremely  lamentable.  Mr. 
B.  ^bandoos  the  gentlemen    to   unqua- 


lified censure;  but  he  endeavours  to 
vindicate  the  ladies;  nevertheless,  if  the 
testimony  of  their  confessors  may  be  ta- 
ken as  evidence,  tlie  gallantry  ot  Mr.  B.  is 
more  conspicuous  than  his  success  in  this 
attempt.  The  political  speculations  of  otir 
author,  incline  to  the  opinion,  that  the 
Portuguese  Brazilians  are  discontented, 
and  would  without  much  reluctance  ha- 
zai^d  the  interruption  of  their  present  tran- 
quillity, in  hopes  of  those  improvements 
in  their  circumstances  which  might  be 
promised  them  by  an  enterprising  revo- 
lutionist, of  popular  manners  and  address^ 
and  derived  from  among  their  European 
ancestry. 

How  far  the  exactions  and  monopolies 
of  tlie  mother  country  might  justify  such 
an  extremity,  we  give  no  opinion ;  but 
we  may  safely  aiBrra,  that  a  more  liberal 
policy  in  Portugal,  as  a  mother  country, 
towards  its  colonies,  would  find  an  ample 
reward  in  their  prosperity,  which  would 
tiltimately  centre  in  itself. 

The  native  Brazilians  maintain  a  vio- 
lent antipathy  to  the  Portuguese.  Brazil 
afifords  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  fi- 
nest Umber,  suitable  for  all  the  purposes  of 
civil  and  naval  architecture:  and  ships 
equal  in  size  to  an  English  74  gun  ship, 
have  been  built  in  the  coimtry.  We  learn 
also  that 

In  addition  to  the  timber  for  naval  purposes, 
whicn  every  where  abounds,  the  forests  of  the 
Brazils  supply  a  number  of  valuable  woods  for 
dyeing,  as  the  Ccesalpina  Br  a  zilieiisis  or  Btsl- 
ziUetta,  the  Heemaioxyium  Campcchianum  or 
logwood,  and  the  Morus  Tinctotia  or  fustic 
wood,  all  of  which,  however,  are  royal  mono- 
polies. Of  medicinal  plants  they  have  the 
Dark,  the^alap,  the  ipecicuanna  root,  the  pal- 
ma  chrisU,  and  many  others,  with  a  great  va- 
riety of  odoriferous  plants,  and  trees  that  yield 
turpentine,  eums,  and  resins.  Tobacco  and 
pepper  may  be  cultivated  to  any  extent,  and 
the  fields  and  forests  afford  an  inexhaustible 
supply  of  wax  and  honey.  The  tropical  fmits 
of  c\'ery  description,  whether  of  the  eastern  or 
western  hemisphere,  are  good  in  quality  and 
abundantly  plentiful.  The  oranges,  pine  aj)- 
ples,  and  mangoes  are  exquisite.  All  Kinds  of 
vegetables  are  plentiful.  The  fish  market  is 
well  supplied. 

The  town  and  district  of  Rio  de  Janeiro 
is  not  favourable  to  *'  an  apparent  vigour 
of  health!" 

The  account  given  by  Mr.  B.  of  the 
"  labours  of  the  table/*  at  Batavia,  is  ex* 
treraely  amusing:  and  contributes  to  ex* 
plain  the  reasons  of  that  excessive  wast^ 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


49} 


Barrotv's  Voyage  to  Cochin  £hina,  etc, 


of  life  for  which,  this  city  is  ^mous.  The 
nomber  of  inhabitants  within  tlie  walls  is 
5,270.  Afid,  including  the  adjoining  vil- 
lages, about  150,000.  But  the  total  po- 
polation  within  the  extent  of  tlie  govern - 
nMnt  of  Batavia  is  reckoned  at  11 5^000 
sools  5  that  of  all  the  Dutch  settlements 
on  Jara,  collectively,  at230,0C3,  that  of 
the  whole  island  is  guessed  at  2,000,000. 
The  noortality  is  about  4000  per  annum 
at  Batavia.  A  detachment  of  Wirtem- 
bargh  troops  in  179I  consisting  of  six  ofti-  ' 
cers  and  2/0  raen,  lost  in  one  year  five 
oflficers  and  150  privates. 

At  the  period  of  Mr.  B's.  visit  the  go- 
remment  in  Cochin  China,  was  in  a  very 
vioettled  state  j  and  not  the  least  interest- 
ii^  portion  of  his  volume  is  that  which 
Barrates  the  history  and  character  of  its 
King:  whose  family  having  been  driven 
from  the  throne,  by  an  usurper,  himself 
exiled,  and  during  many  years  obliged  to 
itudy  concealment,  yet,  by  wise  measures, 
by  personal  valour,  by  indefatigable  perse- 
verance, aided  by  good  fortune,  and  the 
councils  of  a  sagacious  French  missionary, 
with  whom  he  had  visited  £urope,  this 
prince  not  only  regained  all  he  hid  lost, 
bat  had  the  prospect  of  enlarging  his  do- 
minions. While  in  Europe,  by  a  treaty 
with  France,  he  assigned  to  that  politic 
power  an  establishment,  which,  had  it 
succeeded,  would  have  placed  our  China 
trade,  if  not  our  Indian  empire,  in  great, 
jeopardy.  Such,  at  least,  is  the  opinion 
of  Mr.  B.  It  is  fit  that  the  name  of  this 
hero,  at  once  a  sovereign,  legislator,  gene- 
ra], admiral,  naval  architect,  and  a  gentle- 
man, should  be  known  and  respected 
among  us ;  it  is  Caun-shuvg,  He  is,  in 
1 S06,  nearly  lif^y  years  of  ageu  He  vene- 
rates the  chafacter  of  the  English  :  and  ad- 
mits our  ghips  into  his  ports  free  of  du- 
ties. He  has  an  army  of  1 13,000  men  :  a 
luunerous  navy;  and  139,000  sailors  and 
naval  artificers.  We  must  acknowledge, 
that  his  treaty  with  France,  and  the  pos- 
sibility of  its  being  rendered  effective  un- 
der some  diversity  of  form,  together  with 
the  European  science  acquired  by  this 
monarch,  imparts  to  Cochin  China  an 
importance  which  we  Had  not  before  at- 
tributed to  it. 

Cochin  China  appears  to  be  a  plentiful 
country:  it  lies  in  the  direct  course  of  our 
China  fleets  :  it  possesses  seaire  and  ca- 
pacious harbours  ;  capable  of  perfect  pri- 
f^cjr,  with  respect  to  die  operations  of 


[50 

which  they  might  be  the  scenes.  Tlie  re- 
ception of  the  embassy  was  favourable, 
though  guarded  J  and  the  visitors  were 
entertained  with  music,  shows,  interludes, 
and  good  cheer.  The  manners  of  the  peo- 
ple closely  resemble  dio^e  of  the  Chinese 3 
but  they  seem  to  have  more  liberty  iu 
some  of  their  priuciples,  and  more  licen- 
tiousness in  others.  Their  religious  rites, 
their  writings,  and  their  dresses,  conform 
to  those  of  China. 

The  drudgeries  of  life,  are  laid  on  the 
women.  They  perform  the  labours  of  til- 
lage :  they  superintend  die  details  of  com- 
merce: tiiey  assist  in  constructing  and. 
keeping  in  repair  their  mud  built  cottages: 
they  manage  boats :  manuiiacture  ear&ea 
ware  ^  and  spin  cotton  wool,  wiiich  tliej 
also  dye  and  make  up  into  dresses  foe 
themsdvcsand  their  families.  The  beau- 
ty of  the  sex  is  mentioned  in  tt^ms  of 
contempt  by  our  author  :  perhaps  those  of 
brighter  complexions  were  less  exposed  to 
his  observation.  His  general  opinion, 
however,  is,  that  *'  nothing  met  tlie  eye 
which  could  impress  the  mind  of  a  stran- 
ger witn  high  notions  of  the  happy  condi- 
tion of  this  people."  Mr.  B.  has  a  diaptcr 
expressly  ou  the  commercial  adviuitage 
derivable  from  an  intercourse  with  this 
kingdom.     He  observes,  that 

Cpchin  Chinn  famishes  many  valuable  arti- 
cles *iuitahle  lor  the  China  u:arket,  and  would 
0]>tn  a  new  and  vtry  conbicierahic  vent  foe 
many  of  our  uianufactures  ;  a  ad  its  himatiou 
in  the  direct  route  from  England  to  China  is 
an  unexceptionable  consideration.  The  forests 
of  Cochin  China  produce,  for  instance,  a 
variety  of  scented  woods,  as  the  rose  wood, 
eagle  wood,  and  sandal  wood  ;  all  of  which 
are  hiehly  acceptable  in  the  China  mariiets. 
and  l)ear  most  exUravagant  prices.  Tiic 
Cochin  Chinese  cinnamon,  diont^h  of  a 
coarse  grain  and  a  strong  pungent  fiavour,  is 
preferrSl  by  the  Chinese  to  that  of  Ceylon, 
it  is  said  to  be  a  s|x!cies  of  C;issla,  and  not  of 
the  Laums.  For  ritv  there  is  a  never  failing 
demand  in  the  popidous  citv  of  Canton,  ana 
sugar  and  pep|)er  are  equally  accq>table ;  all 
of  which  arc  moat  abundantly  produced  in  the 
fertile  vallies  of  Cochm  Chiila.  The  price  of 
sugar  at  Turon  was  about  thret  dollars  for 
133  lb. ;  of  pepper,  six  or  eight  dollars  for  the 
same  q»iantity,  and  of  ric«,  onlv  half  a  dol- 
lar. To  these  productions  maybe  added  the 
arua  nut,  cardam<nn8,  ginger,  and  other 
spices ;  swallows*  nests,  which  are  collected 
in  great  abundance  on  the  hrpe  cluster  of 
islands  running  parallel  with  the  coast,  and 
known  in  the  cnarts  by  the  name  of  the 
Paracets ;  the  Bichof  do  Alar,  or  sea-snakei. 


Digit 


zed  by  Google 


41] 


SarroU'^s  Foyage  to  Cochin  Chinas  §te. 


l5^ 


more  properly  8ea-slogs>  and  usually  called 
Trepan  in  commercial  language,  which  with 
sharks*  fins,  Moluscas  or  •2a-blubbers,  and 
other  marine  products  of  a  gelatinous  quality 
whether  animal  or  v^table,  are  at  all  times 
in  demand  by  the  Chinese.  It  furnishes 
besides  many  other  valuable  products,  as  gum 
be,  camboge,  indigo,  elephants*  tecih,  cot- 
Ion,  and  raw  silk  ;  and  there  seemed  to  be  no 
\vant  in  the  country  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper.  The  hilts  of  the  officers  swords  and 
the  clasps  of  their  belts  were  generally  made  of 
silver,  but  we  frequently  observed  them  of 
solid  gold.  It  is  said,  indeed,  that  a  very  rich 
gold  mine  has  lately  been  discovered  near 
Jiu/f  the  northern  capital.  Sih'er  is  brought 
to  market  in  bars  about  five  inches  long,  in 
value  about  eleven  Spanish  dollars. 

We  submit  this  discussion  to  the  con- 
sideration of  the  well  informed  Directors 
of  our  £ast  India  Company. 

Annexed  to  the  voyage  of  Mr.  Barrow, 
in  an  account  of  a  journey  of  discovery  in 
Southern  Africa,  which  will  be  read  with 
considerable  interest,  by  those  who  atten- 
tively investigate  the  human  character.  It 
was  performed  by  Messrs.  Truter  and  So- 
merville,  commissioned  by  the  English 
government  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
.  They  were  accompanied  by  an  escort  of 
Dutch  Boors,  who  proved  to  be  of  no  use, 
and  of  Hottentots  whose  services  were 
much  more  acceptable  than  the  lifeless 
.  exertions  of  the  former. 

We  shall  not  entertain  our  readers  with 
descriptions  of  barren  Karroos,  or  plains 
without  moisture,  and  of  course  wilhout 
verdure :  the  seats  of  misery  and,  wretch- 
edness !  Mr.  Truter  met  with  several  in- 
dividuals of  the  Bojesman  tribe,  the  prey 
of  wants,  which  he  humanely  relieved. 
After  having  passed  the  boundaries  of  the 
colony,  proceeding  northward,  the  party 
crossed  the  Orange  river,  and  met  with  inha- 
bitants of  much  superior  character  to  any 
they  had  ever  known.  More  elegant  in 
the  forms  of  their  persons,  more  social  in 
their  manners,  more  cleanly,  more  inge- 
nious :  and  every  way  superior  to  their 
southern  neighbours. 

Continuing  their  route,  they  arrived  at 
a  city  !  a  city  in  southern  Africa,  which 
manifested  the  existence  of  civil  polity, 
and  the  advantages  of  regular  government. 
Here  they  found  a  friend  in  the  king.  The 
women  brought  milk  hi  leathern  bags,  in 
wooden  bowls,  and  in  earthen  pots,  suffi- 
cient for  the  use  of  the  whole  expedition. 
Here  they  excited  as  much  curiosity  at 
they  themselves  experienced  ;  and  nume- 
rous bodies  of  the  natives  surrounded 


them,  during  the  day  5  nevertheless 
as  night  approached,  the  people  gra- 
dually left  the  encampment,  and  our  tra- 
vellers, retired  to  rest  with  the  utmost 
composure,  perfectly  free  from  every 
anxiety  as  to  their  personal  safety.  Tha 
name  of  this  city  is  Leetakoo,  The  name 
of  its  king,  is  MooUahaban, 

The  town  o{ Leetakoo,  according  to  the  diw 
reel  ion  and  the  distance  travelled  by  the  expe- 
dition from  the  Hoegevekl,  is  situated  in  lati- 
tude 26»  30"  south,   and  longitude  27'  east. 
A  river,  which  from  the  width  of  the  channel 
must  occiisionally  be  of  considerable  size,  runs 
through  the  midst  of  it.    The  town,  in  its 
circumference,   was  estimated  to  be  fully  as 
lan^c  as  Cape  Town,  including  all  the  gardens 
of  Table  Valley;  but  fVom  the  irregularity  of 
tlie  streets,  ancl  the  lowness  of  the  buildings^ 
it  was  impossible  to  ascertain,  with  any  degree 
of  accuracy,  the  number  of  houses ;  it  was 
concluded,  however,  that  thev  could  not  be 
less  tlian  two  nor  more  than  three  thousand, 
all  nearlv  of  the  same  size  and  construction, 
and  diilering  in   nothing  from  that  of  the 
chief,  except  that  his  was  a  little  larger  than 
the  others.     The  whole  population,  including 
men,  women,  and  chilaren,  they  considerea 
to  be  from  ten  to  fifteen  thousand  persons. 
Round   numbers  are  rarely  exact.    The  two 
commissioners,  it  seems,  at  the  end  of  iifteea 
days,  on  comparing  notes,  found  that  the  esti- 
mate of  one  was  ten,  of  the  other  fifteen  thou- 
sand.    The  tmth  may  probably  lie  in  the  mid- 
dle.    The  ground  plan  of  every  house  was  a 
complete  circle,  from  twelve  to  nfteen  feet  in 
diameter ;  the  floor  of  hard  beaten  clay,  raised 
about  four  inches  above  the  general  surface  of 
the  enclosure.     About  one-fourth  nart  of  the 
circle,  which  was  the  front  of  the  house,  and 
observed  generally  to  face  the  east,  was  entire- 
ly open ;  the  other  three-fourths  were  walled 
up  with  clay  and   stones,   to  the  height  of 
about  five  feet.    By  aa  inner  circular  wall 
passing  through  the  centre,  and  described  with 
the  same  radius  as  that  of  the  6rst  circle,  and 
consequendy  cutting  off  one-third  of  the  cir- 
cumference, an  apartment  is  formed  for  the 
depositing  of  their  valuables,  at  skin  clothing, 
ivory  ornaments,  hassaguis,  knives,  and  other 
articles  which  to  them  are  of  essential  use.  In 
this  apartment,  also,  the  elder  part  of  the  fa- 
mily take  their  ni^tly  rest.    The  children 
sleep  in  the  half  closed  viranda,  which  com- 
prehends two-thirds  of  the  circumference  of 
the  circle. 

The  plan  of  this  cabin  will  be  best  un- 
derstood from  the  following  sketch.  It 
exhibits  a  degree  of  skill  andcontrivaace 
not  to  say  of  elegance,  very  superior  indeed 
to  the  clumsy,  inconvenient,  confined  and 
filthy  habitatioas  of  the  Hottentots  iu  th« 
South. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


53] 


Orme't  Graphic  Btstory  (jf  Lord  NtltOH. 


A.Tbatch.-.-B.  Mud  wall.— C.  Raisod  floor. 


Open  Front. 

These  people  depend  much  on  the  sup- 
port they  derive  from  their  animals,  whe- 
ther milk  or  flesh  :  but  they  also  cultivate 
the  lands  around  them.  They  smoke  to- 
bacco; and  take  snufl"  "  till  the  tears 
trickle  down  their  cheeks!'*  They  orna- 
ment their  persons  with  devices  painted 
with  white  pipe-clay  :  they  decorate  their 
heads  with  plumes.  Religious  worship 
they  have  none :  religious  ideas  very  few, 
and  feeble :  tear  is  the  inciting  cause  of 
their  devotions. 

ThP  policy  of  King  MooHahalan,  pre- 
▼ented  the  further  progress  of  the  com- 
missioners :  we  regret  that  he  had  re- 
course to  falsity.  But  perhips,  we  should 
term  prudence  his  preventing  our  tra- 
vellers irora  visiting  the  Barroloos  :  a  na- 
tion described  as  excellent  cultivators,  skil- 
ful in  carving,  in  smelting  of  ores,  and  in 
architecture.  We  rejoice  tliat  our  ad- 
venturers returned  in  safety  to  the  Cape, 
and  are  pleased  that  Mr.  Truter  praises 
God  for  his  protection  ijD  this  long  and 
Jiazardous  expedition. 

Besides  the  subjects  at  which  we  have 
fcioiedj  the  rpad^r  will  find  ipany  articles 


C54 

of  Natural  History,  treated  in  this  work 
with  considerable  ability ;  and  numeroua 
incidental  hints  of  various  descriptions,  for 
which  we  must  refer  to  the  volume  itsjelf. 
The  engravings,  in  number  twenty,  aro 
executed  in  aquatinta,  aud  coloured  so  at 
closely  to  imitate  drawings.  They  add 
very  much  to  the  appearanc*  and  interest 
of  the  book. 

— '" — III  ■      -."■■-      '  ■  ■      '  * 

Ormes  Graphic  History  of  the  Life,  Ejy 
ploits,  and  D^ath  of  Horatio  Atlson, 
discount  and  Baron  Aelson  of  the  Nile, 
&c.  containing  fifteen  engravings,  and 
intended  as  an  accompaniment  to  the 
three  celebrated  whole  sheet  plates  of 
his  Lordship's  splendid  Victories.  With 
Memoirs,  by  Franc  is  William  Blagdon, 
Esq..  folio  pp.  about  80      Price  21.  2« 
London,  Orme,  1806. 
LORD  Nelson's  renown  has  rendered 
him  an  exceiient  subject  tor  poeti}-,  de- 
clamation, and  graphic  representation.    It 
is  not,  indeed,  pretended  that  either  of 
these  modes  of  conferring  applause  can 
do  justice  to  his  merit;  none  but  a  sea- 
man  like   himself,    can    estimate    that : 
neither  can  the    mcst   detni'ed   delinea- 
tion convey  any   idea  approaching  cor- 
rectness,  of  the  activity,   the  exertion, 
and  the   prowess  exhibited   in  the  pro- 
gress of  such  actions  as  it  was  his  Loid- 
sliip's  fortune  to   conduct.      A  general 
idea,  and  that  very  limited  in   point  of 
time,  is  all  which  ought  to  be  expected ; 
but,  because  all  that  is  desirable  cannot 
be  accomplished,  we  are  not  to  discredit 
the  Arts,  by  inferring,  that  what  they  of- 
fer is  despicable.     They  can  record  events 
of  magnitude,  in  a  iangaage  which  needs 
no  explanation,  to  whatever  part  of  the 
world  it  is  addressed;  and  they  commu- 
nicate, with  a  celerity  beyond  the  power 
of  narration,  the  leading  ideas  with  which 
they  are  charged.  Reflect i)n  may,  more- 
over, trace  in  their  sup(  rior  compositions 
other  circumstances  of  no  j^mall  interest, 
though   less  obvious,   and  requiring  the 
attentive  eye,  and  intelligent  msod.     The 
whole  of  a  capital   production  is  seldom 
seen   or  understood  bv  a  casual  observer: 
some  industry,  and  much  information  are 
necessary  to  the  adequate  comprehension 
of  an   artist's  labours.     It  is,   therefore, 
undeniable,  that  the  artist  himself  must 
have  deeply  studied  his    subject  j    must 
have   availed   himself  of  every    informa- 
tion, not  of  the  principal  circumstances 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


«] 


Histoire  particulierc  des  Evtnemens,  ^c.  par  Vdrenne. 


[5<> 


©nly,  but  of  those  which,  though  appa- 
rently minor,  are  yet  indispensable.  These 
roast  have  long  occupied  his  mind,  as  sub- 
jects of  vigorous  meditation;  and,  if  he.  de- 
igns that  his  labours  should  establish  their 
daims  to  superiority,  he  must  mature  his 
reflections,  compose  his  subject  in  idea,  re- 
consider it,  iiudy  what  is  most  probable, 
what  is  most  becoming,  what  is  most  af- 
fecting in  its  nature,  in  its  situation,  in 
its  relation  to  objects  around  it ;  and, 
after  having  well  mvestigated  the  whole, 
and  every  part,  he  must  adopt  that,  which 
all  things  considered,  appears  to  be  pre- 
ferable. The  difHculties  attending  recent 
circumstances  are  augmented  by  the  far 
miliarityof  the  public  with  the  events;  by 
the  recollections  of  those  who  were  pre- 
sent at  them,  and  by  the  discordant  opi- 
nions of  those  who  having  formed  their 
own  conceptions,  insist  on  the  conformity 
of  others  to  their  dogmas,  on  pain  of  cen- 
sure, if  not  of  defamation. 

Under  these  disadvantages  Mr.  Orme 
kas  laboured  in  composing  the  work  be- 
fore us.  The  prints  it  includes  have  been 
published,  separately,  at  various  times,  as 
the  incidents  occurred.  They  are  there- 
ibre  void  of  uniformity  as  to  size,  shape, 
character,  and  execution.  Some  of  them 
are  engraved  in  the  chalk  manner,  otiiers 
in  aquatinta,  others  m  lines.  Some  oc- 
cupy the  whole  page,  others  are  folded, 
compriMug  two  pages ;  and  others  are 
bead-pieces  extending  in  width  more  than 
the  page  will  allow,  to  which  their  height 
bears  no  proportion.  In  the  copy  under 
our  inspection,  the  battle  of  St.  Vincent, 
i&^placcd  at  the  passage  of  the  Sound,  p. 
25,  there  being  no  blank  to  receive  it, 
where  it  ought  to  be,  in  p.  12.  The  me- 
moir of  Lord  Nelson's  life  is  very  well : 
but  is  already  known  to  the  public  fxim 
other  narraiions  ;  and  the  account  of  his 
funeral,  the  plates  to  which  are  the  most 
Interesting  in  the  volume,  is  of  course, 
coincident  with  the  ceremonials  publish- 
ed by  the  Herald  s  office. 

The  abstract  from  his  Lordship's  will, 
the  poems,  the  extracts  from  poems  in 
which  the  departed  heivr  is  commemora- 
ted, are  at  least  a«  honorable  to  their  com- 
posers as  to  the  compiler ;  and  the  keys 
to  the  pictures  exhibited  in  Bond  Street, 
wc  prAume  will  answer  their  purpose,  if 
they  attract  fieah  gazers  to  the  rooms 
where  their  originals  may  be  ^eeu. 
If  this  work  had  been  intituled  "  A 


"  Collection  of  Prints  published  by  Mr. 
"  Orme,  of  which  Lord  Nelson  is  the 
**  subject,"  it  might  have  had  claims  on 
our  charity  and  benevolence  to  be  consi- 
dered as  somethings  but,  professing  ta 
be  "  A  Graphic  History  of  the  Life,  Ei- 
*'  ploits  and  Death  of  Horatio  Lord  Nel- 
**  son,"  it  is  nothing. 

The  Volume  is  printed  on  fine  paper  j 
and  the  plates  look  shewy,  being  Mostly 
coloured,  though  not  extra.  It  is  singu- 
lar enough  that  in  the  funeral  processioa 
by  water  from  Greenwich  to  Whitehall, 
tiie  firing  of  the  minute  gun  should  be 
totally  omitted,  though  that,  both  to  the 
eye,  and  to  the  ear,  was  one  of  the  most 
striking  incidents  attending  the  solem* 
nity. 

Histoire  partkuliere  des  Ev^nemens,  tsfc. 
Historical  Details  of  Events  which  took 
place  in  France  during  the  Months  of 
June,  July,  August,  and  September, 
1792,  which  eftected  the  Overthrow  of 
the  Throne,  &c.     By  M.  M.  de  la  Va- 
renne,  Jurisconsulttis ;  one  of  the  Vic- 
tims who  escaped  from  the  St.  Bartholo*. 
mew  of  1792.  8vo.  pp.  546.  Paris,  i80& 
Imported  by  Dulau  and  Co.     Price  ps. 
The  Author  publishes  this  volume  sepa- 
rately, though  part  of  a  more  extensive 
histor}'  of  those  calamitous  events  which 
preceded  the  dissolution  of  the  royal  go- 
vernment in  France.      He  supposes  that 
these  details  have  never  been  collected  : 
and  he  supports  the  authenticity  of  some 
of  them  by  legal  proofs.     If  the  horror  we 
have  ever  felt  at  the  massacres  of  those 
(lays  were  capable  of  increase,  this  publi-  * 
cation  is  calculated  to  increase  it.     The 
atrocities  it  narrates  are  too  abominable 
and  barbarous  for  insertion.     "  The  revo- 
lutionary harpies  of  France,  sprung  froin 
night  and  hell,**  in  the  language  of  Mr. 
Burke,  •'  had   tygers  to  ftll  upon  ani- 
mated strength !  they  had  hyenas  to  prey 
upon  carcases  !'* 

Can  we  rise  from  the  perusal  of  a  work 
like  the  present,  without  expressing  our 
gratitude  to  Providence,  that  similar  scenes 
did  not  disgrace  ourselves  ?  We  thank 
God,  that  the  king  of  Great  Britain  j^t 
fills  his  throne,  notwithstanding  all  the 
revolutions  which  have  astonished  Europe : 
and  long  may  his  dignity  be  supported  by 
the  affectionate  energies  of  a  people  in 
whose  hearts  liberty  is  intertw  ned  with 
loyalty. 


Digitized 


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•7} 


Remarks  on  the  Huslandry  of  Bengal, 


tS9 


Remarks  on  the  Huslandry  and  internal 
Commerce  of  Bengal,  -  Calcutta,  printed 
1804.     London,  reprinted  for  the  Au- 
thor.   8vo,  pp.  210.  Price  5s  6d.  Boards. 
Blacks  and  Pany,  1806. 
This  work  does  not  assume  the  charac- 
ter of  a  complete  system  of  Indian  hus- 
handry.      It  is   part  of    a    treatise,    the 
joint  production    of  two  gentlemen,    in 
India,   one  of  whom  dying,    the  other 
thought  proper  to  publish  his  portion  of 
the  work,  on  his  own  aa:ount.     The  ori- 
ginal was  compiled  in  1794,  but  was  cor- 
rected for  the  Calcutta  edition  of  1803  ; 
and  is  now  reprinted  for  the  author.    We 
roust,  therefore,  in  examining  its  contents, 
mmke  allowances  for  the  intenal  between 
those  dates  and  the  present  time :    and 
for  sonae  deficiencies  which  no  doubt  were 
suf^lted  in  that  part  of  the  work  which 
was  composed  by  th«  party  deceased.  From 
the  general  character  of  the  performance, 
M  it  appears  on  perusal,  we  are  induced  to 
regret,   very  sincerely,   that  the  original 
sndertaking  was  left  imperfect.      Never- 
theless, though  not  complete,  we  think  it 
Taluable  5  and  recommend  it  to  the  atten- 
tion of  our  readers. 

The  work  is  divided  into  six  chapters, 
and  treats  of  the  general  aspect,  climate, 
foil,  and  inhabitants  of  Bengal ;  the  hus- 
bandry of  that  province,  the  tenunes  of  its 
<xcapantSy  the  rents,  duties,  &c.  to  which 
it  is  subject ;,  with  remarks  on  its  local 
and  internal  commerce,  on  grain,  piece 
goods,  and  sundry  minor  articles  of 
eiportation.  The  subject  is  of  pecu- 
liar interest  to  merchants,  who  trade  to 
Bengal  5  to  manufacturers  who  employ 
the  raw  materials  derived  from  thence  5 
and  to  those  truly  patriotic  spirits  who  de- 
light in  establishing  the  precedence  of  Bri- 
tish manu^ictures  in  whatever  the  world 
can  produce  as  excellent.  Under  these 
ideas  we  shall  consider  this  tract  j  and 
shall  take  the  opportunity  of  annexing  an 
article  or  two  connected  with  the  subject, 
by  which  we  hope  to  difHise  valuable  in- 
formation, while  at  the  same  time  we  con- 
sult the  taste  and  gratiidcation  of  general 
readers. 

Bengal,  though  comparatively  a  level 
country,  has  several  mountainous  districts. 
The  plains  are  inundated  annually  by  the 
Ganges,  and  produce  rice ;  the  mountains 
are  dry,  and  yield  wheat  and  barley.  The 
general  soil  is  clay,  with  a  considerable 
proportion  of  siliceous  sand. 
The  uuHintaipocys  are  jnost  evidently  dis- 


tincuishcd  by  religion,  character,  language, 
and  manners,  as  well  as  by  their  features,  from 
the  Hindu  nation.  Under  various  denomina- 
tions, they  people  that  vast  mountainous  tract 
which  occupies  the  centre  of  India,  and  some 
tribes  of  them  have  not  yet  emer^  from  the 
savage  state.  They  are,  perhajw,  aborigines, 
driven  many  ages  ago  from  the  plains  of  Hin- 
dustan by  tne  Hindu  colonists ;  but  eten  de- 
solate forests,  an  ungrateful  soil,  difficult  roads, 
and  a  noxious  climate,  do  not  presen'e  to  them 
the  unmolested  possession  of  the  dreary  region 
to  which  they  have  retired.  Hindus,  and 
even  Musclmans,  may  be  now  found  inter- 
spersed amongst  them.  It  should  be,  how- 
ever,  noticed,  tliat  these  mountaineers,  in  the 
progress  of  civilization,  do  often  adopt  the 
manners,  and,  in  time,  embrace  the  ic.igion, 
and  assume  the  name,  of  Hindus. 

The  population  of  Bengal,  including 
the  province  of  Benares,  is  stated  by  oui 
author,  at  ;J7,000,000.  We  learn  from 
his  communications  that 

A"  considerable  proportion  of  the  land 
yields  several  crops  wuhin  the  year ;  much 
indeed  yields  only  one ;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  practice  of  crowding  cro|)s  seems 
ill  judged,  and  it  returns  less  m  proix)rtion 
to  the  labour  and  expence  than  successive 
cultivation.  We  may  therefore  assume,  as 
the  middle  course  of  husbandry-,  two  yearly 
harvesu  from  each  field  ;  one  of  white  com, 
and  another  of  pulse,  oil-seed,  or  millet.    • 

We  are  not  to  consider  all  land  as  yield- 
ing two  crops  J  but  that  this  may  bo 
adopted  as  a  kind  of  average. 

Cattle  are  grazed  at  a  very  small  expence. 
It  does  not  exceed  eight  anas  a  head  annually 
for  buffiiloes,  and  four  anas  for  cows. 

The  profits  of  the  dairy  arise  from  the  sale 
of  milk,  of  curds  in  various  fonns,  and  ofcla- 
rifiwl  baiter  i  the  last  is  the.  only  produce 
w  hich  admits  of  being  transported  to  a  distant 
market.  The  buffalo-cow  daily  supplies  the 
dairy  with  two  or  three  sers  of  milk. 

Catde  constitute  the  peasant's  wealth  ;  and 
the  profits  of  stock  would  be  greater,  did  the 
consumption  of  animal  food  t*ike  ofl'  barren 
cows  and  oxen  which  have  jiasscd  their  prime. 
Tliis,  indeed,  cannot  happen  where  the  Hin- 
dus conbiiiute  the  great  mass  of  the  general 
lx>pulation,  since  they  cfmsider  the  slaughter 
of  kine  and  the  eiiiing  of  cows*  flesh  as  sinful. 
But  many  uibes  of  Hindus,  and  even  some 
Bralnnciis,  have  no  objtx;tion  to  the  use  of 
other  animal  food.  At  their  entertainmenu 
it  is  generally  introduced  j  by  some  it  is  daily 
eaten,  and  the  institutes  of'  their  religion  do  - 
require  that  fiesh  should  he  tasted  e\vn  by 
Brahniena  at  solemn  sacrifices,  forbidding, 
however,  the  use  of  it  unless  joined  with  tlie 
perfonnancc  of  such  a  sacrifice.  Daily  pnio-^ 
tice,  however,  is  not  governed  by  rules  ot  li- 
mited cogency ;  and  meat,  (mutton  and  g'wt's 
flesh,)  being  more  than  double  the  pr.ce  of 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


S9l 


Remarh  on  thi  Husbandry  o/Beiigat. 


[6df 


vegetable  foo^>  it  cannot  be  afforded  as  a  com- 
iQon  diet  upon  the  usual  earnings  of  labour. 
Whether  this  circumstance  has  much  influ- 
ence, or  whether  entire  abstinence  from  ani- 
mal food  be  not  rather  ascribable  to  tlie  pre- 
valence of  superstitious  prejudices,  may  be 
Questioned.  Probably  both  have  influence, 
inough  the  latter  has  the  greatest.  From 
whatever  cause  it  arise,  the  consumption  of 
ammal-food  is  not  so  considerable  as  to  render 
&e  stock  of  sheep  an  object  of  general  attcii- 
4ion.  Their  wool  supplies  the  home-consump- 
tion of  blankets,  but  is  too  coarse  and  produces 
too  small  a  price  to  afibrd  a  large  pront  on  this 
stock. 

This  account  agrees  with  remarks  made 
in  Egypt,  on  the  Brahraens  which  accom- 
panied our  Indian  army :  and  it  contri- 
butes to  explain  the  facili-y  with  which 
a  diet  of  animal  food  was  established,, 
eren  among  those  who  Were  eupposed  to 
be  most  averse  to  it.  We  are  informed 
by  Dr.  M'Gregor,  Aled.  Sketches.  Egypt. 
p.  93.  that  "  the  sepoys  suffered  so  much 
from  the  severity  of  the  weather,  and  a 
dimate  very  unlike  their  own,  that  a  por- 
tion of  animal  food,  as  well  as  of  wine, 
was  ordered  to  be  issued  to  them.  The 
prejudices  of  country,  religion,  and  (rfthe 
difi'erent  casts  of  Gentoos,  were  first  over- 
came in  the  Bombay  regiment :  at  length 
the  most  austere  yielded;  and,  finally, 
•ten  the  se^'ere  Brahmin,  as  well  as  the 
rigid  Mussulman,  gave  way  to  the  neces- 
sity inspired  by  their  sitvuition  in  a  foreign 
country." 

The  valuable  articles  of  sugar,  tobacco,  silk, 
cotton,  indigo,  and  opium,  ocing  the  princi- 
pal dependence  of  the  peasant  for  the  supply 
of  conveniences  and  for  accession  of  wealth, 
we  well  deserving  of  particular  consideration. 
Opnun,  it  is  well  known,  has  been  mono- 
polised by  gm-eraraent.  It  is  pr^ndcd  in  the 
pronnccs  of  Bihar  and  Benanes,  and  soW  in 
t'akutta  by  public  sale. — A  learned  and  very 
ingenious  mguirer  estimated  the  produce  of 
one  acre  at  sixty  pounds  of  opium  ;  but  we 
think  he  must  nave  been  misled  by  the  result 
of  trials  on  very  fertile  land  in  a  fortunate  sea- 
son. Such  information  as  we  have  been  able 
to  obtain,  has  led  us  to  estimate  little  more 
than  four  sers  or  eight  pounds. — Many  culti- 
vators obtain  from  the  same  land  a  crop  of 
pot-herbs,  or  some  other  eariy  produce,  before 
the  season  of  srmnng  the  poppy,  but  it  is  rec- 
koned a  bad  practice. — In  estimating;  the  me- 
dium produce,  we  may  advert  to  the  accidents 
of  season,  to  which  this  delicate  plant  is  par- 
tlculariy  liable  from  insects,  wind,  hail,  or 
unseasonable  rain.  The  produce  seklom 
•qnares  with  the  true  average,  bin  commonlv 
runs  in  exUemes :  while  one  cultivator  is  dis- 


appointed, another  reaps  immense  gain ;  one 
season  does  not  pay  the  labour  of  the  culture, 
another,  peculiarly  fortunate,  enriches  all  tlie 
cultivators.  This  circumstance  is  well  suited 
to  allure  man,  ever  confident  of  personal  good 
fortune, 

llie  preparation  of  the  raw  ophim  is  under 
the  immediate  superintendancc  of  the  agent  or 
of  the  contractor.  It  consists  in  evaporating, 
by  exposure  to  tlie  sun,  the  watery  particles, 
w'hicn  are  replaced  by  oil  of  poppv-seed,  to 
prevent  the  drjing  of  the  resiu/  The  opium 
IS  then  fonned  into  cakes,  and  covered  with 
tlie  i)etals  of  the  poppy ;  and,  when  sufti- 
ciently  dried,  it  is  uacked  in  chests,  with  frag- 
ments of  the  capules  from  which  poppy-seeds 
have  been  thrashed  out. 

This  preparation,  though  simple,  requires 
exjx^rt  workmen  able  to  detect  the  many  adul- 
terations which  arc  practised  on  the  raw  juice. 
Tlie  adulteration  of  prepared  opium  is  yet 
more  difficult  to  discover.  It  has  been  sup* 
posed  to  be  commonly  vitiated  with  an  ex- 
tract from  the  leaves  and  stalk  of  the  poppy, 
and  with  gum  of  the  mimosa ;  other  foreign 
admixtures  have  been  conjectured,  such  aa 
cow-dung,  gums,  and  resins,  of  various  sorts, 
and  parched  rice. 

Tobacco,  tliough  an  exotic,  is  now  culti-* 
vated  in  all  parts  of  India. 

From  Benares  to  Rcngpur,  from  the  bor- 
ders of  Asam  to  those  of  Catac,  there  is  scarce- 
ly a  district  in  Bengal  or  ^ts  dependent  pro- 
vinces wherein  the  Sugar-cane  does  not  flou- 
rish. It  thrives  most  especially  in  the  pn>- 
vinces  of  Benares,  Bihar,  Rengpur,  Birbhum, 
Birbwan,  and  Mednipur;  it  is  successfully 
cultivated  in  all,  and  there  seem  to  be  no 
other  bounds  to  the  possible  production  of  su- 
gar in  Bengal,  than  the  limits  of  the  demand 
and  consequent  vend  of  it.  The  growth  for 
home-coubumption  and  for  the  inland  trade  is  , 
vast,  and  it  onlv  needs  encours^^ent  to  equal 
the  demand  of  Kurope  also. 

It  is  cheaply  produced  and  frugally  manu- 
factured. Haw  sugar,  prepared  in  a  uKxle  pe- 
culiar to  Iixlia,  but  analogous  to  the  process 
of  making  muscovado,  costs  less  than  five 
sliillings  sterling  per  cwt^ 

Cotton  is  cultivated  throughout  Bengal. 
Formerly  the  produce  was  nearly  equal  to  the 
consumption,  and  very  little  was  imported  by 
sea  or  brought  from  inland  countries.  But 
the  increase  of  manufactures,  or  the  decline  of 
cultivation,  has  now  gi\'en  rise  to  a  very  laige 
importation  from  the  banks  of  the  Jamuna 
and  from  the  Dekhin.  It  is  there  raised  so 
much  more  cheaply  tlian  in  Bengal,  that  it 
supports  a  succe>i.ful  competition,,  notwith- 
standing liie  heavy  ex[x:nces  of  distant  tran- 
sport by  land  and  water ;  and  under-sells  cot- 
ton of  a  middle  quality  in  those  ver\-  provinces 
where  this  article  was  heretofore  abundantly 
produced.    A  fine  sort  of  cotton  is  still  gnowtt 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


m 


tiemarh  on  the  UmlcMdry  of  Bengal. 


m 


b  the  eastern  districts  of  Bengal,  for  the  most 
delicate  manufactures ;  and  a  coarse  kind  is 
gathered,  in  every  part  of  the  province,  from 
pbnts  thinly  intersjxrrsed  in  fields  of  pulse  or 
^in.  This  last  kind  is  almost  exclusively 
employed  in  the  coarsest  manufactfires  for 
faome^consumption ;  and  the  cotton,  imported 
ihroueh  the  Doab,  chiefly  supplies  tlie  looms 
at  which  better  cloths  are  wove. — Several  spe- 
cies and  numerous  varieties  of  the  plant  aiford 
this  useful  production. 

EUirope  was  antiently  supplied  with  Silk 
through  the  medium  of  Indian  commerce. 
But,  according  to  most  authors,  it  was  the 
produce  of  China  only,  and  even  there  was 
sparingly  pitxluced.  Were  the  fact  important 
it  ini^ht  be  shevm,  that  the  culture  was  not 
unknown  to  the  eastern  parts  of  Hindustan. 
For  the  antient  language  of  India  has  names 
for  the  silk- worm  and  for  manufactured  silk  ; 
MjoA,  among  the  numerous  tribes  of  Hindus, 
derived  from  the  mixture  of  the  original  tribes, 
there  are  two  classes,  whose  appropriated  oc- 
cupations (whence,  too,  they  derive  their  aji- 
peUations)  were  the  feeding  of  silk-worms  and 
the  spirming  of  silk. — ^The  excessive  price 
whkh  silk  bore  in  Europe,  when  it  could  be 
obtained  only  through  the  commerce  of  India, 
leitdered  this  the  most  valuable  article  of  ori- 
ental traffic. — Five  \'arieties  of  silk-worms  are 
distinguished. 

The  tcsser,  or  wild  silk,  is  procured  in  abun- 
dance from  countries  bordering  on  Bengal,  and 
from  some  pro\*iiiccs  included  within  its  limits. 
The  wild  silk-worms  are  there  found  on  seve- 
ral sorts  of  trees,  which  are  common  in  the 
forests  of  Silhet,  Asam,  and  the  D^  khin.  The 
cones  are  large,  hut  sparingly  covered  with 
silk-  In  colour  and  lustre,  too,  the  silk  is  far 
inferior  to  that  of  the  domesticated  insect. 
But  its  cheapness  renders  it  useful  in  the  fabri- 
cation of  coarse  silks.  The  production  of  it 
may  be  increased  by  encouragement,  and  a 
very  laige  quantity  may  be  exported  in.  the 
raw  state  at  a  very  moderate  rate.  It  might 
be  used  in  Europe  for  the  preparation  of  silk 
goods ;  and,  mixed  with  wool  or  cotton, 
might  form,  as  it  now  does  in  India,  a  beau- 
tiful and  acceptable  manufacture. 

The  manutacture  of  Indigo  apncars  to  have 
been  known  and  practised  in  India  at  the 
eariicst  period.  From  this  country,  whence 
the  dye  obtains  its  name,  Eurobe  was  antiently 
supplied  with  it,  until  the  proauce  of  America 
engrossed  the  market. — ^The  better  manage- 
ment of  America  in  pre^ring  the  indi^,  ra- 
ther than  any  essential  difference  in  the  inten- 
tion of  the  progress,  transferred  the  supply  of 
die  market  to  America ;  for,  it  is  now  well 
ascertained  tliat  the  indigo  of  Bengal,  so  far  as 
ks  natoral  quality  may  bo  solely  considered,  is 
fUfierior  to  that  of  North  America  and  equal 
to  the  best  o£  ^itlh  ' 


Various  other  articles,  the  ptodnctioii 
or  manufacture  of  which  is  capable  of 
great  augmentation,  are  also  enumerated : 
such  as  salt-petre,  hides,  starch,  liquorice^ 
ginger,  anatto,  and  sundry  colouring  drugs^ 
also  tea  and  coflee 

That  the  population  of  Bengal  is  capable 
of  effecting  very  great  increase  in  the  pro- 
ductions ot  this  country,  we  are  assured  | 
and  that  the  rigid  distinctions  of  cast,  are 
not  so  strictly  maintained  as  to  justify  snj 
apprehension  of  failure  on  that  account, 
is  inferred  from  the  daily  occurrences  ia 
Bengal,  where  it  is  common  to  see  Brah- 
mens  exercising  the  menial  profession  of 
a  sudra,  aiKi  sudras  elevated  to  stations  of 
respectability  and  importance.  It  is  true, 
that  every  cast  has  clubs,  lodges,  or  asso- 
ciations, peculiar  to  itself  j  nevertheless, 
professions,  with  few  exceptions,  are  open 
to  t)ersons  of  every  description.  And  the 
discouragements  arising  from  religious  pre>- 
judices,  are  not  greater,  says  our  author, 
than  those  resulting  from  the  mimicipai 
and  corporation  laws  of  Britain. 

We  have  no  occasion  to  enlarge  on  tho 
muslin  trade  of  India  ;  either  on  the  ele- 
gance and  beauty  of  its  productions,  the 
delicacy  of  their  texture,  or  iheir  distinc- 
tions and  kinds.  Nor  on  the  silk  goods, 
or  the  mixtures,  derived  from  varioof 
places,  and  known  by  various  names.  We 
could  have  been  glad,  however,  if  the 
writer  had  not  dismissed  the  article  hemp 
in  that  cursory  manner  which  ill  oorre- 
sponds  with  its  importance.  The  only 
notice  he  takes  of  it,  is  p.  201,  where  he 
tells  us,  **  hemp  may  be  prepared  from 
the  j>lant  already  cultivated  here  for  a  dif- 
ferent purpose,  and  relieve  Great  Britain 
from  the  heavy  tribute  which  her  com- 
merce and  navy  now  pay  to  Russia." 

Hemp,  undoubtedly,  is  cultivated  in 
India,,  for  the  preparation  of  l^ang,  an 
intoxicating  drug,  used  instead  of  opium, 
and  for  much  the  same  purposes  :  but  we 
wonder  it  should  escape  our  author,  that 
it  has  been  the  subject  of  attention  to  our 
government.  The  Privy  Council,  in  a 
letter  to  the  Court  of  Directors  oftheEast- 
Ihdia  Company,  dated  Feb.  4,  Ja03,  re- 
commended to  the  Court  to  encourage  as 
riiuch  as  possible,  the  growth  of  strong 
Hemp,  in  India,  for  naval  purpose* 
chiefly  j  with  which  recommendation  the 
Court  immediately  complied.  This  cir- 
oumstance  gave  oecasion  to  an  ejitremel/ 


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CEuvres  Chois'iM  et  Posthumes  de  M.  de  ta  Harpe, 


\6A 


valuable  compendiom,  by  Robert  Wis- 
sett,  Esq.  on  the  subject  of  the  cultiva- 
tion and  preparation  of  Hemp  j  and  of  an 
article,  produced  in  various  parts  of  In- 
dia, called  sunn,  which  answers  all  the 
purposes  of  hemp,  and  is  nearly  similar 
in  its  growth,  and  in  the  manner  of  pre- 
paring it.  Mr.  Wis3etl*s  work  was  prrnt- 
ed  before  the  retrospective  period  includ- 
ed in  our  review :  we  can,  therefore,  on- 
ly commend  it  in  general  terms,  as  a  la- 
borious and  judicious  compilation  from 
the  best  authors,  British  and  foreign,  on 
tlie  subject  of  hemp,  its  growth  and 
manufacture;  between  which  and  sunn,  a 
comparison  is  instituted  chapter  by  cliap- 
ter.  It  deserves  to  be  made  more  public 
than  it  hitheito  has  been  :  this,  indeed,  is 
the  character  of  sundry  other  works  com- 
piled by  that  gentleman,  whose  access  to 
official  documents  and  papers,  has  en- 
abled liim  to  furnish  desirable  commu- 
nications, which  in  vain  may  be  sought 
for  elsewhere. 

The  importance  of  our  Indian  empire 
is  becoming  every  day  more  conspicuous ; 
not  only  in  its  political  relation,  as  a 
colony  to  a  parent  state,  but  as  opening 
new  and  important  channels  for  our  com- 
merce.  In  return,  it  is  but  just  that  this 
country  should  receive  those  natural  pro- 
ductions, or  native  manufactures  of  India, 
"which  meet  its  demands.  India  produces, 
for  instance,  not  less  than  five  or  six,  (Dr. 
Roxbuigh  enumerates  above  twenty)  of 
those  vegetables,  which,  more  or  less, 
ef^'ectually  answer  the  purposes  of  hemp, 
and  may  be  used  iu  making  cordages  of 
various  kinds.  Some  of  them  are  not 
inferior  to  the  European  plant.  What 
forbids  that  samples  of  these  should  be  sub- 
mitted to  tlie  dexterity  of  British  work- 
men J  and  why  should  not  such  as  possess 
the  requisite  qualities,  contribute  to  dimi- 
nish our  dependence  on  foreign  nations 
for  supplies  of  this  important  article  ? 
In  the  same  laudable  spirit,  the  Society 
tor  the  Promotion  of  Arts,  Manufactures, 
and  Commerce,  have  offered  a  premium 
for  the  importation  of  BaughulpocT  cot- 
ton, from  which,  cloths  are  made  in  imi- 
tation of  nankeen,  without  dyeing :  also 
for  anatto,  and  for  cochineal.  It  is  true, 
that  the  insects  which  produce  the  latter, 
have  not  yet  been  r.d\antageouhly  iiatu-  , 
raiizedin  India  ;  owing  as  is  usually  un- 
derstood, to  a  want  ol  the  true  cothineal 
ificiliqui  iniiectj  the   wild  sort^    having 


been  procured  by  mistake,  yet  there  i» 
every  reason  to  hope  that  the  proper 
species  may  be  obtained,  and  that  at  some 
future  period  this  valuable  drug  will  be 
received  direct  from  our  own  territories, 
instead  of  from  Spanish  America. 

We  close  this  article  with  a  notice  of 
anotlier  insect,  similar  in  its  properties  to 
those  of  the  cochineal,  but  yielding  a 
yellow  colour  instead  of  a  red.  Our 
knowledge  of  it  is  derived  from  Dr.  Box- 
durgh*s  letter  to  the  highly  respectable  So- 
ciety before-mentioned. 

Upon  the  leaves  of  ^bis  tree  [which  pro. 
duces  the  yellow  riyrobolans,  used  in  dyeing, 
also  a  species  of  galls,  of  a  very  irregular 
shaj>c,  and  yellowish  colour,]  I  have  found 
an  insect,  which  1  take  to  be  the  lar\'a  of  a 
coccus,  or  chermes^  they  are  about  three 
eighths  of  an  inch  long,  and  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  broad  ;  flat  below,  convex  above,  and 
composed  of  twelve  annular  sejnnents.  Tlie 
whole  uisect  is  replete  with  a  bright  yellovir 
juice,  which  stains  paper  of  a  very  deep  and 
rich  yellow  colour. 

Our  readers  may  expect  Jp  our  follow- 
ing numbers,  descriptions  of  various  In- 
dian subjects,  as  well  of  the  animal,  as  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  theproperties  of  which 
excite  oiu-  wishes  for  a  better  acquaintance 
with  them,  either  as  articles  of  commer- 
cial, or  of  scientific  speculation,  or  of 
both. 

Q^uvrcs  Chohies    et    Posthumes   de  AT, 
de  ta  Harpe,  etc.     Select  and  Posthu- 
mous  works  of  Mr.  de  la  Harpe,  of  the 
French  Academy.  In  4  vols.  Svo.  Paris. 
J  800.— Imported  by  Dulau.  Price  36s. 
This  edition  does  not  comprise  the 
whole  of  the  author's  productions,  but  a 
selection,  said  to  have  been  determined 
by  himself.     It  is  well  known,  that  this 
remarkable  man,  at  different  periods  of 
his  life,   held  opinions  diametrically  op- 
posite.    It,  therefore,  could  not  be  sup- 
posed  that  he  would  admit  into  this  com- 
pendium, formed  in  his  latter  days,  any 
of  those  pieces  offensive  to  morals  and  re- 
ligion, which  had  been  his  glory  in  early 
liic, 

SVe  shall  not  submit  this  edition  to  a 
strict  review  j  but  the  reader  will  find  in 
our  work  various  specimens  of  tliose  de- 
tached pieces  which  compose  it.  The  life 
of  the  author,  drawn  from  the  most  au- 
thentic sources,  and  gretiily  superior  to 
any  which  has  hitherto  appeared,  is  tr:ms- 
lating  for  a  subsequent  number. 


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Bat  we  acknowledge  without  hesita- 
tion, that  the  following  paper  has  appear- 
ed to  us,  so  extraordinary  in  its  nature, 
and  so  striking  in  its  contents,  that  we 
hjTe  separated  it,  by  way  of  distinction, 
from  the  other  articles  contained  in  these 
Volaxnes,  and  have  given  it  an  early  inser- 
tioD,  for  the  consideration  and  reflection 
of  our  readers.  The  editor  makes  no  re- 
marks on  it,  but  gives  it  simply  as  follows. 
*'  The  following  very  curious  note  was 
^jund  among  the  papers  of  M.  de  la  Marpe, 
after  his  death. 

"  It  appears  to  me  as  if  it  were  but 
yesterday  5  and  it  was,  nevertheless,  in 
Ihe  beginning  of  the  year  1788  5  we  were 
at  the  \able  of  a  brother  academician, 
who  was  of  the  highest  rank  and  a  man 
<^  talents.  The  company  was  numerous 
and  of  all  kinds;  courtiers,  advocates,  li- 
terary men,  academicians,  &c.  We  had 
been>  as  usual,  luxuriously  entertained; 
and  at  the  desert,  the  wines  of  Malvoisie 
and  the  Cape,  added  to  the  natural  gaiety 
of  good  company  that  kind  of  social  free- 
dom which  sometimes  stretches  beyond 
the  rigid  decorum  of  it.  In  short,  we 
were  in  a  state  to  allow  of  any  thing  that 
would  produce  mirtli.  Chiamfort  had 
been  riding  some  of  his  impious  and  li- 
bertine tales,  and  the  fine  ladies  had  heard 
them,  without  once  making  use  of  their 
£ms.  A  (feluge  of  pleasantries  on  religion 
then  succeeded;  one  gave  a  quotation 
from  the  Pucelle  d* Orleans;  another  re- 
collected and  applauded  the  philosophical 
distich  of  Diderot, 

Et  des  boyaux  du  dernier  prttre, 

Serrez  le  am  du  dernier  rou 

And  of  the  last  priest's  eutndls  form  t)ie 
string 

Around  the  neck  of  the  last  King. 
A  third  rises,  and  with  a  bumper  in  his 
hand,  "Xes,  gendemen,"  (he  exclaims) 
**  I  am  as  sure  that  there  is  no  God,  as  I 
**  am  certain  that  Homer  is  a  fool/*  The 
conversation  afterwards  took  a  more  se* 
tioQS  turn,  and  the  most  ardent  admira- 
tion was  expressed  of  the  revolution  which 
Voltaire  had  produced;  and  they  all 
screed  that  it  tonned  the  brightest  ray  of 
his  glory.  **  He  has  given  the  ton  to  his 
"  age,  and  has  contrived  to  be  read  in  the 
•'  <£ambec^  as  well  as  in  the  drawing 
•'  room."'  One  of  the  company  men- 
tiodedy  and  almost  burst  with  laughter  at 
the  drcomstance,  that  his  hair-dresser 
had  said  while  he  was  powdering  him^ 
Vtfc.  I.    llit. Fan.  9cL  1806] 


''  Look  you.  Sir ;  though  1  am  nothing 
''  but  a  poor  journeyman  barber,  T  have 
"  no  more  religion  than  another  man." 
It  was  concluded  that  the  revplution  would 
soon  be  consummated,  and  that  it  was  ab* 
solutely  necessary  foi  superstition  and  fa- 
naticism to  give  place  to  philosophy.  The 
probability  of  this  epoch  was  tnen  calcu- 
lated, and  which  of  the  company  present 
would  live  to  see  the  reign  of  reason. 
The  elder  part  of  them  lamented  that 
they  could  not  flatter  themselves  with  the 
hope  of  enjoying  such  a  pleasure;  while 
the  younger  part  rejoiced  in  the  expecta- 
tion that  they  should  witness  it.  The 
academy  was  felicitated  for  having  pre« 
pared  the  gfand  work,  and  being,  at  the 
same  time,  the  strong  hold,  the  centre 
and  the  moving  prmciple  o(  freedom  rf 
thought, 

"  There  was  only  one  of  the  guests 
who  had  not  shared  in  the  delights  of  this 
conversation;  he  had  even  ventured,  in  a 
quiet  way,  to  start  a  few  pleasantries  on 
our  noble  endiusiasm.  It' was  Cazotte^ 
an  amiable  man,  of  an  original  turn  of 
mind,  but  unfortunately  infatuated  with 
the  reveries  of  the  illuminati.  He  re- 
newed the  conversation  in  a  very  serious 
tone,  and  in  the  following  manner* 
"  Gentlemen,**  said  he,  "  be  satisfied/ 
''  you  will  all  see  this  grand  arid  sublime  . 
"  revolution.  You  know  that  I  am 
''  something  of  a  prophet,  and  I  repeat,' 
"  that  you  will  all  see  it.**  He  was  an- 
swered by  the  common  expression,  '*  Jt  is 
**  not  necessary  to  le  a  great  conjuror  to 
''  foretell  that:*—*'  Agreed ;  but,  per* 
"  haps,  it  may  be  necessary  to  be  some«% 
*'  thing  more,  respecting  what  I  am  now 
'^  going  to  telJ  you.  Have  you  any  idea 
"  of  what  will  result  from  this  revolw 
"  tion  ?  What  will  happen  to  yourselves; 
*'  to  every  one  of  you  now  present ;  what 
'*  will  be  the  immediate  progress  of  it; 
*'  with  its  certain  effects  and  consequen-^ 
'^  ces  ?**  "  Oh,**  said  Condorcet,  widi 
his  silly  and  saturnine  laugh,  "  let  us 
"  know  all  about  it ;  a  philosopher  can 
**  have  no  objection  to  meet  a  prophet.** 
''  —You,  M.  Condorcet,  will  expire  on 
"  the  pavement  of  a  dungeon;  you  will 
*'  die  of  the  poison  which  you  will  have 
*'  taken  to  escape  from  the  hands  of  tbo 
*'  executioner:  of  poison,  wliich  the 
"  happy  state  of  that  period  will  render 
*'  it  aosolutely  uecessaiy  that  you  should 
"  carry  about  you/* 


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At  first  there  appeared  a  consider- 
able degree  of  astonishment  j  but  it  was 
soon  recollected  tha\  Cazotte  was  in  the 
habit  of  dreaming  while  he  was  awake, 

and  the  laugh  was  us  loud  as  ever. 

"  M.  Calotte,  the  tale  which  you  have 
**  just  told  is  not  so  pleasant  as  your  Dia- 
'*  lie  amaUreux^  But  What  devil  has  put 
*'  this  dungeon,  this  poison,  and  these 
*'  hangmen-  in  your  head?  What  can 
•'  these  things  have  in  common  with  pki- 

"  losophy  and  the  reign  r^  reason  ?" ► 

*'  That  is  precisely  what  I  am  telling  you. 
**  It  Will  be  in  the  name  of  philosophy, 
**  of  humanity,  and  of  liberty  j  it  will  be 
**  under  the  reign  of  reason,  that  what  I 
*'  have  foretold  will  happen  to  you.     It 
"  will  then  indeed  be  the  reign  of  reason: 
*'  for  she  will  have  temples  erected  to  her 
"  honour.      Nay,    throughout    France, 
*'  there  will  be  no  other  places  of  public 
*'  worship  but  the  temples  of  reason." — 
♦'  in  faith,"  said  Chamfort,    with    one 
of  his   sarcastic   smiles,  "  you  will  not 
**  however  be  an  officiating  priest  in  any 
'*  of  these  temples.** — "  I    hope    not, 
*'  but  you  M.  Chamfort,  you  will  be  well 
*'  worthy  of  that  distinction :  for  you  will 
*'  cut    yourself  across   the   veins    with 
*'  twenty-two  strokes  of  a  razor,  and  will 
**  nevertheless   survive    the  attempt  for 
•'  some  months/'— They   all  looked  at 
him  and  continued  to  laugh.— •**  You,*M. 
''^  Vicq  d'Azyr,  you  will  not  open  your 
**  veins  yourself,  but  you  will  order  them 
"  to  be  openecl  six  times  in  one  day 
*'  during  a  paroxysm  of  the  gout,  in  or- 
*'  der  that  you  may  not  fail  in  your  pur- 
"  pose,  and  you  will  die  during  the  night 
•  "  As  for  you,  M.de  Nicolai,  you  will  die 
**  on  the  scaffold  j  and  so,  M.  Bailly,  will 
*'  you  J  and  so  will  you,  M.  Malesherbes." 
"  Oh  heavens,"  said  Rouche^  "  it  ap- 
"  pears  that  his  vengeance   is   levelled 
*'  solely  against  the  academy :  hebasjiist 
*'  made  a  most  horrible  execotion  of  the 
*'  whole  of  it  I  now  tell  me  my  fiate  in  the 
*'  name  of  merqr  ?" — "  You  will  die  also 
•'  upon  the  scaffold."  "  Oh,"  it  was  uni- 
versally exclaimed,  "  he  has  sworn  to  ex- 
*'  terminate  all  of  us.'*  "No,  it  is  not  me 
*'  who  has  sworn  it."  ''Are  we  thep  to  be 
*'  subjugated  by  Turks  and  Tartars  ?"  "  By 
"  no  means  >  I  have  already  told  you, 
"  that  you  wUl  then  be  governed  by  rea- 
"  son  and  philosophy  alone,    lliose  who 
*'  will  treat  you  a«  I  havexlescribed,  will 
<'  ill!  of  thecu  be  philosophers  3  will  be 


"  continliairy  uttering  the  ttlme  phrasei 

"  that  you  have  been  repeating  for  -the 

"  last  hour,  will  deliver  all  your  maxims, 

"  and  will  quote  you  as  you  have  done 

"  Diderot  and  the  Pucelle."     "  Oh,"  it 

was  whispered,  **  the  man  is  out  of  his 

"  senses  5"  for  during  the  whole  of  the 

conversation,    his  features  never  under-" 

went  the    least   change.       •'  Oh   no," 

said  another,  *'  you  must  perceive  that  h^ 

•'  is  laughing  at  us  5  for  he  always  blends 

"  the" marvellous  with  his  pleasantries." 

"  Yes,**  answered  Chamfort,  **  the  raar- 

"  vellous  with  him  i«  never   enlivened 

"  with  gaiety.    He  always  look^  as  if  ho 

'*  were  going  to  be  hanged.     But  when 

"  will  all  this  happen  ?"  *<  Six  years  will 

"  not  have  passed  away,  before  all  which 

"  I  have  told  you  shall  be  accomplished.*' 

"  Here,  indeed,  is  plenty  ot  mii^acles,*^ 

(it  was  myself,  says  M.  de  la  Harpe,  who 

now  spoke)  "  and  you  set  me  down  for 

*'  nothing."     *'  You  will  yourself  be  a 

"  miracle  as  extraordinary  as  any  which  I 

"  have  told.    You  will  then  be  a  Chris* 

"  tian." 

Loud  exclamations  immediately  fol« 
l6wed.  "  Ah,**  replied  Chamfort,  "  all 
"  my  fears  are  removed  :  for  if  we  are 
*'  not  doomed  to  perish  till  La  Harpe 
"  becomes  a  Christian^  we  shall  be  im« 
"  mortal.** 

*'  As  for  us  women,"  said  the  Duchest 
de  Grammont,  *'  it  is  very  fortunate  thai; 
"  we  are  considered  as  nothing  in  these 
"  revolutions.  Not  that  we  are  totallj 
"  discharged  from  all  concern  in  them  ^ 
"  but  it  is  understood  that  in  such  cases 
"  we  are  to  be  left  to  ourselves'.  Our 
"*'  sex" — *'  Your  sex,  ladies,  will  be  no 
"  guarantee  to  you  in  these  times.  It 
"  will  make  no  diflerence  whatever, 
"  whetlier  you  interfere  or  not.  You 
"  will  be  treated  precisely  as  the  men'; 
"  no  distinction  will  be  made  between 
"  you.**  "  But  what  does  all  this  mean,M. 
"  Cazotte  ?  You  are  surely  preaching  ta 
"  us  aboutthe  end  of  the  world.*'  "  1  Iwow 
"  no  more  of  that,  my  Lady  Duches^ 
"  than  yourself:  but  this  I  know,  thait 
"  you  win  be  conducted  to  the  scaffold, 
''  with  several  CPther  ladies*  along  with 
"  you,  in  the  cart" of  the  executioner,  and 
"  with  your .Imnds  tied  behind  you."  **  I 
"  hope.  Sir,  that  in«such  a  case,  I  shall 
.  '*  t>e  allowed  at  least  a  coach  hung  with 
"  black.**  "  No,  Madam,  you  will  not, 
"  have  that  indulgence^  ladies  of  highe|r 


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•'  rank  ihan  yoa,  will  ht  drawn  in  a  cart 
"  as  you  will  be;  with  their  hands  tied 
"  as  yours  will  be,  and  to  the  same  fate 
'*  as  that  to  which  you  are  destined.'* 
**  Ladies  of  higher  rank  than  myself? 
'*  What,  Princesses  of  the  Blood  ?'* 
«  Greater  stiH." 

Here  there  was  a  very  sensible  emo- 
tion* throughont  the  company,  and  the 
countenance  of  the  master  of  the  mansion 
wore  a  very  grave  and  solemn  aspect :  it 
was,  indeed,  very  generally  observed,  that 
this  pleasantry  was  carried  rather  too  far. 
Madame  de  Gfammont,  in  order  to  dis« 
perse  the  cloud  that  seemed  to  be  approach- 
ing, made  no  reply  to  his  last  answer,  but 
contented  herself  with  saying  with  an  air 
of  gaiety,  "  You  see,  he  will  not  even  leave 
*'  me  a  confessor.**  "  No,  Madam,  that 
*'  consolation  will  be  denied  to  all  of  you. 
**  The  last  person  led  to  the  scaffold  who 
"  will  be  allowed  a  confessor  as  the  great* 
*'  est  of  favours,  will  be ■ — ." 

Here  he  paused  for  a  moment. — 
"  And  who  then  is  the  happy  mortal  who 
"  will  be  allowed  to  enjoy  tliis  preroga- 
"  live  ?*•  "  It  is  the  only  one  which  will 
"  be  left  to  him ;  it  will  be — the  King 
"  of  France." 

The  master  of  the  house  now  rose  in 
haste,  and  his  company  were  all  actuated 
by  the  same  impulse.  He  then  advanced 
towards  M.  Cazotte,  and  said  to  him  in  an 
affiecting  and  impressive  tone,  **  My  dear 
**  M.  Cazotte,  we  have  had  enough  of 
"  these  melancholy  conceits.  You  carry 
*'  it  too  far  j  even  to  the  compromising 
*'  the  company  with  whom  you  are  j  and 
"  yourself  {ilong  with  them.*'  Cazotte 
made  no  answer,  and  was  preparing  to  re- 
tire ;  when  Madame  de  Grammont,  who 
wished  if  poMible  to  do  away  all  serious 
tinpressions,  and  to  restore  some  kind  of. 
gaiety  among  them,  advanced  towards  him 
and  said,  *'  My  good  prophet,  you  have 
"  been  so  kind  as  to  t(?ll  us  all  our  for- 
*'  tunes,  but  you  have  not  mentioned  any 
*'  thing  respecting  your  own."  After  a 
tew  minutes  of  silence,  with  his  eyes  fixed 
on  the  ground,  '*  Madam,"  he  replied, 
**  have  you  read  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  as 
"  related  by  Josephus?****  To  be  sure  I  have, 
^'  and  who  has  not  ?  But  you  may  sup- 
"  pose,  if  you  please,  tliat  I  know  no- 
.  *'  thing  about  it."  "Then  you  must  know, 
"  Madam,  that  during  the  sic^e  ot  Jeru* 
*'  salero,  a  man  for  seven  successive  days, 
'*  went  round  the  ranipaits  of  that  city,  in 


j  "  tlie  sight  of  the  besiegers  aijd  the  be- 
*'  sieged,  crying  incessantly,  in  a  loud  and 
*^  inauspicious  vofce,-^li^f  to  Jerusalem  f 
"  and,  on  the  seventh  day  he  cried,  IFoe 
'^  to  Jemsalem,  and  to  myself!  At  that 
^^  very  moment,  an  enormous  stone 
'*  thrown  by  the  machines  of  the  eilemy, 
"  dashed  him  in  pieces." 

M.  Cazotte    then  made  his  bow  and 
retired.  /.^SS^ 

Observations  on  the  Utility ,  Form,  and 
Management  of  Water 'Meadows,  and 
the  draining  and  irrigating  of  Peat  Bogs,  . 
with  an  account  of  Prisley  Bog  and  other 
extraordinary  improvements  conducted 
for  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Bedford* 
Thomas  William  Coke,  Esq.  M.  P.  and 
others,  by  William  Smitli,  Engineer 
and  Mineralogist,  8vo.  pp.  121.  Price 
10s.  6d.  Bacon,  Norwich ;  Longmaa 
and  Co.  Lojndon. 

The  work  before  us,  is  dedicated  to 
that  able  and  spirited  improver,  Mr. Coke, 
of  Norfolk,  and  justly  describes  the  vene<* 
ration  in  which  that  true  patriot  is  held, 
not  only  by  his  numerous  and  respectable 
tenants,  but  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
couiitry  at  large.  The  laborious  and  suc- 
cessful researches  of  Mr.  Smith  into  the 
stratification  of  England  and  Wales,  have 
.lately  attracted  the  notice  of  mineralogists 
and  geologists  j  and  have  rendered  them 
solicitous  for  their  publication  We  are 
happy  to  hear,  that  their  wishes  will  be 
gratified  about  the  close  of  the  year,  by 
the  appearance  of  a  first  part.  Our  author 
in  the  preface  to  his  present  work,  proper- 
ly remarks,  on  the  absurdity  of  farmers* 
sons  wasting  their  time  in  studies,  for 
which  not  one  in  an  hundred  of  them  has 
afterwards  any  occasion,  instead  of  acqui- 
ring a  knowledge  of  practical  geometry, 
and  in  the  principles  and  use  of  instru- 
ments and  machines,  intimately  connected 
with  their  professicn.  After  stating  that 
such  was  the  nature  of  his  own  education 
(he  was.  Me  understand,  brought  up  under 
an  emitient  land-surveyor,  aiiti  afterwards 
studied  engineery)  Mr.  Siniih  modestly 
takes  occasion,  on  lhiJ»  -iccjmni,  to  claim 
protection  from  liie  ^everi'ies  of  criticism. 
1  he  perspicuous  Myle  in  which  his  work 
is  written  will  secure  it  this  indulgence,, 
while  the  lovers  of  descriptive  poetry  luay 
see  much  to  admire,  in  the  lines  that  in- 
troduce the  subjects  of  his  different  chap- 
ters. Those  who  ei^pect  to  find  in  the 
D  2 


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The  Elements  of  Land  Surveying,  (^c. 


tn 


work  before  as,  plans  and   sections  of 
sluices,  hatches,  and  other  appendages  of 
water-meadows,  -with   minute  drawings 
tnd  descriptions  of  the  tools  and  imple- 
ments used  by  floaters  will  be  disappoint- 
^.    Our  author's  intentions  are  rather,  to 
develope  those  general  principles  on  which 
irrigation  works  should  be  constructed, 
tnd  on  which  water  meadows  ought  to  be 
managed.    These  he  deduces  not  from 
any  partictilar  or  local  practices,  but  from 
an  attentive  study  of  tlie  subject  on  every 
«oil,  and  in  almost  every  situation  in  Eng- 
land, whither  his  indefatigable  research  as 
a  mineralogist,  and  hi»  extensive  business 
ts  an  irrigator,  drainer*  surveyor,  or  engi- 
neer, has  led  him.    To  explain  every  pro- 
cess of  making  a  water-meadow  to  persons 
who  have  never  beheld  such  operations,  is 
not  his  design.     We  are  among  those, 
who  from  having  seen  imperfect,  yet  ex- 
pensive, attempts  at  irrigation  in  various 
parts  of  England,  agree  with  our  author  in 
thinking,  that,  at  leasts  the  first  attempts 
require  the  direction  of  a  professed  irriga- 
tor, posessing  genera!  information  on  the 
subject,  and  capable  of  succpssfully  adapt- 
ing bis  practice,  to  the  ever  varying  cir- 
cumstances of  new   situations  and  soils. 
The  many  important  advantages,  derived 
from  irrigation  and  drainage,  to  the  occu^ 
piers,  and  owners  of  land,  and  to  the  pub- 
lic, occasions  our  regret,  that  this  article 
does  not  conveniently  admit  of  extracts. 
The  particular  account  of  two  meadows 
constructed  by  Mr.  S.  for  the  Duke  of 
Bedford,  on  Prisley  Bog  in  Bedfordshire, 
(which  the  celebrated  Mr.  Elkington  had 
before  attempted  to  drain,  without  suc- 
cess) with  the  correct  maps  of  them  which 
are  given,  fully  explain  the  principles  of 
operation  adopted  by  our    author  j    but 
for  these  wc  must  refer  to  the  book,  which 
we  can  without  hesitation  recommend,  as 
an  important  addition    to  whatever  has 
prieviously  been  written  on  the  subject. 
The  printing;  of  this  work  does  credit  to 
the  Norwich  press. 

The  Elements  of  Land  Surveying,  designed 
principally  for  the  use  of  Schools  and 
Smdents,  byA.Cfocker,  l2mo.pp.  280. 
Price  7s. bound.  Phillips.  London,  1800'. 

We  are  told  in  the  dedication  of  this 
tolume,  t6  John  Andrews,  Esq.  that  the 
author  has  confined  himself  io  the  theore- 
tical part )  such  as,  in  general,  is  the  sub- 
ject of  school  cxefciiesy  his   intention 


being  to  lead  the  student  through  the 
school  to  the  field  j  there  to  receive  suck 
practical  lessons  from  his  instructor  as  will 
elucidate  the  theory. 

The  introduction  contains  a  concise  ex- 
planation   of  Algebraic   and  -Geometric^ 
signs  and  notation,  and  the  use  of  Loga* 
riihms  and  Tables  of  Sines  and  Tangents. 
Part  I.  contains  the  usual  elementary  pro- 
blems   in    practical    geometry.   Part  II. 
treats  of  geometrical  figures,    inscribed 
witliln  each  other:  Part  III.  teaches  so 
much  of  plane  trigonometry  as  is  cona- 
monly  necessary  in  surveying ;  which,  ia 
Part  IV.  is  applied  to  the  finding  of  dis- 
tances :  Part  V.  contains  the  mensuration 
of  plane  figuns,  including  the  circle  and 
ellipsis:  Part  VI.  shews  how  to  reduce 
right-lined  figures  to  others  of  equal  area. 
In  part  VII.  the-  business  of  land-mea- 
suring is  entered  on,  the  foregoing  rules 
being  referred  to,  or  new  ones  supplied  in 
the  notes,  as  the  student  proceeds,  through 
a  variety  of  examples :  and  here  we  find 
useful  tables  for  reducing  the  customary 
land-measure    in   Devon    and  Somerset, 
where  5  yards  make  a  perch,  in  Purbeck, 
and  part  of  Dorset,  where  15  feet  and  one 
inch  make  a  perch  5  in  Cornwall,  where 
6  yards;  in  Lancashire,  where  7  yards  j 
and  in  Cheshire  and  Staffordshire,  where 
8  yards  are  reckoned  d  perch,  to  the  sta- 
tute measure  wherein  5^  vards  make  a 
perch,  or  the  l6oth  part  of  an  acre.     In 
this  part,  the  student  is  in  some  degree  in- 
structed in  the  use  of  the  plane-table  and 
theodolite,  of  which,  and  the  other  in- 
struments used  by  surveyors,    neat  en- 
gravings are  given  j  but  their  management 
in  the  field  is  reserved  for  the  practical 
lessons  above  alluded  to.  The  necessary  cuts 
and  diagrams  are  well  executed  in  wood, 
and  inserted  in  the  page  with  the  text,  a 
circumstance  of  considerable  convenience 
and    importance    to   mathematical    stu<^ 
dents.  Our  author  directs  his  pupils  (page 
200)  to  fake  the  measure  of  the  surface 
however  irregular,    for  determining  the 
area  or  contents  of  an  estate,  but  in  plan- 
ning the  same,  to  use  the  base  or  horiton- 
tal  lines  answering  thereto,  in  order  that 
the  plan  may  fit :    but  had  he  weighed 
(besides  the  proposition  that  more  verti- 
cal plants  or  trees  cannot  grow  on  tho 
curve  or  sloping  surface  of  a  hill  tha* 
upon  the  plane  of  its  base)'  the  more 
weigjif^   considerations   in   reference  t9 
agriculture,  of  th»  dl^iculty  of  cukivatinf 


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Laurie  and  Whittle* s  New  Travellers*  Companion, 


i7* 


and  carrying  manure  to,  and  the  produce 
from,  steep  lands,  he  would,  doubtless, 
hare  otherwise  explained  this  part  of  his 
vork,  and  would  have  given  the  pupil 
practicable  and  correct  rules  for  reducing 
all  lines  to  their  horizontal  or  base  lines. 
It  the  time  of  measuring  them.  Part 
yill.  treats  of  the  division  of  land,  either 
of  uniform  value,  or  where  some  parts  are 
better  in  quality  than  others :  and,  Part 
IX,  contains  some  directions  for  plot- 
ting or  layipg  down  the  field  observations. 
To  this,  by  way  of  appendix,  a  table  of 
logarithms  of  the  first  1000  numbers  and 
their  differences  is  given  ^  also  tables  of 
log.  sines,  cosines,  tangents,  and  cotan- 
gents to  every  5  of  the  quadrant,  and  a 
table  of  natural  sines  to  tJie  same  extent. 
We  regret  to  state,  that  this  volume, 
though  useful  as  far  as  it  goes,  is  equal- 
ly silent  with  the  many  which  have  pre- 
ceded it,  on  the  simple  theory,  and  the 
excellent  checks  furnished  by  the  method 
whicii  surveyors  now  almo:it  exclusively 
use,  in  surveying  and  plotting  estates,  in 
vhich  every  line  after  the  first  three,  is 
proved  to  be  right,  at  the  time  of  laying  it 
down  ;  by  which  a  careful  surveyor,  who 
plans  his  work  at  short  intervals^  as  he 
proceeds,  avoids  the  possibility  of  any 
mistake  in  his  measurements  or  plan. 

We  cannot  help  adding  a  remark  on 
the  diversity  of  measures  adopted  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  kingdom :  why  should 
oot  land  measure  be  ascertained  by  one 
uniform  perch,  as  well  as  corn  be  sold  by 
one  .uniform  bushel?  There  are  still 
among  us  remaius  of  ancient  distinctions, 
established  in  barbarous  times,  the  conti- 
Jiqance  of  which  is  a  st  vere  sarcasm  on 
the  unity,  and  polity  of  the  British  nation 
and  the  United  Kingdom. 

f^rie  and  lVhittle*s  new  Travellers* 
Companion,  exhibiting  a  complete  and 
correct  survey  of  all  the  direct  and 
principal  Cross  Roads  in  England, 
Wales,  and  Scotland,  as  far  North  as 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow:  by  Nath. 
Coltman,  1806.  Price  £\,  Is.  half 
bound:  in  morocco  with  a  tuck  g£\.  5s. 
On  twenty  seven  quarto  pktes. 

The  unremitted  intercourse  y^hich 
BOW  exists  between  the  nietropolis  of 
•he  United  Kingdom  and  the  provinces, 
gives  an  interest  to  every  information  re- 
specting the  roads,  the  means  of  convey- 
l^ce,  a^(l  the  accocpmodations  to  be  met 


with  on  the  road.  Those  who  travel  for 
pleasure,  and  those  who  travel  for  profit, 
are  equally  concerned  in  compilations, 
which  like  that  before  us,  offer  their  as- 
sistance by  way  of  directory.  These 
plates  describe  the  main  roads  throughout 
Engbnd,  distinguishing  those  travelled  by 
the  Mail  Coaches  5  with  many  of  the 
cross  roads.  They  approach,  we  mqst  ac- 
kno»vlcdge,  more  nearly  td  the  direct  *ui 
these  plates,  than  in  most  others  we  have 
seen  :  yet  arc  sufficiently  distinct,  to  ena- 
ble any  traveller  to  estimate  his  journey 
before  he  undertakes  it,  and  to  fix  tbo 
route  which  may  best  answer  his  purpose. 
We  could  have  wished  that  some  addi-^ 
tional  respect  had  been  paid  to  cities,  ii^ 
marking  their  magnitude :  and  to  thosQ 
in^portant  parts  of  our  constitution,  the 
boroughs  which  send  representatives.  The 
adoption  of  stars  to  mark  the  places  which 
furnish  post  chaises,  instead  of  denoting, 
as  it  used  to  do,  those  which  furnished 
members  of  parliament,  may  perhaps 
proved  an  occasion  of  serio-Goroic  mishap, 
to  some  incautious,  but  not  the  less  ambir 
tious,  or  speculative  politician. 

Cromer,  considered  as  a  Watering  Place  g 
with  observations  on  the  picturesquo 
Scenery  in  Jts  neighbourhood.  By  Ed- 
mund Bart^U,  jun.  Second  edition, 
much  enlai]ged.  Royal  8vo.  pp.  124. 
Price  8s.  L^e,  Crpmer^  Taylor,  Lour 
don,  1806. 

Cromer  has  lately  been  sung  in  verse,  as 
well  as  described  in  prose :  it  may  there- 
fore boast  a  distinction  superior  to  those 
villages,  of  which  though  they  claim  th^ 
appdlation  of  ''  watering  places,*' 

■  it  shall  be  said 

They  had  no  poets  and  are  dead. 

This  village,  somewhat  dangerously  for 
itself,  stands  on  the  margin  of  the  North- 
em  Sea ;  the  eiwroachraents  of  which  for- 
merly swept  away  Its  embankments,  and 
deprived  it  of  the  parish  church,  dedicated 
to  St.  Pe:er. 

This  account  is  justified,  by  the  disco- 
very, at  very  low  tides,  of  ma.s!^8  of  old 
wall,  and  other  buildings,  which  the 
fishermen  still  know  by  the  name  of  the 
"  Church  Ilgck." 

It  is  now  however  safe  enough  :  espe- 
cially in  summer;  but  like  all  other 
banks  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  sea,  the 
cliffs  in  wintea^  give  way,  01  shoot,  as  the 
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Cromer  considered  as  a  Watering  Place, 


C^a 


autliof  expresses  it,  seaward,  from  lime  to 
tinje. 

Mr.  Bartell  describes  the  church,  as 
being,  though  now  imperfect,  a  beautiful 
specimen  of  architrctnro,  as  that  art  was 
practised  in  the  time  of  King  Henry  IV. 
The  tower  commands  an  extensive  view. 
The  free  school,  the  inns,  (which  are  not 
of  the  superior  class)  the  fishery,  and  ge- 

'  neral  occupation  of  the  inhabitants,  are 
next  considered,  after  which  follow  a  fa- 
vourable character  of  the  town,  consider- 
ed as  a  place  for  reiiremer.t,  descriptions 
of  the  bathing  machines,  cliffs,  and  beach  5 
of  the  light  house,  and  other  subjects. 
The  rides  and  walks  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, and  to  the  principal  places,  within 
about  ten  miles,  occupy  the  remainder  of 
the  work.  From  these  we  learn,  that 
many  picturesque  sites  are  found  in  the 
adjaceitcies :  that  some  grand  effects  are 
occasionally  visible,  both  by  land  and 
water,  and  that   romantic  situations  are 

.  not  wanting.  The  author  appears  to  pique 
himself  on  his  knowledge  of  landscape ; 
and  we  certainly  may  congratulate  him  on 
his  possessing  in  a  well  instructed  eye,  a 
never  failing  source  of  pleasure  and  de- 
light, while  scenes  such  as  he  describes 
are  open  to  his  iuf  taction. 

A  \  lew  of  Cromer  is  prefixed  by  way  of 
frontispiece.  Another  view,  on  a  neigh- 
l>ouring  green,  is  added,  by  way  of  appen- 
dix, i'he  work  is  closed  by  a  map  neatly 
coloured ;  but  it  has  no  scale ;  nor  any 
inarks  for  mile  stones;  nor  any  hint  at 
the  distance  from  London;  pcihaps,  this 
is  watering-place  policy,  in  order  that  Lon- 
doners when  thinking  6i  Cromer,  should 
forget  the  great  city.  However  that  may 
be,  we  are  soriy  to  obser\e,  that  although 
the  K.gnt  Hon.  Lord  Sulfield,  Lord  Wal- 

fole.  Right  Hon  Wm.  Windham,  Col. 
larbord.  Col.  Wqdehouse,  &c.  have 
handsome  parks  in  the  neighbourhood, 
yet,  poor  souls !  not  one  of  them  has  a 
house  here  to  put  his  head  in  :  at  least,  no 
mark  of  any  such  dwelling  appears  on  the 
map,  though  descriptions  of  their  *'  leats" 
are  given  in  the  work. 

(Colonel  Thornton's  Transactions  and  Ne- 
gotiations uith  Rohert  Christie  Burton, 
flsq.,  legally,  morally,  and  liberally 
considered.  6vo.  pp.  J24,  price  2s  Gd. 
Ix)ndon,  Goddard.  J  800. 
An  ex  parte  statement  of  the  difierence 

between  jjf  and  \f 


The  Jstrarium  improved^  or,  the  Views 
of  the  principal  fi\ti  Stars  and  Constel- 
lations, represented  on  twelve  Plates, 
(one  for  each  Month  in  the  Year)  f'om 
which  ihcir  names  and  relative  situa- 
tions may  be  known  by  simple  inspec- 
tion.      Qto.       Introduction    pp.    11. 
Price    5s.      Chichester,    Seagrave,  for 
Carey,  Londofi.  ISOJ. 
This   is  an  ingenious  attempt  to  facili- 
tate the  general  study  of  those  principles 
of  astronomy  which  regard  the 'fixed  stars. 
The  plates  may  be  considered  as  so  many 
maps  ot  the  heavens,   at   the  times  for 
which  they  are  intended.    They  repre- 
sent the  stars  only ;  and,  except  light  lines 
marking  the  Zodiac,  contain  no  artificial 
distinctions.    This  has  preser\^ed  a  clear- 
ness, which  is  highly  favourable  to  their 
intention.     But  on  the  other  hand,  we  see 
no  reason  why  occult  delineations  of  the 
principal  constellations  should  have  pro- 
duced more  confusion  in  these  plates,  than 
boundaries  of  kingdoms  do,  in  geographi- 
cal delineations.    Moreover,   it  is  impos- 
sible that  the  reasons  or  occasions  which 
gave  name  to  most  of  the  constellations 
should  be  guessed  at  or  explained,  without 
some  assistance;  for  who  sees  a    Great 
Bear  in  the  heavens  ?  Or,  wh)  is  any  star 
called  a  Lyre,  a  Swan,  or  a  Dog  ?  It  might 
also  prepare  the  students  for  those  artificial 
distinctions  on  a  celestial  globe  :  for  whe- 
ther it  would  be  wise  to  explode  them  al- 
together, we   strongly  doubt,  being  well 
persuaded  that   much  of  the  history  of 
mankind  is  inscribed  among  the  celestial 
constellations. 

The  autlior  has  given  a  list  of  the  Latir^ 
names,  with  a  translation  :  but  he  has  for* 
got  that  the  ^rfl^ic  names  required  the 
same  favour  to  render  them  intelligible. 
Why  did  he  not  consult  Costard  ?  In  the 
first  plate  the  orbit  of  the  planet  next  the 
sun  is  inscribed  Mars  instead  oi Mercury; 
this  error  may  be  corrected  with  a 
pen.  The  orbit  of  Saturp,  if  not  that  of 
the  (reorgian,  should  have  beea  marked 
on  some  other  plate :  and  a  little  dexterity 
would  have  found  room  for  hints  at  the 
orbits,  and  numl^rs  of  the  secondary 
planets.  We  know  that  the  moon  is  but 
a  very  small  body,  astronomically  consi« 
dered ;  nevertheless,  it  is  a  **  great  light'* 
to  the  eye,  and  may  be  respected  accord* 
ingly,  without  prejudice  to  the  evening 
studies  of  youth. 
Wc  are  pleased  with  the  appearance  of 


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fTj     DerTtHres  Pensies  du  Grand  Fr^Mc, 

works  like  this  before  us,  becaase,  we 
are  confident  that  the  grammar  of  sciences 
cannot  be  rendered  too  familiar.  Elemen- 
tary works  not  only  leave  a  strong  irapres- 
aion  on  the  youthful  mind,  which  it  pre- 
serves with  great  tenacity  in  future  life ; 
but  they  ivander  into  places  where  more 
regular  tresitises  never  penetrate :  and 
Ibey  communicate,  as  it  were  by  accident, 
Very  useful  knowledge  to  persons  who 
otherwise  might  have  remained  in  total 
ignorance.  Our  remarks  will  be  under- 
Mood  to  arise  from  our  good  wishes  for 
the  science,  and  our  desire  that  every  im- 
|vo7ement  of  which  it  is  susceptible 
should  be  adopted  in  treatises  of  this  de- 
scription. The  book  is  neatly  printed, 
and  fit  for  the  parlour. 

Demises  Pensies,  iSfc,  Last  Thoughts  of 

the   Great  Frederic,   King  of  Prussia, 

written  with  his  own  hand  at  Berlin,  in 

-  1/86.   8vo.  pp.30.  Price  Is.  6d.  Paris, 

1S06.      London.  Dulau- 

M.  Champelley  a  surgeon  at  Paris,  is 
file  editor  of  this  little  pamphlet ;  and  he 
takes  the  trouble  to  sign  every  copy  with 
his  own  hand,  pour  iviter  les  contrefa^ 
^ns.  He  affirms  that  the  Duke  of  Meck- 
lenburgh,  entrusted  him  with  the  origi- 
nal;  a  copy  of  which  has  been  used  in 
the  present  edition.  We  do  not,  never- 
"  theless,  vouch  for  the  authenticity  of  this 
production*  If  the  original  MS.  had  been 
open  to  inspection,  and  its  character  were 
•stablished  j  or,  if  the  party  who  received 
it  from  the  King,  would  testify  its  correct- 
ness, we  might  then  entertain  a  better 
opinion  of  it. 
The  following  is  a  favourable  specimen. 

I  hate  the  accumulation  of  riches  by  indivi- 
^nah;  ID  good  policy  tliey  ought  to  be  distri- 
^^fA.  The  strength  of  a  State  consists  in  the 
welfare  of  its  oeopTe;  not  in  the  wealth  accu- 
mulated in  a  few  of  its  cities,  and  among  some 
of  lis  opulent  inhabitants.  The  people  more 
f^ly  part  with  a  portion  of  their  necessa- 
n«»  fiian  rich  individuals  with  their  super- 
^uities.  To  enrich  the  court,  is  to  impoverish 
*he  provinces.  1  have  rendered  many  around 
TOe  discontented,  but  the  reflection  that  the 
people  would  be  something  less  so,  consoled 
tot.  A  state  is  soon  deprived  of  its  resources 
''hen  d)e  people  is  in  distress.  The  ycmox  of 
^  En^isn  nation  resides  in  the  wealth  of  its 
liQsbandmci)  and  mechanics^  the  poverty  of 
•hose  classes  is  the  torment  of  France.  Riches 
i*t  possession  oC-the  people  favour  popu]ati6n, 
mpiocaiejribftiy;  tliey  are  like  th^  blood  in 


. — Mrs.  Croueh.-^VIm  and  Trafalgar,     [78 

the  arteries  which  produces  growth  and  vi- 
gour; but,  if  engrossed  elst^vviiere,  they  only 
promote  luxury;  wliich  is  always  on  the  look 
out  after  distant  and  foreign  objects. 

It  is  of  constxjueiice  that  die  Protestant  reli- 
gion should  irc?er\eit3u8CcndaiK:y,  and  that 
others  should  not  make  too  rap;ti  progress. 
This  persuasion  suits  l>ibt  witfi  all  goveru- 
mcnts.  Its  j;nnci)'l«.^  iUvour  labour  and  po- 
pulation: it  more  easily  as>rjclate3  with  all 
others:  its  ministcJi  aro  without  sway :  thty 
hare  no  extnivagant  re\'enucs,  nor  any  |x  iiu- 
cal  influence  on  their  people.  A  prelate 
whose  income  might  pay,  and  maintuin,  a  re-» 
giment,  is  a  circumstance  beyond  my  comprc- 
nension. 

Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Crouch,-  including  a  re- 
trospect of  the  Stage,  duririg  the  years 
she  performed.  By  M.  T.  Young.— 
2  vols.   12mo.  9s.    Aspeme.     1806. 

A  play-bill  twenty  years  in  length !  The 
author,  like  bully  Bottom,  "  may  rehearse 
more  obscenely  and  courageously,"  and 
think  himself  secure  from  blame  too,  bc« 
cause  "  when  the  players  are  all  dead,  there 
need  none  to  be  blamed.  Marry  if  he 
that  writ  it,  had  played  Pyramus,  and 
hanged  himself  in  Thisbe's  garters,  it 
woiild  have  been  a  fine  tragedy  I'* — al- 
though it  sins  against  both  literature  and 
.  morals.    In  the  language  of  Maobetli^ 

This  life is  a  tale 

Told  by  an  ideot,  full  of  sound  and  fury. 
Signifying  nothing   ■  ■ 

Ulm  and  Trafalgar.  A  Poem.  Second 
Edition.  4to;pp.  10.  Price  Is.  London. 
Hatchard,  ISOd. 

The  contrast  between  thoseevents  which 
occurred  almost  at  tlie  same  instant,  in  the 
distant  localities  of  Ulm  andTrafalgar,  is  not 
only  striking,  but  well  cj^culited  to  create 
an  interest  favourable  to  the  poet,  and 
adapted  to  inflame  the  magic  glnnccs  of 
that  prophetic  "  eye,  in  a  fine  phrensy 
rolhng,"  which  defies  tlie  narrow  bounds 
of  space  and  time.  A  kind  ot  melancJioly 
value  attaches  to  the  stanzas  before  us,  as 
some  of  them  are  thought  to  be  the  pro* 
duction  of  a  late  eminent  statCFjnan  j  pnd 
to  have  softened  those  hours  of  suffering 
which  inevhabiy  attend  disease.  Thougii 
his  body  was  enfeebled,  yet  his  mind 
retained  sutficient  vigour  to  conte  n- 
plate  with  ineffaWe  delight  the  deli^ 
verance  and  the  triumph  of  his  conn  try » 
while  he  saw^  oot  without  a  pangj  other 
D4 


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7Sl  Piclionmdre  de  Ghgraphie  UnivmelU,  ^c. 

countries  sufiering  under  the  accumulated 
miseries  of  war.  of  famine,  and  of  distress 
more  poignant  than  death  itself.  If  we 
could  select  those  passages  to  which  we 
ipllude,  we  should  certainly  present  them 
to  our  readers:  but  we  do  not  pretend  to 
the  exercise  pf  such  magical  discrimi- 
nation.^ The  merit  of  the  poem  may  be 
determined  from  the  following  speci- 
men. 


CPO 


Larticnted  Hero !  when  to  Britaln*s  shore 
Exulting  feme  those  twful  tidings  bore, 
/o/s  bursting  shout  in  whelming  grief  was  drownM, 
And  victory's  self  unwilling  audience  found ; 
On  every  brow  the  cloud  of  sadness  hung, 
The  sounds  of  triumph  died  on  every  tongue ! 

Not  joy  thiw  doubtful,  sadness  thus  sincere, 
§hall  grace,  erewhilc,  theTyrant-Conqueroi's  bi^r  ? 
Whether  with  undiscriminating  sweep 
The  scythe  of  war,  amid  the  mangled  heap, 
Shall  lay  him  low ;  or  lone,  corroding  care, 
Without  one  heart  to  pity  or  to  share, 
And  cheerless  toils  of  solitary  sway. 
Shall  waste  his  withering  frame  with  slow  decay ; 
Comcwhenitwill,fromHeav'n*sall-righteoushand, 
To  saye,  or  to  avenge,  each  injured  land. 
Nations  shaH  kneel  to  bless  the  welcome  doom ; 
And  Frarioe,  unfettered,  trample  on  his  tomb. 

Put  thee,  loved  Chjcfi    what  genuine  griefs 
•    •    bemoan ! 
Tlecte,  citfes,  camps ;  the  cottage,  and  the  throne ! 
Hound  thy  throngTd  hean«  those  mingliiig  sorrows 

•  flow,  ,  ' 

And  seek  faint  soboe  hi  a  pomp  of  vroc  ! 
•  Yet  not  the  vows  thy  vireeping  country  pays, 
^ot  that  high  mced^  thy  mourming  Sovcieign's 

prai^;  "■'■■      t 
^ot,  that  the  gircat,  the  beauteous,  apd  the  braye. 
Bend,  in  mute  reverence,  o'er  thy  closing  grave ; 
That  with  such  grief  as  bathes  a  kindred  bier. 

Collective  nations  mourn  a  death  so  dear  j 

Not  these  alone  shall  soothe  thy  sainted  shade. 
And  consecrate  the  sfpot  where  tfiou  art  laid ! 
Not  these  alone.  But,  bursting  through  the  gloom, 
With  radiaAt  glory  from  thy  trophicd  tomb, 
The  sacred  splendour  of  thy  dwhless  name 
Jhall  grace  and  guard  thy  country's  martial  feme. 
Tar  seen,  shall  blaze  the  uncxtinguish'd  ray, 
A  mighty  beacon,  lighting  Glory's  way ; 
With  living  lustre  this  proud  land  adorn. 
And  shine,  ted  save,  through  ages  yet  unborn ! 

Report  ascribes  the  general  composition 
of  this  little  poem  to  George  Canning, 
Esq.  M.  P.  but  many  of  the  lines  are  at- 
tributed  to  the  late  Right  Honourable.WU* 
JiamPitt,  ?  • 


Dictumnaire  de  GhgrapJde  UnwerseUe. 
tSfc.  Par  P.  C.  V.  Boiste.    A  Dfction- 
ary  of  Universal  Geography,  ancient,  of 
the  middle  ages,   and  modern,  com- 
pared: presenting  the  geographical,  his- 
torical, political,  and  statistical  picture 
of  the  globe,  and  of  its  parts,  in  its  dif- 
ferent ages  and  its  present  state.    The 
names  and  divisions  ancient  and  recent 
of    Countries,    Kingdoms,   Republics, 
Cities,   Towns,    &c.     Their   history, 
productions,    natural    and    ingenious, 
their  commerce,  climate ,  situation,  po- 
pulation, manners  of  their  inhabitants, 
&c.  &c.  8vo.  One  very  thick  volume} 
or  capable  of  being  formed  into  two 
volumes.     With  an  Atlas  in  4to.  con- 
taining  45  Maps,  newly  laid  down,  from 
the  latest  information,  &c.     Desray. 
Paris,  1806.     Imported  by  Dulau  and 
Co.     Price  d£'j.  lis.  6d.   . 
Very  seldom  indeed  is  our  confidence 
raised  by  a  promising  French  title,  be- 
cause we  have  too  ofteti  fouiid  that  there 
was  "  no  trusting  to  title  pages,**  among 
that  lively  and  ingenioas  people.     French 
promises  differ  extremely  from  perform- 
ance, nor  is  it  easy  on  comparing  the  latter 
to  recognise  the  features  of  the  former. 
But  the  present  work  forms  an  honour- 
able exception.    The  compiler  appears  to 
have  consulted  the  best  authorities  which 
have  described  the  various  parts  of  the 
globe  I  and  has  compressed  hb  accounts 
hy^  the  omission  Qf  articles  and  particles, 
within  the  narrowest  Jimits  possible.  The 
volume,  in  consequence,  conuins  a  mass  of 
information  :  not  on  any  subject,  perhaps^j 
^t  length  J  but  enough  to  answer  a  tempo- 
rary purpose,  and  to  repay  cursory  inves- 
tigation.    It  is  also  brought  down  to  the 
latest  period  possible :  and  on  the  whole 
we  feel  ourselves  bound  to  describe  it  as  a 
work  of  great  labour  and  merit.    We 
shall  give  as    a    specimen,  not  chosen 
with  particular  attention,  the  following 
article.  *     • 

IsBLAVD,  Islandia,  great  volcanic  island 
mtheN.  of  Europe,  igol.  long,  by  60  in 
width,  5,500  square ;  its  southern  extremity, 
under  lat.  63  ;  yields  to  Denmark  a  revenue^ 
of  i€7,500  :  extensive  forests ;  mountainous, 
stoney  and  sterile,  excellent  pasturages:  giasf 
of  a  Wonderful  fragrancy  j  no  com ;  the  ice 
parting  firom  the  lands  around  the  pole,  b^ng^ 
store  of  wbod,  and  aninuds,  foxes  and  bears  i 
very  good  horses :  hot  and  salubrious  springs  j 
manv  rivers  and  lakes  full  of  ashes :  moun^ 
Heda,  the  i^ost  fwpus  ^mon^  it^  ^}qi^- 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


»'] 


Dictioimidre  de  GtograpUe  Umverselle,  t^c. 


t\ 


tdtts,  throws  out  flames,  and  torrents  of  hot 
waters :  many  other  volcanoes  :  ajoveniment 
formerly  aristocratic :  taken  in  1203,  by  the 
Kin^  of  Norway  t  was  at  length  united  to 
Denmark    with  "Norway:   houses   scattered 
here  and  there,  for  fear  of  fire,  or  sunk  into 
the  earthy  for  shelter  from  winds  and  cold: 
S0,000  inhabitants,  Lutherans  of  the  Augs- 
buivh  confession :  idle,  great  players  at  chess : 
live  on  their  cattle  and  fisheries :    no  high 
roads,  nor  any  other  towns  or  villages  than 
Be9»tedt,  H<^  and  Schalholt,  abisnopric: 
ia  1783,  in  the  S.  £.  of  the  island,  an   isle 
aapeared  above  the  sea :  it  is  now  enlarged : 
there  is  under  this  sea  an  active  seat  of  tire  : 
produces  salt,  and  sulfur,  fish,  meat,  wool, 
&C.  Before  1778  no  Keindeer :  often  ravaged 
by  diseases  :  the  black  pestilence  in  1347  and 
following  years,  almost  universally  destruc- 
lire :  the  small-pox  has  been  very  injurious ; 
in  1707  and  17O8  carried  off  l6,000  persons ; 
vaccination  is  introduced :  the  language  is  a 
dialect  of  the  runic :  are  of  middling  size,  well 
made,    not   vigprous;    tolerably    mdustrious 
and  hosmtable :  the  women  prepare  the  fish, 
tew  and  knit :  the  men  dress   leather,  and 
exercise  the  mechanic  arts ;  are  attached  to 
dieir  ooontry,  notwithstanding  the  severity 
of  the  climate :  in  1786,  the  King  of  Den- 
mark  rendered   its  commerce    free,    before 
iiiQiK>polized  by  a  company ;  a  considerable 
berring   fishery,  by  the  Dutch.     Long,  of 
JVtrickfiord  53,  3U*  Heikan^,  354,  53, 30. 

Our  readers  may  perceive  that  it  is  not 
impossible  to  suggest  a  better  order,    and 
anangemeot^  of  the  information  present- 
ed :  yet  the  substance  of  the  information 
Itself  is  good.    We  learn,  however,  that 
the  government  of  Denmark,  has  recently 
p?en   directions   for  building   a   town, 
mtended  to  be  the  capital  of  the  island, 
and  to  restore  to  this  country  that  emi- 
nence in  letters  which  it  once  enjoyed, 
and  which  is  not  mentioned  in  the  account 
before  us.    Probably,  this  intention  of  the 
sovereign  was  not  known  when  this  arti- 
cle was  compiled.    But  a  mention  of  the 
Iceland    literati    would  not    have  been 
amiss.    The  maps  are  sufficiently  good : 
hut  not  superior  to  what  are  in  use  among 
ooTBchres. 

fja  Colomhe  message  plus  rapide  que 
tEclair,  &c.  The  messenger  Dove 
more  rapid  than  Lightning,  by  Michael 
Sabbagh;  translated  firom  the  Arabic 
into  French,  by  A.  C.  Sylvestre  de  Sacy. 
avo.  Price  48.    Paris,  I8O6. 

This  work  is  divided  into  five  chapters, 
fl^  firsts  treats  of  the  species  of  birds 


named  hamam ;  and  of  the  spuecies  ta 
which  the  work  particularly  refers :  the 
second,  of  that  variety  of  pigeon  which  if 
to  be  selected,  of  the  natural  qualities,  and 
character  of  this  bird  $  the  third,  of  the 
first  institutpr  of  the  method  of  convey  ii^ 
intelligence  by  pigeons,  and  of  those  who 
subsequently  imitated  his  example:  the 
fourth,  of  the  manner  of  breeding  an4 
educating  these  pigeons )  and  of  cautions 
to  be  taken  when  they  are  sent  oflF  with 
letters?  the  fifth,  contains  passages  both 
in  prose  and  verse,  selected  from  emi- 
nent writers  of  former  times,  on  this 
subject. 

However  familiar  the  Arabic  language 

•may  be  to  M.  Sylvestre  de  Sacy,  he  has 

not  neglected,  as  he  informs  us  in  his 

notes,  to  consult  the  author  of  th6  work, 

on  the  sense  of  several  expressions  which 

occur  in    it.      An   advantage    infinitely 

to  be  valued    by  every   translator  who 

wishes  to  do  justice  to  the  work  under  his 

care.  ^ 

"■■"■■  ■       '       I  J  I  III         ■  ■         ■ 

Manuel  dArithm^tiqu^,  etc.    Manual  df 

Arithmetic,  as  formerly  practised,  and 

Decimal,  for  the  Use  of  Schools,  and 

of  Youth  intended  for  Business,  2au 

18mo.    Paris.    Ancelle,   I8O6.      Im-^ 

ported  by  Dulau  and  Co.    Price  2s.  6d. 

A  neat  little  volume  containing  the 
usual  ntles  of  arithmetic  adapted  to  the 
contprehension  of  learners :  it  is  no  fiir* 
ther  deserving  of  distinction  among  our- 
selves, than  as  it  demonstrates  the  di^cul- 
ties  experienced  by  the  French,  in  re- 
ducing their  former  calculations  to  their 
present.  The  former  ell  is  1  metre  and  19 
parts  in  100.  llie  former  toise  is  1  me- 
tre and  95  parts  in  100.  The  tables  an- 
nexed, record  that  the  louis  d'or,  which 
Jan.  1,  1790,  sold  for  25  livres  2  sous,  in 
assignats,  sold  in  179^»  on  the  17th  of 
Prairial,  for  17,950  livres  in  the  same  pa- 
per. In  tlie  same  year,  100  livres  of  man« 
dats  were  worth  on  the  Ist  of  Germinal^ 
34  livres  10  sous :  on  the  21st  of  Thef- 
midor,  following,  they  were  worth  onlj 
1  liv.  11  sous. 

Did  ever  any  age,  or  place,  witness  an 
equal  depreciation  of  public  paper,  se- 
cured on  national  good  faith,  honour,  and 
property  ?  We  confess  that  uniformity  is 
very  desirable  in  the  weights  and  mea- 
sures of  Britain  ^  but  French  uniformity 
greatly  exceeds  the  value  at  which  hoqest 
John  Bull  ap|>recigtes  its  advantages. 


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88] 


Mes  Perils  pendant  la  Revolutwn  de  Naples,  dfc. 


[84 


Mes  Perils  pendant  la  Revolution  de  Na- 
ples, ^c. — My  Perils  during  the  Revo- 
Jution  at  Naples,  wherein  are  recited 

.  all  the  horrors  committed  in  that  city 
by  th^  Lazzaroni  and  the  Calabrians } 
to  which  is  annexed  an  exact  account 
of  tlie  Manners  of  the  Inhabitants  of 
Calabria.  By  N***,  eye-witness,  &c. 
8vo.  pp.  107.  Paris.  Bacot,  I8O6.  Im- 
ported by  Dulau.    Price  3s. 

A  History  of  Love  and  Murder :  or,  ra- 
fter, of  Murder  and  I^ove  ;  for  tlie  author 
narrates  first  his  tragedy,  but  his  pam- 
phlet terminates  in  matrimony;  accord- 
ing to  Uie  good  old  rule  of  romances, 
^*  he  chose  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  wealthy  young  ladies  of  the  city, 
in  union  with  whom,  he  passed  the  rest 
of  his  life  happily,  surrounded  by  peace, 
honour,  and  virtue." 

The  history  purports  to  be  that  of  a 
young  man  wlio  escaped  the  terrors  of  the 
time  when  ilic  Lazzaroni,  preceding  Car- 
dinal Rutfo,  entered  Naples,  and  treated 
the  Gallic  partisans  with  a  slight  taste  of 
those  miseries  which  their  principals  know 
so  well  how  to  administer.  That  many 
snch  histories  might  be  compiled  we  doubt 
not,  but,  after  those  already  published 
by  Frenchmen  themselves,  our  sympathy 
can  only  be  excited  by  incidents  uncom- 
monly interesting  and  striking;  both  in 
matter  and  manner.  They  must  also  pos- 
sess greater  marks  of  authenticity  than 
the  tale  before  us,  which  being  calculated 
for  the  meridian  of  Paris,  is  not  degraded 
by  inconvenient  attention  to  lubberly  mat- 
ter of  fact.  The  description  of  Calabrian 
manners,  promised  in  the  title  page,  is 
common  place :  ignorance  and  innocence 
are  consorted  as  usual ;  and  the  felicity  of 
retirement  is  described  as  greatly  prefer- 
able to  the  evils  attendant  on  courts  and 
cities. 

Disappointed  in  our  hopes  of  finding  a 
correct  delineation  of  Calabrian  manners, 
yre  are  happy  to  meet  a  compensation  in  a 
sketch  of  the  manners  of  the  Neapolitans, 
prefixed  by  way  of  introduction.  It  is 
borrowed  from  *'  Travels  to  Naples," 
published  at  Berlin,  in  1804.  This  we 
think  worth  translating :  especially  as 
public  attention  is,  by  late  events,  attract- 
ed very  strongly  towards  the  South  of  Italy. 
The  author's  remarks  include  the  follow- 
ing subject^. 

AvGEK. — ^Thc  Neapolitans  threaten  each- 


other  with  assasaini^tion,  when  they  quarrel; 
and  e\'en  when  their  quarrels  are  not  on  very 
serious  subjects,  tliey  vociferate  so  loudly,  Uiat 
strangers  unaccustomed  to  such  violence,  sup- 
pose tnem  at  daggers  drawing. 

Funeral  procession's. — ^The  meeting  of 
a  procession,  naight  suggest  the  inquiry,  whe- 
ther living  men  are  attending  a  corpse  to 
the  grave,  or  whether  spectres  are  not  bearing 
the  dead  to  his  long  home :  inasmuch  as  bR 
who  surround  the  bier  areenveloped  in  white, 
from  the  crown  of  the  head  to  tnc  sole  of  the 
foot :  two  small  peeping  holes  for  the  eyes  ex- 
cepted. When  twenty  or  thirty  of  these  ap- 
paritions solemnly  glide  in  procession,  ^singing 
psalms,  and  holding  flambeaux  in  their  hands, 
during  a  dark  night,  while  the  bier  is  dis- 
tincdy  seen,  covered  with  a  red-pall,  on  which 
are  embroidered  crownsof  gold;  the  whole  ad- 
vancintr  without  the  spectator's  perception  of 
the  mm  iiig  power  by  which  the  bier  is  drawn 
or  carried,  it  produces  a  sensation  of  terror. 
The  dead  are  accompanied  to  the  grave  by 
members  of  the  various  fraternities.  The 
bier  appears  to  be  self-moving,  because  the 
pall  extending  almost  to  the  ground,  those 
who  carry  it  are  wholly  concealed. 

The  procession  of  a  rich  individual,  or  a  no- 
ble,  consists  in  a  bier  covered  with  blue  vel- 
vet, splendidly  emblazoned,  followed  by  thirty  . 
or  forty  Lazzaronis  each  carrying  a  small 
standarcl  displaying  the  arms  of  "the  deceased : 
these  ragged  mourners  walk  six  or  eight  in- 
rank.  At  present  only  priests  and  children 
are  carried  with  their  faces  uncovered.  Chil- 
dren are  strewed  with  flowers :  a  nosegay  of 
flowers  is  also  put  into  their  hands,  and  even 
into  their  mouths  ;  a  com|)any  of  children 
dressed  to  represent  angels,  but  somewhat 
oj)era-fashion,  attends  them,  and  practice^  va* 
rK>us  antics  in  their  progress  to  the  grave. 

Equipages. — ^This  is  the  last  article  of 
luxury  relinquished  by  the  Neapolitans }  not 
that  they  possess  costly  apd  superb  equipages ; 
they  even  ought  not  to  be  too  snowyj  if  drawn 
by  two  horses,  that  is  enough :  for  at  Naples 
nothing  is  so  much  dreaded  as  walking.  in<* 
somuch  that  they  do  not  describe  a  man  who 
is  ruined,  by  saying  **  he  has  not  bread  :'*— 
but,  **  alas,  poor  man  I  he  is  obliged  to  go  oi| 
foot!" 

Gamino. — The  Neapolitan  nobility  have 
no  other  occu^tion  than  play.  If  the  go- 
vernments of  Europe  arc  shaken,  they  play  j 
if  Pompeia  rises  from  its  ruins,  they  playj 
Vesuvius  vomits  flames,  they  play ;  the  rums 
of  Poestum,  distant  a  few  mdes,  are  univeiw 
sally  admired  by  strangen,  for  the  Neapolitans 
pby.  The  most  distingiiuhed  princes  of  the 
country  keep  tennis  courts. 

Jealousy.— Strangers  have  no  longer  any 
thing  to  fear  from  Italian  jealousy,  described 
as  formerly  so  dreadful  j  but^ow  confined  t% 


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ftS]  Sles  Pirib  pendant  la  RivoluUon  de  Naples,  etc. 


CW 


itenancei :  not  only  is  the  husband  no  impcdi- 
znent  to  the  gallantry  of  his  wife  :  but  that 
quirocal  peraooage  tne  cicesbeo  is  no  longer 
koown. 

Public  readers. — A  remarkable  incident 
It  Naples  is  that  of  the  Readers  on  the  Mole. 
The  Mole  is  a  pier  projecting  into  the  sea, 
fenniog  a  very  agreeable  walk,  with  the  ex- 
teption  of  the  stench  from  which  it  is  rarely 
free  To  the  left  are  the  ships  at  anchor;  to 
tbe  right  the  ^iraves  break  against  the  rocks : 
the  li^t^house  is  at  the  extremiiy.  Although 
tbe  mole  is  of  ample  width,  and  paved  with 
Urge  slabs  of  stone,  yet  coaches  are  forbidden 
frtmi  driving  on  it.  Indeed  it  is  not  possible 
to  admit  them  ;  for  the  throng  is  constantly  so 
coosidcrable  that  a  person  on  foot  can  with 
<fiffiailty  make  his  way  through  it. 

Here'  abound  adventurers  of  all  sorts,  who 
ipeculate  on  the  credulity  of  the  populace,  and 
others  who  profit  by  popular  curio-»itv.  Among 
tbe  btier  are  two  men,  somewhat  advanced  in 
Hfc,  yet  still  hearty,  who^  scanty  but  not 
laggwi  clothing  marks  their  close  Jilliancc  to 
Ac  mendicant  class ;  they  form  with  benches, 
I  square,  which  occasionaliy  has  two  rows; 
bere  they  seat  themselves,  holding  in  their 
bands  a  manuscript,  and  occasionally  they  at- 
tiact  a  nomerous  audience.  Their  most  usual 
bearers  are  sailors,  scnants,  artisans,  and  chil- 
teu  The  hbtory  which  irresistibly  engages 
tbesc  auditors,  b  constantly  that  of  a  certain 
Prince  Rinaldi,  for  whom  the  Neapolitans 
entertain  unlimited  affection.  Tnis  prince 
was  a  hero  always  victorious  over  roobers, 
laonstcrs,  giants,  and  amazons ;  but,  on  e\ery 
occasion,  politeness  itself  towards  the  ladies. 
What  most  surprises  a  stranger  is,  that  all 
tbeie  exploits  are  sung ;  but  in  a  uniform  kind 
of  melooy,  not  unlike  recitative. 

The  narrator  exerts  his  whole  strength  in 
tbe  accompaniment  of  action,  and  not  infre- 
^tiently  bestows  no  feeble  blow  on  some  one 
near  him,  which  excites  a  laugh  among  the 
wowd.  If  the  subject  of  his  description  be  a 
murderous  battle,  he  renders  the  scene  as  sen- 
•ible  as  possible  by  his  gesticulation  :  he 
^ws  his  sword  with  his  right  hand,  elevates 
b  bis  left  his  book  by  way  of  shield,  to  defend 
Us  breast,  daKs  on  nb  enemy,  slays  him  out- 
n^t ;  bein^  wounded,  writhes  in  the  very  an- 
guish of  jpain,  or  celebrates  his  triumph  by  a 
«on^.  When  the  story  id  closed  the  relator 
levers  his  hat  to  a  Lazzaroni ;  who  under- 
stands well  enough  the  meaning  of  this  signal, 
*nd  with  the  hat  in  his  hand  solicits  the  dona- 
tions of  the  hearers. 

Lottery,  Drawing  of, — In  a  very  Urge  haV 
of  the  Ficaria^  or  Justice-court,  are  assembled 
tondry  persons  dressed  in  black,  their  heads 
oorered  with  immense  full  bcmomed  perukes ; 
Aesc  are  gentlemen,  very  well  paid,  f.  r 
ooming  once  a  fortnight,  and  enduring  a 
^farter  of  a  hour's  weariness,  in  a  convenient 
Ittuatioo,    The  boy  who,  as  usual  in  other 


coontries,  draws  the  numbers,  b  loaded  with 
images  of  saints  :  he  b  blessed  and  drenched 
with  holy  water  before  he  commences  hb 
labouTcu  Nearly  two  thousand  persons  are 
squeezed  together  in  this  hall ;  and  although 
every  window  and  door  b  open,  yet  the  air  b 
so  loaded  with  mephitic  vapours,  that,  I  in- 
cline to  think,  no  candle  would  bum  in  it. 
The  hootings  and  hisses  of  the  mad-headed 
populace  are  yyt  more  intolerable,  if  possible, 
thun  tlie  offensive  exhalations.  Often  mi^t 
a  s^KcUitor  ask  himself,  whether  he  were  not 
i.i  d  luad-house?  If  one  of  the  commission- 
ers comes  rather  late,  he  is  received  with  re- 
proaciics,  and  hisses  enough  to  turn  the  head 
of  the  most  sagacious  councel lor.  When  the 
wheel  KOC3  rouad  the  shout  of  the  spectators 
is  horiible. 

The  first  drawn  ticket,  being  given  by 
the  boy  who  drew  it  to  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners, he  gave  it  to  a  lazzaroni  who  stood 
behind  him.  Instantly  the  hall  resoui^ded 
with  shouts  of  applause  and  screams  of  joy ; 
the  second  jiumbcr  on  the  contrary,  was  re-  . 
ceived  with  expressions  of  chagrin.  I  went 
out  at  this  instant,  to  escape  the  crowd.  Oa 
the  stair  case  I  met  another  personage  who^ 
attentions  were  directed  to  the  purse  :  ii  was.a 
pious  good  soul,  who,  speculating  on  the  nu- 
merous assembly,  took  this  opj>ortunity  of 
soliciting  donations  on  behalf  of  the  souls  in 
purgatory.  The  idea  was  a  good  one,  espe- 
cially was  it  applicable  before  Sie  drawing  be- 
gun to  those  who  were  interested  in  the 
e\'ent,  because  at  that  time,  e\ery  one  would 
hope  his  good  works  might  be  rewarded  by 
the  favours  of  fortune.  The  stiir  case  was 
moreover  filled  with  lame  bcggirs;  and  in 
order  to^ttnprize  every  characterstic  of  tlic 
Nea))olitat4|i  superstition,  gambling,  poverty, 
and  filth  were  huddled  together.  On  a  se- 
cond floor  every  kind  of  nostiness  was  permit- 
ted and  practised.  When  a  nvunber  ^^'^t 
drawn,  it  was  announced  through  a  window, 
to  an  agent  placed  in  the  street,  kk  the  pur- 
pose, who  proceeded  instantly  to  inform  the 
administration  of  the  lotteiy,  and,  as  ho 
went,  communicated  his  intelligence  to  the 
curious.  Directly  as  the  peoi)le  perceived  from 
a  distance  the  approach  of  one  of  these 
agents,  a  general  exclamation  ensued,  and 
thousands  of  hands  waved  in  the  air,  for  the 
Neapolitans  do  nothing  without  action.  All 
spoke  together,  during  naif  a  minute,  to  com- 
municate their  deep  reflections  among  their 
neighbours :  after  which  they  waited  till 
another  messenger  appeared.  The  fury  of 
lottery  gaming  is  more  excessive  here  tha'n  in 
other*  places,  because  here  superstition  finds 
most  room  for  its  exercise  :  and  the  Neaj)o- 
litans  are  determined  in  the  choice  of  their 
numbers,  by  the  most  do  picible  artifices, 
such  as  calculation  to  prtdirt  tlieir  success^ 
&c.  The  folly  of  this  mfcrnal  game  has  in- 
fected the  whole  |x>pulation,  and  even  the 


Digit 


zedby^Odgie 


■7] 


3f«  PMls  pifidani  la  RivoliUion  de  Naples,  ete^ 


bcggan  commit  to  chance  the  veiy  alms  they 
have  received. 

MACARONi^-One  cannot  take  ten  atepe  in 
6ie  street  without  meeting  virith  great  copoers 
filled  with  macaroni  ready  prepared,  sprinkled 
Over  vrtth  cheese,  and  sometimes  decorated 
with  little  pieces  of  tomates.  The  Neajio- 
litans  have  an  art  in  eating  macaroni  which 
is  peculiar  to  themselves,  and  can  only  be 
acquired  among  them.  They  draw  it  out  to 
« certain  lensth,  then  taking  it  securely  be- 
tween the  finger  and  thumb,  they  raise  it 
▼ery  high,  and  let  it  fall  into  the  mouth.  It 
b  prepared  simply  by  boiling  with  cheese ; 
sbout  five  or  six  minutes  at  most.  Those  who 
admire  it,  add  a  little  of  the  liver  of  a  fowl 
to  it,  which  renders  it  very  inviting. 

Filth  of  the  strebts— It  is  not  enough 
that  the  stwet  is  the  place  for  eating,  drink- 
ing, milking  of  cattle,  feeding  of  calves, 
labouring  at  occupations  of  every  kind  ;  that 
here  are  written  letters  and  petitions,  that 
here  vermin  are  got  rid  of,  &c.  but  it  is  also 
the  receptacle  for  excrementitious  ordures, 
which  render  the  city  of  Naples  an  immense 
tioaca,  insupporuble  to  a  stranger's  sight  and 
amell.  How  may  this  be  account^  for? 
Thousands  of  Lazzaroni  live  and  sleep  wholly 
in  the  streets;  in  the  street  therefore  they 
mutt  satisfy  eveiy  call.  Besides,  an  infinity 
of  country  people  daily  enter  the  city  with 
the  productions  of  their  grounds  ;  these  have 
BO  retirements,  but  what  the  streets  afford  ; 
and  it  is  even  said,  that  the  master  of  a  house 
adiaoent  to  an  alley,  cannot  prevent  the  use 
•f  it,  as  a  oonvemcncy.  Many  housekeepr 
ars,  however  take  advantage  of  the  prevail- 
ing superstition,  and  paint  a  cross  on  the  wall 
of  those  places  which  are  most  exposed  to 
•uch  offences.  The  Italians  have  so  great  a 
veneration  for  the  cross,  that  they  rarely 
transgress:  but  if  this. be  unavailing,  their 
piehr  is  further  appwded  to,  by  a  picture  of  a 
•oul  in  the  flames  of  purgatoy  lilting  up  his 
hands  between  two  crosses.  This  ususdly  8uc« 
cecds,  but  not  always.  Would  it  be  thought 
possible  that  one  of  the  most  offensive  of 
these  receptacles,  is  opposite  to  the  royal  pa- 
lace,  and  acljacent  to  the  church  of  Su  Louis ! 
The  king,  whose  apartments  are  on  this  side 
of  the  palace,  never  can  enter  his  balcony 
without  beholding  these  abominations ;  nor 
can  the  faithful  enter  the  church  without  de- 
^ement.  AU  the  houses  are  dirty  intep> 
naUy;  their  halls,  their  stair-cases,  their 
^ti^hambers  are  dirty :  the  palace  of  the 
$rst  minister  differs  nothing  from  the  residence 
of  the  meanest  retailer.  I  cannot  conceive 
bow  the  English,  who  love  cleanliness,  can 
jto  readily,  and  in  such  numbers,  reside  in 
this  city.  The  streets,  however,  are  some- 
times washed  by  the  cains;  and  industry, 
Ikot  of  the  police  but  of  individuab,  converts 
tipe  ikftlcflaenfi  of  the  city  to  fbc  advantage 


[68^ 


of  the  country  :  but  the  houses  are  strangeiia 
to  such  ablutions. 

Water  sellers — From  the  four  comers 
of  the  table,  behind  which  the  water  seller 
takes  his  station,  rise  poles,  painted  and  gilt, 
united  at  top  by  a  kind  ol  canopy,  whose 
termination  is  adorned  in  no  veiy  decent 
manner :  around  this  canopy  are  images  of 
the  saints  ^  in  the  middle,  on  each  side,  wave 
two  small  Hags :  the  other  parts  are  adorned 
with  lemons  and  flowers.  The  spectator,  at 
the  sizht  of  this  extraordinary  composition, 
midht  be  induced  to  imagine  himself  in  China. 

fieside  the  seller  are  two  vases  shaped  like 
a  drum,  crossed  by  a  bar  of  iron,  in  such  a 
manner  that  they  may  be  raised  and  lowered 
at  pleasure :  these  vases  contain  a  fair  limpid 
water,  and  ice.  On  the  interior  rim  of  the 
table,  are  lemons  and  glasses.  These  stands 
are  almost  constantly  surrounded  by  pur- 
chasers, and  truly  admirable  is  the  dexterhy 
with  which  the  aealer  draws  from  his  drums 
to  right  and  left,  fills  his  glasses,  squeezes  a 
few  drops  of  lemon  juice,  presents  it,  re- 
ceives pavement,  gives  change;  &Cf  In  the 
evening  these  stands  are  illuminated  by  lamps. 
Tlie  price  of  a  glass  of  water  is  the  smallest 
copper  coin.  Nothing  is  more  inviting  than 
to  see  these  chrystal  streams  flowing, .  whose 
coolness  bedims  the  surface  of  the  glass! 
Contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  country,  the 
whole  is  conducted  with  great  neatness. 

Cheese  sellers,  milk  SELLERS^-The 
Italians  value  cheese  highly ;  but  in  general 
those  kinds  of  it  which  are  sold  at  Naples 
are  not  excellent ;  oqc  or  two  are  sour  ^  thp 
others  have  an  ill  taste.  The  most  oommoi^ 
kmd  has  the  form  of  a  pilgrim's  wallet,  hung 
to  a  cord.  Buffalo  cheese  is  equally  bad }  it 
stretches  like  leather.  Cheese  sellers  deal  in 
no  other  articles  :  tliey  are,  however,  a  thriv* 
ing  generation ;  a  proof  of  their  good  trade. 
They  have  a  peculiar  manner  of  dressing  their 
shops.  The  principal  and  most  indispensa- 
ble ornament  b,  a  large  table  of  white  mar- 
ble, in  the  middle  of  which  stands  a  smallejr 
of  the  same  material,  supported  by  colpnins, 
by  genii  holding  horns  of  plenty,  or  other 
analogous  devices;  in  these  the  proprietors 
display  their  taste  and  spirit.  The  front  of 
tlie  lesser  table  is  adorned  with  has  reliefs, 
such  as  the  Last  Supper  ^  or  proverbs,  sacred 
or  profane,  not  seldom  lauj^i^ble.     Here  w^ 


jyilate  OS  tuum  ct  impleho  iilud. 
Open  thy  moutli  wide  and  I  will  fill  it. 

Or, 
But  If  rum  de  armenio,  et  lac  de  ovilus. 
Butter  of  kine,  and  milk  of  sheep. 

The  cows  which  yield  the  milk  are  con- 
ducted by  the  milk  seller  from  house  to 
house;  where  he  milks  the  quantity  want-* 
ed :  by  this  management  it  is  secure  U^ 
mixt^e* 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


•9]  Mes  Finis  pendant  la  Revolution  de  Naples,  etc. 


[90 


Beggars. —Whoever  enters  a  hoiise  is 
•urrounded  by  a  score  of  hats,  or  of  hands 
extended^  sohciting  alms.  Ten  st^ps  in  the 
street  caonqt  be  taken  without  meeting  an 
application  for  charity  .  women  usually  dress- 
ed in  black  silk,  and  veiled,  demand  with 
cffronteiy  j  men  who  call  themselves  modest 
poor,  implore  your  assistance  in  whispers : 
thousands  of  maimed  objects  exhibit  their 
anDs>  or  legs,  now  useless  t  children,  some- 
times even  men,  absolutely  naked,  creep 
about  in  the  mud.  If  any  one  attempts  to 
enter  a  church,  the  door  is  obstructed  by  a 
crowd  of  beggars ;  witlun,  is  an  equal  num- 
ber kneeling,  and  dragging  themselves  on  their 
knees.  In  vour  own  house,  you  are  not 
secure  from  tneir  worrying  importunities.  If 
the  door  of  the  balcony  be  opened,  the  sighs 
of  these  wretches  ascend  even  there.  Even 
the  King's  gardener  bees,  by  offering  you 
aomethiue  rare  which  he  hjis  pilferred  from 
the  pots  of  his  master. 

Sea  FisR.-^An  ei^rmous  quantity  offish, 
xaw  or  dressed,  is  sold  in  the  streets.  Their 
forms  arc  equally  various  and  curious.  Some 
have  the  bill  of  a  woodcock ;  others  resemble 
a  cake,  others  have  a  kind  of  fringe  around 
their  chaps,  some  closely  resemble  chestnuts, 
Mrith  their  husks  and  prickles  \  others  the  agate 
handle  of  a  knife.  Oysters  are  plentihil  \ 
but  they  are  very  small,  and  their  flavour  is 
nothing  wonderful  During  the  summer 
evming  the  populace  assembles  on  the  sea- 
beach  toeat  various  kinds  of  what  they  cssXifruits 
9f  the  sea,  and  which  the  fishmongers  offer 
'for  sale  immediately  as  taken  from  the  water. 
As  the  space  allotted  for  this  purpose  is  not 
lai^e,  puu^es  must  be  secured  oeforehand. 

Ambulatory  Preachers. — An  occupa- 
tion  particular  to  the  Neapolitans  is  tnat 
of  listening  to  preachers  who  proceed  from 
plftoe  to  place.  A  banner  is  borne  along 
the  streets,  succeeded  by  a  crucifix.  This 
crucifix  is  followed  by  a  priest  full  robed. 
He  advances  toward  the  mole,  chooses  the 
spot  which  he  thinks  mosts  favourable,  and 
makes  a  signaL  The  bearer  of  the  banner 
stops,  and  waits  at  the  distance  of  a  few  steps ; 
the  preacher  mounts  on  some  stone,  or  on  a 
bench,  with  which  some  neighbouring  shop 
has  respectfully  supplied  him ;  he  plants  the 
cross  l^  his  side,  and  begins  his  discourse 
without  further  ceremony.  The  people  take 
Ofi  their  hats»  and  assemble  to  near  him. 
These  preachers  have  a  great  influence  on  the 
populace^  the  government  sometimes  em- 
ploys them  to  facilitate  the  execution  of  public 
measures. 

Sapxty  IV  Invs.-— When  a  traveller  ar- 
rives at  his  inn,  the  landlord  is  bound  to  ask 
him  for  a  statement  of  all  h  is  valuables.  The 
Kuest  b  free  to  ^ve,  or  to  withhold  it,  but 
men  he  must  d^ver  to  the  landlord  a  written 
notice  of  its  having  been  demanded.  If  the 
kodioid  eanttot  produce  the  proper^-  or  the 


notice,  he  is  obliged  to  replace  whate\'er  may 
have  been  stolen  m  his  house.  He  is  also, 
equally  obliged  if  he  has  not  informed  the 
stronger  of  this  regulation.  By  this  mean  th« 
inns  are  places  of  perfect  security. 

Viaticum. — ^When  the  donsecrated  host  b 
carried  to  the  sick^  its  approach  is  denoted  to 
the  eye  by  a  banner  borne  before  it ;  'while 
the  sharp  tinklings  of  a  little  bell  inform  tha 
ear:  it  is  surrounded  by  priests  in  full  dress, 
and  often  by  a  guard  of^  honour.  Incenao 
smokes  before  the  procession,  and  the  fiiithful 
who  happen  to  be  passing  along  the  road» 
unite  with  the  attendants.  Wherever  it  passes 
Polichinello  susi^ends  his  harangue,  the  fish- 
mongers are  silent,  the  gamesters  utter  not  a 
word,  thousands  of  spectators  all  on  their 
knees,  beat  their  breasts,  and  sign  themselves 
with  the  cross:  the  guards  stand  to  their 
arms,  and  the  drums  beat  a  salute,  while  tha 
procession  is  in  sight.  This  spectacle  is  much 
the  most  agreeable  In  an  evening:  a  light 
appears  instantly  on  every  balcony  j  sud- 
denly, and  as  ifW  enchantment  the  darkest 
night  equals  a  brilliant  day  ;  and  sometimes 
quantities  of  squibs  and  crackers  arc  let  off 
which  sparkk  and  glitter  around  the  proce^ 
sion.  At  the  playhotise,  in  the  middle  of  a 
scene,  if  the  bell  announces  the  passing  of 
this  sacred  object,  the  actors  instantly  retira 
to  each  side,  and  all  present  as  well  in 
the  boxes,  as  in  the  pit,  tall  on  their  knees. 
The  comedians,  beoizened,  and  painted  as 
tliey  are,  kneel  behind  the  scenes,  and  every 
head  bends  forward,  till  the  tinkle  is  no 
longer  heard :  after  which  the  performance  b 
resumed. 

Theft. — Thth  is  very  common  at  Naples, 
in  spite  of  the  wheel  and  the  gibbet  It  Is 
even  said  that  an  executioner  having  left  his 
shoes  at  the  foot  of  the  scaflold,  in  order  to 
mount  the  ladder  more  readily,  was  robbed  of 
his  property  during  the  execution. 

The  length  of  this  article  precludes  uf 
from  extending  otir  observationg  on  itt 
but  we  may  advise  strangers  not  to  trust 
implicitly  to  the  annihilation  of  Neapolitan 
jealously.  We  observe  also  that  tho 
public  readers  on  the  mole  of  Naples,  ars 
not  restricted  to  two,  as  stated  by  our 
author ;  and  that,  beside  the  history  ho 
mentions,  and  sundry  of  a  like  nature^ 
select  parts  of  Tasso,  Ariosto,  and  other 
favourite  authors,  calculated  to  interest 
the  auditory  arc  repeated,  or  chanted : 
whereby  they  become  so  familiar  to  th« 
populace,  that  many  can  repeat  const* 
derable  portions  ot  those  authors  by  heart. 
Did  Homer  thus  recite  his  verses  to  th« 
Greeks  ?  On  the  subject  of  filth,  this  cit/ 
may  vie*in  comparison  with  the  Mpe^ 
rioi  city  of  Paris :  which,  surely,  is  suA 
jficicot  reproach.    Th^  gather  •u|;ht  to 


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Annals  of  Natural  Hlsiory,  &€. 


m 


baire  added  the  motto  annexed  to  the 
delineations  of  the  cross,  &c.  which  some- 
times is,  '*  Respect  to  the  Virgin  j"  some- 
times "  Respect  to  the  Cross."  Did 
not  the  ancients  depict  the  sacred  serpent, 
in  expectation  of  similar  protection  ? 

■         hicf  inguUy  veto,  quisquam  faxit  olehim, 
Pin^e  duos  atigues,    Pueri^  taccr  est  Iocum;  extra 
Mejite,  Pcrsius.  Sat.  1.  U2. 

Thejr  had,  no  doubt,  the  same  occa- 
sion for  it,  and  were  eC[J]ia)ly  removed 
from  public  cleanliness.  The  distinction 
between  devotion  and  Religion  may  be 
instanced  in  the  public  manners  of  most 
Catholic  countries :  external  action  is 
rarely  denied ;  and  in  appearance,  every 
respect  is  paid  to  instituted  rites  ;  but,  as 
in  Naples,  Polichinello  is  Polichinello 
still ;  when  the  procession  is  passed  j  the  ac- 
tors resume  tlie  same  attitudes  and  pursue 
the  same  intrigues,  as  before  :  and  the  au- 
dience retain  no  trace  of  the  homage.they 
had  paid,  rather  to  fashion  than  to  God. 

An  ales  de  Historia  Natural  o  de  Ciencias 
Naturales.  Annals  of  Natural  History, 
and  Science.  8vo.  plates,  Madrid. 
This  work,  of  which  the  2l8t  Num- 
bers, completing  the  7th  Volume,  is  just 
published,  is  printed  at  the  Royal  Press, 
at  Madrid,  and  contains  a  yery  considera- 
ble variety  of  communications  on  scien- 
tific subjects,  by  characters  of  eminence  in 
their  different  departments,  both  Spani- 
ards and  foreigners.  This  number  contains 
several  papers  on  Botany,  on  the  classi- 
fication and  description  of  plants  newly 
discovered, — Modes  of  preparing  a  hortus 
siccus  ; — en  the  medicinal  effects  of  vari- 
ous plants } — botanical  lectures  and  obser- 
vations;— and  biography  of  celebrated 
Spanibh  botanists. — This  department  con- 
tains the  productions  of  Cavanilles,  Bou- 
telou,  Muunariz,  Mariano  Lagasca,  Jos. 
Rodriguez,  Nee,  Hettering,  Mocinno, 
Bias  Sales,  Mutis,  Vicente  Cervantes,  L. 
de  Rieux,  and  Ventenat. -^Papers  on  Mi- 
neralogy, Oryctogiiosie,  Metallurgy,  fos- 
sils^  tlie  classification  of  mineral^  and  si- 
milar subjects,  by  Hergen,  B.  C.  An- 
guelles,  Parraga,  Manuel  de  Rio,  Ramon 
de  la  Quadra,  Ramon  Espinlyra,  Werner, 
Antonie  de  Arnaud,  J.  S.  Cisneros,'  Ca- 
vanilles, Nee,  and  And.  del  Rio.  On 
Natural  History,  by  Ignace  de  Asso  and 
Cavanilles,  and  on  various  other  subjects, 
by  Humboldt,  Guerin,  Micbaux,  Des- 
gjcnnettes,  Franseri,  Valli,  Urena,  Va- 
salli,  Rossi,  Proust  and  Bernardo  Cobo. 
Thr^  parts  or  numbers  form  one  volume^ 


in  8vo.  of  more  than  300  pages,  and  those 
subjects  which  require  it,  ere  illustrated 
by  plates. 

Buffbn*s    Naturgeshiches  avs  AJenschen, 
^c.    The  Natural  History  of  Man,  by 
M.  Buffon,  translated  and  accomi>ained 
with  observations,  elucidations,  and  re- 
marks, by  M.  d'Ulmenstein.     Vol.1. 
8vo.  pp.  500. — ^Berlin.     Irxd.  l6gr. 
I  If  all  new  editions  of  important  scien- 
tific works,  the  most  particular  attention 
should  be  given  to  discoveries  made  since 
the  original  publicaton  of  tliose  works, 
whether  such  discoveries  relate    to  the 
principles  or  details  of  sciences :  this  edition 
of  Budbn  offerspromisesof  such  improve- 
ment,   which    are  not  fulfilled   in    the 
work :   the  observations  are  not  always 
important  or  relevant,  and  the  greatest 
praise  due  to  the  editor,  is  for  his  atten- 
tion in  having  investigated  and  mentioned 
a  considerable  number  of  voyages  and 
travels,   which  contain  ^cts  exposing  the 
fallacy  of  many  of  M.  Buffon*&  rash  and 
unfounded  assertions. 

Die  Obsthamxucht ;  The  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice  of  tl;e  cultivation  of  Fruk  Trees, 
byTh.Theus.  Svo.pp.  400.  Halle. 
2rxd  6gr. 

M.  Thbus  has  treated  the  subjects  be- 
fore him  in  the  following  order :  the  first 
division,  containing  five  chapters,  is  de« 
voted  to  a  treatise  on  the  vegetation  of 
plants.  The  second,  in  six  chapters, 
treats  of  tlie  general  principles  to  be  at- 
tended to  in  the  cnltivation  of  fruit  trees, 
1 .  as  relating  to  the  quality  of  the  soil, 
and  exposure,  suited  to  an  orchard ;  2.  of 
pineries:  3.  of  grafting;  4.  of  trans- 
plantation J  5.  of  pruning  j  6.  of  exter- 
nal diseases.  The  third  section  contaiuf 
a  treatise  on  the  cultivation  of  different 
kinds  of  fruit  trees,  as  divided  into  th«ir 
different  classes.  Two  tables  offer  a  view 
of  the  ancient  Linnean  system  of  the  ve- 
getable kingdom,  the  same  as  arranged 
in  Gmelin*9  thirteenth  edition  of  Linneus. 


Plantes  de  la  France;  The  Plants  of  France, 

described  and  drawp  from.  Nature,  by  J. 

St.  Hilaire,  No.  12.  8fr.  pap.ord.  15fir. 

pap.  velin. 

This  number  contains,  1.  Geranium 
capiialum,  2.  Tanacetum  vulgare,  3  Cam^ 
paftula  speculum,  4.  Genista  juncea,  5, 
Anchusa  officinalis.  6,  Menyanthes  nym^ 
phoides,  A  plate,  with  the  requisite  ex- 
planatlon,  is  devoted  to  each  plant* 


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Gemeinsasslkhe  Anleitung  xur  Keniniss 
des  Himmils,  ^c.     An  Easy  Ii^roduc- 
tion  to  the  Knowledge  of  .Astronomy, 
Geography  and  Chronologyy  by  E.  F. 
Rudiger. — 1  Vol.  8vo.  pp.  580.    Plates 
75.— HSrxd.  Leipsic. 
This  work  is  divided  into  four  sections, 
which  treat,   1 .  of  celestial  bodies  and  the 
general  arrangement    of    the  universe; 
(this  division  is  illustrated  by  AQ  plates.) 
2.  the  earth,   its  figure,  extent,  surface 
and  other  peculiarities  j   (accompained  by 
13  plates.)     3.  the  computation  of  time, 
and  the  explanation  6(  the  calendar ;  very 
particular  attention  has  been  paid  to  this 
division,   which  occupies  nearly  one  half 
of  the  work :  the  explanation  of  the  ca- 
lendar is  treated  astronomically  and  chro- 
nologically J  two  plates  on  eclipses  eluci- 
date this  part.    4.  The  art  of  construct- 
ing difierent  sorts  of  hcirizontal  and  ver- 
tcjl  sun  dials :  this  section  presents  eleven 
p)ates  of  son  dials,  calculated  for  the  lon- 
gitude of  Liepsic.   The  seventy  five  plates 
which  accompany  this  work,  are  publish- 
ed separately,  as  an  Astrmomkal  Atlas, 
pr.  3rxd  13gr. 

Etsai  sur  la  Structure  et  Us  Fonctions  du 
Foie,  &c. — Essay  on  the  Structure  and 
Offices  of  the  Liver  ;  by  Charles  Wil- 
liam Ubersaal,  ,M.  D.  Assistant  Anato- 
mist at  the  Medical  School  of  Stras- 
buigh.  4to.  pp.  67.    Strasburgh,  Lev- 
rault,  1805. 
The  numerous  diseases  to  which  the 
liver  is  liable^  the  uncertainty  which  at- 
tends their  symptoms,  the  difficulty  of 
curing  them  dfectually,  and  tho  different 
opinions  of  Anatomists  on  the  uses  and 
properties  of  this  organ,  induce  us  to  record 
t  treatise  which  evidently  is  the  result  of 
much  personal  and  accural  investigation. 
In  Physiology  every  original  remark  has 
its  value  -,  and  we  never  know  from  wl\at 
quarter  we  may  he  favoured  with  impor- 
tant discoveries. 

Hie  work  is  divided  into  two  sections  5 
the  first  describes  the  situation,  confor- 
mation, and  coverings  of  the  liver.  With 
Lcennec  and  others  the  author  acknow- 
ledges two  tunics,  one  external,  which 
he  calls  the  peritoneal  tunic,  and  consi- 
ders as  a  continuation  of  the  peritoneum  5 
another  internal,  which  he  calls  the  proper 
tunic^  different  in  structure  and  pro|)er- 
tiei  from  the  former. 
lU  thtd  proc^dedi  to  describt  the  blood 


vessels  ;  those  which  introduce  the  blood 
and     those^    which    discharge    it:    and 
notices    some     varieties  v  of    conforma- 
tion,  obse^ed  by  himself.    The  Lym- 
phatics of  this  organ  have  greatly  em- 
ployed his  consideration.       He    divides 
them  into  those  which  are  superficial,  and 
those  which  lie  deeper :  he  describes  th« 
progress  and  termination  of  both,  with 
more  precision   than  has  hitherto  been 
done  5  having  made  many  injections  for 
the  purpose.    The  nerves  which  maintain 
the  sensibility  of  the  liver  next  engage  our 
author*^  attention  :  he  remarks  their  ori*   ^ 
gin,  progress,  and  distribution  within  die 
liver:    and  describes  also  the  excretory 
ducts  of  the  bile.     He  then  treats  on  the 
distribution  of  the  vessels  and  nerves  in 
the  interior  of  the  liver,  down  to  the  very 
minute  glands  which  form  the  proper  sub- 
stance  (flesh)  of  this  viscus  j  he  proves 
that  the  minute  glands  are  corapof^cd  only 
of  vessels  interlaced  in  different  manners, 
each  being  enveloped  with  a  continuation^ 
of  the  cellular  membrane  of  the  capsula 
of  Glisson,  which  also  envelopes  the  bun- 
dies    of  vessels   respectively.     He   de- 
scribes, at  lengthy  the  anastomoses  of  the- 
different  vessds  in  the    interior  of  tlic 
glands,  and  closes  his  Anatomical  illus- 
tration of  this  subject  by  describing  the 
gall  bladder,  including  its  external  confor- 
mation, and  its  particular  structure.    la 
describing  its  tunics,  he  denies  the  exis- 
tence of  the  muscular  tunic  jn    man, 
though  many  writers  maintain  the  con- 
trary.   He  carefully  explains  the  structure 
of  die  internal  membrane  and  its  meshes^ 
respecting  which,  his  researches  have  been 
extremely  assiduous.     He  insists  that  the 
small  glands  which  Vicq-d'Azyr  says,  he 
saw  on  the  internal  surface  of  this  tunic, 
do  not  exist  in  the  human  subject;  he  then 
presents  a  detailed  description  of  the  ves- 
sels and  nerves  which  form  part  of  the 
gall  bladder,  and  closes  by  a  description  of 
the  canal  through  which  the  bile  passes.  ' 
In  his  second  section,  which  treats  on 
the  offices  of  the  liver,  M.  U»  concludea 
thet  the  bile  is  secreted  in  the  liver,  and 
not  in  the  gall  bladder  :  he  states  his  red- 
sons  for  this  conclusion,  and  proves  it  by 
facts  which  are  indisputable.     He  then 
considers  the  uses  of  the  vena  porta,  and 
the  hepatic  artery,  in  secreting  the  bile, 
evincing  that  the  latter  has  a  share  in  this 
office.     He  examines  the  course  of  the 
blood  within  the    hver^     supposes    its 


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The  Staff  Officer's  Manual 


tnovement    to   be, extremely  slow,    but 
quickened  by  the  motions  of    the  dia- 
phragm and  the  musclej*  of  the  lower  bel- 
fy  in  yespiration,  and  by  the  activity  of 
the  whole  body.     He  adverts  also  to  the 
origin  of  hypocondriac  distempers.     In  a 
following  paragraph  he  examines  the  ac- 
tion, more  or  less  powerfiil,  of  this  or- 
gan, according  to  different  constitutions, 
or  cKmates,  and  explains  its  principal  sym- 
pathies  with    the    other  viscera.      Af* 
ter    this  the    learned    ^uthor   illustr.nes 
the  phenomena   attending  the  secretion 
of  the  bile,  the  influence  of  the  spleen 
on  this  secretion,  the  quantity  of  bile  se- 
creted in  a  certain^  space  of  time,  of  the 
course  taken  by  the  bile  to  enter  the  duo- 
denum, and  of  the  alterations  it  under- 
goes in  the  gall  bladder.     He  recounts  the 
diflerent  opinions  held  6n  the  advantages 
produced  by  the  bile,  from  Hippocrates 
to  the  present  time :    he  examines  the 
physical  and  chymical  properties  of  this 
Suki,  and  concludes  by  stating  the  bene- 
ficial effects  of  this  secretion  on  digestion. 
It  is  clearly  understood  that  the  treatise 
here  reported  not  only  does  honour  to  the 
diligence  and  accuracy  of  M.  Ubersaal, 
but  justifies  the  good  opinion  of  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  Medical  School   in  Stras- 
burgh,  who  have  chosen  its  author  to  se- 
cond M.  Lobstein  in  the  duties  which  be- 
long to  the  Anatomical  theatre  of  which 
he  is  the  learned  director.    To  this  situa- 
tion M.  U.  is  beholden  for  those  oppor- 
tunities of  examination,    of  which  the 
present  work  offers  the  results;  he  has 
taken  advantage  of  the  facility  which  it 
afforded  him  for  dissecting  very  naany  of 
the  subjects  procured  for  the  purpose  of 
teaching  anatomy,   which  are  about  three 
hoodred,   annually;  during  more  than  a 
year  he  devoted  himself  to  (he  study  of 
the  liver,  particularly,   which  had  emi- 
nently attracted  his  attention,  on  account 
of  the  numerous,  and  we  may  add  the 
obstinate,  and  distressing,  diseases  both 
to  patient  and  practitioner,   to  which  that 
bowel  is  subject* 

ll>is  article  is  mostly  abstracted  from  the 
Hagaidn  Encyclop^que  for  June,  1806. 

TheStqff  Officer s Manual-,  in  which  is 
detailed  the  duty  of  Brigade  Majors, 
and  Aides  de  Camp,  in  Camp,  Garri- 
tovi,  C^antonments,  on  the  March,  and 
in  the  Field  5  with  a  Preliminary  Essay 
00  the  Education  of  young  Gentlemen 


C95 


intended  for  the  Military  Profession.— 
By  Brigade  Major  Thomas  Reide.— • 
Crown,  l2mo.  pp.  219,  price  5s.  Eger- 
ton. — London.     1805. 
A  neat  little  pocket  volume ;  containing 
well   arranged  information,   which   may 
be  of  great  use  among  our  military  men, 
especially  to  such  of  them  as  only  partial- 
ly embrace  the  profession  of  arms.      The 
regulations  it  comprises  do  not  admit  of 
extracts  j   but  we  heartily  coincide  in  the 
author's  recommendation  of  study  to  com- 
plete the  character  of  a  soldier.      We 
must,   however,  wish  that  he  had  more 
strongly  insisted  on  morals ;   since  the  ab« 
sence  of  these,  has  most  effectually  de- 
graded military  characters  in  the  public 
estimation. 

Those  destined  for  the  military  profession 
ought  to  be  early  instructed  in  every  branch 
that  can  ultimately  be  of  service  to  them  in  it. 
Independent  of  Latin  and  Greek,  they  must 
make  themselves  masters  of  French  and  Ger- 
man ;  and  if  the  Italian  and  Spanish  lan- 
guages can  be  acquired,  so  much  the  better* 
To  these  must  be  added,  mathematics,  geo- 
graphv,  fortification,  drawing,  riding,  fenc* 
mg,  ice.  an  intimate  knowl^ge  of  ancient 
and  modem  history;  and  the  various  politi- 
cal interests  of  the  different  European  powers. 
That  these  are  to  be  acquired  there  can 
hardly  be  a  doubt.  If  it  unfortunately  hap- 
pen, that  the  b^inner*s  ^nius  is  too  hmited 
for  them,  the  idea  of  his  being  put  into  the 
army  ought  instandy  to  be  abandoned.  With 
a  mediocrity  of  talents,  he  may  pass  with 
some  credit  through  life  in  another  profes- 
sion. The  science  of  war  embraces  all  the 
other  sciences ;  and  he  who  is  best  instructed 
will  be  the  fittest  to  command,  ih>m  a  regt- 
meiit  to  a  brigade,  and  from  thence  to  an 
army.  No  dunce,  however  devated  by  rank» 
or  possessed  of  personal  courajie,  ever  distin* 
guished  himself  in  the  hour  of  emergency  at 
a  military  officer. 

There  h  no  profession  that  requires 
greater  knowledge  and  capacity  than  the  army. 
A  British  officer  is  oAen  employed  at  such  a 
distance  from  his  own  country,  and  has  so 
few  opportunities  of  communication  with  hb 
eoveroment,  that  he  must  teach  himself  to 
depend  more  on  the  resources  of  his  owa 
mind,  than  the  general  of  any  other  nation* 
There  is  no  service  in  which  extensive  views 
and  great  knowledge  and  information  will  be 
found  so  essential^  necessary  on  particular 
occasions  as  in  ours.  We  would  ther^ 
fore  give  the  best  possible  education  to  an  of- 
ficer ;  we  would  intiil  into  his  young  mind, 
that  if  he  wished  to  distinguish  himself  in 
his  profession,  he  must  commence  by  laying 
the  M>uiMiatioo  of  hit  toperiority  at  a  mau. 


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Descriptton  and  Hislory  of  Cattar*. 


C9» 


ACSCRTPTIOir   AND    HISTORY    OF   CATTARO  ; 
WITH    OBSERVATIONS    ON  ITS  LOCAL  AND 

RELATIVE    IMPORTANCE.  —  Accompanied 
^th    two    engravings;    one   a  survey   of 
.  the  Gulph  and  Harbour,  the  other  ot  the 
Town  afid  Fortifications. 

The  vicissitudes  of  e\ents  occasionally  con- 
fer extraordinary  celebrity    on    persons    or 
places,  vrhich  a  short  time  before,  were  of 
£ttle  estimation  ;  in  fact,  which  were  scarce- 
ly heard  of.     Late  years  have  seen  this  obser- 
vation verified,  in   no  common  degree :  and 
we  have  not  only  beheld  individuals  emerging 
frofcn  obscurity,  and  even  misery,  into  fame 
and  official  authority,  but  we  have  seen  places, 
the  names  of  which  were  barely  mentioned 
a  few  years  ago,  become  serious  subjects  of 
De0)dation  between  powers  of  the  first  rank. 
Cattaro,  the  possession  of  which  is  dispu- 
ted with  unusual  pertinacity,  is  an  eminent 
instance  in  jiroof  of  this  position.     A  few 
immtiis  since,  not  a  word  was  heard  resi^ect- 
ing  this  town  :  but  circumstances  have  given 
it  an  importance,  which  justifies  our  endea- 
vour to  cratify  oursch'cs,  and  we  trust  our 
readers  aJ^,  6y  inserting  an  account  of  this 
celebrated  harbour,  and  its  environs,  the  pos- 
cession  of  which,  at  this  moment,  occupies 
the  attention  of  Russia,  Austria  and  France, 
We  shall  first  state  tlie  local  situation  of  the 
district. 

The  Adriatic  sea  separates  Greece  from 
Italy,  and  in  its  northern  parts  has  many  ex- 
cellent harbours  on  its  eastern  side,  which 
comprises  the  ancient  Ulyria.  Amonetliese, 
Ragusa  is  the  best  known,  because  it  nas  tlie 
greatest  proportion  of  shipping  on  the  Medi- 
terranean. Soutli-east  of  Ragusa,  about  25 
miles,  lat.  42°  long.  IQ  E  ,  is  an  opening  in 
the  land,  through  a  narrow  entrance,  which, 
becoffiins  wider  as  it  advances,  furnishes  to 
vcdseb  oiany  burden,  a  safe  asylum  from  all 
winds,  together  with  tlie  advantages  of  good 
anchorage, .  and  almost  all  others  which  can 
be  desired  in  a  harbour.  The  following  de- 
scription is  translated  from  Pouqucville's  Tra- 
vcb  in  Greece. — 1801.     Vol.  III.  p.  288. 

Nature  does  not  offer  in  anv  country  in  the 
world,  a  port  e^ual  to  the  tthizonie  Gulph, 
better  known,  in  modem  da^s,  -under  the 
name  of  the  Mouths  of  Cattaro.  Let  ima- 
gination conceive  three  vast  basons,  extend- 
ing very  far  into  the  surrounding  country, 
and  communicating  with  each  otlier  onlv  by 
pa9»^  caphle  of  being  regularly  defeniled  ; 
and  this  will  suggest  some  idea  of  the  ports  of 
Cattaro.  Afterwards,  a  single  inspection  of 
the  plans  of  Coronclli,  which  yet  are  not 
perfect,  will  convince  us  that  fancy  itself,  is 
nardly  adequate  to  the  detail  of  these  wonder- 
ful harbours. 

The  largest  fleets  may  find  shelter  in  these 
4eg)  recesses,  or  arms  of  the  sea ;  and  from 
the  screens  of  rugg^  mountains  around  them 
Vol.  I.     ILit.  Pan.  Oct.  1W)6.] 


where,  in  all  probability,  exist  only  forests 
and  pasturages,  might  suddenly  issue  unsus- 
pected squ^rons,  stored  with  the  whole  ap- 
paratus of  war. 

Sublime  dedivities  circumscribe  the  ports 
of  Cattaro ;  and  the  le\'els  in  their  neigh- 
bourhood, are  inhabited  by.  a  pqpidaiion 
whose  character,  is  intrepidity.  Every  where 
nature  exhibits  decided  marks  of  superiority, 
with  an  air  of  grandeur,  degraded  by  no 
imperfections.  In  short,  the  mouths  of 
Cattaro  ought  to  be  regarded  as  the  most  im- 
portant port  of.  the  Adriatic;  and  to  whom- 
soever this  port  belongs,  the  dominion  of  this 
sea  belongs  of  course.  It  would  be  useless  to 
detail  the  other  advantages  felt,  and  appre- 
ciated ',  and  which  Germany  being  in  posses- 
sion of  this  point,  would  no  doubt  render 
nianifest.  East  of  these  mouths  of  Cattaro* 
rise  the  mountains  inhabited  by  the  Moutc-* 
negrins;  a  lofty  and  brave  race,  breathing 
nothing  but  war.  The  half  savage  state  ia 
which  they  exist,  the  view  of  their  moun- 
tains, and  of  the  sea  dashing  with  noisy  vehe- 
mence OH  thfe  shores  of  Dalmatia,  in  short, 
the  tumults  of  the  elements,  are  their  enjoy- 
ments. They  are  the  remaining  and  un- 
changed descendants  of  the  ancient  lUyrians  : 
most  of  them  profess  Christianity,  but  all  of 
them  worship  independence,  only!  llicy 
sometimes  forsake  the  scenes  of  their  na- 
tivity, to  enter  the  service  of  the  Emperors  of 
Russia;  but  their  constitutions  are  rarely 
able  to  8upi)ort  the  change  of  climate :  and 
although  Ixitter  fed  and  better  treated  than 
when  at  home  with  their  families,  the  greater 

part  of  these  adventurers  perish." ^Our  first 

plate  presents  a  plan  of  these  bosons. 

This  information  contributes  to  account  for 
the  interest  attached  by  the  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia to  the  possession  of  Cattaro ;  since  it  is 
extremely  natural  that  he  should  desire  to 
maintain,  and,  indeed,  to  strengthen,  his 
connection  with  tlie  !^^onteneg^ins.  This  is 
still  further  elucidated  bv  a  hint  -which  after- 
wards drops  from  M.  Pouqueville,  when  ha 
says,  *'  every  thing  leads  to  the  belief  thit  a 
vmrUke  marine  may  one  day  issue  from  tha 
bottom  of  this  gulph,  to  proclaim  and  defend 
the  liherti/  of  the  Meditei-ranean.*'  Our 
readers  may  safely  translate  this  to  import 
**  under  the  French  fog.'*  He  thinks  ten 
years  would  not  elapse  before  this  prediction, 
should  be  fulfilled. 

The  town  of  Cattaro  stands  at  the  very 
bottom  of  the  gulph.  It  was  knowm  to.  thi 
Romans  by  the  name  of  Asciivium,  Th« 
fortress  is  strongly  situated  on  the  mountains 
behind  the  town  :  and  appears  by  a  military 
pUm  taken  on  the  spot,  by  Sig.  M.  Antonio 
Coda,  in  I7G8,  and  bought  at  Venice,  by 
Lord  Edwanl  Bentinck,  with  which  we  have 
been  favoured,  [Vide  Plate  II.]  to  be  the  very 
Gibraltar  of  Dalmatia.  The  town  is  the  see 
of  a  Bishop,  sufiVaa^  to  Ban.  Tht  foruess 
£ 

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B$l 


DesMption  and  History  of  Catiard. 


[100 


was  sometimes  used  as  a  state  prison.    It  b 
about  ten  miles  N.  E.  of  Scutari. 

The  lot  of  jhi*  people  was  various,  till 
about  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
when  they  obtained  independence  from  the 
Kings  of  Bohemia.  At  intervaU  CalUro  has 
supported  bloody  wars  against  the  Balgas, 
pnnces  oi'Zcnta  and  Montenegro  j  and  others, 
less  violent,  a^iiist  the  Ragusans.  Since 
A.  D.  13()1,  Cattaro  has  been  closely  allied 
with  its  neighbours  of  Ragusa,  as  well  as 
with  those  of  Antivari  and  Dulcifjno.  This 
little  state  having  tcniiinated  hostilities  on  all 
sides,  and  being  delivered  from  every  depen- 
dence on  the  Kmgs  of  Bosnia,  was  go\erned 
by  its  own  laws  till  A.  D.  1410  ;  when, 
being  terrified  at  tlie  colossal  power  of  the 
Turks,  which  had  recently  conquered  the  ad- 
jacent provinces,  the  inhabitants  of  Cattaro 
determined,  tliat,  to  insure  their 'safety,  it 
was  proper  thev  should  submit  tliemsclves  to 
the  republic  of  Venice.  The  principal  terms 
of  the  treaty  were,  that  Cattaro  should  re- 
tain the  form  of  its  government,  that  the 
Venetians  should  support  the  expenses  of  tlic 
administration,  by  means  of  the  imports  they 
received  at  the  custom-house ;  and  that,  if 
ever  the  republic  of  Venice  should  be  unable 
to  protect  Its  new  subjects,  it  should  ne\er 
cede  its  rights  of  sovereignty  to  any,  but  should 
restore  to  Cattaro  its  former  independence, 
according  to  the  tenor  of  this  agreement. 
When  Venice  ceased  to  be  a  government,  May 
12,  1797,  the  inhabitants  of  Cattaro  exerted 
their  right  of  self-disposal,  and  coalesced  with 
Austria,  July  4,  of  that  year.  The  Aus- 
trians  accordingly  took  possession  of  the  place. 

Cattaro  is  an  old  city,  but  well  built  and 
strong:  its  inhabitants  may  amount  to  1400. 
Castelnuovo  may  comprise  1800,  and  is  also 
well  fortified;  it  was  built  in  1372  by  Guarto, 
King  of  Bohemia,  and  belong  to  the  Ve- 
netians since  1687.  Budiuv  another  city  of 
Albania,  was  received  under  tlieir  protection 
in  the  fifteenth  century. 

In  this  country,  was  also  situated,  the  litde 
republic  of  Pojjlizza,  which  was  governed  by 
its  own  laws  till  1797,  and  which  still  re- 
tained trials  by  ordeals  of  fire  and  water. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  country  cultivate 
corn,  in  the  plains  near  the  sea;  but  not 
enough  for  tneir  consumption,  their  hus- 
bandry being  very  laborious.  They  have  ex- 
cellent wine ;  and  all  the  fruits  of  the  South 
of  iiurope.  They  attend  assiduously  to  the* 
carp  of  bees,  and  of  silk- worms. 

We  cannot  take  upon  us  to  state  the  precise 
terms  of  the  contract  between  Austria  and 
Cattaro  j  but  as  every  thing  leads  to  the  in- 
ference, that  diey  were  similar  to  those  made 
with  Venice,  we  doubt  not,  but  that  this 
city  had  restricted  Austria  from  transferring  its 
sovereignty  to  any  other  power ;  and  had 
stipulated  for  the  exercise  of  its  ridit  to  re- 
sume  its   independency,    whenever  Austria 


ceased  lo  be  its  protector  and  governor.  When 
Dalmatia,  then  was  by  that  power  ceded  to 
France,  Cattaro  had  a  right  to  choose  its  so- 
vereign afresh ;  it  chose  Russia ;  but  whetlier 
it  expressed  this  choice  by  any  public  and  civil 
act  of  agreement  and  compact,  we  do  not 
know.  It  is  however  clear  that  Austria  had 
no  pretensions  to  subject  Cattaro  to  French 
dominion  ;  and  that  France  in  demandinc 
such  subjection,  advanced  a  claim,  unfounded 
in  point  of  right :  though  perfectly  agreeable 
to  the  grasping  system  of  its  ambitious  ruler. 

Si^eculation,  extended  somewhat  further,  on 
the  projects  of  Bonaparte,  leads  us  to  con- 
clude from  his  having  taken  possession  of 
Dalmatia,  and  of  Ragusa,  and,  especially, 
his  having  assured  Turkey  of  his  benevolent 
in/rw/f  on  J  towards  her,  that  his  design  is,  to 
establish  himself  on  the  east  of  the  Adriatic, 
to  take  advantage  of  the  forests,  and  other 
conveniencies  afiorded  by  these  parts,  to  create 
a  navy  here,  from  whence  to  occupy  the 
shores  and  4X)rts  of  Greece,  at  his  pleasure, 
while  his  army  marches  by  land  into  the  heart 
of  the  country.  It  is  thereiore  important  to 
him  not  to  suffer  such  a  strong  fortress  as 
Cattaro,  and  a  harbour  so  excellent  as  its 
gulph,  to  acknowledge  any  other  master  than 
himself,  as  the  fleets  which  might  here  be 
fitted  out,  almost  in  absolute  silence,  woidd 
counteract  his  projects,  perhaps  ruin  his  navy, 
and  on  some  critical  occasion  by  intercepting 
suppliesj  would  endanger  the  very  existence 
of  his  army.  Of  this,  Cattaro  would  be  ca- 
TOble,  if  in  the  hands  of  Russia  :  but,  ^if 
Kussia  should  admit  the  savage  English,  also, 
into  this  port,  those  plans  which  had  so  long 
employea  the  contrivance,  the  ambition,  and 
the  peisevering  spirit  of  their  insatiable  pro- 
jector, would  vanish  into  air. 

REMARKS    ON  THE   ENGRAVINGS. 

Plate  I.  Represents  the  approach  to  Cat- 
taro from  the  sea.  The  narrow  mouth  of  the 
gulph,  rendered  still  narrower,  by  an  island 
which  divides  the  opening  into  two  entrances 
will  strike  the  reader  as  a  formidable  passage 
for  vessels  to  attempt  to  force.  But,  if  they 
should  succeed  in  tne  attempt,  the  second  pas- 
sage is  contracted  into  a  pass  so  winding,  and 
at  the  same  time,  so  effectually  commanded 
by  the  land,  as  to  leave  little  nrobability  of 
iVirther  penetration.  Yet  would  not  a  hostile 
fleet  be  arrived  at  Cattaro ;  a  third  narrow  op- 
posing  its  progress.  We  say  nothing  of  the 
various  winds  requisite  in  such  an  attempt* 
We  understand  that  these  basons  have  suffi- 
cient depth  of  water  to  admit  largje  vesseb, 
and  the  inner  gulph,  aa  the  reader  will  ob- 
sen-e,  has  on  an  average,  16  to  20  fathoms  of 
water. 

Plate  II.  Is  a  plan  of  the  town  of  Cat- 
taro and  its  fortifications:  which  may  be  de- 
vidcd  into  two  parts.  First,  the  town  itself. 
This  stands  on  a  surface  nearly  level  <m  the 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


101]  Lord  Suffolk's  Plan  for  Ameliorating  the  Condition  of  the  Poor, 

sbore»  in  shape  almost  triangular,  filled  witli 
bniidiiigSy  ana  surrounded  by  walls  and  other 
defences.  Two  faces  of  this  triangle  are 
washed  by  the  sea;  tlie  third  is  backed  by 
mountainous  acclivities,  |xissable  only  by  zig- 
zags, and  defended  by  proper  ^^-orks.  On 
ihe  bnnv*  of  each  sharp  and  rugged  hill,  are 
works  which  command  the  recesses  below 
them,  where  practicable,  and  the  summit 
h  crowned  by  another  series  of  circunrvalla- 
tion,  which  almost  characterizes  it,  as  a  se- 
parate fortress.  The  whole  comprises  so^e- 
ni  miles  of  fortifications. 


[103 


Explanation  of  the  Rrfcrcnces, 

1.  Tlie  Citadvfl. — 2.  Quarters  newly  erect- 
«3. —  3.  Residence  of  the  state-prisoners. — 

4.  Ptiwder  magazines. —  5.  Piazza  Magna. — 
6.  Piazza  BattagUa. —  J.  New  Hank,  called 
Rcnicr. —  8.  Another  piazza,  with  two  guns. 

—  9.  Piazza  Sorango,  under  it  are  Case- 
mates.—  10.  Piazza  S.  Marco,  with  a  pas- 
sage marked  f . —  1 1 .  Piazza  S.  Gerolimo. — 
12.  Tower  of  Contarini. —  13.  Tower  of 
Ijoredan, —  14.  Ne>v  piazza,  not  finished, 
by  the  Cavalier  Pelegrino,  now  called  Posto 
Priuli. —  15.  Posto  Pelegrino. —  16.  Posto 
Pedochio. —  17.  Platform  under  Posto  Ped- 
ochio,  called .  S.  Antonio. —  18.  River  gate. 

—  19.  Bastion  Vendramin. —  20.  Curtain 
of  S.  Dominic. —  21.  Demi-Bastion  Cam- 
pana. —  22.  Sea  gate. —  23.  Platform  Va- 
lier. —  24.  Platform  Comer. —  2b.  Plat- 
form S.  Francis. —  26.  Cavalier  Gprdichio, 
above    the   gateway. —  27.  Gate  Gordichio 

—  28.  Piazza  with  Barracks,  above  the 
Cavalier  Gordichio. —  2().  Inferior  Limette. 

—  30.  Middle  Lunette.-^  31.  Su|)erior  Lu- 
nette.—  32.  Three  rising,  defemled  with 
artillery  and  musquetrj-. —  33.  Piiusza,  with 
a  battery,  commanding  die  three  risings.— 
34.  Three  risings,  defended  by  musquetry. — 
36.  Piazza  Slenhano. —  30.  Barracks  Duilt 
on  the  Cavalier  of  the  same.  —  37 
Work  called  tlie  Tenaglia,  defended  only 
by  musquetry,  with  barracks.—  38.  An- 
cient postern  still  existing. —  39.  Gate  with 
barracks  called  Of  the  Precipice.— 40.  Three 
works  a  little  ele\ated  above  the  others,  in- 
tended only  for  musquetry. —  41.  Gateway 
and  quarter  Of  the  Precipice. — 42.  A  place 
lefk  unfortified  on  account  of  its  being  mac- 
cessible.-  43.  Wall  raised  to  prevent  access, 

—  44.  Mill  piazza,  with  a  battery. —  45. 
Public   lulificc  lately  erected. —  40.  Piazza 

5.  Triffon. —  47.  Piazza  S.  Joseph. —  48. 
Piazza  S.  Rocco,  . —  49  Church  of  La 
Madonna  della  Salute.  —  50.  Marine  of 
Stores  and  biscuit —  51.  Military  liospital. 

—  52.  Cathedral  of  S.  Trifion.—  53. 
Covered  way  oppo<ite  to  the  gate  Gordichio, 
with  a  counterscarp  and  glacis  towards  the 
country. 


PLAN  PROPOSED  BY  LORD  SUFFOLK  FOR 
AMELIORATING  THB  CONDITION  OF  TUB 
POOR. 

That  every  gentleman,  farmer,  and 
mantifaciurer,  of  e^  ery  description  whiiJtever, 
employing  men,  women,  labourers,  and 
artificers,  shall  deduct  from  theiveekly  pay 
of  pcrsf>ns  employed  in  the  following  propor- 
tion, viz. 

One  penny  out  of  ever\^  shilling,  from 
e\'cry  unmarried  person,  alx)ve  the  age  of 
fifteen  ;  and  the  same  sum  from  CAery  nwrried 
person  having  no  children.  Three  farthings 
from  every  married  person  having  only  one 
child.  A  halfpenny  per  week  from  every 
married  person  having  two  children  :  and  as 
an  inducement  to  the  labourers,  servants,  and 
artificers,  to  contribute  with  cheerfulness 
what  is  intended  for  their  future  benefit  and 
welfare,  it  is  proposed  that  married  persons, 
Itaving  three  children  living,  should  not  only 
be  exempt  from  any  payment  whatever,  but 
that  the  full  deduction  of  a  penny,  in  pro- 
portion to  their  weekly  pay,  should  be  con- 
tributed to  this  fund  out  of  the  poor 
rates. 

It  is  presumed  that  a  fund,  thus  established, 
would  greatly  contribute  to  the  population  of 
the  kingdom,  and  give  the  day  labourer,  ser- 
vant, and  artificer,  a  strong  mtcrest  in  the 
preservation  of  the  established  go>'emmeat 
and  welfare  of  the  country  (objects  6f  the 
greatest  national  importance),  and  in  a  few 
years  gready  tend  to  lessen  the  great  and 
enormous  expence  of  the  Poor  Rates>  an  evil 
that  has,  of  late,  increased  to  a  moet  alarm- 
ing degree,  and  which  naturally  tends  to  in- 
jure the  morals,  debase  the  minds,  and  lessen 
the  industrj^-  of  the  people. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Townshend,  in  his  Travels 
through  Spain,,  giving^ an  account  of  a  poor 
house  estaolishecf  at  Barcelona,  adds  the  fol- 
lowing particulars : — 

**  Although  no  persons  can  be  better  clad, 
better  fed,  better  attended,  or  better  lodged, 
or  can  meet  with  greater  tenderness  wnen 
they  are  ill,  they  cannot  readily  forget  the 
loss  of  liberty.  All  these  comforts  are  de^j- 
pised,  when  compared  with  freedom  3  and 
few  besides  die  most  decrepid  would  remuio. 
within  those  walls,  if  the)-  could  be  permitted 
to  beg  from  door  to  door.  This  principle, 
however,  is  productive  of  much  good  ;  for, 
iftost  of  tlie  young  men  in  Barcelona  form 
themselves  into  clubs  for  mutual  relief,  \xi 
the  same  manner,  and  nearly  upon  the  plan, 
ado))ted  by  our  friendly  societies  in  England. 
They  are  upon  the  most  respectable  footiijp  j 
and,  being  well  conducted,  leave  none  but 
the  most  improvident  and  uorililcbs  subject* 
to  be  disgraced  by  confinement.** 

To  promote  these  jwrish  clubs  or  friendly 
societies,  a  regulation  might  be  adopred,  that 
no  person  should  receive  relief  at  their  o\mi- 

K  2 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


io3l 


Observations  wi  the  Thousand- headed  Callage,  He 


tioi 


dwellings,  who  had  not  contributed  to  the 
fund  above-mentioned,  as  a  further  induce- 
ment to  their  subscribing  to  it. 

Besides,  many  other  little  comforts  might 
be  added  ;  such  as  tea,  suoar,  tobacco,  cloth- 
ing, bedding,  &c.  wbicn  die  fund  would 
speedily  be  enabled  to  provide. 

It  has  been  objected  to  the  plan  for  rising 
t  fiind  from  a  deduction  fiom  wages,  that  it  is 
compulsory  ;  this  might,  in  some  respect,  be 
obviated.  That  if,  m  the  first  instance,  ne- 
cessary to  make  it  compulsory,  to  prevent  its 
beihg  thought  a  grievance,  it'might  be  enact- 
ed, tnat  any  person  who  had  contribued  to 
this  fund  migtit  witlidraw  the  money  sub- 
scribed J  but,  in  this  case,  not  to  receive  any 
of  the  benefits  annexed  to  the  fund  either 
arising  from  interest  or  tlie  other  advantages 
derived  from  it. 

It  might  likewise  be  enacted,  that  persons 
withdrawing  their  money  from  the  fund  (or 
to  avoid  the  compulsory  part  of  the  act  not 
subscribing  to  it)  when  requiring  rehef,  should 
be  sent  to  the  work-house,  and  not  relieved 
at  their  own  dwellings.  This  would  operate 
powerfully  in  favour  of  the  subscription,  and 
prove  one  of  the  strongest  inducements  in  pro- 
moting such  an  establishment. 

Tlie  sums  to  be  subscribed  to  this  fund 
are,  by  many,  thought,  too  high.  This  ob- 
jection is  easily  removed  by  lowering  them, 
if  the  principle  is  approved. 

^n  abolition  of  all  Poor  Rates  on  the  present 
St/ stem. 

MoNBT  for  the  Poor  to  be  raised,  as  in 
Scotland,  by  voluntary  contribution  ;  if  not 
sufficient,  a  county  or  a  hundred  rate  may  be 
resorted  to,  which  the  law  authorises  in 
Scotland  5  but  is  in  very  few  instances  levied. 
—Relief,  when  required,  to  be  given  to  the 
|xx>r  at  their  own  dwellings ' 
Otherwise, 

A  Poor  House  for  the  reception  of  the  old, 
helpless,  and  infirm,  in  every  hundred. 

A  general  hospital  in  every  hundred,  with 
proper  medical  assistance. 

A  bridewell  for  the  profligate  in  every  hun- 
dred. 

A  small  quanthy  of  land  to  be  added  to 
•very  cottage,  at  a  moderate  rent. 

It  land  cannot,  with  convenience,  be  an- 
nexed to  the  cottage,  a  (quantity  of  land,  in 
Croportion  to  the  population  of  the  parish,  to 
e  divided  among  poor  families,  according 
to  their  number  of  children  at  a  moderate 
rate. 

This  plan  lias  been  tried  in  a  parish  adjoin- 
ing to  mine,  (at  Newton,  under  the  {patro- 
nage of  Tliontas  Estcourt,  Esq.)  and,  after 
a  trial  of  four  yearj,  has  been  found  com- 
pletely to  answer,  from  a  statement  made  by 
nim  to  the  Board _  of  Agriculture ;  and, 
at  their  desire,  printed  fur  die  us<»  of  tlie 
members. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  ♦tHOUSAND-HBAD- 
ED  CABBAGE,  COMPAJIED  WITH  THE  CAB- 
BAGES COMMONLY  CULTIVATED  IBJ  KKG* 
LAND,    BY  M.  L. 

It  was  supposed  by  the  Royal  Society  of 
Agriculture  at  London,  that  the  very  valuable 
species  of  cabbage,  called  the  thousand- head- 
«i,  had  been  lost  more  than  a  century  ago. 
Not  finding  it  cultivated  in  England,  I  eager- 
ly procured  it  from  Poitou,  now  commonly 
culled  La  Vendte,  knowine  by  exnerience, 
that  the  said  country  is  indebted  to  this  plane 
for  the  numerous  and  beautiful  flocks  wKidi 
are  fed  there,  and  which  supply  the  largesc 
markets  in  France,  particularly  tfjat  of  Poiss\-, 
for  the  consumption  of  Paris.    My  trial  Hav- 
ing succeeded  to  the  full  extent  of  my  expec- 
tations, I  am  anxious  to  make  it  public,  as  an 
inadequate  tribute  of  my  gratitude  to  a  gene- 
rous nation,  from  which  1  have  experienced 
the  most  liberal  hospitality.     It  requires  no 
manure,  except  a  small  sprinkling  of  ashes  > 
and  is  not  frost  bitten.     I  have  fattened  a  hei- 
fer that  preferred  it  to  turnips,  which  )vas  not 
the  case  with  other  cabba^.    The  common 
cabbages  yield  only  one  crop  ;  the  thousand- 
headed  cabbage  yields  three.    The  first  con- 
sists of  the  large  leaves,  in  October  and  No- 
vember-,  the  second,  of  the  shoots,  in  January 
and  February ;  and  the  third  of  the  whofe     - 
plant,  in  May  ;and  June ;  provided  that  tha 
roots  be  sligntly  horse-hoed  at  the  end  of 
March. 

I  have  fattened  a  cow  with  these  cabbages, 
which,  during  the  seven  or  eight  weeks  of  her 
fattening,  consumed  no  more  than  three  hun- 
dred oil-cakes.  The  thousand-headed  cabbag* 
is  excellent  for  labouring  oxen.  In  Poitou 
they  are  fed  on  nothing  else  in  September, 
October,  November,  part  of  December, 
March,  and  April.  Tins  might  pro\e  an  ad- 
ditional advantage,  in  a  country  where  tillage 
with  oxen  is  too  much  neglected,  and  wants 
encouragement. 

These  cabbages  may  be  planted  in  July ; 
and  though  in  tnat  case  a  full  crop  is  not  to  be 
expected,  yet,  if  the  plants  be  placed  rather 
closer  than  usual,  a  very  beneficial  produce 
may  be  obtained. — ^The  possibility  ot  plant* 
ing  them  at  the  end  of  July,  aflbrds  an  ex- 
cellent substitute  for  the  best  turnip-lands, 
when  a  drought  in  June  and  July  has  render* 
ed  the  sowing  of  turnips  impracUcable* 

It  b  probable  that  the  seed  of  the  thousand- 
headed  cabbage,  made  into  oil,  like  that  of 
rape,  would  yield  more  than  the  latter,  with- 
out prejudice  to  two  previous  very  abundant 
crops  of  leaves  and  shoots,  for  cattle. 

The  following  advantages  might  be  reaped 
from  it,  on  grounds  where  they  thrive  the 
best.  Let  us  suppow  a  farm  on  which  five 
hundred  sheep  are  reared:  about  fifty  acres 
will  be  required  for  turnips.  If,  instead  of 
this,  only  twenty  acres  of  tumii^  were  sown, 

•  In  FreQch^  Chou  a  milli  iitm 

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Mr.  Eton  an  ike  Trade  of  the  Black  Sea, 


[106 


for  the  part  of  ^e  flock  intended  to  be  fatten- 
ed, and  as  a  supply  for  the  remainder  in 
March  and  April,  and  twenty-five  acres  were 
planted  with  the  thousand-headed  cabbage, 
which  would  require  no  more  than  six  wag- 
gpn  loads  of  ashes  for  manure,  the  sayings 
would  be  as  follow  : 

1st.     Thirty  loads  of  some  kind  of  manure. 

2d.     At  least  j^lO  on  the  score  of  labour. 

3d.  With  the  crop  of  leaves,  and  with 
oil-cakes,  three  oxen  or  cows  might  be  fatten- 
ed during  September,  October,  and  Novem- 
ber, wimout  detriment  to  the  sheep. 

Directions. — The  seed  must  be  sown  in  the 
month  of  March,  in  a  sheltered  S}X)t,  and  in 
good  ground,  well  prepared,  as  for  other  small 
tccds.  About  the  end  of  May  or  beginning 
of  June,  the  plants  should  be  carefully  drawn 
and  taken  to  tne  ground  where  they  are  to  be 
planted,  siich  ground  having  been  previously 

e>ughed  and  cleaned,  as  for  turnips.  A 
ndful  of  ashes  should  then  be  put  r^larly 
on  those  spots  of  the  furrows  where  each  plant 
b  to  be  set»  either  in  exact  square  or  in  the 
<{Qincunx  manner. 

The  first  cabbage  harvest,  or  time  for  gather- 
iog  the  leaves  for  use,  is  from  the  middle  of 
September  to  the  end  of  November ;  the  se- 
cond harvest  is  in  the  months  of  January  and 
February-,  of  the  branches,  which  must  hti 
broken  off  without  injuring  the  top  of  the 
•talks;  and  the  third  in  the  months  of  May 
«nd  June.  In  the  gathering,  the  outer  leaves 
«boukl  be  taken  off  close  to  the  stalks ;  but 
not  so  as  to  injure  them,  and  prevent  their 
throwing  out  for  the  second  and  third  crops. 

MR.  ETOH's  representation  OF  T^E  NA- 
TURE AND  ADVANTAGES  X)F  THE  TRADE  TO 
THE  BLACK  8EA. 

This  gentleman  was  sent  by  government 
to  the  southern  parts  of  Russia,  in  October, 
1803,  to  procure  naval  stores  and  provisions  ; 
aod  came  back  .**rom  Russia  to  England,  last 
May,  by  order  of  government,  to  give  infor- 
latioii  respecting  me  state  of  things  in  those 
parts. 
Estract  of  a  letter  to  his  Excellency  Mr. 

Cameron^  his  Majesty^ s  Civil  Commissioner 

in  Malta  and  Gozo,  and  their'  Dependent 

cies. 

Vnletta,  Sept.  8,  1801.— Sir,— In  obedi- 
ence to  the  orders  of  Lord  Hobart,  which  you 
have  had  the  goodness  to  signify  to  me,  I 
na^'e  the  honour  to  state  to  you  such  inform- 
ation as  1  have  collected  in  my  travels  and  re- 
lidence  in  Turkey,  in  the  South  of  Russia, 
«nd  the  Archipelago,  respecting  the  means  of 
•upplying  Malta  with  corn. 

The  com  of  the  Morea  is  of  a  secondary 
quality,  and  not  proper  for  putting  into  gra- 
naries for  a  considerable  length  of  time ;  yet 
f"pplie«  from  theuce  are  often  very  necessary 
*^  H\c  present  state  of  things.  Sicily  and  Tu- 


nis furnish  the  best  hard  corn  for  preserva- 
tion ;  but  it  frequently  liappens  that  Malta  it 
disappointed  in  its  expectations  of  supplies 
from  those  parts,  and  obliged  to  pay  very  high 
prices. 

If  the  Universita  could  constantly  be  sup- 
plied with  com  at  a  reasonable  rate,  with  a 
ciertainty  of  supply  not  failing,  that  establish- 
ment would  be  a  source  of  great  and  constant 
revenue,  not  subject,  as  it  now  is,  to  losses  in 
years  of  scarcity  m  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
Archi|)elago  j  and  though,  upon  the  average 
of  many  years,  there  is  considerable  profit,  it 
is  a  desirable  object  to  avoid  loss  in  any  year 
whatever,  and  to  be  freed  from  any  depen- 
dence on  others.  Tliere  is,  however,  an  ob- 
ject which  Lord  Hobart  has  in  view,  of  a 
much  greater  magnitude,  and  which  I  had 
the  honor  to  represent  to  his  Lordship's  pre- 
decessor,— the  establishing  at  Malta  a  grana- 
ry, not  alone  for  the  consiunption  of  this 
island  for  two  years,  but  to  be  able  to  supply 
Great  Britain  itself  vft  years  of  scardty. 

This  great  object  only  can  be  attained,  I 
will  again  venture  to  atlinu,  by  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Black  Sea  by  Briti)>h  vessels. 

The  great  'services  rendered  to  the  Ottoman 
Empire  by  Great  Britain,  and  the  friendly 
position  of  the  two  powers,  can  leave  no 
doubt  of  the  readiness  of  •  the  Porte,  at  this 
moment f  to  grant  to  his  Majesty's  subjects  a 
liberty,  which  those  of  Russia  and  Austria 
enjoy  :  but  however  unwilling  tliey  may  be, 
at  present,  to  refuse  us  any  favour,  yet  whea 
their  dependence  on  us  ceases,  it  may  meet 
with  insurmountable  obstacles.. 

The  wheat  from  the  neigh  oourhood  of  Ta- 
ganrok  is  equal  in  quality  to  that  of  Sicily, 
that  from  the  west  side  of  the  Crimea  and 
Poland  is  of  two  sorts,  the  hard  red  wheat 
and  the  pale  softer.  The  former  is  most  pro- 
per for  j)reservation  in  granaries.  The  prices 
of  com,  in  these  parts,  are,  when  highest,  so 
much  below  the  prices  in  xx)mmon  in  the 
Mediterranean,  that  it  will  always  be  advan^ 
tageous  to  import  it  from  thence.  But  a 
much  greater  advantage  is  the  certainty  of  ob- 
taining a  large  supply  at  all  times. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  mention  to  you,  that 
naval  stores  of  all  kinds,  and  masts,  may  be 
imported  from  the  Black  Sea,  considerably 
cheaper  than  from  die  Baltic.     I  am,  &c. 

W.ETON. 

In  consequence  of  this  representatiau,  Mr. 
E.  was  commissioned  to  purchase 
40,000  Quarters  of  wheat, 
1 ,000  Casks  of  salted  beef, 
1,000  Casks  of  salted  pork,  cured  in  tlic 
Irish  or  English  manner,  so  as 
to  be  of  unexceptionable  qua* 
hty, 
.    200  Tons  of  raw  hemp, 

StH)  Tons  ofcordage  of  different  kizta. 
Masts  aud  spars  for  the  value  of  X 


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Mr,  Eion  on  the  Trade  of  the  Black  Sea. 


[108 


Planks  for  the  value  of  £ 

Ship  timber,  do.  . 

Casks  of  tallow,        do.' 

Pitch,  do. 

Tar,  do. 

Sail-cloth  of  several  sorts,  £ 

Iron  and  anchors  where  ballast  is   re- 
quired. 
We  also  learn  from  these  letters,  that  Greek 
Wid  otlier  foreign  vessels  brought  to  the  Me- 
diterranean 180,000  quarters  of  wheat,  (there 
l)einc  so  great  a  scarcity,  that  from  Malta  we 
supplied  §icilv  with  several  cargoes)  by  which 
they  gained  2\.  sterling  a  quarter ;  that  Malta 
is  now  supplied  with  corn  from   Odessa  to 
great  advantage  ;  and  that  Lord  Melville  had 
proposed  buiuUr.g  ships,  and  loading  them 
witn  timber,  by  which  the  freicht  would  be 
wholly  saved,  and  fchips  of  the  tine  furnished 
pftlie' best  materials  (of  Anatolian  oak)  and 
"  verv  cheap. 

With  regard  to  the  price  at  which  naval 
stores  maty  DC  shipped  at  the  lilack  Sea  jK>rts, 
compared  with  the  prices  at  the  Baltic  |X)rts, 
I  have  to  observe,  says  Mr.  E.  that  they  all, 
without  exception,  are  the  produce  of  coun- 
tries intersected  by  rivers  which  Tun  into  the 
Black  Sea,  and  that  to  St.  Petcrsburgh  or  Ri- 
ga, they' must  be  convened  against  the  stream 
and  by  long  land  carriage  :  the  one  nuist 
therefore  be  much  cheaj)er  than  the  other  ex- 
clusively of  saving  time.  Another  advantage 
attends  the  Black  Sea  commerce  :  merchants 
or  others  may  purchase  in  the  interior  from 
the  first  hands  :  they  nlay  have  their  hemp 
braaked  and  dressed  (or  their  own  account,  so 
that  the  dressers  will  have  no  interest  in  mix- 
iriK  it ;  they  may  see  their  masts  and  timber 
felled  at  tKe  proper  season,  and  only  paj^' 
when  thev  receive  the  goods  on  the  spot, 
avoiding  the  lisk  of  trusting  to  intermediate 
dealers  and,saving  their  profits.  Merchants 
in  the  Baltic  jwrts  are  prohibited  trade  in  the 
inteiior,  and  must  tnut  to  Russian  contrac- 
tors, to  whom  they  advance  an  half,  or  three- 
fourths  of  the  value. 

To  facilitate  this  commerce  the  greatest  ex- 
ertions arc  mtiking  by  the  Russian  govern- 
ment, and  ^ery  large  sums  are  expending. 
An  u ..interrupted  water  comnmnicaiion  will 
be  very  soon  opened  from  the  mines  of  Sibe- 
ria and  the  most  distiint  provinces  to  the  Eu- 
xine,  where  the  duties  are  also  diminished 
one  quarter.  It  is  no  more  a  secret,  that 
RusMa  is  endeavouring  to  become  a  naval 
power  in  that  sea. 

It  is  to  France^  on  account  of  geographical 
position,  they  lr>ok  for  the  trade  of  the  south, 
l^h!ch  at  any  time  may  be  the  whole  trade  of 
the  empire ;  and  Russia,  should  she  e\'er 
quariel  with  England,  may  shut  her  Baltic 
pons,  without  being  distressed  to  export  her 
pnxlucls.  Whether  it  be  policy  in  this  conn- 
try  to  endeavour  po  get  j)Obsession  iif  this 


trade  during  a  war  whirji  ejccludes  France^ 
and  to  preserve  it  hereafter,  by  the  superior 
capitals,  credit,  and  intelligence  of  our  own 
people,  or  leave  to  France  to  have  by  this 
traae  as  binding  a  connexion  witli  Russia, 
as  we  have  by  that  of  the  Baltic,  a  man  need 
be  no  great  statesman  to  decide. 

The  jealousy  of  our  merchants  at  St.  Peters- 
burgh  and  Riga  is  as  outrageous  as  it  is  ill- 
founded.  That  trade  can  suffer  only  the  loss 
of  as  much  as  foreit^ncrs  will  take,  if  we  do 
not,  and  that  is  principallv  the  supplying  of 
countries  Iwrdenug  on  the  Meditcrrancijn, 
Our  own  trade  between  Great  Britain  lyid  the 
Baltic  will  be  little  diminished.  The  Black 
Sea  will  be  a  new  trade. 

I  therefore  run  little  risk  in  affirming,  that 
by  exporting  naval  stores  from  the  black  Sea 
ports,  and  encouraging  the  adventures  of  our 
merchants,  we  may  acquire  an  additional  tie, 
to  bind  more  strongly  the  two  countries  in 
amity  and  good  understanding. 

It  is  a  sea  known  only  to  the  French,  who 
sent  thither  an  astronomer  in  1787« 

The  wheat  I  sent  to  Malta,  I  bought  up  in 
the  country,  and  it  cost  L'O  per  cent,  less  than 
that  purchased  by  the  agents  from  Malta  at. 
Odessa  and  Cherson,  is  infinitely  superior  in 
quality,  and  the  measure  12|  |)er  cen^.  better 

Salted  beef  of  the  best  quality  may  Ix?  deli- 
vered on  board  at  about  three  halfj)ence  a 
pound.  The  price  of  pork  fed  on  barley,  I 
am  not  able  to  stale  exactly. 

From  Caft'a  to  London,  is  3,291  miles. 

^From  Letters  printed  hy  Mr.  ETON,^or 
private  communication  among  his  friends,-^ 
Jan.  1,  1806.] 

The  foUowmg  particulars  are  taken  from 
A  Coneite  Account  of  ttie  Commerce  and 
Navi {Ration  of  the  Black  Sea:  for  which  the 
public  is  obliged  to  the  same  communicative 
friend. 

The  coast  of  Anatolia,  from  Constantino- 
ple to  Sinoj)e,  wiis  sune\ed  by  Mr.  Eton, 
m  1777,  and  by  the  FrencYi  asti«momer,Beau- 
champr  in  1787.  Their  latitudes  and  longi- 
tudes of  princip<d  places  agree  within  a  mile ; 
but  mucn  is  still  wanting. 

The  French  are  in  ]X)ssession  of  many  8ur« 
veys  of  differeni  parts  of  the  coast,  and  all 
Beau^hamp's  labours  have  notl)een  published. 
We  know  that  those  of  Captain  Truguet, 
and  Lieut.  Le  Roy,  are  kept  secret. 

Mr.  Arrowsmitli's  chart  of  the  Black  Sea 
is  in  general  preferal^lc  to  that  published  last 
year  at  St.  Petersburgh. 

All  these  jwrts  are  frozen  from  the  end  of 
Decenil>er  or  January  till  February  or  March. 
Odessa  is  not  often  entirely  frozen  up,  but 
the  navi^i;ation  is  made,  during  a  consiJerablc 
time,  unsafe  b^  drift  ice.  Cafia,  on  the  con- 
trary, is  open  and  safe  all  the  year,  though 
the  Port  and  Straits  of  Kertcu  are  completely 
frojeu  over^  and  the  navigation  of  the  Asopn 


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Sett  tmpracdrable  daring  the  whole  winter, 
which  circuiDstaiice  is  very  remarkable,  con- 
tidering  that  KcrtcH  ia  not  much  abo\'e  sixty 
miles  distant  from  Caifa.  SebastopoHs,  and 
the  other  ports  and  roadsteads  of  the  Crimea, 
are  never  frozen. 

The  French  government  had  established 
a^^ts  at  Cherson,  for  the  supplying  Touion 
with  masts  and  naval  stores,  in  which,  after 
•ome  difficulties,  they  succeeded  ;  but  at  the 
moment  this  business  was  tirmly  established, 
the  disorders  of  the  revolution,  and  the  war 
that  followed,  put  a  stop  to  it.  They  also 
exported  from  Cherson  a  considerable  quan- 
tity' of  com-  The  return  of  the  French  com- 
merce is  anxiously  looked  for  by  all  people, 
andparticularly  By  the  grert  proprietors. 

The  disadvantage  of  Cherson  is,  that  there 
b  only  five  to  six  feet  water  in  the  deepest 
channel  of  the  Dnieper,  near  the  disgo^ng 
of  all  the  branches  mto  the  Liman.  Tliis 
bar  is,  howe^'e^,  not  very  broad,  and  to  deepen 
it  would  cost  about  40,000l.  sterling,  accord- 
ing to  the  Dutch  engineers  calculation. 

Ships  of  war  built  here  are  put  into  camels 
(as  in  Holland)  to  cross  the  bar. 

The  com  trade  is  the  only  trade  of  Odessa, 
except  its  own  consumption.  As  much  com 
midit  be  exported  from  the  Dnieper  an4 
Cona  as  would  supply  almost  all  Europe. 

Great  losses  have  occurred  to  merchants, 
who  have  sent  ships  with  funds  to  load  corn, 
by  not  having  first  sent  orders  to  have  the 
cii^  prepared.^  No  corn  or  other  merchan- 
dize is  to  be  purchased  in  the  ports  of  Russia, 
(c\en  little  at  St.  Petcrsburph  or  Riga)  it 
must  be  procured  in  the  intenor,  and  brought 
to  the  ports,  for  which  some  months  are  ne- 
cessary. Commissions  for  com  should  be 
pen  three  months  Ijefore  the  vjbssel  to  load 
It  arrives. 

The  forests  which  contain  the  best  masts 
are  situated  on  the  Bransk  river,  which  fails 
into  the  Dnieper.  There  are  other  forests  in 
various  parts,  and  near  Mohilof.  The  pdn- 
cipal  wiut  of  a  mast  is  acquired  by  its  car- 
riage. Tliose  which  grow  at  too  great  a  dis- 
tance from  the  rivers  are  of  no  value.  They 
are  cut  in  the  winter,  aiKl  brought  to  the  wa- 
ter side. 

After  selecting  ten  trees,  three  of  them,  on 
sn  average,  prove  good,  after  stripping  them 
of  the  bark  and  sap,  and  testing  them  with  a 
kind  of  cleaver.  They  cost  on  the  spot  about 
five  roubles  each,  standing.  They  are  in  go- 
ing to  Riga,  a  yeax,  and  a  half,  ana  sometimes 
two  years. 

Masts,  timber,  &c.  are  not  to  be  purchased 
at  Cherson  (or  any  other  port  in  Russia),  but 
what  has  been  rejected  by  the  admiralty  or 
the  Riga  braakers  on  the  Dnieper,  and  sent 
<k)\Yn  uie  river  for  sale. 

There  is  very  little  good  oak  in  Russia.  It 
imiret  ^e^t  i^ttcajtv^   ii>  e^^amining^  the 


Report  on  ike  College  at  Hertford, 


[110 


ground  it  grows  upon,  and  not  only  the  fo* 
rests  in  general,  but  the  spot  of  each  tree,  ibr 
only  rocky  ground '  produces  timber  that  is 
durable. 

The  Crimea  oxen  are  a  small  race,  biit 
those  of  the  Cuban,  not  100  mile3  from  Caffa, 
are  a  line  large  breed,  and  become  very  fat 
early  enough  to  kill  in  the  cool  weather  of  - 
the  spring  as  well  as  autumn,  except  in  somo 
very  late  seasons.  On  the  Don  and  Volga^ 
are  also  vast  herds  of  cattle,  which  are  driven 
to  distant  markets.  Beginning  at  Bachmut, 
Poltava,  Elizabeth,  and  proceeding  into  Pohnd 
and  Germany,  they  feed^as  they  go  on  tUe  rich 
plains. 

The  sudden  filling  of  the  sea  of  Asoph 
with  sand,  since  these  last  twenty  years,  ia 
matter  of  surprise.  It  is  said  that  there  were 
many  deep  noles  and  places,  which  being 
fillea  up,  the  sand  and  mud  spreads  over  the 
whole  surface  of  the  sea  Thirty  years  ago 
vessels  drawing  twelve  feet  water  loaded  at 
Taganrok ;  at  present  they  load  twenty  miles 
from  it. 

In  a  very  few  years  the  canals  which  join  the 
different  rivers  will  be  accomplished.  There 
will  then  be  water  carriage  trom  the  Black 
Sea  to  the  Baltic,  to  the  Caspian,  to  Siberia, 
and  to  every  province  in  the  empire. 

Excellent  mines  of  coal  have  been  discover* 
ed  near  Taganrok,  and  in  other  pTaccs. 

Extracts /rom  the  Re  port /rom  the  Com^ 
rait  tee  of  Correspondence  to  the  Court  of 
Directors  of  the  East  India  Company,  on 
the  Formation  ofanEsfahlishment  at  home 
for  the  Education  of  young  Men  intended 
for  the  Cioii  Service  of  the  Compauy  in 
India^ 

On  the  expediency  of  an  institution,  alrea- 
dy pointed  out  by  the  general  sense  of  men 
connected  by  their  relations  or  expeHence  ^vith 
Indian  affairs,  and  recommended  by  the  most 
obvious  views  of  utility,  it  cannot  be  necessa- 
ry to  enlarge.  As  tfic  company*s  civil  ser- 
vants are  to  be  employed  in  all  the  different 
branches  of  the  administration  of  extendetl 
dominions,  it  will  be  readily  admitted,  that, 
as  far  as  may  consist  with  an  early  enjtrance 
upon  the  duties  of  active  life  (also  very  neccs-. 
sary  in  their  case),  tlicy  should  receive  an- 
cducation,  comprehending  not  only  the  usual 
course  of  classical  learning,  but  the  elements 
of  such  other  parts  of  knowledge,  as  niav  be 
more  peculiarly  applicable  to  the  stations  they 
have  to  fill. — fliey  arc  to  leave  their  nati\e- 
country  at  an  early  age,  to  pass  many  years 
of  life  among  a  people  every  way  dissiiniijir  to. 
their  own  ;  their  sohere  ot  action  is  placed  at 
a  remot?  distance  from  the  parent  state ;  they 
are  to  manage  interests  of  the  highest  value 
to  that  state  j  and  our  vast  acquisitions  there, 
with  the  continually  increasmo;  nunil)cr  of 
Europeans    in    those    territories,     tend,    to. 


Digitized 


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in] 


Report  on  the  College  at  Hertford. 


[Ill 


Btrengtbcn  their  attachment  to  that  quarter,  r 
It  is  therefore  of  importance,  that  the  younz 
men,  before  their  departure,  should  be  imbued 
•with  reverence  and  love  for  the  religion,  the 
constitution,  and  laws  of  their  own  country  ; 
and  hence  the  plan  of  their  studies  should 
comprehend   some  elementary  instruction  in 
those  most  essential  branches  of  knowledge. 
Those  branches  will  also  be  best  leamt,  be- 
fore the  young  men  have  launched  out  into 
the  world  ;  which,  without  such  instruction, 
they  would  do,  unfortified  against  erroneous 
ana  dangerous  opinions.      It  must  evidently 
prove  advantageous,  to  initiate  all  the  civil 
servants  of  the  company  successively  in  one 
■uniform  system  of  right  principles  j    and  it  is 
likewise  o\)vious,  that  the  large  acquaintance, 
which  by  concentrating  their  education  at  one 
place,  will  be  establishwi  in  early  youth  among 
contemporaries,  who  are  afterwards  to  fill  the 
various  departments  of  tlie  scnice,  at  all  the 
presidencies  in  India,   may  have  very  bene- 
Scial  effects  upon  »the  conduct  of  affairs. — 
•  These  advantages,   too,   are  to  be  obtained 
without  any  sacrificeb,   and  by  only  turning 
to  the  best  account  that  period  of  lire,  which 
must  be  devoted  to  education  at  hrme. 

Although  the  law  has  permitted  that  youth 
be  sent  to  India  when  they  have  completed 
their  fifteenth  year,  there  is  the  strongest  rea- 
son to  apprehend  that  age  to  be  too  early.— 
And  in  point  of  fact,  the  civil  servants  in  ge- 
neral are  not  sent  out  at  the  early  age  of  fif- 
teen ;  the  average  of  ages,  perhaps,  would  ap- 
proach nearer  to  eighteen,  and  that  seems  to 
be  a  very  proper  period. 

In  India  so  much  of  all  the  business,  pub- 
lic and  private,  is  carried  on  in  writing,  (a 
circumstance  of  vast  importance  to  tlie  due 
supcrin tendance  at  home  of  the  affairs  of  our 
empire  there),  that  the  art  of  composition 
ought  to  be  carefully  studied  irt  early  life,  by 
every  person  who  is  to  act  on  that  scene. 

A  good  acquaintance  with  arithmetic  and 
xpathcmatics  will  also  be  indispcnsible.  In 
almost  fcvery  situation  in  which  a  man  can  be 
placed  in  India,  a  ready  use  of  figures  will  be 
Found  of  greater  value,  than  those  who  may 
be  apt  to  regard  this  as  merely  a  vulgar  at- 
tainment would  suppose.  Mercantile  accounts 
arc  not  here  parucularly  intended,  though 
such  a  notion  of  them  a^  is  to  be  acquired 
from  theory  would  be  useful  to  the  general 
scholar,  and  )oung  men  designed  for  the  com- 
mercial line  of  the  service  might  derive advan- 
•  tage  from  an  iubight  into  the  bu5irie*«s  of  a 
counting-house ;  but  it  would  be  far  more 
anaterial  to  them  to  be  instruclctl  in  the  ge* 
neral  principles  of  commerce.  1'he  pupils  of 
every  description  should  not  only  be  rendered 
expert  ih  all  the  common  rules  of  arithmetic, 
integral  and  fractional,  but  led  up  hightr  to 
the  knowledge  of  the  principles  on  which 
those  rules  depend. 


Algebra,  and  the  easier  parts  at  least  of  th« 
mathematics,  will  be  extremely  proper.  Some 
knowledge  of  the  science  of  mathematics  now 
enters  into  every  good  plan  of  education,  not 
only  because  of  its  very  general  use  and  ap» 
plication,  in  investigating  the  principles,  and 
improving  the  practice  of  so  many  arts  and  sci- 
ences, but  because  it  is  fitted  to  strengthen 
and  improve  the  reasoning  faculty.  In  both 
these  views,  particularly  tne  last,  it  is  so  im- 
portant, that  no  question  can  be  made  of  the 
propriety  of  including  it  in  the  -scheme  of  in- 
struction now  under  consideration. 

The  elemente  of  general  law,  of  the  law  of 
England,  arid  of  the  British  constitution,  of 
politics,  finance  and  commerce,  ^uld,  ac- 
cording to  the  view  already  given  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  company's  ser\ice,  form  a  special 
part  of  the  learning  of  those  who  are  to  be 
eniployed  in  it. 

The  elements  of  one  or  two  eastem  lan- 
guages, of  general  use  in  British  India,  might 
be  acquired,  li  has  often  been  the  wish,  both 
of  parents  and  their  sons  looking  to  the  ser- 
vice, to  find  instmctors  in  that  way  j  but  it  is 
a  sort  of  reproach  to  the  country,  that  not- 
withstanding our  vast  connection  with  the 
East,  no  pains  have  been  taken  to  make  any 
provision  at  home  for  this  kind  of  learning. 
There  are  not  wanting  gentlemen,  capable  of 
communicating  it ;  but  having  passed  through 
the  company's  ser\'ice,  they  will  not  place 
themselves  on  the  footing  of  private  teachers 
of  languages.    The  consequence  is,   that  in 
course  of  time   their  knowledee  dies  with 
them ;    and  notwithstanding  the  return  of 
many  oriental  scholars  to  their  native  soil,  no 
store  is  formed  at  home  of  learning,  properly 
oriental,  the  communications  made  through 
the  medium  of  English  translations  adding 
little  to  the  knowledge  of  the  oriental  tongues. 
PoUticdl  reasons  might  be  assigned,  why  there 
ought  to  be  seminaries  at  home  for  promoting 
the  study  of  the  most  general  and  distinguish- 
ed of  the  language?  spoken  in  our  eastern  ter- 
ritories, and  in  other  [xarts  of  Asia.      The 
French,   who,   whatever  their  principles  or 
aims  may  be,  certainly  shew  policy  in  the 
pursuit  of  them,   set  a  high  value  on  institu- 
tions of  this  kind.   Their  present  government 
affords  distinguished   encouragement  to  the 
study  of   oriental  literature:     it  is  pursued 
with  ardour;   and   Paris   so  much   abounds 
in  proficients  in   Persian,  Arabic,  Turkish, 
and  even  Shanscrit,  that  a  gentleman  detained 
there,  an  Eastern  scholar  of  our  own,   and 
from  that  character  admitted  into  free  society 
with  their  Savans,  has  written,  that  he  con^ 
veised  among  them  more  frequently  in  Pcr-i 
sian  than  in  French,  and  that  he  3aily  wit- 
nessed among  them  conversations  in  Persian* 
Arabic,  and  Turkish.      One  consequence  ef 
this  is,  that  the  French  have  always  a  supply 
of  persons,  who  add  to  the  other  (jualificatiani 


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113] 


East-India  EstalUshment  at  Hertford, 


[114 


ht  diplomatic  employments^  a  knowledge  of 
eastern  languages,  which  enables  theui  to 
cany  on  the  most  important  n^ociations  at 
Asiatic  courts,  without  the  intervention  of  an 
interpreter;  whilst  we  are  so  destitute  of 
knowledge  of  this  kind,  that  our  metropolis, 
though  the  greatest  in  Europe,  is  said  not  to 
contain  one  Englishman  capable  of  carrying 
on  a  conversation,  much  less  a  correspon- 
dence, in  Arabic  or  Turkish,  and  the  Ma- 
meluke Chief,  who  was  lately  here,  sought 
b  T2un  for  an  assistant  to  write  his  letters 
to  the  other  Chiefs  j  setting  aside,  how- 
ever, considerations  directly  poUtical,  rela- 
ting to  that  people  or  to  us,  it  seems  inex- 
pedient that,  whilst  France  flourishes  in  ori- 
ental learning,  Britain  should  possess  little 
productive  stock  of  that  kind  within  itself; 
and  though  rich  in  it  abroad,  where  its  riches 
vt  more  exposed,  continue  still  poor  at 
iiome. 

Under  the  heads  of  morality  and  religion, 
a  set  of  lectures  on  each  of  these  most  impor- 
tant subjects,  will  enter  with  peculiar  propri- 
ety into  a  system,  which  is  to  form  young 
persons  for  the  discharge  of  the  higher  func- 
tioDs  of  society,  in  regions  unpossessed  of  the 

Xrior  lights  and  knowledge  we  enjoy.  The 
le  extent  of  time  to  be  allotted  to  the  stu- 
dents will  require  that  these  lectures  should 
be  contained  within  moderate  limits,  and  aim 
at  explaining  with  a  clear  conciseness,  the 
principles,  obligations,  value,  and  sanctions 
of  reli^on  and  morals,  elucidating,  with  par- 
ticular attention,  the  evidences  of  Christianity. 
Some  acquaintance  with  natural  and  expe- 
rimental philosophy  may  be  obtained,  with 
80  little  sacrifice  of  time  and  attention,  and 
would  be  so  desirable  for  persofis  destined  to 
act  a  considerable  part  in  life,   who,   if  thcy 
do  not  acquire  it  before  they  leave  their  own 
country,  arc  not  likely  to  acquire  it  at  all, 
that  it  may  very  well  be  recommended  '  And 
there  are  a  few  other  things  of  a  subordinate 
nature,  which,  if  they  have  not  been  learned 
elsewhere,  the  pupils  should  have  an  oppor- 
tunity of  attaining,  namely,  the  French  lan- 
guage, geography,  and  perhaps  drawing,  where 
a  genius  for  it  appears.      But  these  may  be 
made  occrsional  studies,  compatible  with'  the 
coxxTMi  prescribed  for  the  greater  objects  of  the 
establisnraent. 

llie  pri\'ale  reading  of  the  pypils  should  be 
partly  directed  to  a  proper  selection  of  books 
on  Asiatic  subjects,  particularly  histories,  and 
accounts  of  tlie  character,  manners,  and  lite- 
lalure,  of  th-  eastern  people.  Part  of  the  va- 
fations  niighi  be  usefully  employed  in  view- 
ing the  great  public  works  in  England,  docks, 
tweaals,  manufaotures,  and  the  Hke,  of  which 
else  they  will  know  nothiiig  but  by  report  be- 
fore a  late  period  of  life.  ' 

The  whole  annual  income,  when  the  num- 
ter  of  pupils  sh;ill  amount  to  eighty,  will. 


after  givine  fair  allowance  to  the  masters,  be 
found  equal  to  the  whole  annual  expend i tune ; 
and  the  company,  at  very  little  cost,  will  have 
rendered  an  important  service  to  their  ovm 
interests,  to  the  community  at  home»  and 
to  India. 

October,  1804. 

In  consequence  of  the  foregoing  Report, 
the  Court  of  Directors  have  established  at 
Hertford  a  College,  of  which  the  following 
are  the  regulations : 

Fiertf  of  the  Ettabrnhment  of  the  HotMirahU  East* 
India  Company  at  Hertford,  for  the  Education  $f 
young  persons  appointed  to  the  Civil  Service  im 
India. 

The  object  of  this  establishment  is,  to  provide 
a  supply  of  persons  duly  qualified  to  discharge  the 
various  andv  important  duties  required  fr<im  the 
civil  servants  of  the  Company,  in  administering 
the  government  of  India. 

Withm  the  last  thirty  or  forty  years,  a  great 
chanj;c  has  taken  place  in  the  state  of  the  Com- 
pany's affairs  in  that  country:  the  extension  of 
empire  has  been  followed  by  a  great  increase  of 
power  and  authority ;  and  persons  of  the  slimc 
description,  who,  before,  had  acted  in  the  capacity 
of  factors  and  merchants,  are  now  called  upon  to 
administer,  throughout  their  respective  districts, 
an  extensive  system  of  finance  ;  and  to  fill  the 
important  offices  of  magistrates,  ambassadon, 
and  provincial  governors. 

As  this  extension  of  dominion  «n  India  haUi 
been  gradual,  the  wants  thence  arismg  have  not  hi- 
therco  been  provided  for  in  any  way  fitted  to  supplf 
them:  for  though  the  private  and  solitary  studiet 
of  individuals  have  enabled  them  to  discharge^ 
with  ability  and  honour,  the  (duties  devolved  upon 
thrm ;  yet  the  growing  exigencies  of  territories  so 
enlarged  have  loudly  called  for  an  establishment 
at  home,  which,  upon  a  wise  and  well-adapted 
system,  might  provide  and  prepare,  in  the  most 
direct  manner,  a  succession  of  civil  servants,  for 
their  destined  functions. 

The  necessity  of  such  an  establishment;  so 
generally  felt  in  England,  induced  the  Company 
to  expect  that  <ome  institution  would  have  arisen^ 
immediately  applicable  to  the  supply,  of  their 
wants.  But  all  hopes  from  other  quarters  having 
been  disappointed,  they  judged  it  to  be  a  duty 
incumbent  upon  themselves  to  devise  and  to  in- 
stitute a  plan,  that  might  not  only  fill  up  the  timo 
of  those  young  persons  designed  for  the  ciyil  ser- 
vice of  India  with  genetal  advantage;  but  should  . 
also  afford  the  best  means  of  qualifying  them  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  their  stations  there;  ahd 
to  send  them  thither  early  enough  to  engage  in  all 
the  concerns  of  active  life. 

This  plan  consists  of  a  college  for  the  reception 
of  students  at  the  age  ot  fifteen,  to  remain  til4  ^ 
they  are  eighteen ;    or  till  they  arc  sent  by  tho 
Court  ot  Directors  to  their  respective  destinations. 

The  students  will  be  instructed,  by  courses  o€ 
lectures,  upon  a  plan  similar  to  that  adopted  in 
the  Universities 

After  having  thus  provided  for  the  acquisition 
of  Icarn^s  in  general,  k  is  further  intended  Ja 


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115] 


East'IftdtaEstabHihment  at  Hertford, 


Cliff 


furnish  them  with  the  means  of  instruction  in  the  j 
Elements  of  Oriental  Literature.  For  this  pur- 
pose they  will  not  only  be  taught  the  Rudiments 
of  the  Asiatie  Languages,  more  especially  the 
Arabic  and  Persian ;  but  be  made  acquainted  with 
the  history,  customs,  and  manners  of  the  different 
nations  of  the  East:  and  as  the  study  of  law  and 
political  economy  is  to  form  an  essential  part  in 
the  general  system  of  educsltion,  it  will  be  re- 
quired that,  in  the  lectures  upon  the^e  subjects, 
particu'ar  attention  be  given  to  the  explanation  of 
the  political  and  commercial  relations  subsisting 
between  India  and  Great  Britain. 

Amongthe  variety  of  studies  which  maybe  pur- 
fued  wHh  |H,ouliar  advantage  in  this  country,  it  is 
not  to  be  expected  that  any  very  great  portion  of 
their  time  can  be  allotted  to  the  acquiring  a  know- 
ledge of  the  irr^a/ languages  of  the  East;  but  it 
is  presumed  that  the  main  object  of  the  institution 
wilt  be  attained,  if  the  students  be  well  grounded  in 
the  rudiments  of  the  troo  languages  already  spe- 
cified ;  and  that,  on  their  leaving  the  college,  such 
instructions  be  given  them  as  may  enable  them 
to  prosecute  their  oriental  studies  during  their 
passage  to  India. 

The  College  is  to  be  under  the  direction  and 
authority  of  a  principal  and  several  professors, 
according  fo   the  following  arrangement. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Hekley,  D.D.    Principal 
Trofessors  of  Mathemat'ics  and  Natural  Philosophy: 
Rev.  B.  Bridge,  A.M.    Rev.  W.  Dealtry,  A.M. 
Trofttiors  ef  Humanity  and  Pkiloloay :  Rev.  E.  Lew- 
ton,  A.M.— J.  H.  Batten,  E*q.  A.M. 
Profcsior  of  History  and  Political  Economy:    Rev. 

T.  R.  MalthusA.M. 
Ptofessor  of  General  Polity  and  the  Laws  of  England: 

Edward  Christian,  Esq.  A.  M, 
Professor  of  Oriental  Literature: 
The  following  are  attached  to  the  Cpllegc,  T/as. 

Mons.  Dc  Foligny French  Masf/r. 

Mr.  —  Medland Drav>ing  Master, 

Mr.  Henry  Angelo Fencing  Master, 

>lr.  — —  Bridgman. . . .  Dancing  Master, 
Besides  the  genera^  superin tendance  of  the  Col- 
lege,  it  will  be  the  office  of  the  Principal  more  es- 
pecially to  watch  over  the  moral  and  religious 
conduct  of  the  students ;  to  instruct  them  in  the 
principles  of  Ethics  and  Natural  Theology ;  and 
in  the  evidences,  doarines,  and  duties  ot  Revealed 
Religion  "Whi  st  in  this  respect  he  is  c  nsidercd 
tts  discharging  the  duty  of  a  Professor  in  Divinity, 
80,  in  the  ordinary  exercise  of  his  clerical  func- 
tion, he  will  be  required,  in  conjunction  with  such 
Professors  as  are  in  holy  orders,  to  pieach  in  the 
College  Chapel,  and,  at  the  stated  seasons,  to  per- 
form the  so'cmn  rites  of  the  established  Church. 

The  Lectures  of  the  Professors  may  be  ar-. 
itnged  under  four  distinct  heads^  in  the  tollowing 
manner: 

1.      Oriental  Literature, 

\,  Praetica)  Instruction  in  the  Rudiments  of 
the  Oriental  Languages,  more  especially  the  Arabic 

and  Persian. a.  A  Course  of  Lectures  to  ilfu^r 

trate  the  History,  Customs,  and  Manners  of  the 
Ptsople  of  India. 

fi.     Mathematki  and  Natural  Philosophy, 

1.  A  Course  of  Practical  Instruction,  in  the 
llemcntft  oi  Euclid^  Algebra,  and  Trigonometry ; 


on  the  most  useful  properties  of  the  Conic  Sec* 
tions,  the  nature  of  Logarithms,  and  the  principles 

of  Fluxions. 2.    A  Course  of  Lectures  on  the 

four  branches  of  Natural  l*hilosophy;  Mechanics^ 
Hydrostatics,  Optics,  and  Astronomy  ;  illustrated 
by  occasional  experiments :  and,  if  it  should  be 
thought  necessary  or  proper,  the  Principia  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  will  form  a  part  of  this  course. 

It  is  here  of  importance  to  observe,  that  the 
more  abstruse  parts  of  pure  mathematics  will  be 
utterly  excluded  firom  ttiese  lectures,  as  altogether 
inconsistent  with  the  object  of  the  institution. 
The  mathematical  lectures  will  be  made  entirely 
subservient  to  the  purposes  of  natural  philosophy. 
The  lectures  in  natural  philosophy  will  have  for 
their  scope  and  end,  the  arts  and  objects  of  com- 
mon lite :  and  to  rendrr  this  department  of  these 
leeturts  more  extensively  useful,  as  soon  as  a  pro- 
per collection  of  specimens  shall  be  procured,  it 
is  intended  to  give  the  students  some  elementarjr 
instructions  in  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  natural 
history. 

3.     Classical  aud  General  Literature,. 

1.  A  course  of  lectures  to  explain  the  Ancient 
Writers  of  Rome  and  Greece,  more  particularijr 
the  Historian^;  and  Orators. — -2.  A  course  of  lec- 
tures on  the  Arts  of  Reasoning  and  Composition; 
and  on  such  other  «^bjcrct3  as  arc  generally  un- 
derstood by  the  *•  Belles  Lett  res." 

These  lectures  will  be  altogether  plain  and 
practical.  Peculiar  care  will  be  uken  to  make 
the  students*  well  acquainted  with  the  English 
language,  and  with  the  merits  of  its  mo!>t  approv- 
ed \vriters.  They  will  be  exercised  also  in  every 
species  of  composition  appropriate  to  their  future 
occupations. 

4.  Lavf^  History t  amJ  Political  Mcotmny. 

1.  A  course  of  lectur«  on  general  History^ 
and  on  the  History  and  Statistics  of  the  Modern 
Nations  of  Europe. — <2.  A  course  of  Icctares  on 
Political  Economy. — 3.  A  course  of  lectures  on 
general  Polity,  on  the  Laws  of  England,  and  Prin- 
ciples of  the  British  Constitution. 

The  college  year  is  to  be  divided  into  two  terms» 
each  consisting  of  twenty  weeks.  In  the  last 
week  of  the  second  term  of  each  year,  public  ex- 
aminations of  all  the  students  will  be  holden  by 
the  professors  in  tht  different  departments  of  lite^ 
rature  and  science,  as  arranged  in  -the  preceding 
section,  under  the  superinteudance  of  the  prin^ 
cipal. 

1.    In  Oriental  Literature. 

9.    In  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy. 

8.    In  Classical  aiul  Genera)  Literature. 

4.    In  Law,  History,  and  Political  Economy. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  examinations,  the 
principal  and  professors  will,  at  a  general  meeting- 
appointed  for  the  purpose,  arrange  the  students  in 
four  separate  lists,  according  to  their  respective 
merits  in  these  departments.  A  copy  of  these 
lists  will  be  transmitted  by  the  principal  to  the 
Honourable  Court  of  Directors,  for  insertion  in 
the  Public  Records  of  the  Company.  On  this  oc* 
casion,  the  Honourable  the  Chairman,  Deputy 
Chairman,  CoU^  Committee,  and  such  other  of. 
the  Directors  as  may  think  proper,  will  attend,  t^t 
distribute  among  the  most  deserving  students  in 
the  several  clashes,  auch  prizea  and  lOcdaU  a»  ma^ 


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Easi'liidia  Estallishnwnt  at  Hertford. 


[118 


be  a^ced  upon  with  the  principal  by  the  College 
Conunittcc. 

'  Having  thus  pointed  out  what  provision  has 
been  made  for  the  literary  and  intcUcciual  im- 
pro\ement  of  the  students,  it    remains  to  add 
Mfoe  obserrations  on  the  moral  and  religious  dis 
civlUie  of  the  College.    Concerning  this  important 
subject  a  code  of  regulations  JiSs  already  been  pre*- 
seated  to  the  Honourable  Court  of  Directors,  sub- 
^t  to    such  improvements  and  corrections  as 
time  and  experience  may  hertatier  suggest.     But 
tt  the  cflBcacy  of  these  regulations  will  entirely 
depend  upon  the  actual  exertions  of  those  pro- 
fessors who,  in  subordination  to  the  principal,  are 
BKxe  immediately  concerned  in  the  discipline  of 
the  College,  it  may  be  proper  to  mention,  that 
tlie  persons  selected  for  this  purpose  have,  for 
many  years,  6lled  situations  of  trust  and  autho- 
rity in  the  two  Universities:  aud  they  have  un- 
dertaken  to  carry  into  effect  these  regulations, 
ondcr  the  strongest  impressions  of  the  importance 
of  ihc  charge  coramiiied  to  them. 

The  compensation  to  be  male  to  the  Com- 
pany by  the  students  of  the  College  at  the  com- 
mencement of  each  term,  is  fifty  gumca-; ;  for 
which  they  will  be  supplied  with  every  requisite 
accommodation  during  that  term,  a  few  anicles 
excepted  of  private  convenience.  The  utmost  at- 
tention will  be  given,  in  every  instance,  to  the 
economy  of  the  institution,  consistent  with  the 
comfort  of  its  members.  All  extravagance  among 
the  students  will  be  discouraged :  and,  on  this  ac- 
crnrnt,  it  is  much  to  be  desired  that  tSeirpecuniarv^ 
allowances  may  be  moderate;  as  a  rni^judged 
liberality  in  this  respect  might  be  highly  injurious. 
The  first  opening  of  the  College  to  receive  stu- 
dents having  been  fixed  lor  the  Sd  of  February, 
ISOO,  the  collegiate  year  is  considered  as  thence 
commencing.  The  former  term  will  end  on  the 
]9ih  of  June,  and  the  latter  will  begin  on  the  Jst 
of  August.  In  future  years,  the  ad  of  February 
and  the  1st  of  August  will  begin,  and  the  19th  of 
June  and  the  a  1st  of  December  terminate,  the 
two  respective  terms.  ^   .    , 

The  foregoing  pUn,  it  is  presumed,  is  founded 
upon  the  soundest  principles  of  wisdom  and  judg- 
ment; and  may  be  eventually  expected  to  pro- 
duce the  happiest  effects  upon  the  concerns  of 
the  Company  in  the  East.  The  education  of  those 
destined  to  fill  the  important  offices  of  magistrates, 
ambassadors,  provmcial  governors,  and  other  high 
situations,  5hould  certainly  be  founded  on  the 
firm  basis  of  learning  and  science ;  on  a  know- 
ledge of  the  principles  ot  ethics  and  civil  jurispru- 
dence ;  of  general  history,  and  the  laws  ot  nations. 
To  this  should  be  added,  a  more  particular  ac- 
quaintance with  the  language,  history,  and  man- 
ners of  those  nations  among  whom  they  are  to 
exercise  their  respective  functions.  The  cu  tiva- 
tion  and  improvement  of  their  intellectual  powers 
should  be  accompanied  with  such  a  course  of 
nwral  discipline  as  may  tend  to  excite  and  con- 
firm in  them* habits  of  application,  prudence,  in- 
tegiity,  and  justice,  and  to  render  this  system  of 
education  fuMy  efficient,  it  is  essential  that  it  be 
inculcated  and  enforced  under  the  sanction  and 
influence  of  the  Christian  religion.  An  institu 
tion  conducted  upon  these  prmciplts  may  reason- 
ably be  expected,  under  the  favour  of  Providence, 
to  be  productive  of  a  benign  and  enlightened  po 


licy  toward  the  native  subjects  of  British  India, 
to  improve  their  moral  condition,  and.  to  difhis« 
the  happy  infiuenccs  of  Christianity  tluoughout 
the  Eastern  worid. 

Terms  of  Admhsion  for  Students, 

To  pay  one  hundred  guineas  per  annum,  m 
moiety  whereof  to  be  paid  at  the  commencement 
of  each  term,  there  being  two  iri  the  year,  besides 
the  expense  of  books  and  stationary. 

Students  to  provide  themselves  with  a  (able* 
spoon,  tea-spoon,  knile  anJ  fork,  half  a  doze^, 
towels,  and  some  other  small  artiblcs,  to  be  mcn- 
II  oncd  to  them  at  the  time  of  their  admission  iiHo 
the  College. 

Candidates  for  admiss-on  into  the  College  are 
expected  to  be  well  grounded  in  arithmetic,  and 
qualified  to  be  examined  in  *  asar  and  yirgi/,  the 
Greek  Testamenty  and  Xenoplon. 

Time  for  examination  and  admi.<(sion  to  be  the 
week  preceding  each  vacation,  viz.  Christmas  and, 
Midsummer. 

Ten  guineas  to  be  paid  on  leaving  the  College 
by  each  student,  for  the  use  ot  the  pl.ilosophioal- 
apparatus,  and  library,  which  bum  will  be  applied 
for  the  augmentation  ot  both. 

No  student  admitted  under  fifteen  yearsof  age, 
N.  B.  1  he  Students  to  wear  acadtmical  habits. 

Ti'i    COLLEOP-SCUOOL  AT  HERTFOBD. 

Besides  the  College  above  described,  the  Com- 
pany patronize  a  School  subordinate  to  it,  and 
under  the  superintendance  of  the  Principal,  into 
which  boys  may  be  admitted  at  an  early  age, 
and  in  which  they  will  1«  taught  the  elements 
of  general  learning,  and  such  other  accomplish^ 
ments  as  aie  the  usual  objects  of  instruction  ia 
the  larger  fcminaries  of  this  country.  Especial 
artcntion  will  be  paid  also  to  «uch  parts  of  educa- 
tion as  mav  serve  to  qualify  them  for  public  busi- 
ness, and  for  the  higher  departments  of  commer- 
c\\.\  life. 

Though  this  School  be  des  gneda^  introductory 
to  the  College,  it  is  not  to  be  understood  that  the 
Company  is  pUdgcd  to  make  it  the  sole  channel 
of  an  appointment  to  the  College  itself;  but  it  is 
nevertheless  proper  to  observe,  that  those  who 
shall  have  passed  through  both  institutions  will 
enjoy  the  advantage  of  an  uniform  sysem  d 
education,  begun  in  eariy  youth,  and  ooniinned 
to  their  departure  for  the  duties  of  their  public 
staions.  .    . 

Notwithstanding  that  an  intimate  connection 
is  intended  to  subsist  between  the  College  and 
the  School,  it  is  neverthe'ess  to  be  understood, 
that,  ^hi'st  the  College  is  <:xciusi\e!y  appropriated 
to  persons  designed  for  the  civil  service  of  the 
Company  abroad,  the  School  will  be  open  to  the 

public  at  'argc.  ^  .  *,    r    t.     tt  - 

The  Rev.  M.H.  Liiscombc,  A.M.  of  the  Unu 
vcrsity  of  Cambridge,  is  appointed  Head  Master 
of  the  School ;  to  whom  the  annual  sum  of  se- 
venty guineas  is  to  be  paid  lor  each  pupi'- ;  which, 
without  any  additional  charge,  will  include,  be- 
sides the  usual  course  of  classical  instraction,  the 
French  language,  writing,  arithmetic,  mathema* 
tics,  drawing,  and  dancing. 

Further  information  on  various  interesting  sub- 
jests  relai.ng  to  the  India  Company's  service  may 
be  obtained  from  the  East-lndUi  Register,  com- 
piled by  Messrs.  Mathison  and  Mason. 


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Report  on  the  Woollen  Manufacture. 


[12a 


Tk*  uneommM  importanee  6f  the  subjtct  induces  us  to 
give  the  folleiwing  document  nearly  entire ;  reserv- 
ing our  remarks  on  it  to  a  future  opportunity, 

Meport/rmn  the  Committee  of  the  House  or  Com- 
mons, on  M^  Stat$  of  the  IVoollen  Manufacture  of 
EngianJ,  csfc. 

IN  July  1809,  considerable  riots  and  outrages 
took  place  in  Wiltshire  and  Somersetshire,  incon- 
sequence of  an  attempt  of  some  of  the  master 
clothiers  of  those  counties,  to  set  up  a  machine 
for  dressing  cloth,  called  a  gig  mill.  This  ma- 
chine was,  from  various  causes,  obnoxious  to  the 
workn!^n,  and  the  discontents  continuing,  and 
the  workmen,  learning  that  there  still  was  to  be 
found  in  the  statute  book  an  ancient  law  prohibit- 
ing under  heavy  penalties  the  use  of  a  machine 
called  a  gig  mill  (though  doubts  existed  whether 
it  was  the  ma. hine  which  now  bears  that  deno- 
mination , ,  conceived  the  project  of  preventing  its 
further  establishment,  by  catling  the  above  sta- 
tute into  operation. 

But  it  farther  appeared,  that  various  other  penal 
laws,  concerning  the  woollen  manufacture,  still 
remained  unrepealed,  consequently  that  they 
were  still  in  force,  though  for  a  vcij-  long  course 
of  years  they  had  been  so  littk  adverted  to,  as  al- 
most to  have  become  obsolete.  This  produced 
petitions  and  counter-petitions ;  so  that  the  f-fouse 
of  Commons  in  consequence,  appointed  a  Com- 
mittee to  consider  the  petitions  of  the  mascers 
and  workmen  in  the  woollen  manufacture.  The 
case  was  ful'y  investigated,  and  the  evidence, 
which  had  been  taken  at  great  length,  was  re- 
ported to  the  house. 

The  expedient  was  adopted  of  suspending  all 
the  penal  laws,  above  alluded  to,  for  a  year,  with 
mn  intention  of  resumin<  the  consideration  of  the 
subject  in^he  ensuing  session. 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  committee  care- 
fully examined  the  various  acts  of  parliament,  (in 
all  70)  which  are  still  in  force ;  considering  how 
Ui,  in  the  present  day,  and  in  the  existing  state 
of  the  commerce  and  manufactures  of  this  coun- 
try, it  mi^ht  be  advisable,  either  to  Suffer  them  to 
continue  in  operation,  or  on  the  other  hand,  to 
explain,  alter,  or  repeal  them. 

The  Laws  relative  to  the  wool 'en  manufacture 
may  be  conveniently  arranged  under'thc  following 
classes. 

Class  I.— On  the  laws  comprised  within  the 
first  class,  intituled,  **  Acts  for  regulating  the 
conduct  of  masters  and  workmen  in  the  woollen 
manufacture,  and  for  preventing  frauds  and  em- 
bezzlements by  journeymen  and  others,"  your 
committee  need  only  remark,  that  they  are  in  ge- 
neral wise  and  salutary.  This  character  appears 
to  belong  in  a  special  degree  to  one  very  ancient 
f  tatute,  which  h>u  been  amended  and  enforced  by 
several  subsequent  acts,  panicularly  by  aoth  Geo. 
II.  c.  33  for  preventing  the  payment  of  workmen 
in  goods  instead  of  money.  Your  committee 
therefore  recommend  that  the  laws  contained  in 
this  class  should  remain  in  force. 

Class  II. — Your  committee  extend  the  same 
recommendation  to  tlie  laws  comprised  wiihin 
the  second  class,  intituled,  **  Acts  to  prevent  the 
exportation  of  certain  materials  and  implements 
made  use  of  in  the  woollen  manufacture,  &c." 
These  statutes  indeed  hdvc  all  been  pas:»cd  in  the 


reign  of  his  present  Majesty.  They  appear  to 
•your  committee  to  be  founded  in  sound  po'icy, 
and  to  be  peculiarly  applicable  to  the  present  cir- 
cumstances of  this  country. 

Class  III. — ^The  3d  class  of  Acts,  which  "  con- 
troul  the  manufacturers  in  the  making  and  selling 
of  woollen  cloths,"  is  by  far  the  most  numerous. 
Many  of  them  aie  of  a  very  early  date ;  and  their 
conents  are  such  as  might  be  expected  from  the 
nature  of  the  commercial  principles  whiclv  pre- 
vailed at  the  periods  when  they  were  severally 
passed.  Their  general  object  is,  to  provide  against 
the  use  of  articles,  or  processes,  and  to  pi  event 
the  Commission  of  frauds,  which  it  was  conceivec^ 
would  be  injurious  to  the  quality  of  the  cloth, 
and  (to  say  nothing  of  the  home  consumer)would» 
by  impairing  the  credit  of  our  staple  manufacture^ 
obstructs  its  sale  in  foreign  parts.  Again,  there 
are  other$  of  this  class  of  laws  which  bear  some 
traces  of  a  jealousy  of  the  manufacturing  in  favouv 
of  the  landed  interest  of  the  country. 

Many  of  the  above  statutes  have  been  from 
time  to  time  amended,  and  in  part  repealed,  often 
at  short  periods  after  their  enactment ;  others  of 
them  have  not  been  enforced  for  many  years; 
and  nearly  the  whole  had  sunk  into  oblivion, 
when  attempts  were  made  to  rccal  some  of  them 
into  action  in  the  manner  which  has  been  already 
specified. 

Considering  the  diflferent  principles  of  com- 
merce which  are  now  recognised,  it  cannot  be  ne- 
cessary for  your  committee  to  enter  into  a  minute 
detail  of  the  reasons  on  which  they  recommend  to 
the  House  the  repeal  of  the  general  mass  of  the 
above  laws»  as  being  at  this  day  not  only  unne- 
cessary, But,  if  enforced,  utterly  inexpedient,  or 
rather  extremely  injurious.  Least  of  all  can  such 
regulations  be  deemed  requisite  at  the  present  pe- 
riod, when  our  manufactures  of  wool  en  goods  are 
in  the  highest  credit  both  at  home  and  abroad, 
and  when  the  demand  for  them,  great  as  it  already 
is,  appears  to  be  still  increasing. 

But  on  some  of  the  statutes  which  belong  to 
this  class,  great  diff<  rences  of  opinion  have  pre- 
vailed,  and  it  will  therefore  be  necessary  for  the 
committee  to  enter  more  in  detail  into  the  consi- 
deration of  them.    One  ef  these  is  the  6th  and  6ih 
of  Eilward  VI.  for  putting  down  gig  mills.     Vari- 
ous witnesses  were  called  to  prove  that  the  ma- 
chine now  used  under  the  denominati6n  of  the 
gig  mill,  for  the  purpose,  after  the  cloth  comes 
from  the  fulling  mill,  of  raising  the  nap  or  wool, 
(being  the  very  machine,  it  is  contended,  against 
which  the  ancient  statute  was  directed;    is  highly 
injurious  to  the  texture  and  quality  of  the  cloth  ; 
that  therefore  the  law  of  Edward  for  promoting  its 
use,  ought,  if  necessary,  to  be  explained  and  en- 
forced, it  being  one  of  those  statutes  which,  to 
use  the  words  of  the  petitioners,  though  they  have 
been  violated  by  the  master  clothiers,  under  the. 
pretence  of  their  being  obsolete,  are  calculated  to 
promote  the  preservation  and  prosperity  of  the 
woollen  manufacture,  and  the  protection  of  the 
persons  employed  therein.      Evidence  of  a  similar 
nature  and  tendei\cy  was  given  respecting  the  in- 
jurious efiecis   of  another  machine,  as  yet  not 
much  in  use,  called  the  shearing  frame,  the  pur^. 
pose  of  which  is  to  cut  off  the  nap  or  wool  after 
it  has  been  raised  ;    an  operation  which  has  been 
hiihcito  peifurmcd  by  hand  by  a  particular  cla&& 


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tteport  on  the  Woollen  Manufacturt, 


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of  men,  called,  from  their  occupation,  croppers, 
sbeannen,  or  clochworkers.  The  intioduction  of 
this  machine  appears  to  be  opposed  with  the 
Srcacer  earnestness,  because  the  general  establish- 
ment of  it  would  be  likely  to  throw  a  Tery  consi- 
derable class  of  men  out  of  their  present  employ- 
TDGit.  With  regard  to  the  actual  effects  on  the 
dodi,  of  the  gig  mil!,  and  shearing  frame,  your 
committee  feel  it  their  duty  to  declare,  that  deci- 
MTe  evidence  has'  been  adduced  before  them,  by 
nocrcfaants  and  manufacturers  of  the  highest  cre- 
dit and  of  the  greatest  experience,  to  prove  that 
the  above  machines,  especially  the  gig  mill,  the 
«9e  of  which  has  been  longer  and  more  generally 
established,  vrhen  properly  reguated  and  carefully 
employed,  finish  the  cloth  in  the  most  perfect 
manner.  It  has  already  been  stated,  that  manu- 
facturers residing  in  parts  of  the  country  where, 
from  whatever  causes,  the  gig  mill  was  not  used, 
have  often  sent  their  cloths  to  a  distance  to  be 
tested  by  it ;  and  your  committee  have  learned 
lirom  the  information  of  one  of  their  own  mem- 
bets,  that,  by  an  express  stipulation,  the  use  of  it 
his  been  required  by  the  consumers  of  our  cloths 
in  a  particular  foreign  market,  where  it  has  en- 
hanced theii  credit  and  improved  their  sale.  It 
has  been  given  in  evidence  before  your  committee, 
and  even  acknowledged  by  some  of  the  petitioners 
themselves,  that  alarms  similar  in  nature  to  those 
whirfi  are  now  conceived  of  the  gig  mill  and 
tfaearing  frame,  attended  the  first  introduction  ot 
several  of  the  machines  which  are  now  generally 
iBcd  with  acknowledged  adx-antage  in  different 
processes,  formerly  performed  by  band,  of  the 
woollen  manufacture.  Hitherto  these  alarms  have 
after  a  thne  subsided,  and  the  use  of  the  machines 
has  been  gradually  established,  without,  as  it  Hp- 
pears.  impairing  the  comforts,  or  lessening  the 
imrobers  of  the  workmen :  and  prejudices,  how- 
ever powerful  at  first,  have  worn  away  as  time 
and  eaperiertce  have  enabled  the  opponents  of 
flttch  improvements  more  jastly  to  appreciate  their 
merit,  arnl  anticipate  their  success. 

Moreover,  It  is  highly  satisfactory  to  remark, 
that,  in  many  instances  in  which  it  was  appre- 
hended Uiat  the  introduction  of  particular  ma- 
ehinc*  would  throw  such  numbers  of  people  out 
of  employment,  as  to  occasion  great  distress,  the 
resDlt  has  been  very  different,  for,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  new  occupations  for  which  the  attendance 
on  such  machines  has  given  occasion,  a  fresh  dc- 
maiul  for  laboar  to  an  immense  extent  has  arisen 
oat  of  the  increased  sale  of  the  article,  consequent 
on  the  greater  cheapness  and  superior  quality  of 
the  manufacture. 

Neither  is  it  to  be  forgotten,  that  the  system  of 
patents,  a  system  by  which  the  inventor  of  any 
new  machine  commonly  secures  to  himself  for  a 
time  the  exclusive  benefits  of  his  discovery,  while 
at  the  end  of  the  term  they  ?rc  thrown  open  to  the 
public  at  large,  provides  in  most  cases  against  its 
too  sudden  and  general  establishment,  by  which 
a  great  multitude  of  workmen  might  be  all  at  once 
thrfiwn  out  of  employment. 

Bat  your  committee  would  be  -wanting  to  the 
important  subject  entrusted  to  their  consideration, 
If  they  were  to  forbear  remarking,  that,  if  the 
principles  on  which  the  use  of  these  particular 
siachinet  is  objected  to  were  once  admitted,  it 
troolcl  be  impostible  to  diiw  the  line,  or  to  fore- 


sec  the  fatal  extent  of  their  application.  No  on* 
will  deny,  that,  if  parliament  had  acted  on  such 
principles  »o  years  ago,  the  woollen  manufacture 
would  never  have  attained  to  half  its  present  size. 
The  rapid  and  prodigious  increase  of  late  years  ia 
the  manufactures  and  commerce  of  this  country 
is  universally  known,  as  well  as  the  effects  of  that 
increase  on  our  revenue  and  national  strength  j 
and  in  considering  the  immediate  causes  of  that 
augmentat'on,  it  will  appear  that,  under  the  fa- 
\our  of  providence,  it  is  principally  to  brf  ascribed 
to  the  general  spirit  of  enterprise  and  industr]^ 
among  a  free  and  enlightened  people,  left  to  th« 
unrestrained  exercise  of  their  talents  in  the  em- 
ployment of  a  vast  capital ;  pushing  to  the  utmost 
the  principle  of  the  (^i vision  of  labour ;  calling  \tk 
all  the  resources  of  scientific  research  and  me- 
chanical ingenuity ;  and  finally,  availing  them- 
selves of  all  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  visit- 
ing foreign  countries,  not  only  for  forming  new, 
and  confirming  old  commercial  connections,  but 
for  obtaining  fi  personal  knowledge  of  the  wants, 
the  taste,  the  habits,  the  discoveries  and  improve- 
ments, the  productions  and  fabrics  of  other  civil- 
ized nations,  and,  by  thus  bringing  home  facts 
and  suggestions,  perfecting  our  existing  manufinc-t 
tures,  and  adding  new  ones  to  our  domestic  stock ; 
i  opening  at  the  same  time  new  markets  for  the 
product  of  our  manufacturing  and  commercial  in- 
dustry, and  qualifying  ourselves  for  supplying 
them. 

It  is  by  these  means  alone,  and,  above  all,  your 
committee  must  repeat  it,  by  the  effect  of  ma- 
chinery in  improving  the  quality  and  cheapening 
the  fabrication  of  our  various  articles  of  export,^ 
that,  with  a  continually  accumulating  weight  of 
taxes,  and  with  all  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of 
life  gradually  increai^ing  in  price,  the  effects  of 
which  on  the  wages  of  labour  c«uld  not  but  be 
very  considerable,  our  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures have  been  also  increasing  in  such  a  degree 
as  to  surpass  the  most  sanguine  calculations  of 
the  ablest  political  writers  who  had  speculated  oa 
the  improvements  of  a  future  age. 

It  is  likewise  an  important  consideration,  of 
which  we  never  should  lose  sight,  that  we  arc  at 
this  day  surrounded  by  powerful  and  civilized  na- 
tions, who  are.  intent  on  cultivating  their  manu- 
factures and  pushing  their  commerce  ;  and  who 
are  the  more  eager  to  become  our  competitors  in 
trade,  from  having  witnessed  the  astonishing  Ef- 
fects of  our  commercial  prosperity. 

Your  committee  were  therefore  not  surprized  t# 
hear  that  attempts  have  been  made  to  carry  over 
to  foreign  countries  our  machines  and  implements, 
and  to  tempt  our  artizans  to  settle  in  them  ;  at  • 
tempts,  of  the  probabi'ity  of  which  the  legislaturo 
has  appeared  fully  sensible,  by  passing  laws  from 
time  to  time  for  preventing  their  success.  Your^ 
committee  has  even  received  specific  evidence  of 
an  establishment  having  been  made  in  Paris  for 
carrying  on  the  wool  en  manufacture  on  the  most 
improved  plan,  with  a^l  our  machinery  (amon^ 
the  rest  tho  e  very  machines,  the  gig  mill  and 
shearing  frame)  under  the  direction  of  a  man  uf 
approved  skill  both  in  constructing  and  using 
them.  Your  committee  need  not  remark  how 
much  these  attempts  would  be  favoured  by.  our 
throwing  any  obstructions  in  the  way  of  cntcrpriae 
and  ingenuity,  aad  the  free  applicauon  of  capital 


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Ib  this  country ;  or  that  any  machines,  the  wt  of 
which  should  be  prohibited  here,  would  infallibly 
find  their  way  mto  foreign  nations. 

Your  committee  therefore  cannot  but  include 
Among  the  laws  of  which  they  recommend  the 
lepeal,  the  5th  and  6th  of  Edw.  Vi.  for  purting 
down  gig  mills ;  and  also  all  the  other  statutes 
lecited  in  the  Appendix,  which,  as  some  ofihe 
petitioners  conceive,  prohibit,  thouf^h  less  directly 
the  use  of  particular  articles  of  macninery. 

The  committee  also  recommend  the  repeal  of 
■n  the  acts  compriyd  in  the  third  class,  control- 
ling; the  making  and  sellin'5  of  cloth,  excepting 
•oly  those  which  prohibit  its  exportatiou  in  an 
W^wrought  state. 

The  md  aid  3rd  of  Ph.  and  Mary  is  another 
«f  the  acts  comprised  within  f he  3rd  class :  This 
itatute  commonly  called  the  Weavers'  Act,  among 
other  regulations  limits  the  number  of  looms 
which  persons  residing  in  villages  may  keep  in 
one  house.  It  is  hichly  valued,  and  its  repeal 
strongly  Apposed,  by  another  very  respectable 
^eiaas  of  petitioners.  But  in  order  that  the-  House 
may  enter  more  distinctly  into  the  principles  and 
Rasonings  which  belong  to  this  part  o:  the  sub- 
ject, it  may  be  expedient  for  your  committee  to 
state  that  there  are  three  different  m  dcs  of  carry- 
ing on  the  woollen  manutucture;  that  of  the 
master  clothier  of  the  West  of  England,  the  Fac- 
tory, and,  the  domestic  system. 

In  all  ihe  western  counties  as  well  as  the  north, 
there  are  factories,  but  the  master  clothier  of  the 
west  of  Engl,  nd,  buys  his  wool  from  the  import- 
er, if  it  he  foreign,  or  in  the  fleece,  or  of  the  wool 
itapler,  if  it  be  of  domestic  growth  ;  after  which, 
in  all  the  different  processes  through  which  it 
passes,  he  is  under  the  necessity  of  ..employ  ine;  as 
many  distinct  classes  of  persons ;  sometimes  wotk- 
ing  In  their  own  houses,  sometimes  in  those  of 
the  master  clothier,  but  none  of  them  goin^  out 
of  their  proi^>er  line.  Each  class  of  workmen,  how- 
ever, acquires  great  skill  in  performing  its  parti- 
cular operation,  and  hence  may  have  arisen  the 
acknowledged -excellence,  and,  till  of  late,  superi- 
ority, of  the  cloths  of  the  West  of  England.  It  is 
bowcver  a  remarkable  fact,  of  which  your  com- 
mittc  has  been  assured  by  one  of  its  own  mem- 
ber ,  that  previously  to  the  introduction  of  ma- 
chinery, it  was  very  common,  and  it  is  sail!  some- 
times to  happen  at  this  day,  for  the  north  coun- 
tryman to  ccmt  into  the  West  of  England,  and, 
in  the  clothing  districts  of  that  part  of  the  king- 
dom, to  purchase  his  wool ;  which  he  carries 
home  ;  where,  ha\ing  woiked  it  up  into  cloth,  he 
brings  it  back  again,  and  sells  it  in  its  native  dis- 
trict. This  is  supposed  to  arise  from  the  northern 
clothier  being  at  libe-iy  to  woik  himself  and  em- 
ploy his  own  family  and  others,  in  any  way  which 
i.is  interest  or  convenience  may  sug2;est. 

In  the  factory  system  the  master  manuf  .cturers 
who  sometimes  possess  a  very  great  capital,  cm- 
ploy  in  one  or  more  buildings  or  factories,  under 
their  own  or  their  superiniendant's  inspection,  a 
number  of  workmen,  more  or  fewer  according  to 
the  extent  of  their  trade.  This  system,  it  is  ob- 
vious, admits  in  practice  of  local  variations.  But 
both  in  the  system  of  the  West  of  England  clo- 
thier, and  in  the  factory  system,  the  work,  |ttne- 
fally  speaking,  is  done  by  persons  who  have  no 
p/opcfftj  in  the  %pQA%  they  manufocture,  for  in 


th?s  consists  rh    essential  distinction,  between  thc^ 
two  former  systems,  and  the  domestic. 

In  the  last  mentioned,  or  domestic  system, 
which  is  that  of  Yorkshire,  the  manufacture  U 
conducted  by  a  multitude  of  master  manufac- 
turers, generally  possessing  a  very  small,  arid 
scarcely  ever  any  great  extent  Of  capital.  They 
buy  the  wool  of  the  dealer  ;  and,  in  their  own 
houses,  assisted  by  their  wives  and  children,  and 
from  two  or  three  to  six  or  seven  journeymen, 
they  dye  it  (when  dyeing  is  necessary)  and  through 
all  the  different  stages  work  it  into  undressed  cloth. 

Various  processes,  however,  the  chief  of  which 
were  formerly  done  by  hand,  under  the  manuf.^c- 
turer's  own  roof,  are  now  performed  by  machi- 
nery, in  public  mills,  as  they  are  called,  which 
work  for  hire.  l*hcre  are  several  such  mills  near 
every  manufacturing  village,  so  that  the  manu- 
facturer, with  little  inconvenience  or  lo^s  of  time, 
carries  thither  his  goods,  and  fetches  them  back 
af:;ain  when  the  process  is  completed.  When  k 
ha.s  .Tttaincd  t»  the  state  of  undressed  cloth;  he 
cariies  it  on  the  market- dav  to  a  public  hall  or 
marker,  where  the  merchants  repair  to  purchase. 

Several  thousands  of  these  small  master  manu- 
facturers attend  the  market  of  Leeds,  where  there 
are  three  halls  for  the  exposure  and  sale  of  their 
cloths  :  and  there  are  other  similar  halls,  where 
the  same  system  of  selling  in  public  market  pre- 
vails, at  Bradford,  Halifax,  and  Buddersfield.  The 
halls  consist  of  long  walks  or  galleries,  through- 
out the  whole  length  of  which  the  master  manu- 
facturers stand  in  a  double  row,  each  behind  his 
own  little  division  or  stand,  as  it  is  termed,  on 
which  his  goods  are  exposed  to  sale.  In  the  in- 
terval between  these  rows  the  merchants  pass 
along,  and  make  their  purchases.  At  the  end  of 
an  hour,  on  the  ringing  of  a  bell,  the  market 
closes,  and  such  cloths  as  have  been  purchased 
are  carried  home  to  the  merchants'  houses  ;  such 
goods  as  remain  unsold  continuing  in  the  halls 
till  the\  find  a  purchaser  at  some  ensuing  market. 
It  should  however  be  remarked,  that  a  practice 
has  also  obiained  of  late  years,  of  merchants  giv- 
ing out  samples  to  some  manufacturer  whom  thty 
approve,  which  goods  are  brought  to  the  merchant 
directly,  without  ever  coming  into  the  halb. 
These  however,  no  less  than  the  others,  are  ma- 
nulacturrd  by  him  in  his  own  family.  The  great- 
er merchants  have  their  work? iig  roam,  or.  as  it 
is  ttrmcJ,  their  shop,  in  which  their  workmen, 
or,  as  they  are  termed,  croppers,  all  work  toge- 
ther. The  goods  which,  ;«$  it  has  been  aheady 
stated,  are  bought  in  the  undressed  state,  here  un« 
dcrgo  various  processes,  till,  being  completely  fi- 
nished, they  are  sent  away  for  the  use  ot  the  con- 
sumer, either  in  the  home  or  the  foreign  market  ; 
the  merchants  sending  them  abroad  directly  with- 
out the  intervc  ntion  of  any  other  factor.  Some- 
times again  the  goods  arc  dressed  at  a  stated  rate 
by  dressers,  who  take  them  ii  for  that  purpose. 

The  greater  part  of  the  domestic  clothkrs  live 
in  villages  and  detached  houses,  covering  the 
whole  face  of  a  district  of  from  20  to  so  miles  in 
length,  and  from  19  to  15  in  breadth.  Coal  a- 
boun'is  throughout  the  whole  of  it  j  and  a  gi  eat 
proportion  of  the  manufacturers  occupy  a  lirc'e 
land,  from  3  to  la  or  15  acres  each.  They  often 
likewise  keep  a  hoise,  to  carry  their  cloth  to  the. 
fulling  mill  and  the  market. 


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Though  the  system  which  has  been  just  dfi- 
•oribcd  be  that  which  has  been  generally  esta- 
blished in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  yet  there 
hft^c  long  been  a  few  fectorics  in  the  neighbour- 
hood o€  Halifax  and  Huddcrsfield  ;  and  four  or 
fi»e  more,  one  however  of  which  has  been  since 
dKContmoed,  h'^ve  bien  set  on  foot  not  tnany 
yean  ago  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Leeds.  These 
ba»c  for  some  time  been  objects  of  great  jealousy 
to  ifce  domestic  clothiers  -  The  most  serious  ap- 
prehcii^ons  have  been  stated,  by  witnesses  who 
b«%e  given  their  evidence  before  your  committee 
13  behalf  of  the  domc«tic  manufacturers,  lest  the 
factoty  sjrstem  should  gradually  root  out  the  do- 
Dicsnc ;  and  lest  the  independent  little  master 
manufacturer,  who  works  on  his  own  account, 
should  srnk  into  a  journeyman  working  for  hire. 
Ii  is  for  the  purpose  of  counteracting  this  supposed 
tendrncx  ^'  *^^  factory  system  to  increase,  that  a 
rmmerous  cfa«  of  petition^  rs  wish,  instead  of  rc- 
pea  ing,  to  amend  and  enforce  the  act  of  Philip 
2ftd  Mary,  for  restricting  the  number  of  looms  to 
bewDiked  in  any  one  tenement ;  and  with  a  si- 
milar view  they  wish  to  retain  In  force  the  5th  of 
Elizabeth,  which  enacts  the  system  of  apprentice- 
ship. On  this  latter  head  your  committee  will 
have  occasion  to  say  more  hereafter ;  but  it  seem- 
ed right  just  to  notice  the  circumstance  in  this 
^*acc. 

Your  committee  cannot  wonder  that  the  do- 
taestic  ciothiera  of  Yorkshire  art  warmly  attached 
to  their  accustomed  mode  of  carrying  on  the  ma- 
DoCKture  •  It  is  not  merely  that  they  arc  aceus^ 
invj  to  it — it  obviously  possesses  many  eminent 
i^antaget  seldom  (bund  in  a  great  manufac- 
tore. 

It  is  one  peculiar  recommendation  of  the  do- 
■estk:  sya* cm  of  manu&ciure,  that,  as  it  has  been 
expressly  stated  to  your  comtnittee,  a  young  man 
•f  good  character  can  always  obtain  credit  for  as 
much  wool  as  will  enable  him  to  set  up  as  a  little 
mtrter  manufacturer,  and  the  pub'ic  mills,  which 
•xc  now  establi5hed  in  all  parts  of  the  clothing 
Idcrict,  and  which  work  for  hire  at  an  easy  rate, 
enable  him  to  command  the  use  of  very  expensive 
and  complicated  machines,  the  xronstruction  and 
neccMary  repairs  of  which  would  require  a  const, 
(lerable  capital.  Thus,  in  tances  not  un frequently 
occur,  wherein  men  rise  from  low  beginnings,  if 
HOC  to  excessive  wealth,  yet  to  a  situation  of  com- 
fort and  independence. 

It  is  another  advantage  of  the  dome.nic  system 
of  manufacture,  and  an  advantage  which  is  ob- 
viously not  confioed  to  the  individuals  who  arc 
engaged  in  it,  but  which,  as  well  as  other  parts  of 
this  system,  extends  its  benefits  to  the  landholder, 
that  any  sudden  stoppage  of  a  foreign  market,  any 
faihiffe  of  a  great  house,  or  any  other  of  thobe  ad- 
vene shocks  to  which  our  foreign  trade  especially 
is  liable,  in  its- present  extended  state,  has  not  the 
eflcct  of  throwing  a  great  number  of  workmen  out 
of  employ,  as  it  often  does,  when  the  stroke  falls 
on  the  capital  of  a  single  individual.  In  the  do- 
roesuc  system,  the  loss  is  spread  over  a  laige  su- 
perficies ;  it  affects  the  whole  body  of  the  manu- 
iaaurers;  and,  though  each  litHe  master  be  a 
sufferer,  yet  few  if  any  feci  the  blow  so  severely 
as  to  be  altogether  ruined.  Moreover,  it  appears 
in  evidence,  that,  in  such  cases  as  these,  they  sel- 
iom  com  off  any  of  their  standing  set  of  journey- 


men, but  keep  them  at  wodc  in  hopes  of  betttc 
times. 

On  the  who-c,  your  committee  fed  no  little  sa- 
tisfaction in  bearing  their  testimony  to  the  merits 
of  the  domestic  system  of  manufacture ;  to  cfMt 
facilirics  it  affords  to  men  of  steadiness  and  indus- 
try to  establish  themselves  as  little  master  rtiamiH 
facturers,  and  maintain  their  families  in  comfoit 
by  their  own  indu^ttry  and  frugality  ;  and  to  thft 
encouragement  which  it  thus  holds  out  to  do- 
mestic habits  and  virtues.  Neither  can  they  omit 
to  notice  its  fevourable  tendencies  on  the  heal  til 
and  morals  of  a  large  and  important  class  of  tht 
community. 

But  while  your  committee  thus  freely  pccogniia 
the  merits  and  value  of  the  domestic  system,  they 
at  the  same  rime  feel  it  their  duty  to  declare  ic 
as  their  decided  opinion,  that  the  apprehensions 
entertained  of  its  being  rooted  out  by  the  factory 
s}'stem,  are,  at  present  at  least,  wholly  without 
foundation. 

For,  happily,  the  merchant  no  less  than  the 
domesric  manufacturer  finds  his  interest  and  con- 
venience promoted  by  the  domestic  system — while 
it  conrinues,  he  is  able  to  carry  on  his  trade  with 
far  less  capital  than  if  he  were  to  be  the  manu- 
facturer of  his  own  cloth.  Large  sums  must  then 
be  irrecoverably  invested  in  extensive  buildingi 
and  costly  machinery ;  and,  which  perhaps  is  « 
consideration  of  even  still  more  force,  he  must 
submit  to  the  constant  trouble  and  solicitude  of 
watching  oyer  a  numerous  body  of  workmen.  He 
might  then  often  incur  the  cxpencc  of  manufac- 
turing articles,  which,  from  some  disappointment 
in  the  market,  must  either  be  kept  on  hand,  or  be 
so  id  to  a  loss.  As  it  i<^  he  can  agree  with  his  cus- 
tomer, at  home  or  abroad,  for  any  quantity  of 
goods ;  and  whether  on  a  long  expected  or  a  sud- 
den demand,  he  can  repair  at  once  to  the  market, 
and  most  probably  purchase  to  the  precise  extent 
of  his  known  wants ;  or,  if  the  market  happen  not 
to  furnish  what  he  wishes  to  purcha5e,  he  can 
give  out  his  sample,  and  have  hh  order  executed 
immediate'y. 

While  these  and  various  other  considerations, 
which  might  be  stated,  interest  the  merchant,  as 
well  as  the  manufacturer,  in  the  conrinuance  of 
the  domestic  system  ;  and  when  it  is  remembered 
that  this  mode  of  conducting  the  trade  greatly 
multiplies  the  merchants,  by  enabling  men  to 
carry  on  business  with  a  comparatively  small  ca- 
pital, your  committee  cannot  participate  in  the 
apprehensions  which  are  entertained  by  the  do- 
^nestic  clothiers.  In  fact,  there  are  many  mer- 
chants, of  very  large  capitals  and  of  the  highest 
credit,  who  for  several  generations  have  gone  on 
purchasing  in  the  halh,  and  some  of  this  very  de- 
scription of  persons  state  to  \o\it  committee  that 
they  not  only  had  no  thoughts^of  settir  5  up  fac- 
torics  themselves,  but  that  they  believed  many  of 
those  who  had  established  them,  were  not  greatly 
atta  htd  to  that  system,  but  only  persisted  ia  it 
because  their  buildings'ind  machinery  must  other* 
wise  Ue  a  dead  weight  upon  their  hands.  Under 
these  circumstances,  the  livc'y  fears,  of  the  de- 
ciineof  the  domesiic,  and  the  general  cstab  ish- 
mcnt  of  the  fac^rv  system,  may  reasonably  excite 
surpri/e  It  may  have  been  in  part  occasioned  by 
the  decrease  of  the  master  manufacturers  in  the 
immediate  neighbourhood  of- the  large  towns,  eg^ 


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pecially  in  two  or  three  populous  hamlets  adjoin- 
ing to  Leed«,  whence  they  have  mif!:rated  to  a 
greater  distance  ih  the  country,  where  they  might 
CDJoy  a  little  land,  and  other  conveniencics  and 
comforts.  It  may  have  strengthened  the  impres- 
sion, that,  as  yo  r  committee  have  already  stated, 
three  or  four  factories  have,  within  no  very  long 
period  o(  time,  been  established  in  Leeds,  or  its 
vicinity. 

But  your  committee  a^  happy  in  being  able  to 
adduce  one  irrefragable  fact,  in  corroboration  of 
the  sentiments  they  have  already  expressed  on 
this  question :  This  is,  that  the  quantity  of  cloth 
manufactured  by  the  domestic  system  has  in- 
creased mmensely  of  late  years,  not  only  in  it- 
self, but  as  compared  with  the  quantity  made  in 
factories. 

Several  fieictories,  it  has  been  observed,  had  long 
been  established  near  Halifiu  and  Huddersfield, 
but  the  principal  progress  of  tfie  factory  system, 
apd  that  which  chiefly  created  the  alarm,  is  stated 
to  have  been,  within  about  the  last  fourteen  years, 
an  the  town  and  neighbourhood  of  Leeds. — ^Your 
committee  succeeded  in  their  endeavours  to  dis- 
cover the  quantity  of  cloth  annually  manufactured 
in  all  these  factories,  and  it  was  found  not  to  ex- 
ceed 6,000  pieces.  According  to  the  provisions 
of  the  acts  commonly  called  the  Stamping  \cts, 
11  Geo.  II.  and  5  and  0  Go.  III.  Returns  are 
made  every  Easter  to  the  justices  at  Pontefract 
se6siun<i,  of  the  quantity  of  cloth  which  has  been 
made  in  the  preceding  year  ;  the  account  being 
kept  at  the  fulling  mills  by  officers  appointed  for 
that  purpose.  These  returns  your  committee  care- 
fully examined  for  the  last  14  years,  and  find  that 
in  the  year  1792,  being  by  far  the  greatest  year  of 
export  then  known,  there  were  manufactured 
100,333  pieces  of  broad,  and  150,600  pieces  of 
narrow  cloth  :  Yet  the  quantity  of  cloth  manu- 
Actured  in  1805  was  300,237  pieces  broad,  and 
105,847  pieces  of  narrow  cloth,  giving  an  increase, 
in  favour  of  I8O5,  of  ioo,\)05  pieces  broad,  and 
15,181  pieces  narrow ;  from  which  increase  de- 
ducting the  cloth  manufactured  in  factories,  there 
remains  an  increase  of  about  ]  00,000  broad,  and 
15,181  narrow  pieces,  to  be  placed  to  the  account 
of  the  domestic  system.  The  comparatively  small 
quantity  of  cloth  manufactured  by  the  factories 
will  excite  less  surprise,  when  it  is  considered  that 
they  are  better  adapted  to  the  manufacturing  of 
fancy  goods,  of  which  immense  quantities  and 
great  varieties  have  been  invented  aud  sold,  chiefly 
for  a  foreign  market,  of  late  years. 

Your  committee  have  the  satisfaction  of  seeing, 
that  the  apprehensions  entertained  of  factories  are 
not  only  vicious  in  principle,  but  that  they  are 
practically  erroneous ;  to  such  a  degree,  that  even 
the  very  opposite  dispositions  might  be  reasonably 
entertained  ;  nor  would  it  be  difficult  to  prove, 
that  the  factories,  to  a  certain  extent  at  least,  and 
in  the  present  day,  seem  absolutely  necessary  to 
the  well-being  of  the  domestic  system  ;  supplying 
those  very  particulars  wherein  the  domestic  sys- 
tem must  be  acknowledged  to  be  inherently  de- 
fective :  for,  it  is  obvious,  that  the  little  master 
manufacturers  cannot  afibrd,  like  the  man  who 
possesses  considerable  capital,  to  try  the  experi- 
ments which  are  requisite,  and  incur  the  risks, 
and  even  losses,  which  almost  always  occur,  in 
Snvciuing  and  perfecting  new  uticlcs  of  manufac- 


[128 


tare,  or  in  carrying  to  a  sutc  of  greater  perfection 
articles  already  established.  He  cannot  leara,  hj 
personal  inspection,  the -wants  and  habits,  the 
arts,  manufactures,  and  improvements  of  foreign 
countries  ;  diligence,  economy,  and  prudence  are 
the  requisites  of  his  character,  not  invention,  taste, 
and  enterprize ;  nor  would  he  be  warranted  in 
hazarding  the  loss  of  any  part  of  his  sn[iall  capital. 
He  walks  in  a  sure  road  as  long  as  he  treads  in  the 
beaten  irack ;  but  he  must  not  deviate  into  the 
paths  of  speculation.  The  owner  of  a  factory,  on 
the  contrary,  being  common  y  possessed  of  a  large 
capital,  and  having  all  his  workmen  emp'oyed 
under  his  own  immediate  superintendance,  maj- 
make  experiments,  hazard  speculations,  invent 
shorter  or  better  modes  of  performing  old  pro- 
cesses, may  introduce  new  articles,  and  improve 
and  perfect  old  ones,  thus  giving  the  range  to  his 
taste  and  fancy,  and,  thereby  alone,  enabling  our 
manufacturers  to  stand  the  competition  with  their 
commercial  rivals  in  other  countries  Meanwhile 
as  is  well  worthy  of  remaik  land  experience  abun- 
dantly vrarrants  the  assertion),  mai\y  of  these  ocw 
fabrics  and  inventions,  when  their  success  is  once 
established,  become  general  among  the  whole 
body  of  manufacturers :  the  domestic  manufac- 
turers themselves  thus  benefiting,  in  the  end, 
from  those  very  factories  which  had  been  at  fint 
the  objects  of  their  jealousy.  The  history  of  al- 
most all  our  other  manufactures,  in  which  great 
improvements  have  been  made  of  late  years,  in 
some  cases  at  an  immense  expence,  and  after 
numbers  of  unsuccessful  experiments,  strikingly 
illustrates  and  enforces  the  above  remarks.  It  is 
besides  an  acknowledged  fact,  that  the  owners  of 
factories  are  often  among  the  most  extensive  pur- 
chasers at  the  halls,  where  they  buy  from  the  do- 
mestic clothier  the  established  articles  of  manu- 
facture, or  are  able  at  once  to  answer  a  great  and 
sudden  order ;  while  at  home,  and  under  their 
own  superintendance,  they  make  their  fancy  goods, 
and  any  articles  of  a  newer,  more  costly,  or  more 
delicate  quality,  to  which  they  are  enable  by  the 
domestic  system  to  apply  a  much  larger  propor- 
tion of  their  capital.  Thus,  the  two  systen^  in- 
stead of  rivalling,  are  mutual  aids  to  each  other ; 
each  supplying  the  other's  defects,  and  promoting^ 
the  other's  prosperity. 

The  committee,  therefore,  feel  it  to  be  their 
duty  to  recommend  the  repeal  of  the  ad  and  sd 
of  Phil,  and  M;iry,  or  the  Weavers*  Act. 

The  5th  of  Eliz.  c.  4,  may  be  said  to  controul 
the  manufacturer  in  the  making  of  his  cloth,  in- 
asmuch as  it  prescribes  the  peculiar  description 
of  persons  who  shall  alone  be  sufifered  to  employ 
either  themselves  or  others  in  the  woollen  manu- 
facture J  by  prohibiting  the  engaging  or  working' 
in  it  to  all  who  have  not  served  a  regular  appren- 
ticeship under  hidentures,  or  as  apprentices  (for 
the  acu  make  this  disunction)  for  the  term  of  se- 
ven years. 

The  system  of  apprenticeship  is  obviously  mora 
congenial  with  the  domestic  than  the  factory  sys- 
tem ;  and  therefore  your  committee  were  not  sur- 
prised to  find  that  it  has  maintained  its  ground 
more  generally  in  the  North  than  m  the  West  of 
England,  where,  however,  a  practice  of  a  similar 
kind  and  under  a  peculiar  name  (that  of  coking) 
has  pretty  generally  prevailed ;  but  rather,  as  your 
committee  undeistaodj  Crom  custom^  than  from  a 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


1^ 


Report  on  the  Woollen  Manufacture. 


[130 


:  of  fbe  obligKtions  of  the  law.  The  domes- 
tic clothiers  of  Yorkshire  are  strenuous  opponents 
«f  the  repeal  of  this  statute ;  agreeing  in  this  re- 
spect with  the  clothwOrkers  or  shearmen,  from 
whom  they  entirely  differ  as  to  the  poliqr  which 
ought  to  be  pursued  as  to  ccnain  articles  of  ma- 
chinery. They  allege,  that  were  tlie  apprentice 
law  no  longer  binding:,  the  working  manufacturers 
would  gradually  become  less  skilful  and  inielli- 
gent,  and  that,  therefore,  its  maintenance  and  en- 
{r«ccment  arc  indispensably  necessary  to  the  good 
quality,  consequently  to  the  credit  and  sale,  of 
the  manufacture 

They  aho  frankly  allow,  that  they  wish  to  re- 
tain this  law,  on  account  of  its  tending  to  em- 
banass  the  carrying  on  the  faaory  system,  and 
thereby  to  counteract  its  growth. 

Ic  does  not  seem  to  your  committee  to  be.  ne- 
ceisary  to  enter  very  largely,  at  this  day,  into  the 
discussion  of  this  part  of  ihe  subject ;  the  less  so, 
hcciusg  even  the  nianufacturcr^  themselves  have 
not  appeared  very  consistent  in  their  conduct  in 
relation  to  it.  The  two  principal  cloth  halls  at 
Leeds  are  under  the  management  of  a  certain 
number  of  trustees,  who  setvc  for  three  years, 
being  elected  from  the  clothiers  at  large,  as  the 
■lost  discreet  and  intcligent  of  their  body,  to 
watch  over  the  general  interests  of  the  manufac- 
tiue,  and  in  particular  to  consider  and  superintend 
the  exectjtion  of  all  the  regulations  and  b  e-laws 
made  from  time  to  time  for  the  government  of  the 
balls.  Foiinerly,  no  clothier  was  allowed  to  ex- 
pose his  goods  to  sale  In  those  halls,  unless  he 
bad  served  an  apprenticeship,  or  as  an»apprentice 
lor  seven  years.  But  it  appeais  in  evidence  before 
yoor  committee,  that,  in  or  about  the  year  1707, 
a  new  regulation  was  adopted,  and  that  it  origi- 
natcd  with  the  trustees  of  the  respective  halls ; 
by  which,  persons  having  served  an  apprentice- 
ship, or  exercised  the  trade  of  a  clothier  for  five 
years,  were  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  of  the 
ball.  A  still  further  extension  of  this  principle 
appears  to  have  r4ken  place  subsequently,  in  one 
of  the  balls,  by  admitting  ail  persons,  without  any 
condition  or  qualification.  It  has  not  been  slated 
to  your  committee  (indeed  the  very  contrary  has 
been  admitted  without  contradiction]  that  there 
has  appeared  any  deterioration  in  the  quality  of 
the  manufacture  since  the  above  relaxation  took 
place.  And  it  is  notorious,  that  our  wooilen  ma-^ 
luifactures  have  been  for  some  time  gradually 
improving  in  quality  and  increasing  in  amount  on 
the  one  hand,  while  on  the  other,  the  system  of 
apprenticeship  had  been  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  greatly  disused,  until  the  general  attention 
was  called  to  the  subject,  by  the  discussions  which 
commenced  less  than  four'yeais  ago. 

This  state  of  things,  and  the  circumstances 
above  related,  supersede  the  necessity  there  might 
otherwise  be,  of  considering  how  far  the  right  of 
those  who  had  actually  served  an  apprenticohip 
in  the  woollen  manufacture,  might  be  rendered 
less  valuable,  by  taking  away  their  exclusive  pri- 
vilege. 

But,  in  truth,  it  scarcely  needs  be  remarked, 
that  when  the  statute  of  apprentice<thips  was  mat- 
ter  of  positive  and  universal  obligation,  the  state 
of  habits  and  manners  vras  extremely  different 
fitom  what  it  is  at  the  present  day.  Heuce  we 
find,  in  the  same  statute,  several  orhrr  movisioni 

Vol.  I.     ILit,  Pan.  Oct.  UOQ.} 


wholly  inapplicable,  at  Ic^st  to  these  times,  such, 
for  instance,  as  that  which  requires  that  the  pa* 
rents  of  every  clothier's  apprentice  should  have 
3I.  per  annum  in  land,  with  others  of  a  like  de- 
scription. 

The  moral  arguments  also  in  favour  of  appren- 
ticeships can  no  longer  have  the  same  force,  wlien 
few  masters  receive  their  apprentices  under  thtir 
own  roof,  or  consider  them  as  members  of  their 
family  ;  and  in  our  times,  when  it  must  be  con- 
fessed that  the  infiu  nee  of  the  opinions  and  feel- 
ings of  subordination,  formerly  pn  valent,  has  so 
greatly  declined,  it  is  likewise  too  often  found, 
that  the  apprentice,  when  he  approaches  the  term 
of  manhood,  and,  having  become  a  competent 
workman,  should  compensate  to  his  ma  ter  the 
expence  and  trouble  of  his  instruction  and  main- 
tenance, becomes  discontented  and  unruly.  Often 
he  quits  his  maker's  service,  or,  if  he  re  uctanily 
continues  in  it,  habits  of  idleness  and  dissipation 
are  incurably  coiuracied  by  a  youth,  who,  ha<f 
he  himself  tasted  the  immediate  fruits  of  his  own 
industry,  might  have  been  formed  to  the  opposite 
habits  of  sobriety  and  diligence.  But  still  more, 
when  the  5ih  of  Blizabeth  was  passed,  our  manu- 
factures were  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  sup- 
ply of  the  home  market,  a  b.anch  of  commerce 
which  is  in  a  great  degree  exempt  from  the  oper- 
ation of  thoijc  sudden  shocks  and  vicit»siiudcs  to 
which  a  forei.  n  trade  is  liable,  from  the  operation 
n  t  merely  of  commercial,  but  also ^  of  political 
causes  ;  shocks  whereby  great  numbers  of  work- 
men, being  at  once  thrown  out  of  their  old  em- 
ployment, arc  driven  to  seek  some  new,  perhaps 
some  kindred  occupation,  for  the  maintenance  of 
their  families,  a  rigid  entoicement  of  the  ap- 
prentice laws  would  obviou»>ly  preclude  any  occa- 
sional transfer  of  this  sort,  while,  of  the  benefits 
to  be  derived  from  it,  your  committee,  in  the 
course  of  their  enquiries,  have  received  an  express 
confirmation,  by  finding,  that  in  the  western 
pans  of  Yorkshire  the  makers  of  certain  articles 
composed  of  wool,  had,  on  their  trade  declining, 
turned  with  no  great  difficulty  to  the  cotton  ma- 
nufacture, to  which  the  restraints  of  the  appren- 
tice law  do  not  apply ;  and,  though  their  old  em- 
ployment had  failed  them,  had  thereby  obtained 
a  CO  m  for  tab  e  livelihood. 

Ai  to  the  necessity  of  apprenticeship,  in  order 
to  insure  a  competent  degree  of  skill  in  the  work- 
men employed  in  the  woollen  manufacture, 
though  much  evidence  in  support  of  it  has  been 
adduced  before  your  committee,  by  the  petition- 
ers; yet  at  this  day,  when  the  true  principles  of 
commerce  arc  so  generally  understood  and  ac- 
knowledged, it  cannot  be  necessary  for  your  com- 
mittee to  do  more  than  refer  to  ihem,  in  order  to 
evince  the  fallacy  of  such  an  opinion.  On  ad«er>- 
in*  therefore  to  the  various  considerations  above 
stated,  while  your  "committee  would  by  no  mtians 
wish  absolutely  to  prohibit  apprenticeships,  or  by 
rendering  them  illegal  to  prevent  their  being  en- 
tered  into  where  any  persons,  whether  in  a  com- 
mercial or  a  moral  view,  findthcm  suited  to  their 
circumstances,  or  agrceub.e  to  their  inclinations, 
they  yet  feel  it  their  duty,  so  far  as  regards  the 
woollen  manufacture,  to  , recommend  the  repeal 
of  those  clauses  of  the  5th  Eliz.  c.  4,  which  nen« 
dcrs  apprenticeships  compulsory, 

TtK  committee  recommend  the  repeal  of  the 
F 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


JSl] 


Report  on,  the  tt^llen  'Manu/a§iurff. 


tl9f 


STAMrif^G  L*ws,  for  the  West  of  Ene;Iand ;  but 
leave  the  qucsdca  undecided  in  reference  to  the 
North. 

The  committee,  in  the  course  of  their  exami- 
nation, received  occasional  notifies  of  the  exist- 
ence in  the  clothing  district  of  Yorkshire  of  an 
Mstitution  or  society,  chiefly  consisting  of  doth 
workers,  or  shearmen  ;  and,  though  it  was  al- 
ledged  that  the  object  of  the  institution,  and  of 
t^e  ptymenw  niaHe  to  it^  was  to  effect  and  con- 
vict the  application  to  parliament  for  preventing 
til*  repeal  of  laws  which  the  parties  conceived  to 
be  liecessary  to  the  wetl  being  of  the  manufiac- 
ture,  yet  various  circumstances  concurred  to  ren- 
der this  explanation  far  from  satisfactory,  and 
strongly  to  suggest  the  idea  Of  a  coontciion  with 
*>me  orhcr  transactions  which  had  taken  place 
Aot  long;  before  in  the  manufacturing  di*iiict,  and 
ih  ^hich>  from  their  nature,  the  interests  of  all 
commereiai  men  were  deeply  involved.  Vour 
commit iee,therc  ore,  thought  it  ri^t  to  scruiiitij^ 
the  afiair  more  accurately. 

It  appears  that  there  has  existed  for  some  time, 
an  institution,  or  society,  among  the  woo  Icn  ma- 
nufkctuiers,  consisting  chiefly  of  cloth  workers. 
In  cich  of  the  prihcipal  manufactuiing  towns 
there  appears  to  be  a  society,  composed  ot  depu- 
ties chosen  from  the  several  shops  of  workmen, 
from  each  of  which  town-societies  one  or  more 
deputies  are  chosen,  to  form  what  is  called  the 
central  committer,  which  meets  as  occasion  re- 
quires, at  some  place  suitable  to  the  local  conve- 
nience of  all  parties.  The  powers  of  the  central 
committee  apj^ear  to  pervade  the  whole  institu 
tion ;  and  any  deternw nation  or  measure  w^ich 
it  may  adopt,  may  be  communicated  with  chsc 
fhrou<;hout  the  who'e  body  of  maoutcicturers. 
Evciy  workman,  on  his  becoming  a  meniber  of 
Che  society,  receives  a  certain  card,  or  ticket,  on 
Which  is  an  emblematical  engraving,  the  same, 
<he  committee  are  assured,  both  in  the  north  and 
the  west  of  England,  that  by  producing  his  ticket 
he  may  at  once  shew  he  belongs  to  the  society. 
The  same  rules  and  regulations  appear  to  bo  in 
Ibrce  throughout  the  whole  district ;  and  thcie  is 
the  utmost  reason  to  believe,  that  no  clothworker 
would  be  suffered  to  carry  on  his  trade,  otherwise 
than  in  s'^litudc,  wbo  should  refuse  to  submit  to 
the  obligations  and  rules  of  the  society.  A  stated 
i^eekly  contribution,  greater  or  less  according  to 
existing  circumstances,  is  required  firom  every 
member;  and  of  course  the  sum  raised  in  this 
way  may  be,  and  in  fact  has  been,  very  consider- 
able. Froitt  this  fund  was  defrayed  a  very  consi- 
Hcrab'e  part  of  the  expences  of  several  different 
applications  to  parliament,  as  well  as  of  that 
which  is  now  dcpendiag.  This  was  no  doubt 
Arictly  legal.  But,  what  is  no  less  clearly  con- 
trary to  law,  it  also  appears,  that  from  the  same 
fund,  liberal  weekly  allowances  have  been  made  to 
iVhole  sho)>s  of  workmen,  who  have  turned  out.  ^s  it 
is  called  ;  that  is,  who  have  illegally  combined  to 
quit  the  service  of  some  particular  masicr  who 
hadT  becoihe  obnoxious  to  thcili,  and  thereby  to 
(orcc  him  into  a  compliance  with  their  terms.  It 
likewise  appears  that  the  -society,  which,  by  em- 
bi^cing  only  the  workmen  in  the  woollen  manu- 
ficture  throughout  so  large  a  district,  must,  both 
from  its  numbers,  and  its  {recuniaiy  resources, 
kave  become  a  very  powerful  body,  bad  litfriucd  a 


sort  of  confederacy,  cemented  as  it  appears,  by 
mutual  contributions  and  payments,  with  various 
Other  classes  of  artificers,  nowise  connected  with 
the  woollen  trade  ;  and  that  these  coimectionsy 
and  the  effects  of  them,  were  not  confined  to  the 
clothing  district,  but  that  they  extended  to  va- 
rious parts  of  England,  and  your  committee  have 
raason  to  believe,  into  Scodand  also.  Your  com- 
mittee purposely  abstain  from  being  more  parti- 
cular ;  it  appears  suiBcieot  for  them,  in  this 
place,  to  exhibit  a  general  and  summary  view; 
but  they  think  it  may  be  useful  to  specify  one  ex- 
traordinary fact.  The  following  anonymous  let^ 
tcr,  dated'  September  'isth,  i8o5,  came  by  the 
post  to  two  ot  the  principal  fire  insurance  comv 
panies  in  London : 

*•  Gent.  Directors, 

<<  At  a  general  but  private  meeting  of  the  chair« 
man  of  ail  the  eomroittees  of  clothworkers  in  thia 
county  (viz.  York  i  it  Was  ordered  to  desire  yott 
(for  your  own  profitt)  not  to  insure  any  fictory^ 
where  any  machinery  was  in  belonging  to  the 
clothworkers.  For  it  was  ordred  again,  to  pctt*" 
tion  parliament  for  our  rights;  and,  iftheym'jH 
not  grant  us  them,  by  stopping  the  machinery  bci- 
long  us,  we  are  determined  to  grant  them  our- 
selves, but  docs  not  wish  you  to  be  any  loter 
thereby w— By  order  of  the  cloth  workers. 

**  Sept.  28,  1805. 

"  N.B.  Only  remember  Bradley  Mill  in  thi* 
county,*  which  did  not  do  i-6th  of  what  was 
wishd  l(pr ;  an^  expect  more  about  Deer.  W.  R. 
HuptrscriptioH — *'  Royal  Exchange 

*«  insuring  Office,  London.  "  W.  R." 

The  al>ove  letter  requires  no  explanation.— 
The  committee  need  only  add,  that  the  letter  ap- 
pears from  tlie  postmark  really  to  have  been  sent 
frorn  Huddersfield,  and  that  a  meeting  of  the  in- 
stitution, at  which  much  business  was  done,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  held  at  Ixeds  on  the  day  of  ita 
date.  Your  committee,  however,  by  no  means 
intend  to  charge  so  foul  a  proceeding  either 
directly,  or  by  tnsinyation,  on  the  meeting  in 
question,  much  less,  on  the  general  bodv  of 
the  society.  But  the  transaction  (and  tha 
remark  deserves  the  most  serious  consider-^ 
ation  of  every  member  of  the  society) 
strikingly  tend?  to  shew  the  dangerous  purposes 
which  such  institutions  may  be  made  to  answer  ; 
the  imputations  which  the  members  who  engage 
in  them  may  bring  upon  their  character ;  and, 
above  all,  the  conduct  for  which  they  may  in  the 
end  become  responsible.  On  the  nature  and  ten- 
dencies of  an  association  of  this  sort,  it  cannot  he 
necessary  for  your  committee,  in  addressing  the? 
House  of  Commons  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
to  enlarge;  especially  when,  as  in  the  present  in<< 
stance,  it  has  been  carried  to  such  an  extent  as  to' 
comprehend  within  its  range  almost  all  the  work- 
ing part  of  the  community.  How  liable  such  in- 
stitutions are  to  be  abused,  even  when  originally 
formed  for  an  innocent,  and  even  a  meritorious 
purpose,  is  remarkably  evinced  by  the  history  of 
this  very  institution  ;  the  funds  of  which  appear, 
for  a  time  to  have  been  applied  to  the  relief  of  tha 
sitk,  though  they  were  afierwards  diverted  to  very 
dif^retK  purposes.     It  must  be  obvious  to  any 

•  Bradley  Milt  was  ia  part  consumed  by  firr 
up  long  time  b«}oro;' 


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1S3] 


jRepori  on  the  Woollen  Manufacture. 


[IM 


^f!mkAer%ft  and  exp^cilced  mind,  how  naturally, 
in  societies  of  this  soirt,  designing  and  bad  men, 
uea  of  daring  ypirits  and  discontented  temper}, 
aatarally  acquire  the  ascendency;  how  surely 
kbo,  they  extend  their  influence,  till  by  decrees 
tbey  obtain  the  directioaof  the  whole  body.  The 
least  of  the  evils  to  be  apprehended  (though  au 
c%il  in  itself  abundantly  sufficient  tp  accomplish 
the  ruin,  not  only  of  any  panicular  branch  of 
trade,  but  even  of  the  whole  commercial  great* 
bess  of  our  country)  i*,  the  progressive  rise  of 
w«5es,  which  among  all  classes  of  workmen  must 
be  the  inevitable,  though  gradual  result  of  such  a 
tecicty's  operations :— an  evil,  the  faul  though 
iBore  distant,  and  in  each  particular  increase, 
norc  doubtful  consequences  of  which,  it  Cannot 
be  expected  that  the  workmen  themselves  should 
foresee  mo  plainly,  or  feel  so  forcibly,  as  not  to  in- 
cur tbcnit  under  the  powerful  temptation  of  a 
strong  and  immediate  interest. 

Bat  your  committee  need  scarcel]^  remark,  that 
inch  institutions  are,  in  their  ultimate  tendencies, 
Itill  more  alarming  in  a  political,  than  in  a  coni- 
Kcrctal  view.  Their  baneful,  as  well  as  power- 
fid  eflR:cts,  have  been  however  so  fatally  exempli- 
fied aoc  l«ng  since,  in  a  sister  kingdom,  that  it 
will  be  sufficient  merely  to  refer  to  the  melan- 
choly recital  of  the  eveoti  alluded  to. 

Your  oonmihtee  conceive,  that  they  would  be 
invelling  out  of  their  proper  province,  if  they 
were  to  suggest  an  opinion  as  to  the  expediency 
<ff  any  alteration  in  the  existing  laws  against  ille- 
gal associations  and  Combinations.  But  the  sum- 
mary view  above  exhibited,  discloses  the  exist- 
ence of  a  systematic,  and  organised  plan,  ^t  once 
so  efficient  and  so  dangerous,  both  from  the 
unottnt  of  its  force,  and  from  the  facility  and  se- 
Srecy  with  which,  at  any  time,  and  for  any  pur- 
pose, that  force  can  be  called  into  action,  that 
yoar  committee  feel,  they  Would  have  been  want- 
ing to  their  public  duty,  if  they  bad  closed  their 
JLeport  without  laying  before  the  Houf^e  the  gene- 
ral outline,  at  least,  of  the  infbrniation  they  have 
obtained  on  the  subject.  It  deserves,  in  their 
j^d^racnt,  the  most  deliberate  and  serious  consi- 
deration of  parliament. 

The  committee  have  also  come  to  the  fnllow- 
i«lg  rcsolutiofis:-— ist,  that  the  first  class  of  laws 
do  remain  in  force ;  2d,  that  the  second  class  do 
abo  remain  in  force. 

3.  Resolved — ^lliat  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  com- 
ti^ittce,  that  it  be  recommended  to  the  House, 

that  the  following  acts  be  repealed: a  Ed.  Hi. 

c.  14. — 13  Pich.  II.  c.  11. — 17  Rich.  II.  c.  a. — 
11  Hen.  VI.  c.  o.— 7  Ed.  IV.  c.  2.— i  Rich.  III. 
c.  8.— i  Hen  VIII.  c.  2.-^  Hen.  VIII.  c.  8.-6 
Hen.  VIII.  c.  ^.-^5  Hen.  VIII  c.  18.--a7  Hen. 

VIIL  c.  la 33  Hen.  VIII.  c.  3,-3  and  4  Ed. 

VI.  c.  a^-6  and  0  Ed.  VI.  c.  «.— 5  and  0  Ed.  VI. 
c:  ta. — 1  Mary,  c.  7.-2  and  3  Ph.  and  Mary,  c. 
11— 3  and  3  Ph.  and  Mary,  c.  n.— 4  and  5  Ph. 
aod  Mary,  c.  3.— 1  Elix.  c.  14.-23  Eliz.  c.  9> — 
27  Cli2.  e.  17.— 37  Eliz*  c.  18.-35  Eliz.  c.  g.— 
Zi  Eliz.  c.  10.— 39  Eliz.  c.  20. — 43  Eliz.  c.  10. — 
4  James  I.  c.  2.— 21  James  I.  c.  18. — 7  Ann.  c. 
IS.— 10  Ann.  c.  IC— 1  Geo.  I.  c.  15. 

4.  /lri<»/Ftt/*-That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  com- 
Bllttee,  that  it  be  recommended  to  the  House, 
ttfju  certain  parts  of  the  following  acts  be  re- 
|«did;-^7  Bd.  Ulf  lUt.  i.  c,  ^--4  £4.  iV.  c. 


1.  sec.  1,2,  3/  4,  5,  and  0. — 5  Elii.  d  4.  $cc.  3,' 
4,  2J,  20,  31,  ami  33. — ?  James  I.  c.  10.  6i.c.  3, 
4,  and  3 — 13  Geo.  I  c.  23.  sec.  3,  10, 11,1  i,  13, 
and  14. 

5.  Rff^heJ-^Th^t  It  is  the  ophiioh  of  this 
committee,  that  it  be  recommended  to  the 
House,  thit  the  following  acts  do  remain  in 
force: — ^^50  Ed.  111.  c  7  — 7  Ed.  IV.  c  3.-3  Hen. 
VII.  c.  1 1  .—3  Men.  VIII.  c.  7.— i3  Hen.  VIII.  c. 
i;.— J7  H.n.  VIII.  c.  13.— 33  Hen.  VIII.  c.  i;. 
—33  Hen.  VIII  c.  19 — 8  Eliz.  c.  «.— 6  Ann.  c. 
8.— 0  Ann.  c.  0.  -11  Geo.  II.  c.  28. — 5  Geo.  HI; 
c.  51.— 0  (Jeo.  111.  c.  23. 

0.  Rts9heJ-^ThVit  it  Is  the  bpinion  of  this  com* 
mitier,  that  it  be  recommended  tO  tHe  House, 
that  contracts  of  aiiprftmiceships  be  made  legal 
between  the  parlies  for  any  perioi  not  exceeding 
seven  years,  and  jurisdiction  be  given  to  magis- 
trates, under  certain  regulations,  to  enforce  them, 
so  that  such  apprenticeships  be  not  made  a  pre- 
vious qualification  for  exercising  any  branch  of 
the  woollen  manufacttire,  either  as  a  master  or  a 
journeyman. 

An  Account  of  the  niifti^ir  of  pietes  of  Broad 
Cloth,  milled  at  the  several  fulling  mills  in  the 
West  gliding  ot  the  County  of  York,  from  the 
24th  of  June  1725  (the  commencement  of  the 
act)  to  the  12ih  of  March  17 16,  and  thence 
annually;  distingubhing  each  year: — and  of 
the  r^arrow  Cloths,  from  the  1st  of  August 
1737  (the  commencement  of  the  act)  to  the 
20th  of  January  17  S3,  and  thence  annually; 
distinguishing  each  year. 

Years,  Broadi,  Hsrrruft, 

1725  25,671 

1727  28,900 

1728  25,3'i3{ 
1720  29,<543 

1730  3l,570i 

1731  35,503 

1732  35,:>4«i 

1733  S4,(iJO 

1734  31,lii 

1735  3l,744f 
1730  S8,8P9 

1737  A'iylDO 

irJ9  42,404  14,40$ 

1730  43,0S6{  58,848 

1740  41,441  58,620 

1741  46,364  61,199 
i;42  44  054  ^J-iibo^ 
2743  45,1784-  63,545 
1744  54,627^  6j,06i 

'1745  50,153  63,423 

1746  56,637  68,775 

i747  62,480  68,374 

1748    "  60, 7()5  68,  80 

1740  6o,7o5i  68,880 

^50  6o,447|  78,115 

1751  60,064  74,022 

1752  60,724  72,442 

1753  55,358  71f6lt 

1754  56,o70j  7^.394 

1755  57,125  76,205 
17^6  33,500^  70  318 

1757  55.777i  77,007 

1758  60,306  66,80d 
1750  51,877§  6^,51^ 
1760  40,362|  ^#.57^ 

F2 


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iitq 


if.  it  ChateauiriaiUPs  ExeursUm  to  Meunl  Fesuviut. 


[130 


y^srt. 

BnadP. 

Ntrrtow  Ps 

nfli 

48,044 

75,468 

17M 

48,031 

72,046 

1703 

48.038} 

72,006 

J764 

54,016 

79,458 

17M 

54,6^ 

77,410 

17«0 

72»575| 

78.803 

17(57 

I03.4>i8 

78,810 

t7tf« 

00,036 

74,480 

1700 

02,539 

87.762 

1770 

03.075 

85.376 

1771 

02,783 

80,9*0 

f77« 

113.370 

95.530 

1773 

^0,345 

80.874^ 

1774 

87.201 

88,323 

1775 

05,878 

06,704 

1776 

00,733 

99,586 

!?77 

107,750 

95.786 

1778 

133.506 

101,620 

177d 

110,043 

03,143 

1780 

04,635 

87,800 

1781 

103,018 

08,731 

1784' 

112,470 

06,743 

1783 

131,003 

108,641 

1784 

138,033 

115,500 

178> 

157.275 

116,036 

1780 

158,702 

138,035 

1787 

155748 

128,740 

1788 

130,406 

133,143 

1780 

154,134 

145,405 

1700 

172,588 

140,4#7 

1791 

187,500- 

154,373 

179-2 

214,t5l 

190,468 

1793 

100,333 

150^866 

1704 

100,088 

180,403 

1705 

350,003 

155,087 

1796 

246,775 

151,504 

1707 

230.303 

156,709 

1708 

334,150 

14  8,566 

1799 

372,755 

180,168 

1800 

285,651 

160,363 

1801 

364,083 

137,331 

180<l 

365,060 

137,016 

1803 

266,785 

189,575 

1804 

308,178 

150,010 

1805 

300,337 

165,847.  — The 

value  of  this  year,  alone,  (containing  10,070.256 

yards  of  broad, 

and  6,103,317  yards  of  narrow 

cloth  ^  is  about  ^^0,900,000. 

Mv    D£    CHATEAUBRIAND  S    EXCURSION  TO 
MOUNT   VESUVIUS. 

The  following  notes  were  not  originally  in- 
tended for  the  press,  as  may  easily  be  infer- 
red from  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  reflections 
they  contain.  But  a  new  eruption  of  Mount 
Vesuvius  having  been  lately  mentioned  in  the 
daily  papers,  that  event  tends  to  render  them 
interesting.  Tliey  were  written  in  pencil 
while  climbing  the  simimit  of  the  volcano. 

An  Excursion  (0  Mount  Fesuviut,  1804. 

This  day,  January  5,  I  left  Naples,  at 
$exen  ia  the  morning  ;  I  have  now  reached 
Portici.  The  sun  is  clear  of  the  eastern 
clouds,  but  the  head  of  Vesuvius  is  still  co- 
vered witli  a  fog.  I  tgrec  with.a  cicerone  to 
conduct  me  to  the  crater  of  the  volcano.  He 
iupplies  me  with  two  mules  ;  one  for  him* 
•dlf  one  for  me  3  and  we  start. 


I  begin  to  ascend  by  a  pretty  wide  path, 
between  two  vineyards  bordered  with  pop- 
kirs.  I  proceed  straight  on  towards  the 
point  ^^here  the  sun  rises  in  winter.  Some- 
what under  the  vapours  that  have  descended 
below  the  middle  re^on  of  the  air,  I  per- 
ceive the  tops  of  a  few  trees,  they  are  the 
elms  of  the  nermitage.  Both  on  the  right 
and  left  appear  sorry  habitations  of  the  huna- 
ble  vine  dressers,  encircled  with  the  luxuriant 
napes  of  which  is  made  the  iachrj/ ma  Christ i. 
Every  where  else,  on  all  sides,  are  seen  a 
calcinated  soil,  witliered  vines,  intermixed 
with  umbrella  shaped  pine-trees,  a  few  olivear 
that  grow  out  of  tne  hedges,  numberless  loi-* 
lips  stones,  but  not  a  single  bird. 

I  arrive  at  the  first  level  of  the  mountain  ; 
an  extensive  barren  land  stretches  before  me ;' 
I  then  descry  the  two  heads  of  Vesuvius  5  on 
the  left  the  Somma  -,  on  the  right  the  present 
mouth  of  the  volcano ;  both  of  these  peaks 
are  partly  veiled  by  pale  clouds.  I  advance, 
on  one  sioe  the  Somma  lowers ;  on  the  other 
I  begin  to  distinguish  the  interior  cavities  of 
the  \'olcano,  whose  cone  1  am  proposing  W 
ascend.  The  lava  of  17t)6  ana  1769  over-* 
spread  the  whole  plain  which  I  tread.  It  is 
a  dreadful  smoaky  wilderness,  over  which  the* 
lava,  issuing  like  melted  iron  from  a  forge, 
exhibits  a  whitish  froth  on  a  sable  grouml, 
not  altogether  unlike  dry  faded  moss. 

Proofing  to  the  left,  and  leaving  the 
cone  of  the  volcano  on  the  right,  I  amve  at« 
the  foot  of  a  liule  hillock,  or  rather  of  a  wall 
formed  br  the  lava  which  covered  Hercula-' 
neum.  This  kind  of  wall  is  planted  with 
vines  on  the  borders  of  the  plain,  and  its  re- 
verse offers  to  the  view  a  deep  vale  overspread" 
with  copse.  The  cold  becomes  very  sharp 
and  cutting. 

I  ascend  the  hillock  on  my  way  to  the  her- 
mitage which  is  seen  from  tne  opposite  side.  , 
The  sky  and  the  clowds  lower,  the  latter  rol- 
ling along  the  ground  appears  Uke  a  greyish 
smoke,  or  like  ashes  driven  by  the  winds. 
I  now  begin  to  hear  the  rattling  of  the  elms 
in  front  of  the  hermitage. 

The  hermit  is  come  out  to  welcome  me.* 
He  has  already  seized  the  bridle  of  my  mule, 
and  I  have  dismounted.  This  recluse  is  a  tall 
gopd  looking  man,  /vith  an  open  counte- 
nance. He  nas  invited  me  to  enter  his  cell, 
has  prepared  the  table  himself,  and  has  brought 
out  a  loaf,  a  few  apples  and  some  cjggs.  He 
has  seated  himself  facing  me,  leaning,  with 
both  his  elbows  on  the  table,  and  has  begun 
to  coliverse  very  freely  while  I  break&sted. 
The  clouds  had  now  closed  all  around  us  ;  not 
a  single  object  could  We  distinguish  throu^ 
the  window.  Nothing  was  heard  in  this 
vaponms  abyss  besides  the  whizzing  of  the  * 
trees,  and  tfic  distant  roaring  of  the  sea  on 
the  coast  of  Hcrculaneum.  is  it  not  very 
temarkoble,  that  tliis  peaceful  abode  of 
christian  hospitality,  should  be  situated  in  a 


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M,  de  ChAteaubriaruTs  Excursion  to  Mount  Vesuvius. 


[138 


small  cell    at  the  foot  of  a  volcano,    and 
amUlst  the  conflict  of  elements  ? 

The  hermit  has  presented  to  me  the  book 
in  which  those  travellers  who  visit  Mount 
Vesuvius  -write  some  remarks.  However,  I 
did  not  meet  with  a  single  one  deserving  of 
being  recollected^  tome  few  French  alone, 
vrith  that  fine  taste  which  is  natural  to  our 
foantrymen,  had  been  satisfied  with  inserting 
the  dale  of  their  passage,  or  bestowing  some 
^logium  on  the  hermit  whp  had  welcomed 
them.  Be  that  as  it  misht,  the  volcano  had 
suggested  nothins  remarkable  to  the  various 

rregrinators ;  which  corroborated  an  idea 
have  lonj;  since  entertained,  that  truly 
great  subjects  like  very  great  objects  are  less 
proper  than  may  be  thought  to  originate  sub* 
lime  ideas :  their  grandeur  being  as  it  were 
too  obvious,  whatever  might  be  aJded  to 
augment  the  reality,  tends  only  to  diminish 
it.  Thus  nascitur  ridiculus  imts  stands  true 
with  regard  to  all  mountains. 

1  leave  the  hermitage  at  half  past  two  ; 
fokd  again  direct  my  Course  towards  the  hillock 
of  lava,  which  I  had  already  mounted :  on 
my  left  is  the  valley  that  separates  me  from 
the  Somma^  and  on  my  right,  the  first  level 
of  the  cone.  I  proceed,  ascending  towards 
the  summit  of  the  hillock.  The  only  living 
creature  I  ccmld  see  in  this  dreary  place  was  a 
poor  en^aciated  young  girl,  with  a  yellow 
complexion,  halt  naked,  and  overburdened 
with  the  weight  of  the  wood  she  had  been 
cutting  on  the  mountain. 

The  clouds  now  prevent  me  from  seeing 
any  thing  ;  the  wind  blowing  from  below 
apwards,  drives  them  from  the  darkened 
level  which  I  survey,  over  the  summit  of  the 
cauaseway  on  which  I  am  advancing.  I  can 
onlv  hear  the  steps  of  my  mule. 

Leaving  the  hills,  I  turn  to  the  right,  and 
descend  into  that  plain  of  lava,  which  reaches 
to  the  cone  of  the  volcano ;  a  lower  part  of 
which  I  had  already  traversed  on  my  way  to 
t^  hermitage.  Even  with  these  calcined  rc- 
xnains  before  one's  eyes,  fancy  forms  with 
difliculty  an  idea  of  those  fields  of  fire  and  of 
^quid  melted  metals,  at  the  period  of  an 
wuption  of  Vesuvius.  Dante,  perhaps,  had 
•«n  them,  since  in  his  Inferno  he  describes 
the  burning  sands  on  whicn  everlasting  flames 
4escend  witn  silent  slowness^  come  di  neve  in 
4ip€  stuiza  vento  : 

Arrivammo  ad  una  landa 
Che  dal  suo  letto  ogni  pianta  rimove, 

Lo  spazzo  er*  un*  arena  arida  e  spessa 

Sovra  tutto  *1  sabbion  d*  un  cade^  lento 
Pioven  di  fuoco  di  latata,  e  falde, 
Come  di  neve  in  Alpe  sanza  vento, 

The  clouds  begin  to  open  a  little  on  some 
points  'f  oa  a  tuddeiij  yet  by  inteivsLbi  I  dis- 


cover Portici,  Caprea,  Ischia,  Pausiljrppo, 
white  saib  of  many  fishing  boats  speck! n  gil  e 
sea,  and  the  coast  of  the  gulph  of  Naples, 
bordered  with  orange  trees  :  the  prospect  is 
that  of  paradise  l^held  from  the  infern4 
regions. 

Close  to  the  foot  of  the  cone,  we  dis» 
mount }  my  guide  presents  me  with  a  long 
staff,  and  we  begin  to  climb  the  enormous 
heap  of  ashes.  The  clouds  close  again,  the 
foz  grows  thick,  and  the  darkness  redoubles. 

Here  I  am  now  on  the  top  of  V'e3uvius^ 
?eated,  writing  by  the  mouth  of  the  volcano, 
and  preparing  to  descend  to  the  bottom  of  its 
crater.  Every  now  and  then  the  sun  glim" 
mers  through  the  vaporous  veil  which  covers 
the  whole  mountain.  This  unfortunate  cir«» 
cumstance,  which  screens  from  my  view  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  landscapes  in  existence, 
redoubles  the  mournful  aspect  of  the  place, 
Vesuvius,  thus  separated  by  clouds  from  the 
delightful  country  all  around  its  basis,  seems 
as  if  situated  in  the  most  unfrequented  de- 
sert, and  the  particular  kind  of  horror  with 
which  it  seizes  the  beholder  is  not  softened  by 
the  aspect  of  the  flourishing  city  at  the  foo$ 
of  it. 

1  propose  to  my  conductor  his  accompany- 
ing  me  to  the  bottom  of  the  crater.  He 
does  not  readily  comply,  in  order  to  get 
something  more  from  me ;  however,  we 
agree  for  a  certain  sum  which  he  insists  upon 
being  paid  immediately,  I  give  it  to  him,  he 
then  strips  -,  and  for  some  time  we  struggle 
on  the  borders  of  the  abyss ;  we  searcn  % 
less  perpendicular  steep,  and  a  more  gentle 
descent.  The  guide  stops  and  warns  mc  tQ 
get  ready.  We  are  going  to  launch  Into  th€ 
precipice.  We  reach  the  bottom  of  the 
abyss.  •  I  am  at  a  loss  how  to  give  an  «^cv» 
rate  description  of  this. chaos 

Imagine  a  bason  one  mile  in  droumferenoe^ 
and  three  hundred  feet  deep,  which  widens 
from  bottom  to  top  in  the  slipe  of  a  funneLt 
Its  interior  walls  are  furrowed  by  the  fiery 
fluid  which  the  bason  has  first  contained  an4 
then  spouted  forth.  The  projcctiuj?  parts  of 
these  furrows  resemble  those  brick  piers  upoa 
which  the  Romans  supported  their  madsy 
walls.  Large  rock|  are  suspended  in  som« 
parts  of  the  circumference,  and .  the  frag- 
ments of  them  lie  mixed  with  a  crust  of  ashes 
at  the  bottom  of  the  abyss. 

The  bottom  of  this  baBon  is  broken  up  [j\ 
different  ways.  Nearly  in  the  center  arc  rc^ 
cently  opened  three  large  pits,  or  small 
mouths,  whidi  vomited  flames  during  tbt 
stay  of  the  French  at  Naples,  in  17g8, 

Columns  of  smoke  rise  from  4ifferent  partt 


♦  There  U  more  fatigue  than  danger  lo 
encounter  in  the  attempt  of  descending  into 
the  crater  of  Vesuriui,  ^sLcept  if^  caac;  of  Stt4r> 
den  eruptioot 

F3 


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M.  de  ChateaubriamTs  Excursion  to  Mount  Vesuvius. 


[14^ 


of  the  abyss,  especially  on  the  side  of /a  Torre 
ilcl  (Jrrro.  On  the  bp|X)site  flank,  tou-ards 
Laser/ a^  I  can  perceive  a  blaze.  }(  vou 
thrust  vour  hand  into  the  ashes,  you  will  find 
them  burning  at  a  few  inches  below  the 
surface. 

The  general  colour  of  the  surface  is  that  of 
pindcrs.  But  pro\  idcnce,  when  it  pleases,  as 
I  have  often  oobervcd,  knows  how  to  render 
the  most  dreadful  objects  agreeable  to  the  eye. 
The  lava,  in  some  parts,  is  decorated  with 
azure,  uhramarine,  yellow,  and  orar.ce  co- 
lour specks  or  streaks.  Large  blocks  of 
granite,  owing  to  the  vehemence  and  actten 
of  the  fire  are  seen  twisted  and  curling  at 
their  extrcmities,  like  the  acanthus,  or  the 
leaves  of  the  palm  tree  The  volcanic  matter, 
chilled  on  the  rocks  over  which  it  has  flow- 
ed, fcrms  here  and  there,  vases,  chandeliers, 
riljbons,  &:c.  sometimes  it  assumes  the  figures 
of  plants  or  of  animals,  and  imitates  the  \-a- 
riegatcd  designs  which  constitute  the  beauty 
of  an  agate.  J  have  ob8er\cd  on  a  bluish- 
t:oloured  rock  a  swan  of  white  lava,  so  well 
modeled  that  you  would  have  sworn  you  saw 
that  beautiful  bird  asleep,  on  his  smooth 
watery  bed,  with  his  head  concealed  under 
bis  wmg,  and  his  long  neck  extended  over 
bis  back  like  a  roll  of  white  silk. 

Ad  vada  Mcandri  CQpcimt  alius  olor. 

Here  I  obscr\'e  again  tlie  unvarying  silence 
ishich  I  have  formerly  noticed,  at  noon,  in 
the  foresti  of  America,  when  holding  my 
breath,  I  could  only  hear  the  pulsation  of  the 
arteries  ifi  my  temples,  and  the  beating  of 
^ly  heart,  However,  sudden  gusts  of  wmd, 
occasionally  blowing  from  the  summit  of  the 
cone  to  the  bottom  of  the  crater,  roar  within 
X^y  garments,  or  keep  whistling  alone  my 
stick:  I  likewise  hear  some  stones  rolling, 
tvhich  my  guide  displaces  with  his  feet  while 
climbing  amidst  the  ashes. .  A  confused  re- 
verberatioa  of  the  sound  not  unlike  that  pro- 
duced by  the  vibrations  of  metal  «r  of  glass, 
prolongs  the  noise  occasioned  by  the  faJl,  .and 
sudderdy  ceases.  Now,  compare  this  deadly 
silence  to  the  dreadful  detoi^ations  nvhicn 
shake  these  very  same  parts  when  the  volcano 
vomits  forth  fire  from  within  its  entrails,  and 
pversjpreads  the  land  with  darkness.      *  » 

,  \\Tiat  a  favourable  opportunit)*  for  making 
reflections,  truly  philosophical,  and,  if  in- 
clined so  to  do,  to  lament  over  the  vicissitudes 
of  human  institutions  !  But  what  are  the  so 
famous  re\'plution8  of  empires,  in  compari- 
^n  to  these  convulsions  of  the  natural  system, 
which  change  the  face  of  the  earth,  and 
ocean !  Happy  jndeed  were  it  if  men  were 
rot  employed  ii\  tormenting  one  another  the 
(ewf  moments  they  arc  allowed  to  spend  to- 
gether I  But  Vesuvius  has  never  laid  open  its 
abysses,  not  once,  to  devour  cities,  without 
|ts  fury  having  Surprised  the  divers  nations 


weltering  in  one  another's  blood,  or  flowing^ 
in  tears.  Which  were  the  first  signs  of  civi^ 
lization,  the  first  proofs  of  men  naving  for- 
merly inhabited  those  parts,  that  were  dis- 
covered, fo  late  as  our  time,  under  the  ex- 
tinguished ashes  of  the  volcano?  Instru- 
ments of  torture,'  an4  skeletons  loaded  with  • 
chains !  *       '  ^ 

Times  vary,  and  the  de*<tinie8  of  men  dis-r 
play  the  same  inconsrancy.  *<  LiJ'e,^  says 
the' Greek  poet,  <«  Qlidctuicay  like  {he  wkceU 
**  o/'  o  chariot.** 

Tpcxoi  apfjiaro;  yap  oJa 

Pliny  lost  his  life  for  indulging  the  curio- 
sity of  Viewing  from  a  distance  tlie  volcano  ii| 
tlie  crater  of  which  1  am  now  seated  vciy 
quietly !  I  behold  the  abyss  smoaking  all 
arouncl  mc.  Moreover,  I  am  aware  that  at 
a  fi^v  fatlicms  lower  down,  there  is  an  abyss 
of  fire  under  my  feet;  I  reflect  that  the 
volcano  might  open  on  a  sudden,  and  blow 
me  up  into  the  air  with  those  mutilated  huge 
blocks  of  marble. 

What  providence  has  brought  me  here  ) 
By  what  unforeseen  e^ent  have  the  tempests 
of  the  American  ocean  driven  me  to  tho 
Lavinian  fields  ?  Lavinaque  venit  li(lora,  I 
cannot  forbear  casting  a  (•cirograde  look  on  th« 
troubles  of  this  life,  in  which,  according  to 
St.  Augusiin,  **  thinpare  replete  with  mi* 
**  sery,  and  hope  19  void  of  happiness.'* — Rem 
plenam  wscrice,  spem  leatitudms  inanem. — » 
Born  on  the  rocks  of  Armorica,t  the  first 
sound  that  struck  my  infant  ear,  was  that  of 
the  bellowing  waves;  and  on  how  many 
shores  have  I  seen  those  same  leaves  break, 
which  1  here  meet  again  !  Who  would  have 
told  me,  some  years  ago,  that  I  should  heat 
the  roaring  of  those  same  w^ves  at  the  tombs 
of  Scipio  and  of  Vircil,  which  flowed  at  my 
feet  on  the  coast  of  England,  01  on  the  shore 
of  Canada  !  My  name  was  already  known 
in  the  hut  of  the  Indian  of  Florida.  The 
hermit  of  Vesuvius  has  it  now  in  his  book. 
When  shall  I  lay  down  my  staff  and  travelling 
cloak  at  the  gates  of  our  family  hall  ? 

'     Opatria  !  o  divum  domus  Ilium  ! 

How  do  I  envy  the  fate  of  those  who  hay# 
ne\'er  left  their  country,  and  have  no  advent 
tures  to  relate  to  any  one ! 
\  Chateaubriand, 

This  writer  may  well  say 
yelix  qui  palriis  cevum  transegit  in  agris  \ 
lUum  non  vario  traxit  fortuna  tumuitu. 
He  is  one  of  those  who  describe  nothing  but 
what  thev  have  seen.     Previously  to  compos^ 
ingfeis  Attila,  he  resided  two  years  among 
the  savages  of  America,  that  he  might  ficcur 
rately  represent  their  manners  :     and  how, 
when  he  meditatte  a  w»orH  on  the  siibjcct  of 

•    AtPompeia.         f    Britonny. 


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Topographical  and  Wistorieal  Account  of  Papenlurg, 


[143 


Antient  Greece,  he  is  visiting  the  sites  of 
those  cities  and  places  immortahsed  by  events 
of  which  they  have  been  tlie  scenes.  In  the 
mean  time,  necontiniies  his  correspondence 
with  his  friends  j  and  we  mayexpect  from 
him  letters  dated  at  Athens,  Thebes,  Con- 
ftiantinople,   the  plains  of  Troy,  &c. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  ACOO^VT 
or  PAPENBURO. 

It  b  sufficiently  remarkable  that  his  Majesty 
should  have  issued  a  state  paper,  being  in- 
stroctions  to  his  cruizers,  which  has  been  pub- 
lished in  the  Gazette,  in  favour  of  the  vessels 
pf  a  to^wn,  which  is  not  even  marked  on  our 
maps  of  Oennany,  and  is  barely  mentioned, 
if  at  alU  in  geographical  works :  we,  therefore, 
are  happy  in  being  able  to  xx)mmunicnte  a 
descripuon  of  Papenburg,  adlstrict  so  favoured, 
yet  so  obacare.  It  is  tmnskited  from  the 
German,  by  a  highly  respected  friend  to  our 
wwk. 

This  to^wn^  is  situated  in  Westphalia,  on  the 
oonfines  of  Kast  Friesland,  in  the  balliage  of 
Zeppen.  1 1  is  divided  into  two  parishes  :  and 
Hs  commeTce  in  the  Baltic  is  considerable. 

Papcnburs,  within  these  few  years,  sends 
more  ships  through  the  Sound  and  the  Hol- 
steia  canal,  than  many  great  commercial 
nadoos.  In  1796>  the  number  amounted  to 
832 ;  in  the  year  following  to  S6l  ;  of  which 
172  passed  through  the  sound,  and  89  through 
the  canal.  Nevertheless,  most  geographers 
know  it  only  by  name,  afid  many  even  dovibt 
its  existence. 

PapeafauiK  gives  the  tide  of  a  free  baronetcy 
lo  the  ^mai^  of  Landberg-Veelen.  About 
124  years  Jigo,  the  country  was  nothing  but  a 
boundless  marshy  desert.  Except  an  old  di- 
lapidated castle,  and  a  couple  ot  huts,  there 
were  no  traces  of  human  industry.  About 
the  year  1()75,  one  of  the  noble  predecessors 
of  the  present  possessor,  determined  to  con- 
vert that  extensive  waste  into  a  free  colony. 
For  this  purpose  a  navigable  canal  was  cut 
from  the  fiver  Ems,  which  is  at  no  great 
distance.  Many  colonists  soon  setded  on  its 
banks;  as  the  digging  of  peat,  the  building  of 
iliips,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  procured 
them  a  svifBcient  and  pemianent  maintenance. 
By  degrees  the  canals  were  incrqasod,  and 
thus  the  colony  ha*  flourished  to  its  present 
size  and  state. 

The  grand  canal  falls  into  the  Ems  by 
means  of  the  Drosicn  sluice,  which  has  been 
built  in  a  dyke  at  the  cjtpence  of  from  20  to 
^,000  Dutch  guilders.  All  the  superfluous 
^"^ater  of  the  oOier  canals  flows  into  this  :  and 
cvcsy  vessel  is  obliged  to  pass  through  this 
sluice.  From  thenoe  runs  another  canal 
in  a  S.  E.  directiofi,  to  the  distance  of 
2>S00  paces,  to  the  N.  extremity  of 
\he  colony,  and  receives  in  its  passage 
f^%  Dewer>    ^   smay   stream    that    ^ows 


from  the  S.  W.  At  the  bccinningof  the 
colony  a  short  cut  about  500  teet  long,  runs 
in  a  similar  direction ;  over  this  a  bridge  is 
built.  But  the  great  canal  inclines  here  to 
the  S.  and  runs  oeyond  the  church  to  the 
distance  of  1,500  paces,  and  has  a  bridge  over 
it.  From  thence  it  continues  in  a  S.  E.  di- 
rection about  1,700  paces,  where  the  first 
caissons  are.  Then  it  runs  E.  1,100  paces  ^ 
then  S.  E.  2,300  p.,  where  are  two  caissons 
and  a  bridge.  Then  again  S.  about  6,000  p. 
nearly  to  tkc  Great  Lake,  which  jxirtly  sup- 
plies it  with  water.  The  wliole  length  of  tht 
grand  canal  is  about  15,200  paces.   • 

Houses  are  built  on  each  side  of  the  canals. 
They  are  only  one  story  high^  in  the  Dutch 
style,  and  generally  have  a  respectable  ap- 
pearance. Besides  two  churches,  and  throe 
schools,  the  present  number  of  houses  is  400, 
and  is  increasing  annually.  In  1784,  the 
population,  not  including;  iHe  clergy,  amounted 
to  2,114  j>ersons.  The  number  of  females 
excels  that  of  males  by  36.  This  perhaps 
is  owing  to  many  young  men  who  go  to  sea, 
and  do  not  return.  The  number  of  unraar- 
ried  men  (excejtiiig  widowers),  amounts  to 
643;  thatof  wr^Mi  (excepting  widow  J),  to 
628.  The  entire  population  mcluded  67^ 
children,  under  12  years  of  a2;e.  Up^n  the 
whole  the  births  ann ually  exceed  the  deaths ; 
but  there  are  exceptions  m  some  years  whea 
the  colony  is  visited  by  the  small-pox  and 
contagious  fe\'ers.  Bilious  and  scarlet  fevers, 
also,  are  not  uncommon,  but  agues  are  very 
rare ;  a  proof  that' the  canals  have  drained  the 
country  very  much,  and  diminished  its  pesti«- 
lential  evaporations.  There  is  only  one  sur- 
geon there ;  and  an  apothecary  at  Ascheiv- 
dort,  about  3  miles  distant 

Though  every  isihabitant  builds  as  and 
where  he  chuses,  yet  suflicient  room  for  a 
carriage  road,  must  be  left  ©n  each  side  of  the 
canal.  As  this  road  is  made  of  the  earth 
thrown  out  of  the  canal,  and  as  almost  aH 
commodities  are  conveyed  by  water,  it  is  in 
ffood  condition,  though  not  tne  least  attention 
IS  paid  to  it.  The  walk  along  the  banks  is 
particiiiaily  pleasant.  We  constantly  see  the 
peat  ships'  passing;  and  the  noise  of  axes 
and  hammers  resovnds  on  all  sides  from 
the  numerous  dock-yards.  The  pictoresquc 
appearance  is  also  improved  by  rows  of 
trees. 

As  the  weliare  of  the  community  depends 
on  the  state  of  the  navigable  canals,  everr 
colonist  is  bound  to  keep  that  part  of  a  canall 
which  adjoins  his  piece  of  ground,  clean  and 
of  a  proper  depth.  The  necessary  bridges  are 
•repaired  by  the  Landlords ;  but  any  thins; 
else  erected  for  the  convenience  of  indir 
viduals,  must  be  maintained  at  their  own  ex- 
pense. 

Tlie  digging  of  peat,  the  trade  connected 
with  it^  and  the  cnUivation  of  the  soil,  coq- 

F* 


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Tqpographicql  and  Historical  Account  of  PapenJfurg, 


[14* 


utitute  the  priticipal  part  of  their  commerce. 
Whoever  cnuses  lo  take  one  or  more  parcels  of 
the  he«nth,  must  apply  to  the  Bailifls.  Each 
piece  of  ground  contains  2,000  square  rods. 
After  four  free  vcars,  during  which  the  colo- 
nist digs  half  the  cAiial  that  belongs  to  his 
allotment  of  ground  (the  other  halt  must  be 
dug  by  the  opposite  colonist),  he  pays  the 
followmg  duties  to  the  proprietors :  for  each 
day's  work,  that  is  to  say,  for  every 
twelve  loads  of  white  peat,  l(S  Dutch  sti- 
vers. 

For  each  day's  work  of  black  peat  32  Dutch 
stivers.  But  he  is  allowed  a  piece  of  10  rods 
in  breadth,  near  the  canal,  for  a  road,  gar- 
den, and  court;  for  the  peat  dug  out  of  which, 
he  pays  no  duty. 

When  the  peat  is  dug  out,  the  land  le- 
velled, and  rer.dered  capable  of  cultivation, 
for  the  pasturage  of  each  cow  24  stivers  is 
annually  paid.  But  if  the  soil  is  more  adapted 
for  com,  each  virdiip  sown  pays  die  value  of 
a  virdup  of  com ;  this  is  about  2  or  2{  guil- 
ders. 

<For  a  piece  of  ground,  for  a  house  or  gar- 
den, containing  2000  square  rods  ;  48  stivers. 
For  a  half,  24  stivers.  For  a  quarter,  12  sti- 
vers. 

Besides  these  private  erounds,  Papenburahas 
likewise  a  common  field  3  for  every  horse  here 
pastured  the  owner  pays  3  guilders  4  stivers ; 
for  a  foal  12  stivers  \  for  a  cow  48  stivers;  and 
for  a  heifer,  24  stivers. 

Each  piece  pays  a  dollar  to  the  priest,  and 
roust  do  two  days*  manual  labour,  or  one 
day's  horse  labour  for  him. 

Besides  lO'O  merchant  ships,  of  which 
the  largest  are  130  lasts  burden,  there  are 
about  70  peat  vessels,  which  carry  that 
commodity  to  East  Friesland,  Yevcr- 
land,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  the  North- 
ern coasts  of  the  Batavian  republic,  &c. 
Wherever  there  is  an  opportunity,  the^-  bring 
back  road-stuff,  .clay,  and  manure.  A  piece 
of  ground  thus  prepared,  whctlier  the  stratum 
of  peat  is  taken  off  it  or  not,  is  capable  of 
bcarina  corn,  vegetables,  fruit-trees,  &c. 
llye,  Barley,  Buck-wheat,  and  potatoes,  are 
extensively  cultivated.  The  soil  is  also  well 
adapted  for  pasturage ;  and  beautiful  fields  and 
meadows  ot  red  and  white  clover,  and  other 
E()od  feed  for  cattle  are  every  where  met  with. 
The  milk  is  only  used  for  butter,  as  cheese, 
which  is  much  esteemed,  is  imported  from 
East  Friesland. 

Papenburg  reckons  nineteen  ship-yards; 
in  which  about  (iO  ships  are  annually  built, 
most  of  which  are  from  the  Dutch.  AH  new 
ships,  the  largest  carrying  from  120  to  130 
lasts,  arc  constructed  on  the  banks  of  the 
canals.  The  oak  wood  for  building  comes 
from  the  diocese  of  Miinster  ;  the  deals  are 
imported  from  Norway,  and  the  East  sea. 
Foreign  captains  who  wi^  to  build  a  vessel. 


agree  for  the  price  according  to  the  cubic  mea- 
sure of  the  ship,  which  amounts  to  9  or  Q^ 
Dutch  stivers.  The  cubic  foot  of  oaCk,  costs 
from  18  to  20  stivers ;  masts,  &c.  are  not, 
included.  If  the  vessel  is  not  finished  at  the 
time  appointed,  the  builder  is  bound  to  pay 
the  captain  a  ducat  for  cverj  day  over. 

Eacn  yard  employs  from  12  to  15  carpen- 
ters, who  are  chiefly  East  Frieslanders.  Their 
pay  is  a  Dutch  guilder  per  diem,  and 
three  rations  of  gin.  The  saw-mills,  erected 
in  1791,  are  particularly  convenient.  There 
are  a  great  many  rope-makers,  and  one 
sail-maker;  the  canvas  which  he  uses  is 
Dutch. 

Pa[)enburg  contains  two  distilleries,  and 
numerous  ale-houses  ;  these  brew  their  own 
beer.  There  are  four  lime-kilns.  The  turf 
ships,  bring  back  lime  from  the  islands  of 
Eabt  Friesland.  There  are  also  two  wind-* 
mills  for  the  use  of  the  colony. 

One  great  advantage  attending  this  place, 
is,  that  no  handicraft  is  subject  to  tlie  least 
controul.  All  kinds  of  industry  are  pro- 
tected ;  and  the  merchant,  mechanic,  and 
manufacturer  have  no  duties  to  pay. 

Tliere  are  three  schools  contuming  nearij 
450  scholars,  who  are  educated  in  the  cathohc 
religion,  which  is  the  established  one. 

Information  among  the  common  people  is 
not  to  be  tjxpected  in  Papenbura  ;  and  the 
physiognomy  of  its  inhabitants  often  betrays 
their  ignorance.  The  female  countenance  is 
coarse  and  inanimate,  and  the  figiire  of  the 
women  is  short  and  thick.  Their  dress  is 
frightful ;  high  caps  in  the  shape  of  an  egg, 
jackets  of  coarse  dark  red  baize,  black  stock- 
ings, stump  shoes,  with  small  buckles ;  old 
fasliioned  ear-rings  of  any  metal,  a  cross  on 
the  breast,  with  a  thick  coral  necklace, 
constitute  their  costume  •  the  smoke,  that 
constantly  fills  the  houses,  and  want  of 
cleanliness  give  them  the  appearance  of  gip- 
sies. 

The  men  are  much  superior.  Their  fea- 
tures are  pleasant,  and  less  harsh.  Probably 
this  proceeds  from  their  acquiring  some  polish 
during  their  voyages.  Their  figure  is  manly 
and  atnletic. 

The  Papenburgers  are  much  attached  to 
their  native  place.  The  annual  extension  of 
agriculture,  the  constant  increase  of  houses, 
and  of  inhabitants,  with  a  flourishing  com- 
mcrct*,  engage  the  attention  of  the  colonists, 
and  oer)''  period  of  absence  presents  them 
wdth  something  new  on  their  jretum.  Each 
?hrub,  bush,  and  tree,  planted  by  himself, 
or  by  his  ancestors,  bepomcs  interesting.  For 
nothing  engages  us  more  than  the  work  of  our 
own  hands  ;  nothing  flatters  us  more  than  to 
be  creators.  We  never  hear  a  colonist  men- 
tion his  residence  without  enthusiasm. 

There  are  no  poisonous  serpents  here,  nor  in 
the  neighbourhood^  exc^t  the  coluber  berusi 


Digitized 


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»«] 


Present  State  of  Commerce  in  Boohs,  in  Russia* 


1X40 


bat  in  thfi  distant  high  woodlands  we  meet 

with  tlie   coluber  natrLe,    and   the    anfptis 

JragiUs.     The  lacerta  agilis,  and  vulgaris, 

are  very  common.     Among^  the  birds  we  see 

^le  caprimul^    Europcsus.      Besides    the 

erica    vulgaru,  and   tetralit,   the  common 

heath    plants  now  there ;    such  as  the  dro- 

stra  rotundifoita  and  lori^olia,  some  vac- 

cinia^  5cc.    The  soil  of  Uie  heath   is  sandy. 

The  trees,  branches,  and  roots  found  in  and 

under  the  strata  of  peat,  are  very  remarkable. 

They  arc  of  different  qualities ,  and  have  been 

haried  earlier  or  later.    As  many  of  the  roots 

ftill  remain  in  their  natural  positions  in  the 

compact  sand-stratum,  it  is  a  proof  that  the 

spot  contained  trees,  and  some  of  them  very 

Ui^,  before  the  formation  of  peai  j  and  we 

perceiv>e  by  many  of  the  roots,  that  the  stems 

Dad  shot  above  ground.     Violent  storms  blew 

them  down  ,  as  is  generally  the  case  in  large 

Ibrests.     But  as  they  remained  in  their  places, 

it  is  a  proof  that  the  neighbourhood  at  tliat 

time  was  very  thinly  populated,  or  that  there 

vas  a  superabundance  of  wood.    The  trees 

are  mostfy  oaks  and  nadel  holz  ;    the  alders 

and  birches  are  of  later  origin  ;  they  have 

pown  on  the  moor,  and  afterwards  sunk  into 

It. 

Trees  in  peat  and  in  coal-pits,  pnnx  a  simi- 
lar oHzin.  Have  not  coals  frequently  a  stra- 
tum (M  sandstone  under  them  ?  iPerhaps 
some  centuries  hence  excellent  coals  may  be 
(bund  where  we  now  dig  peat  j  and  loaded 
ships  now  sail  over  coal-pits  in  the  N.  sea, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  German  islands.  Thus 
mountains  change  into  water,  and  the  sea 
changes  into  mountains;  perpetual  vicissitvide 
yet  continued  existence  appears  to  operate 
m  the  heart  of  the  earth,  as  among  plants 
and  animals;  but  certainly  to  a  much  greater 
extent. 

From  the  journal  qf  Messrs.  Scetzen  and 
Hciuemeyer, 

PRESENT  STATE  OF  COMMERCE  IN  BOORS, 
WITH  REMARKS  ON  THE  LOVE  OP  READ- 
ING,   IN  THE   INTERIOR   OF   RUSSIA. 

Twenty  years  aco,  there  were  but  two 
booksellers  shops  in  Moscow :  whose  returns 
did  not  amount  to  ten  thousand  roubles  a  year. 
At  piesent,  the  number  of  shops  is  augment- 
«d  to  twenty,  and  their  yearly  remra,  alto- 
gether, is  about  200,000  roubles.  This 
striking  increase  of  readers,  in  Russia,  cannot 
fiiil  of  gratiMng  all  who  value  the  progress  of 
human  uncferstanding;  and,  who  ^tnow  that 
a  disposition  for  1  terary  research  is  { re-eminent- 
)y  emcaciousin  facilitatiiig  that  progress. 

Mr.  Novikow  has  been  the  prmcipal  pro- 
moter of  the  trade  and  circulation  of  books 
in  Moscow.  Havins  rented  the  printing  oflice 
of  the  University  of  that  city,  he  augmented 
the  medianical  means  of  printing,  procured 
Hamlationa  of  foitign  boob,  estd^liahed  li- 


braries in  other  towns,  and  endeavoured,  to 
the  utmost  of  his  power  to  make  reading  an 
object  of  desire  to  tne  public,  by  studying  and 
auticipating  the  general,  as  well  as  the  indivi- 
dual taste.     He   traded   in  bcK)ks,  as  a  rich 
English  or  Dutch  merchant  doe«»,  in  the  pro- 
duce of  all  countries:  with  intelligence,  spe- 
culation, and  foresight.     Fonnerly,  not  above 
()00  copies  of  Moscow  newsp.i|)er8  were  sold : 
Mr.  Novikow  enriched  their  contents;  to  their 
political  information,  he  added  several  other 
uepartments,    and,    at  length,   accompanied 
them  ^ra/if,  with  a  work,  which  he  denomi- 
nated, the  Juvenile  Seminary  (Dietikoe  Ut- 
chilishtze)  the  novelty  of  subjects,  and  variety 
of  matters  comprised  in  this  appendage,  not- 
withstanding the  boyish   translation  of  some 
pieces,  greatly  pleased  the  public*    The  num- 
ber of  subscribers  increased  yearly,  and  in  ten 
years,    amounted  to  .4000.     Smce  tlie  year 
1797,  the  gazettes  became  important  to  Rus- 
sia, by  containing   the  imperial  decrees  and 
political  intelligence ;  at  present,  the  sale  of 
Moscow  papers  amounts  to  8000  copies,  which 
thougli  inconsiderable  for  so  extensive  a  me- 
tropolis, is  ample,  when  compared  to  what 
it  was  formeriy.     In  fact,  there  is  scarcely  any 
country,  where  the  number  of  the  inquisitive 
has  increased  with  such  rapidity.    It  is  true^ 
that  there  are  still  many  gentlemen,  in  good 
circumstances,  who  do  not  take  in  the  news- 
papers ;  but,   then  a  number  of  merchants 
and  tradesmen  delight  in  perusine  them.  The 
poorest  among  the  people  subscribe  to  a  read- 
ing ;  and,  even  those  who  can  neither  read 
nor  write,  arc  desirous  of  knowing  ^oio  wa/- 
ters  go  in  foreign  countries.     An  acquain- 
tance of  mine,  seeing  several^ pastry-cooks  as- 
sembled together,  and  listening  with  great  at- 
tention to  the  description  of  an  engagement 
between  the  French  and  the  ^ustrians,  founds 
on  inquiry,  that  five  of  them  joined  in  sub- 
scribing for  the  paper,  and  that,  four  not  be- 
ing able  to  read,  tlie  remaining  one  made  out 
the  intelligence  as  well  as  he  could,  and  the 
rest  listened  to  him. 

The  Kussian  trade  in  books,  is  certainly  not 
equal  to  that  of  Germany,  France,  or  Eng- 
land ;  but  what  may  not  time  produce,  if  its 
progressive  increase  continues  unimpeded  ? 
In  most  provincial  towns  there  are  now  libra- 
ries established  :  every  fair  exhibits  with  other 
goods,  the  riches  of  literature ;  and  on  thece 
occasions  the  Russian  women  general  I  v  fur- 
nish themselves  with  a  good  stock  of  books. 
Traders,  or  pedlars,  formerly  travelled  from 
place  to  place  with  rings,  and  ribbons ;  now 
they  take  an  assortment  of  literature ;  and, 
though  few  of  them  can  read,  they  relate,  by 
way  of  recommeudation,  the  con  tents  of  their 
romances  and  comedies,  in  a  manner  peculiar 
to  themselves ;  simple,  eccentr»c  and  aniutin^« 
I  know  several  country  gentlemen  whose  in- 
comes may  not  exceed  500  roid>le8  per  annum  i  < 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


un 


Fresent  State  of  Commerretn  Booh,  in  Russia, 


[14^ 


who  collect  thfr  little  libraries,  as  thcv  call 
liiKTin  ;  and,  wiiilc  the  hixurious  carele'^slv 
throw  asitie,  at  nmilom,  the  costly  editions  of 
Voltnirc,  ^r  Ijuilbn,  they  suffer  not  the  least 
uarticle  of  iliist,  lo  rest  on  the  adventures  of 
>iiran!()!'d  :*  they  jwnwe  their  ct/lit<:tions 
with  avidity,  and  reperusc  them  with  new  sa- 
Ihfhciion. 

The  reader  may  -n-jsh  to  know  what  sort  of 
K)oks  are  in  the  greatest  fkuhand?  I  put 
fhis  tjurstion  to  many  of  the  booksellers,  and 
tiwcy  replied  nithout  hesitation :  "  roniances,** 
♦hfcj,  however,  need  not  excite  our  wonder. 
Komance  is  a  s])eci€s  of  com  position,  tiiat  is 
comiMonly  interesting  to  the  greater  part  of 
the  public;  it  occupies  the  mind,  andenp^^^es 
Ihe  heart,  bv"  exhibiting  a  picture  oi*  the 
world,  and  of  men,  like  ourselves,  in  criti- 
cal and  interesting  situations,  and  by  describ- 
ing the  most  common,  but  the  most  powerful 
passion  of  love,  in  its  various  effects.  Not 
rvery  one  can  fancy  himself  the  hero  of  his- 
tory ;  but  every  one  has  loved,  or  wishes  to 
l©ve,  and,  thercfoK,  in  the  hero  of  a  ro- 
wndmct,  speaking  the  language  of  his  own 
beart,  he  traces  nimself.  One  tale  possesses 
ioniething  to  direct  a  reader's  hope  ;  another 
excites  pleasing  recollection.  In  this  species 
of  Kterature,  we  have  more  translations  than 
Qorieinal  productions;  consequently,  foreign 
autliors  engross  all  the  glory.  Kotzebue  is  m 
great  rogue ;  and,  as  the  [booksellers  of  Paris 
oemandeid,  at  one  time,  Persian  letters  from 
9A\  writers,  so  the  Russians,  from  oeiy  trans- 
lator, and  even  authors,  demand  Kotzebue  ! 
Bothing  but  Kotzebue!  Romance,  fable, 
lale,  good  or  bad,  it  mattft^not,  provided  the 
litle  bears  the  name  of  the  great  Kotzebue. 

I  do  not  know  what  others  think,  but,  as 
ibr  myself,  I  am  glad,  if  the  people  do  but 
lead.  Romances  above  mediocrity,  or  below 
h,  even  if  destitute  of  talent,  lend,  in  some 
measure,  to  promote  civilization.  He,  who 
if  charmed  with  Nicanor,  the  unfortunate 
'gmtlemanff  is  one  decree  lower  than  the 
author,  on  the  scale  of  liberal  and  mental 
improvement,  and,  whatever  may  be  the 
ideas  and  exptc^ions  of  such  a  work,  he  will, 
undoubtedly,  learn  something  from  ^them. 

livery  pleasing  lecture  has,  more  or  less,  in- 
fktence  on  the  understanding,  because  with- 
out this,  the  heart  could  not  Aeel,  nor  imagina- 
tion conceive.  In  the  very  worst  romances, 
or  novels,  (morals  apart)  tbeie  is  a  certain  de- 

See  of  logic  and  rhetoric :  he,  who  has  read 
cm,  will  be  able  to  speak  better,  and  with 
more  connection,  than  an  illiterate  boor  who 
never  opened  a  book  in  his  life.  Besides,  mo- 
dem  romances  abound  in  various  kinds  of 


•  A  romance  by  Enwn,  in  the  Grecian 
hero  style,  which,  nouvitlistanding  the  slight 
manner  in  which  it  is  mentioned  here,  as  a 
rt mance,  does  considerable  credit  to  the  Bus- 
-sian  literature. f  A  Russian  original  ro- 
mance of  no  great  merit 


knowledge.     An   author,  to  fill   up  severaf 
rohimes,  is  obliged   to  have  recourse   to  all 
methods  and  almost  all  sciences :  now  he  de— 
9rril>es   some    American    island,   exhausting" 
Ijusrhirjc; 'y  now  he  explains  the  naturo    of 
plants,  a:.d   ve^etahles,  consulting   Botnare^ 
so  that  a  reader  forms  some  acouaintance  not 
only  with  goonr,-;iphy,  hut  witn  natural  his- 
tory.    I  am  jXTsuadcd  that  in  certain  German 
novels,  the  new  nlunet,  Piazzi,  will  be  more 
circumstantialK'  uejcribed,  than  in  the  Peters- 
burgh  news-paper.    They  do  not  ahogether 
judge  rightly,  who  think  romances  have  a  na- 
tural  tem!ency   to  corrupt  morak;  many  of 
them  lead  to  some  moral  result.     True,  thm 
characters  are  often  vicious,  ev?n  while  attrac- 
tive ;  but,  in   what  consists  that  attraction  ? 
in  some  good  qualities,  with  which  the  author 
endeavours  to  colour  or  abate  the  blackness  of 
others.   What  is   the  kind  of  romance  tliat 
pleases  most?  not  excess  of  guilt,  or  outra- 
geous violation  of  moral  ftTlin^ ;  but  ingene^ 
ral  affecting  appeals  to  setisibilfty  :  tears  shed 
by  readers  usually  flow  from  svmpathy  with 
the  good,  and  tend  to  nourish  tbat  sympathy. 
The  nigged  and  stubborn  soul  receives  not  t6o 
gentle  impression  of  aftection  ;  nor  can  it  feel 
mterested  in  the  fate  of  tenderness.     Bad  men 
wHl  not   read  ronianccs.     Can  an  egotist,  or 
the  base  slave  of  avarice,  fiincy  himself  to  be 
the    generous  captivating  hero  of  romance? 
No ;  he  cares  not  for  others.     Undoubtedly^ 
romances  tend  to  render  the  heart  and  imagi^ 
nation,  romantic \    Iwl  what  harm   ensues? 
so  much  the  belter  for  ihe  inhabitants  of  the 
icv*  iron-north.     The  causes  of  those  evils,  of 
which  we  hear  general  complaints,  certainly, 
are  not  romantic  hearts ;  hot  those  hardened 
ones  which  are  directly  op|->osite^     A  romantie 
heart  afflicts  itself  more  than    others ;  doats 
on  its  owTi  afflictions,  and  will  not  abandon 
them   for  all  the  sottish  enjoyments  of  an 
egotist.     On  the  whole,  it  is  w-ell  that  our 
public  reads ;  although  the  subjects  which  it 
prefers  be  romances. 

[From  the  "  Messenger  qf  Europe  :**  pub* 
lisiicd  at  Moscow,'] 

We  shall  add  a  remark  or  two  on  the 
foregoing  article.  First,  the  interest  ati- 
tendant  on  the  revolution  now  spreading 
in  Europe,  by  exciting  universal  curiosity, 
has  directed  the  attention  of  even  th% 
unlearned  to  the  means  of  gratifying  that- 
passion  ;  for  such  we  may  safely  call  ic 
Inconsequence,  literature  has  been  eager- 
ly sought  after,  where  formerly  its  attrac- 
tions were  unknown ;  and  tliis  must  even- 
tually contribute  to  diffuse  a  knowledge 
and  love  of  letters  throughout  no  inconsi- 
derable part  of  the  world. 

Secondly,  the  perusal  of  fictitioni 
narrations,  not  infrequently  issues  in  a 
taste  for  superior  productions  |»f  liter&« 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


r 


Life  of  tomonossove,  the  Russian Poei. 


[JJd 


tore.  They  excite  an  emotion  in  the 
mind,  which  induces  it  to  require  perfor- 
mances^ of  a  more  elevated  description. 
The  conviction,  that  what  has  affected  it, 
has  no  real  existence,  nor  ever  had, 
prompts,  in  a  persop  of  any  reflection,  a 
wish  for  opportunities  of  perusing  accounts 
on  which  he  may  rely  .with  confidence; 
hence  he  desires  genuine  history  5  authen? 
tic  descriptions  of  foreign  productions 
and  distant  countries: — ^Ihe  interesting 
pleasures  of  general  literature,  follow  in 
their  station  with  almost  infallible  (:er* 
tainty. 

LIFE    or   I^OMONOSSOVE,   THE    CEI^BRATED 
POET   OF     RUSSIA. 

'  MicHABj.  LoMOKOSSOVB  was  bom  in  the 
5^ear  1711.  The  village  of  Denisow,  situat- 
ed on  an  island  not  far  from^Chohnohor,  in 
jhe  circle  of  Dwintzk  of  the  ^emnient  of 
Archang^,  had  the  honor  of  bis  birth.  Basil, 
hb  father,  a  peasant  of  the  crown,  was  a  fisher- 
man by  trade.  Every  summer  and  autumn, 
from  ten  years  old  to  sixteen;  his  father 
used  to  take  him  to  the  fisheries  on  the 
white  and  north  seas.  They  often  visited 
Kola,  and  sometimes  advanced  to  the  latitude 
pi  70^,  on  the  northern  ocean  j  as  Lomonos- 
jove  himself  used  to  affirm  to  his  friends. 
Winter  th^-  chiefly  spent  at  home. 

The  son  learned  to  read  and  write  from  the 
parson  of  the  village;  but  his  instructions 
Tvere  confined  to  the  ritual,  and  other  books 
of  the  Russian  church.  When  he  requested 
to  be  supplied  with  works  that  might  give 
^m  some  knowledge  of  the  world,  he  was 
answered,  that  such  knowledge  could  not  be 
«flectually  accjuired,  whithont  the  aid  of 
Latin  ;  but  this  language  was  taught  only  at 
St.  P^rsburgh,  Moscow,  and  Kiow,  which 
cities  abounded  in  useful  Latin  books.  For 
his  proficiency  in  arithmetic,  he  was  in- 
debted to  his  own  exertions.  To  escape, 
therefore,  into  one  of  the  above-mentioned 
cities,  and  devote  himself  to  study,  was  an 
o^ect  which  he  long  cherished  in  his  bosom. 
The  opportunity  so  anxiously  awaited,  at 
length,  presented  itself,  in  the  17th  year  of 
his  age.  A  caravan  with  *fish  was  going  to 
Moscow;  the  departure  of  ; which  he  ob- 
•eri-ed  as  a  matter  of  curiosity,  not  exciting 
the  least  susf>icion  of  his  real  desi^.  On  the 
following  night,  when  his  family  were  all 
asleep,  he  put  on  two  shirts,  ana  protected 
fipom  the  weather  only  by  a  loose  dress  made 
of  undressed  skin,  he  began  his  pursuit  of 
the  caravan,  and  overtook  it  at  the  distance 
of  seventy  vcrsts.  The  director  of  the  cara- 
van refused,  at  first,  to  take  him ;  but,  mov- 
ed by  his  tears  and  entreaties,  at  length,  he 
fvpsent^  to  gratify  his  wishes  of  seeing  Mos- 


cow. In  three  weeks  they  arrived  at  the 
place  of  their  destination,  where  Lomonos- 
sove  passed  the  first  night  in  the  fish  market. 
The  following  morning  he  awoke  first,  and, 
while  his  companions  were  asleep,  reflected 
with  pain,  that  in  Moscow,  he  had  neither 
friend  nor  acquaintance;  that  he  could  ejf-- 
pect  no  assistance  from  those  he  came  with : 
well  knowing,  that  diey  being  wholly  occupied 
with  their  own  business,  would  not  eveo 
think  of  him.  Irresistible  grief  took  posses* 
sion  of  him ;  falling  on  his  knees,  he  with 
tears  in  treated  Heaven  not  to  forsake  him. 

At  the  break  of  day,  a  eentleman's  stewai4 
came  to  order  some  fish  ;  having  caught  sight 
of  Lomonossove,  he  earnestly  fitted  his  eye  on 
him,  and  presently  recognized  in  the  youth, 
a  countryman  of  his  own,  whose  fape  was 
once  familiar  to  him.  Bisny,  apprised  of 
young  Lomonos80ve*8  intentions,  took 
him  to  his  master's  house,  and  gave  him  a 
corner  among  the  servants. 

The  director  of  the  caravan  was  acquainte4 
with  a  monk  who  lived  at  Moscow,  and  of^ea 
visited  him  ;  on  the  present  occasion  he  did 
not  fail  to  see  him  the  second  day  after  hia 
arrival.  To  this  monk  he  introduced  Lomo- 
nossove, expatiated  on  his  ardent  desire  of 
learnings  and  entreated  that  he  might  be 
placed  at  the  seminary  of  the  convent  of 
Zaikonospask,  to  which  the  monk  belonged* 
The  good  father  readily  undertook  the  busi« 
ness,  and  soon  accomplished  it.  As  none.but 
gentlemen's  sons  were  admitted  into  thb  se- 
minary, Lomonossove  did  not  scruple  to  as- 
sume the  title  of  one-  The  late  Archbishop 
of  Kiow,  then  at  Moscow,  Theophanes 
Prokopovitch,  to  whom  Lomonossove  soon 
after  endeared  himself  by  his  diligence  and 
rapid  progress  in  his  studies,  being  apprised 
of  this  circumstance,  sent  for  him,  and  thus 
addressed  him :  "  Fear  nothing,  my  young 
"  friend,  were  all  the  bells  of  Moscow  to 
"  proclaim  you  an  impostor,  I  would  beyout 
'«  defender." 

Thus  the  young  fugitive  became  one  of  the 
students  in  tnb  convent ,  while  his  relations 
gave  him  up  for  lost;  nor  did  they  know 
where,  or  what  he  was,  till  the  return  of  the^ 
caravan. 

He  devoted  himself  to  study  with  all  the 
ardour  of  a  young  enthusiastic  mind,  and  hi» 
success  was  such  as  could  only  be  expected 
under  similar  ciraimstances.  At  the  end  of 
the  first  half  year  he  was  promoted  to  the  se» 
cond  class,  and  a  year  after  he  was  such  a 
proficient,  that  he  composed  small  pieces  of 
poetry  in  Latin.  He  then  commenced  the 
study  of  the  Greek  language,  and  the  leisure 
hours  spent  by  his  schoolfellows  in  play,  he 
employed  chiefly  in  exploring  the  stores  of 
the  convent  library.  Many  of  the  books, 
which  he  found  there,  strengthened  his  know- 
ledge of  Slavonic,  and,  besides  the  Tariout 


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theological  works  of  the  fathers,  he  found 
physical,  philosophical  and  mathematical 
treatises.  The  convent  library,  however, 
Mras  too  confined  to  satisfy  his  thirst  of  know- 
ledge :  he  earnestly  besought  the  Archiman- 
drite to  send  him  to  Kiow,  to  study  philoso- 
phy, physics,  and  mathematics;  but,  even 
there,  he  foiind  to  his  great  disappointment 
nothing  but  the  mere  sophbtry  and  frivolous 
disputes  of  Aristotelian  philosophy :  having 
failed  in  his  object,  he  renjained  at  Kiow  not 
quite  a  year,  most  of  which  time  he  spent  in 
perusing  ancient  records,  manuscript  and 
other  books  written  in  Slavonic^  Greek  and 
Xatin. 

Soon  after  his  return  to  the  convent  of  2^i- 
oonospask,  an  order  came  from  the  academy 
of  sciences  at  St.  Petersburgh,  for  trans- 
lerrii^  those  students  who  were  sufficiently 
▼erseo  in  Latiti  to  enter  on  the  study  of  phy- 
sios and  mathematics.  Lomonossove  was  over- 
joyed at  the  long  wbhed  for  opportunity,  and 
the  satbfaction  of  being  included,  at  his  own 
desire>  in  the  niunber  of  students  sent  thi- 
ther. 

He  arrived  with  the  rest  at  St.  Peters- 
Vurgh,  and  was  placed  in  a  seminary  depend- 
ing on  the  academy,  where  he  acquired  the 
pnnciples  of  philosophy  and  mattiematics. 
iiis  ardour  continued  unabated,  and  he,  oc- 
casionally, indulged  his  genius  in  poetry;  but 
of  his  productions  at  this  time,  none  ever 
came  before  the  public.  He  took  particular 
delight  in  natural  philosophy,  chemistry  and 
mineralogy,  and  at  the  expiration  of  two 
jears,  he  was  sent  to  Marburgh  in  German v^ 
with  another  student,  Vinskradove,  to  tfie 
then  famous  philosopher  and  mathematician 
Christian  Wolf. 

Three  years  afterwards  by  the  advice  of  this 
celebrated  man,  he  was  sent  to  the  mines  of 
Saxony,  to  study  mineralogy  under  M.  Hen- 
kel,  an  able  ana  practical  metallist.  At  tlie 
end  of  one  year  he  returned  to  the  university 
of  Marburgh  to  attain  the  theory  of  that 
science.  He  did  not  fail  of  acauiring  the 
German  language,  in  which,  wliile  yet  at 
petersburgh,  he  was  initiated.  From  his 
conversation  with  tlie  German  students,  and 
from  the  style  of  their  songs,  he  became  pas- 
sionately fond  of  German  poetry.  He  learn- 
ed by  heart  almost  the  whole  works  of  many 
of  the  most  celebrated  poets  ;  but  H inter  was 
his  favorite.  He  endeavoured  to  adapt  Rus- 
sian versification  to  German  measure,  and, 
by  introducing  their  tambs,  chorusses,  and 
daalys,  /he  imparted  to  his  native  poetry,  a 
karmony,  ease  and  smoothness,  altogether 
new,  and,  till  then,  unknown.  The  first 
e«say  of  this  kind,  appeared  in  his  ode  compos- 
ed on  the  memorable  victory  of  the  Russians 
ever  the  Turks  and  Tartars  at  Chotzin ; 
M  nt  from  Marbuigh  to  the  president  of  the 
sca4emy  at  St  Petersburgh^  Mr.  Corf.    It 


was  written  in  the  style  of  Hinter,  in  imita- 
tion of  his  best  odes,  and,  when  submitted 
to  the  inspection  of  some  of  the  academicians, 
the  novelty  of  its  construction  forcibly  struck 
them,  and  excited  their  pleasure  jis  well  as 
applause. 

The  president.  Corf,  had  it  printed,  and 
presented  to  the  Empress  Ann,  on  her  an- 
niversary day ;  it  was  circulated  among  dl  the 
courtiers,  and  was  read  by  every  one  with 
delight  and  admiration. 

About  this  time,  in  the  year  1790,  Lo- 
monossove married  privately,  at  Marburgh, 
a  daughter  of  his  nost,  a*  taylor  by  trade, 
who,  previously  to  his  de|iarture  from  that 
city  for  the  Saxon  mines,  had  made  him  a 
father. 

During  his  residence  at  Marburg,  Mnall 
as  was  his  salary,  he  maintained  his  family 
tolerably  well,  till  from  the  unavoidable  in- 
crease of  exi)en3e,  he  was  reduced  to  tlic 
bitterest  poverty,  contracted  debts,  and  was 
daily  threatened  with  imprisonment.  He, 
therefore,  found  it  necessary  to  abscond. 
From  a  part  of  one  quarter's  salary,  which 
went  to  defray  his  secret  expenses,  for  his 
wife  and  family,  he  had  not  one  penny  left  ; 
he  resolved,  therefore,,  to  beg  his  way  tQ 
Lubec,  or  Holland,  in  order  to  find  a  passage 
from  thence  to  St.  Petersburgh. 

Unkno^vn  to  eiery  one,  even  to  his  wife, 
he  set  off"  one  evening  direct  for  Holland, 
travelled  all  night,  andon  the  third  day,  hav- 
ing passed  Disselfold,  he  put  up  at  the  public 
house  of  a  small  village,  where  he  met  with 
a  Prussian  officer  and  soldiers  on  a  recruit- 
ing party.  Here  a  strange  event  befell  him. 
The  officer,  thinking  to  have  found  a  proper 
fish  for  his  bait,  politely  invited  Lomonossove^ 
to  sit  by  his  side,  tal^e  a  supper  with  his 
comrades,  and  drink  a  bumper  round.  At 
the  table  many  praises  were  bestowed  on  the 
Prussian  serMce;  and  our  traveller  was  so 
liberally  treated,  that  he  scarcely  knew  what 
was  passing.  When  somewhat  come  to  him* 
self,  he  found  his  coat  decorated  with  a  red 
collar,  and  his  pockets  furnished  witli  several 
pieces  of  Prussian  coin.  The  officer  congra- 
tulated him  on  his  entering  the  service,  and 
foretold  to  a  certainty  the  makinz  of  his  for- 
tune ;  while  the  rest  of  the  soldiers  emphati- 
cally saluted  him  as  a  brother. 

Resistance  was  useless.  The  corporal's 
stick  compleated  the  argument,  and  Lomo- 
riossoxe  was  suddenly  tnyisformed  into  a  Pnu« 
sian  soldier.  Two  days  after,  he  was  conduct^ 
cd  to  the  fortress  of  Wesel,  with  other  re^ 
emits  from  the  neighbourhood,  firmly  deter* 
mined  to  seize  the  first  opportunity  of  escap* 
ing,  at  all  hazards,  from  his  uncomfortable 
situation.  He  perceived  he  was  particularly 
watched;  he,  tlierefore,  strove  to  apnear 
cheerful,  and  gratified  with  a  soldier's  life« 
Fortunately,  he  was  statioacd  out  of  towni 


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Life  of  Lomonossovf,  the  Russian  Poet, 


flM 


«Dd  slept  in  a  watch-house,  close  to  a  wall, 
sloping  towards  one  of  the  back  windows. 
Lomonossove,  having  taken  an  accurate  sur- 
Tey  of  the  whole  position,  and  other  con- 
Teniences  necessary  to  facilitate  his  escape, 
attempted  it  boldly,  and  executed  it  success- 
fully. 

He  made  a  pjractice  of  going  to  bed  earlier 
than  any  of  nis  comrades  j  consequently  he' 
arose  always"  before  the  rest.  At  midnight, 
when  all  Were  asleep,  he  silently  got  up,  jxiss- 
ed  throng  the  window  with  all  possible  pre- 
caution, and,  to  avoid  being  noticed  by  the 
centinek,  crept  on  all  fours,  up  the  wall ; 
«%-ajn  across  tne  principal  ditch,  and  that  on 
the  outside  of  the  fortifications ;  passed  with 
great  difficulty  the  counterscarp,  the  palli- 
sade,  and  other  dangerous  places  ;  and  at 
len^h  found  himself  in  an  open  field. 

To  get  beyond  the  Prussian  territory,  was 
the  first  ana  the  most  important  object.  He 
ran,  with  all  his  might,  to  the  distance  of 
a  German  mile  ;  while  his  clothes  were  drip- 
ping wet,  and  the  morning  already  began  to 
dawn.  Presently  he  heard  the  report  of  a 
cannon,  the  usual  signal  to  pursue  a  deserter ; 
fear  redoubled  his  exertions.  He  continued 
to  run  with  increased  rapidity,  and  looking 
frctjuently  behind,  observed  a  horseman,  gal- 
lopm^  after  him,  with  full  speed ;  but  at  this 
time  he  was  already  on  the  territories  of  West- 
phalia. For  greater  security  he  struck  into 
a  forest ;  stopped  to  dry  his  clothes,  and  slept 
till  noon;  when,  having  recruited  his  strength 
he  proceeded  on  his  journey  through  Arnheim 
ana  Utrecht,  and  under  the  fictitious  name 
of  a  poor  Saxon  student,  he  arrived  in  safety 
at  Amsterdam. 

In  this  place  a  Russian  charg/  ct affaires, 
Mr.  OUelkop,  received  him  favourably,  and 
sent  him  by  water  to  the  Russian  Embas- 
sador at  the  Hague:,  Count  Holowkin,  who 
Mpplied  his  necessities,  furnished  him  with 
money,  and  sent  him  back  to  Amsterdam, 
where  he  soon  found  an  opportunity  to  go  by 
sea  to  St.  Petersburgh. 

Previous  to  his  departure  from  the  Hague, 
he  wrote  to  his  wife,  acquainting  her  with 
an  that  had  befallen  him  since  he  left  her, 
and  entreating  her  not  to  write  to  him  till  she 
should  hear  again  from  him.  On  his  arrival 
at  St  Petersburgh,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  adjutant,  and  for  a  whole  year,  for- 
bore from  writing  to  hts  wife  -,  as  the  circum- 
stances of  bis  new  situation  did  not  permit 
him  to  avow  his  marriage ;  besides,  his  small 
salary  was  not  sufitcient  to  maintain  himself 
aad  family  at  St.  Petersburgh,  where  every 
thing  was  extremely  dear. 

While  on  his  way  to  St.  Petersburgh,  he 
dreamed  that  his  father  was  shipwrecked,  and 
cast  on  an  uninhabited  island,  in  the  frozen 
ocean,  to  which,  in  his  youth,  h(  had  been 
with  his  &thei«  oAen  driven  by  storms.  This 


dream  made  a  deep  impression  on  his  mind. 
On  his  arrival,  his  first  care  was  to  inquire 
among  the  traders  of  Cholmohor  and  Arch- 
angel concerning  his  father.  He,  at  lengthy 
met  his  own  brother,  who  informed  him  that 
their  father  had  the  same  year  gone  as  usual 
to  sea,  as  soon  as  the  ice  was  oB*,  but  had^ 
not  been  heard  of  since;  that  he  had  been' 
missing  four  months,  and  none  of  the  par^ 
which  went  with  him,  had  as  yet  returned. 
His  dream  recurred  to  him  with  redoubled 
force,  and  filled  his  mind  with  melancholy 
apprehensions.  He  resolved  to  apply  imme- 
diately for  leave  of  absence,  to  visit  the 
fatal  island  he  had  beheld  in  his  dream,  in 
search  of  his  father,  and  to  commit  his  ho- 
noured remains,  if  found,  to  the  earth.  Cir- 
cumstances, however,  prevented  him  from 
executing  this  plan  ;  he  was  obliged  to  send 
in  his  stead,  his  brother,  whom  he  furnish- 
ed with  money,  and  with  a  full  description  of 
the  island,  gning  him  instructions  to  apply 
in  his  name  to  the  fishermen  of  Cholmonor, 
for  assistance  in  conveying  him  thither. 

The  fishermen  readily  complied  with  his 
request,  and,  but  too  truly  tney  disco^'erefK 
the  body  of  Basil  cast  on  the  identical  island. 
They  buried  it,  and  left  a  stone,  as  a  me- 
mento, on  the  graven  Lomonossove,  tho 
following  winter,  was  apprised  of  the  evenL 
Grief,  which  hitherto  had  preyed  on  him  in 
secret,  now  breaking  forth  into  open  sqfrow, 
exhausted  itself  by  its  own  force,  and,  ai 
length,  gradually  subsided. 

His  industry,  and  application  to  study,  were 
resumed  witn  increased  ardour.  He  com- 
posed several  dissertations  on  natural  history 
and  chemistry,  in  which  were  displayed  the 
excellence  of  his  genius  and  the  profundity  of 
his  knowledge  ;  these  acquired  him  universal 
esteem,  and  facilitated  nis  |)T0gress  to  tha 
dignity  of  Professor  of  Chemistry. 

In  the  meanwhile,  his  forsaken  wife  at 
Marburgh,  waited  for  another  letter  from 
him  two  whole  years ;  and  during  that  time 
received  no  tidings  of  her  husband.  Under 
this  anxiety  and  incertitude,  she  wrote  in 
1743  to  the  Russian  ambassador.  Count  Ho- 
lowkin, at  the  Hague,  the  same  who  had  for- 
warded her  husband's  letter,  entreating  him 
to  pity  her  distressed  situation,  and  comfort 
her  with  the  news  of  her  husband,  for  whom 
she  also  enclosed  a  letter. 

Count  Holowkin  knew  only  that  Lomo- 
nossove two  years  aao  had  set  oft*  from  Am- 
sterdam to  St.  PetersDurgh,  and  rightly  judg- 
ing that  he  must  be  in  the  latter  city,  he  wil- 
lingly undertook  this  commission.  He  sent 
Mrs.  Lomonossove's  letter  to  the  chancellor. 
Count  Bestujew,  and  particubrly  requested 
that  nobleman  to  return  him  a  speedy  an-< 
swer. 

Count  Bestnjcw,  on  receiving  the  letter, 
forwarded  it  iumediately  to  Lomonossove. 


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Life  of  tonionoSsove,  the  RusAdn  Poel: 


trsS 


>lb  one  knew,  is  yet,  that  Lomonossovc 
#a»  inarfied.  On  reading  bis  wife's  letter 
he  shed  teais,  exclaiming,  *'  Good  God  ! 
Could  I  ever  think  oi'  leaving  her?  impossi- 


ble I     Circumstances  hitherto  have  prevented    '  of  Russia,  as,  from  the  snecimen,  it  would 


Itie  from  sending  for  her  \  and  even  from 
Writing  to  her  5  but  now  she  shail  come 
without  delay :  to-morrow  I  will  send  her 
money  to  defray  the  expenses  of  her  journey." 
'fhis  was  done,  as  he  said ;  and  his  wife  with 
tier  brother  caoie,  the  same  year,  during  the 
summer^  to  St.  Petersburgh,  where  she 
ibund  her  husband  safe,  and  in  good  health, 
Gver(oyed  at  seeing  her. 

At  this  time  he  lived  in  a  house  belonging 
lo  the  Academy,  near  the  Chymical  JLa- 
boraloiy. 

Lomnossove  died  on  Whitsun  Monday,  in 
<Ve  year  lyQb.  Sonic  dap  previously  to  his 
^^tn,  he  addressed  the  counsellor  of  stite, 
Wr.  Stelin,  to  the  following  purport:  **  My 
friend  1  1  feel  I  must  soon  qijit  this  wOrld. 
On  dearth  1  look  with  indiHcrcncej  but  I 
grieve  that  i  have  not  finished  what  I  have 
undertaken  for  the  good  of  my  country,  for 
the  glory  of  science,  and  the  honour  (jf  the 
academy,  I  anticij)ate  with  sorrow,  that  my 
.good  intentions  will  be  totally  frustrated  by 
»y  approaching  end."  * 

Aner  his  death,  all  his  papers  were  ob- 
tained from  his  widow,  by  Prince  Orlow; 
they  were,  by  the  prince's  order,  collected  and 
arranged  by  Mr.  Kozitaky,  and  lacked  up  in 
a  private  chamber  of  the  house. 

Some  years  afterwards  cliancellor  Count 
Worontzow,  out  of  regard  forgenixrs,  and  the 
•ervices  of  Lomonossove  to  his  coimtr}',  erected 
a  pillar  of  marble,  with  a  suitable  epitaph 
over  his  tomb,  at  the  convent  of  Alexander 
NeWsky,  at  St.  Petersburgh,  both  which,  ac- 
cording to  a  drawing  sent,  weVe  executed  at 
JL^horn,  at  the  expense  of  the  government. 

From  the  life  of  Lomonossove,  we  should 
never  infer  his  poetical  fame  ;  but  it  must  be 
considered,  that  his  genius  for  poetry  was  as 
spontaneous,  as  the  knowledge  he  acquired 
was  univer^.  As  the  latter  extendedy  the 
former,  far  from  beinj^  diverted  by  such  pur- 
suits, acquired  fresh  vigour ;  it  cannot  be  de- 
med,  howe\'er,  that  his  poetical  works,  though 
sufficient  to  insure  him  renown,  would  have 
been  more  numerous,  and  would  have  pos- 
sessed more  dignity,  had  his  leisure  been 
greater.    They    chiefly    consist    of  fugitive 

Sieces,  such  as  versions  of  psalmsy  epitaphs, 
iaiogues,  and  some  partial  translations  trom 
the  ancients,  with  panegyric  odes,  on  different 
occasions,  which  are  the  most  celebrated  of 
his  works.  A  didactic  epistle  to  General 
Shouwalow  on  the  utility  of  glass,  and  two 
tragedies,  **  Selim  and  Tamira,"  founded  on 
events  connected  with  Russia  and  Tartary  ; 
txjA  **  Demofont,**  the  son  of  Theseus  king 
MAdicnt,  laay  justly  be  cntitkd  to  excep- 


tion.   Tp  this  must  be  added  two  cankM   of^ 
an  epic  poem ;  '*  Peter  the  Great,"  wlii^h. 
his  premature  death,  unfortunately,  prevenC-' 
ed  him  from  finishing,  to  the  eternal  regret 


have  raised  him  to  the  level  of  Greece   in 
poetical  merit. 

As  an  orator  he  ckdms  distingubhedT 
eminence.  His  speeches  on  varu>us  subjects^^ 
particularly  the  two  panegyrics,  that  05  Fetef' 
the  Great,  and  that  on  the  Empress  Eliza- 
beth, in  imitation  of  Pliny,  exhibit  such 
rich  specimens  of  eloquence,  ad  will  remain 
for  ages  lasting  monuments  of  his  ability* 

He  has  also  the  honour  of  being  the  first 
who  reduced  the  Russian  language  to  a  rc^ 
gular  system.  His  grammar,  rules  of  elocu- 
tion or  rhetoric  systematically  conceived  and 
executed,  remain  to  this  moment  the  niatii 
standard  by  which  aD  subsequent  imprOi\'»^ 
ments  have  been  made. 

The  chronology  of  Russian  history,  owes 
to  him  its  order  it  not  its  existence ;  and  that^ 
country  will  for  ever  be  indebted  to  him  for* 
the  progress  of  science.  His  elements  of  mi- 
neralogy, form  a  volume  of  considerable  size, 
conveying,  for  the  first  tune,  scientific  con- 
ceptions and  explanations,  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  Russian  language.  His  speeches, 
or,  more  properly,  lectures  on  chemistury,  and 
various  branches  of  natural  philosophy,  prove 
at  once  his  indefatigable  exertions,  and  the 
exlentof  his  knowledge. 

Such  was  the  man  who  under  the  humble'' 
roof  of  a  fisherman  was  secluded,  till  the  se- 
venteenth year  of  his  age,  in  absolute  obscu- 
rity J  who  shook  off  the  fetters  of  ignorance 
by  his  own  resolution,  and  who  commenced 
his  education  at  a  period  of  life  when  educa- 
tion is  generally  finished  by  others.  After 
this,  can  genius  be  supposed  to  be  the  offspring 
of  climate? 

The  foregoing  articles  are  instances  of  the 
attention  which  we  mean  to  pay  to  Russian 
literature :  and  we  doubt  not  of  being  able 
in  a  short  time  to  submit  to  our  readers  not 
only  a  more  complete,  but  aboa  more  recent 
statement  of  the  labours  of  the  Russian  li-^ 
terati,  than  has  yet  appeared  in  Englandw* 
Several  articles  of^  this  nature  intended  for 
our  present  number,  are  postponed  for  want 
of  room.  We  can  only  observe  further,  that 
**  Demetrius  the  Impostor,'*  a  Russian  tra- 
gedy, by  Soumarokove,  is  lately  published  in 
English  by  a  Russian  gentleman  of  the  em"* 
bassy.-  We  understand  that  he  has  had  no 
literary  assistance  in  the  translation ;  so  that 
this  pamphlet  is  remarkable,  not  only  as  a 
novelty  introducing  to  out  acquaintance  v 
performance  of  jjne  of  the  most  eminent 
writers  for  the  Russian  sta^e,  but  as  an  in- 
stance of  our  language'  being  written  by  a* 
foreigner,  in  a  style  so  easy,  that  it  mifjMf 
vtiy  well  paii  r^  the  productioj9^(»f  a  Ativa/ 


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tSf\  Sketch  ofthi  History  of  the  College  V  Fort  WUtiam  In  Bengal  [t 5« 


Sketch  of  thb  History  of  the  College 
OF  Fort  William  in  Bengal. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  of  Directors 
of  the  East  India  Company,  already  given, 
has  stated  with  great  perspicuity  those  rea- 
sons which  render  desirable  a  proper  course  of 
instruction  (or  youth  destined  to  £11  respon- 
sible offices  in  Uie  state ;  and  a  proper  institu- 
tioa  wherdn  that  instruction  may  be  obtain- 
ed. We  have,  therefore,  nO  occasion  to  en- 
lar^  oa  the  policy  of  such  estahlislunents. 
That  the  principle  should  first  be  matured, 
and  afkeraueecinsiderationshould  be  called  into 
•xeicise in  India,  is  no  matter  of  surprise; 
since  the  necessity  of  the  case  would  be  more 
striking  in  that  coontry,  and  since  the  means 
of  lueeiinff  that  necessity  would  be  more  a|)- 
yarM^i,  aim  might  probal)ly  be  thought  more 
efiicient. 

TheCoUe^  of  Fort  WiHiani,  dates  fmm 
Aug-  18,  1800.  When  his  Excellency  the 
Matovis  Wediesl^'  entered  on  the  Minutes  of 
ihc  Council  at  mat  Presidency,  his  reasons 
for  the  estahlishinent  of  a  College,  at  the  seajt 
d  the  suprentc  go^'cmmcnt,  under  the  eye  of 
the -Go^emt>r  General,  and  where  at^ntioa 
from  those  in  powrer,  or  honour^  or  reward, 
ct  piDiBOtioB  ^i^ht  ^Uow  inerit,  aocordins 
to  Its  degree,  ihts  ihJ<titution  was  regarded 
vrith  a  Jealous  eye  l^  many,  3&'ho  not  haiing 
received  the  advantages  derived  fnxu  learn- 
ing, a&cied  to  tliinic  Uttle  of  their  impor- 
tance. .  It  consef^uently  met  with  a  series  of 
difTici^ties,  and  even  sometlvng  lilve  a  regular 
opposition  w^  maintained  on  the  subject 
The  finances  of  ^he  Company  were  thought 
bDeooaJ  to  the  expense,  tiie  magnificence  of 
the  DuildinRS  <not  yet  begun)  were  inveighed 
4^nst,  ana  e\'en  tne  patroiu)ge  of  tlic  College 
became  an  object  of  jeui'.iusy. 

Happily,  however,  the judidom  reasonings 
on  which  it  was  founded,  after  ample  discus- 
sioa  and  deliberate  investigation,  produced 
(hat  conviction  of  its  utility,  which  has  eiTect- 
cd  its  pen&aaent establishment.  And  tlius  it 
has  not  only  been  die  occasion  of  exten8i^£ 
services  to  ji^rature,  to  morals,  and  to  the 
public  interest  in  India,  but  h^  also  contri^ 
puled  to  facilitate  the  adopdon  of  a  similar 
tnstitouon  in  Eogjand. 

The  officers  and  profesaocs  of  the  college 
are  mnch  the  same  as  those  which  are  ap- 
pointed at  H^tfoid  CoHege.  llie  terms  are 
£oair  in  each  year.  The  public  examinaUons 
are  two;  these  inelude  deckunations  and 
various  execcises  in  the  languages  of  the  coun- 
Ujf  vith  others  adapted  to  be  useful  in  India. 
JNor  ii  English  composition  neglected ;  but, 
ligether  with  the  study  of  Oriental  dialects,  a 
proper  aaentiotn  is  paid  to  the  language  of  the 
mother  country,  lo  th(  sciences,  arts,  and 
imppovements  of  Europe.  Apartments,  and 
A^piddic  ukUiCp  «i€istab]iibfidattb«>fixpe&8e 


of  the  coUegs.    The  college  confers  degrees  of 
honour. 

The  first  disputations  in  the  Oriental  lan^ 
guagcs  were  held  JFeb.  (J,  1802,  on  which  oc- 
casion Sir  George  Barlow  presided  86  acting 
Visitor,  the  Marquis  Wellesk-y  being  abscud 
from  Calcutta,  The  dis|julatlons  were  cou* 
ducted  in  the  Persian  language,  in  the  B<a> 
gallee,  in  tlie  Hindoostauee,  and  in  Arabia 
Sjjecimens  of  facility  and  elv!y;ance  in  writing 
were  also  produeed,  k\  the  Ptrsian,  Nagcee, 
and  Bcngallce.  Honorary  rewards  of  meidai^ 
and  pecuniary  encouragements  ef  -500  rupees^ 
or  lUOO,  or  1500,  were  also  bestowed.  Th»  - 
Visitor  eloped  the  meeting  with  a  speech^ 

A  second  disputation  Avas  held  March  ^ 
1^03.  At  this  solemnity  the  Marciuis  Wdk 
lesley  presided,  accompanied  by  tne  Chief  « 
Justice,  the  Supreme  Council,  tlie  Council 
of  the  College,  and  other  eminent  charaeler^ 
The  disputations  were  in  the  three  laugunges 
as  before,  Persian,  Hindoostapee,  and  Ben*^ 
gallee:  aX  the  conclusion  of  tlie  disjnitatieo^ 
an  appropriate  speech  was  mvde.  in  the  Jan* 
guage  ot  the  disputation,  b^-  the  reepectirs 
moderators.  There  were  al&o  decluiaatJons, 
and  exercises  in  Arabic.  The  Visitor,  Maiv 
quia  Welleslcy,  closed  die  whole  with  J. 
speech. 

The  third  disputation  was  hfid  Sf  ptenaber 
20,  1804.  Visitor,  Marquis  Wellesley.  Tjs 
the  other  languages  was  added  a  declamation, 
in  the  Shanscdt:  and  after  diis  declamatios^ 
a  complimentary  speech  in  the  s^me  ]mi^ 
guagje,  by  the  Key.  Sir.  Carey,  the  professor^ 

The  advantages  dcris*ed  from  this  instiuu 
tion  have  not  been  restricted  to  the  quaiifyiii;^ 
a  considerable  number  of  younp;  men  for 
the  civil  and  political  stations  to  which  dieji^ 
were  appointed,  though  this  alone  is  an  o1> 
jcct  of  inestimable  value  in  th/c  judgment  pf 
the  moralist  as  well  as  of  the  politician,  llie 
reports  of  the  atate  of  the  colfcpffe  amumnce 
improvement  in  ^norsds  149  well  as  in  literal 
ture.  **  He  ni«»t  be  an  tntire  stranger  ts 
what  h  paBsin^  in  Beng^d,  who  does  not  per- 
ceive that  the  College  of  Fort  William  is  sen* 
sibly  promoting  an  amelioration  of  the  Kuro^ 
pean  chacacter,  as  wcU  as  the  civilization  0/ 
India.;; 

**  Knowing  as  I  do,"  ■  says  Mr.  Carey, 
''  the  natives  of  this  country,  and  hearing  ay 
I  do,  their  daily  obscrx-ations  on  our  govern* 
sient,  character,  and  principles,  1  am  war-- 
ranted  to  say  (and  I  deem  it  my  duty  to  em.- 
brace  dw  puoUc  opportunity  now  afforded  me 
of  saying  it)  that  the  institutioq  of  this  Coi^ 
\tat  was  wanting  to  complete  the  happiness 
01  the  natives  '  onder  our  dominion  \  for  this 
ii2stitution  will  break  down  that  harrier  <our 
ignorance  of  th^r  language)  which  hase\€r 
opposed  the  influence  of  our  laws  and  princi- 
ples, and  has  despoiled  oux  adnuni^tcation  #f 
its  fiD«i]gyand  twW 


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Proceedings  of  the  College  of  Bengal, 


[leo 


*'  Were  the  mstitation  to  oea««  from  this 
moment*  its  salutary  effects  would  yet  re- 
main. Good  has  been  done,  which  cannot 
be  undone.  Sources  of  useful  knowledge, 
moral  instruction,  and  political  utility,  have 
been  opened  to  the  natives  of  India,  which 
can  never  be  closed ;  and  their  civil  improve- 
ment, like  theeradual  civilization  of  our  own 
country,  will  advance  in  progression,  for  ages 
to  come." 

A  varictyof  books  has  been  printed  in  this 
College.  Their  subjects  have  been  chiefly 
Oriental  Literature,  Grammars,  Tables,  Trea- 
tises .on  Languages:  aho  sundry  com- 
bining amusement  with  utility:  some  of 
which  may  come  under  our  notice  elsewhere. 
We  must,  however,  distinguish  the  Gospels, 
translated  into  Persian,  by  Lieut.  Col.  Cole- 
brooke.  The  New  Testament  into  the  Mah- 
latta  Language,  by  Vydyunath,  Mahratta 
Pundit;  the  same  into  theOrissa  Language,  by 
Poorosh  Ram,  the  Orissa  Pundit.  The  Gos- 
pels into  the  Malay  Language,  by  Thomas  Jar- 
rett,  Esq.  together  with,  what  does  not,  per- 
haps, strictly  belong  to  this  institution,  the 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  Shanscrit  by  Mr. 
Carey,  of  which  we  have  seen  the  first  edi- 
tion, and  learn  that  a  copy  of  the  second  edi- 
tion has  recently  been  presented  to  his  Ma- 
jesty. These  trapslations,  and  others  less 
Known  to  us,  of  the  sacred  scriptures,  or  parts 
of  them,  have  not  been  executeid  at  the  public 
expense;  but  principally  by  the  benevolence 
of  mdividuals.  We  must  except  a  translation 
of  the  Grospel  of  St.  Matthew,  into  Persian 
tnd  Hindoostanee. 

The  fourth  dbputation  took  place  in  March, 
1805. 

Calcotta  Gazette  Extraordinary. 

College  of  Fort  William,  March  8,  1806. 

On  Monday  the  dd  instant,  being  the  day 
appointed  by  the  Honourable  Sir  Greorge  Bar- 
low, Governor  General,  Visitor  of  the  Col- 
1^  of  Fort  William,  for  the  public  disputa- 
tions in  the  Oriental  languages,  the  gover- 
nors, officers,  professors  and  students  of  the 
college,  assembled  at  half  past  nine  o*clock  at 
the  government  house. 

At  ten  o'clock,  the  Honourable  the  Visitor 
entered  the  room,  where  the  disputations  were 
to  be  held. 

In  front  of  the  Visitor's  chair,  seats  were 
placed  for  the  professors,  and  for  such  students 
as  were  to  maintain  the  disputations,  or  to  re- 
ceive prizes  and  honorary  rewards. 

As  soon  as  the  Honourable  the  Visitor  had 
taken  his  seat,  the  public  exercises  commenced 
in  the  following  order : 

1*/.  Persian  Disputation, 
Position.     *'Tlie  Persian  Language  is  not 
*^  to  be  studied  so  much  for  any  knowledge  to 


'*  be  acquired  by  it  of  Oriental  literature;  as 

«  to  furnish  a  medium  of  communicatian 

«  with  the  natives  of  tlie  British  territories  in 

'*  India." 

Respondent,  Christian, 

1st.  Opponent,  Ewer, 

?d.  Opponent,  Gordon,  F.  D. 

Moderator,  M .  Lumsden,  Esq. 

2d  Mahratta,  declamation. 

Subject.     **  Fall  of  the  Mahratta  Empire.** 

By  Mr.  Chapman. 

3d  Hinooostanee,  aeclamation. 

Subject.  **  The  knowledge  of  the  Asiatic 
«  Lan^ages,  is  of  greater  advantage  to  the 
**  public  service  in  India,  than  any  other 
**  branch  of  learning." 

By  Mr.  Christian. 

4th.  Arabic,  declamation. 

Subject.     '«  Praise  of  the  Arabic  Language.** 

By  Mr.  Ewer. 

The  casual  indisposition  of  three  principal 
students,  viz.  W.  Dorin,  W.  Wilberforcc 
Bird,  andH.  Newnham,  occasioned  the  de- 
ficiency in  the  usual  number  of  exercises  on 
this  day. 

As  soon  as  the  disputation  and  declamations 
were  concluded,  the  Vice  Provost  proceeded 
to  present  the  Hon.  tlie  Visitor,  those  students 
of  the  college  who  were  entitled  under  Statute 
VI II.  to  receive  degrees  of  honour,  and  whose 
presentation  had  been  previously  directed  by 
the  Visitor.  The  Vice  Provost  publicly  read 
the  certificate  granted  by  the  couneil  of  the 
college  to  each  student  respectively,  specifying 
the  high  proficiency  which  he  Had  made  in 
the  Oriental  Languages,  and  also  the  regula- 
rity of  his  conduct  during  his  residence  at 
college.  When  the  certificate  had  been  read, 
the  Visitor  presented  to  each  student  the  ho- 
norary diploma,  inscribed  on  vellum  in  the 
Oriental  character;  purporting  that  the  com- 
mittee of  pubHc  examination  having  declared 
that  the  student  had  made  such  proficiency  in 
certain  of  the  Oriental  Langiiages,  as  enutled 
him  to  a  degree  of  honour  in  the  same,  the 
Visitor  ^-as  pleased  to  confer  the  said  degree 
in  conformity  to  the  said  statute. 

The  students  now  leaving  college,  on 
whom  the  Hon.  the  Visitor  was  pl^ised  to 
confer  a  degree  of  honour  on  this  occasion^ 
were  Hugh  Geo.  Christianr,  Wm.  Dorin, 
Walter  Ewer,  Henry  Newnham,  and  Edw. 
Parry. 

After  the  dep-ees  of  honour  had  beeh  con» 
ferred,  the  prizes,  medals,  and  honorary  re- 
wards, adjudged  at  the  late  public  examina- 
tion, were  distributed  by  the  Prorost,.  in  pre- 
sence of  the  Visitor,  to  the  following  students 
now  leaving  college:  Hugh  Geo.  ChristiaUi^ 
Wm.  Dorin,  Walter  Ewer,  H.  NewnhamJ 
Edw.  Parry,  Wm.  Wilberforcc  Bird,  Wnu. 
Beckford  Gordon,  Chas.  Chapman,  and  Rich. 
Walpoie. 

Honorftry  rewaids  wcif  pretoited  at  tW 


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Procee£ngs  of  the  College  tf  Bengal. 


tfW 


time  to  the  following  junior  stuilents  re- 

naining  in  college :  Geo.  John  Romney.  W. 
Fairlic  Clark,  Nath.John  Halhed,  Robert 
fifown,  and  H.  £ll». 

The  prizes  adjiidsed  to  each  student  will 
Jyt  given  in  a  future  Number. 

After  the  prizes  and  honorary  rewards  had 
1)ecn  distributed,  the  Hon.  the  Visitor  was 
pleased  to  deliver  the  following  speech . 
Gentlemen  of  the  Coll^of  Fort  William, 

By  that  awful  dispomation  of  Providence 
which  has  deprived  the  British  nation,  and 
the  British  Empire  in  India,  of  the  public 
services  of  that  great  and  venerable  nobleman 
who  lately  presided  in  this  government,  the 
charge  of  superintending  the  conduct  and  the 
interests  of  the  College  of  Fort  William  has 
devolv^  upon  roe,  and  it  has  become  my  duty 
on  the  present  occasion  to  address  you  upon 
those  subjects  which  the  progress  and  effects  of 
this  institution  since  the  period  of  time  when 
its  illustrious  founder  last  addressed  you,  ha\'e 
fuffiested  to  my  observation. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  first  public  disputa- 
tion holden  in  the  College  of  Fort  William, 
(when  the  absence  of  the  Visitor  imposed 
upon  me  the  duty  of  presiding  in  the  assembly 
oi  its  officers  and  students)  I  stated  my  con- 
viction that  the  progressive  operation  of  those 
advantages  which  had  been  manifested  even 
at  that  early  period  of  the  institution,  would 
realize  its  mtended  benefits,  and  justify  the 
expectations  of  that  wisdom  which  planned, 
Btkd  that  energy  which  animated  the  progress 
of  this  judicious  system  of  public  education. 

My  judgment  has  been  confirmed  by  the 
experience  of  every  successive  year,  and  by 
the  sentiments  which  at  each  successive  dis|u- 
tation  have  been  delivered  by  the  Illustrious 
Founder  of  the  Colle^  of  Fort  William. 

Although  the  practical  instruments  of  every 
branch  of  that  system  of  literary  instruction 
which  the  institution  was  intended  to  eni- 
brace»  have  not  been  attainable  in  this  distant 
quarter  of  the  British  dominions,  those 
branches  of  prelected  education  which  we 
have  had  the  means  of  prosecuting,  have  been 
cultivated  beyond  the  limits  of  our  most  san- 
guine expectations. 

The  study  of  the  Oriental  Languages  has 
necessarily  constituted  a  primary  object  of  the 
i&stttution.  The  indispensable  necessity  of 
acquiring  a  correct  and  practical  knowledge  of 
Ode  or  nK>rc  of  the  Oriental  Languages  for  the 
efficient  discharge  of  the  duties  ofevery  depart- 
ment of  the  administration,  has  been  sufH- 
dently  illustrated  on  former  occasions;  and 
the  suceess  with  which  that  study  has  been 
prosecuted  by  the  students  of  tlie  college,  has 
been  manifested  not  only  by  the  result  of  the 
public  examinations  and  disputations,  but  by 
the  beneficial  application  of  their  acquired 
knowledge  to  the  duties  of  the  uublic  service. 
The  prescribed  studies  of  the  college  have 
Vca.  L  ILU.  Pan.  Oct.  1806.1 


also  produced  the  important  collateral  advan- 
tages of  extending  those  habits  of  application^ 
and  of  regular  attention  to  business,  which 
are  so  essentially  requisite  in  every  public  si- 
Umtion  J  and  I  discharge  a  satisfactory  pjart  of 
my  duty  in  declaring,  that  as  far  as  my  infor* 
niation  has  extended,  those  students  of  the 
college  who  have  been  distinguished  for  their 
proficiency  in  its  prescribed  studies,  and  have 
teen  employed  in  public  situations,  have 
maintained  the  credit,  and  demonstrated  the 
advantages  of  the  institution,  by  tlie  distin- 
guished merit  of  their  general  conduct,  and 
by  their  peculiar  ability,  industry,  and  judg- 
ment, in  the  execution  of  the  duties  commit* 
ted  to  their  charge. 

The  momentous  occurrences  of  preceding 
years  have  furnished  occasions  for  empk>ying 
the  talents  and  exertions  of  some  of  the  most 
meritorious  students  of  the  college  in  the  ar- 
duous and  important  duties  of  the  diplomatic 
branch  of  the  public  service ;  and  it  is  an  act 
of  justice  equally  due  to 'the  merits  of  thost 
students,  and  to  the  credit  of  thecolle^,  prin- 
cipally to  ascribe  the  ability  with  Which  they 
have  conducted  the  duties  of  their  respective 
stations,  to  their  laudable  improvement  of  the 
advantages  of  study  and  education,  which  thii 
institution  is  exclusively  calculated  to  afford. 

For  this  single  branch  of  public  educatioa 
therefore  (the  study  of  the  Oriental  Lan- 
guages), experience  has  shewn  that  the  ad- 
vantages of  this  institution  are  commensurate* 
with  the  importance  of  the  most  essential 
interests  of  the  British  Empire  in  India. 

An  opinion  has,  I  understand,  prevailed* 
that  the  Oriental  Seminary  established  in 
England  under  the  authority  of  the  Honour- 
able  the  Court  of  Directors,  is  calculated  ulti-- 
mately  to  supersede  the  existing  institution  of 
the  College  of  Fort  William. 

I  deem  it  proper  therefore  to  take  this  op- 
portunity of  staUng,  that  the  Oriental  Semi- 
nary founded  in  England,  is  not  intended  to 
supersede  the  College  of  Fort  William  j  and 
it  is  my  deliberate  opinion,  that  the  system  of 
Oriental  study  projected  in  England,  will 
tend  to  support  the  efficiency  of  this  institu- 
tion, and  to  accelerate  its  operation,  by  afford- 
ing to  the  youth  who  are  destined  for  this 
country,  the  advantages  of  an  earlier  pro- 
ficiency in  those  branches  of  knowledge, 
which  are  considered  to  be  peculiarly  adapted 
to  the  nature  of  their  future  duties,  and  of  an 
earlier  acquisition  of  the  rudiments  of  the 
Oriental  Lanj^ages. 

The  combined  operation  of  these  institu- 
tions will  enable  the  students  to  extend  their 
acquirements  in  a  degree  unattainijsW  under 
the  limited  duration  of  their  studies  in  the 
College  of  Fdrt  William,  without  the  aid  of 
tlie  advantages  of  pre\'ious  pre[)aration,  which 
the  Seminary  in  England  is  inteiKled  U7' 
afford. 
The  esUbHshment  of  the  Oricntnl-Sexiki' 
& 


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Proeeedings  of  the  College  of  Bengal. 


[1S4 


nary  in  England  therefore  bonstitiites  an  addi- 
tional motive  for  maintaining  the  cihcicricv  of 
the  College  of  Fort  William  j  and  for  employ- 
ing c\  ery  effort  of  individual  zeal,  activity, 
and  attention,  in  promoting  tlic  ohjects  of  its 
institution. 

Jr-am  happy  to  find,  that  tlic  result  of  the 
public  examinations  in  the  prerent  year,  has 
Dcen  highly  creditable  to  the  character  of  the 
College,  to  the  zeal  and  ability  of  the  profes- 
sors, and  to  the  dihgencc  and  merit  of  the 
students. 

Five  more  students  who  have  obtained  de- 
crees of  honour  for  their  great  proficiency  in 
the  Oriental  Languages,  have  been  added  to 
tlhe  public  service:  Mr.  Hugh  Geo.  Chris- 
Uan,  Mr.  W.  Dorin,  Mr.  Walter  Ewer,  Mr. 
lien.  Newnham,  and  Mr.  Edward  Parry, 
Of  these  gentlemen,  Mr.  Christian  has  me- 
rited the  peculiar  distinction  of  a  degree  of 
honour  in  three  languages.  This  dbtmction 
has  not  been  acquired  by  any  student  of  the 
College,  since  the  year  li$03. 

It  will  be  in  the'  recollection  of  this  assem- 
bly, that  the  late  Illustrious  Visitor  Marquis 
Welleslw,  in  his  address  delivered  on  the  oc- 
casion 01  the  public  disputations,  w  hich  took 
place  in  the  month  of  Sept.  1804,  recom- 
mended a  more  general  attention  to  the  Ver- 
nacular Language  of  Bengal.  1  obser\e  with 
great  satisfaction  the  effect  of  this  reconmien- 
ation  in. the  progressive  improvement  of  se- 
veral of  tlie  students  who  have  directed  their 
attention  to  the  acciuisition  of  that  useful  lan- 
tuagc,  in  which  Mr.  Huch  Geo.  Christian, 
Al,r.  Henry  Newnham >  and  Mr.  Edw.  Parr}', 
have  obtained  degrees  of  honour. 

The  exercises  of  the  present  year  have  also 
been  distinguished  by  th«.  successful  study  of 
the  laws  and  regulations  enacted  for  the  go- 
vernment of  the  British  territories  in  India. 

The  students  who  have  been  distinguished 
by  their  proficiency  in  this  bnmch  of  inqwr- 
tjuu  knowled^,  are,  Mr.  Wm.  Wilberforce 
Bird,  Mr.  i'/alter  Ewer,  and  Mr.  Henry 
Newnham. 

Adverting  to  the  degree  of  proficiency 
which  these  students  have  attained  in  the  ac- 
quisition of  tlie  Oriental  Lanj^uages,  their  suc- 
cessful study  of  tlie  laws  and  regulations 
affords  a  distinguished  proof  of  meritorious  di- 
ligence. 

In  concluding  my  obsenations  upon  the 
progressive  course  of  study  in  the  Collc^  of 
lort  William  during  the  fa^t  year,  1  deem  it 
pro|  cr  to  state,  that  in  the  distribution  of  ap- 
pcir.tments  to  the  students  now  about  to  tn- 
•  gage  in  tlie  public  sen  ice,  strict  attention  will 
be  (.aid  to  their  resjjective  degrees  of  literary 

Sualification,  mid   to  the  recommendation  of 
le  council  of  tlie  College. 
It  must  occaaionally  happen,  tliat  situations 
In  tlic  public  ser\ ice,  whitli  tlie  students  who 
La\e  obtaiucd  degrees  of  honour  are  deemed 


qualified  to  fill,  may  not  be  %'acant  at  the  pe«^ 
riod  of  their  quitting  tlie  College.  In  such 
cases,  an  order  will  be  recorded  on  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  government,  providing  for 
their  nomination  to  suitable  offices  as  va- 
cancies may  occur. 

But  the  principles  of  a  just  and  efficient 
svstem  of  public  achninistration  which  suggest 
the  expediency  of  rewarding  distinguished 
merit  in  the  students  of  the  College,  by  their 
nomination  to  offices  of  trust  and  emolument, 
cfjually  imjxwe  upon  tliis  government  the  duty 
ot  manifesting  its  disapprobation  of  those  stu- 
dents who  shall  violate  the  statutes  of  the 
Collejgc,  or  neglect  the  advantages  of  study 
and  improvement  which  the  institution  af- 
fords. 

I  trust  tl'crcfore  that  a  just  appreciation  of 
the  public  honour  and  reward  which  awaits 
the  proficiency  of  the  students  in  the  objects 
of  their  respective  studies,  and  a  due  sense 
of  the  unfavourable  consequences  which  must 
attend  their  misconduct  or  neglect,  will 
animate  the  exertions  of  the  students  in  the 
acquisition  of  those  branches  of  knowledge^ 
which  are  so  manifestly  requisite  for  the  ef- 
ficient discharge  of  the  duties  of  their  future 
situations  in  the  scnice,  and  the  means  of 
which  are  so  amply  afforded  by  the  establish- 
ed system  of  instruction  in  the  College  of 
Fort  William. 

Satisfied  that  the  most  important  idterestt 
of  the  British  government  in  India  are  con- 
nected witli  tlie  efficiency  of  this  institution, 
I  shall  consider  a  vigilant  observation  of  the 
conduct  of  the  students,  and  of  the  progress 
of  their  studies,  a  due  enforcement  of  the 
statutes,  and  an  unremitted  attention  to 
every  department  of  the  College,  to  constitute 
a  primary  obligation  of  my  public  duty. 

From  the  experience  of  the  jiast  however, 
I  entertain  the  most  confident  expectation, 
that  the  general  conduct  of  the  students,  the 
assiduous  attention  of  the  professors,  and  the 
zealous  acth  ity  of  all  the  officers  of  the  Col- 
lege, will  continue  to  merit  every  possible 
demonstration  of  public  approbation  and  ap* 
plause. 

In  reviewing  the  literary  works  published 
under  the  ^uspices  of  the  College  cluring  the 
last  year,  I  notice  with  sentiments  of  peculiar 
satisfactiori,  an  Elementary  Analysis  of  the' 
La\x  s  and  Het;u1ations  for  Ine  Government  of 
the  British  Territories  in  India. 

1  he  facility'  which  this  work  is  calculated 
to  affbrd  to  the  study  of  the  laws  and  regula- ' 
tions,  and  tlie  practical  advantage  which  may 
be  dtrixed  from  it,  in  the  administration  of ' 
them,  render  it  peadiarly  valuable  both  to 
the  College  and  the  public.  The  design  and 
execution  of  the  work  are  equally  creditable 
to  the  zeal,  iiidustry,  and  ability  of  its  dis* 
tingiii'-Ui-d  auihur,  Mr.  John  fierlicrt  Ha- 
ringion,   the  second  judge  of    the  cotirt  ol 


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Proceet&ngs  of  the  College  of  Bengal. 


t'W 


Sudder  IVwwiny  and  Nizamut  Adawluts, 
and  professor  of  the  laws  and  regulations'  of 
the  British  government  in  India. 

Mr.  HariD^on's  application  of  the  incon- 
ftiderablc  portion  of  leisure  time,  which  the 
duties  of  nis  arduous  and  important  public  si- 
tuation have  afforded,  to  the  accomplishment 
of  this  laborious  undertaking,  manifests  a  de- 
gree of  pablic  spirit,  and  individual  industir, 
to  which  perhaps  no  other  parallel  can  oe 
found  than  in  the  eminent  exertions  and 
scientific  labours  of  his  colleague,  Mr.  Henry 
Thomas  Colebrooke,  to  which  the  CoU^ 
and  the  public  are  indebted  for  various  im- 
portant additions  to  the  general  stock  of  li- 
terary knowledge  and  instruction. 

The  assiduous  attention  of  both  these  able 
and  respectable  public  officers  to  the  interests 
•f  this  institution,  both  as  professors  and 
.  members  of  the  council  of  the  College,  re- 
flects the  highest  credit  upon  their  character 
and  talents,  and  establishes  their  claim  to 
public  approbation  and  applause. 

Other  works  of  great  utility  and  merit  have 
also  distinguished  the  literary  labours  of  the 
past  year  j  A  Hindostaitee  dictionary  now  in 
die  press  ;  a  general  histor}*  of  the  Hindoos ; 
a  review  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the 
Hindoos.  ^ 

For  the  two  last-mentioned  wprks  we  are 
indebted  to  the  labour  and  ability  of  some 
of  the  learned  natives  attached  to  the  College. 
It  is  highly  satisfactory  to  me  to  observe 
the  native  omcers  of  the  College,  imbibing 
the  spirit  of  literary  industry,  and  employing 
their  talents  and  acouirements  in  the  culti- 
^tion  and  diffusion  ot  literature  and  science. 

There  are  also  various  other  useful  and  in- 
genious works,  which  under  the  patronage  of 
me  College,  have  engaged  tlie  labours  of  se- 
veral scientifie  persons  antecedent  to  the  post 
year,  and  have  either  been  actually  published, 
«r  are  now  in  the  press. 

I  deem  it  an  act  of  justice  to  the  industry 
and  ability  of  Mr.  Matthew  Lumsden,  the 
first  assistant  to  the  Persian  and  Arabic  pro- 
faeor,  to  notice  in  terms  ofpeculiar  approba- 
tion, the  grammar  of  the  Persian  langu.igc, 
which  has  long  engaged  the  bbours  of  that 
gendeman.  The  acknowledged  defects  of 
every  work  of  that  description  now  extant, 
have  rendered  the  construction  of  an  accurate 
grammar  of  that  languaf^  peculiarly  desirable. 
Mr.  Lumsden*8  extensive  knowledge  of  Ara- 
bic and  Persian,  has  enabled  him  to  discover 
the  true  princi^es  of  the  dialect  of  Persia  as 
it  at  present  exists  in  its  condition  of  iniimatc 
combination  with  the  language  of  Arabia  ; 
and  with  singular  judgment  and  di'cornment, 
MV.  Lumsden  has  adapted  the  construction 
•f  the  P^r^an  language  to  the  principles  of 
general  grammar. 

The  completion  of  this  valuable  work  v  ill 
naiprially  facilitate  the  acquisition  of    the 


,  Persian  language,  will  constitute  an  important 
addition  to  the  exi&ting  stock  of  philolo^cal 
knowledge,  and  will  reflect  distinguishctl 
credit  on  its  author,  and  on  the  institution 
which  has  encouraged  and  promoted  it. 

I  have  received  with  great  satisfaction  th« 
information  that  under  the  patrr)nage  of  th« 
Asiatic  Society,  the  Society  of  Missionaries  at 
the  Danish  settlement  of  Serampore,  aided 
and  superintended  by  the  abiUty  of  Mr.  Ca- 
re}-, professor  of  the  Shanscrit  and  Bengalee 
languages,  has  undertaken  ^he  translation  of 
some  of  the  most  ancient  and  authentic  works 
of  literature  in  the  former  of  those  languages. 

The  greatest  advantages  may  be  expected  to 
tlie  interests  of  eastern  literature  from  this 
co-Operation  of  the  Asiatic  Society  witli  the 
College  of  Fort  William,  in  facilitating  the 
acquisition  of  oriental  knowledge  and  science. 

i  notice  also  with  peculiar  satisfaction  the 
extensive  and  valuable  collection  of  books, 
which  now  enriches  the  library  of  the  Col- 
le^of  Fort  William. 

The  preservation  and  augmentation  of  th»  . 
collection  of  eastern  manuscripts,  aftbrd  the 
only  mc^ns  of  arresting  the  progressive  de- 
struction of  oriental  learning.  Since  the  dis- 
memberment of  the  Mahomedan  empire, 
those  works  have  been  dispersed  over  India, 
and  have  been  exposed  to  the  injuries  and 
hazards  of  time,  accident,  and  neglect.  It 
is  worthy  of  the  ambition  of  this  great  empire* 
to  employ  every  effort  of  its  influence  in  pre- 
serving troni  destruction  and  decay,  these 
valuable  records  of  oriental  history,  science, 
and  religion  j  and  in  encouraging  individuals 
who  may  be  in  possession  of  scarce  and  va- 
luable literary  works,  to  promote  this  im- 
portant object  by  depositing  works  of  that 
description  in  the  library  of  the  College. 

I  am  happy  to  learn  that  the  descriptive 
catalogue  ot  the  books  and  manuscript5,which 
constituted  the  library  of  Tippoo  Sultaun, 
has  been  completed  by  the  industrious  labours 
of  Captain  Charles  Stewart,  second  assistant 
to  the  Persian  p^ofe^sor.  I  understand  it  is 
the  intention  of  Captain  Stewart,  who  has 
proceeded  to  England,  to  print  that  useful 
and  interesting;  document. 

I  cannot  close  my  view  of  the  literary  branch 
of  this  institution,  without  adverting  to  the 
advantn^cs  which  may  be  expected  to  be 
derived  both  in  Europe  and  in  Asia,  from 
this  mutui'.l  cultivation  of  Asiatic  and  Eu- 
rojx'an  learninsc. 

The  mnncroiis  works  which  h\v3  been 
published  under  the  ^^.u.^piccs  of  the  Collee;^ 
in  the  course  of  the  last  six  vears,  will  iiat 
onlv  open  to  the  learned  in  luirope,  ample 
soutCv's  of  int'orraation  on  all  subjects  of 
oriental  history  niul  science,  hut  will  affwl 
to  the  vnrious  nations  and  triljes  of  lii'lia,  iwA 
esncciallv  to  those  which  coinpoic  the  \iOi\y 
of  our  Indbn  subjccu,  a  more  fa\oarabltt 
G  2 


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Captain  Kfuseniitm't  OhttrvalUns  ia  Je^an, 


tl5» 


view,  and  k  moie  Just  and  accurate  coocep- 
tioD  of  the  Britiidi  characufr«  principles,  and 
Uws,  titan  they  have  hitherto  been  enabled 
to  form ;  and  may  be  ex|)ccted  gradually  to 
diffuse  aaH)ng  them  a  spirit  of  civilization, 
and  an  improved  sense  of  tliose  genuine  prin- 
ciplca  of  morality  and  virtue,  which  ai« 
A^ualiv  calculated  to  promote  their  ham^iness, 
Jd^  to  contribute  to  the  stability  of  tho  Bri* 
tiah  dominion  in  India. 

On  the  e^.iin^  of  the  day  on  which  the 
di^)utation6  were  held,  a  dinner  was  given  to 
tJie  othcers  and  students  of  the  College,  by 
tlie  iionouroble  thcgo^-emor  general  at  the 
eoveriiment  hcuse ;  at  which  were  present 
tne  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  the  members 
cf  the  supreme  council,  and  all  the  principal 
civil  and  military  officers  at  the  presidency. 
------  -  *  — 

I^BTTBR  FROM  CAPTAIN  KRUSEN8TERN  TO 
MR.  SCHUBERT,  OP  THB  IMPERIAL  ACA- 
DEMY OF  PETERSBORGU. 

Port  St.  Peter  and  St,  Paul,  Sthjan.  1806. 
We  are  safely  arrived  in  Japan,  and  an* 
chored  here  the  day  before  yesterday. 

On  the  7th  of  December,  1804,  we  sailed 
from  Kamschatka ;  as  the  season  was  rather 
advanced,  I  only  thought  of  conducting  the 
a.nbassador  to  Nangasaski  as  soon  as  I  pos- 
sibly could.  During  our  passage  I  was  de- 
ttircHuof  reconnoitring  the  country  where,  in 
some  maps,  two  sroupes  of  islands  are  marked 
under  the  denomination  of  isles  of  1664  and. 
1714.  I  steered  directly  in  that  situation, 
but  could  discover  no  land.  At  last  we  per^ 
oeived  the  coasts  of  Japan,  from  which  we 
were  at  first  driven  by  a  violent  storm  ;  but  it 
having  abated,  I  drew  near  the  coasts  a^in  ; 
and  again  we  were  overtaken  by  a  most  dread- 
ful hurricane }  we  must  unavtiidably  have 
periidied  if  the  wind  had  notshifted  suddenly, 
m  a  truly  providential  manner.  Most  beau- 
tiful wesdhef  succeeding  the  tempest,  we  were 
allowed  to  suney  the  soutli-cast  coast  of 
Japon. 

I  sailed  across  the  Straits  of  Van  Diemen, 
which  b  drawn  in  a  quite  difl[ercnt  manner 
in  the  French  and  Kngiish  charts :  I  found 
that  both  were  incorrtx!t. 

We  discovered  besides,  several  isles  and 
dangerous  banks  of  rocks;  we  base  deter- 
mined their  position  with  the  strictest  ac- 
curary,  likewise  the  Utitude  and  longitude  of 
those"  of  the  Gottro  islands  which  are  si- 
tuated at  the  south-w^t.  Tlie  Cajie  Gottro, 
which  fr>rnj8  the  south-west  point  of  all  the 
Japanese  possessions,  lias  been  fixed  with  no 
less  prtTision. 

On  the  8 til  of  October  we  anchored  at 
Kang^isdski,  where  we  conlinueil  to  the  18lh 
of  April,  1805.  For  fcvcn  months  1  enjoyed 
thii  utmpst  tnmquinitj  -,  1  mad»  the  best  of 


my  time  during  those  leisure  hours.  I 
think  it  incumbent  upon  me  to  give  you  a 
brief  account  of  my  occupations.  In  concert 
with  Doctor  Homer  I  first  studied  to  deter- 
mine the  longitude  of  Nangasaski  by  the  dis* 
tance  of  the  moon.  Each  of  us  measured 
above  500  distances.  The  middle  term  of  all 
gives  for  the  longitude  of  the  centre  of  that 
city  (known  for  200  years,  but  the  position 
of  which  we  are  the  first  who  have  deter- 
mined), 230  deg.  8  min.  east  of  the  meridian 
of  Grenville,  and  latitude  32  deg.  44  min. 
50  sec. 

In  the  Connoissance  dei  Temps,  and  almost 
all  charts,  we  find  SS8  deg.  18  min.  long., 
and  32  deg.  32  min.  lat.  Fhe  Dutch  have 
published  nothing  relative  to  the  longitude 
and  latitude  of  Nangasaski. 

Our  time-pieces  or  watches  were  always 
perfectly  right ;  one  alone  aller  so  long  a  voy* 
age  haa  only  varied  one  minute.  I  have  also 
made,  during  my  stay  at  this  place,  meteoro- 
logical obser\'ations,  which  I  will* send  you  ae 
soon  as  I  have  written  them  fair.  We  have  harl 
remarkably  fine  weather  during  October,  No- 
vember and  December.  The  winter  season 
first  b^n  in  January,  and  frequently  the  wind 
was  boisterous.  Tlie  thermometer  often  was 
at  the  freezing  point;  we  had  also  a  few  falls 
of  snow,  but  not  in  large  Quantities.  In  tlie 
month  of  May  the  wina  blew  toutherlvy 
however  the  north  wind  prevailed  at  last. 
Very  cloudy,  frequent  showers. 

March  26.  A  most  tremendous  storm; 
and  although  the  interior  harbour  of  Nanga- 
saski be  very  secure  against  the  wind,  we  were 
(breed  to  cast  a  thim  anchor.  Six  times  a- 
dajr  I  have  made  my  notes  respecting  the 
height  of  the  thermometer,  barometer,  and 
hy^meter :  but,  the  most  interesting,  in  my 
opmion,  is  that  relative  to  the  tide ;  whien 
has  been  measured  with  the  most  scrupulous 
exactness  by  my  pilot,  uuder  my  own  mspec- 
tion. 

During  the  last  six  weeks  (both  by  nighi 
and  by  day)  I  have  often  made  eight  or  ten 
obsenations  in  an  hour.  The  highest  tide, 
11  feet  5  inches,  was  April  8,  two  days  after 
the  new  moon ;  tlien  in  her  greatest*  proxi- 
mity to  the  eartl\ ;  a  gentle  north  wind  blow- 
ing. The  lowc.'it  tide  was  only  fourteen 
inclies ;  Murch  20,  four  days  after  the  qua- 
drature; three  days  ^fter  the  equinox;  the 
moon  being  then  at  the  equator,  and  the- 
wind  gently  blowing  north. 

At  the  time  of  the  new,  and  of  the  full 
moon,  the  tide  conies  at  7  b.  47  min.  I  know 
not  of  a  more  favourable  place  in  which  cor- 
rectly to  observe  the  tides,  not  only  on  ac« 
count  of  tlicir  great  regularity,  but  because 
the  sea  is  almost  e\-er  calm,  aiui  is  swoln 
only  by  the  most  violent  storms. 

Tlie  Japanese  have  been  of  great  assistance 
to  me  for  the  complete  execution  of  u>y  plan 


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of  the  harbour  of  Nanganski.  Our  nav  ^a- 
tim  from  the  entrance  to  the  interior  part  of 
the  harbour,  lasted  tliree  months ;  >ve  stopp -d 
at  £Te  diiferent  places,  and  ibose  five  pauses 
have  been  of  great  advantage  to  ii8  in  tne 
aztatnment  of  our  object. 

Lieutenant  Lowenstem  has  collected  a  va- 
Liable  quantity  of  desizns  of  the  many  vcs- 
•ds  we  have  seen,  with  their  various  colours 
and  other  decorations.  Among  the  Japanese, 
c\-efy  person  of  rank  has  his  own  particular 
colours  and  decoratiotis.  Baron  de  Billings- 
haosen  has  copied  sc\eral  of  the  country 
•hips,  and  has  a  very  exact  drawing  of  a  Chi- 
nese felucca.  Counsellor  Tilesius  has  com- 
pleted a  large  collection  of  designs  of  ftshes, 
birds,  plants,  and  other  productions  of  the 
tea.  Uoctor  Langdorf  has  stuffed  and  em- 
bahne  J  most  of  those  same  birds  and  fishes. 

IKJBCTI0K8  OF  THE  NERVES. 

M.  OsiANDER  has  lately  exhibited  to  the 
University  of  Gottingcn,  several  prcjiaralions 
of  the  nerx-es,  injected  with  mcrcurv.     It  is 
already  known  by  the  interesting  work  of  M. 
Reil,  de  struciura  nervorum,  that  the  optic 
nerves,  after  a  certain  preparation,  might  be 
injected  with  mercur)- ;  that  is  to  say,  after 
tht  expulsion  of  the  softened  contents  of  the 
•nialler  tubes,  canaiiculi,  by  means  of  a  sy- 
ringe of  a  puticular  construction    mercury 
may  be  distribtited  throughout  them,  because 
thwe  canaliculi  anastomose,  ordommnnicate 
with  each  other,  so  that  injection  is  necessary 
only  by  one  oritice.     During  many  years  M. 
Onander  has  practised  such  injections  in  a 
manner  peculiar  to  himself.    He  has  shewn 
die  optic  nerves  of  oxen,  and  calves,  resem- 
bling threads  of  silver,  interlaced,  pre8er\'cd 
in  spirits  of  wine.    He  remarked  on  this  oc- 
casion, that  Goiter  of  Nuremberg  in  his  work, 
now  very  raie,  intituled, "  Extemarum  et  in- 
**  temarum  principalium  humani    corporis 
"ptrtiuni   tabulae,  Norib.  1572,  fol.-  had 
^ik  P*  ®7»    "  Opticus  nervus  minime,   ut 
**  Galenus  aliiquc  ejus  asseche  voluemnt,  ex 
"  solido  corpore  eoque  perforato  constat,  ve- 
"  rum  noo  alitcr  aUjue  cetcri  omnes  nervi, 
•*  ex  multis  nervosis  fibris  sivc  filamentis  sibi 
"  mutuo  membranarum  beneiicio  connatis 
''  conflatur.   Hoc  in  boiino  optico  neno  luce 
"  clarios  est,  nam  si  medulbrcm  frusti  cu- 
"  jusdam  nenri  optici  humiditatem  digtiiscx- 
'*pre80eris,filamentaner\-osaconspicies.  Idem 
**  attestatur  Eiistachius  in  examine  ossium 
•*  ubi  sic  inquit :  nervut  visorius  veluti  te- 
**  naissimum  matronarum  linteum,  in  innu- 
"  meras  rugas  aequalcs  et  pi.ri  serie  distribu- 
**  Us  complicatus,  tuniculaque  illas  ambiente 
"  coactus  hac  eadem  incisa  evolvi  sese  per- 
'*  mittcbat  et  in  amplam  membranam  totum 
•*  explicari  atoue  intendi." 

Consequently  Coiter  was  acquainted  with 
•we  iftiuctare  and  tcxturt  of  th«  optic  nervet^ 


and  on  this  acquaintance  is  founded  the  pos^ 
•^ibilhy,  questioned  by  many,  of  injecting 
these  nerves  with  mercury.'  However,  till 
now  no  attempt  had  been  made  to  inject  other 
ner>*es  than  the  optic,  especially  in  union 
with  various  parts  of  the  body,  because  it 
was  not  understood  bv  what  iheans  the  nerves 
might  be  prepared  for  the  reception  of  tho 
mercury.  But  M.  Osiander  took  advantage 
of  an  opportunity  offered  by  nature,  herself, 
to  promote  such  an  undertaking.  Some  time 
ago,  of  twins  whidi  were  born  in  the  lying- 
in  hospital,  one  died  of  a  watery  head.  M. 
Osiander  on  examining  the  brum,  found  the 
softer  substance  extremely  shrunk,  but  the 
cortical,  on  the  contrary,  c'xtcndul  by  tl  e  wa- 
ter, with  the  fine  pellicules  of  the  briin; 
and  presenting  that  membraneous  tubstanoa, 
which  Dr.  Gall  is  of  opinion,  may  be  effected 
in  any  brain,  by  art.  This  obscn-ation  led 
him  to  conjecture  that  the  marrowy  substanca 
of  the  ner^-es  of  this  child  might  be  equally 
shrunk  and  wasteJ  in  the  nerx'ous  canals,  so 
as  to  permit  the  progress  of  mercury.  Ha 
tried,  m  consequeiKC,  to  inject  several  nervet 
of  the  body,  and  succeeded. 

M .  Osiander  shewed  this  preparation ,  uniqut 
in  its  kind,  in  which  the  nervus  pkrenicui  of 
tlie  left  side,  the  Irvncui  communis  pro  nrrco 
mediano,  culUali  et  cuitmeo,  the  norm  cuti* 
talis,  aitanrus  major,  palmnris  medianus^ 
and  the  rami  digifafes  ex  medianor  were  jiar- 
tially  injected  to  tiic  ends  of  the  fingers  with 
quicksilver.  In  the  left  foot,  the  ncrvi  Inm' 
baits,  cruralis,  saphenus,  with  many  of  their 
branches^  were  clearly  shewn,  without  any 
varicose  extent.  M.  Osiander  infers,  that  in 
this  way,  and  after  an  experiment  which  has 
so  fully  succeeded,  art  may  succeed  hereafter 
in  injecting  with  quicksifver  the  nerves  of 
those  subjects  which  have  been  wasted  by  dis* 
ease,  till  at  length  the  nervous  system  may  be 
as  completely  exhibited  and  understood  as  th« 
lymphatic  now  is.  Certain  ejects  which 
have  been  obser>'ed,  give  reason  toconcludo 
tliat  similar  injections  are  equally  possible  ia 
other  subjects  also. 

.   SPECIFICATIOirS  OP  PATENTS. 

Patent  granted  to  Richard  Willcox,  of  Lanv* 
beth,  in  the  County  of  Surrey,  EnainfXfr; 
for  Machinery  for  the  more  expeditiously 
cutting,  stripping,  or  plucking  the  various 
Furs,  Beavers,  Seals,  Wool,  Hair,  &c. 
from  the  various  Skins  now  cut,  plucked, 
or  8trip|)ed  by  Hand,  and  for  sundry  Me* 
thods  of  preparing  and  cleansing  the  said 
Skins. — ^Uatcd  December  19,  1805. 
This  invention  is  ingenious,  but  of  limited 

utility,  and  not  to  be  uudentood  without  the 

drawings  which  accompany  iu 

Patent  granted  to  Messrs.  Hobson,  Sylvester, 
and  Moorehouse,  of  Sheffield,  for  a  new 
Method  of  sheathing  Ships,  roofing  Houan 
G3 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


1711 


List  of  Patents. 


un 


■    and  lining  Water-spotits. — Dated  May  18, 
1806. 

The  material  used  for  tlicsc  puqxwes  is 
zinc,  or  spelter,  cast  into  ingots,  bars  or  pieces 
of  any  convenient  size  ;  then  tolled  between 
rollers,  into  plates  of  any  required  thickness. 
In  order  to  prevent  the  zinc  or  spelter  from 
cracking  or  breaking  by  the  pressure  of  the 
rollers,  it  must  be  heated  by  fire  to  a  degree 
between  COO  and  300  of  Fahrenheit  5  and 
kept  at  that  heat  till  the  metal  is  reduced  to 
or)e-fourth  of  its  original  tliickness;  after 
which  it  may  be  rolled  to  the  thickness  re- 
quired without  farther  heating.  These  plates 
being  very  hard,  and  difficult  to  be  bent  or 
worked,  they  must  be  annealed,  by  again 
heating  them  to  the  temperature  before  men- 
tioned, and  will  then  possess  sufficient  tena- 
city and  flexibility,  to  be  cut,  bored,  punched, 
or  perforated  like  copper ;  and  may  be  fasten- 
ed with  irort  nails  to  ships  or  vessels  having 
the  usual  treenails,  bolts,  or  fastenings,  but 
not  of  copper  ;  or  the  nails  may  be  of  iron 
coated  with  zinc  or  spelter,  or  with  tin. 

The  best  general  rule  for  applying  metals 
as  fastenings  for  zinc  or  spelter  sheatning,  is 
to  take  that  metal  which  is  nearest  in  Gal- 
vanic power  to  zinc  or  spelter  itself,  and  causes 
the  least  quantity  of  oxydation  when  made 
with  zinc  or  spelter  into  a  Galvanic  pile.  Iron 
and  tin  arc  metals  of  this  description,  and 
these  amonff  metals  in  general  arc  to  be  pre- 
ferred, of  which  a  piece  beinc  laid  in  salt  wa^ 
ter,  in  coiitacrwith  a  piece  ot  zinc  or  spelter, 
is  found  to  produce  the  smallest  chan?;e  in  jJie 
zinc  or  spelter  in  any  given  time,  The  sheets 
of  zinc  or  spelter  for  roofing  of  houses  or 
lining  of  spouts  are  to  be  manufactured,  an- 
nealed, and  fastened  in  the  same  manner, 
and  with  the  same  materials,  or  othcr\visc, 
when  it  is  thought  licedful  to  fasten  the  plates 
more  closely  to  ciich  other.  The  same  may 
be  done  by  a  solder  composed  of  tin  and  zinc 
or  s|>elter,'  or  a  solder  of  tin  and  lead,  si- 
milar to  that  used  by  plumbers  and  other 
artists,  under  the  name  of  soft  solder, 

Patent  granted  to  William  Sampson,  of  Liver- 
pool, in  the  County  of  Lancaster,  W'hcel- 
-vvripht;  for  certain  Improvements  in  the 
i\ Implication  of  Power  employed  mechani- 
cally, especially  as  adapted  to  the  Use  of 
Cranks  and  Fly-wheels,  or  other  Contri- 
%-anccs  producing  equivalent  or  similar  Ef- 
fects.—Dated  February  12,   I80(j. 
This  invention  isdistinguislied  by  various 
advantageous  dispositions  of  ntechanic  agency, 
'llic  impro\cmcnts  principally  consist  m  the 
division  of  npv  power  which  turns  a  recipro- 
cating axis  between  two  or  more  arms  inter- 
secting that  a\  s,  and  communicatinyE  their 
motion  to  corr  -^ponding  cranks,  wheels,   or 
^tluT  suitiible  cfinlrivanccs,  for  the  purpose 
f  f  uniting  to  work  one  and  the  same  shaft  ^ 


the  arms  by  this  ^mbined  process  transmit- 
ting to  such  shaft,  with  great  advantage,  the 
power  impressed  on  them ;  for  the  action  of 
each  arm  assists  that  of  the  rest,  and,  if  the 
power  be  equally  divided  between  the  two 
arms,  the  aclion  of  the  one  exactly  balanced 
that  of  the  other. 

Machinery,  generally  speaking;,  cannot  be 
too  simple  :  wc  are  afraid  that  this  invention 
leads  to  a  complication  of  parts:  possibly, 
however,  ejcpcneucc  may  prove  our  fears  \a 
be  unfounded. 

List  fif  Patents  for  Inventions^  &t. 

Richard  Tomkinson,  of  the  town  of  Liver- 
pool, in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  Sak-Mer^ 
chant ;  for  a  machine,  engine,  or  instrtiment, 
for  makinc;  white  salt,  and  preparing  brino 
to  make  w-hite  salt. — Dated  August  C  I8O6- 

James  Rawlinson,  of  the  town  of  Derby^ 
Gentleman;  for  certain  improvements  on  ap- 
paratus commonly  made  use  of  as  trusses 
or  bandages  for  ruptures. — Dated  August  Ip 
ISO6. 

Peter  MarsUmd,  of  Heaton  Notris,  in  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  Cotton-spiimer;  for  an 
improved  method  of  weaving  cotton,  linen, 
woollen,  worsted,  and  mohair,  and  each  or 
any  of  them  by  nwicliinery. — "D^ted  August  1, 
1806. 

Thomas  Fricker,  of  New  Bond*8treet,  in 
the  count)'  of  Middlesex,  Paper-hanger ;  an4 
Richard  Clarke,  of  Manor-street,  Chelsea, 
in  die  said  county,  Paper-hanging  Manufac^ 
turer ;  for  a  new  mode  of  decorating  the  walls 
of  apartments  in  imitation  of  $ne  cloth, 
without  joint,  seam,  or  shade,  by  means  of 
cemcnthig  of  flock  on  walls  of  plaster,  wood, 
linen,  or  paper— Dated  August  1,  I8O6. 

Ralph  Walker,  of  Black  wall,  in  the  county 
of  Middlesex,  engineer,  for  an  improved  mode 
of  making  ropes  and  cordage  of  every  dimen- 
sion or  size,  by  not  only  making  all  the  yarns 
bear  equally  w  the  strand,  and  laying  the 
strands  uniformly  in  the  rope,  but  also  by  mak- 
ing the  rope  or  cordage  from  the  yams  in  the 
same  operation .-r-Dated  August  9,  I8O6. 

Josias  Robbins,  of  Liverpool,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Lancaster,  Millwright,  and  James 
(Curtis,  of  the  city  of  Bristol,  Coppersmifh; 
for  certain  improvements  in  boilers  for  manu- 
facturing sugar,  and  in  the  mode  of  fTxing 
the  same,  whereby  much  labour  and  fuel 
will  be  saved. — ^Dated  August  20,  I8O6. 

John  Byw*ater,  of  the  town  and  county  of 
the  town  of  Nottingham,  for  an  improve- 
ment in  certain  sails  of  ships,  and  other  na- 
vigable vessels,  and  the  mode  of  working  the 
same. — ^Dated  August  22,  1 8O6. 

John  Curr,  of  Belle  Vue  House,  in  the 
county  of  York,  Gentleman  j  for  a  method 
of  laying  and  twisting  the  varns  that  ^m\ 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


1^1 


ProposUa  Philanlliropica. — Bille  Societiet. 


[174 


pose  a  rope  ;  by  which  method  the  yams  of 
a  rope  have  a  better  and  more  equal  bearing 
than  in  other  ropes. — August  23,  I8O6.   » 

Richard  Ford,  of  the  city  of  Bristol,  Ro|x:- 
makfer  ;  for  a  new  kind  of  cordage,  made  by 
a  process  entirely  new,  from  old  rope  or  junk, 
or  such  short  ends  of  new  n)pc  as  are  now 
commonly  converted  only  into  oakum  or 
coarse  paper ;  by  means  of  which  process  the 
objections  to  coriiage  usually  termed  twice- 
laid  corda^  are  totally  oGviated,  and  the 
oewly-invented  cordage  is  made  nearly  equal 
to  cordage  made  from  new  materials.-^Dated 
August  30,   I8O6.    Rep,  Arls,  ^c.  No.  52. 

PROPOSITA  PHILAXTIIROPICA. 

homo  sum 

Humanum  nihil  a  me  alicnum  puto. 

BIBLE    SOCIETIES. 

It  appears  from  the  second  (anniuil)  report 
©f  the  British  and  foreign  bible  society.  May 
7,  I8O6.     That, 

The  German  protestant  edition  of  the  New 
Testament,  printed  by  the  Nuremberg  society, 
has  been  delivered  to  their  subscribers^at  12 
kreutzers  (less  ihanjice-pencr)  per  copy.  The 
types  are  kept  stiinding.  The  same  society 
published  pro|x>!^i)Is  for,  printinc;  the  old  Tes- 
tament: but  it  collected  in  Germany,  not  more 
than  5,000  florins :  the  expense  ^vould  be 
11,000  florins.  Tlie  British  fociety  voted  as  an 
additional  donation  j£'2(X).  At  Berlin,  a 
\>iV>\e  society  is  formed,  to  which  the  King 
has  given  20  Frederics  d*Or.  This  society 
has  received  from  England  XlOO ;  and  a  pro- 
miseof  jglOOmorc,  \n  the  e^ent  of  its  un- 
dertaking a  Polish  bible.  The  catholics  at 
Baiisbon  have  subscribed  for  t^ic  reprinting  of 
Mr.  Schwarzel*s  New  Testament.  To  a  bi- 
ble society  established  in  Esthonia,  for  tlie 
Esthonian,  Fiimish  and  Swedish  Provinces, 
the  London  society  has  remitted  £  1 50.  Two 
thousand  copies  of  N.  T.  in  Spanish  for  dis- 
tribution among  the  Spanish  prisoners  of 
war,  with  1000  extra  copies  of  the  Gospel  of 
St.  Mathew,  have  been  printed,  and  grate- 
fully received.  A  number  of  French  Testa- 
OMntB  have  been  bought  and  distributed. 

The  edition  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  John,  in 
*he  Mohawk  language,  which  was  printed  at 
the  expense  of  the  society,  and  forwarded  to 
Canada,  for  the  purpose  of  distribution 
among  the  native  American*',  had  reached 
Montreal  at  the  close  of  last  yeaf ;  and  there 
^Ttawn  to  believe  that  by  this  time  it  has 
1^  conveyed  to  the  Indian  settlements.  It 
^afford  tnc  well-wishers  of  the  society  satis- 
^^c^kia  lo  know,  that  the  interpreters  in  the 
lodiiQ  villain  deem  the  translation  to  be  very 
correct, 

A  bible  toeiety  is  formed  in  Ireland,  re- 
CQtmneiided  by  a  catholic  bishop,  and  1000 
copies  of  the  stereotyped  edition  m  ]2nio.  are 
aettfromEoglaod  lor  ditperuop  aiuong  the 


catholics.  Tlie  general  Interest  of  the  in* 
stitulion  has  been  tcreatly  promoted  in  Scot- 
land. Out  of  335^000  'highlandcrs  300,0(^0 
comprehend  the  Gaelic  language  onlv^ 
20,000  copies  of  O.  and  N.  T.  are  ordered  for 
their  use.  The  Uhnd  of  Jer-ey,  has  recei\cd 
300  copies  of  N.  T.  in  French.  20.000  co- 
pies of  the  bible  in  Welsh  :  10,000  additional 
of  N.  T.  are  ordered:  the  latlorare  complete. 
The  book  of  Genesis  and  the  Gospel  of  St. 
Mathew  fvrc  commenced  in  the  Chinese  lan- 
guage. The  funds  fot  tlib  work  are  chiefly 
expected  from  Europe. 

We  may  safely  report  on  the  whole, 
That  tne  society  has  made  considerable 
strides  towards  the  accomplishment  of  it's  ob- 
ject :  but  that  oljject  must  l)e  deemed  im  [per- 
fectly accomplished  whilst  any  nations,  to 
whom  the  blessing  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  can 
be  conveyed  by  means  of  the  tiible  society,  re- 
main in  want  of  them;  and  hence  it  will  ap- 
pear that  subscriptions,  donations,  and  col- 
lections, are  more  than  e\er  neces"viry  to  ena- 
ble thd  society  to  maintain  it*3  engagements, 
and  carry  into  full  effect  die  wishes  of  it'f 
supporters. 

in  Dublin  last  year  were  distributed,  at  an 
expense  of  .£952'  Qs.  3.0i!)0  bibles;  6,G07 
testaments;  2,228  prayer  books ;  17,93 i  mo- 
ral tracts :  the  demand  for  further  donations 
of  a  like  kind  is  progressively  and  rapidly  in- 
creasing.   . 

The  public  officers  of  this  Society  are,  Pre- 
sident, Lord  Teignmoulh;  nine  Vice-Presi- 
dents ;  Treasurer,  Hen.  Thornton,  Esq.  M.  P. 
Secretaries,  Rev.  .Tohn  Owen,  Fulham  ;  Rev. 
Joseph  Hughes,  Battersca ;  Rev.  C.  F.  Stein- 
kopff,  Savoy,  London. 
Sluie  oflhe  Society's  Fund,  March  31^  I8O6. 

RECEIPTS.  £. 

Balance  31  March,  1805     .     .     107 
Subscriptions    to  31    March, 

180()        I.'JIO 

Donations,  to  some  time     .     .  112/ 

Collections  from  various  con- 
gregations in  Scotland,  viz. 
Presbyt.  GI;us;:ow  i.*388  Is.  6d, 
other  conjiregations  613.  7.  (>. 
Presbyt.  Ktiinburgh  6^.  9.  9. 
Presbyt.  of  l^aisley  620*.  1 9.  11. 
other congregat ions  I74.  13.  9., 
Presbyt.  liaittilion  298    12.  3, 
Presbytery  of  A vr    172.    I.  8. 
Presb\  terv-  of  In  nic  263.  l(i.  8. 
.Sundry  otJier  con-^re- 
galions  in  Scotland  24.').   1.  2,  3939 
Collections     in   AVales     .     .     1837 
Ditto  in  England     .     .     ,     ,     U)6 
Interest  on  exchequer  bills  .     .     120 
By  sale  of  Knglish  stereotyprd 
Testaments  at  reduced  iviees 
By  sale  of  the  society's  annual 
report      .•,.... 


19 
9 


d. 
11 

0 
U 


4 

4 
\G 
12 


2 
2i 

44 
7 


G4 


122  13     9 
2   11     3 
8934   18     2| 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


175] 


Society  for  Missions  to  Africa. 


[17(5 


J>XtW^ViUEMT8. 


465 


d. 

1 

5 
0 


Stationary,  prioting^bindin)^    . 

StereotvpiB     Testameots    from 

the  Cambridge  press  .     .     .    219    6 

Frc,Qc'i  Testaments  ,     .     .     ,      ^6 

To  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Oberlm,  of 
Waldbach,  Alsatia,  for  dis- 
tributing Bibl<^      ....     20    0    0 

To  a  religious  society  at  Basle, 
for  distributing  ]:*rench  pro- 
testant  Bibles 100    0    0 

To  German  bible  society  at  Nu- 
remberg, in  aid.  of  printing 
the  Scriptures  in  German     .     200    0    0 

To  bible  society  Berlin     .     .     100    0    0 

Tp  the  Rev.  T)t  Knapp,  of 
Halle  for  purchasing  Gcnnan 
Bibles  for  poor  protestants  in 
Gallicia 20    0    0 

Incidental    expenses      .     .     .     2j3    7  U§ 

Assistant  ser^retaries  i  two  years     I90    Q    0 

rurcliasc  of  exchequer  bills 


.  6930   e 

8 

8573  4 
.  301  J4 

8934  18 

2f 

Balance  31  March,  I8O6 

Thomas  Smith, 
Aceouniant. 

We  also  learn,  that  the  stereotipe  edition,  of 
the  Old  Testament  in  Welch,  by  being  divided 
at  the  press  into  three  pans,  is  advancing  very 
briskly.  Another  by  that  truly  respectable 
institution  the  society  for  promoting  Christian 
knowledge  among  the  poor.  The  state  of 
Biblical  information  by  means  of  translations, 
in  the  East-Indies,  may  be  seen  in  our  sketch 
of  the  History  of  the  College  at  Calcutta, 
pge  159.  The  edition  of  tlie  bible  in  Arabic 
IS  progressive  -,  but  we  believe  not  very  rapid. 

0OCIBTT     FOR     MISSIONS   TO    AFRICA     AND 
THB   EAST,     BY    MEMBERS    OP  THE   ESTA- 
BLISHED CHDRCH.     Sixth  Anniversary. 
The  establishment  of  this  Mission  is  at 
Sierra  l^eone,  on  the  Coast  of  Africa. 

The  last  letters  received  from  the  Mission- 
aries are  dated  Jan.  14  and  15,  1806;  and 
were  accompnied  by  Mr.  Hartwig's  Journal 
from  Nov.  25  to  Dec^  29,  1803.  . 

They  were  anxious  for  the  arrival  of  their 
brethren  j  but  they  purposed  to  quit  the  Co- 
lony, if  a  suitable  opportunity  offered,  with- 
out waiting  their  amval,  and  follow  the  di- 
rection of  the  committee  in  immediately  esta- 
l>li8hingrthemsclves  up  the  country. 

Mr.  Kenner  had  baptized,  since  he  had 
officiated  in  the  Colony,  forty-six  children, 
thirty  belonging  to  the  Nova-Scotians  and 
sixteen  to  the  Maroons :  none  of  them  older 
than  thirteen  years. 

On  rhe  loth  of  Aucust,  1805,  the  fol- 
lowing three  brethren  were  presented  to  the 
conmiiiiee,  ha\ing  recently  arrived  from  Ger- 
inany:  '  '^ 


Rev.  Gustavus  Heinhold  Xylander,  a  na- 
tive of  Revel,  in  Livonia,  aged  29. 

Rev.  Leopld  Butscher,  a  native  of  Ueber- 
lingen,  on  the  Bodensee,  in  Swabia,  aged  29. 

Rev.    John  Godofred  Prasse,  a  native  of 
Seif  hennendorf,  in  Upper  Lusalia,  aged  28- 

These  Missionaries  were  to  have  been  ac- 
companied by  John  Charies  Barneth ;  but, 
•'  1  he  committee,  after  frequent  conferences 
with  Mr.  B.,  and  having  heard  the  repo^  of 
the  medical  gentlemen  who  had  attended  his 
wife  in  a  recent  illness,  and  who  represented 
her  constitution  as  altogether  unfit  to  encoun- 
ter a  tropical  climate,  resolved,  that  though 
they  were  perfectly  satis6ed  of  the  personal 
piety  and  Missionary  zeal  of  Mr.  Barneth, 
and  would  have  gladly  engaged  him  had  he 
obtained  ordination,  and  haa  not  the  state  of 
his  wife's  health  precluded  them  from  sending 
her  to  Africa ;  yet,  after  maturely  considerr 
ing  all  circumstances,  they  felt  themselvjes 
under  the  painful  necessity  of  declining  to 
take  him  under  their  protection.  In  conse- 
ouence  of  this  resolution,  Mr.  B.  and  his 
(amity  returned  by  the  first  opportunity  to  . 
Berlin,  and  your  committee  made  him  such 
compensation  for  any  loss  which  he  migh( 
have  sustained  by  his  engagement  with  the 
society,  as  the  Ue\'.  Mr.  Jaenicke  suggested.** 

We  record  this  truly  honourable  conduct 
with  great  pleasure. 

These  Missionaries  on  their  intended  vovt 
age  were  stranded  on  the  Coast  of  Irclana  ; 
but  were  saved,  and  afterwards  embarked  at 
Bristol,  for  Sierra  Leone.  The  committee 
has  in  contemplation  a  mission  to  the  east. 
State  of  the  Society's  Fund,  March  31,  I8O6. 
Bal.  in  hand,  March  31,  1^05       45   ip    7 

RECEIVED. 

Subscr.  3farrA  1805  and  I8O6    720  12  6 

Donations    to     the  same  time    300  15  0 

Congregational  collections  do.     1331   11  5^ 

Interest  on  exchequer  bills       .       37  11  0 

Div.  ^4000  3  per  cent  consols      60    0  0 

Sale  of  j^lOOO  exchequer  bills    1025     5  I 

Sale  of  ^700  India  bonds       .     749  14  10 

Sale  of  society^s  annual  lle|K)rt         9  1 1  6 


j1'4281  0    Qi 

PAID.  — — m 

Missionaries  in  Africa         .     .    711  11     3f 

Ditto  in  England      .     .     •     .     324  10  U 

Ditto  traveUing  expenses    .     .    $6S  14    6 

Education  of  students    ...     155  0 

Stationary,  printing,  and  books     124  5 

Incidental  expenses  ....     2S0  Q 

;^4000  3  per  cent  consbb  Ann.  2335  0 

Balance  31  March,  I8O6 


0 
7 

3* 
0 


4139  11 
141     9 


9 
01 


Jt43»l  0  9t 
of  this  institur 
a  committee  of 


The  Regular  Officers 
tion  are  se^cn  governors,  and 
twenty-four    gentlemen.    Treasurer,    Henry 
Thornton,  Esq.  M.  P.  Secretary,  Rev.  Jo^ 
Pratt^  Douughty  Street, 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


im 


Friends  of  Foreigners  in  Distress.— Unfortunate  Females. 


{.lit 


At  the  object  iff  the  following  Societies  is 
BcnevoUmcc  ;  Donaiipns,  Suvscriptions,  or 
Favours  of  any  kind^  intended  Jot  them^ 
wUt  tc  recnoed  at  the  Office  of  the 
LiTCRARY  Panorama,  Hattori  Garden, 
(or  for  others  oj  a  similar  character y  whose 
Rkgolar  Officers  will  favour  us  with 
eommunications) ,  and  punctually  remitted 
to  the  Af onagers, 

Fkiestds  of  Foreiokers  IK  Distress. 

We  feel  a  sincere,  and  we  venture  to  say, 

a  laudable    pleasure,    in  announcing  to  the 

Public,  an    institution  characterized  by  the 

paresl  benevolence.     It  has  been  customary 

among  the  Chaplains  of  the  several  Embassies 

residing  in    L.ondon  to  meet  occasionally  in  a 

kind    of    Society,    wherein,  .  among    other 

things,  the  state*  of  the  poor  of  their  respective 

nations,  -was  occasionally  discussed.     As  may 

be  supposed*  each  of  these  worthy  ministers 

had  reoffved  from  his  countrymen  applications 

too  numerous,  to  be  satisfied  by  the  personal 

benevolence  of   an  individual  ;*    it  therefore 

became  the  svibject  of  discussion  ^mong  them 

^elher  an  appeal  should  not  be  made  to  the 

Iiational    generosity  of  Britons:    and   after 

rinmlating  among  their  friends  proposals  to 

this  effect,  a  meelin*;  was  held,  at  the  London 

Tavern,  at  wliich  Coim.t  de  Rehausen,   the 

Swedish  Ambassador,  presided. 

The  purport  of  this  institution  being 
kttown.  It  has  been  joined  by  several  highly 
T^spectable  person^*,  and  is  likely  to  assume  a 
;«gular  form,  and  more  decided  operations  in 
the  course  of  the  ensuing  winter.  The  address 
printed  by  the  Socieu  observes,  that, 

None,  anions  all  tlie  children  of  misfor- 
tune, have  a  fairer  clauu  to  a  portion  of 
^stance  fipm  the  feeling  and  aflBuent,  than 
tbose  who  are  destitute  m  a  strange  land  ; 
whose  ignorance  of  our  language  and  man- 
ners, precludes  them  from  the  means  of 
gaining  subsistence,  or  renders  them  a  prey  to 
the  base  and  the  artful;  and  who,  if  hen 
wpk  in  poverty,  or  worn  by  disease,  seek  in 
'^in  for  consolation,  or  sympathy. 

The  intention  of  the  Society  is  to  administer 
relief,  without  distinction  of  profession,  of 
^?«ntry,  or  of  religion,  to  such  indigent  and 
nnlnased  stran^rs,  who  may  unfortunately  be 
found  in  a  city  like  this,  the  emporium  of 
«>mmerce  and  tup  favoured  seat  of  the  arts  and 
icienccs. 

The  object  of  the  Society,'  is  to  assist  those 
"  who  arc  not  entitled  to  parochial  relief}  and 
*ao  such  as,  having  obtained  a  settlement  in 
"^w  country,  may  have  a  legal  claim  to  a  bare 
^hsistence  from  a  parish  t  to  both  descrip- 
tions relief  will  be  given,  as  circumstances 
W»ay  require ;  and  where  the  Society  judges  it 
P/opcr,  the  indigent  will  be  provl(ied  with 
the  means  of  returning  to  their  own  country. 
^The  Secretary  is  Charles  Murray,  Esq. 
ftdfoidRow,  Holborn.  ^ 


OirPORTUNATE   FEMALES. 

There  is  no  man  whose  heart  is  not  abso* 
lutely  inaccesiiUe  to  a  sense  of  human  misery^ 
but  has  contemplated  with  the  deepest  oom^ 
passion,  the  number  and  condition  of  those 
unfortunate  females  with  which  our  metro* 
polls  abounds.  Ingratitude,  and  of  the 
deepest  dye,  thank  G&d,  not  generally  to  bo 
found  among  men,  can  alone  undervalue 
felicities  which  attend  the  society  of  the 
virtuous  part  of  the  sex ;  and  the  considerati<Mi 
of  what  those  individuals  might  have  been 
whose  depravities  degrade  them  to  a  diHerenI 
character,  had  they  never  departed  from  the 
paths  of  virtue,  must  affect  every  mind  endued 
with  sensibility.  It  would  be  lor  our  honour 
were  every  woman  honourable  ;  for  our  vir- 
tue, were  every  woman  virtuous  j  how  many 
are  lost  to  society  who  in  the  various  domestic 
offices  of  life,  as  wives  or  as  mothers,  or 
in  the  various  stations  and  ranks  of  the 
community,  might  diihise  joy  and  gladness, 
might  alleviate  the  sorrows  of  distress,  might 
smooth  the  bed  of  pain,  and  honourabhf 
discharge  those  hourly  tendernesses  for  whica 
God  and  nature  'have  so  eminently  qualified 
the  sex.  Tiie  contrast  of  what  might  be 
compared  with  what  actually  is,  engages  the 
finer  feehngs of  the  mind,  and  callsuie  best. 
passions  of  oiu  nature  into  exercise.  And  if^ 
extending  our  view  beyond  the  present  life,  as 
becomes  raiio'ial  creatures,  we  consider  this 
temporary  scene  as  a  passage  to  eternity;-— 
what  is  our  duty  in  regard  to  our  fellow-crea- 
tures, concerning  whom  it  is  no  breach  of 
charity  to  fear  the  very  woret?  Every  argu- 
ment which  might  be  addressed  to  the  oum  o£ 
sense,  to  the  man  of  benevolence,  to  the  true 
patriot,  to  the  genuine  christian,  unites  to 
Impress  the  importance  of  whatever  has  e ' 
tendency  to  alleviate  the  sufferings  which 
distinj^ish  these  most  calamitous  cases  of  vice 
and  misery;  it  is  therefore  with  sincere  pleasure 
we  learn'that  a  plan  for  the  relief  of  unfor-e 
tunate  females  is  under  the  consideration  of 
sundiy  respectable  persons,  and  will,  whei^ 
matured,  be  subQiitted  to  thel'ablic  at  a  genc«^ 
ral  meeting.  In  the  mean  tnne  any  suggest 
tions  on  the  subject  will  be  thankfttlly  received 
by  Joseph  Revner,  Esq.  Old  Swan  Stairs,  or 
T,    Pellatt,  Ksq.  Ironmonger's  Hall. 

FREE  CIIAPEI*  RK-OPBNBD. 

On  Sunday,  Sept.  7,  was  re-opcned,  having  * 
been  shut  up  for  repairs,  the  Free  Chapel  ia 
West-street,  St.  Giles's.  Asinstitutionsof  thia 
kind  arc,  in  our  opinion,  calculated  fbr  great 
public  benefit,  we  shall  hereafter  resume  the 
subject.  The  object  of  this  CIwij)el  reflects 
great  honour  on  the  Rev.  W,  Gumey,  the  Mi- 
nister apjK)inted  thereto  by  the  Rector  of  the 
Parish  and  licensed  by  the' Bishop  of  the  Dio- 
cese ;  on  the  benevolent  Founder,  who  sup- 
ports it  solely  by  an  annual  donation  of  50  . 
guineas  ;  and  on  the  poor,  for  whom  4.')0  seats 
are  reserved  gratip,  who. attend  w4th  apparent 
devotion  and  regularity, 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


t79'] 


foetry.    Eng&sn,  Prench,  Itaiian. 


[18d 


POETRY. 


ON   THl    PARATOUT.  • 

Blow  as  ye  list,  yc  winds  fantastic,  blow  ! 
Descend  yc  rains,  and  fall  thou  fcathcr'd  snow ! 
Beauty  beneath  this  canopy  defies 
The  veriest  malice  of  the  inclement  skies. 
At  plants  in  green-house  snug,  each  lovely  form 
Smiles  at  the  tempest,  and  derides  the  storm; 
From  East,  from  West,  let  sleety  gusts  assail. 
Its  shape  still  varying  meets  the  varying  gile. 

The  dog-star  rages :  streams  of  potent  heat 
Oppress  the  eye,  and  round  the  temples  beat. 
Fear  not  ye  fair !  your  breasts  of  living  snow, 
And  cheeks,  that  like  the  dew  washed  rose-bud, 

glow. 
Beneath  this  silken  covert  safe  remain, 
And  winters  stoim,  and  summers  scorch  in  vain. 
But  who  its  varied  excellence  can  speak  ? 
Chang'd  to  a  fen  it  cools  the  glowing  check  5 
In  airy  chariot  now  the  fiur  is  driv*n. 
Exposed,  yet  fearless  of  the  winds  of  heav'n ; 
For  see !  the  courteous  Paratout  has  spread 
Its  grateful  umbrage  o*er  th'  unsheltered  head. 

When  fashion's  crowds  in  gay  disorder  meet, 

When  Belles  meet  Belles,  and  jostle  in  the  street; 

Instant,  obsequious  to  the  lily  band. 

The  silken  folds  cntract  and  courtsey  at  command. 

And  when  the  circle  of  the  fair  retire 

To  the  calm  comforts  of  the  social  fire ; 

Collapsing  to  a  screen  the  flexile  toy 

Still  guards  the  lustre  of  the  rolling  eye  i 

An  ever  useful,  ever  graceful  friend. 

Health  to  preserve,  and  beauty  to  defend. 

J.  MoRriT. 


Count  O- 


-,  a  Polish  emigrant,  who  resides 
at  Hamburgh,  lately  enterifjg  his  apartment,  per- 
ceiving his  only  son,  who  is  about  seven  years  of 
age,  fest  asleep,  wrote  the  following  little  piece  in 
French,  and  requested  M.  Ganganelli  to  render 
it  in  Tuscan  verse^  which  the  Count  immediately 
«et  to  music.  We  trust  we  shall  ndt  disoblige  our 
leaders  by  inserting  the  French  and  pre- 
•eating  them  with  the  elegant  Italian  translation, 
at  the  same  time  returning  thanks  to  our  Conti- 
nental correspondent. 

Dors  en  paix,  he\ireux  enfant,  fruit  du  plus 
tendre  amour,  douce  consolation  de  tes  parens. 
Puisses-tu  dtie  plus  hcureox  que  ceuz  qui  t*ont 
4000^  \t  jour ! 

Ah  !  dormiy  o  tenero 
,  FanriuUo  amato  ; 

Dormi,  o  deiizia, 
Dei  genitor  f 

*  A  late  ingenious  invention  of  Mr.  Bamett  of 
Birmingham,  which,  by  a  simple  spring,  may  be 
converted  from  an  elegant  parasol,  to  a  fin,  a  fire 
skrccn,  or  shade  for  readings — It  roaylikewiK  be 
as«d  as  a  parapluie,  and  paravoat* 


Di  lor  piu  prosper; 
Piu  for  tuna  to 
Jl  del  prophio 
Ti  renda  ognor  I 

Cc  vif  incarnat  qui  colore  tes  traits,  cc  sommett 
doux  et  tranquil 'c,  peint  bicn  la  situation  de  ton., 
dnie.     Sans  soucis,  snns  inquietude,  sans  passions;, 
I'innocence  est  ton  partage,  le  chagrin  fuit  loin  de  tdk  - 

QiteUoy  che^adnrnaii 
Color  vermielio, 
Qurl  placidicsim^ 
Dolce  sopor. 
Oh  come  moxfrano, 
Diletfofiglio, 
Che  bella  hai  Vanimfr, 
Ch*  haipuro  il  cuor  I 

Si  des  larmes,  que  quelque  souffranoe  physique 
exprime  de  tes  yeux,  vicnncnt  mouillcr  ton  visa^?» 
les  caresses  dc  tt  tendre  mire  les  sicheront bient6t» 
etpress^  contreson  sein,  tu  neconnottras  plus  qua 
le  plaisir. 

Se  qualque  lacrima, 
Che  il  dttol  e  elict 
Jl  vollo  bagnati, 
Figlio  talor  ; 
Deh  !  viCf  consoUlii 
*La  genetrice 
Saprh^  por  termint 
Al  tuo  dolor, 

Tu  ne  pleures  point  les  malheurs  de  ta  patrie ; 
tu  ne  partagcs  pas  les  souffrances  de  tes  parens  t 
tu  ne  connois  point  les  chagrins  de  I'amour,  m 
I'horrear  d'un  ami  pcrfide. 

7m  delta  pa  tria 

Non  piangi  i  dattni  ; 
Non  soff'ri  i  palpiti 
Dei  genitor  ; 
Non  sai  quai  siano 
D'amorgli  affani^ 
D*amico  perfido 

Non  sai  Vorror,  • 

Tu  n'as  pas  la  trisie  reminiscence  du  pass^,  m\ 
les  sollicitudes  que  prcsente  un  avenir  inccrtain. 

l^  maUnconica 
Memoria  acerha 
Deiguai,  chejuroif 
Nonprovi  ancor  } 
AV  sai  i  pericoli, 
Che  per  te  serba 
Forse  (tun  harbar^ 
Fa  to  il  rigor. 

Repose  en  -paix,  mon  cher  enfent !  Puisscs-tQ 
acqu^rir  des  forces  pour  endurer  les  maux  qui 
teattendent!  ou  plutut,  puisses-tu  acqu^rir  asses 
de  force  d*esprit  pour  trouver  le  bunhcur  dan* 
toi-m£me ! 

Riposa,  o  tenero 
Dolce  fgliuolo  ; 
Jl  Ciel  concedati 
Pien«  vigor! 
E  calma  plactda 
Possa  tu  solo 
Trovar  nelT  intimo 
Del  tuo  bel  cuor  / 

A.  GAKGANILLt,  intCT 

Ronuns  Aroadiae  Paftoi^i  Oxoittus  FakshiK 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


ibO 


yidory  in  Catatria. 


(182 


VtCTOftY   im  CALABRIA. 


I  Gazettt  Extraordinary i  Stpt,  5,  1100. 
I>wmmimf^  Streets  Sfpiemhrr  4,  1800. — A  dis- 
'^flttch  has  been  this  day  received  by  the  Rt.  Hon. 
Wfn.  Windham,  one  of  his  Majesty's  principal 
Secretmries  of  State,  from  Major-Gen.  Sir  John 
Scumrty  commanding  his  Majesty's  troops  in  Cala- 
bfia,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy : 

Ca/tip  on  tig  plain  of  Monday  July  6,  1806. 
Sir,  It  is  with  the  most  heartfelt  satisfaction 
thmt  I  have  the  honour  of  reporting  to  you,  for 
the  information  of  his  Majesty,  the  particulars  of 
an  sctioo,  in  which  the  French  army  quartered 
m  this  province  has  sustained  a  ^i^nal  dtfc-at  by 
ifac  troop>  under  my  command. — General  Regnier, 
faaruag  been  apprised  of  our  disembarkation  at  St. 
Eafiemia,  appears  to  have  made  a  rapid  march 
from  Re^io,  uniting,  as  he  advanced,  his  de- 
turhed  corps,  for  the  pujpose  of  attacki-  ?,  and 
wkh  his  characttristic  confidence,  of  defeating 
vsw — On  the  afternoon  of  the  3d  inst.,  I  received 
intelligence  that  he  had  that  day  encamped  near 
M»da,  about  ten  miles  distant  from  our  position, 
thai  his  force  consisted  at  the  moment  of  abqut 
4O0O  infantry  and  300  cavalry,  tot^cthcr  with  4 
piecesof  artillery ,  and  thit  he  was  in  cxpertarion 
of  being  joined  within  a  day  or  two  by  sooo  more 
troops  who  Were  marching  after  him  in  a  second 
division. 

I  determined  therefore  to  advance  towards  his 
position,  and,  having  left  4  companies  of  Watte- 
Tille's  reg.  under  Maj.  Fi«her  to  protect  the  stores,' 
and  occupy  a  work  which  had  been  thrown  up  at 
Cixr  landing  place,  the  body  of  the  array  matched 
the  next  morning  according  to  the  following 
4ieuil. 

Ad'c^mccd  Corps, — Lieut.  Col.  Kempt,  with  a 
four-poundcrs.— Light  inf.  battalion;  Dfetach- 
mcut  royal  Corsican  lan^on  ;  Detachment  royal 
Sicilian  volunteers, 

\u  Brigade — Brig.  Ccn.  Cole,  with  3  four- 
pounders.     Grenadier  bate?!  on  ;  27th  regt. 

Id  Brtgadt — Brig.  Gen.  Ackland,  with  3  four- 
poundcr«.     78 ih  and  8 1st  rcet. 

Zd  BrifTOi/e — Co!.  Oswald,  with  ^  four  pound- 
ers. 3Sth  regt.  \Vatte\iHe*s  rcgt.,  6  companies; 
and  30th  regt.  Dcut.  Col.  Ross,  landed  during 
the  action. 

Rfsnvc  of  Artillery —^W^oT  Lemoine.  4  six- 
pounders  and  1  howitzers. 

Total.— Rank  and  file  iftcluding  royal  artil- 
ler>-,  470  ^. 

General  Regnier  was  cncarr.pcd  on  the  side  of 
a  woody  bin,  belnw  the  villaiic  of  Maida,  slop- 
ing into  the  plain  of  St.  Eufemia ;  his  flanks 
were  strengthened  by  a  thick  impervious  under- 
wood. The  Amato,  a  river  perfectly  fordablc, 
but  of  which  the  sides  are  extremely  marshy, 
fan  along  his  front ;  my  appioa  h  to  him  from 
the  sea  side  (along  the  bujd*.rs  of  which,  I  di- 
rected my  march,  until  I  Ind  nearly  turned  his 
left)  was  across  a  spacious  plain,  which  gave  him 
every  opportunity  of  minutely  observing  my 
inovemmts.  -  After  some  loose  firing  of  the 
flankers  to  cover  the  deplo}ements  of^  the  two 
armies,  by  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  op- 
posing fronts  were  warmly  engaged,  when  the 
pTowcv  of  the  rival  nations  seemed  now  fairly 
^l^M  trial  before  ^he  vorld,  and  the  superio- 


rity was  greatly  and  gloriously  decider!  to  be  oirf 
own.— The  corps  which  formed  the  right  of  the 
advanced  line,  was  the  battalion  of  light  inf« 
commanded  by  Lieut.  Col.  Kempt,  consisting  of 
the  light  companies  of  the  aoth,  27th,  36th,  68th, 
(Jlst,  8 1st,  and  Watteville's  together  with  iso 
chosen  battalion  men  of  the  36th  rei;t.  undef 
Major  Robinson.  Directly  opposed  to  them,  was 
the  favourite  French  regt  the  Ire  Ligere.  The 
two  corps  at  the  distance  of  about  100  yards  fired 
reciprocally  a  few  rounds,  when,  as  if  by  mutual 
agreement,  the  firing  was  suspended,  and  in 
close  con^  pact  order  and  awful  silence,  they  ad- 
vanced towards  each  other,  until  their  bayonets 
began  to  cr(  ss.  At  this  momentous  crisis  the 
enemy  became  appalled.  They  broke,  and  en- 
deavoured to  fly,  but  it  was  too  late  ;  rhcy  were 
overtaken  with  the  most  dreadful  slaughter — . 
Brig.  Gen.  Ackland,  whose  brigade  was  imme- 
dia'cly  on  the  left  of  the  light  inf.  with  great 
spirit  availed  himself  of  this  favorable  moment  to 
pjess  instantly  forward  upon  the  corps  in  hit 
front ;  the  brave  78th  regt  commanded  by  Lieut. 
Cot  Macleod,  and  the  8 1st  regt.  under  Major 
Pendcrleath,  both  distinguished  themselves  on 
this  occasion.  The  enem^  fled  with  dibmay  and 
disorder  before  them,  leaving  the  plain  covered 
with  their  dead  and  woundtd. — ^The  enemy  being 
thus  completely  discomfited  on  their  left,  began 
to  make  a  new  effort  with  their  right,  in  the 
hopes  of  recovering  the  day.  They  were  resisted 
most  gallantly  by  the  brigade  under  Brig.  Gen* 
Cv)le.  Nothing  could  shake  the  undaunted  firm- 
ness of  the  grenadiers  under  Lieut.  Col.  0*Cal- 
laghan,  and  of  the  *27th  regt.  under  Lieut.  CoI« 
Smith.  The  cavalry,  successively  repelled  from 
before  their  front,  made  an  effort  to  turn  their 
left,  when  Lieut.  Col.  Ross,  who  had  that  morn- 
ing landed  from  Messina  with  the  00th  regt.,  and 
was  coming  up  to  the  army  during  the  action^ 
having  observed  the  movement,  threw  his  regt. 
opportunely  into  a  small  cover  upon  their  flank, 
and  by  a  heavy  and  well  directed  fire,  entirely 
disconcerted  this  attempt.— This  waa  the  last 
feeble  stmggic  uf  the  enemy,  who  now,  asto- 
nished and  dismayed  by  the  intrepidity  with 
which  they  were  assailed,  began  precipitately  to 
retire,  leaving  the  field  covered  with  carnage. 
Above  700  bodies  of  their  dead  have  been  buried 
upon  the  ground. — ^The  wounded  and  prisonert 
already  in  our  hands  (among  which  are  Gen, 
,Comptre,  and  an  aid-de-camp,  the  licut.  col.  off 
the  Swis.s  regt,  and  a  long  list  of  officers  of  dif- 
ferent ranks)  amount  to  above  looo.  There  are 
al<o  above  1000  men  left  in  Montelcone  and  the 
different  posts  between  this  and  Reggio  who  have 
mostly  notified  their  readiness  to  surrender,  when- 
ever a  British  force  shall  be  sent  to  receive  thetr 
submission,  and  to  protect  them  from  the  fury 
of  the  people.— The  peasantry  are  hourly  bring- 
ing in  fugitives,  who  dispersed  in  the  woods  and 
mountains  after  the  battle.  In  short,  neverhas 
the  pride  of  our  presumptuous  enemy  been  more 
severely  humbled,  nor  the  superiority  of  the 
British  troops  more  gloriously  proved,  than  in 
the  events  of  this  memorable  day.— His  Majesty 
may,  perhaps,  still  deign  to  appreciate  moie 
highly  the  achievements  of  this  littje  army, 
when  it  is  known  that  the  second  division  which 
the  enemy  had  been  expecting  had  all  joined 


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Fictory  in  Calahrin, 


[1S4 


them  the  night  before  the  tction ;  no  statement 
that  I  have  heard  of  their  numbers  places  them 
at  a  less  ca'culaiion  than  7000  men.— Our  vic- 
torious infantry  continued  the  pursuit  of  the 
routed  enemy  so  long  as  they  were  able  ;  but  as 
the  latter  dispersed  in  every  direction,  and  we 
were  under  the  necessity  of  preserving  our  order, 
the  trial  of  speed  became  unequal  .—The  total 
loss  occasioned  to  the  enemy  by  this  conflict  can- 
not be  less  than  4000  men.  When  1  oppose  to 
the  above  our  own  small  comparative  loss,  as 
mderneath  detailed,  his  Majesty  will,  I  hope, 
ilisccrn  in  the  fact^N  the  happy  effects  of  that 
established  discipline  to  which  we  owe  the 
triumphs  by  which  our  army  has  been  latterly  so 
highly  distinguished. — I  am  ©ow  beginning  my 
inarch  southwrard  preparatory  to  my  return  to 
Sicily,  for  which  station  I  sha-1  re-embark  with 
the  army,  as  soon  as  his  Sicilian  Majesty  shall 
have  arranged  a  disposition  of  his  own  forces  to 
secure  those  advantages  which  have  been  gained 
by  the  present  expedition. — ^There  seldom  has 
happened  an  action  in  which  the  zeal  and  per- 
sonal exertions  of  individuals  were  so  impe- 
riously called  for  as  in  the  present  :  seldom  an 
occasion  where  a  general  had  a  fairer  opportunity 
of  observing  ihcm. — ^Thc  general  officers,  and 
those  who  commanded  regts.  will  feci  a  stronger 
test  of  their  merits  in  the  circumstances  that  have 
been  detailed  of  their  conduct,  than  in  any  euio- 
gium  1  could  presume  to  piss  upon  them.-— The 
58(h  and  Watteville's  rcgt  commanded  by  Lieut. 
Col.  Johnston  ar.d  Watteville,  which  formed  the 
reserve,  under  Col.  Oswald,  were  ably  directed 
in  their  application  to  that  essential  duty. — ^The 
judgment  and  effect  with  which  our  artillery 
was  directed  by  Major  Lemoinc,  was,  in  our 
dearth  of  cavalry,  of  most  essentia)  use;  and 
1  have  a  pleasure  in  reporting  the  effective  services 
of  that  valuable  and  di^tinguished  corps.— To  the 
several  departments  of  the  army,  every  acknow- 
ledgment is  due ;  but  to  no  officer,  am  I  bound 
to  express  them  so  fully,  on  my  part,  as  to 
Lieut.  G)l.  Bunbtiry,  the  Deputy  Quarter-Master- 
General,  to  whose  zeal  and  activity,  and  able 
arrangements  in  the  important  branch  of  service 
which  he  directs,  the  army  as  well  as  myself  are 
linder  every  marked  obligation.^ — From  Cap.Tom- 
lin,  the  acting  head  of  the  Adjut<«nt-Generars 
department,  and  from  the  officers  of  my  own 
family,  I  have  received  much  active  assistance. 
Among  the  latter  I  am  to  mention  Lieut.  Col. 
Moore  of  the  9?d  light  dragoons,  who  being  ia 
Sicily  for  his  health  at  the  time  of  our  departure, 
solicited  permission  to  accompany  me  on  th'is  ex* 
pedition  ;  he  was  wounded  in  the  execution  of 
iny  orders. — From  the  medical  departinent  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Grieves,  the  Deputy  Inspec* 
tor,  1  am  to  acknowledge  much  professional  at« 
tention,  the  more  so  as  their  labours  have  been 
greatly  accumula^d  by  the  number  of  wounded 
prisoners  who  have  become  equally  with  our 
own,  the  subj^ts  of  their  c^re. 

The  stcne  of  action  was  too  far  from  the  sea 
to  enable  us  to  derive  any  direct  co-opeiation 
from  the  navy;  but  Adm.  Sir  Sidney  Smith, 
who  had  arrived  in  the  bay  the  evening  before 
the  action,  had  directed  such  a  disposition  of 
ships  and  gun-boats  as  would  have  greatly  fa- 
Vopr^d  us  had  cve^its  obli|ed  us  to  retiic    The 


solicitude  however  of  every  part  of  the  navy   ^«^ 
be  of  use  to  us,  the  promptitude  with  which  th« 
seamen  hastened    on  shore  with  our  supplies  9 
their  anxiety  to  assbt  our  wounded,  and  the  ten- 
derness vnth  which  they  treated  them,   woul<l 
have  been  an  afllecting  circumstance  to  observer* 
even  the  most  indifferent.    To  tne  it  was  parti <-> 
cularly   so.  —  Capt.   Felk>wes,   of  his  Majesty *» 
ship  Apollo,  has  been  spectallv  attachcc  to  thw 
expedition  by  the  rear-admiral ;  and,   l»  every 
circumstance  of  professional  service,  I  beg  leave 
to  mention  our  grateful  obligations  to  this  officer, 
as  well  as  to  Capts.  Cocket  and  Watson,  agents  of 
transports,  who  acted  under  his  orders. — Capt* 
Bulkeiy,  my  Aide-de-Camp,  who  will  ha%e  the* 
honour  of  presenting  this  leuer  to  you,  has  at- 
tended me  throughout  the  whole  of  the  f  ervices 
,  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  will  therefore  be  able 
to  give  you  every  additional  information  on  the 
subject  of  my  present  communication.    I  ha,v» 
the  honour  to  be,  ftc.        J.  Stmarf,  Maj.  Gen. 

TWtf/    ki/Ud  and  mmfniei,     1   officer,   3  ser* 

jeants,  41  rank  and  file  killed  ;  11  officers,  8  ser* 

jeants,  a  drummers,  20 1  rank  and  file  woanded 

Namts  of  offetrs  kilied  and  woumdid. 

Killtd.  Lt.  inf.  batt. — Capt  M'Leane,  sotb  fiooti 

WoKHdtd»     Grenadier    batt.    Major   Hammil^ 

royal  regt.  of  Malta. — Light  inf»  batu  Major  ^a* 

lett,    44th  foot,    severely — 78tb  foot,    9d  batt. 

Lieut  Col.  M*Leod  ;    Major  D.  Stuart ;  Captain* 

D.  M'Pherson  and  D.  McGregor ;  Lieut  James 

M*Kayv   Ensigns   Colin    M'Kenzie    and  Peter 

M  Gregor. — 8 1st  foot,  1st  batt  Capt.  Watcrhouse  ; 

Lieut  and  Adj  Ginger. — Suff.  Lieut.  Col.  Moore, 

ssd  light  dragoons,  acting  Aide-de-Camp  to  Major 

Gen.  Sir  John  Stuart. 

It  vras  remarked  by  an  o  d  General  of  Frederic 
II.  of  Prus>ia,  that  a  lost  battle  has  a  long  tail  ! 
We  do  not  attribute  any  great  importance  to  this 
victory,  in  regard  to  the  extent  of  country  gained 
by  it ;  or  to  tlie  loss  sustained  by  the  enemy, 
compared  wiiii  the  facility  with  which  he  can  re- 
place equal  forces :  but  it  appears  that  infinite  ad* 
vantage  may  follow  it  by  the  spirit  which' it  is 
calculated  to  infuse  into  our  soldiery  as  demon- 
strating their  superiority  whtn  opposed  man  to 
man :  as  leading  them  to  a  free  use  of  the  bay- 
onet, as  convincing  them  of  the  incalculable  ad- 
vantage arising  from  a  high  state  of  discipline ; 
and  as  it  will  induce  the  enemy  to  respect  the 
troops  of  a  nation,  which  they  will  not  find  it 
quite  so  easy  to  subdue,  as  Gallic  vanity  might 
flatter  itself,  llie  lesson  will  not  be  lost  on  our 
volunteers  ;  nor  on  Buonapart^*s  conscripts. 

The  folio  .ving  proclamations  are  at  least  as 
honourable  to  our  national  character  lor  huma- 
nity, as  the  foregoing  victory  is  to  our  bravery  1 
but  it  appears  Uiat  they  did  not  induce  ths 
French  to  the  forbearance  of  cruelty. 

Prociamatioff.  «  Sir  John  Stuart,  Knight  of 
the  Grand  Imperial  Order  of  the  Greater  Crescent, 
General  and  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  troops  of 
his  Britannic  Majesty,  landed  in  Calabria. — Cala* 
brians,  I  have  landed  among  you  a  numerous 
corps  of  British  t  oops ;  other  debarkations  will 
likewise  be  made  on  your  toast  We  come  to 
aid  your  loyalty,  and  to  deliver  }ou  from  the  op« 
pression  of  the  French,  under  which  you  groan; 
The  standard  of  f vrdtnand  lY,  is  again  Hnlut^ 


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M5] 

oa  ytwf  shores.    Hasten  to  unitc'yourstlvcs  with 
«S  and  to  gather  wroand  xL  Hasten  to  re-estabUsh 
tbe  n§bu  of  your  beneficent  and  legitimate  sovef- 
rdgn.     An  usurper  has  dared  to  siain  his  dirone 
of  Naples,  and  has  had  the  presuniption  to  call 
you  his  subjects.     Reflect  on  the  wrongs  and  the 
injuries  fiar  whkh  the  tears  of  yoar  suffering  coun- 
try flow.     Recollect  the  insults  and  outrages  to 
which  your  venerable  parents,  your  wives,  and 
your  dau^ten  are  exposed.    It  nojr  depends 
upon  your  own  courage  whether  you  shall  obtain 
redress.     I  come  among  you  only  as  your  friend 
and  deliverer.     I  ask  merely  quarters  from  you. 
1  require  no  contributions ;  the  provisions  fur- 
at*ed  shall  be  pnnctual'y  paid.     1  shall  provide 
you  with  arms  and  anmiuiiition  to  be  employed  in 
your  owB  defence,   and  whatever    wants  may 
arise  among  you,  they  shall  be  immediately  sup* 
plied.     Your  laws  aiui  your  customs  shall  be 
mamtaioed  ;  your  holy  religion  and  its  ccremo- 
sies  shall  be  honoured    and   respected. — From 
what  has  been  experienced  by  your  brethren  in 
Sicily,  you   may  judge  of  the  rectitude  of  our 
conduct;    and  of  our  discipline.    Your  faithful 
counCT)  men,  whom  oppression  had  driven  from 
cmoog  you,  have  returned  with  me  to  give  you 
Hbcriy.      Repress    your  private  animosities,   be 
united  among  yourselves,  and  renounce  all  party 
spiriu     I  am  not  come  to  punish  you  for  delu- 
sions which  are  past,  but  to  guard  you  from  them 
hi  fucure.     None  shall  suffer  except  those  who 
perstsc  in  error,  and  who  shew  a  disposition  to 
oppose  U4.    All  others  shall  be  recompensed  in 
pruportioo  to  the  fidelity  and  the  aid  they  afford. 
Those  who  have  been  misled  shall,  upon  laying 
down  their  arms,  receive  pardon  and  protection, 
"  J,  Stuart," 
**  Head-quartets  at  St.  Euphemia,  J  uiy  i ,  1 800." 
RwwcUuMt'fm. — **  Sir  John  Stuart,   Knight  of 
the  Grand  imperial  Order  of  the  Greater  Crescent, 
General  and  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Troops 
of  hi*  Bfitannic  Majesty  landed  in  Calabria  — 
«*  The  British  army  under  my  command  having, 
wich  the  help  of  the  Almighty,  obtained  a  great 
and  signal  victory  over  the  French  army,  com- 
manded by  General  Regnier  and  having  com- 
pelled the  remains  of  the  enemy's  anny  to  fly 
with  tenor  and  opprobrium  before  the  victorious 
Engttsh  troops,  and  to  leave  to  us  the  entire  pos- 
icssioa  of  this  province  of  Hither  Calabria,    I 
tnfonB  you,  O  Calabrians !  by  the  present  pro> 
claoiadoQ,  of  this  happy  success,  and  desire  you 
CO  join  with  me  in  pursuing  the  common  enemy, 
and  in  establishing  among  you  the  authority  of 
your    august   and    legitimate   sovereign,   Fcrdi- 
ouod  IV.  who«e    royal    sundard  is  once  more 
happily  planted  vrith  joy  and  glory  among  you. — 
1  have  already  informed  you  in  my  former  pro- 
clamatioa,  that  I  wish  for  no  contributions  ;  all 
ihc  provisions,  forage,  and  other  supplies  which 
shall  be  furnished   by  you  to  the  British  army 
shall  be'  paid  for  immediately.    As  a  proaf  of 
your  fidelity  and  ;tttachment  to  your  sovereign,  I 
require  you  to  give  us  all  your  assistance  ;  and 
ioT  th4t  purpose  arms  and  ammunition  shall  be 
furnished  you.      These,   however,  will  not  be 
given  you  to  be  used  for  your  private  vengeance, 
but  to'be  employed  against  the  common  enemy. 
The  Briiish   army  has  not  come  among  you  to 
yfodvouao  oppactimity  lor  indulging  in  your 


[ia6 


private  animosities,  but  to  protect  you  and  tfcU* 
ver  you  from  I'rench  tyranny.  Good  order  must 
be  maintained.  Those  who  shall  unite  them- 
selves with  us,  and  obey  my  orders,  shaH,  not- 
withstanding any  former  connection  with  the 
enemy,  be  pardoned  and  protected,  Ou  the  con- 
trary, all  those  who,*  under  any  pretext  what- 
soever, shall  refuse  to  give  us  their  assistance, 
shall  be  punished  with  rigour.  While  I  congra- 
tulate you  on  the  fortunate  success  of  our  arras» 
1  am  anxious  that  humanity  should  accompany 
their  progress.  Above  all.  I  charge  you  to  treat 
the  prisoners  that  may  fall  into  your  power  wclL 
I  further  command  you  to  send  out  constantly 
parties  of  patrplcs,  to  coUect  the  stragglers  and 
wounded  in  your  mountains  and  forests.  For 
every  prisoner  you  conduct  in  safely  to  the  British 
army  you  shall  be  rewarded.  I  promise  to  give 
you  six  ducais  for  each  private,  and  twenty 
ducats  for  each  oflicer.  **  J.  Stuart,** 

««  Head -quarters  at  Maida,  July  7,  1»0«. " 
Proclamation.  —  Sir  J.  Stuart,    Knight  of  the 
Grand  Imperial  Order  of  the  Greater  Crescent, 
and  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Troops  of  his 
Britannic  Majesty,    landed  in  Calabria.  —  '*  I 
have  been  in(6rmed,  that  since  the  battle  of  the 
4  th  inst.  some  of  the  persons  attached  to  tho 
French  cau:te  and  supported  by  some  detach- 
inents  of  their  troops,  have  been  guifty  of  the 
most  atrocious  enormities,    in    plundering  the 
villages,  and  assassinating  the  inhabitants,  under 
the  pretext  of  punishing  them  for  their  demon- 
strations of  attachment  to  the   cause  of  their 
legitimate  sovereign.    I  have  also    learned  that 
the  enemy,  under  the  same  pretext,   has  sub- 
jected the  distyct  of  Cotrone  to  military  chastise* 
.  mcnt  i  and  that  at  the  French  head-quarters  the 
same  intention  has  been  declared  with  respect  to 
the  whole  of  the  country  which  they  have  occu- 
pied in  their  flight.    Wherever  the  British  army 
haS  advanced,  submission  has  always  been  recom- 
pensed by  protection.    I  have  forbidden  any  ani- 
madversions to  be  cast  upon  past  opinions.     I 
have  prohibited  all  private  animosines,  and  to 
encourage  the  peasants  to  behave  with  humanity 
towards  the  French  soldiers  [VfYio  since  their  late 
defeat  have  been  dispersed  in  the  woods  and 
mountains),  I  have  offered  a  liberal  reward  for 
every  prisoner  who  should  be  brought  unhurt  to 
the  British  camp,  and  by  these  means  1  have 
preserved  the  lives  of  many  hundred  men.    In 
return   for  this,    plunder  and  devastation  have 
marked  the  retreat  of  the  enemy ;  and  it  was  » 
crime  in  the  peasants  to  have  witnessed  the  dis- 
comfiture and  dishonour  of  his  army.     On  this 
subject  it  therefore  becomes  necessary  for  me  to 
appeal  to  the  recollection  of  (he  French    com- 
manders, and  to  state,    not  only  that  many  of 
their  declared  and  known  partizans  are  in  my 
power,  but  that  the  signal  success  of  the  army 
under  my  command  has  placed  in  my  hands, 
above   three  thousand  prisoners.     If,    therefore^ 
such   violences  are  not  put,  an  end  to,  in  future, 
I  sha  I  not  only  deem  myself  justified,  but  even 
compelled  by  my  duty,  to  have  recourse  to  the 
severe  but  indispens  (ble  law  of  reprisal.".  J.  Stuart,** 
**  Head-quartcrsat  Bugcaio,  July  18,  180<J." 
A  supplement  to   the  Gazette  dated  Sept.  7, 
completes  our  information  on  this  subject. 
Cotrope,  with  all  i^s  stores,  magaziues^  &c.  an4 


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1871 


Capture  of  Buenos  Ayres. 


[Id* 


600  troops  (now  prisoners)  capitulated  on  Wed- 
aesday  evening  last,  to  the  land  and  naval  forces 
of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  under  Lieut.  Col. 
M'Leod,  of  the  78th  regt.,  and  Capt.  Hoste,  of 
his  Majesty's  frigate  Araphion,  who  were  assisted 
m  their  operations  against  that  place^  and  upon 
the  adjacent  coasts,  by  the  gun-boats  of  his 
Sicilian  Majesty.  Three  hundred  prisoners,  who 
prove  to  be  survivors  of  the  wounded,  after  the 
action  of  the  4th  ult.  are  already  arrived  in  this 
Ibrt-  Gen.  Regnier,  who  had  endeavoured  to 
hold  his  po5iiion,  under  much  embarras'jmont 
i>r  some  time  past,  between  G^tronc  a)id  Catan- 
aaro,  has  retreated  precipitately  towards  Taranio  ; 
and  it  was  reported,  when  the  transports  left 
G>trone,  that  he  had  been  attacked  by  the  Mas^, 
and  had  lost  6  or  700  of  his  flying  people. 

By  the  surrender  of  Cotrone,  and  the  retreat 
«f  both  Gen.  Verdicr,  and  Gen.  Regiiicr  trom 
Upper  and  Lower  Calabria,  those  prov'uices  are 
aow  restored  to  their  legal  sovereign. 

The  battle  of  Maida,  upon  the  4th  of  July, 
will  long  be  recorded  in  this  part  of  Europe,  as  a 
nemorable  proof  of  the  superiority  of  British 
CDurjge  and  discipline.  Of  the  9000  men  which 
Gen.  Regnier  commanded  in  the  Province  of 
Calabria  Ulterior,  not  rnore  than  3000  are  left  to 
attempt  their  retreat  towards  Pugba ;  the  remain- 
der are  all  either  killed,  wounded,  or  made  pri* 
aoncrs.  Every  fort  along  the  coasts;  all  the 
4epdcs  of  stores,  ammunition,  and  artillery,  pre- 
pared for  the  attack  of  Sicily,  are  become  the 
prey  of  the  victors  \  and  what  perhaps  may  be 
considered  as  even  of  still  more  consequence  than 
those  advantages,  an  indelible  impression  is  es- 
tablished of  the  superior  bravery  aiyl  discipline  of 
the  Britbh  troops.  There  is  not,  perhaps,  to  be 
found  in  the  annals  of  military  transaaions,  an 
enterprise  prepared  with  more  deliberate  reflection, 
•r  executed  with  greater  decision,  promptitude, 
and  success,  than  the  late  invasion  of  Calabria 
by  Sir  John  Stuart. 

The  encm3r'8  route  from  Cotrone  has  been 
marked  by  circumstances  of  the  most  cruel  de- 
vastation. The  village  of  Strongoli,  with  several 
others  within  our  view,  which  he.conceived  hos- 
tile to  his  cause,  have  been  ransacked  and  burnt 
10  the  ground. 

CAPTURE  or  BUENOS  AYRES. 

Lomhn  Gazette  Exttaordhtary,  Sept,  13,  1806. 

Bvuming Stnety  Sept,  is,  1806. — ^Dispatches  of 
which  the  following  are  copies  and  extracts, 
liave  this  day  been  received  at  the  oflBce  of  the 
Rt.  Hon.  Wm.  Windham,  one  of  his  Majesty's 
principal  secretaries  of  State,  from  Major-Gcnpml 
Bcrestord,  commanding  a  detachment  of  his  Ma- 
jetty*s  troops  in  South  America. 

fort  of  Buenos  Ayre%y  July  9,  1 806. 

Sir,— I  had  the  honor  to  communicate  to  you 
by  my  letter  dated  the  soth  April,  the  circum- 
acances  of  my  arrival  at  St.  Helena,  and  the  result 
of  the  application  to  the  hon,  the  f  ovcrnof  of  that 
place  for  troops. — ^Thc  fleet  sailed  thence  the  *2d 
May,  and  after  a  roost  unexpect<;d  long  passage 
made  Cape  St.  Mary  on  the  8th  June ;  his  Ma- 
jesty's ship  Narcissus  had  been  dispatched  from 
tcA  fleet  the  37  th  May,  and  Sir  Home  Popham 
thought  it  right  to  proceed  in  her  for  the  purpose 
«f  making  himself  acquainted  with  the  naviga. 
tion  of  the  xiyerj  that  no  delay  might  occur  in 


proceeding  immediately  on  the  arrival  of  the 
troops  to  such  place  as  our  information  should 
induce  us  first  to  attack.  I  had  sent  captain 
Kennet  of  the  Royal  Engineers  (not  liking  myself 
to  leave  the  troops)  in  the  Narcissus,  to  make 
such  reconnoitring  of  the  enemy's  places  on  the 
river,  as  circumstances  would  admit ;  and  to  col- 
lect every  possible  information  concerning  them, 
and  the  strength  of  the  enemy  at  the  several 
places. — From  fogs  and  baffling  winds  we  did  not 
meet  the  Narcissus  until  the  6th  day  after  our 
arrival  in  the  river,  and  I  had  then  the  satisfac- 
tion to  see  in  company  with  her  the  Ocean  tran<* 
sport,  which  had  parted  from  us  previous  to  our 
going  to  St.  Helena.  Sir  H.  Popham  and  myself 
immediately  consulted  whether  it  would  be  bet- 
ter first  to  attack  the  town  of  St.  Philip  of  Monte- 
video, or  Burnos  Ayres,  the  capital  of  the  pro« 
vincc;  and  after  much  reasoning,  we  determined  ' 
to  proceed  against  Buenos  Ayres,  which  made  it 
necessary  to  remove-from  the  line  of  battle  ships^ 
the  troops  and  marines,  arnl  such  seamen  as  were 
incorporated  with  the  latter,  and  others  that  had 
been  practised  to  arms  during  the  passage,  into 
the  transports,  and  his  Majesty's  ship  Narcissus, 
which  was  effected  on  the  I6ih  ult.  and  though 
then  only  about  90  miles  from  Buenos  Ayres  ; 
still,  ihout;h  to  his  skill  Sir  H.  Popham  added  the 
most  perseverjng  zeal  and  assiduity,  yet  from 
fogs,  the  intricacy  of  the  navigation,  and  conti- 
nual opposing  winds,  it  was  not  until  the  24th, 
at  night,  that  we  reached  opposite  to  it.  We 
found  ourselves  the  next  morning,  about  8  miles 
from  the  Point  of  Quiimes,  where  1  proposed* 
landing,  having  been  informed  by  an  English* 
man,  who  was  pilot  for  the  river,  and  who  had 
been  taken  by  the  Narcissus  out  of  a  Portuguese 
vessel ,  that  it  was  an  excellent  place,  and  an  easy 
access  from  it  into  the  country.  As  soon  as  the 
wind  would  permit,  on  the  Q5th  Sir  H.  Pophain 
took  the  shipping  as  near  as  it  was  possible  for 
them  to  go ;  and  at  a  convenient  distance  for 
disembarking,  which  was  effected  in  the  course 
of  the  afternoon  and  night,  and  without  any  op- 
position :  the  enemy  remaining  at  the  village  of 
Reduction,  on  a  height  about  1  miles  from  us  in 
our  front ;  the  whole  intermediate  space,  as  well 
as  to  the  right  and  Icf^,  being  a  perfect  flat ;  but 
my  guide  informed  me  that  though  in  winter  it 
was  impassable,  it  was  then  very  practicab'e,  and 
easy  for  guns  to  pass. — It  was  1 1  o'clock  in  the 
morning  of  26th,  before  I  could  move  off  my 
ground,  and  the  enemy  could,  from  his  position, 
have  counted  every  man  I  had.  He  Mras  drawn 
up  along  the  brow  of  a  hill,  on  which  was  the 
village  of  Reduction,  which  covered  his  right 
flank,  and  his  force  consisted  principally  of  ca- 
valry, (1  have  been  since  informed  a:oc)  with 
8  held  pieces.  'ITie  nature  of  the  ground  was 
such,  that  1  was  under  the  necessity  of  going  di- 
rectly to  his  front;  and  to  make  my  lintf,  as 
much  as  I  could,  equal  to  his,  I  formed  all  the 
troops  into  one  line,  except  the  St.  Helena  in- 
fantry of  1 50  men,  which  1  formed  120  yar^s  in 
the  rear,  with  a  fie'd  pieces,  with  orders  to  make 
face  to  the  right  or  left,  as  either  of  our  flanks 
should  he  threatened  by  his  cavalry.  I  had  % 
six-pdrs.  on  each  flank,  and  2  howitzers  in  the 
centre  of  the  first  line.  In  this  order  I  advanced 
against  the  enemy,  and  after  we  had  go't  within 
range  of  his  guns,  a  tongue  of  swamp  cro.sed  <^jff 


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Cttpturt  of  Buenos  Jyrts. 


tigo 


iront,  tnd  obliged  me  to  halt  whilst  the  guns  took  | 
a  smaU  circuit  to  cross*  and  which  was  scarcely 
pcribrmed  when  the  enemy  opened  their  field- 
pieces  oo  nay  at  first  well  pointed,  but  as  we  ad- 
laxKrcd  at  a  very  quick  rate,  in  >pite  of  the  boggy 
grofiiid  that  very  soon  obi  ged  us  to  leave  all  our 
guns  behind,  his  fire  did  us  but  Httle  injury.  The 
71st  rcg.  reaching  the  bottom  of  the  hcij^hts  in  a 
pretty  good  line,  seconded  by  the  marine  Oatialion, 
the  enemy  would  not  wait  their  nearer  ajjproach, 
bot   retired  fsom  the  brow  of  the  hill,  which  our 
txoops  gaining,  and  commencing  a  fire  of  snia  1 
arms,  he  fled  with  precipitation,  leaving  to  us  4 
£Kld-picces  and  1  tumbril,  and  we  saw  nothing 
more  of  him  that  day. — 1  halted  a  hours  on  ihc 
fidd  CO  rest  the  troops,  ana  to  make  arrangements 
for  taking  with  us  the  enemy's  guns  and  our  own, 
vhich  had  now,  by  the  exertions  of  capt.  Don- 
nelly, of  his  Majesty 'i  ship  Narcissus,  been  extri- 
cated fwm  the  bog.    He  had  accidentally  landed, 
and  accompanied  the  troops  on  seeing  them  ad- 
icaoce  <o  the  enemy,  and  1  am  much  indebted  to 
him  lor  his  voluntary  assistance. — I  then  marched 
in  hopes  of  preventing  the  destruction  of  the 
bridge  over  the  Rio  Chuclo,  a  river  at  tliis  season 
of  the  year  not  fordable,  and  which  lay  between 
Gs  and  the  city ;    distant  from  it  about  3  miles, 
mod  8  from  our  then  situation ;    and  though  1 
Dsed  every  diligence^  I  had  the  mortification  to 
•ee  it  in  flames  long  before  I  could  reach  it.    1 
hiked  the  troops  for  the  night  a  mile  from  it, 
and  pushed  on  3  companies  of  the  71st,  under 
lieat.  cd.  Fack,  with  a  howitzers,  to  rhe  bridge, 
to  endeavour  to  prevent  its  total  destruction.  I  ac- 
companied this  deuchment,  but  on  reaching  the 
bridge  found  it  entirely  consumed  ;    and  as  the 
enemy  during  the  night  was  heard  bringing  down 
(ims,  1  witj^rew  the  dciachmcnt  before  light,  as 
Cbetr  p  sition  was  thought  too  open  and  exposed 
to  the  enemy's  fire,  who  had  at  9  o'clock,  on 
hearing  some  of  our  soldiers  go  to  the  river  to  get 
water,  opened  a  fire  from  their  guns,  and  a  con- 
siderable line  of  infantry. — As  soon  as  it  was  light 
I  cent  capt.  Kennetof  the  engineers  to  reconnoitre 
the  sides  of  the  river,  and  found  that  on  our  side 
Wt  had  iiitle  or  no  cover  to  protect  us,  whilst  the 
enemy  weie  drawn  up  bcliind  hedges,  houses, 
and  in  the  shipping  on  the  opposite  bank,  the 
fvret  not  30  yards  wide.    As  our  situation  and 
^ictmistances  could  not  admit  of  the  least  delay, 
I  determined  to  force  the  passage,  and  for  that 
fmrpose  prdered  down  the  field  pieces,  which, 
with  the  addition  pf  those  taken  from  the  enemy 
Che  day  before,  were  11   (one  I  had  spiked  and 
left,  not  being  able  to  bring  it  off),  ro  the  water's 
edge»  and  ordered  the  inf.  to  remain  in  the  rear, 
niider  cover,  except  the  lu  corap.  and  ;;renadiers 
of  the  71st*    As  our  guns  approached,  the  enemy 
opened  a  very  ill  directed  fiie  from  great  guns 
and  musquctfy ;  the  former  soon  ceased  after  our 
fire  opened,  (be  latter  was  kept  up  for  more  than 
faaJf  an  hour,  but  though  close  to  us,  did  us  hut 
httle  or  no  injury,  so  ill  was  it  directed.  We  then 
found  means,  by  boats  and  rafts,  to  cross  a  few 
men  ot  er  the  Rio  Chuelo,  and  on  ordering  all 
fire  to  cease,  the  liit'e  of  them  that  remained  ceas- 
ed also. — The  troopi  which  opposed  us  during 
tbe^  1  dayi  appear  10  have  been  almost  entirely 
pro%incial.  w\th  a  considerable  proportion  of  ve- 
laria offict/s.    The  oumlcrd  that  were  assembled 


to  dispute  our  passage  of  the  river,  I  have  been 
since  informed,  were  about  3000  inf.  I  had  no 
reason  from  their  fire  to  suppose  their  numbers  so 
great,  the  opposition  was  so  very  feeble ;  the  only 
difficulty  was  the  crossing  the  river  to  get  at 
them. — 1  cannot  omit  reporting  to  you  that  I  had 
the  most  just  cause  to  be  satisfied  with  the  con* 
duct  of  every  officer,  and  all  the  troops  under  my 
command;  to  licut.  col.  Pack,  of  the  71st,  every 
praise  is  due,  as  well  as  to  that  excel 'ent  regt. 
The  batt.  of  murines,  commanded  by  capt.  King 
of  the  Royal  Navy,  not  only  behaved  with  the 
utmost  good  conduct,  but  with  a  discipline  in  the 
field  much  beyond  what  could  have  been  expect- 
ed, though  every  exertion  to  effect  it  had  been 
used  by  commodore  Sir  H.  Popham,  and  every 
officer  of  the  Royal  Navy  during  the  passage. 

A  corps  of  seamen,  who  had  been  drilled  to 
small  arms,  were  also  landed ;  they  were  between 
bo  and  90  in  number,  and  I  was  under  the  necei* 
jiiy  of  attaching  them  to  draw  the  guns,'  which 
they  did  with  a  cheerfulness  and  zeal  that  did 
them  great  credit ;  and  I  was  under  great  obliga- 
tion to  capt.  King  for  bif  activity  in  prepann|^ 
rafts,  boats,  &c/  to  pass  the  Rio  Chuclo.— >Lieur. 
col.  Lane,  and  the  St.  Helena  troops,  also  merit 
my  thanl^  for  their  good  conduct ;  as  does  capt* 
OgiKie,  commanding  the  artillery,  for  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  guns  were  conducted  and  serv- 
ed. Capt.  Kermett  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  was 
particularly  serviceable  by  his  intelligence  and 
zeal ;  as  were  the  hon.  major  pot:  e,  my  brig, 
major,  ai.d  the  hon.  ensign  Gordon,  3d  Guardt, 
my  ai  .e-de-camp. — By  11  o'clock  a.  m.  1  bad 
got  some  guns  and  the  greatest  part  of  the  troope 
across  the  river,  and  teeing  no  symptoms  of  fur- 
ther opposition,  and  learning  that  the  troopt  in 
general  bad  deserted  the  city,  mdtives  of  human- 
ity induced  me  to  send,  by  the  hon.  ens.  Gor- 
don, a  summons  to  the  governor  to  deliver  to  me 
the  city  and  fortress,  thril  the  expesse?  and  cala- 
mities which  would  most  probably  occur  if  the 
troops  entered  in  a  hostile  manner  might  be 
avoided ;  informing  him  that  the  British  charac- 
ter would  insure  to  ihem  the  exercise  of  their  le- 
ligion,  and  protection  to  their  persons  and  all 
private  property.  He  returned  to  me  with  an  officer 
to  ask  some  hours  to  draw  up  conditions :  but 
could  not  consent  to  delay  my  march,  which  I 
commenced  as  soon  as  the  whole  had  crossed  the 
Rio  Chuclo ;  and,  on  arriving  near  the  city,  an 
officer  from  the  governor  again  met  me  with  a 
number  of  conditions  to  which  I  had  not  then 
time  to  attend  ;  but  said  I  would  confirm  by  wri- 
ting what  1  had  |>romised,  when  in  possession  of 
the  city ,  and  the  terms  granted  and  signed  by 
Sir  H.  Popham  and  myself  1  have  the  honour  to 
anncx.^ — 1  also  transmit  a  return  of  the  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing,  20th  and  37th  June,  at 
well  as  the  return  oi  the  ordnance  taken. — I  can- 
not conclude  without  assuring  you  of  the  un-, 
wearied  zeal  and  assiduity  of  commodore  Sir  H. 
Popham,  in  whatever  could  contribute  to  the 
success  of  this  expedition,  and  of  the  cordial  co- 
operation and  great  assistance  which  1  have  re- 
ceived from  him.— I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c. 

(Signed;  \\ .  C.  Bexes  furd,  Maj,  Gpn, 

Mil/,  C/n.  Sir  D.  BairJ,  comntMnJini 
ta  Chiefs  (£€.  ^c, 


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9$mit  vf  .A«  trmps  uitder  ike  eomtmnul  of  9Uj,  Gtn, 
Btresford^  at  the  Pnittt  dt  Quiimfs,  <l6ikjttfu, 
ISUO. 

1  Major^^n. ;    1  Major  of  Brig. ;    i  AMe-de- 
Camp  ;    1  Assist  Quart.  Mast.  Gen. ;    i  A9^i<)r. 
Commissary;    i  Surgeon  and  i  Assist,  (of  the 
■taif};    1   Capt. ;    S    Lieuti. ;    4  Midshipmen; 
(Rojral  Navy)  ;    2  Lieut  Cols: ;    2  Majors  ;     15 
Cftpcs. ;  2o  Lieut*. ;  7  Ensigns  ;  i  P&ymaster ;  i 
Adjutant ;  1  Quart.  Mast. ;  2  Surgeons ;  4  Assist. 
Surg. ;  72  Sergeants,  2;  Drums. ;    1466  cflectivc 
Rank  and  File ;    10  effect.  Horses;    1  Wheeler  , 
I  Collar  Maker,  4  Artificers,  2  Five  inch  hoWic 
2ers,  4  It  d-pdrs.  and  2  lit.  3  pdrs. 
Terms  gramed    to    the  Inhabitants  of  Buenos 
Ayres  and  its  Dependencies  by  the  Comman- 
ders in  Chief  of  bis  Britannic  Majesty's  Forces, 
by  Land  and  Sea. 

Aar.  L  The  troops  belonging  to  his  Catholic 
Mi^eMy,  who  were  in  the  town  at  the  time  of  the 
entry  of  the  British  troops,  shall  be  allowed  to 
neet  in  the  fort i ess  of  Buenos  Ayres,  march  out 
of  the  Fort  with  all  ihe  honours  of  war,  and  ^haU 
then  lay  down  their  arms,  aiul  become  prisoners 
of  war,  but  such  officers  ^s  are  natives  of  South 
America,  or  married  with  natives  o4  the  country, 
or  regU'arly  domiciliated,  shall  be  at  libert}  to 
continue  here,  so  long  as  they  b  h  ^ve  themselves 
as  bccometh  good  subjects  and  citizen^,  taking 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  his  Britanrtic  Majesty, 
or  proceed  to  Great  Britain  with  regular  pass- 
ports,  having  previously  passed  their  parole  of  ho- 
Qor,  notVtoserve  until  they  are  regularly  exchanged, 
il.  All  boni  fide  private  property,  whether  be- 
longing to  the  civil  or  military  servants  of  the  late 
government,  to  the  magistrates,  burghers,  and  in- 
habitants of  the  town  ot  Buenos  Ayres  and  its  de 
pendencies,  to  the  illustrious  the  bishop,  the 
clergy,  to  the  churches,  monasteries,  colleges, 
foundations,  and  other  public  institutions  of  that 
kind,  shall  remain  tree  and  unmole^ited.—  liL 
All  persotu  of  every  descnpt  on  belonging  to  this 
city  and  its  dependencies,  shaU  receive  tvtjy  pro- 
tection from  the  Brit,  govt  and  they  shall  not  be 
obliged  to  bear  arms  against  his  Catholic  Maj.  ; 
nor  shall  any  person  whatever  in  the  city  or  its 
dependencies  take  up  arms,  or  otherwise  act  int- 
mically  to  his  Majesty's  troops  or  govt. — IV.  The 
cabildo,  magistrates,  burghers,  and  inhabitants, 
shall  preserve  ail  their  rights  and  privileges  which 
they  have  enjoyed  hitherto,  arid  shall  continue  in 
foil  and  free  exercise  of  their  egal  funcdons..  both 
civil  and  criminal,  under  all  the  respect  and  pro- 
tection that  can  be  afforded  them  by  his  Majej.ty's 
govt,  until  his  Majesty*s  pleasure  is  known.— V. 
The  public  archives  of  the  town  shall  receive 
every  pioitction  fiom  his  Brit  Majesty's  govt  — 
VL  The  different  taxe«  and  duties  levied  by  the 
magistrates  to  remain  for  the  present,  and  to  bo 
collected  by  tlicm  in  the  same  manner,  and  ap- 
plied to  the  same  pur|K>se  as  herecofure,  for  the 
genera*  g*od of  die  city,  unti^  his  Majesty's  p  ea- 
ture  is  known.— Vll.  EVery  protection  shad  be 
given  to  the  full  and  free  exercise  of  the  Doty  Ca- 
tho  ic  re  igion,  and  all  respect  shewn  to  the  most 
iUusirious  the  bishop  and  all  the  holy  clergy.— 
VllL  The  ecclestasiical  court  shall  ccnlinue  in 
the  full  ahd  free  exercise  of  all  its  i unctions,  to  be 
precisely  on  the  same  fooling  as  ii  wa*  heretofore. 
^  Ihc  coa:»ting  vessels  iu  tlie  ii\cr  will  be 


given  np  to  their  e^wners,  according  to  a  proela^ 
mctfon  issued  the  «Hh  ult  X.  All  public  ^  ro- 
pery of  every  description  belonf;ing  to  the  ene- 
mies of  his  Brit.  MiQ.  shall  be  laithtully  delivered 
up  to  the  captors;  and  as  the  comnuinders  in 
chief  bind  themselves  to  see  the  hilfilment  ot  sll 
the  preceding  articles  for  the  benefit  ot  South 
Ameiica,  so  do  the  cabildo  and  magistrates  bind 
themselves  to  see  that  this  lasr  article  is  faithfully 
and  honourably  complKd  with 

Given  under  our  hands  and  seals,  in  the  For- 
tress of  Buenos  Ayres  Ju)y  a,  1806. 

(Signed;     W  C.  Behesf  ro,  Maj.  Gen. 

HoMB      PoPHAM,     Commodore^ 
commanding  in  Chief. 

Jos.  Ion.  DB  LA  QuiNTANA,GoT« 

and  Brigadier  ot  Drag  ons. 
Retmm  ofOrdnanct^  Ammvnit  en,  and  Arms  eaptmrtd 
at  Bmnos  Afres,  andtrt  Deptiuieneiis, 

Iron  Ordnance -^7  I8>pdrs.,  i  m-pdr.,  8  9-pdrs 
15  0  pdr^.  6  4  pctrs.,  8  8'pdrs. 

Brass  Ofd»i«nce— —  1  32-pdr.,  3  Ifi-pdrs-,  9 
9-pdis.,  a  d-pdrs.,  «  4-pdrs.,  8  3-pdrs.,  M>  2-inch 
4  I  -pdr.,  1  0  and  ^  inch  mortar,  3  b^  inch  mor- 
tars, I  a  inch  howit<er. 

650  whole  barrels,  of  powder*,  0004  muskets 
with  bayonets!  6i0  c»rbines>  4070  pistols,  81 
musketoons,  isos  swords 

Since  the  above  return  was  sent  to  Major  Gen. 
Sir  D.  Baird,  the  following  guns,  left  by  the  Vice- 
roy in  his  flight,  have  been  taken,  and  arms,  &c. 
received: 

Brass  Ordnance.— 3  4-pdrs,  3  u-pdrs.,  and  1 
0-inch  howitzer ;  139  muskets  with  bayonets,  7 1 
muskets  without  bayonets,  85  pouches,  89 
swords. 

KlUtdy  Wounded^  and Mmmg^  vn  ^Qth  and  ^Ith 
Junt.'^X  killed,  12  wounded,  and  1  Missing. 
l^amti  of  Officers. — Capt.  Lc  Blanc,  7 1st  reg.  shot 

In  the  leg;  since  amputated  above  the  knee. 

Assist.    Surgeon  Halliday,  St.  Helena  regiment^ 

missing. 

Extract  of  a  Ltttrrfrom  Major-Gfn,  Beresford  to  tht 

Rt.  Hon,  Lord  Cattlntaghy  dated  Fort  of  Bttenos 

Ayres,   1 1  tJk  Julfy  1 800. 

I  trust  the  conduct  adopted  towards  the  people 
here  has  had  its  full  effect,  in  impressing  upon  their 
minds,  the  honour,  generosity,  and  humiinity  of 
the  British  character.  FKs  Majesty's  ministers 
will  see  by  the  detail  of  our  proceedings  that,  af- 
ter the  army  had  passed  the  Rio  Chuelo,  the  City 
of  Buencs  Ayres  remained  at  our  mercy,  and 
that,  in  fact,  the  only  conditions  on  which  1  en- 
tered were  such  as  1  pleased  to  offer,  and  which 
humanity  and  a  regard  to  our  national  character 
would  naturally  induce  me  to  give  under  any  cir- 
cumstances. However,  to  quiet  the  minds  of  the 
inhabitants,  .we  not  only  consented  to  put  in  wri- 
ting my  promises,  but  acceded  to  many  condi- 
tions not  expected  by  them ;  and,  contrary  to  di- 
rect stipulation,  gave  up  to  the  proprietors  all  the 
cqaiting  vessels  captured,  with  their  cargoes,  the 
value  of  which  amounted  to  1,500,000  dollars, 
and,  which  being  done  with  the  vievw  already  ex- 
posed, will,  I  trust,  meet  with  his  Majesty's  ap- 
probation.  1  have  the  honour  to  inform  his 

Majesty's  ministers,  that  I  had  detached  Capu 
Arbuthnot,  of  the  aoth  It  dragoons,  on  the  3d 
instant,  with  a  party  consisting  of  7  dragoons,  and. 
20  infantry,  (the  wlyjlc  mounted;  to  a  place  call- 


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Capture  of  Btuaos  Ayreu 


[IC* 


cd  Lunn,  50  miles  distant.  My  principal  object 
WIS  to  have  the  country  reconnoitred,  and  to  see 
wbatwere  the  dispositiona  of  the  inhabitants; 
but  with  the  avowed  object  of  escorting  bacic  some 
of  the  treasure  which  had  been  taken  from  here, 
and  to  prerent  its  following  the  Viceroy,  which  1 
had  reason  to  suspect  was  intended,  thongh  jt  was 
said  ta  be  all  private  property;  and. (in  which 
case,  we  had  declared,  if  brought  back,  it  should 
be  given  to  its  owners,  if  of  this  city.--Capt.  Ar- 
bathnot  returned  last  night ;  and  I  am  glad  to  say 
vidi  infionnation  of  a  pleasing  nature ;  for  your 
tordship  will  see,  by  this  detachment  passing  so 
easily  thioogh  the  country,  that  whatever  their 
prtescnt  inclinations  mav  be,  there  is  no  vety  great 
danger  from  any  hostile  intentions  against  us: 
and  Cape  Arbuthnot  reports  rather  favourably  of 
Ibe  general  dispositions  of  the  people.  The  coun- 
try to  Luxan,  as  I  have  already  represented,  in 
Seoeial  the  whole  of  it,  is  a  perfect  flat  and  the 
view  of  the  horizon  obstructed  by  nothing  but 
the  immense  herds  of  horses  and  cattle;  but 
principally  horned  cattle. 

Luxan  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
and  where  there  is  a  bridge  over  it,  aud  the  route 
leading  to  all  the  interior  provinces,  and  I  rather 
think  it  will  be  adviseable  on  many  accounu  that 
1  possess  m3rsclf  of  it,  which  I  can  do  by  a  small 
detaclimeat.  Much  of  the  treasure  was  caught 
actually  going  to  Cordova,  and  the  rest,  but  for 
the   opportune  arrival  of  the  party,  would  have 

been  pillaged. ^The  waggons  conveying  this 

treasure  maybe  expected  here  tomorrow.  Those 
vith  the  Royal  Treasure,  and  that  of  the  Phillip- 
pine  Company,  arrived  some  time  since,  and  is  at- 

leady  embarked. ^The    Hon.  Major    Deane, 

who  is  the  bearer  of  these  dispatches,  will  give 
any  furthef  information  to  his  Majesty's  minis- 
tecs  that  they  may  desire ;  and  1  beg  to  recom- 
inend  hina  as  an  officer  deserving  of  any  mark  of 
fcvour  that  his  Majesty  may  be  graciously  pleased 
ID  bestow  on  him. 

PaoCLAMATlON  hj  Major  Gtn,  BiresfirJ, 

The  town  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  its  dependencies 
being  now  subjact  to  his  Brit.  Majesty  by  the 
energy  of  his  Majesty's  arms,  the  Major -Gen. 
with  a  view  of  establishing  a  perfect  confidence  in 
the  liberality  and  justice  of  his  Majesty's  govt., 
and  quieting  the  minds  of  all  the  inhabitants  who 
are  now  in  the  city,  or  who  from  the  apprehen- 
sion of  the  general  casualties  of  war  may  have 
quitted  it,  thinks  it  necessary  to  proclaim  without 
a  moment's  loss  of  time,  that  it  is  his  Majesty's 
most  gracious  intention,  that  the  people  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  such  other  provinces  in  the  Rio  de  la 
llata,  as  may  eventually  come  under  his  protec- 
tion, shall  enjoy  the  full  and  free  exercise  of 
their  religion,  and  that  every  respect  shall  be 
shewn  to  iu  holy  ministers.— That  the  courts 
of  justice  shall  continue  the  exercise  of  their 
iuiMnions  in  all  cases  of  civil  or  criminal  proce- 
dure, with  such  references  to  the  Major  Gen.  as 
were  had  to  the  Viceroy  on  former  occasions,  and 
the  Maj.  Gen.  pledges  himself,  that  as  far  as  de- 
pends on  him  every  thing  shadl  be  done  to  bring 
oiose  processes  to  an  immediate  and  just  issue. — 
All  private  property  of  every  description  shall  re- 
ceive the  most  ample  protection,  and  whatever 
nay  be  required  by  the  troops,  either  of  provisions 
m  other  articles,  shall  be  immed:a:ely  paid  for  at 

Vol*  I.  [Li/.  Pan.  Oct.  1806.] 


such  prices  as  maybe  fixed  on  by  the  Cab'«Wo.— 
The  Maj.  Gen.  therefore  calls  upon  the  mo^t  illus- 
trious bishop,  his  coadjutors,  and  all  ecclesiastical 
orders,  foundarions,  colleges,  heads  of  corporate 
bodies,  mayor,  aldermen,  and  burgesses,  to  ex- 
plain to  the  inhabitants  in  general  that  they  are 
ever  to  be  protected  in  their  religion  and  property; 
and  until  the  pleasure  of  his  Brit.  Majesty  is 
known,  they  are  to  be  governed  by  their  own 
municipal  laws. The  Maj.  Gen,  thinks  it  ne- 
cessary to  acquaint  the  general  and  commercial 
interest  of  the  count47,  that  it  is  his  Majesty's 
most  gracious  intention  that  a  free  trade  shall ^  be 
opened  and  permitted  to  South  America,  similar 
to  that  enjoyed  by  all  others  of  his  Majesty's  colo- 
nies, particulariy  the  Island  of  Trinidada,  whose 
inhabitanu  have  felt  peculiar  benefits  from  being 
under  the  govt,  of  a  sovereign  powerful  enough  to 
protect  them  from  any  insult,  and  generous 
enough  to  give  them  such  commercial  advantages 
as  they  could  not  enjoy  under  the  administration 

of  any  other  country. Wiih  the  promise  of 

such  rigid  protection  to  the  esublished  religion  qf 
the  country  and  the  exercise  of  its  civil  laws,  the 
Maj  Gen.  trusts  that  all  good  citizens  will  unite 
with' him  in  their  exertions  to  keep  the  town 
quiet  and  peaceable,  as  they  may  now  enjoy  a 
fVee  trade,  and  all  the  advantages  of  a  commercial 
intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  where  no  oppres- 
sion exists,  and  which  he  understands  has  been 
the  only  thing  wanting  by  the  rich  provinces  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  the  inhabitants  of  South  Ame- 
rica in  general,  to  make  it  the  most  prosperous 
country  in  the  wortd. — ^The  Maj.  Gen.  has  now 
only  to  call  upon  the  magistrates  to  send  to  the 
different  farmers  in  the  country,  and  induce  them 
to  bring  into  the  markets  provisions  and  vegeta- 
bles of  every  description,  for  which  they  shall  be 
immediately  paid,  and  any  complaints  which  may 

be  made  shall  be  redressed  without  delay. It 

having  been  represented  to  the  Miy.  Gen.  that 
some  of  the  existing  duties  bear  too  hard  on  the 
cnterprize  of  commerce,  he  has  determined  to 
take  the  earliest  opportunity  of  informing  himself 
on  that  subject,  from  the  best  commercial  autho- 
rities, and  he  will  then  make  such  reductions  in 
the  overbearing  duties  as  may  seem  most  condu- 
cive to  the  interest  of  the  country,  until  the  plea- 
sure of  his  Brit.  Maj.  is  known  —iW.C.  Baaas- 
roao,  Msg.  Gon.  and  Lieut.  Gov. 
PaocLA M  A T I  o N .  Bj  th  (Ummandm  m  Chief  of 
kU  Britann'tc  Majtsty^t  Forcet  fy  Land  and Sta, 
Although  the  laws  of  war  give  all  ships,  barges, 
vessels,  boats,  and  craft  of  &itty  description  in 
harbours,  rivers,  and  creeks,  to  the  captors,  yet  the 
Commanders  in  Chief  of  his  Brit.  Miyesty's  forces 
by  land  and  sea  feeling  that  such  captures  will 
distress  the  owners  of  small  vessels,  as  they  may 
be  the  only  means  by  which  they  gain  their  live- 
lihood, and  anxiously  wishing  to  give  eveiy  en- 
couragement to  real  industry,  and  every  accom- 
modation to  the  inhabitants  of  South  America,  do 
by  this  proclamation  give  up  all  such  small  ves- 
sels as  shall  appear  to  be  really  vessels  carrying  on 
the  coasting  trade  of  the  river.  And  they  at  the 
same  time  call  upon  all  the  owners  of  those  ves- 
sels, and  the  inhabitanu  in  general,  to  see  that  no 
imposition  is  practised  on  the' captors  by  the  ves- 
sels claiming  this  act  of  grace,  that  are  not  intitled 
to  it.  The  ca^itor^  iiust  they  OAcrit  this  attention 
H 


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Capture  of  Euetlos  Jyre$, 


[19* 


from  their  liberti  conduct  to  the  inhabitants  of 
South  America,  and  their  desire  to  do  every  thing 
in  their  (lOwer  to  promote  the  happiness  of  the 
country. — ^The  description  of  vessels  included  in 
this  proclamation,  are  to  be  named  by  Capt.La- 
juno  -,  and  Capt.  Thompson,  Capt.  of  the  port.— 
W.  C.  Berbsford.  Homi  Popham. 
JEtttract  «/■  «  Jhipatch  from  Maj,  Gen,  BererforJ^ 
16M  Jufyt  180(3. 
I  am  now  able  to  transmit  nearly  an  account  of 
the  money  which  has  been  received  as  prize  under 
the  terms  of  my  agreement  with  the  acting  go» 
vernor  ot  the  place,  previous  to  my  entering  the 
town.  The  statement  shews  the  various  depart- 
ments and  public  bodies  whence  the  sums  form- 
ing the  total  have  been  derived,  the  sum  of 
1,080,209  dollars  is  going  home  in  his  Majesty's 
ship  Narcissus,  and  Sir  Home  Popham  and  my- 
self have  thought  it  right  to  reserve  here  for  the 
exigencies  of  the  armv  and  navy  a  considerable 
sum ;  and  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  down  the 
exchange  on  bills  drawn  by  the  respective  services 
and  which  would  otherwise  bring  the  dollar  to  an 
enormous  price. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  merchandize  in  the 
King's  stores,  principally  Jesuit's  Baik  and  Quick- 
silver, and  which  is  in  the  Phillippine  Company's 
stores,  with  the  liulc  that  is  retained  of  floating 
properly,  will  amount,  if  it  can  be  clispo<^ed  of,  to 
between  'i  &3, 000,000  dollars.  Of  the  bullion  deli- 
vered in,  some  is  claimed  as  private  property,  and 
which  shall  be  delivered  in  the  same  spirit  of  libe- 
rality with  which,  we  trust,  it  will  b©  considered 
we  have  acted  here.  The  61,700  dollars  were 
yesterday  delivered  to  the  Consulada,  on  their  as- 
surance only  that  it  belonged  to  the  people  of  this 
town,  and  they  have  a  claim  upon  40  or  50,000 
more,  which  will  be  settled  this  day. 

Embarked  on  board  his  Majtstys  Ship  Narcissus, 

Dollars. 
Royal  Treasure;  by  Mr.  Casamajor  -  208,519 
Phillippine  Company;  ditto  -  •  108,000 
Post  Office;  ditto  -  .  -  -  56,872 
Tobacco  Administrarion ;  ditto  -      04,323 

Custom  House ;  ditto  -  -  -  57,000 
Agent  of  Phillippine  Company  -  -  100,000 
1 1 4  Skins,  each  3000  dollars ;  brought 

back  from  Luxan  by  Capt.  Arbuth- 

not's  Party 342,000 

3  Boxes ;  ditto  -  -  -  -  5,932 
Gold  Bar ;  ditto        ....  50^ 

71  Ingots  of  Silver;  ditto  -  .    113,000 


1,086,208 


Rf  mains  in  the  Treastuy. 
Agent  of  Philippine  Company  '      -      -      30,000 
Consulada ;  brought  back  from  Luzan 

by  Capt.  Arbuthnot's  Party  -  -  61,790 
32§  Linen  Bags;  ditto  -  -  -  32,500 
88  Boxes;  brought  back  from  Luzan 

by  Capt.  Arbuthnot  -  -  -  76,000 
Box  found  in  the  House  of  a  Priest      -        4,825 


Embarked  on  board  the  Narcisstxs 
Remains  in  the  Treasury 


205,115 
1,086.208 

205,115 


Total         1^201^28 


Admiral'j  Ofiiee^  Stptmher  13,  1806. 
Captain  Donnelly,  of  his  Majesty's  shi^  Nar* 
cis!«us,  arrived  last  night  at  this  office  with  a  dis- 
patch from  Commodore  Sir  Home  Popham,  Knt« 
addressed  to  William  Marsden,  Esq.  of  which  the 
following  is  a  copy : 

Narcissus t  if  Buenos  Jy^es^ 
Sir,  /•r^6,  1806. 

,  In  the  letter  which  1  had  the  honour  to  addre's 
you  from  St.  Helena,  April  80, 1  fully  explained^, 
fur  the  information  of  my  Lords  Commissioners 
of  the  Admiralty,  the  motives  that  induced  me  ta 
press  so  strongly  the  prgcncy  and  expediency  of 
undertaking  ^n  expedition  against  the  enemy's 
settlements  in  the  Rio  de  la  PlaU. 

I  have  therefore  only  to  give  you  a  short  detail 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  squadron;  previously 
congratulating  their  lordships  on  his  Majesty's 
forces  being  in  full  possession  of  Buenos  Ayres 
and  its  dependencies ;  the  capital  of  one  of  the 
richest  and  most  extensive  province;  of  South 
America. 

To  the  commerce  of  Great  Britain  it  exhibits 
peculiar  advantages,  as  well  as  to  the  active  indus- 
try of  her  manufacturing  towns.  And  when  I 
ver|ture  in  addition  to  assure  their  lordships  of  the 
extreme  healthiness  of  the  climate,  I  trust  I  only 
hold  out  a  consolation  that  the  friends  of  every 
person  employed  on  this  expedition  are  justly  en- 
titled to,  and  which  1  am  satisfied  will  be  equally 
gratifying  to  the  feelings  of  every  British  subject. 

As  1  considered  it  an  object  of  material  conse^ 
quencc  to  obtain  the  earliest  local  information  ia 
the  river,  I  placed  the  squadron  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Capt.  Rowley  May  2;,  and  preceded  it 
in  the  Narcissus  for  that  purpose. 

On  the  8th  ult.  we  anchored  near  the  Island  of 
Flores ;  and,  after  passing  Monte  Video  the  fol- 
lowing day,  we  detained  a  Portuguese  schooner, 
by  whom  the  intelligence  vw  had  formerly  re- 
ceived was  generally  confirmed.  On  the  1  ith  we 
fell  in  with  the  Encounter  and  Ocean  Transport 
near  the  South  Coast  of  the  River ;  and  on  the 
13ih  we  joined  the  squadron.       ^ 

It  was  immediately  determined  to  attack  the  , 
capital;  and  no  time  was  lost  in  removing  the  1 
marine  battalion  to  the  Narcissus,  the  Encounter, 
and  the  tritnsports,  for  the  purpose  of  proceeding  j 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  while  the  Diadem  blockaded  1 
the  Port  of  Monte- Video,  and  the  Raisonable,  and  j 
Diomede,  by  way  of  demonstration,  cruized  near 
Maldonado  and  other  assailable  points. 

Our  progress  up  the  river  was  very  much  re- 
tarded by  the  shoalness  of  the  water,  adverse 
winds,  and  currents,  continual  fogS}  and  the  great 
inaccuracy  of  the  charts ;  but  by  the  unremitting, 
and  laborious  exertions  of  the  officers  and  men  I 
had  the  honour  to  command,  these  difficulties 
were  surmounted,  and  the  squadron  anchored  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  25th  off  Point  Quelmcs  k 
Pouichin,  about  twelve  miles  from  Buenos  Ayres, 

As  it  was  impossible  for  the  Narcissus  to  ap- 
proach the  shore  on  account  of  the  shoalness  of 
the  water,  the  Encounter  was  run  in  so  close  as 
to  take  the  ground,  the  more  eflfectuaUy  to  cover 
the  debarkation  of  the  army  in  case  of  necessity  t 
the  whole  however  was  landed  in  the  course  of 
the  evening  without  the  least  opposition;  con- 
sisting of  the  detichmcnt  of  his  Majesty's  troopsj.  ^ 
from  the  Cape,  and  that  from  St.  Helena,  witli 


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Caplurt  qT  Buenos  Ayres. 


ri9» 


the  marine  battalion  under  the  orders  of  Capt. 
King,  of  hU  Majesty's  ship  Diadem,  which  was 
composed  of  the  marines  of  the  squadron  aug- 
mented by  the  incorporation  of  some  seamen, 
and  three  companies  of  royal  blues  from  the 
same  source  of  e^terprize,  which  had  been  re- 
gularly trained  for  that  duty,  and  dressed  in  an 
appropriate  uniform. 

The  enemy  was  posted  at  the  village  of  Reduc- 
tion, which  was  on  an  eminence  about  two 
m  Ics  from  the  beach,  with  the  appearance  of  a 
fine  plain  between  the  two  armies,  which  how- 
ever proved  on  the  following  m^ruing  to  be  only 
a  morals  in  a  high  state  of  verdure. 

This  in  some  measure  checked  our  advance, 
iK>r  did  the  enemy  open  his  field  train  tiil  the 
trooptf  were  nearly  in  the  mivldle  of  the  swamp, 
from  whence  he  thought  it  was  impossible  for 
them  to  be  eittricatcd. 

The  able  and  excellent  disposition  of  Gen. 
Beresfbrd,  and  the  iutrcpidiry  of  his  army,  very 
•oon  however  satrsfied  the  enemy,  thai  his  only 
safety  wax  in  a  precipitate  retreat,  for  we  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  from  the*  shii;i  near  four 
thousand  Spanish  cavalry  flying  in  every  direc 
tion,  leaving  their  artillery  behind  them,  while 
our  troops  were  ascend'n^  the  hill  with  that  cool- 
ness and  coua^,  which  has  on  every  occasion 
marked  the  character  of  a  British  soldirr,  and 
has  hccn  exemplified  in  proportion  to  the  diffi- 
culties and  dan^^cri  by  which  he  wa<  opposed. 

1  have  probab  y  trespassed  on  a  line  that  dors 
not  immediately  belong  to  me,  but  I  could  not 
resist  the  gratification  i  f  relating  to  their  lord- 
fhips  what  1  saw  ;  assuring  myself,  at  the  same 
time,  they  will  be  convinced,  if  the  enemy  hati 
given  the  squadron  an  equal  opportunity,  I 
should  have  had  the  pleasing  duty  of  reporting  an 
honourable  issue  to  the  effect  of  their  eminent 
seal  and  exertions. 

On  the  ajth.'in  iVt  morning,  we  saw  some 
firing  near  the  banks  of  the  nvcr  Chuclo,  but  it 
blew  so  hard  that  it  was  tota'ly  impracticable  to 
have  any  communication  with  the  shore  during 
that  day. 

Early  on  the  asih,  a  royal  salute  was  fired 
from  the  castle  of  Burnos  Ayres  in  honour  of  his 
M^esty's  colours  being  hoisted  in  South  America, 
and  instandy  returned  by  the  ships  lying  off 
the  town 

I  now  consider  it  to  be  a  proper  moment  for 
acknowledging  in  terms  of  the  smccrcst  gratitude, 
my  high  sense  of  the  zealous  and  animated  con- 
duct of  every  officer  and  man  in  the  squadron 
whibh  I  have  the  extraordinary  good  fortune  to 
command. 

Capt.  Rowley,  with  Capt.  Edmonds  under  his 
orders,  cootinaed  as  long  as  the  weather  would 
permit  an  ad? antageous  demonstration  off  Maldo- 
nado. 

Capt.  Donnelly,  who  did  me  the  favour  of  re- 
^uesung  I  would  go  up  the  river  in  the  Narcis- 
sus, and  to  whom,  from  his  rank,  no  specific 
service  could  be  assigned  in  our  small  scale  of 
operations,  applied  him-ie  f  in  every  occasion 
where  he  could  promote  the  objects  of  the  ex- 
peditiod: — and,  ar  he  is  charged  with  this  dis- 
patch, I  take  the  liberty  of  recommending  him 
to  their  lordships*  protection,  umlcr  a  full  con- 
viction they  will  obtain,  throi^b  him,  every  in 
iMmjUioa  which  they  have  a  ri^t  to  expect 


from  an  officer  of  great  intelligence  and  long 
meritorious  service. 

I  consider  Capt.  Ki  g,  with  the  officers  of  the 
marine  batt.  so  completely  under  the  report  of 
Gen.  Bcrestbrd  that  I  shall  only  stye  to  their  lord- 
ships my  extreme  satisfaction  on  hearing  per- 
sonally from  the  General  how  highly  he  appre- 
ciated every  part  of  their  conduct,  particularly 
the  celerity  with  which  they  transpoited  the  ar- 
tillery and  troops  across  the  Rio  Chuclo  after  the 
bridge  was  burnt  by  the  enemy. 

Lieut  Talbot  of  the  encounter  manifested  great 
zeal  in  every  instance  where  it  was  necessary 
to  call  on  him  ;  Lieut.  Groves  of  the  Diadem  was 
also  very  accive  in  landing  the  ordnance  and 
ordnance  stores,  and  I  think  it  highly  proper  to 
state  to  their  lordships  that  the  masters  and  crews 
of  the  different  transports  behaved  with  great  at- 
tention during  the  whole  of  this  service. 

1  inclose  a  copy  of  the  terms  granted  to  the 
inhabiunts  after  the  capture  of  the  city,  by  which 
their  lordships  will  .sec  that  the  coasting  vessels  in 
the  river,  supposed  with  their  cargoes  to  amount 
to  1,500,000  dolar^,  were  restored  to  the  pro- 
prietors ;  for  an  early  record  to  the  country  of 
the  great  liberality  of  his  Majesty's  government. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c.    Home  Popham, 

I  have  sent  Lieut  Groves  to  take  pos  ession  of 
En^ennba  de  Baragon,  a  port  to  the  rastwa.d  of 
Buenos  Ayre*',  where  I  understand  there  arc  two       / 
gun  vcsse.s  and  two  merchant  ships.         ii.  P. 

We  understand  that  a  vessel  ready  freighted, 
and  cleared,  chiLfly  lalen  with  articles  of  vvcar- 
ine;  apparel,  had  been  lying  3  weeks  ia  one  of  ilje 
outports,  in  expectation  of  the  success  of  tha 
expedition  sent  against  Buenos  Ayres ;  and  in 
order  to  take  instant  advantage  of  this  impor- 
tant capture. 

In  Itss  than  3  days  after  the  Gazette  was  pub- 
lished, at  least  o  vess'  Is  were  posted  up  in  the 
Royal  Exchange,  for  immediate  dispatch  to  this 
new  region  of  mercantile  speculation. 

Sir  Home  I'opham  has  addressed  an  interesting 
letter  to  the  mayoi>,&c.  of  several  manufdcturiug 
town-*.  It  des  riues  Buenos  Avres,  as  containing 
70,000  inhabitant.*?  who  are  exceedingly  in  want 
of  goods  of  British  manufacture.  It  cnumcrattt 
the  productions  of  that  country  ;  indigo,  tobacco, 
VigogTia  wool,  cotton,  tyger  skins,  seal  -kin^,  cop- 
peras,  figs,  dried  tongues,  beef  and  hams,  saflfron, 
cochineal,  cocoa,  hemp,  hair,  wheat,  gums,  drugs, 
gold,  silver,  and  pr^cioun  stones :  besides  hides  and 
tallow,  its  grand  staple  commodities.  It  encoura- 
ges the  ir.anufacturcrs  in  genenl  to  avail 
themselves  eagerly  of  the  opening  of  this  new 
channel  for  the  snle  of  their  commodities. 

An  order  of  his  Majesty  in  council,  has  been 
published  in* the  London  G.ixcitc  Sept.  20  h  d,'Ud 
from  the  Queen's  Palace,  Sept.  17, 1800,  authoris- 
ing a  trade  or  commerce  with  Buenos  .^yres  and 
its  dependencies,  on  the  same  terms  as  with  our 
other  Trans-Atlantic  possessions.  The  same  or- 
der confirms  the  regulation  established  by  Sir 
H.  Popham,  and  Gen.  Bctesford  tor  the  reduction 
of  the  former  duties  on  imports  from  84^,  to 
lii  per  cent,  ad  vak  tm.  The  operation  of  this 
judicious  regulation  will  give  the  natives  all  the 
European  productions*  at  ODf-fourih  IciS  pr'ct 
than  they  heretofore  paid  for  them.  «>Uvt9 
are  tbtallv  prohibited. 

Ha 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


^39] 


Ohservanda  exiehia.^^Frontws  of  China  — France. 


[MO 


OBSERVANDA  EXTERNA. 

FRONTIERS   OP  CHINA. 

Vaccination^  &c.  Portable  Medicine  Chests. 
Mr.  Rehmann»  physician  to  his  Serene 
Highness  the  Prince  of  Furstembeiigy  has 
lately  received  a  letter  from  his  son,  physician 
to  the  Russian  embassy  in  China.  This  let- 
ter is  dated  from  Kiachta,  on  the  frontiers  of 
China,  14th  October,  1805.  Mr.  Rehmann, 
jun.  writes,  that  he  has  vaccinated  a  great 
numb'^r  of  the  children  of  the  mogols. 
**  They  still  retain,**  says  he,  "  the  simple 
manners  and  morals  of  their  ancestors.  They 
live  under  tents,  3till  use  the  bow,  and  shoot 
their  arrows  with  such  dexterity,  that  in  a 
chace  with  the  suite  of  the  Russian  ambassa- 
dor, they  killed  six  times  more  game  than 
the  latter  did,  although  they  canied  very 
jsood  fowling-pieces  and  rifle-guns.** —  Mr. 
Rehmann  writes  also,  that  he  has  discovered 
in  Tibet  a  small  portable  selection  of  medi- 
cines, whi<?h  may  be  of  great  senice.  It 
consists  of  sixty  pieces,  very  elegantly  wrap- 
ped up  in  l)aper :  it  comprises  some  remedies 
iised  in  Europe,  but  a  greater  number  of 
which  the  botanists  attached  to  the  embassy 
had  no  knowledge.  Among  them  are 
tome  small  sorts  of  fruits,  or  walnuts,  with 
chemical  preparations.  Mr.  Rehmann  has 
presented  a  list  of  them,  translated  from  the 
original  Tangut.  .He  intends  to  bring  home 
with  him  some  of  these  little  pharmacopeias, 
which  are  very  common  among  the  Bucharcse : 
he  assures  bis  fatlier,  that  in  consequence  of 
the  measures  he  has  employed,  vaccination  is 
now  propagated  from  Jekutzh  a$  far  as  Ja- 
kutsh  and  Ochotzk,  and  consequently 
fiom  England  to  the  remotest  extremity 
of  tlie  northern  part  of  the  gk>be.  He  is  in 
ho])es  of  bringing  with  him  some  valuable 
Chinese  works  for  the  library  of  his  Serene 
Highness  the  Prince  of  Furstemberg. 

FRANCE. 

Zehra,  breed  qf. 

The  difficulties  which  attend  the  attempt 
to  procure  a  breed  firom  the  female  zebra,  are 
reported  tb  have  been  obviated  at  Rixis,  in  the 
Janlin  des  Plantes>  without  bavins  recourse 
to  the  expedient  of  painting  a  male  ass,  in 
stripes  like  herself,  which  was  adopted  in 
England.  It  is  understood  that  the  zebra  is 
pregnant. 

Chrystal  flute. 

The  contetvatonum  of  music  at  Paris  has 
tried  a  flute,  made  of  cnrstal  by  M.  Laurent, 
and  found  that  it  has  a  dear  fine  tone. 
Greek  classics,  by  modern  Greeks, 

Two  Greek  brothers  in  Paris,  of  the  name 
of  Zozima,  Iiare  set  apart  a  considerable 
turn  of  money  for  the  establishment  of  a 
library  of  the  Greek  classics,  from  Homer  to 
the  Piolemys.  A  learned  Greek,  of  the 
name  of  Coray,  will  edit  the  works,  which 
are  to  be  printed  by  Didot^  on  a  oisw  letter. 


The  library  is  intended  for  such  of  their  coun- 
trymen who  may  learn  the  antient  Greek  ; 
tl\ey  will  be  presented  gratis  to  industrious 
scholars  and  active  teachcra,  and  such  as  may 
purchase  conies  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
away,  will  oe  allowed  a  discoimt  of  20  j>er 
cent,  on  the  purchase  of  tea  copies. 
Medal  of  Tcspasiany  in  gold. 

In  the  comuiune  of  Kouede,  department 
of  I>ot  and  Garonne,  as  a  labounng  man 
was  ploughing  his  field,  he  found  a  gold 
medal  of  the  value  of  I9  francs,  perfectly 
struck,  and  in  a  high  state  of  preservation.  On 
one  side  is  seen  a  very  cood  head  of  Vespasian, 
with  these  words  : '  Imp.  Ca?s.  Vcspasianus. 
Aug.  On  the  other  side  is  represented  a 
woman  sitiing  in  a  mournful  posture,  chained 
to  a  palm  tree,  with  her  liands  tied  behind 
her  back.  On  llie  exergue  is  the  word  Judea* 
Indigo  naturalized  in  Europe. 

A  proces-verbal  of  the  municipality  pf 
Lille,  deprtment  of  Vaucluse,  has  confirmed 
tile  success  of  a  plantation  of  indigo,  executed 
upon  a  large  scale,  and  in  an  open  field,  part 
of  the  estate  called  Glu\  incl,  the  properly  9f 
Mr.  Icard  de  Bataglini.  It  is  stated  in  the 
proces-verbal,  that  after  a  scrupulous  exami- 
nation of  the  indigo  produced,  the  commit 
saries  were  of  opinion  that  this  precious  p^t 
would  be  naturalized  in  the  department,  and 
become,  at  some  future  periodi,  one  of  its 
principal  sources  of  opulence.  The  mayor, 
in  the  name  of  his  constituents,  and  likewise 
tlie  commissaries,  have  addressed  their  heart- 
felt acknowledgment  and  thanks  to  Mr.  Icaid 
de  Bataglini. 

Cotton  nfliiuraUzed  in  Europe. 

On  some  of  the  heaths  (iandes)  of|Fi;ance, 
M.  Louis  Dupoy,  a  colonist  of  St.  Domingo, 
at  present  comptroller  of  the  customs  at  Dax* 
has  succeeded  in  the  introduction  of  cotton. 
He  escaped  from  the  severity  of  Dessaline^ 
in  an  American  vessel,  to  New  Orleans,  and 
thinking,  very  rationally,  that  the  cotton 
which  was  cultivated  veiy  successfully  in 
Louisiana,  might  be  naturalized  in  the 
southern  pro\'inces  of  France,  he  provided 
himself  with  seeds  proper  for  the  experiment; 
which  he  distribuUxl  among  the  members  of 
the  society  of  agriculturists.  His  expectationt 
have  succeeded;  very  fine  cotton  nas  been 
produced,  and  the  pods  have  attained  ta 
perfect  maturity.  These  experiments  are  to 
be  repeated ;  and  if  it  can  be  naturalized 
and  habituated  to  the  climate  on  the  Iandes, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  this  \'aluabk 
plant  may  succeed  still  better  in  the  southern 
provinces  of  France. 

Inland  navigation. 

The  establishment  of  a  canal,  which 
bringing  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  together,  will 
join  the  North  Sea  to  tlie  Mediterranean,  is 
now  in  contemplation.  This  canal,  which  is. 
to  take  itf  name  ffom  fiuonaporici  will  cnM 


Digitized 


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Olsefi>anda  extema.'^h'ontlers  of  China,^^thmce. 


{202 


the  deparftnetit  of  the  Jura*    Doubs,    and 
Upper  and    Lower  Rhine,  through  an  extent 
o*  71  lea<^e8 :    it  will  open  an  internal  na- 
viaatton  from  one  extremity  of  France  to  the 
other,-  vrhich  must  contribute  to  give  a  new 
Hnpulse  and  direction  to  commerce.     In  con- 
sccraence  of  this  extensive  plan,  and  with  the 
aid  of  the  canals  of  the  south,  of  the  centre, 
and  of  the  cote-d*or,  which  all  unite,  a  free 
com nmnica tion  will  soon  be  established  in- 
teroally     between   the '  seas    and    rivers    of 
Francse,    between  its  capital  and  its  numerous 
cities,    and  will  extend  abroad  to  a  great  part 
of  Holland,  Germany,  and  Switzerland.  This 
canal  will  promote  a  safe  and  easy  exchan(2:c 
of  the  natural  and  artificial  productions  of  tlie 
Muth    and  east,   with  those  of  the  north, 
those  of  Af  arseHles,  to  and  from  Amsterdam, 
without  danger  of  any  kind  of  damage  from 
bod  weather  at  sea,    or   from    the   enemy. 
By    means    of   this    conveniency     Lyons, 
Sdosburgh,     Mentz,     and    C'Ologne,     will 
become     places    of  rendezvous  fot    profita- 
bW  commercial  operations.     One  of  the  laws 
btely  decreed,  appoints  the  funds,  aud  pro- 
vides for  the  expences,  t^hich  are  still  wanted 
for  the    completion  of  this  great  and  impor- 
tant enterprise,    estimated   at   14    millions. 
The  discourse  pronounced  on  the  occasion,  in 
;i  meeimg  of  the  l^slative  body,    by    M. 
Koch,    member   of  the  tribunate,  contains 
an   historical  account  of  this  project,  which 
was  first  su^^gested  under  the  reigns  of  the 
ancient  Csesars.     The  advantage  which  not 
only   France,   but  Europe,  will  derive  from 
its  execution,    are    enumerated  with    great 
exactness,  propriety,  and  precision.     He  in- 
vites   also   the  new  sovereigns  of  Germany 
to  exert  their  utmost  endeavours  in  advancing 
the  execution  of  the  canal  which  is  to  join 
the  Rhine  to  the  Danube,  which,  with  that 
of  the  present  canal,  will  form  the  communi- 
cation of  the  greatest  magnitude  that  e^er 
existed,    and     connect    all    the   commercial 
operations  of  the  European  states,  when  at 
wace. 

riaccinafion  on  men  and  on  animals. — The 
T0t  alatedy  hy  inoculation^  in  sheep. 
The  central  committee  for  the  examination 
if(  the  cow-pox,  have  made,  on  the  12th  of 
July,    their  report  of  the.  experiments   that 
have  been  tried  in  France  dkiring  the  year  13, 
fcr  the  propagation  of  vaccination,  before  the 
society  established  by  the  minister  of  the  in- 
terior.   The  result  proves  to  be,    that  the 
inimbcr  of  people  who  have  been  inoculated 
iu  the  course  of  the  year   13,  in  42  depart- 
ments, the  prefects  of  which   have  sent  in 
their  returns,    amounts  to   125,992,  which 
would  make  about  400,000  for  the  whole 
country ;  and  admitting  that,  as  in  the  year 
10,    tne   number   of  births    amounted    to 
4,083,157,  it  will  follow  that  at  least  one 
vUnI  of  the  diildren  bom  in  the  years  13 


'  and  14,  have  been  inoculated  with  tlic  cow* 
pox. 

Numerous  experiments  have  been  tried  to 
ascertain  the  preservative  effects  of  vaccina- 
tion ;  and  whether  the  former  inoculation  for 
the  small  pox  was  tried  on  those  who  had 
been  vaccinated,  or  an  intimate  and  ha- 
bitual intercourse  was  established  between 
them  and  patients  imder  the  small  poxj 
whether  during  the  return  of  this  last  epide- 
mical disease  those  who  had  been  vaccinated 
were  exposed  to  the  infection  5  whether,  in 
fine,  tlie  three  experiments  had  been  tried 
on  die  said  individuals,  yet  the  small  pox 
has  had  no  influence  upon  those  who  had 
gone  through  the  regular  process  of  vaccina- 
tion. One  of  the  most  important  results  of 
the  report'  of  the  committee  is  the  certainty 
of  the  progressive  diminution  of  deaths  iit 
those  places  where  vaccination  has  been  in- 
troduced, and  an  inpreasc  in  the  number  of 
deaths  in  other  places  where  the  practice  of  it 
has  been  neglected.  The  returns  sent  by 
some  of  the  prefects  are  indeed  deserving  of 
particular  notice  and  attention ;  and  if  tha 
alarming  account  of  those  individuals,  who 
have  died  of  the  small  pox,  ht  compared  to 
the  number  of  those  who  are  attacked  with 
that  disease,  we  shall,  as  it  were,  be  ma« 
thematically  convinced  of  the  utility  of  adopts 
ingtlie  new  mode  of  inoculating. 

The  inquiries  which  the  central  committee 
was  directed  to  make,  have  not  been  limltnl 
to  the  human  species  j  they  have  endeavour* 
ed  to  resolve  the  important  question,  whether 
the  ^raccine  inoculation  administered  to  the 
sheep  would  not  be  a  preventative  against  the 
rot:  the  experiments  tried  at  Goussainville,  on 
the  beautiful  flock  of  Spanish  sheep  bclongins 
to  M.  Brunard,  a  farmer  at  Sarcelles,  bxm 
afterwards  at  P^s,  but  on  too  small  a  num* 
her  of  animals,  altliough  crowned  with  suc- 
cess, have  appeared  to  them  too  trifling  an 
argument  for .  deciding  the  question  in  the 
armmative,  and  the  rather,  as  similar  expe- 
riments tried  at  Versailles^  by  the  Agricultural 
Society,  had  been  productive  of  quite  con- 
trary effects.  The  committee,  therefore,  have 
thoOght  proper  to  try  new  experiments  on  a 
greater  niunber  of  animals;  but  notwith- 
standing their  most  ardent  wishes  to  have 
vaccination  practised  upon  all  sorts  of  cattle, 
yet  they  are  conscious,  Uiat  since  the  infection 
of  the  rot  had  been  formerly  diminished  by 
means  of  its  beiifg  Inoculated  on  the  beasts, 
this  last  method  still  deserved  being  recom- 
mended in  preference  to  vaccination.  It  has 
been  adopted  by  Mr.  Chaptal  for  his  flock  of 
Spanish  treed ;  and  last  summer  760  sheep  of 
his  ivere  inoculated  with  the  rot,  when  a  very 
small  number  died,  and  even  these  had  catizht 
the  infection  pre\ious  to  the  q>eration  being 
performed. 

HS 


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01  servanda  externa. — Germany  .'^Holland, 


1204 


GERMANY. 
Dr.  Gall,  in  Franc {/ort  and  Colore, 
Wc  Icam  from  Franckfort,  that  Dr.  Gall 
anived  in  that  town  some  days  since,  and 
advertised  in  the  newspapers,  that,  if  he  could 
procure  a  sufficient  number  of  subscribers,  he 
would  be^in  lectures  on  craniology.  Sub- 
scription 48  francs/  The  doctor  Hopes  to  be 
more  successful  in  this  place  than  he  was  at 
Cologne,  of  which  he  was  forced  to  take  his 
leave  without  naving  been  able  to  collect  a 
sufTicient  number  of  subscribers  to  attend  his 
ecientiiic  lectures.  He  is  soon  expected  in 
Paris. 

Antient  Greece, 
Mr.  Frederic  Rabe,  in  Berlin,  announces 
a  work  on  the  ruins  of  Greece,  which  ap- 
pears to  be  a  compilation  from  the  larger  and 
more  expensive  volumes  on  that  subject,  and 
of  whicn  those  of  Stuart,  the  English  archi- 
tect, form  the  foundation,  whose  plates  will 
be  cppied  exactly  in  this  work.  The  whole 
will  consist  of  near  80  copper-plates,  and  40 
sheets  of  text,  and  the  plates  will  be  given  in 
8  i)arts,  each  containing  from  8  to  1 2  plates. 
The  author  publishes  bjr  subscription.  The 
whole  work  is  4§^  Frederic  d'ore. 
Painting  on  glass. 
This  art  chiefly  flourished  at  Cologne.  It 
was  held  in  high  esteem  so  early  as  the  year 
12()0  :  it  was  brought  to  the  highest  degree  of 
perfection  in  1430,  but  declined  from  Kioo  to 
1730,  when  it  appeared  to  be  entirely  lost. 
The  many  panes  ot  painted  glass  with  which 
the  numerous  monasteries  and  magnificent 
churches  of  Cologne  were  embellished,  were 
so  many  master-pieces.  The  painters,  in 
this  process,  were  so  particular,  and  took 
such  pains  in  instructing  their  pupils,  that 
their  apprenticeship  lasted  at  least  six  years, 
Fometimcs  nine.  They  were  taught  first  to 
draw ;  next  to  paint ;  and  finally  to  compose 
their  colours.  This  last  process  was  consi- 
dered as  the  most  difficult,  and  the  comple- 
tion of  the  pupil's  instruction.    This  vatua- 

,  ble  artseenietJ  to  be  buried  in  eternal  oblivion, 
when  an  eminent  artist  of  this  same  town, 
^Ir.  Birrenbacha,  determined  to  direct  his 
studious  researches  towartls  the  acquisition  of 
it.  His  -essays  justify  the  most  flattering 
hopes  of  his  future  success. 

Gerouostic  excursion. 
Mr.  Leopld  von  Buch,  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin,  and  a  confi- 
dential friend  of  the  celebrated  Humboldt,  is 
gone  on  a  voynge  to  Iceland  at  his  own  ex- 
pence,  where  he  proposes  passing  the  winter, 
lor  the  purpose  of  making  physical  and  geog- 
nostic  ooser\-ations. 

Luther  cxhihited  on  the  stage. 
Letters  from  Berlin  inform  us,  that  on  the 

'  11th  of  June,  Doctor  Luther,  for  the  first 
time,  was  introrluced  on  the  stage.  The  piece 
was  written  by  Mr.  Werner,  and  has  been 
most  imcomuionly  applauded,  notwithstand- 


ing the  performance  lasted  fh>m  half 
past  five  till  eleven  oVlo(rk.  1  he  house  was 
so  full,  that  a  mmibcr  of  amateurs  could  not 
get  in.  This  heroic-drama  exceeds  in  whim- 
sical eccentricities  any  that  has  hitherto  ex- 
cited the  burlesque  imagination  of  our  modern 
writers.  The  scene  changes  fifteen  ot  eighteen 
times.  Luther  is  seen  successively  destroying 
lulls,  making  love,  translating  the  Bible, 
fi^htins,  armed  with  a  spear,  and  always 
with  the  Almighty's  thunder  by  his  side. 
He  concludes  tfic  piece  with  these  three  pa* 
thetic  words :  liberty !  creed  1  God ! 

HOLLAND. 

Prize  ouestions. 

The  members  of  feyler's  theological  so- 
ciety, in  their  last  sitting,  announced  the 
following  prize  question.  **  What  is  the 
**  difference  between  natural  religion,  as 
**  taught  by  Reason  alone,  and  the  Christian 
*'  religion,  as  contained  in  the  revealed  doc* 
"  trine  of  the  New  Testament  ?**  The  best 
answer  will  be  entitled  to  a  golden  medal, 
value  400  Dutch  florins,  and  must  be  written 
in  legible  Low  Dutch,  Latin,  French,  or 
English,  and  addressed  to  the  foundation 
house  of  the  late  Mr.  Peter  Teyler  vander 
Hulst,  near  the  Sleeper's  Hof,  in  Haerlem, 
on  or  before  the  1st  of  December  1806,  that 
.  it  may  be  adjudged  before  the  8th  of  April, 
1807. 

Tcyler*s  second  society  at  Haerlem  has 
published  the  following  question.  *'  Whsit 
**  historical  accounts  are  we  in  possession  of, 
**  of  changes  which  have  taken  place  in 
**  different  parts  of  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
**  from  various  causes?'*  The  best  answer 
sent  before  the  1st  of  April,  1807,  will  be 
entitled  to  the  gold  medal  of  400  Dutch 
florins. 

Rhine  river ^  conducted  to  the  sea. 

The  school  of  the  Fonts  et  Chauss^es  of 
Paris,  has  been  invited  by  the  engineers  of 
Holland,  to  give  advice  with  regard  to  the 
works  which  have  been  executed  with  a  de* 
sign  of  conveying  the  water  of  the  old  Rhine 
into  the  sea.  It  is  known  that  a  branch  of 
this  river,  which  is  not  inconsiderable  at 
Utrecht,  and  cien  at  Leyden,  totally  disap- 
peared, in  a  maiHier  inexplicable  by  any  one, 
at  a  small  distance  from  this  latter  city,  near 
a  village  called  Katw}ck,  after  having  formed 
a  kind  of  lake.  I'lie  humidity  of  the  fields 
and  of  the  surrounding  sands  were  the  only 
sensible  signs  of  the  formci  stream.  The  object 
in  view  was  to  drain  away  those  waters  from 
the  soil  they  thus  moidtened,  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, and  to  direct  their  course  towards  the 
sea.  For  this  puqxwe  a  canal  about  half  a 
league  long  was  opened,  one  extremity  of 
which  communicated  with  the  lower  branch 
of  the  old  Rhine,  and  the  other  with  the 
sea.  At  the  farther  end  of  this  canal,  which 
is  only  twenty  feet  wide,  is  a  sluice,  that  is 
coubiuered  as  one  of  themobt  beautiful  work» 


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of  the  kind.  It  may  easily  be  imagined  that 
it  must'be  very  solid,  to  withstand  the  fur\'  of 
the  billows ;  it  presents  on  that  side  an  angle 
of  about  40  degrees,  against  which  the  waves 
break :  it  is  constructed  in  such  a  manner, 
that  the  sides  will  keep  it  close  shut  in  propor- 
tion as  they  press  the  more  upon  it.  The 
project  of  this  enterprise  had  occn  long  in 
contemplation;  but  the  exeaition  had  al- 
Teays  been  postponed,  through  a  fear  of  not 
opposing  a  sluice  strong  enough  to  resist  the 
power  and  weight  of  the  tides ;  however  it 
appears,  now  the  works  arc  finished,  that  the 
apprehension  was  unfounded. 
Instrument  for  measuring  depths  in  the  sea, 

M.  Van  Stipriaan  Luiscius,  M.D.  has  in- 
rented  a  bathometer:  an  instrument  with 
which,  he  asserts,  the  greatest  depths  of  the 
ocean  may  be  fathomed.  He  has  already  had 
it  constructed  in  the  celebrated  manufactory  of 
Messrs.  Onderdewyngaart,  at  Delft.  Should 
the  matter  be  confirmed,  which  there  is 
reason  to  hope,  according  ta  the  testimony  of 
competent  judges,  not  only  from  the  construc- 
tion of  the  machine,  but  also  from  prelimi- 
nary experiments  made  on  the  river  Macse, 
by  the  inventor,  in  presence  of  M.  Van  Bem- 
melen,  Jecturer  on  natural  philosophy  at 
Delft,  and  of  several"  nautical  persons,  we 
may  justly  expect  to  obtain  new  information 
Tcspecting  this  subject,  and  the  form  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth  in  those  concealed  abysses 
of  the  sea.  M.  Van  Stinriaan  Luiscius'  has 
resolved  to  send  *  a  well-constructed  small 
model,  made  in  the  above-mentioned  manu- 
factory, to  the  principal  naval  powers,  for 
^f  th(i  experiment. 

HUNGARY, 

Canal  to  Pest :  commcree  of  that  town, 
Stephen  Wedresch,  land  surveyor,  at 
Szegeden,  in  Hungary,  has  published,  in  the 
Hungarian  language,  a  proposal  for  a  canal 
from  Szegedin  to  rest,  by  which  the  Tlu-isse 
would  be  there  united  with  the  Danube.  The 
river  Maros,  which  comes  out  of  Transj'l- 
▼ania,  increases  very  much  the  trade  of 
Szegedin.  It  is  calculated  that  300  sliips 
navigate  that  river  yearly  to  Szegedin,  laden 
with  salt  from  Transylvania,  and  200  from 
Arad.  The  country  round  Szegedin  supplies 
the  abaldo  (tobacco  warehouse)  at  Vienna 
with  3,000  tons  of  tobacco  yearly.  The 
third  principal  article  of  exportation  from 
Sz^cdin  is  wool ;  about  17,000  cwt.  The 
fourth  is  the  grain  of  the  Banat  and  Batcher 
country;  about  195,000  bushels.  To  this. 
may  be  added,  41,000  cwt.  cotton  in  transi- 
tu. A  little  above  Sz^edin  the  three  streams 
of  the  Koros  flow  into  the  Theisse  by 
Czourgrad.  He  estimates  the  expense  of 
making  the  canal  at  4,500,000,  and  the 
yearly  revenue  824,000  florins.  Szegedin  is 
advantageously  situated  for  the  building  of 
^pe,  f|om  200  to  250  tons  burthen. 


Urbarial  regulations :  4tafe  of  the  peasants^ 
From  the  press  of  Prinre  Ester! lazy,  at 
Eisenstadt  in  Hungary,  (the  prince'^  resi- 
dence) Francis  BrecUen,  his  upper  land- 
steward,  has  pivblished  a  volume  in  8vo,  con- 
taining 64  pages,  with  six  table'j,  called' 
Urbarial  Regulations  j  or  Rules  for  Bailiffs  or 
Stewards  in  apportioning  Gie  Land-»  occupied 
by  the  Peasants  in  the  Kinjidom  of  nunc,ary, 
to  the  Rent  and  Ser\'ice  due  froiti  i\i*^n\  to 
their  Liuidlords,  as  detennincd  ui  the  \  ice- 
regal  Coniitatus  of  ihe  Kingdom. — ^By  thig 
we  learn,  that  a  half  jjea^ant  (halbe  laurr) 
at  Giula,  in  the  county  of  Tolna,  occupies 
1 1  yokes  of  arable  land,  each  yoke  containing 
1 100  Kjuare  fathoms :  as  much  meadow  land 
as  produces  four  loc^ds  of  hay  :  in  tlie  home- 
stead and  warden  550  square  fatiioins,  or  half 
a  yoke  of  land;  should  this  consist  of  more 
or  less,  he  will  be  allowed  lei-s  or  more 
meadow.  For  this  he  furnl^^hes  to  his  lord 
yearly,  the  labour  of  26  days  wiih  a  pair  of 
oxen,  or  that  of  52  days  wuh  one  man  in- 
stead :  the  ninth  part  Of  his  prcxJuce  in 
kind  (hemp  and  flax  excepted)  :  1  florin  in 
money ;  carries  half  a  fathom  of  his  lord's 
wood  ;  pays  3lbs.  of  yarn,  a  pint  of  lard,  a 
capon,  a  hen,  and  six  e^. 

The  quantity-  of  land  allotted  to  each  tenant 
varies  in  proportion  to  the  population  and 
consequent  demand  for  pro\  i«?ions  ;  so  that  in 
the  counties  of  Neutra,  Pre^hurac,  Tronehin, 
Tharotza,  and  Olderibure,  a  whole  |>easant 
occupies  only  l6  yoke  of  land,  whilst  on  the 
contrarv',  in  the  county  of  Czanada,  33  are 
allowed  ;  and  in  that  of  Csongrad  'J4  .  -thos© 
counties  being  thinly  peopled. 

ITALY, 

Seulpture  for  America. 

The  sculptor  Thorn wal^ri,  at  Rome,  is 
now  at  work  on  a  colossiil  stitue  of  liberty, 
22  feet  in  height,  for  the  presidency  of 
Washington,  the  first  that  ever  went  from 
Italy  to  Am^^rica. 

Maniiseripts  and  looks. 

A  decree  from  Milan,  dated  10th  June, 
orders,  that  the  direcU)r-2;cner.d  of  the  do- 
mains shall  ti\ke  catalo';ues  of  th?  rare  niaiiU- 
scripts  and  books  in  the  8upj)r^ssed  mo.i  i^te- 
ries,  &:c.  and  \:\y  the  same  before  the  council 
of  state  and  the  genenl  direrior  of  pu^jlic  in- 
struction. The  archive*  div\  li  )r:vrie5  }«!j:..11 
be  put  under  scil,  and  t'lte  direct  >r  of  public 
instruction  shall  make  a  selectu.n  of  the  bo'Ksj 
the  most  valuable  will  be  hroujht  lo  MiU\i ; 
the  remainder,  in  pirt,  applied  to  the  ivse  of 
the  Lyceum  and  seconlarv  schools,  xnd  in 
part  sold  in  the  most  a(iv:i:itu2rcoa't  nia'mer. 

The  viceroy  ol    lutlv  has  .ipj>oinied  Dr> 
Haider,  of    Paris,   professor  of  t.ie  oriental 
languages  in  the  university  of  Pavia. 
Typographic  art. 

The  famous  printer  Hodoni  is  invited  from 
Parma  to  MilaDi  qii  very  advantageous  term^^ 
H  4 


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Littrary  Prospective, — Great  Britain 


t^OS 


to  establish  a  press  there  on  a  superb  scale. 
His  beautiful  edition  of  the  Lord's  prayer,  in 
155  languages,  is  nearly  completed  :  it  will 
excel  by  fer  the  Paris  edition.  Some  time 
ago  Bodoni  published  the  Italian  poem,  11 
bardo  della  svlvanera,  by  Monte,  with  a 
new  letter.  He  is  now  occupied  with  a 
Greek  edition  of  Homer,  byLamberti,  libra- 
rian at  Milan.  This  folio  edition  of  Homer 
is  spoken  of  as  the  most  elegant  which  has 
ever  yet  appeared.  By  way  of  specimeA  of 
this  work,  Bodoni  Has  published,  throu^ 
Lamberti*s  permission,  the  hymn  to  Ceres, 
in  folio,  which  is  unique  in  point  of  beauty. 
The  Greek  letters  appear  as  it  painted. 

The  Planisferio  ai  Fra  Mauro,  which  has 
been  so  long  expected  in  Italv,  has  at  lensth 
appeared,  and  three  copies  o(  it  are  arrivea  at 
Paris.  Marini*t  learned  work,  on  the  pa- 
pyrus of  the  antients,  is  already  on  the  way 
from  Rome  to  Pans.  The  life  of  Cardinal 
Borgia,  by  the  late  P.  Paolino  di  St.  Bartho- 
lomeo,  is  sup[)ressed  by  the  Pope,  on  account 
of  some  reflections  on  the  Jesuits.  Amoretti's 
lately  published  Lettcre  sulla  Rhabdomantia, 
have  excited  much  curiosity  in  Italy.  Amo- 
rctti  continues  to  publish  in  numbers  his 
Opuscula  scelc  ti  Milani.  Denina*s  French 
work  on  the  Alps  is  translated  into  Italian, 
by  Mr.  Velo,  in  Verona,  with  uiany  remarks 
and  obser^-ations.  Bossi,  a  learned  Milanese 
has  published  a  work  at  Turin  arainst  Mr. 
Akerblad :  the  title  i»y  Letter  of  Mr.  Bossi 
*  on  two  pretended  Runic  inscriptions  found  at 
Venice.  Akerblad  is  gone  to  Rome,  his  fa- 
Tourite  residence. 

POLAin>. 

Umverstty  in  Gallicta 
Since  the  establishment  of  an  Austrian 
goi^emment  in  West  Gallicia,  much  has 
been  done  for  the  cultivation  of  the  public 
mind,  and  the  universities  of  Lunbe^  and 
Krakaw,  which  had  nearly  gone  to  decay 
through  the  dissentions  in  the  old  govern- 
ment, have  been  re-establithed,  and  public 
schools,  with  capable  teachers,  have  been 
established  in  most  of  the  principal  towns. 

RUSSIA. 

Voyage  round  the  world. 
Captain  Krusenstem  is  arrived  at  Peters- 
burgh  from  hb  voyage  ropnd  the  worid.  He 
has  been  presentee!  to  the  emperor,  who  re- 
ceived him  very  graciously,  telling  him  that 
he  meant  to  have  visited  him  on  board  his 
ship  aCCronstadt.  For  Captain  Krusen- 
8tem*s  observations  made  while  he  was  at 
Japan,  see  pages  167,  168,  and  169. 
Botanizing  excursion  in  Tartary,  fs^c, 
A  letter  from  a  person  in  the  Russian  em- 
bassy, dated  at  Irkcrtz,  24th  April,  I8O6, 
mentions  that  M.  Ridowsky,  botanist  to  the 
embassy,  intends  making  the  following  bota- 
nical tour,  from  which  that  science  may 
ckpect  to  receive  much  yaluable  assistance. 


On  the  5th  of  May  he  leaves  Irkutch,  and 
pursues  the  conrse  of  the  Lena  as  far  as  Ja- 
Kutz  ;  from  thence  he  tiraces  the  Aldan  as 
far  as  its  source  in  the  Mongol  mount^ns. 
These,  as  well  as  the  Jablonoi  Chrebet  (apple 
mountains)  will  be  explored,  as  far  as  the 
Eastern  Ocean.  He  then  goes  along  that 
shore  as  far  as  Ochotsk,  where  he  expects  to 
arrive  in  September.  From  thence  he  will 
either  travel  by  land  round  the  bay  of  Pen- 
china  to  Kamschatka,  or  go  by  sea  toBol- 
cheretzk,  and  stay  there  the  winter.  In  the 
summer  of  1807  he  will  examine  the  Kurile 
isles,  as  near  as  possible  to  Japan  ;  and  then 
the  Alieutic  isles,  as  far  as  the  continent  of 
America.  On  his  return  he  will  explore 
Bering's  and  the  Copper  isles.  Thewmter 
he  will  spend  in  Kamschatka  $  and  in  tlie 
third  summer  he  goes  through  Sagalia  and 
the  isles  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amur,  and  will 
explore  that  stream  upwards  through  Yellow 
Mongolia  and  Nertchiuck,  and  thence  retiirn 
through  Davuria  and  Siberia.  He  promises 
to  pay  particular  attention  to  the  class  cr\p- 
togamia. 

TURKEY. 

Mercantile  failure. 
The  highly  reputable   mercantile  house, 
under  the  firm  of  Andreas  Stokel,  of  Constan- 
tinople, is  declared  insolvent  to  the  amount  of 
800,000  piastres. 

UTERARY  PROSPECllVE. 

GREAT    BRITAIN 

A  new  history  of  Northumberland,  in  three 

?uarto  volumes,  will  be  published  by  Mr. 
lutchinson,  of  Barnard  Castle.  The  Editor 
proposes  to  include  North  Durham  and  the 
adjacent  places.  This  work  is  intended  to 
comprehend  the  local  and  political  history* 
antiquities  and  curiosities,  mineralogical  and 
natural  history,  particularly  of  the  coal  and 
lead  mines,  genealogy  of  the  priiicipal  fami- 
lies, biographical  memoirs  ot  disUnguished 
characters,  and  a  statistical  survey  of  the 
county. 

Mr.  Thornton,  a  gentleman  who  resided 
many  years  in  Turkey  is  preparing  for  publi- 
cation an  account  of  the  ^vemment,  religion, 
manners,  military  and  civil  establishments  of 
Turkey :  it  will  be  published  next  Christmas. 

Dr.'Beatty,  Surgeon  of  the  Victoiy  in  the 
battle  off  Cape  Trafalgar,  wnll  publish  a 
Narrative  of  the  most  mtcrcsting  occurences 
on  board  that  ship  from  the  time  of  her  leaving 
England  until  the  day  of  battle,  inclusive  j 
with  the  particulars  ot  Lord  Nelson's  deaths 
also  anecdotes  of  his  lordship,  and  observations 
on  his  habits  of  life,  &c. 

A  cc'!ection  of  important  (acts  on  the  navi- 
gation system  of  Great  Britain,  in  two  octavo 
volumes,    b  expected  to  appear  shortly. 

Mr.  Arrowsmith  has  been  for  more  than  a 
year  past  enga^  in  constructing  a  new  map 


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[210 


of  Scotland,  from  original  materials,  to  which 
he  has  obtained  access  by  means  of  the  pariia- 
inentary  commissioners  tor  making  roads  and 
building  bridges  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 
The  elaJborate  military  survey  of  the  main-land 
of  Scotland,  made  in  the  middle  of  the  last 
century,  and  preserxed  in  his  Majesty's  li- 
brary, has  been  copied  and  reduced  for  the 
present  maps  and  the  several  proprietors  of 
the  western  islands  have  communicated  all 
their  surveys,  most  of  which  haVe  been  very 
recently  executed.  In  addition  to  the  astro- 
nomical observations  heretofore  known,  many 
latitudes  and  longitudes  have  been  purposely 
ascertained  for  this  map,  as  well  as  a  consi- 
derable number  of  magnetic  variations.  This 
map  is  to  be  accompanied  by  a  memoir 
explanatory  of  the  several  documents  from 
which  it  nas  been  constructed.  The  publi- 
cation may  be  expected  in  the  course  of  the 
winter. 

Mr.  H.  Siddons,  has  nearly  ready  for  pub- 
lication, a  copious  work  on  the  Theory  of 
Gesture  and  Action,  which  is  to  "be  illustrated 
by  more  than  sixty  engravings  of  characteristic 
figures. 

Mr.  P.  Kelly,  master  of  the  commercial 
academy  in  Fmsbury  Square,  is  preparing  a 
new  and  accurate  work  on  exchanges,  to  form 
one  hm  quarto  volume,  entitled  the  Uni- 
versal Qunbbt.  Mr.  K.  takes  for  his  founda- 
tion Kruse^s  Hamburgh  Contorist,  which  he 
has  modernized,  adapted  to  the  English 
Standard,  and  considerably  enlarged.  It  will 
contain  new  assays  of  tlic  principal  current 
€»ins  by  which  tlie  intrinsic  par  or  exchange 
is  determined.  The  ccst  will  not  exceed 
three  guineas^  and  the  price  to  subscribers 
tviJl  be  half  a  guinea  less  than  to  the  public. 

Mr.  William  Tickcn,  of  the  Royal  Military 
CoUe^,  will  shortly  publish  a  Treatise  on  the 
principles  of  geography,  statistical,  political, 
^tronomical,  nistoncal,  and  mathematical, 
in  a  quarto  volume  with  pLites. 

The  Rev.  W.  Bawdwen  proposes  to  publish 
hy  subscription,  in  one  quarto  volume,  a 
translation  of  Domesday  lx)ok,  as  far  as  it 
relates  to  the  county  of  York,  and  the  district 
of  Ainounderness  in  Lancashire^  with  an 
introduction,  notes,  and  a  glossary  of  obsolete 
terms. 

An  account  of  the  present  state  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  containing  a  general  descrip- 
tion of  the  country,  the  mountains,  bays,  ri- 
vers, Arc.  the  trade  and  commerce,  and  Uie 
natural  history  of  the  Southern  part  of  Africa, 
will  soon  appear  in  a  duodecimo  volume, 
with  a  map  ot  the  colony  engraved  by  Mr. 
Lowry. 

Mr.  Thelwall  intends  to  publish,  in  a  mo- 
derately sized  quarto  volume,  his  philoso- 
phical course  of  Lectures,  with  scientific  notes, 
aodpr^tical  illustrations. 

Mr.  Raimie  has  in  the  ftess,  a  Tolume  of 


Plays  and  Poems,  which  will  be  published  hi 
a  few  days. 

M  r.  Brewster,  thfe  author  of  the  Med  » iom 
of  a  Recluse,  is  printing  two  volumes  of  le  - 
tur«s  on  ths  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  read  to  his 
parishioners  at  Stockton. 

The  naval,  military,  and  private  practi- 
tioner's Amanuensis  Medicus  et  Chirurgicas 
by  Dr.  Cuming,  supcrintendant  of  the  naval 
hospital,  at  Antigua,  is  in  the  press. 

M.  Mordente  has  in  the  Press  a  Spaniib 
Grammar,  for  the  use  of  students  preparii^ 
for  die  Royal  Military  College. 

The  papers  of  the  late  illustrious  Lord 
Macartney  have  been  confided  to  Mr.  Bar- 
row, by  his  lordship's  executors ;  and  will  be 
soon  published,  with  full  and  accurate  me- 
moirs of  his  Lordship's  long  and  active 
life. 

Mr.  John  Thomhill,  of  Gateshead  in  tile 
county  of  Durham,  intends  to  publish  ty 
subscription,  a  Treatise  on  British  Ptoture 
tmd  Meadow  Grasses  :  about  thirty  kinds  of 
grasses  will  be  described,  and  a  specimen  of 
each,  having  all  the  parts,  roots,  leaves,  stem 
and  spike  or  panicle,  will  be  given,  together 
with  a  small  packet  of  the  seeds  of  each  pknt 
The  price  to  subscribers  will  be  fifteen  shH- 
lings. 

Mr.  Johnes  proposes  to  publish  a  supple 
mentary  volume  to  his  quarto  edition  of  Frois- 
sart's  Chronicles  j  containing  memoirs  of  the 
life  of  the  Author  5  the  various  reading^  pro- 
duced for  the  prcMected  new  Louvre  edition ; 
an  account  of  tne  celebrated  mahusrript  of 
the  chronicles  at  Breslaw,  with  various  read- 
ings and  additions,  and  an  account  of  the 
death  of  Richard  II.  of  England,  extracted 
from  a  manuscript  in  the  national  library  at 
Paris.  Mr.  J.  having  succeeded  so  well  m 
his  translation  of  Froissart's  chronicles,  is 
translating  "  Joinville,"  in  which  he  has 
made  considerable  progress. 

Mr.  Robert  Hamilton,  teacher  of  elocu- 
tion in  the  colleges  of  Aberdeen,  intends  to 
publish  The  Elements  of  Elocution,  intended 
tor  the  improvement  of  youth  in  the  pro- 
nunciation and  delivery  01  the  English  lan- 
guage. 

Mr.  Murray,  lecturer  in  Chemistry,  at 
Edinburgh,  has  in  tlie  press  a  Sptem  of 
Chemistry,  which  may  be  expected  in  the 
conrse  of  the  ensuing  winter. 

Dr.  Gilbert  Gerrard  D.  D.  Professor  of 
Divinity,  will  publish  Institutes  of  Biblical 
Criticism,  or.  Heads  of  a  course  of  I^ectnrcs 
on  that  subject,  read  in  the  University  of 
Kings  College  Aberdeen  :  in  8vo. 

The  Rev.  James  Headrick  has  in  the  press, 
A  View  of  the  Mineralogy,  Fisheries,  Agri- 
culture, Manufactures,  Sec.  of  the  Isbma  of 
Arran  :  in  8vo. 

Mr.  Combe,  of  the  British  Mnseum,  wiH 
soon  publish  an  appendix  to  the  vahiable 


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Literary  Prospective. — Great  Britain* 


C21S 


work  of  his  lather.  Dr.  Comhe,  intituled, 
J^ummi  veterum  Populorum  et  Urlrium  qui 
^  in  Museo  G^  Hunter  M.  D.  asservantur. 

Beausobre's  Introduction  to  the  New  Tes- 
tament is  reprinting  at  Cambridge,  being 
used  in  that  University  as  a  Lecture  Book. 

The  Earl  of  Buchan  is  collecting  all  the 
^ISS  and  drawings  of  the  late  Mr.  Barry,  with 
■a.  view  to  publish  them  for  the  benefit  of 
«ome  indigent  relations  of  tliat  celebrated 
•rtist. 

Waltfer 'Scott,  Esq.,  is  about  to  publish 
the  Memoirs  of  Sir  Henry  Slingsby,  Bart., 
from  l638  to  l648,  written  by  himself.  Also 
Memoirs  of  Capt.  John  Hodgson,  touching 
tiis  conduct  in  the  civil  wars,  written  by  him- 
self. To  each  work  will  be  added  various 
important  papers  relative  to  the  operations  of 
Oliver  Cromwell  and  his  army  while  they 
were  in  Scotland. 

Mr.  Jamieson  is  collecting  for  publication 
^Popular  Ballads  and  Songs,  from  tradition, 
"MSS.,  and  scarce  editions,  with  translation^ 
of  similar  pieces  from  the  ancient  Danish 
language,  with  a  few  original  poems  by  the 
editor :  they  will  form  2  vols.  8vo. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Varieties,  Consequences, 
»nd  Treatment  of  Opthalmia,  with  a  preli- 
minary Inquiry  into  its  contagious  nature,  by 
Dr.  Edmonstone,  is  in  the  press,  and  nearly 
completed.  , 

The  Rev.  R.  Yates,  author  of  tlje  Mo- 
tiastic  History  of  St.  Edmund's  Bury,  is  en- 
gaged on  a  circumstantial  comprehensive  and 
connected  Historical  memoir,  of  the  various 
public  Charities  of  the  Metropolis. 

Dr.  Crotch,  Lecturer  on  the  Science  of 
Music  at  the  Royal  Institution,  proposes  to 
publbh  the  first  volume  of  Specimens  of 
various  styles  of  Music. 

Mr.  Kogers,  author  of  tlie  Pleasures  of 
Memory,  has  nearly  finished  a  poem  on  the 
Horrors  of  Jacobinism. 

The  Rev.  J.  Robinson  is  engaged  in  a  new 
work  on  the  Antiquities  of  Greece. 

The  leading  features  of  the  Gospel  deli- 
neated, by  the  Rev.  N.  Sloan,  Minis- 
ter of  Domock,  Dtmifricshire,  will  appear 
in  a  few  days. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Rogers  has  finished  the 
third  and  fourth  volume  of  his  Lectures  on 
the  Liturgy. 

The  Rev.  J.  Lawson,  author  of  Lectures 
on  Ruth,  intends  to  publish  some  Lectures 
on  the  History  of  Joseph. 

Several  persons  of  literary  distinction  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  intend  to  commence 
the  publication  of  a  periodical  literary  Censor. 

Mr.  Pratt  proposes  to  publish  a  selection  of 
British  Pbetrv,  in  six  or  seven  small  volumes ; 
iuxx)mpanied  "by  a  critical  and  historical  Essay 
on  British  Poetry. 

Henry  Mackenzie,  Esq.,  one  of  the  Di- 
fectors  of  the  Highland  Society  of  Scotland, 


superintends  the  printing  of  the  third  Toluxne 
of  I*rize  Essays  and  Transactions  of  the  High* 
land  Society  of  Scotland,  with  an  account 
of  the  principal  proceedings  of  the  Society 
since  1803. 

Proposals  have  been  issued  for  publishing 
by  subscription,  a  French  historic  poem,  hav- 
ing for  its  title  Les  Pastes  Britanniques,  being 
a  concise  and  yet  comprehensive  abridgement 
of  the  Historj-  of  England,  from  the  invasion 
of  Julius  Caesar,  down  to  the  present  time, 
by  M.  Lenoir,  professor  of  the  French  lan- 
guage and  Belles  Lettres,  author  of  the  French 
and  English  Emblematic  Logographic  Spel- 
ling Book,  and  several  other  approved  pub- 
lications. 

The  author  of  the  Romance  of  the  Py- 
renees has  a  novel  in  the  press,  entitled  Santo 
Sebastiano,  or,  the  Young  Protector. 

In  the  press,  and  speedily  will  l>e  publish* 
ed,  the  British  Indian  Monitor,  or  the  An* 
tijargonist ;  the  Stranger^s  Guide,OrientaI  Lin- 
guist, and  various  other  works,  compressed 
into  two  |X)rtable  volumes,  on  die  Hindoos- 
tanee  Language,  improperly  called  Moors; 
with  considerable  information  respecting  East- 
ern tongues,  manners,  customs,  &c.  that 
previous  time,  and  the  voyage  to  the  East- 
Indies,  may  botli  be  rendered  agreeably  sub-r 
servient  to  the  speedy  acquisition  of  much 
useful  knowledge  on  Indian  affairs,  inti- 
mately connected  with  future  health,  fame, 
happiness,  and  fortune,  in  that  remote,  but 
promising  portion  of  the  British  empire.  By 
the  author  of  Hindoostanee  Philology,  &c. 

The  Literary  Society  of  Bombay,  of  which 
Sir  James  Mackintosh  is  President,  will 
shortly  publish  a  Volume  of  Transactions. 

Country  gentlemen  will  be  interested  in  Ari 
Architectural  work  on  farm-houses,  farm- 
yards, dog-kennels,  stables,  cottages,  &c, 
shewing  at  large  the  construction  of  different 
farms,  buildings,  cottages,  &c.  by  Mr.  Lugar, 
author  of  Plans  for  villas,  &c.  which  will 
be  published  in  a  few  days. 

A  collection  of  the  best  Plans  with  Ele\'at 
tions  and  Sections  of  green-houses,  hot-houses, 
peach-houses,  &c,  built  for  various  noblemen 
and  gjentlemen,  by  M,  Tod,  hot-house  build- 
er, will  be  ready  for  publication  in  the  course 
of  this  month. 

An  edition  of  Hollingshead*s  Chronicle  is 
now  in  the  press,  and  is  intended  as  the 
first  of  a  series  of  the  English  Chronicles. 

A  genuine  and  correct  report  of  the  speeches 
of  the  late  Right  Hon.  William  Pitt  in  the 
H,oui»c  of  Commons,  from  his  entrance  into 
Parliament  in  178O  to  the  close  of  the  Session 
in  1785,  is  in  the  press,  and  will  be  pub^ 
lished  abrfut  Novemoer.  They  arc  dedicated  . 
by  permission  to  Lord  Grenville,  and  the 
Editor  has  been  aided  by  communications  from 
sc\eral  distinguished  members  of  both  Hov^^ei 
of  Parliament. 


I 


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tlS] 


lAterary  Pmfieet'we.^Amerka,  Denmarl,  Hreece,  ffe. 


C^u 


AMERICA. 

The  Christian  Monitor,  a  new  periodical 
^nrork  to  be  published  quarter]^,  oommeocod 
4U  Boston,  in  Febriutry  last. 

The  Medical  4nd  Agricultural  Register 
commenced  last  January;  it  is  a  mouthiy 
publication  lt>  pages  per  number^  8vo.  pricifi 
1  dollar  a  year. 

Air.  Joseph  T.  Buckingham  of  Boston, 

5ublishes  iu  monthly  numbers,  commencing 
antiary  IhOii,  a  work  calkd  the  Polyauthos. 
Its  aim  is  *'  to  please  the  learned,  and  en- 
li^hten  the  ignorant;  to  alluro  the  idle  from 
folly,  and  confirm  the  li.nid  in  virtue,"  It 
contains  American  biography,  with  portraits. 
Mr.  Carpenter  has  commencod  at  Charles- 
town,  South  Carolina,  a  new  periodical  publi- 
cation, intituled  The  jVIoiiihly  Register,  and 
Heview  of  the  United  Stages.  It  will  be  con- 
ducted, as  nearly  as  po-^ible,  on  ttio  plan  of 
the  F2ngiiih  Annual  Register:  each  uumber 
%vill  be  divided  into  two  parts^  the  first  will 
l>e  a  Uistjrica:  and  PoUticai,  the  second,  a 
MUcellaneout  and  Ltterarv  Register. 

In  the  city  of  New  York  a  number  of  gen- 
tlemen have  instituted  an  association,  styled 
••  The  New  York  Historical  Society,''  its 
<^ect  is  to  promote  the  knowledge  of  the 
civil,  literary,  and  ecclesiastical  History  of 
America. 

The  Posthumous  works  of  the  late  Charles 
Ntsbet,  D.  D.  President  of  Dickenson  Col- 
lege, are  in  the  press,  and  will  shortly  be 
published. 

Letters  from  Europe,  during  a  tour  through 
Switzerland  and  Italy,  in  1801  and  IBCJ, 
written  by  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  are  just 
published*  by  A.  Bartrom,  Phihulelphia. 

Mrs.  Warren  has  in  the  press,  a  History  of 
the  rise,  progress,  and  termination,  of  the 
American  Revolutionafv  War. 

The  second  volume  of  Dr.  Hohnes's  Ameri- 
can Annals,  is  in  the  press. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Woodward  is  reprinting  at 
Philadelphia,  the  third  volume  of  Scott's 
Cotnmentary  on  the  Bible.  The  same  book- 
S^er  has  in'the  press,  editions  of 

Bigland's  Letters  on  the  Study  and  Use  of 
Ancient  and  Modem  History. 

The  Miscellaneous  works  of  the  late  Rcr. 
Richard  Baxter. 

Village  Dialogues,  by  the  Rev.  R.  Hill. 

Carr's  Travels  round  the  Baltic. This 

Author's  Stranger   in    France,  has  been  al- 
ready reprinted  at  Baltimore,  by  G.  Hill. 

Mebbrs.  Liucolu  and  Gieason  are  reprinting 
at  Hartford,  Sermons,  by  the  lit.  Kev.  Beilhy 
Portcus,  D.  D.  Bishop  of  London. 

Messrs.  S.  and  K.  butter,  are  reprinting  at 
Northampton,  Mas^aciiusetts,  the  sauic  au- 
thor's Lectures  on  the  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew. 
Tim  is  the  second  Amencau  edition,  and  is 
cooied  from  the  fifth  Lontton  edition. 

Messrs.  D.  and  J.  West,  Boston,  arc  re- 
f>niiting  the  Sabbath,  a  jpoem.  I 


Messrs.  Mumbeand  Francis,  Boston,  am 
poblibhing  an  ediiion  of  Southey's  Madoc, 
m  numbers.  Tliey  are  likewise  priming  a 
complete  edition  of  JKoiiui's  Ancient  His- 
tory, illustrated  with  plates,    in  8  vol.  iSmo. 

Messrs^  Collins,  Perkins,  and  Co.  have 
re-published  Lindley  Murray's  Sequel  to  tha 
English  Reader,  and  most  of  the  other  esteem- 
ed works  of  ibis  author. 

The  fifth  edition  of  Dr.  Morse's  Universal 
Geogtaphy,  is  lately  published,  contain- 
ing, in  a  i«e|)arate  4to  volume,  a  general  atlas 
of  the  world,  on  03  maps,  comprising  all  the 
new  discoveries  to  the  pr  :i.ent  unie. 

Mr.  C.  Bingham  iias  reprinted,  atBoston» 
Kett's  Llemcntt  of  General  Lnowlet^,  3 
vols.  12ino. 

Mr.  J.  Thomas,  of  Worcnsler,  intends  to 
publish  an  American  ediiioa  of  i^rcsident 
Edwardi's  works,  «o  be  proparod  for  the  press 
and  superintended  l>y  the  ilev.  Samuel  Austio 
and  otiiers. 

Messrs.  Thomas  imd  Whipple,  have  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Dr.  Young's  Centaur  not 
fabulous. 

Mrs.  Susannah  Rowson  has  published,  at 
Boston,  An  Abridgement  of  L  ui\'ersa!  Geo- 

Sraphy,  tosjetiier  with   Sketches  of  History, 
es.gned  for  the  Use  of  Schoob  in  the  United 
States. 

A  variety  of  other  books  are  forward  at  th* 
American  press :  but  many  are  reprints  of 
English  works. 

DENMARK. 

A  Danish  Dicti  >nary,  on  a  plan  similar  to 
that  of  the  Diciionnaire  de  I'Academie  Fran- 
^aise,  and  which  is  iiucndod  to  fix  the  ortho- 
graphy and  form  the  landardof  the  bngUige; 
lias  been  for  some  time  in  the  hands  of  tlie 
most  distinguished  liteniii  of  the  country,  and 
is  now  in  some  d  grce  of  forwardness.  It  js 
undertaken  at  the  expense,  and  tonducted 
under  the  direction  of  liie  Ro)al  Danish  So- 
ciety of  the  Scienjrs. 

GREECE. 

Dcmeter  Alexandrivles,  a  phpician  of  Tcr- 
nar>va,  in  Thessaly,  has  latel  r  tran.^lated  into 
modern  Greek,  'Gold^jmit'rs  History  of 
Greece.  The  first  vulum  ?,  accoin pained  by 
a  map  of  ancient  Greece,  has  already  been 
published. 

FRANCE. 

A  new  periodical  pnper  is  projected  at  Paris, 
a  gazeue  printed  in  Spiinish,  to  be  published 
every  Wcanesday  and  S  iturday. 

ROhMA 

General  Alexander  KiUzyn  has  translated 
Lord  Maci.rmey's  EajbaSby'to  China  into  the 
Ru^  ian  lau^jua'^e. 

.SWEDEN. 

Barrow's  Traveh  in  Southern  Africa  hare 
been  translated  la  an  abridged  form  into  th« 
Swedish  language,  by  F.  Olaf  Gra\'ander,  of 
tiie  University  of  Upsal. 


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t^liiuarp. — Lord  Tkurlow. — Mr.  Fox, 


\ll6 


OBITUARY. 
Right  Iloii.  Lord  Thurlow. — On  Fri- 
day morning,  September  13,  at  three  o*clock, 
ft!  his  house,  on  the  West  Cliff,  Brighton. 
Lord  Thuriow  was  a  profound  lawyer,  a 
boweriul  orator,  a  dignifed  judge,  and  an  in- 
aepetident  statesman.  He  was  in  his  7 1st 
year.  He  died  of  a  lethargy,  proceeding  froma 
slight  qffection  of  the  gout,  a  complaint  from 
which  he  had  not  been  entirely  free  for  years, 
i— He  was  bom  in  1735,  and  was  the  son  of 
the  Rev.  T.  Thuriow,  a  respectable  der^-- 
man,  of  AshfieM,  in  Suffolk.  He  studied 
at  Cambridge,  and,  after  the  usual  terms  in 
the  Temple,  was  called  to  the  bar,  where  his 
talents  and  manly,  thoi^  rough  manner, 
rendered  hiifl  eminent.  In  1762  he  was  ap- 
p>inted  one  of  his  Majc8t}'s  Counsel  j  m 
March>  1770,  was  made  Solicitor-General ; 
and  in  Januarj',  1771>  Attorney-General. 
In  June,  1778,  he  was  created  a  Peer,  by 
the  title  of  Lord  Thuriow,  of  Ashfield,  in 
Suffolk,  and  next  day  received  the  Seals  as 
IxFrd  Hi^  Chancellor  of  England.  In  this 
office  he  remained  during  the  latter  part  of 
Lord  North's  Ministiy,  and  continued  in 
oiBce  during  the  Administration  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Rockingham  and  I^rd  Shelbume. 
In  April,  1783,  when  the  Coalition  Ministry 
took  place,  he  resigned,  and  the  seals  were 
put  in  commission ;  but  in  l^ecemher,  the 
teune  year,  he  was  rc-appointcd  Chancellor, 
on  the  commencement  of  the  Administration 
of  Mr.  Pitt,  to  whom  he  was  then  consider- 
ed as  a  sort  of  poHtical  tutor.  From  this 
period  till  June,  1792,  his  lordship  gave  his 
firm  and  able  support  to  the  Cabinet.  Since, 
that  time  he  has  lived  mostly  private ;  but, 
although  out  of  office,  has  frcouently  been 
consulted  on  state  affairs  by  his  Majesty  ;  and 
the  Prince  of  Wjdes  has,  on  every  cSccasion 
of  moment,  had  recourse  to  his  aichice. 

The  Right  Hon.  C.  J.  Fox.— Scotember 
14,  at  a  quarter  before  six  o'clock,  on  Saturday 
afternoon,  at  Devonshire  House,  Chiswick, 
in  the  arms  of  his  nephew.  Lord  Holland. 
He  was  bom  on  January  13,  O.  S.  1749 ; 
was  second  son  of  Henry  the  first  Lord  Hol- 
land, who  was  also  the  second  son  of  Sir 
Stephen  Fox.  His  Mother  was  sister  to  the 
Duke  of  Richmond,  and  great  grand-daughter 
of  King  Charles  II.  He  may  therefore  be 
considered  as  having  been  related  to  the  Royal 
Family  of  this  country. — Mr.  Fox  was  sent  to 
Westminster  School ;  thence  he  was  removed 
to  Eton,  where  he  became  remarkably  emi- 
nent. Here  he  formed  his  early  friendships 
with  the  Earl  of  FitzwilHam,  Lord  Carlisle, 
his  cousin  the  Duke  of  Leinster,  and  other 
distinguishen  persons.  He  w^as  afterwards 
sent  to  Oxford,  at  which  place  his  talents  and 
learning  created  great  admiration.  He  staid 
but  a  short  time  at  Oxford,  and  then  made 
the  tour  of  Europe.    In  this  tour  he  lavished 


such  immense  sums  of  monej',  that  c\'en  his 
father,  who  had  long  considered  his  exttaordi- 
nary  wealth  as  yonly  accjuired  for  the  accomo^ 
dation  of  his  extraordinary  son  Charles,  threat^ 
ened  to  dishonour  his  bills.  In  the  20th 
year  of  his  age  he  was  returned  to  parliament 
for  the  Borough  of  Midhurst.  During  all  die 
proceedings  of  the  House  of  Commons  relativfe 
to  the  memohibte  Middlesex  Election,  Mr. 
Fox  stood  fonvard  as'  the  champion  of  the 
Ministry,  and  Lord'  North,  then  First  Lord 
of  the  treasury  in  the  beginnmg  of  1772, 
nominated  him  to  a  seat  at  the  Admiralty 
Board ;  and,  in  the  latter  part  pf  the  same 
year,  made  him  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury  ;  but* 
opix)sing  government  respecting  the  American 
colonies,  in  1774,  he  was  aismiss-d ;  after 
which  time  he  was  looked  up  to  as  a  leader  of 
the  opposition  party.  On  tne  defeat  of  Lord 
North  by  the  Kockingham  party,  Mr.  Fox 
was  nominated  Secretary  of^  State  •  for  the 
Foreign  Department.  The  death  of  that  no* 
bleman,  in  July,  1782,  terminated  that  short 
administration.  Lord  Shelbume  arKi  Mr. 
Fitt  now  can«  in,  but  in  April,  1783.  the 
celebrated  coalition  took  place  betwten  Mh 
Fox  and  Lord  North  5  and  these  heretofore 
opposed  characters  l>ecarac  for  a  short  time* 
directors  of  the  affairs  of  Britain,  the  Duke 
of  Portland  being  first  Lord  of  the  Treasury. 
In  December  the  same  year  Mr.  Rtt,  with 
the  Grenville  interest,  succeeded  in  o%'er- 
th rowing  this  phalanx,  and  remained  in  power 
tin  March,  1801,  when  Mr.  Pitt  was  suc- 
etjeded  by  Mr.  Addington,  who,  in  October, 
made  peace  with  France,  an  cveaX  at  which 
Mr.  Fox  expressed  his  highest  satisfartion.  • 
On  the  succeeding  war,  and  subsequent  resto- 
ration of  Mr.  Pitt  to  the  Ministry,  Mr.  Fox, 
exerted  hhnself  in  opposition.  Mr.  Pitt's 
death,  January  23,  I8O6,  annihilated  that 
administration.  Mr.  Fox,  who  had  formerly 
been  excluded  from  the  Ibt  of  Privy  Council- 
lors, was  now  recalled,  and,  on  the  7th  of 
February,  was  again  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Foreign  Dejiirtment. 

Further  accounts  of  these  eminent  charac^ 
ters  may  be  expected  in  our  next  number. 

ABROAD. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Bachelier,  director  of  the  m- 
tuitous  drawing  school,  member  of  the  late 
academy  of  Painting,  rector  of  the  special 
school  of  Painting,  at  Pkuia,  April  13,  aged 
82.  Few  artists  nave  ever  exercised  a  more 
powerful  influence.  In  17^5,  he  founded 
the  gratuitous  drawing  school  for  the  benefit 
of  poor  mechanics,  which  in  1766  was  opened 
to  1,500  pupib.  The  Porcelain  manufacture 
of  Sevres  is  indebted  to  him  for  its  first  inr- 
pTOVcmcnts.  He  had  the  direction  of  it  44 
years.  He  entirely  renounced  the  former 
fashion  of  Chinese  figures,  and  first  intto- 
dnced  designs  of  other  ornamental  kinds. 


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sit] 


IhomoAon^,  List  of  Banhupis,  fef c. 


{21$ 


IJIOM  THB  1.0NDOK  QAZBTTB. 
PROMOTIONS. 


«ept.«.  The  King^Vias  been  pissed  to  app^mt  Fhilip 
l^STGodsa!.  k»q.  to  be  Uentenant  of  the  Honotjrabk 
J^of^tlcnarnPcimouers.  vice  Roger  «U.ot  Roberts, 
ls«i.  retigticd. 

8cpt.  6.  The  Board  of  Ordnance  U  to  have  a  crc8i  and 
fapportcrt  to  their  arms. 

Scot  13.  Tl»c  King  haa  been  pleased  to  nominate  and 
«»nomt  Major  GoncrJ  Sir  John  Stnart,  Knight,  to  bcone 
oTW  Km^ta  Companiooa  oC  the  Most  Honpttra\)le  Order 
of  thcBatL  _.-__«.«« 

•••In  the  harry  otpubllshing  the  Ixtraordinvy  Oaxette 
tm  Friday,  the  Mh  insUnt.  the  (dllowingpassa^  in  Sir 
JohnStOarfs  Diapatch  wai  omitted  to  6c  Inserted  be- 
tween the  paragrafh  in  p.  i  M9,  ending  with  the  words, 
"  during  mv  moiJcmenV'  and  tUe  paragraph  bcginniug, 
•*  After  fonie  loose  tiring." 

«  Had  Geocral  Rcgnkr  thongjit  proper  to  remain  ™n 
his  ground,  the  dlfficxUtics  of  access  to  him  were  such, 
that  I  could  not  possibtv  have  made  an  impression  npon 
him.  But  quitting  thi  s  advantage,  and  crossing  the  nvcr 
with  bts  entire  force,  he  came  down  to  meet  ua  upon  the 
open  pUin  i  a  measure  to  which  he  was.  no  doubt,  cn- 
ooonged  by  a  consideration  of  his  cavalry,  fnvm  wlh 
mbkk,  anlbrt«natcly,  I  was  altogether  unprovided.*' 

RANKRUPTCY    SUPERSEDED. 
Sept.  6.    Vfnu  Hibbert.  HoUinwood,    Chadderto*,  Lao- 
cajhirc,  victualler. 

RANKRUPT8. 
Sept.  «.    David  Roberta,  Trump  rtrect.  ^^<»»»f™*^ 
^oiin  Callahan,  Pavement,  Moorfidd^  merchant. 
James  Smith,  M;incheater,  plasterer.  »«„^ 

George  Hnnt.  Stalbridee,  Dorsetabire,  linen-draper. 
Johnlimpton,  Pairford,  Oloucrstershire.  earner. 
William  Williams,  Falmouth,  grocer. 
Giles  Gimber,  Sandw'ich,  linen-draper. 
lept.  «.    John  Carr,  Pontefract,  Yorkshire,  grocer, 
iliomas  Roper,  Islrngtoii.  rope-maker.  ^^rf-«. 

T.  G.  Williamson,  Parad.se  street,  Rothcrhitbe.  mariner. 
WiUiam  Wilson,  l*te  of  Hunion,  Yorkshire,  grocer. 
Sept.  9.    T.  Roeers,  Liverpool,  broker. 
J.  Pamell.  Deali  mnkccper. 
J.  Hopkins,  Alcester.  Warwickshire,  grocer. 
6.  SoutbaU  and  J.  Drikeford.  Birmini^iam,  facton. 
T.  Parsons,  Marchmont  place,  near  RuaseU  siju.  builder. 
K.  Lane.  Brbtol.  shtpjomer. 
•ept.  13.    R.  Rawlinson,  Liverpool,  saddler. 
W.  Austin.  Dnrsley,  Gloucestershire,  glass-^llcr. 
3.  O'Hara,  Grt.  Newport  street,  Westm.  linen-draper. 
T.  Smith.  Mawdesley,  Lancashire,  tanner. 
Sept.  10<    Henrv  WUlianvi,  l^pble  street,  war^oiiseman. 
5<^n  Potts  Halbert,  Newc^tlc-upon-Tyne.  merchant. 
J^n  Bell  and  Rich.  Atkinson.  Bow  lane,  warehousemah. 
J<iseph  Rotter  Ashe,  Ormskirk,  Lancashire,  draper, 
Wm.  Sroalley,  Manoerch,  printshirc,  wire- maker. 
"Iliomas  Taylnr.  Birmiiii^ham.  common-carrier. 
WilUam  Rtwcell  Watts,  Bristol,  grocer. 
9»t.  «o.    John  GaskilK  Nottingham,  broker. 
Edward  Moon.  Hammersmith,  plumber. 
William  Cregson,  Manchester,  innkeeper. 
3.  H.  ^vaa  wd  Bdw.  Hoiskiiub  Wapping  DocU  ttreet, 

coal  merchints. 
1.  Rudhall  and  \V.  Hobton,  of  Blrmin^aro,  linco-drapert 
William  Hudson,  Whakv.  Chester,  innkeeper. 
George  Barues,  of  Mancaester,  cotton-spinner. 
ie0ef^  Folds,'  Inghcy.  in  the  Forest  of^TrawdOQ,  Lan- 
cashire, cotton  manufacturer. 
Kathanicl  Denham,  of  Walworth,  Surrey,  roarUm. 

DIYIDBVOS. 
Sept.  9.  George  Lambert,  Hotbom,  victaaller.  Her- 
bert Bourne,  8t.  James's  street,  silk  mercer.  Charles 
Xovelock.  Durham  street,  Strand,  dealer  in  wine.  Na- 
thaniel Lonsdale  and  Thomas  Thompson,  Bedford  street, 
Covent  garden,  woolleu-drapers.  Anthony  Peck,  Graves- 
cud,  carpenter.  Edward  Coats,  Thomas  Massev,  and  Jo- 
•epb  Hall,  Hominglow,  Staffordshire,  brewers.  John 
6png{.  Birmt.  gham.  linen-diaper.  T.  Cortis  and  John 
Corns.  Orimsby.  Lincolnthire,  grocers.  James  Cross, 
Zach^ry  B^yly.  sc  i.  Zavl»*ry  Bayly,  jun.  Nathaniel  Bayley, 
Kobert  Gutch,  a,nd  Tii.ui js  Cross.  Bath,  bankers. 

Sept»6.  Cbailes  W-irfty.  Wood  street.  ObeapslpQ. 
Ifarenouseman.  James  Avciine.  Ross,  Herefordshire,  sro- 
cer.  Thnmas  Pate  Wimbcrlcy,  HuntinRdoo,  grocer,  ^hn 
i^.  Mew  GouUton  street,  Whitechapel, .  sugar-reiner. 
J|^>cit  Bviffotd  the  }'Ouo|^,  Huutia^n,  grocQr.    Robert 


Francis  the  younger.  Rre*d  street,  w«rebonsc»Mi.  Na- 
thaniel LonV>otrom.Tlalif:ix,  York,  grocer.  Thomas 
Barlow,  Liverpool,  tailor.  Luke St^elev.  Halifax.  York- 
shire, mer^baftt.  Samuel  Se<^gley  Hflylty,  Birmmi^iam, 
bmton-maker. 

Sept.  g.  C,  Battersby,  Wapping  Hiqh  strcer,  ship* 
cliandler.  Rob.  Ooy,  Swanvard.  Shored  itch,  victuaUer. 
W.  Hurofrys  the  eider,  and  W.  Hun.frys  the  younger.  Old 
PUh  street,  procers.  Rd.  Gore,  Liverpool,  liinsn-drapcr* 
M.  FarncU,  Ashbv.de-la-lonch,  banker.  H-  B^gg,  Bear 
minster,  Dorsetshire,  shopkeeper. 

Sept.  la.  R.  Harris.  Mtidstnoe,  wopllen-draper.  J. 
Berrimin.  Brewer's  street,  Pimlico,  florist.  Wm.  Rem- 
tiant.  Chancery  lane,  plumber.  T.  and  G.  Maltby,  Stee 
lane,  merchants.  8.  Cartwri^t,  Maiden  lane.  Wood 
ttrcet.  hosier.  W.  Joynson  artd  R.  Lewis,  Manchester, 
corn  deilcrs.  J.  Clowes.  Frith  House  Mill,  HaUluc,  York- 
shire, cdtton  spinner.  P.  Padbury,  Bensmgton.  Oxford- 
shire, coach-maker.  O.  Brittan,  Bristol,  grocer.  W. 
Pan'ney.  Windsor,  apothecary.  J.  Steane,  Newport,  Isle 
of  Wiaht,  liquor  merchant.  James  Kenyon,  Liverpool, 
merchant-    J.  Proctor  the  youpger,  Lancaster,  merchant. 

Sept.  I«.  John  Cox,  Penzlewood,  Somersetshire,  mil- 
ler. Thomas  Cilks,  Warwick,  corn-factor.  Thomas  Lee- 
son,  Packwood,  Warwickshire,  mercer.  Edward  Chevcr- 
ton,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wicht,  linen  and  woollen-dripcr. 
Thomas  Harvcv,  Newport,  Isle  of  Widit,  ironmonj.'cr. 
William  Gibbs,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wi^t,  hackneym:in. 
John  Kini».  Yarmouih,  Isle  of  Wight,  miller.  J.  Harrison 
and  Robert  Ri^,  Manchester,  manufacturers.  Samuel 
Ouse  ,  Hcyrod  mill,  Uncashire,  cotton-spinner.  William 
Bulgin,  Bristol,  printer. 

Sept.  SO.  Thomas  Cliffbrd,  BUickdown-mill.  Warwick- 
shire,  mealman.  R.  Lows,  Kinderton.  Chester,  miller. 
Henrv  Nicholson,  Bridtje  street,  Westminster.  John  Ste- 
vens,*  Chester  place,  Lambeth,  mariner.  James  Asplnar, 
Birmingham,  merchant.  John  Wayne,  Rrassington.  Der- 
byshire, butcher.  Thomas  Griffiths,  Pore  street,  SpifeaU 
ficlds,  silk  weaver.  John  Morgan,  Conduit  street,  Hanover 
Muarc,  bookseller.  Robert  Hampton,  Rotherfaam,  York* 
shopkeeper.  John  Dixon,  WilHara  Jeflery  Dixon,  James 
J;irdinc,  and  John  Dickson,  Exeter,  merchants.  William 
Tha\-eT  Penney,  Sloane  terrace,  mariner.  John  Morle\-, 
Stewardstone.  Essex,  miller.  Edward  VVhitelock.  Queen's 
row,  Pcntonviile,  in-urance-broker.  Henry  Wilson  Brown. 
Cannon  street.  London,  shoe  manufacturer.  Richard 
Gorless,  late  of  Blackburn,  Lancashire,  cotton-manufac. 
turer.  Martin  Fowler,  Cotton  in  the  F.lms,  Derbv^hiro, 
banker.  William  Bosma.  Hte  of  Chrisu  ^hor  trect.  Fms- 
bury  stivwre,  merchant.  JobnThomuj,  Miucticstcr,  <;pt- 
ton-spinner. 

LONDOK   WEEKLY    RETURNS    OF     ' 

WHKAT. 

Aug.  23    8336  qiuirtcTS.  Average  65s,  11  J. 

30    5493 74      4i 

Sept.    6    6g83     -    -    .    -    -    78      4^ 

FLOUR. 

Aug.  SS  15666  sacks.       Average  69>.   7<(. 
29  27431 69     Hi 

Sept.    5  12180* 70     0 

12  11559 69       8t 

PRICE    OP   BREAD. 

Peck  Loaf.  Half  Peck.  Quartern. 

Sept.    2        45.    2d.  25.    Id.      Is.    Oii 

943  2       li       1      Oi 

16     '  4      2  2       1         1       Oi 

PRICE   OP   MEAT.  • 

Smitihfield>  per  stone  of  8lb.  to  sink  t^e  offal. 

Belr.       Mutton.     Veal.  •    Pork.     Lamb. 

Sept.  5  5s  Od  $»  Od   5s  4d  6s  4d  5s  Sd 

12  5    6  5460  64  4  d 

19  4  10  50     54  58  64 
Nwgatc  and  Leadenhall,  by  the  carcaic. 

Sept.  6  44  46     50  64  64 

12  48  4  10     58  64  58 

19  40  44     50  68  50 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


S^  6  £A 

13 

4 

£0 

4 

Su  Jame»*.»       WhitodiapeL* 

Hay.         SUaw.  Hay.  Straw. 

0  6i:i  19  Ojf4  4  Oj^l  16  0 
0  6  1  17  ^  4  4  0  I  12  0 
06219440210 


PRICE   OF   HOPS 

Bags. 
Kent  ^4    0to^4  14 
Siisscs^  3  15         4    8 
Essex    3  10         4    6 


Pockets. 
Kcnti;4    Otojes    0 
Sussex  3  13         4  16 
larn.    7    0         8    0 


PRICE   OF   LEATHER.  ♦ 

ButU,  50  to  561b.  each     -     -     -     -     2j.  Qd, 
Dresbing  Hides,     -,----24 
Crop  Hiiles  for  cutting,    -     -    -    -     1   114 

Flat  Ordinary, 17* 

Calf  Skins,  30  to  40lb.  per  doz.  per  lb.  3    4 
Ditto       60     70 36 

Tallow,  ♦  London  average  per  stone 
^      of  8lb.  3*.  7\d. 
Soap,  yellow,  78 j.  ;  mottled,  88j.  j  curd,  92*. 
Candles,  per  doz.  lis.  j  moulds,  J 25. 


COALS   IN  THE  RIVER.. 

Sunderland. 

Newcastle. 

1.  d,      5.  d. 

5.  d,      s.  d. 

Aug.  25      39  6  to 

41  3  to  46  6 

Sept.    1       38  0       43  3 

37  6      50  0 

8      39  0      43  0 

42  6       50  3 

15       37  6      43  0 

39  0       51  0 

22      39  3       44  9 

42  3       51  9 

DeUvered  at  125.  advance 

per  chaldron. 

Those  marked  thus  *  are  taken  at  the  high- 
tst  price  of  the  market. 


METEOROtOGTCAL  TABLE. 


Aug.,  •IS 

-,-'    1    0 

1 

do 

06 

72 

06 

29,78 

25 

j  Showery  wicii 
'  [  Thunder 

•ii 

05 

70 

05 

>69 

21 

Showeiy 

aa 

64 

74 

04 

,82 

59 

Fair 

33  '  (J& 

73 

64 

»95 

54 

Fair 

54 

65 

74 

57 

30,09 

52 

Fair 

'2  b 

57 

70 

59 

*10 

*^ 

i  air 

2(J 

57 

'*4 

57 

29,47 

Rain 

Q7   '  60 

68 

5§ 

,56 

47 

Rain 

28  :  57 

6S, 

59 

,60 

40 

Fair 

20 

A7 

on 

55 

,30 

0 

Rain 

30 

55 

00 

55 

,70 

20 

Showery 

31 

1  50 

69 

56 

,80 

87 

Fair 

Sep. 

1 

57 

72 

59 

,92 

40 

Fair 

a 

59 

08 

60     30  1 1 

40 

Cloudy 

3 

00 

69 

60          ,01 

40 

Fair 

4 

00 

08 

58      29,-5 

20 

Showery      . 

3 

57 

66 

59          ,98 

42 

Fair 

6 

58 

69 

61     80,00 

40 

Fair 

7 

03 

7J 

64     30,98 

41 

Fair 

8 

61 

71 

54   1  30,00 

44 

Fair 

» 

55 

54 

f 
50 

29,55 

0 

<  Rainwitll 
'  Thunder 

10 

53 

64 

50 

,76 

31 

Fair 

11 

50 

59 

49 

.70 

35 

Fair 

12 

51 

59 

48 

30,00 

15 

Fair 

13 

51 

61 

51 

»12 

33 

Fair 

14 

54 

63 

54 

,01 

10 

Fair 

15 

50 

56 

49 

29,95 

30 

Raiu 

16 

48 

00 

54 

30,16 

51 

Fair 

17 

53 

64 

58 

,25 

49 

Fiiir 

18 

55 

65 

57 

,25 

22 

Fair 

19 

50 

67 

59 

,26 

30 

Fair 

30 

1  59 

68 

61 

,21 

30 

Fair 

COURSE  OF  EXCHANGE  AND  PRICES  OF  BULLION. 


Amsterdam  *—  — 

Ditto  at  sight  —  — 

Rotterdam,  c.  f.  —  — 

llambuigh  —  — 

Altona     —  -^  — . 

Paris        — .  —  — 

Ditto  2  us.  —  — 

Bourdeaux  — •  — ' 

Cadiz       —  —  — 

Madrid    —  —  — 

Bilboa      —  —  — 

Leghorn  —  —  — 

Naples     —  —  — 

Genoa      —  —  — 

Venice,  n.  C.  —  — 

Lisbon     —  —  — 

Oix)rto     —  —  — 

Dublin    —  —  ~ 

Cork        —  —  — 


Portiiaal  Gold  in  coin  and  bart.  -^ 
Doubloons  —        —        — 

New  Dollars       —        —        — 
Silver  in  bars      —        — r       *  — 
■  New  Louis         —        —        — 
A  gia  oil  Bank  oifHoIland^  5}  per  cent.^ 


Aug.  29. 
36-^—2  u. 
36-.0 

11-9— 2  u. 
34-4— 2  iu. 
35-5—24  u. 
24-2  liv. 
24-10 
24 

38*  effect. 
38  effect. 
38 
511 
44 

46f  liv.  pic. 
60  ditto 
Gli 
6li 
12* 
13 

PerOz. 
j£^4     0     0 


Sept.  4. 
36-9—2  u. 
36-0 

11-9— 2  u. 
34.3—21  u. 
34-4— 2i  u. 
24-2  liv. 
£4-10 
24 

381  effect. 
38  effect. 
38 

44 

47  liv .  pic. 

60  ditto 

61* 

6li 

12* 

13 

Per  Oz. 
jt4     0     0 


0     5     5 
0     5     64 


Sept.  n. 
36-9—2  u. 
36-0 

11-9— 2  u. 
34-3—2  u. 
34-4—24  n, 
24-2  liv 
24-10 
24 

81  effect, 
38  effect. 
38 
51* 
44 

47  liv.  pic. 
60  ditto 
61* 
61* 
124 
13* 

PerOz, 
^^4    0    0 


0     5     5 
0    5     64 


Sept.  19. 
36-9—2  u. 
36-0 

1 1-9—2  u. 
34-1— 2i  u. 
34-2— 2I  u. 
24-2  liv. 
24-10 
24 

38*  effect. 
38  effect. 
38 
51* 
44 

47  liv.  pic. 
57  ditto 
61* 
61* 
12* 
134 

PerOz. 
j^4    0    0 


0     5     5 
0     5     64 


0     5     4 
0     5     6i 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  tC 


London  PRsutUMs  op  Insukakcb^  13d  September,  IS08. 


7a Bengal,  oat  and  home 12  gs, 

Madras  and  China,  out  and  home  12  gs, 

Bengal  or  China 7  gs, 

Seneg^bia   .10  gs. 

Madeira .6  gs.  ret.  3 

Windward  and  Leeward  Isknds  ...8  gs.  ret.  4 

Jamaica 8  gs.  ret.  4 

South  Whale-fishery  and  tatk    20  gs. 

United  States  of  America 2  gs. 

M^treai  z"!"Z!!!";;;;;;!;;;!;;!;;;;  r «' 

Smyrna*  Constantin.  Mediter.  ?    ,  /;  .  ^ 

Nice, Genoa, Leghorn, Naples   S    ^^^'-^^^'^ 

Lisbon  and  Oporto 5  gs.  ret.  S§ 

Bremen  and  Hambro* 3  gs. 

Baltic  Lebaw,  and  Petersburgh 4gs. 

Carron,  Leith,  Perth,  and  Aberdeen 2  gs. 

Glasgow 2i  gs. 

DubTin,Cork,,WAterford,and  Newry  1   ^ , 

Bel&st  and  Londonderry    J    ^^  gS' 

Limerick    5  gs.  ret.  2 

Portsmouth l^g, 

Poole,  Exeter,  Dartm.  Plym.  Falm.    ...2  gs. 

Bristol,  Chester,  and  Liverpool 2  gs. 

Yarmouth,  Lynn,  Hull  and  Newcastle    lig, 

Loudon,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool. 
Africa,  and  thence  to  Place  Sale  in  ?    ^^ 

West-India  or  America \        ^'' 

Bristol  to  Dublin,  Waterford,  and  Cork,  1  J,*» 


Bristol,  Liverpool,  Dublin,  and  Cork. 
Madeira,  Windw.  and  Leeward  Isl.  6  gs.  ret.  $ 

Jamaica 8  g«.  ret.  4 

United  States  of  America  2gs. 

Canada bgs. 

Mediterranean    18  g*.  ret.  Q 

Lisbon  and  Oporto 6gs.  ret.  3 

Poole  <St  Dartmouth — Exeter  ^'  Plymouth 

Newfoundland 8g5.  ret.  4 

Dublin  to  Liverpool  and  Chester    20s. 

Boston,  New- York,  and  Philadelphia  ...3  gs» 
Neiv/oundland  to  Jamaica,  W.  &L.  Isl.  15  gs. 

Mediterranean 25gn. 

Portugal   \ 15  gs.  ret.* 

Bay  of  Honthras  to  Charles-Town,  7    .  ^ 

Philadelphia,  and  New- York    ...5    ^"^'• 

England  or  Ireland  25  gs. 

Jamaica  to  Lond.  Bfist.  Dubl.  Liverp.  12  gs. 

Windward  and  Leeward  Islands. 
London,  Bristol,  Dublin,  and?,^^  _.  ^ 

Liverpool \\0gt.nl.6 

Islands  to  New- York  or  Philadelphia,  16  gi. 
4/rica /o  Windward  6nd  Leeward  1    ._ 

Islands  or  America J        ^  * 

East-Indies  to  London    15  gs. 

St.  Helena  to  London 8  gs.  ret.  4 

Cana<ia /o  London ^0  gs.  ret.  5 

Liverpool,  Cork,  and  Dublin 4  gs. 

Riga  and  Prussian  Ports  to  London    . .  .O*  gs. 


CuBRENT  Prices  op  Merchandize,  23d  September,  IQOQ, 


American  pot-a8h,p.':rcwt.j^2.  1 
Ditto      pearl     2  10 

Barilla    .• 1  I9 

Braody,  Coniac  ....gal.  0  17 
Ditto  Spanish    0  15 

Camphire,  refined. ...  lb.  0  5 
Ditto       unrefined,cwt.  20 


Oto;e3 
0        3 


.lb. 


1 
0 

7 
4 

0 
0 
0 
0 
3 

1 

.H.  22 

40 


Cochineal,  garbled 

Ditto  East-India  .. 
Coffee,  fine cwL 

Ditto  ordir^    

Coctxm-wool,  Surinam,  lb. 

Ditto         Jamaica    . . 

Ditto         Smyrna. . . . 

Ditto  East- India. . 
Currants,  Zant  ....  cwt. 
Deals,   Dantz piece 

Ditto  Petersburgh 

Ditto  Stockholm    .,, 

Flax,      Riga. ton  66 

Ditto  Petersburgh 65 

Gulls,  Turkey cwt.    4 

Gcne\'a,  Hollands  ..gal.    0 

Ditto    English 0 

Cum  ArabiCjTurkey,  cwt.    6 

Ditto  Sandrach  14 

Ditto  Tragacanth I9  10 

Hemp,  Riga ton  64    0 

Ditto  Petersburgh  ....   64    0 
Indigo,  Carracc lb.     0  12 

Ditto  East-India    ....     Oil 

Ditto  Jamaica    none 

ftron,      British,  bars,  ton  18    0 

Ditto  Swedish    25    0 

Ditto  Norway    24    0 

Ditto  Archangel — - —  25    0 
lead  in  pigs fod.  40    0 

Ditto  red  ion  37    0 

Ditto  white 56    0 

logwood  cfaift  ^.  14    0 


0 
0 
0 
6 
0 
0 
3 
0 
0 
11 
5i 
3 
9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  ' 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


2 
0 
0 
0 
22 
1 
0 

7 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

24 

43 

68 

66 

6 

0 

0 

10 

15 

21 

65 

65 

0 

0 

19 

26 
25 
26 

38 
57 
16 


1    8 
1    6 


0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 


Madder,  Dutch  crop,  cwt.  £4  5    0  to  £4  18 

Mahogany ft.     0  10        0    2 

Oakplank,  Dantz.  —last  11  0    0       12    0 

Ditto       American   —    9  5 


Oil,     Lucca, — 25  gal.  jar  12  10 
Ditto  spermacsd  — ton  68    0 

Ditto  whale   30    0 

Ditto  Florence,  i  chest    2    7 


cwt. 
-lb. 
:wt. 


Pitch,  Stockholm 

Quicksilver   

Raisins,  bloom   • 

Ditto  Malaga 
Rice,      Carolina  

Ditto  East-India 

Rum,    Jamaica ^gal. 

Ditto  Leeward  I.   

Saltpetre,  East-India,  cwt. 
ShcUack. 


0  13 
0    4 


2  15 
4  0 
1  12 

0  18 

1  17 


Tlirown-silk,    lolian,  lb 

Raw-silk,  Ditto 

Ditto  China 

Ditto  Beng.  novi     1   I6 

Ditto  organzine       1  11 

Tar,  Stockholm  bar. 

Tin  in  blocks cwt. 

Tobacco,  Mdryl.   ——lb. 


6 
0 

0 

—ton  20 
-pipe  66 

45 

•70 


Ditto     Virginia  • 

Whale-fins    

Red  port 

Lisbon  ■ 

Madeira '   • 

Sherry 

Mountain 

Vidonia  ——hogs.  69 

Calcavella  pipe  84 

Claret hogs.  35 

Ta'low,  English cwt.     3 


-butt  80 
72 


Ditto  Russia,  white —    2  18 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

41 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
6 
0 


12 

10  15 
14  0 
70  0 

32  0 

2  10 

0  14 

5  10 
2  10 

1  8 

1  15 
0  4 

0  3 

2  16 
H  5 

2  10 

1  14 

2  0 
2  5 
1  18 
I  7 


0 
0 
25 
98 
.91 
122 
95 
80 
76 
95 
98 


Ditto 


2  19 


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£riiata  tn  a  few  copies. — ^P.  13,  line  7,  for  "  Royal  Quarto**  read  '*  2  vols,  Roj^al  Quarto.'*— 
p.  id  line  4,  from  bottom,  tor*'  Giralders/' icemI  **  his  attendants. '*-t^  74,  line  35,  iat 
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*«  Dou^htyr 


Digitized 


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THE 


LITERARY  PANORAMA. 


For  NOVEMBER,  1806. 


Beport  of  the  jirrangements  which  were 
made  for  the  internal  Defence  of  these 
Kingdoms,  when  Spain,  by  its  Armada, 
projected  the  Invasion  and  Conquest 
of  England  J    and  Application  of  the 
wise  Proceedings  of  our  Ancestors  to  the 
present  Crisis  of  public  Safety. — Not 
published.  8vo.  pp.  420. 
The  duties  of  government  are  more  ex- 
tensive and  diversified,  than  those  who  are 
not  immediately  concerned  in  their  exe- 
cution can  imagine.  Shakespeare  says  well : 
The  slave,  a  member  of  the  country's  peace, 
.  Enjoys  it;  but  in  gross  brain  little  wots, 
What  watch  the  king  keeps  to  maintain  the  peace, 
Whose  hours  the  peasant  best  advantages! 

Hen.  V. 

When  the  conamonwealth  is  threatened, 
the  public  officers  of  the  state  must  meet 
tbo-c  threats,  at  their  personal  peril  j  and 
must  discharge  the  duties  of  their  offices 
with  promptitude,  zeal  and  intelligence, 
or  subject  themselves-tothe  reproaches  and 
hatred  of  their  contemporaries,  to  the  exe- 
cration and  contempt  of  posterity. — Late 
events  have  roused  the  spirit  of  this  country 
to  exertions  \vhich  exhibit  no  symptoms 
pf  declining  empire  i  whatever  some  atra- 
bilious politicjans  foreboded.  An  ex- 
ami^tion  of  what  the  power  and  patriot- 
ism of  Britain  has  effected  under  our  own 
observation,  compared  with  those  efforts 
that  distinguished  the  brightest  period  of 
our  national  history,  and  days  >yhich  we 
are  Uught  to  look  back  upoi^  as  eminently 
gloriou8>  forms  no  weak  antidote  to  that  d^ 
^poodency  which  a  few  ill-informed  minds 
or  hypocondriac  constitutions,  have  rather 
harboured  than  indulged,  rather  obicurely 
fugffested,  than  openly  acknowledged. 

We  coqsider  ourselves,  therefore,  as  be- 
ing very  much  obliged  to  a  Right  Honour- 
able Friend  who  has  favoured  us  with  an 
opportunity  of  consulting  the  curious  com- 
pilation announced  in  the  present  article, 
<  Vol..  I.  [Li7.  Pan,  Nnfif.  ^806.] 


We  understand  that  his  Majesty  conceiving 
the  situation  of  his  dominions  lately  to 
resemble  in  many  respects  tliat  which 
issued  so  fortunately  for  England  in  the 
days  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  directed  proper 
researches  to  be  made  for  ascertaining  the 
principles  and    preparations   adopted    at 
that  period.      Accordingly,  the  records  in 
the  Tower  were  consulted  -,    and  a  selec- 
tion of  papers,  apparently  of  the  greatest 
consequence,  .was  fwmed,   and  printed, 
but  not  published.     They  'are  classed  in 
the  orjier  of  external  alliance,  internal  dc« 
fence,  military  arrangements,  and  naval 
equipments.     They  are  preceded    by  a 
statement  of  facts  in  the  History  of  Eu* 
rope,  at  the  period  of  the  Spanish   Ar- 
mada, and  a  sketch  of  events,  shewing 
the  e£fects  of  the  Queen*s  measures,  at 
home  and  abroad.    It  is  very  properly  ob- 
served, that  in  1588,  the  state  of  Scot- 
land, as  a  neighbour,   and  perhaps,  a  ri- 
val, of  England,   coastantly    required  a 
watchfulness  and  attention,  which  had  a 
weighty  influence  on  operations  in    the 
south.    A  portion,  larger  or  smaller  at 
exigencies  were  estknatwi,  yet  still  a  por- 
tion, of  the  English  force  was  of  neces-i 
sity,  attached  to  the  northern  counties, 
and  the  expense  attending  it  was  an  un- 
avoidable contingency,  and  felt  as  such  by 
the  exchequer.    The  internal  situation  of 
England  itself  was  unsettled ;  in  as  much 
as  the  minds  of  many  were  averse  from  the 
establishment  of  protestantism,  and   re- 
tained no  small  legard  for  that  manner  of 
worship,  which  their  fathers  liad  transmit- 
ted to  their  posterity  as  the  only  mean  of 
salvation  :  of  this  persuasion  the  invader 
was  the  professed  support  and  patroti.  The 
head  and  visible  representative,  to  whom 
all  v^ho  maintained  this  worship  looked  up 
with  unbounded  veneration,  was,  if  not 
the  instigator,  yet  the  well-wisher  of  this 
attack  on  our  island^  had  con^rated  it  by 

I 


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52 7 J  England^s  Defence  agairtst  the  Spanish  Armada* 

I'olessing,  and  had  bestowed  on  il  the 

title  of  *'  Invincible."     Ireland   too,   £c- 

kno'.vledged  the  Pope  as  its  head,   in  roh- 

gioas  matters;  and  dreaded  nothing  more 

flian  his  anathema.     Philip  of  Spain  was 

the  only  enemy  whose  power  could  be 

thought  formidable  to  England.  His  army 

was  decidedly  the  most  inured  to  arms,  tlie 

best  appointed  and  disciplined  of  any  in 

Europe ;  it  was  already   in  Flandern,  was 

commanded  by  the  first  General  of  the  age, 

ready  to  act,  and  willing  to  pour  its  my- 
riads on  the  shores  of  its  devoted  prey. 

The  navy  of  Philip  was  vast  and  unrival- 
led ;   he  was  at  that  time  the  great  naval 
power  of  Europe ;  and  his  ports  on  the 
Continent,  opposite  to  the  most  conve- 
nient landing  places  of  England,  gave  him 
every   advantage  that  could   be  desired. 
His  influence  with  ihe  catholic  party  in 
France  ^vas  great ;   bis  resources  in  E  irope 
and  the   Indies  were   immense  5  his  na- 
tional strength,  his  political  dexterity,  his 
personal    character,    induced  the   whole 
continent  to  conclude  that  England   was 
most    certainly    overmatched,    and   t'lat 
the  hour  was  come,  in  which  she  must 
yield   to  an   implacable  and   triumphant 
enemy.     History  relates  with  rapt t? re  the 
event  of  that  perilous  pcritxl :  and  from 
tliis  aera   we    may  date  the  pr.  gressive 
power  of  the  British  Navy    But  what  pro- 
portion of  the  then  existing  evils  to  be  pro- 
vided against  by  authority,  is  in  activity 
at  the  present  moment?     Scotland  is  lo 
longer  a  separate  kingdom »  but  a  horde  of 
auxiliary  heroes:   the  protestant  succes- 
sion is  established  in  Biitain  beyond  re- 
moval,  and  the  political  ascendancy  of  the 
catholic  religion  is  an  event  whose  proba- 
bility makes  no  man's  heart  ache ;   the 
power  of  the  Pope  is  the  shadow  of  a 
shade,  his  consecrations  or  his  execrations 
are  regarded  with  the  mere  gaze  of  unin- 
terestai  curiosity.     Is  the  navy  of  Bona- 
parte equal  to  the  navy  of  Bhilip  ?  neither 
in  reputation,  power,  nor  skill :    Are  his 
troops  superior  to  those  which  had  long 
been   hardened  to  service  in    Flanders  ? 
man  for  man  they  are  inferior:   and  their 
very  numbers,    is  their  disadvantage    in 
a  project  of  invasion.    The  ports  he  pos- 
sesses, are  th^  same  as  Philip  possessed  j 
but   their  advantages  are  not  increased 
during  the  lapse  of  ages  5  on  the  contrary, 
their  essential  strength  is  abated  j  and  their 
j-eiative  stjength  is  comparatively  in  a  state 
Ot  decay,  if  not  of  decrepitude.  Neverthe- 


[2M 

less  there  are  many  points  of  comparisoa 
which  attach  uncommon  interest  10  what- 
ever is  recorded  concerning  the  Spanish 
Armada;  we,  therefore,  coincide  perfect- 
ly with  ^he  object  for  which  this  selection 
was  err  imanded  j  and  cannot  help  tlunk- 
Ing  that  tlie  dispositions  of  our  forces  ia 
modern  days,  are  at  least  equal  in  skill  as 
they  are  superior  in  the  spirit  ofenterprize, 
to  those  which  were  so  happily  crowned 
with  success  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

We  shall  consider  the  volume  before 
us  in  two  points  of  view  :  first,  as  a  collec- 
tion of  historical  dt)curaents  narrating  art 
important  event  in  British  History  ;  aa 
event  in  which  we  oursrhes  are  interested 
not  only  as  antiquaiu  s,  as  critics,  as 
general  readers,  but  as  men  and  Britons, 
as  Patriots  and  riiihaithropists,  as  Pro- 
testants and  Christians.  Under  a  second 
point  of  view,  we  shall  take  occasion  to 
compire  tlie  relative  strength  of  tliis  coun- 
try m  population,  and  other  resources,  as 
it  was  in  the  da)  s  of  the^vali^nt  beroioa 
who  *'  though  she  had  but  the  body  of  a 
"  weak  and  feeble  woman ;  yet  had  the 
"  heart  of  a  king  ;  and  of  a  kingofEng- 
*'  land  too ;  and  thought  foul  scorn,  that 
"  Parma  or  Spain,  or  any  Prince  of  Eu- 
'*  rope,  should  dare  to  invade  the  borders 
"  of  her  realms:*'— with  its  present  stat^, 
under  a  monarch  wlio  announced  to 
Parliament  his  intention  of  unfurling 
the  royal  staridard,  and  sharing  the  dangers 
as  well  as  the  honours  of  his  country. 

We  shall  first  introduce  specimens  of 
the  writing  and  manners  of  the  age  j  hi- 
cluding  the  judgment  of  our  great  naval 
officers,  as  to  the  duty  of  enterprize  and 
activity  against  the  enemy.  There  is  a 
kind  of  English  Bull-dog  growling,  in 
Lord  Howard's  letter,  which  seems  to 
express  in  a  manner  perfectly  natural,  a 
persuasion  that  he  had  suffered  the  loss  of 
a  great  victory  :  Sir  Francis  Drake's  stylo 
is  more  lively.  The  difference  in  size 
between  the  Spanish  and  English  vessels, 
as  described  by  the,English  fugitives  is  very 
striking. 

Lord  Howards  Letter  to  Sir  Francis  WaU 
singham. 
S^  I5thjune,  1588. 

Within  diree  houres,  aflcr  I  had 
written  my  letter,  which  herewith  I  send  you, 
1  receavecl  your  letter  of  the  ptl^  of  this  pre- 
sent, by  a  pursuyrante,  which  letter  I  doe 
not  a  litle  mervuile  at ;  for  iheiby  you  signiiie, 
that  Her  Ma* tie  perccavinge,  by  a  letter  I  sent 
yoili  hentofoie,  that  I  was  myuded  to  goo  o^ 


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England's  Defence  against  the  Spanish  Armada. 


a29] 

the  coaste  of  Spaine,  to  the   lies  of  Bayone, 
lier  pleasure  is,  that  I  shold  not  goe  so  far, 
V>ut  only,  of  and  on,  betwixte  the  coaste  of 
Spaine  and  Englande,  leste  the  Sixinishe  fleete 
shold  com  into  the  heighte  of  50,  and  then 
should  bend   theire   course  direcilie  to  this 
Tcalme.    Sr.     For  the  meaninge  we  had,  to 
goe  on  the  coaste  of  Spaine,  it  was  deepely 
clebated   by   those,    which    tlie  world    dothe 
JTxiige  to  be  men  of  the  greatest  experience, 
that  this  realme  hath,  which  are  theise  Sr. 
Fra.  Drake,  Mr.  Hawkins,  Mr.  Frobisher, 
mild  Mr.  Thos.  Fenner  j  and  I  hope  Her  Ma- 
jestic will  not  thinke,    that  we  wente  soe 
tashlie  to  work,  or  without  a  princi[)all  and 
choice  care,  and  respecte  of  the  saftie  of  this 
Tealme,  we  wold  goe  on  the  coaste  of  Spaine, 
and,  thcrforc,  our  grounde  was,  firste  to  look 
to  that  piincipall.  And  yff  we  founde  they  did 
but  lin^r  on  theire  owne  coaste,  or  that  they 
were  put  into   the  Isles  of  Bayone,  or  the 
Gmj'Tie,  then  we  thought,  in  all    menne's 
judgements,    that  be  of  experience  here,  it 
had   bin  moste  fit,    to  have  soughte    some 
good  waic,  and   the  sureste  we  cold  devise 
(by  the  good  protecdone  of  God)  to  have  de- 
feated  them.     For  this  we  considered,  that 
the  Spanishe  forces,  beinge  for  so  long  time 
rictualled,  as  they  are,  mighte  in  very  good 
policie,  detract  time,  to  drive  us  to  consume 
oure  victualles,    which,   for  any  thinge  we 
cam  sec,  is  not  to  be  supplied  againe,  to  serve 
the  tume,   by  all  the  raeanes  that  Her  Ma- 
jestic, and  aill  you  can  doe.      And    if  Her 
Ma*ty  doe  thinke,  that  she  is  hable  to  detracte" 
time,  with  the  King«  of  Spaine,  she  is  great- 
lie  deceaved,    whiche  may  breed  her  greate 
peril!.     For  this  abnsinge  of  the    treaty  of 
peace  dothe  plavnelie  shewe,  howe  the  Kinge 
of  Spaine  will  fiave  all  thingesperfecte,  as  his 

flote  is  laycd  before  he  will  proceede  to  execute, 
am  persuaded,  he  will  see  the  Duke  of 
Gwisc  orin^e  the  French  K.  to  his  purpose, 
before  he  will  assailc.  Yf  his  intention  be 
•DC,  I  praie  you,  when  our  victualles  be 
cbtmmied,  in  gasinge  for  them,  what  shal  be- 
com  of  us.  Whether  this  may  not  breade 
moste  greate  danger  and  dishonour,  I  leave 
it  to  Her  Ma'tisi  wisdome ;  but  if  j^  shold 
fall  out  soc,  I  wold  I  had  never  bin  borne  ; 
and  soe  I  am  sure,  many  heare  wold  wishc, 
noe  lesse,  on  theire  owne  behalfe.  And  if 
we  were  tomorrowe,  next  on  thfe  coaste  of 
Bpaine,  I  wold  not  land,  in  any  place,  to 
offend  anye,  but  they  shold  weU  perceave, 
that  we  came  not  to  spoyle,  but  to  seeke  oute 
the  greate  force,  to  teighte  with  them ;  and 
soe  shold  diey  have  knowne  by  message, 
which  shold  have  bin  the  surest  waie,  and 
most  honourable  to  Her  Majestic ;  but  nowe, 
M  by  your  derectione,  to  lye,  of  and  on, 
betwixte  Englande  and  Spaine,  the  south 
west  wind  that  shall  bringe  them  to  Scot- 
land or  Irelaud,  thai\\  jmt  us  to  the  leewards. 


[230 

The  seas  are  broade ;  but  if  we  had  bin  en 
their  coaste,  they  dur«t  not  have  put  of,  to 
have  left  us  on  tneire  backs ;  and  when  they 
shall  come,  with  the  southwesterly  wind, 
which  must  serve  them,  if  they  goe  for  Ire- 
lande  or  Scotlande,  though  we  be  as  highc, 
as  Cape  Cleare,  yet  shall  wc  not  be  hable  to 
goe  to  them,  as'  k>nge  as  the  wind  shal  be 
westerlie.  And  if  we  lye  so  highe,  then  may 
the  Spanishe  ficete  beare,  with  the  coaste  of 
France,  to  come  for  the  Isle  of  Weighte, 
which  for  my  parte,  I  thinke,  if  they  com^ 
to  Englande,  tney  will  attempt,  then  are  we 
cleane  oute  of  the  waye  of  any  ser\  ice  against^ 
them.  But  I  must,  and  will  obeye ;  and  I 
am  glad,  there  be  such  there,  as  are  liable  to 
judge,  what  is  fitter  for  us  to  doe,  than  we 
here ;  but,  by  my  instructions  which  I  had,  I 
did  thinke'it  otherwise;  but  I  will  put  them 
up  in  a  bag ;  and  I  shall  most  humolie  praye 
Her  Majestic  to  thinke,  that  that  which  we 
ment  to  doe,  was  not  rashlie  determyned,  and 
that  which  shall  be  done,  shall  be  mo^t  carcr 
fully  used  by  us ;  and  we  will  followe  and 
obey  Her  Migestie's  commandements.  But 
if  wc  had  hip  nowe,  betwixte  Spaine  and 
Englande,  we  had  bin  but  in  hard  case,  the 
storme  beinge  soe  stronge,  and  cdntinueinge 
so  longe  as  it  hathe  don ;  but,  upon  the  coaate 
of  Spaine,  we  had  had  a  land  wind  and 
places  of  succor.  We  ment  not  to  have 
s^iOyled  any  towne  or  village,  onely  we  muste» 
of  neccssitie,  watcf  s  and  when  we  lie  be- 
twixte both  coastcs,  we  muste  come  to  this 
coaste  to  water,  for  soc  wc  are  enjoyned  }  and 
if  the  windc  doe  not  serve  us,  to  com  on  our 
owne  coaste,  then  in  what  case  shall  wc  be, 
nowe  that  we  muste  not  goe  on  the  coaste  of 
Spaine. 

We  laic  7  dales  in  the  Sle^-e,  which  was  as 
longe  as  we  cold  contynue  there,  witliout 
danger,  as  the  winde  was ;  and  if  som  had 
bin  with  us,  they  should  have  scene,  what  a 
place  of  danger  it  is,  to  lye,  of  and  on,  in. 
Sr.  You  knowe  it  hath  bin  the  opinion,  bothe 
of  Her  Majestic  and  others,  that  it  was  the 
sureste  course,  to  lye  on  the  coaste  of  Spaine. 
I  confess  my  errourc,  at  that  time,  which  was 
otherwise  j  but  I  did,  and  will  yeald,  ever 
unto  them  of  greater  experience;  yet  you 
knowe,  it  was  thoughte  by  Her  Majestic,  \haX 
we  might  go  into  Lisbone  to  defcate  them, 
which  was  the  strongest  place.  Therf*' re,  J 
thought,  that  if  we  had  hard,  that  they  had 
bin  at  the  lies  of  Bayone,  or  in  the  Groyne, 
which  was  10  times  more  easie  to  defbate  them 
in,  I  thinke  it  wold  have  bin  good  service. 
Butisir,  I  will  perswade  noc  more,  but  doe 
as  I  am  directed.  And  God  sende  the  winde 
doe  not  force  us  thither,  otherwise,  uppon 
my  dewtie  we  will  goe  thither,  nowe  wc 
kiiowe  Her  Ma* ties  pleasure.  And  soc.  Ibid 
you  most  hartelie  farewelle. 

From  on  boardc  Her  Ma'^e*8  good  thippe, 
1  2 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


231] 


England's  Defnice  against  the  Spanish  Armada. 


[23  3 


Arke,  in  Plymouthc  souiid,  the  15th  of  June 
J588, 

Your  assured  lovinge  l^rende, 

C.    HOWARDE. 

To  the  Rigkte  Honorable  my 
very  lovinge  Frende  Sir  Francis 
iralsingham  Knight,  principatl 
Secretary  to  Her  Majestic, 

f  Exliact.]    Letter  from  Sir  Francis  Drake  to 

SirF.  Walsingham, — 24/A  July,  1588. 

We  have  the  anny  of  Spaj-nc  before 

P8,    and  mind,  with  tlie  grace  of  God,  to 

wrestle  or  fall  with  tliem.     There  was  never 

any  thinij  pleased  me  better,  than  the  seeing 

the  enemie  flying,  with  a  south  wind,  to  the 

northwards.     God  grant  they  have  a  good  eye 

to  the  Duke  of  Pamia,  for,  with  the  graice 

of  God,  if  we  live,  I  doubt  it  not,  but  ere 

it  be  long,  so  to  handle  the  matter  with  the 

'  Duke  of  Sidonia,   as  he  shall  wish  himself  at 

St,  Marie  among  his  orange  trees. 

God  give  us  grace  to  depend  upon  him,  so 
shall  we  not  doubt  victory ;  for  our  cause  is 

5ood.     Humbly  taking  my  leave,  this  last  cf 
uly,  1588. 

Your  Honor's  faithfully  to 

be  commanded  exer, 
Fra.  Drake. 
P.  S.    I  crave  pardon  of  your  Honor  for 
my  haste,  for  that  I  had  to  watch,  this  last 
night,  upon  the  enemy. 

Youfs  ever, 

Fra.  Drake. 

We  discover  in  these  sentiments  the 
very  reasonings  of  the  immortal  Nelson  : 
let  us  DOW  survey  the  force  concerning 
which  our  Admiral's  fear  was,  not  their 
coming  forward  but  their  getting  away. 

Thf  SuhstQunce  of  certain  Maryners*  Report, 
touching  the  Spanish  Fleet. 

Attirusf,  88. 
Certain  maryners  of  this  countrie  to  the 
number  of  J  9,  which  have  bene  in  the  Spa- 
nysh  fleete,  e\'er  since  they  first  putt  to  ^ea, 
and  are  nowe  fledd  a\\'aie  from  them,  having 
made  8ailes','(br  tjieir  cockboats,  with  their 
shirtes,  do  reporte  and  say  j  that  all  the  fleete, 
being  150  saile,  did  sett  forth  out  of  Lisbome, 
the  20th  May,  and  comjnvng  neere  England, 
*vere  driven  bacjc  again,  by  contrary  winds  j 
that,  in  all  the  whole  number  pf  tnem  was 
but  20,000  men,  whereof  ip,66p  good  sol- 
diers, the  rest  copimbn  men ;  that  theie  were 
victualled  for  3  months,  and,  for  any  great 
ticknesse,  there  was  none,  as  it  was  reported, 
netlier  did  land  any  more  sick  persons  at  the 
Groyne,'  than  30U,  from  lyhence  they  putt  to 
•ea,'the  2l'd  Jqiy,  s/i/o-r^/frc,  and  came  to 
the  Landc's  EndJeb)  the  28 ih  of  the  same, 
and  till  they  came  over  against  Plimuth,  they 
inet  with  no  man,  where  40  of  her  Ma'ty  s 
fhippes  did  skirumh  with  t^en^   and  one 


galleasse  was  taken,  another  sett  on  fire;  by 
reason  .the  captaine  falling  into  h  ra^  witlx 
the  gunner,  and  threatening  to  kill  him  if  K« 
shot  no  rig^ter ;  the  eunner  cast  fire  into  the 
powder  barrels,  and  threwe  himself  overboard, 
in   this  shipp,  theie  say,  was  the  treasure, 
and  5  ensigns  of  Spniards.     After  this  againe 
at   Portlandjr   and   the  Isle  of  VA'ight,  her 
MaHy's  navie  sett  upon  them,  but  no  max. 
hurte    done ;     but  betwecnc  Gales  ancT  th^ 
Black  nes,    most  furiouslie,    where  a  great, 
galcass  was  taken,  and  three  other  great  shipps 
with  1000  men  a-piece  sunk  downe   rigot 
about  the  Goodwines  ;  besides  another  Ita- 
lian ship,  which  they  take  to  be  sunk  also, 
because  they  made  signs  for  helpe,  but  none 
made  towards  them ;  that  there,  about  Gales 
theie  were  forced  to  cut  their  cal>els,  by  the 
ships  of  fire  which  came  upon  them,  out  o€ 
her  Ma'ty's  fleete,  and  soe,  from  thence  fledd 
awaie  with  all  speede  ;  that  they  were  driven 
thus   above    Dunkerke,    and    there    about 
Blanckenburgh,  one  of  their  greateshinpes  was 
grounded  on  tneWheelings,  and  taken  by  theni 
of  Flushing,  wherein  were  500  Spaniards,  of 
whome  150  are  come  to  Roterodam,  the  rest 
cast  overboard ;  that  before  their  fight,  about 
Gales,  which  was  on  the  Sundaye,  the  D.  of 
Parma  sent  them  word,  he  would  assist  them 
the  cext  dale ;  but  for  that  he  kept  not  pro- 
mise, theie  generallie  crie  out  against  hini 
That  on  the  Satterday,  he  did  what  he  could 
to  inibarque  his  men,  but  it  would  not  be, 
notwithstanding  that  with  his  own  handes  he 
did  kill  some  souldiers  and  captaynes ;  that,  in 
all,  theie  had  not  above  dOOnorse,  and  some 
mules  for  carriage  of  their  field  ordinance; 
that,  generallie,  the  Englishmen  have  greatlie 
endaniaged  them  with  ordinance ;  and  that  in 
the  fleete,  they  did  see,  through  the  port-holes, 
an  Italian  ship  all  full  of  blood,  which  yet 
mainteined  the  fight,  in  her  ranke,  3  hours 
after;  thatoneof  her  MaHy's  ships  valiant- 
lie  passed  through  them,  to  charge  the  Admi- 
rall,  who  fledd  away,  and,  as  theie  say,  doth 
seeme  to  be  wonderfully  dismaied  and  discou- 
raged; that  when  theie  left  them,  and  fledd 
awaie,  theie  were  as  high  as  Wakheren,  yet 
about  100  saile,  but  uncertain  what  course 
to  take,  or  where  to  turn  in,  for  relief ;  for 
into  Spaine  theie  dared  not  retume,  because 
at  their  coming  out,  they  were  all  threatened 
hanging,  if  they  conquered  not  ^ngland,  and 
that  theie  had  brought  ^r'eat  store  of  halters 
to  hang  up  all  Englishmen ;  but,  they  thinkj, 
they  will  round  about  Scotland;    that  her 
Ma'tv's  navie  followed  ll;em,  alwaies  hard, 
and  drove  them,  like  a  flock  of  sheepe,  bu^. 
durst  not  aboard  them,  because  theie  are  so 
high  built,  so  as  40  of  our's  were  troubled,  to 
take  one  of  their  greatest  armadas,  at  the  last 
fight,  onMondaie;  that  as  they  think,  they 
should  have  landed,  about  the  Isle  of  Wigl^^ ; 
thaty  'li  days  and  3  nights,  after  they  cam^ 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


11^33 


England^ s  Defence  against  the  Spanish  Armada 


[034 


upon  the  coast  of  England,  they  did  hull 
^nthout  sailes,  minding  to  come  to  Dunkerke 
upon  the  spring  tiers ;  that  they  have  greate 
neede  of  maryners,  especially  of  pilots ;  for 
that'  ship  which  came  on  eround,  upon  the 
Wheelings,  had  butonepibt,  and  he  was  of 
Flushing ;  that  when  ihey  sett  forth,  out  of 
Lisborne,  there  were  certain  galcasses  in  their 
companye,  but  they  came  not  with  them, 
from  the  Groyne ;  that  a  create  Britayn  shippe 


\  also  taken,  or  sunk,  by  the  English 
summe,  th«e  confess,  the  D.  Medina  to  be 
AvondeifuUy  amazed  and  to  stagger,  which 
way  he  may  turn  himself;  that  there  were  a 
KTcate  numoer  of  the  Hidalgos  of  Spain  in 
their  arraye,  and  that  now  theire  chiefe  bul- 
warks and  armades  being  discomfited,  they 
may  easily  be  overthrown,  if  they  be  followed 
as  ttiey  should. 

The  ship,  whose  prisoners  are  brought  to 
Roterodam,  was  taken  betweene  Dunkerke 
and  Ostendty  and  had  been  shot  through  350 
times;  being  grounded,  5  shippes  oi  this 
oountrye  tooke  them  to  mercie ;  another  was 
«ilso  taken  by  7  ot  this  country  fleet,  between 
Gales  and  Dunkerke.  The  names  of  certain 
prisoners  of  accompt,  taken  in  the  former  ship 
are  theis,  *  '^ 

Don  Diego  de  Pomentello,  frere  du  Mar- 
miis  de  Tau\Tor,  raayster  du  camp  du  tiera  du 
SiciTe. 

Don  Jhan  de  Velassa,  frere  da  Conte  Ser- 
rinello. 

Le  Capt.  Martin  d* Auales. 

Le  Capt.  Marques. 

Alonzo  du  Vergas. 

In  the  one  shippe  were  32  pieces  of  brass, 
and  in  the  other  03 . 


Relation  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  which  de- 
farted  from  Lishorne,  the  30/A  qf  May, 
1588,  Stilo  nuovo,  even  as  it  is  certified 
from  Lithorne,  .   . 

First,     Great  hulkcs    -    -    -    40 

Qallions 6o 

Great  shippes  -  -  -  30 
Galliasses  -  -  -  -  4 
Galleys  -  •  .  -  -  8 
Pinasses  -----    24 


Item, 
Item, 
Item, 
Item, 
Item, 


In  all 


166 


Item,  Castillians  soldiers  1 6,000 

Item,  Pordngalls  *    do.      3,000 

Item,  Mariners  -    -    -    ^,128 

Item,  Piwiners  -    -    -    2,000 

in  all,  of  men    -    27,128 


In  die  same  Annado,  there  cometh  friars  190 
In  all  the  saide  Annado,  there  is  of  ar- 

tilleiypieces  -    - 14^3 

The  General  of  the  Annado,  the  Duke  de 
Medina  Sidonia. 
there  oonetk  allio,    is  the  lane^   the 


Prince  Dascoh,  as  Comander,  the  Conte  d« 
Feuntes,  the  Conte  de  Paredes. 

Item,  25  Knights  cf  the  second  order, 
beinge  sonnet  and  brothers  to  Marquisses 
andEarks. 

We  the  rather  have  inserted  this  paper, 
because  there  are  two  dukes  of  Medina  : 
Medina  Sidonia,  and  Medina  Coeli.  HuiAo 
has  left  this  commander  unidentified  by 
only  namiug  him  Duke  of  Medina  ;  and 
Rapin  has  erred  by  calling  him  Duke  of 
Medina  Coeli.  The  Sidoniaii  estates  ar« 
near  Cadiz,  and  are  supposed  to  take  their 
names  from  tlie  ancient  Sidouians  who 
traded  and  settled  in  this  plaoe.  Th« 
estates  ot  Medina  Cceli  we  believe,  ara 
towards  G*  enada,  on  the  opposite  coast  ot 
Spain.  The  two  families  are  perfectl/ 
distinct. 

To  meet  this  formidable  armament  tbt 
following  was  tlie  number  of  ships  in  the 
kingdom  I  returned  to  the  Queen's  en- 
quiries. To  compare  it  with  the  present 
state  of  our  shipping,  would  be  little  short 
of  ridiculous.  *^ 

Total  number  of  ships,  100  to  240  tons  177 

Of  these  London  had  -    60 

Newcastle  on  Tync  •    17 

HuU     -        -        -  -    11 

Bristowe        -        -  -      9 

Total  number  of  ships,  80  to  100  tons       74 

Of  these  London  had  -    23 

Newcastle      -        -  -      8 

Hull     .        -        -  -      7 

Bristowe        -      #-  -       1 

Hoys,  Barks,  and  under  80  tons     •      1383 

Of  these  London  had  -    44 

Newcastle      -        -  -  121 

HuU      .     .  -        -  -      8 

Bristowe        -        -  -     ig 

1634 

The  coast  counties  including  London  report 

Masters  -        -     1,488 

M  ariners  and  Seamen    11,515 
Fibhermen         -        -    2,299 
Wherrymen      -        -       9d7  ^ 
•    •    •         •     » 
An  Ahstracte,  Mfti. 

34  of  Her  Majesties  Shippes,  greatte 

and  small  --------    6,264 

34  Mai  chants    Shippes  with  Sir  F. 

Drake  westward 2,394 

29  Shippes  and  Barques,  paid  by  the 

Citie  of  London  * 2,140 

33  Shippes  and  Barques,  which  isVic- 

tualleis,  under  the  Lord  Admyrall  1,66l 
19  Coasters,  greateand  small,  under  the 

Lord  Adxnvral,  paid  by  t^ie  Queen       948 

Is 


Digitized 


byGodgl( 


435] 

ea  Coasters,  under  the  Ix)rd  Heqr)'  Sey- 
mour, paid  by  the  Queen     -    -    - 
23  VoIuntar)-e  Ships,  great  and  small 


England's  Defence  againit  the  Spanish  Armada. 


[236 


Totallis 


\  15,3 


95  Shippes. 
,334  Men. 


I,0p3 


Such  was  the  then  naval  ability  of  Eng- 
land! 


The  following  document  was  found  at  the 
state  paper  Ofiice,  without  a  date  ;  but  from 
the  names  of  the  Privy  Council  inserted  in  it, 
it  must  have  been  drawn  up  under  Edward  VI  . 
1548,  Beside  giving  the  general  abstract, 
we  insert  the  counties  at  length,  for  the  sake 
of  comparison  with  the  present  times. 


Mslraci  Quotas  of  Men,  furnished  ly  the 
Council,  Bishops,  Lords,'  and  severed 
Counties,  1548. 


The  Counsaill 
The  Lords    -    ^ 
The  Byshoppes  • 
Privie  Chambre 


Horse,  Foot. 
1141     4400 


Counties. 

Cornwall      -  • 

Essex      -    -  » 

Norfolk  -    .  - 

Sussex     -    •  . 

Suffolke  -    -  • 
Southampton 

Bedford  -    -  - 

Buks       -    .  . 

Berks      -•  -  - 

Cambridge    -  - 
Huntingdon 

Hertford       -  - 

Middlesex    -  - 

Surry       .    -  • 

Kent  -    *    .  . 

Northampton  - 

Oxon       -    •  . 

Tiutland  -    -  - 

Hereford       -  - 
Dorsett    ... 

J)evon      -    -  . 

Glouc""     -    -  - 

Leicestre      -  - 

Somerset      -  - 

Wiltes     -    -  . 

Warrwic       -  - 

"Wigorn   -    -  ^ 

Monmoth     -  - 

Brecknok     -  - 

Glamorgan   -  - 

Radnour       -  - 
Carmarthen 

Pembroke     -.  r 

Cardigan       -  - 

Denbigh       -  - 

Mounlgomery  - 
Flyiite     ... 

Carnarvon    -  - 

Anglise    -    .  • 

Meiionethe  -  - 


545 

81 

100 


3 

57 
2 

9 
6 
23 
24 
56 
43 

3 
28 

5 
14 
28 
74 
236 
14 
11 
31 

79 

123 

88 

40 

76 
9e 

63 
16 

54 
4 

38 
439 

12 
3 
8 


Sommc  of  all    3^84 


5371 
2340 
336r. 


572 
316 
821 
140 
525 
453 
238 
401 
559 
221 

75 
205 

61 
221 
450 

79'i 

417 

339 

509 

1019 

1335 

2329 

244 

691 

507 

568 

671 

421 

360 

296 

42 
170 
315 

50 
428 

43 

84 
148 

61 
148 


Total, 

5541 

5916 

2421 

3559 


17437 


3ip55 


675 
373 
823 
149 
531 
476 
262 
457 
602 
221 

78 

233 

66 

235 

478 

866 

653 

353 

520 

1050 

1414 

2452 

332 

731 

563 

666 

735 

437 

360 

350 

46 

20s 

754 

.^0 
440 

46 

92 
148 

81 
152 


Comparispn  of  the  same  Counties,   only; 
the  other  Coimties  being  omitted. 

1803. 

The  following  numbers  do  not  include 
officers  of  any  kind}  they  are  given  at  the 
foot  of  the  account.  Whether  a  similar 
omission  is  made  in  the  returns  of  1548  w% 
cannot  affirm  j  but  incline  to  think  so. 


M  Horse, 
383 
1251 
1120 
lp24 
769 
1252 

1222 
634 
163 
166 
635 
82 
944 

1530 

1037 
591 
160 
160 
515 

I873 
664 
622 

1544 
850 
708 
494 
125 

213 

120 
440 

194 
120 
270 


35639 


Foot, 
5432 
6335 
6511 
6114 
6637 
7164 
1801 
2426 
3006 
2485 

840 
2319 
8299 
7801 
8804 
6511 
3322 

335 
3720 
2201 

13197 
6436 
2946 
7747 
4524 
3874 
4046 
1624 
1196 
2488 
1000 
2316 
1851 

5&7 
2344 
1560 
2429 
1100 
1000 

464 


Artillery. 
23tJ8 

108 
637 

836 


50 


253 


1325 
176 


70 


Di(  itizedby^POQlC 


Ranh'^file, 

777^ 

7033 

69I8  ' 

6193 

7332 

9509 

1978  • 

3121 

3485 

2590  ■ 

1006 

2762 

8379 

8105 
10295 

6918 

3516 
493 

35*32 

2340 
15212 

7161 

3488 

9O8O 

5176 

4146 

4304 

1656 

1106 

2301 

1000 

2347 

2197 

MM 
l6dO 
16&8 
1073 

loba 
455 


537] 


tngland's  Defence  against  the  Spanish  Armodcu 


[2^ 


1688.    QuEEir  Elizabeth. 
Totalis  of  all  the  Men  and  Lighthorse  to  It 


furnished  out  of  England  and  fVaUs, 
£nglaiid 


i  The  wbole  some  of 


Bouth  Wales 


North  Wales 


-J  men  to'be  furnished 

I  out  of  all  the  shires     87,28 

A  Licht  Horse      2S0 

^  Able  Men    19,379 

(ArmecfMen  4,405 

^ACieMen    l6,66« 


Light  Horse 
Able  Men    II 
(Armed Men  4,307 


- —     24,064 
385 


21,344 


Total    -    Men    132,689 

t  m  I  \ 

The  foregoing  lists  afford  grounds  for 
frarioiis  important  remarks  |  as  ] .  The 
comparative  population  of  the  whole  king- 
dom, which  we  may  fairly  suppose  bore 
tome  analogy  to  the  numbers  of  effective 
men  able  to  bear  arms,  and  ready  for 
martial  exploits. 

2.  The  relative  ntimbers  enrolled  in 
each  County,  by  which  the  population  of 
that  County  may  be  estimated,  and  the 
difference  of  its  number  of  inhabitants 
guessed  at  For  instance,  Cornwall, 
which  formerly  yielded  only  575  men 
(perhaps  excluding  officers)  has  yielded 
l6,g96  men,  officers  included. 

3.  The  number  of  horsemen;  of  which 
e.  gr.  Essex  yielded  only  57^  is  now  1251. 
And  with  this  department,  may,  without 
impropriety,  be  connected  the  idea  of  the 
proportionate  comfort  ahd  wealtli  of  the 
people :  only  those  whose  business  is  of 
Kmcieat  magnitude  to  require  the  assis- 
tance of  this  useful  animal,  or  those  whose 
easy  circumstances  permit  them  this  en- 
joyment, usually  incurring  the  «fxpense 
and  trouble  attending  it. 

In  the  estimate  ot  the  comparative 
population  must  be  included,  our  settlers 
abroad,  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  &c. 
cur  soldiers  in  distant  garrisons  and  pos- 
lessions;  our  seamen,  as  well  those  in 
the  royal  navy,  as  in  the  merchants*  ser- 
vice •  the.  various  bodies  of  sea-fencibles 
ontbecoast,  &C.&C.,  of  which  no  returns 
arc  here  noticed.  Of  such  absentees  very 
jmall  was  the  amount  in  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's days  :  but  in  the  present  day  their 
whole  number  is  very  great.  It  will  be 
observed  too,  that  theiiumbers  we  have 
taken  are  only  those  of  theVolunteer  and 
ycffippnfy  Qotf$,  fsQux  a  retura  inad«  to 


J 803.    Gboroe  III, 

Tlie  opposite  column  includes  the  Totals 

of  Englaud  and  Wales,  only:  the  following 

comprises  the  whole  of  Great-Britain,  in* 

eluding  35,832  cavalry. 

TBtaL 


Rank  and  File  - 

341,687 

Field  Officers   - 

.     1246 

Captains      -     • 

-    447» 

Subalterns  -     - 

-    9918 

Staff  Officers    - 

.     1100 

Serjeants    -    - 

•  14,787 

Corporals     -     - 

-  11733 

Drummerf  -    - 

.     6733 

Grand  Total    37994$ 

the  Honorable  the  House  of  Commons^ 
December  6,  1803. 

We  should  pursue  these  inferencea 
further,  and  should  consider  them  mor# 
closely,  if  we  had  proper  data  for  form- 
ing any  reasonable  conjecture  as  to  the 
proportion  which  the  rtien  in  arms  bore 
to  those  who  were  capable  of  military 
duties  ;  and  what  proportion  these  might 
bear  to  the  whole  of  their  sex.  The  fact 
iS)  we  know  not  how  far  these  levies  were 
voluntary;  where,  when,  or  how,  or  on 
what  terms  they  were  enrolled,  with 
many  other  particulars.  If  we  consider 
these  as  being  much  the  same  in  both  pen 
riods,  the  absolute  strength  of  this  king- 
dom in  men,  will  appear  to  have  increased 
prodigiously,  in  the  last  two  centuries, 
notwithstanding  the  ravages  of  war,  civil, 
continental,  and  maritime,  and  the 
still  more  considerable,  because  perpetual 
drain  occasioned  by  emigration. 

We  come  now  to  that  important  article 
which  the  French  very  significantly  deno« 
minate  ammunition  de  houcJie, 

The  footmen  were  allowed. 


% 

ike  daje. 

For  100  men. 

Breade 

-     l*lb. 

Bnade 

-  1501b, 

Beere 

-    2  quarts 

Beere 

-    50  gall. 

W\Tie 

-     1  quart 
.    2ilb. 

Wyne 

-  25ralL 

-  1001b. 

Be^if - 

Byskett 

Bu^er 

-    lilb. 

Beeif 

-  250  lb. 

Cheese 

.    lib. 

Butter 

-     50  lb. 

Biskett 

-     lib. 

Cheese 

"  100  lb. 

For 

7  daues. 

- 

Breade 

-  lOilb, 

Breade 

1050  Ibe 

Biskett 

-    7lb. 

Bbkctt 

700  lb. 

Beere 

-  14  quarts 

Beere 

-  350  gall. 

Wyne 

-    7  quarts 

Wvue 

-  700quart| 
1750  lb. 

Beeif 

^  17*  lb. 

Beeif 

Butter 

.    3*  lb. 

Butter 

-  350  Jb. 

Cheese 

.    7  lb. 

Cbwse 

-  700  lb. 

14 

Digitized 


byGoOgk 


•39]  kngkfuTs  Defence  against  the  Spanish  Armada. 

'Evcty  bushel  of  whcate  makethe  20  loaves, 
ftt  3  lb.  the  loafe  aiid  6  oz.  unbaked,  the 
(>ranne  ranged  out. 

Everie  12  bushels  ofmalte,  makethe  one 
ibhne  of  beerc,  of  Burge's  cask,  viz,  60  gal- 
4K1S  eche  hogg^heade,  4  of  these  to  the  tonne. 

But  the  ration  of  a  horseman,  beside  a 
proportionate  augmentation  of  other 
viands,  was  increased  to  3^  lbs.  of  beef, 
nvfaich  seems  to  justify  the  sarcastic  re- 
mark of  the  Constable  of  France, — '^  the 
'^  men  do  sympathize  with  their  mastiff, 
"  in  robustious  and  rough  coming  on, 
*'  and  then  give  them  great  meals  of  beef, 
"  and  iron  and  steeJ,  they  will  eat  like 
*'  wolves,  and  fight  like  devils."  Hen.  V. 

Thift  following  list  of  provisions  fur- 
nished by  the  counties  respectively,  may 
Assist  in  enabling  us  to  form  some  idea 
gf  their  state  of  cultivation,  and  of  the  pro- 
duce depending  on  it,  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  The  supply  appears  to  us  to  be 
but  small,  and  we  observe  in  all  the  letters 
of  the  naval  commanders  such  a  sense  of 
their  deficiency  in  stores,  and  the  n<xes* 
sity  of  returning  home  for  victuals,  as 
convinces  us  that  the  royal  offices  were 
very  ill  supplied;  and  looks  something 
like  a  proof  that  the  general  stock  of  pro- 
vision in  the  country  was  quickly  sensible 
of  any  sudden  or  unusual  demands  on  it. 

We  tuay  safely  ask,  what  quantities 
dbove  200  qrs.  of  wheat  Surry,  and  what 
above  300  qrs.  Essex,  could  now  supply  ? 
and  what  impression  the  purchase  or  600 
oxen  would  make  on  the  butchery  of  Lon- 
don ?  We  imagine  six  times  tliat  quantity 
is  no  uncommon  number  for  a  contractor 
to  select  in  the  London  market,  in  three 
or  foiu:  months.  An  estimate  of  what 
cjuantities  each  county  could  furnish  we 
believe  was  made  out  in  1 803 ,  by  order  of 
die  House  of  Commons,  but  not  printed. 
Thepainion  qf  Edward  Baishr,  Gmeral  Surm 

veyor  of  Her  Majesty's  Victual,  for  the 

Setti  declaring  out  qftiinat  Sltetres,  JFheate, 

Maulte,  Oxeiti  Butter  and  Cheese  are  to 

be  had. 


[140 


Berks        - 

• 

wheate 

MO 

niaulie 

700 

oxen 

100 

Essex 

•        • 

wheate 

300  qu'n 

maulte 

300 

oxen 

100 

Hertfofd    - 

• 

maulte 

600 

wheate 

300 

Cambridge 

- 

maulte  lOOa 

Suffolke     • 

• 

wheate 

100 

maulte 

200 

cheese 

600  weighs 

butter 

300  barrels 

Norfolk     . 

• 

wheate 

^800 

maulte  1000 

butter 

lOObarrcb 

Huntingdon 

• 

wheate 

300 

maulte 

400 

oxen 

150 

Oxford      - 

• 

wheate 

200 

maulte 

400 

Southampton 

- 

wheate 

800 

mauhe 

400 

oxen 

150 

Stafford  and  Leicester 

oxen 

400 

Warwick  &  Northanip. 

oxen 

200 

Lincoln  and  Rutland 

oxen 

400 

Bedford  &  Buckingham 
Derby  and  Nottingham 

oxen 

300 

oxen 

300 

M'orccstcr  and 

Salon   - 

oxen 

300 

Gloucester  and  li  bertics 

oxen 

300 

Butcheiy  of  London    - 

oxen 

600 

Kent 

• 

*    wheate  1000  qu^rs 
nwulte    600  ^ 

Surry 

• 

•i    wheate    200  ' 
maulte 

Sussex 

' 

*    wheate   600 
maulte    (iOO 
oxen        100 

Dorset 

• 

•    wheate    500 
maulte    400 
oxcu        200 

WUtMl 

• 

-    wheate   400 
maulte 

190 


Total,  for  10,000  men,  wheate  5600  qu'rs. 
i^aulte  7000 
oxen     3900 
butter      400  barrels 
cheese     6OO  weighs 

Endfirced  hu  Ld.  Burghelei/,        

20/A  Jan,  1586. 

We  could  with  pleasure  extract  a  num- 
ber of  other  articles,  equally  curious,  but 
have  somewhat  freely  indulged  our- 
selves already,  in  transcription,  knowing 
that  copies  of  this  compendium  are  ex- 
tremely uncx)mmon.  We  must  how- 
ever add,  that  London  is  stated  to  contain 
20,606  "able  housholders,  servaunts  of. 
'^  our  nation,  within  tlie  Wardes ;"  933 
''  strangers,  able  men  for  service;  and 
"  36  personnes,  suspected  in  religion !  " 

We  are  perfectly  sensible  that  much  of 
the  prosi)erity  of  a  nation  is  derived  from 
the  steadiness  of  its  government,  the/ 
equity  of  its  laws,  the  lenity  of  its  man- 
ners, the  integrity  of  its  citizens,  the 
confidence  of  its  mercliaots,  the  spirit  of 
its  heroesy  the  skill  of  iu  artificers,  and 
the  policy  of  its  statesmen ;  but  whoever 
rests  his  hopes  on  these,  may  see  them 
fail,  one  after  another  j  or  a  spirit  of  dis- 
]oyalty  may  diffuse  itself  throughout  U^ 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


^1] 


Cnyley's  Life  rfSir  tFalter  Raleiglk , 


[242. 


^xmuncmity,  and  render  them  all  unavail- 
ing; or  a  fhifting  of  the  general  duty  of 
all,  from  self,  to  whoever  pleases  to  dis- 
charge it,  may  bdffle  all  calculation ;  a 
symptom  uncommonly  alarming !  for  how 
can  virtue  and  wisdom  be  executed  by 
deputy  ?     While,  therefore,  we  applaud 
the    readiness    of  Queen    Elizabeth    to 
meet  the  exigency  of  her  times  with  a 
truly  noble  fortitude,  and  a  truly  sagacious 
preparation,    we   admire    that  dignified 
veneration  which  attributed  her  successes 
to  the  Divine  will,  and  recorded  her  de- 
pendance  not  on  a  host,  though  she  had 
a  host  of  Englishmen,  nor  on  a  navy, 
though  her  navy  was  heart  of  oak,  but  on 
Providence.    Affiavit  Deus  et  dissipantur, 
the  motto  adopted  on  her  medals,  does 
her  no  less  honour  than  her  speech  at 
Tilbury,    or   her  thunders    directed   by 
Ho>*'ard  and  Drake.     May  the  issue  prove 
that  posterity  is  equall}  leady  in  this  act 
of  duty,  this  acknowledgment,  to  which 
we  arc  bound  by  every  sentiment  of  pa- 
triotism, by  every  sense  of  personal  obli- 
gation, and  by  every  dictate  of  piety  ! 

7  he  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  Knt. 
.  by  Arthur  Cayley,  jun.  Esq.  in  two  vo- 
lumes, 4to.  pp.  538,  witli  an  Appen- 
dix, pp.  115.  Price  ^^'l  lO's.  1805. 
Also  in  8vo.  price  £\  Is.  1806.  Ca- 
dell  and  Davies.  London. 
Among  tlie  most  pleasing  studies  of- 
fered by  literature.  Biography  occupies  a 
principal  place.  That  curiosity  \\;hich 
distinguishes  the  human  mind  is  fond  of 
tracing  step  by  step  the  lives  and  manners 
of  those  who  have  risen  to  eminence  by 
their  personal  good  conduct  ^  and  when 
they  are  such  as  lived  in  ages  past, 
we  unroll  the  ''ample  page  of  know- 
"  ledge,'^  and  become  acquainted  with 
them  by  means  of  history.  In  particular, 
the  eniinent  personages  of  our  own  coun- 
try are  subjects  of  our  more  earnest  atten- 
tion :  the  feelings  of  patriotism  unite  vnth 
the  stimulus  of  curiosity,  to  impart  a 
Rouble  zest  to  our  pleasure  when  memoirs 
of  such  are  under  our  perusal.  Perhaps, 
too,  we  derive  gratification  of  the  purest 
kind  from  considering  those  great  men 
who  are  not  our  contemporaries  5  for 
against  them  we  entertain  no  animosity  : 
no  party  spirit  lurks  in  the  secret  recesses 
of  the  mind,  diminishing  the  due  share 
of  praise  to  which  they  are  entitled,  or 
«ii|;iQenting  into  guilt  tb9s«  fellings  fron^ 


which  the  most  virtuous  or  the  most  judici- 
ous, are  not  absolutely  free. 

To  these  considerations  we  may  add 
the  power  of  completing  the  whole  by 
examining  the  result.  The  mind  is 
pleased  with  the  opportunity  of  combining 
into  one,  the  introductory  events,  th« 
progress  of  occurrences,  and  their  ascer- 
tained termination :  free  from  that  painfu! 
slate  of  suspense  as  to  the  issue,  that  un*^ 
easy  feeling  wl  ich  accompanies  conjecture 
as  to  what  may  bo  the  turn  of  affairs,  and. 
what  the  denouement  of  the  whole. 

We  have  always  been  fond  of  biognr* 
phy,  but  at  the  same  time  have  supposed 
that  the  lite  of  c>'ery  man  comprises  ^ 
lesson  which  should  not  be  lost  on  tha 
world.  '•  Some  achieve  greatness  j*'  and 
if  they  achieve  it  honorably;  their  prin- 
ciples are  so  many  lessons  of  honour  j  \t 
dishonorably,  if  "  damned  to  everlasting- 
"  fame,"  they  serve  as  beacons  to  warrt 
mankind  to  preser\'e  a  cautious  distance 
from  the  rocks  and  quicksands  wherein 
such  have  perished.  We  cannot  therefore 
commend  the  volvimes  before  us  as  a  com- 
plete example  of  biographical  writing, 
because  the  author  has  professedly  em- 
ployed his,  leisure  in  simply  "  collecting 
'*  and  arranging  the  scattered  parts  of  Sir 
*'  Walter's  story.'*  This  being  his  object 
it  is  unjust  to  try  him  by  principles  of  2L 
higher  description.  If  he  has  accom- 
plished what  he  undertook,  and  we  think 
he  h^s,  he  may  rest  satisfied  with  a  suc- 
cess which  not  every  author  can  boast,  and 
perhaps  by  not  having  attempted  too 
much  he  has  the  better  effected  what 
he  thought  proper  to  attempt.  We  are 
obliged  to  him  for  what  he  has  done, 
though  we  regret  the  pleasure  we  might 
have  enjoyed  had  he  ventured  further  and 
succeeded  in  doing  more. 

The  general  events  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh's 1  i  fe  are  known  to  our  readers.  Mr, 
Cayley  treads  almost  closely  in  the  steps 
of  Mr.  Oldys  who  prefixed  a  life  of  Ra- 
leigh to  the  Knight's  "  History  of  th^ 
"  World,"  the  first  edition  of  which  was 
published  in  1^14,  and  the  eleventh,  and 
best,  by  Mr.  O.  in  1736.  Dr.  Thomat 
Birch  in  1751  prefixed  also  a  life  to  thQ 
miscellaneous  works  in  2  vols  8vo  of  this 
eminent  character.  Sir  W.  was  fourth  son 
ofWaltertlaleigh,Esq.ofPardelinthepa-  ' 
rish  of  Comwood,  near  Plymouth.  I'he 
first  part  of  his  life  was  passed  in  obscu- 
rity, though  he  ttudi^d.dufing  some  years 


Digitized 


by  Google 


Mai 


Chytey^s  Life  of  Sir  tValter  Raleigh. 


[244^ 


at  Oxford,  in  Oriel  College.    About  se- 
venteen he  went  as  a  gentleman  soldier  to 
France,  was  at  Paris  during  the  famous 
Bartholomew  massacre,  but  how  he  es- 
caped is  not  known.     From  this  period 
"we  him  find  engaged  in  a  variety  of  enter- 
prizes;  now  fitting  out  ships  for  discove- 
ries and  settling  of  cojoniesj  as,  to  America 
in  1579,  and  Virginia  in  1584,  on  which 
cdony  he  spent  i'40,000  j  but  at  length 
transferred  his  patent  to  certain  merchants 
of  Loudon.     Sometimes  we  find  him  dis- 
charging the  duties  of  Vice- Admiral  of  her 
Majesty*s fleet,  anddoingall  possible  injury 
to  Spain  and  her  colonies.     Sometimes  he 
appears  m  the  not  less  arduous  character 
of  a  member  of  tlie  English  Parliament, 
promoting  the  advantage  of   his  native 
country.     He  was  eminent  as  a  writer, 
respectable  as  a  poet,  and  it  is  thought, 
while  confined  in  the  Tower,  not  unsuc- 
cessful as   a  chemist.     To  these  parts  of 
Sir  Walter's  character  the  volumes  before 
us  bear  ample  testimony.     It  is  to  be  ac- 
knowledged, with  regret,  that  the  justice 
due  to  Sir  Waller  necessarily  involves  jus- 
tice of  another  kind  due  to  his  persecu- 
tors.     I'he  Court  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
■was,  like  other  courts,  a  region  of  party  j 
even  while  his  royal  mistress  lived,  Ra- 
leigh was  exposed  to  the  spirit  of  rival- 
•hip,   and  the  insinuations  of  jealousy  : 
more  than  once  was  the  Queen  irritated 
against  him,  and  bis  favour  at  court  was 
*•  shorn  of  its  beams.'*    But,  when  Eli- 
zabeth   who    was    more    than    woman 
v  as  dead,  and  James  who  was  less  than 
man  had  succeeded  her,  the  knight's  good 
fortune  rapidly  declined.     He  had  been 
appointed  captain  of  the  guard,   by  Eliza- 
beth ,  but  this  in  a  few  weeks  he  was  di- 
rected to  relinquish,  receiving  in  requital 
but  a  moderate  compensation  ;  and  in  less 
than  Uiree  months  he  was  arraigned  at  the 
bar  for  high  treason. 

This  trial  is  one  of  those  disgraceful  in- 
cidents in  our  history,  which  patriotism 
may  wish  liad  never  occurred,  yet,  which 
having  occurred,  patriotism  would  not 
■wish  should  be  expunged.  The  unman- 
neriy  insolence  of  Coke,  the  Attorney  Ge- 
neral, is  a  lasting  stigma  on  his  character. 
What  shall  we  think  of  the  man  whose 
violence  led  him  to  use  such  ^oss  lan- 
guage as  *•  thou  viper  5  for  1  tkou  thee, 
*'  thou  traitor  "  a  triplication  which  did 
not  escape  the  notice  and  lash  of  Shakes- 
jpeare,  who  makes  Sir  Toby  Belch  advise 


Sir  Andrew  Agnecheek  to  ''  taunt  "  his 
adversary  "  with  the  licence  of  ink  :  if 
thou  thou*st  him  some, /Arice  it  shall  not 
be  amiss ;  and  as  many  lies  as  will  lie  in 
thy  sheet  of  paper,  although  the  sheet  were 
big  enough  for  the  bed  of  Ware  in  jBngland^ 

set  'em  down.     Go  about  it let  tliere 

be  gall  enough  in  thy  ink  j  though  thoa 
write  with  a  goose  pen  no  matter,-^about 
it."  This  allusion  is  too  plain  to  be  mis- 
taken ;  and  shew^  the  feeling  of  tlie  pub- 
lic mind  on  this  occasion:  for  otherwise 
the  incident  would  havei  een  dangerous  in 
a  work  intended  to  be  popular,  like  a  play. 

The  law  of  the  land  was  further  vio- 
lated, in  the  admission  of  incompetent 
evidence;  lor  whereas  the  law  re- 
quires two  witnesses,  and  those  to  be 
examined,  viva  voce,  in  open  court;  . 
the  adversaries  of  Raleigh,  though  one  wit- 
ness was  i!:  their  power,  did  not  pro- 
duce him,  but  eked  out  the  charges 
against  the  prisoner  by  a  mass  of  papers^ 
and  he^rsavs,  which  we  are  happy  to 
think  would  be  scouted  from  before  tho 
seat  of  justice  in  these  days.  The  judge» 
Popham,  acted  in  a  manner  disgrace- 
ful to  his  station. 

It  fehould  seem,  that  Coke  in  accusing- 
our  knight  without  proving  his  guilt,  anS 
the  judges  in  condemning  him,  not  accord- 
ing to  law,  did  no  more  than  comply 
witli  the  humour  of  their  master  j  accord- 
ingly, Raleigh  was  condemned  j  but  exe- 
cution of  his  sentence  being  stayed,  h© 
spent  twelve  years  in  imprisonment  in  the 
Tower.     Here  he  found  in  letters  that 
alleviation  of  his  troubles,  which  only  an 
enlightened  mind  can  procure,  and  here 
he  composed  that  most  considerable  proof 
of  his  genius  and  learning  the  "  History 
of  the  World."     He  at  length  obtained 
his  liberty,  by  a  bribe  of  ^1500.  to  two 
favourites  of  the  King ;  but  trusted  to  the 
King's  generosity  for  his  pardon,    and^ 
being  honoured  with  the  royal  commission 
to  search  for  a  gold  mine  in  Guiana,  ho 
concluded  too  presumptively,  that  his  for- 
mer coudenmation  was  cancelled  by  his 
present  office.    The  error  cost  him  his- 
life  J  for  after  returning  unsuccessful  b^ 
was  arrested  on  his  former  condemnation, 
though  fifteen    years  had  elapsed,    and 
being  taken  for  dead  in  law,  was  beheaded 
in  Palace  Yard,  Oct.  29,  1616. 

But  perhaps  the  most  flagrant  instance 
of  imbecility,  not  to  call  it  treason  against 
his  subjects,  is  the  conduct  of  King  Jam% ' 


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The  Poekcal  Works  of  WiUlam  JuRus  MichU. 


t24« 


who  on  occasion  of  this  voyage  obliged 
Raleigh  to  give  liim  in  detail  every  par'- 
ticular  of  his  plan  agfiinst  a  part  ot  the 
Sooth  American  coast  where  the  Spa- 
niards had  a  settlement,  bound  him  not 
to  deviate  from  tliis  plan,  in  the  smallest 
particular,  and  then  communicated  the 
whole  scheme  to  Spain  :  insomuch,  that 
this  very  pater  of  particulars  was  found 
in  the  house  of  the  Spanish  Governor  of 
the  place  attacked !  Our  readers  will  no 
doubt  participate  in  our  indignation  -.but 
words  are  inadequate  to  express  our  feel- 
ings at  such  baseness. 

The  mere  outline  of  this  history  le^ds 
to  the  inference,    that  however  Mr.  Cay- 
ley  may  have  declined  to  introduce  those 
reflections,  which  would  have  added  in 
terest  and  dignity  to  his  volumes,  yet  that 
the  story  itself,  naturally  suggests  senti- 
ments which  are  capable  of  being  directed 
to  cxceUent  purposes.     It  will  be  none  of 
the   least    of  these  if  young    courtiers 
should  learn  from  the  CKample  of  Raleigh, 
ihe  extreme  lubricity  of  the  polished  aur- 
fece  on  which  they  stand.     Let  them 
state  their  own  pretensions  in  the  most 
available  terms,  let  them  urge  their  merit, 
their  services,  thdr  alacrity  in  obeying, 
their  every  quality  which  becomes  either 
the  station  they  occupy  or  that  they  des'rre, 
can  thev  surpass,  nay,  can  they  equ^  Sir 
Walter  Rakigh  ?   Was  he  not  one  of  the 
glories  of  the  court  in  the  glorious  days  of 
the  immortal  Elizabeth  ?  was  he  not  wise 
m  council,  intrepid  in  action,  adventurous 
of  his  property,   and  persevering  in  his 
midertokings  5  as  a  soldier  not  inferior  to 
any  J  as  a  seaman  superior  to  most  5  learn- 
ed as  a  literato,  judicious  as  a  statesman  5 
eoalified    tarn  JMUxrti  euam  Mercurio? 
Where  Sir  W^ter  feU,  let  all  be  cautious. 
And  if  any  whose  vigorous  mmds  know 
better,  have  been  deluded  by  ambition 
into  wishes  for  honour  and  distinction, 
let  them  ask  themselves  whether  they  are 
content  to  procures  them  at  similar  ha- 
XOTds  >  and  whether  real  felicitv  is  not 
more  certainly  within  their  reach,  while 
ptiltate,  than  it  would  be  were  they  in  the 
most  cottspicaous  of  situations )    Happily 
Vor  mankind,  not  many  can  be  great :  if 
one  in  a  thousand  be  raised  to  honour, 
there  are  nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine 
left    to   the    possibiUties   of   happinesi. 
Such  aie  the  cnances  of  life  t 
Besidei  the  regqlar  narration  of  Sir 


length,  the  histories  of  sereral  of  his  voy* 
ages,  his  judgment  on  sundry  points  of  po- 
litical economy,  in  which  we  recognize 
those  very  principles  which  the  present 
age  considers  as  unquestionably    proper 
for  adoption ;  also  various  letters,  and  otlier 
papers  of  more  or  less  importance,  but 
connected  with  the  story  and  contributing 
to  illustrate  it.     Sir  Walter's  instructioai 
to  his  son  close  that  part  which  is  denor 
niinated  his  life.     An  Appendix  of  115 
pages,  containing  scarce  pieces,  and  pi-o** 
per  documents  to  support  the  narration    . 
previously   given,  is    added  to    the  se- 
cond volume.     Such  of  these  as  display 
our  knight's  opinion  on  the  preparations 
necessary  to  be  made,  in  order  to  receive 
an  enemy  as  becomes  Englishmen,  and 
how  to  distribute  our  forces  for  his  weU 
come  after  he  is  landed,  are  not  without 
interest  in  the  present  situation  of  our 
country.     His  letter  to  Prince  Henry  on 
ship  building,  shews  his  intimate  know- 
ledge of  that  branch  of  art ;  we  cannot 
however,   but  smile  at  the  then  Spanish 
principle  of  Grande  navio  grande  fatica. 
compared  with  the  sizes  of  their  modem 
Santa  Anna,  San  Carlos,  San  Josef,  and 
especially  their  famous  Santissi^a  Trini- 
dada.    This  appendix  closes  with  a  refii* 
tation  of  Mr.  JJimfie's  reasons  for  infer- 
ring the  guilt  of  Sir  Walter,  and  that  he 
practised  a  delusion  on  the  King  in  the 
affair  of  the  gold  mine.    The .  reasons  are 
drawn  from  the  King's  declaration,  whick 
also  is  given  at  length.  Sonoe  of  them  are 
weak  enough. 

It  is  pur  wish  to  promote  the  publican 
tion  of  correct  histories  of  the  most  strik- 
ing events  which  have  occurred  in  out 
nation:  we  therefore  view  with  indu]« 
ffence  and  pleasure  every  attempt  of  th^ 
kind.  We  are  glad  to  see  that  the  £sivonr- 
able  reception  of  the,  quarto  edition,  hat 
induced  Mr.  Cay  ley  to  print  in  8vo.  and 
shall  be  glad  for  his  sake  that  both  copiee 
may  soon  become  scaire* 

The  Poetical  Works  of  WUHam  JuVtus 
Mickk,  including  several  original 
Pieces,  with  a  new  Life  of  the  Author. 
By  the  Rev.  John  Sim,  A,  B.  l6mo. 
pp.  188.  Life  Ixiv.  Price  5s.  sewed. 
Symonds,  &c.  London,  I8O6. 
A  neat  little  volnme,  containing  the 
condtpletest  collection  of  this  Poet's  works, 
that  baa  been  presented  to  the  public. 


W^te^Hi^lMrf 'Sylcj  ImmJ  i^        9^  I  ^oammd  an*  author  fo  well*  known  ai 


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147}  Grahame's  BMs  of  Scotland, 

Mickle,  is  altogether  superfluous.  The 
lAfe,  pveBxed,  appears  to  be  the  most  par- 
ticular and  comprehensive  we  have  ever 
read}  ^nd  •*  is  composed,**  says  Mr.  Sim, 
who  dedicates  to  the  Bishop  of  Norwich, 
•'  from  his  private  correspondence,  and 
**  from  the  information  which  I  received 
•*  from  himself,  during  an  unreserved  in- 
•'  timacy  of  more  than  sixteen  years.'* 
^  tVe  shall  »ot  analyse  this  narrative  -,  but 
content  ourselves  with  generally  com- 
mending it :  there  is  however  so  much 
food  sense  and  valuable  advice  in  Lord 
,yttleten*8  Letters  to  Mickle,  that  we 
cannot  but  insert  one  of  thejjp  by  way  of 
specimen. 

Sir,  Haglcy  Park,  Aug.  ?8,  1 764. 

1  should  have  sooner  returned  the  verses 
Jfwi  sent  me.  if  I  had  not  been  hindered  by 
•  great  deal  of  company  from  considering 
them  enough  to  give  vou  my  thoughts  on 
the  beauties  or  faints  of  them  witli  tne  ne- 
eesfary  stricmess  of  criticism.  But  having 
noNv  read  them  over  with  a  good  deal  of  at- 
toiitiou,  I  dare  venture  to  assure  you,  that 
the  first  of  the  two  Odes  has  all  the  merit 
that  just  seniimcjit,  fine  poetical  ima2;ery, 
elegant  diction,  and  harmonious  numbers, 
can  give  po  so  trite  a  subject.  There  is  also 
in  some  stanzas  a  sublimity  of  thought  and 
expression  wbidi  raises  it  above  the  ordinary 
pitch  of  mere  descriptive  poetry. 

As  to  the  poem  on  the  death  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots,  I  will  not  criticise  any  part 
of  it,  because  I  wholly  disapprove  the  sub- 
ject. Poetry  should  not  consecrate  what  his- 
tory must  condemn ;  and  it  is  as  certain  as 
history  can  render  any  fact,  that  (besides  her 
criminal  amours  with'DavidRizzio  and  Both- 
well)  she  was  an  accomplice  in  the  murder 
jof  thd  King,  her  husband.  Read  Thuanus 
or  Hume,  (who  have  written  her  history 
jnore  truly  than  Robertson,)  and  you  will  be 
ioclined  to  pity,  but  not  to  praise  her ;  nor 
will  Robertson  liimself,  thougn  he  shades  her 
crimes  as  much  as  possible,  give  you  such  an 
idea  of  her  as  to  make  you  tnink  her  a  pro- 
per subject  for  the  encomiums  of  a  writer 
who  means  to  serve  the  cause  of  virtue,  and 
DOt  of  party. 

With  regard  to  the  plan  of  your  poem  on 
providence,  I  think  what  you  propose  is  a 
£ir  better  solution  of  the  difKculties  that  ap- 
pear in  the  moral  sovemment  of  the  world 
than  >^r.  Pope's.  Whoever  is  miserable  will 
feel  that  his  philosophy  b  vmna  tt  Jicia; 
but  if  he  be  virtuous,  and  reads  the  latter 
part  of  your  firbt  CWe,  he  will  find  there  a 
real  and  effectual  consolation.  You  cannot, 
iberefbre,  do  better  than  to  have  recourse  to 
that  hope  in  your  justification  of  Providence  $ 
imy  other,  I  am  sure,  will  pro\^  insufficient. 
lilt  anidiogy  bctwcfn  tbi^  platU  oontaiaed 


(249 

perfect  in  the  seed,  and  the  angel  in  the 
man  *,  I  like  extremely.  St.  Paul  says,  we 
shall  go  to  the  spirits  of  just  men  tHoae  per' 
feet.  All  here  is'imperfect ;  but  the  tendency 
to  perfection,  and  the  capacity  of  attaining  it» 
justify  the  Creator.     Adieu. 

Dear  Sir,  do  not  be  discouraged  at  difficul- 
ties, but  cultivate  your  fine  genius,  and  em- 
ploy it  as  you  have  begun,  in  the  service  of 
virtue  ana  religioti.  This  will  give  you  a 
crown  far  excc^ing  the  poet's  laurel,  unfad* 
ing  in  the  heavens  !  I  am  with  the  most  sin- 
cere esteem  and  regard.  Sir,  your*s,  &c.     L. 

•  **  As  the  acora*«  germ 

Perfect  in  all  its  branchy  pride  contains 
The  future  oak  that  soon  shall  brave  the  sky  ; 
So  folded  up  in  all  it's  godlike  powers 
In  man  that  mourns,  the  future  angel  lies : 
Though  imperfection  mark  his  every  power* 
His  every  virtue,  and  his  every  joy. 
Yet  where  a  native  dignity  of  mind 
And  pure  sincerity,  that  fertile  soil, 
Of  noMest  virtues  join,  conspicuous  there       ' 
A  rising  tendency  to  worth  divine  1 

And  full  perfection  glows."— PfwiV#«v. 

The  Birds  of  Scotland,  with  other  Poems. 
By  James  Grahame.  12mo.  pp.248. 
Price  78.  Edinbtirgh  printed,  Long- 
man and  Co.  London.  I8O6. 
The  author  before  us  combines  with  a 
vigorous  imagination  and  a  lively  vein  of 
poetry,  some  of  those  gross  negligences 
which  occasionally  disgrace  genius.  His 
eye  as  a  man  of  observation  seems  to  be 
better  than  his  ear  as  a  man  of  numbers, 
yet  every  poet  must  be  a  man  of  numbers, 
or  his  productions  will  suffer  by  his  de- 
fect. We  consider  Mr.  G.  however,  as  a 
bard  of  merit,  and  promise,  and  hope  on 
some  future  occasion  to  congratulate  him 
on  producing  2l  finished  performance.  The 
*'  Biblical  Pictures"  are  too  slight,  even 
to  assume  importance:  the  Sonnets  on 
the  Months  have  received  more  attention  j 
but  the  most  laboured  production  in  the 
volume  is  the  Birds  of  Scotland;  iu 
which  we  find  very  much  to  commend, 
and  in  some  passages  ideas  exquisitelj 
poetical,  notwithstanding  various  linea 
of  these  very  passages  sin  against  both 
metre  and  cadence.  We  shall  extract  hit 
description  of  the  wren  and  the  eagiaw 
which  in  the  poem  are  \eTy  properly- 
placed  in  distinct  books. 

The  little  woodland  dwarf,  the  tiny  watir. 
That  from  the  roocsprigs  trills  her  ditty  dear. 
Of  stature  most  diminutive  herself. 
Not  so  her  wonderous  house ;  for,  strange  to  tell! 
Uer^s  is  the  largest  strucnire  that  is  formed 
By  tuocfui  bill  aad  breasu   'Netth  some  <A<X  no^ 


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«49  j  Grahame'i  Birds  of  Scotland. 

From  which  the  Moping  soil,  by  wtntry  rains, 
,  Ha£  been  all  worn  away,  she  fixes  up 
Her  curious  dwelling,  dose,  and  vaulted  o*cr, 
And  in  the  side  a  little  gateway  porch, 
In  which  (for  I  hate  seen)  shc*U  sit  and  pipe 
A  merry  stave,  of  her  shrill  rounde  ay.  ^ 

Nor  always  does  a  single  gate  suffice 
For  exlt»  and  for  entrance  to  her  dome ; 
For  when  (as  sometimes  haps)  within  a  bush 
She  builds  the  artful  Aibric,  then  each  side 
Has  its  own  portico.    But,  mark  within  I 
How  skilfully  the  finest  plumes  and  downs 
Arc  so^y  warped ;  how  closely  all  around 
The  outer  layers  of  moss!  each  circumstance 
Most  artfully  contrived  to  fovour  warmth ! 
Here  read  the  reason  of  the  vaulted  roof. 
Here  Providence  compensates,  ever  kind. 
The  enormous  disproportion  that  subsists 
Between  the  mother  and  the  numerous  brood, 

Which  her  small  bulk  must  quicken  into  life. 

Fifteen  white  spherules,  small  as  moorland  hare- 
hell. 

And  prcaily  bespecked  like  fox  glove  flower. 

Complete  her  number.    Twice  five  days  she  sits. 

Fed  by  her  parmer,  never  flitting  off. 

Save  when  the  morning  sun  is  high,  to  drink 

A  de^v.drop  firom  the  nearest  flowret-cup. 
But  now  behold  the  greatest  of  this  train 

Of  qsiracles,  stupendously  minute ; 

The  numerous  progeny,  clamant  for  food. 

Supplied  by  two  small  bills,  and  feeble  wings 

Of  narrow  range ;  supplied,  aye,  duly  fed. 

Fed  in  the  dark,  and  yet  not  one  forgot !  pp.  4 1  -43 . 


Prom  scenes  like  these,  O,  Scotland,  once  ag^in 
To  thee  my  weary  fancy  fondly  hies. 
And,  with  the  eaolb,  mountain-perched,  alights. 
Amid  Lochaber's  wilds,  or  dark  Glencoe, 
High  up  the  pillared  mountain's  steepest  side. 
The  eagle,  from  her  eyry  on  the  crag 
Of  over-JQtting  rock,  beholds  afor. 
Viewing  the  distant  flocks,  with  ranging  tyt 
She  meditates  the  ptey ;  but  waits  the  time 
When  seas  of  mist  extend  along  the  vale. 
And,  rising  gradual,  reach  her  lofty  shore  : 
Up  then  to  sunny  regions  of  the  air 
Ske  soars  and  looks  ttpon  the  wkitt-^wtf.itheJ  summits 
Of  mountains,  seeming  ocean  isles,  then  down 
She  pimiges,  stretching  through  the  hazy  deep ; 
Unseen  she  flies,  and^  on  her  playful  quarry. 
Pounces  unseen :  The  shepherd  knows  his  loss. 
When  high  o*er-head  he  bears  a  passing  bleat 
f^t,  and  more  faintly,  dying  far  away. 
And  now  aljft  the  bends  her  homeward  course, 
|x)tded,  yet  light ;  and  soon  her  youngling  pair, 
Joyful  descry  her  buoyant  wing  emerge 
And  float  along  the  cloud ;  fluttering  they  scoop 
Upon  the  dizzy  brink,  as  if  they  aimed 
To  try  the  abyss,  and  meet  her  coming  breast ; 
But  soon  her  coming  breast,  and  outstretched 
wings,  [heads. 

^ilde  shadowing  dowQ|  and  dose  upon  ttieu 


[230 

When  low*rs  the  rack  uamovingvhigh  Tip^pilc^ 
And  silence  deep  foretells  the  thuuder  near, 
I'he  eagle  upward  penetrates  the  gloom, 
And,  far  above  the  fire-impregnate,  wreaths. 
Soaring  surveys  the  ethertal  wkanoi  £ 
Till,  muttering  low  at  first,  begins  the  peal; 
Then  she  descends ;  :»he  loves  the  thunder's  voice; 
She  wheels,  and  sports  amid  the  rattling  clouds, 
Pndazzled  gazes  Oii  the  sheeted  blaze. 
Darts  at  the  flash,  or,  hung  in  ho\ering  poise. 
Delighted  hears  the  music  of  the  roar. 
Nor  does  the  wintry  blast,  the  drifting  faU, 
Shrouded  in  night,  and,  with  a  death  hand  grasp,. 
Benumbing  life,  drive  her  to  seek  the  roof 
Of  cave,  or  hollow  cliff;  firm  on  her  perch. 
Her  ancient  and  accustomed  rt>ck,  she  sits,  [light. 
With  wing-couched  head,  and,  to  the  morning 
Appears  a  frost-rent  fragment,  cop^  with  snow. 
PP-  ai-<4» 

Hints  for  the  Security  of  the  )SstaiUsk* 
ed  Church,  humbly  addressed  to 
his  Grace  the  Archbisliop  of  Canter* 
bury.  ,8vo.  pp.  39,  price  Is.  Hatchari 
1806. 

A  title  so  modest  induced^tu  to  opea 
thi$  pamphlet  with  great  expectations,  19 
the  subject  is  confessedly  interesting;  bm 
we  were  rather  startled  at  the  idea,  in  the 
very  first  paragraph,  of  the  Archbishop  of  fj 
Canterbury  having  a  "  fair  prospect  '^  of  KjT 
•*  the  crown  of  martvrdom,**  or  of  **  wit- 
**  nessing  the  annihilation  of  his  higk 
"  dignity.**  It  is  possible  that  the  tre* 
morinto  which  we  were  thrown  might 
accompany  our  perusal  of  the  whole  tract| 
nevertheless,  we  hope  to  make  a  fair  re* 
port  of  its  contents. 

Happily,  we  are  not  guilty  of  the  sin  of 
Methodism,  but  if  we  were,  we  cannot 
so  highly  compliment  the  pamphieU  which 
have  lately  appeared  in  opposition  to  thii 
sin,  as  to  think  they  would  have  effected 
ouT  conversion.  One  reverend  Gentleman^ 
in  addressing  his  parishioners,  told  them 
in  the  first  page,  that  he  did  not  properlj 
understand  the  characters  of  the  persons  be 
was  about  to  describe.  Whether  our  pe- 
rusal  extended  to  the  second  page,  it  a 
secret  whicli  we  keep  to  ourselves.  Ano* 
ther,  did  not  so  much  as  know  that  there 
were  distinct  classes  or  communities  of 
methodists;  and  he  attributed  to  those  of 
one  distinction  what  was  true  exclusively; 
of  those  of  another  j  what  could  we  infer 
from  this  ignorance  ?  and  indeed  we  can* 
not  acquit  fi-om  this  mistake  the  writer 
before  us,  who  appears  to  be  by  much  the 
best  informed  of  any  we  have  lately  qo* 
ticed.    He  says  p.  d(>.  «« la  the  ordi^air 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC  I 


is  I]  Hints  for  the  Sccunty  of  the 

*•  Methodist  societies,  the  calamititM  of  j 
**  the  Cahinistic  doctrines  are  generally 
*'  prevalent." — "  In  the  Chapels,  where 
'*  the  liturgy  of  the  Church  is  used,  but 
"  without  episcopal  sanction,  Calvinism 
"  again  is  usually  taught."  ,  But  does  he 
tiot  know  that  the  Arminian  Methodists 
abhor  these  doctrines  ?  that  they  insist  on 
the  Arminian  interpretation  of  the  Ar- 
ticles of  the  Church,  as  the  only  true  and 
proper  sense  of  them  ?  and  that  against 
these  ver}'  Arminians  the  principal  portion 
6f  his  reasonuigs  is  levelled  ? 

The  increase  of  Methodists  is  the  sub- 
ject of  this  work,  and  the  author  speaks 
Do  more  than  truth  when  he  says. 

The  subject  unto  which  1  thus  presume  to 
l^icit  a  candid  attention,  is  one  on  which  I 
had  the  honour  of  frequent  conversation  with 
your  amiable,  conscientious,  and  vigilant  pro- 
4eces9or«  I  am  competent  to  say  that  it  en- 
ga^  much  of  hijs  anxious  attention,  although 
jtnucipally  at  a  time  when  declining  aae,  and 
increasing  infirmities,  rendered  hiiu  less  able 
to  engage  in  the  rbing  contest.  But  he  saw « 
the  growing  evil,  and  sorely  dreaded  the  pro- 
Wble  effect.  I  thus  introduce  his  respected 
liasno^  to  notice  further,  that  I  understood 
fiK>m  him,  that  a  resolution  had  in  some 
inQasilie»  beea  adopted,  even  in  concurrence 
wit^  some  of  the  mo6t  respectable  of  the 
dissenteis,  to  propoee  certain  regulations  of 
the  Toleration  Act,  which  might  check  that 
iphrit  of  indiscriminate  schism  which  now 
itireafens,  not  merely  the  establishment,  but 
«vcn  refigion  itself :  out  that  it  was  deemed 
idviseable  to  pave  the  way  by  an  act,  which 
ihAukl  enable  the  Bishops  to  silence  one  pre- 
vailing argument  in  favour  of  separation,  by  en- 
forcing the  stricter  residence  of  the  parochial 
plergy :  tliercby  not  only  securing  to  tlie  peo- 
ple vigilant  pastors  of  their  own  communion, 
Dvit  probably  excluding  also  intruders  on  their 
flocks,  pp.  4,  5, 

The  writer  might  have  added,  that  a 
conversation,  perhaps  several,  to  the  dTect 
he  states,  took  place  at  Lambeth  Palace, 
between  the  then  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, the  Bishop  of  London,  the  Bishop  of 
Chester,  (we  believe)  and  the  Rev.  John 
Martin,  an  Anabaptist  teacher  of  note, 
facetiously  teimed  Bishop  Martin ;  in 
which  the  diificulty  of  conducting  opera- 
tions without  trenching  on  the  Toleration 
Act,  was  largely  discussed.  This  is  the 
^ery  difficulty  which  embarrasses  our  au- 
jthor,  who  "  conceives  from  the  spirit  of 
/'  the  act  (although  it  is  certninly  not 
"  clearly  expressed  in  the  letter)  that  it 
^  ^^uctoa  limitation  of  ^  services  of  the 


EstallUhed  Church,  isfc. 


[253 


"  teacher  to  his  appropriate  congreg^- 
**  tion."  He  might  have  known  that  the 
Dissenters  not  lonjj  since,  very  good-na- 
turedly, published  the  opinion  of  a  couu- 
sel  among  themselves,  expressly  taken  on 
this  point,  which  restricted  the  protec- 
tion of  the  act  to  stationary  ministers. 

Our  readers  are  at  Hberty  to  infer,  that 
we  are  not  quite  so  much  frightened  as 
this  worthy  writer  j  nor  is  the  danger  of 
the  Church,  from  this  cause,  so  apparent 
to  us,  as  it  is  to  him.  We  hoi>e  that  his 
Grace  of  Canterbury  will  long  wear  his  head 
on  his  shoulders,  undismayed  by  the  fear 
of  martyrdom,  or  of  the  *^  annihilation  ** 
of  his  metiropolitical  dignity. 

But  we  agree  with  some  things  her© 
stated,  and  heartily  wish  they  could  bo 
corrected. 

I  recollect,  not  very  long  since,  an  instance 
of  a  conscientious  member  of  the  House  olF 
Commons,  complaining  of  the  hardship  he 
had  experienced,  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty 
as  a  magistrate,  that  when  a  youth  of  eighteen 
presented  himself  at  the  sessions,  to  qualify  aa 
a  teacher  of  si  congregation  of  Protestant  dis- 
senters, and  complied  with  the  stipulated  oon* 
ditiuns,  he  was  obliged  to  sanction  and  autho* 
rise  the  presumption  of  so  unqualified  a  pre- 
tender. "U'hat  would  the  same  respectable 
character  have  said,  had  one  presented  himself 
for  this  office,  who  could  neither  read  nor 
write ;  who  was  obhged  to  substitute  his  mark 
for  his  subscription?  Yet  such  things  have 
been.  pp. '25,20. 

We  once  heard  a  very  worthy  dissenting 
minister  relate,  that  when  he  was  licensed, 
a  party  who  took  advantage  of  the  same 
privilege,  could  barely  read  ;  and  that  our 
informant  assisted  him  in  spelling  his  own 
name  j  to  the  great  (but  bitter)  amuse- 
ment of  the  Justices,  and  of  the  whol« 
Court. 

The  following  is  too  correct  a  picture  of 
a  serious  evil. 

J  allude  to  the  case,  wherein  a  minister  in 
episcopal  orders  (aud  who  has  consequently  on 
his  oath  promised  canonical  obedience),  offi- 
ciates in  a  congregation,  licensed  under  the 
Toleration  act,  accortline  to  the  litur^'  of  th« 
Chinch  of  Enf^land.  Here  is  evidently  a 
schism  without  a  motive;  dissent,  from  a 
mere  love  of  dissent ;  dissent,    if  I  may  so 

rk,  without  dissent.  It  arises  perhaps,  in 
first  instance,  only  from  a  plausible  spe- 
culation ;  from  the  spirit,  which  has  too 
much  prevailed  of  late,  of  making  a  traffic  of 
reli^n.  But  it  cannot  be  allowed  innoxious 
in  itsdf :  It  isj,  ^uore«verj  of  ao  excessivflT 


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133] 


tKnisfbr  the  Security  of  the  Estahthhed  Church,  ^c. 


i2U 


cril  tendency ;  for,  more  thananv  other  c^ae,  1  We  add  a  note  from  the  Bishop  cf  London'* 


it  brin^  the  ChurcJi  iiSL-lf  into  disgrace :  in  a 
word.  It  is  positive  schism. 

I  much  fear,  that  no  inconsiderable  coun- 
tenance  has  l)een  ^iven  to  these  irregularities, 
by  certain"  practices  of  a  similar  nature,  wliich 
ha^e  recently  been  tolerated  in  the  eslablish- 
ment  itseM".     It  is  much  to  be  lamented,  that 
they  should  have  been  sanctioned  by  some- 
'  thing  like  necessity ;  or  rather  is  it  to  be  la- 
mented, that  the  existing  evils  were  not  re- 
medied in  a  less  objectionable  manner.     To 
the   greiit  number  of  private  chapels  in  the 
metropolis  is  to  be  imputed  the  great  increase 
of  dissenting  meeting-houses;  for  so  radically 
*vil  arc  their  construction  and  establishment, 
that  they  tend  only  to  disgpst  the  serious  rich, 
and  cxjK'l  the  poor.     It  is  a  subject  only  for- 
private  speculation  ;  and  as  the  rich  alone  can 
liny  ;    to  them  only  is  accommodation  ofiered. 
But    it  is  an  horrid  subject  for  speculation. 
If  the  minister  engages  in  it  himself,  he  too 
commonly  accommodates  his  doctrines  to  his 
audience;  seeking;  to  please  rather  than   to 
instruct,    his  motives  are  apt  to  be  suspected, 
and  very  little  utiUty  can  be  expected  from  his 
ministry.     If,    on  the  other  hand,    he   be 
merely  engaged  by  the  proprietor,  he  is  com- 
monly sought  oat,  not  for  sterling  qualifica- 
tions, so  much  as  for  popular  manner-^  and  an 
■airy  ekxmtion ;  as  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the 
vapid,  characters  which  commonly    occupy 
such  situations.    But  the  most  weighty  ob- 
jection to  these  establishments  is,  that  they 
'arc  fashionable  religious  assemblies   for  the 
rich.     The  poor  are  excluded :  and  it  is  no 
|esd  lamentable,  that,  in  a  considerable  part 
-of  the  metropolis,    and  in  some  other  large 
.towns,  the  middling  and  lower  classes  have  no 
accommodation  wliatever  for  religious  worship. 
*They  are  thus  driven  to  the*  conventicle.     It 
Is    even   to  be  wished  that  they  should  go 
tliere ,  for  better  is  it  they  should  so  engage 
in  the  duties  of  religion,  than  not  to  do  it  at 
all.^  pp.  32— <?4. 

It  appears  then  that  a  once  striking 
mark  of  Christianity,  is  ^  now  Reversed, 
and  '*  the  poor  have  not  the  Gospel 
**  preached  unto  them."  Why  then; 
what  hold  have  we  ori  the  consciences  of 
the  poor  ?  what  should  imbue  them  with 
firtue?  what  should  render  them  com- 
fortable ?  The  impolicy  of  this  neglect  is 
to  obvious  and  gross,  that  we  agree  with 
•  our  author  in  thinking  it  is  to  be  wished 
that  this  class  should  worship  where  it  can. 
A«  Bishop  Horsley  has  observed,  speak- 
ing of  the  omissim  of  religious  services 
on  Sunday  afternoons,  "  the  worser  part 
*'  of  those  who  were  at  Church  in  the 
♦'  morning,  go  now  to  the  ale-house; 
*'  the  beuer  par^  to  the   conventicle." 


Lect.  viii.  Vol  I.  p.  205. 

*'  There  is  a  most  dreadful  want  of  thit 
natitre  in  the  western  pnrt  of  this  great  me- 
tropolis. From  St.  Martin's  in  the  Fields  tp 
Mary-le-Bone  church,  inclusive,  a  space 
containing,  perhaps,  200,€00  souls,  tnere 
are  only  five  parish  churches, •  St.  Martin's; 
St.  Anne's,  Soho  j  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Squaie  j  and  tiie  very  small  cliurch  at  M^ry- 
le-Bone.  There,  are,  it  is  true,  a  few  cha- 
pels interspersed  in  this  space ;  but  what  they 
can  contain  is  a  mere  trifle,  compared  to  the 
whole  number  of  inhabitants  in  those  parts  j 
and  the  lowest  classes  are  almost  entirdy  ex- 
cluded from  them.  The  only  measure  th^ 
can  be  of  any  essential  service,  is  the  erection 
of  several  spacious  parish  churches,  capable  of 
receiving  very  large  congregations,  and  aftbrd- 
ing  decent  accommodations  for  the  lower  and 
inferior,  as  well  as  for  the  higher  orders  of 
the  people.  In  the  reign  of  Queen  A^ine,  a 
considerable  sum  of  money  was  voted  by  par- 
liament for  fifty  new  churches.  It  is  most 
'  devoutly  to  be  wished  that  the  present  parli$i- 
ment  would,  to  a  certain  extent  at  least, 
follow  so  honourable  an  example.  It  is,  1  aoi 
sure,  in  every  point  of  view,  political,  moral, 
and  reli^ous,  well  worthy  the  attention  of 
the  Briush  legislature.  A  sufficient  number 
of  new  parish  churches,  erected  both  in  the 
capital  and  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom, 
where  they  are  wantcjl,  for  the  use  of  tlie 
mcml)ers  of  the  Church  of  England  of  all 
conditions,  would  very  essentially  conduce  to 
the  interests  of  Religion,  and  the  security  and 
welfiire  of  the  Established  Church." 

The  semi  official  sentiments  of  this 
pamphlet  have  induced  us  to  consider  it 
with  attention :  we  have  hinted  at  sunie 
of  its  errors  with  candour^  meaning  that 
our  remarks  should  be  of  use  in  proper 
time  and  place.  Some  of  its  observation! 
we  have  readily  strengthened,  and  en- 
forced j  they  accord  with  our  own  re- 
marks, and  we  heartily  wish  them  effec- 
tual success. 

But  there  is  another  cause  of  danger  to 
the  Church,  which  this  author  has  not 
noticed ;  we  mean  ingratitude  :  tor 
what  can  be  more  ungrateful  than  to  suf- 
fer a  man  to  starve  on  a  pitiful  income  of 
t)Qr700l.  per  annum  Mho  understands 
Divinity  better  than  all  who  evei  went 
before  him,  and  whose  talents,  did})eople 
but  credit  them,  would  relieve  our  be- 
lief from  such  a  vai  ieiy  ef  heavy  articles, 
that  he  must  truly  be  a  most  unreasonabio 
Atheist,  Deist,  Soiinian,  Arian,  Mabo* 
metan,  Jew,  or  Pagan,  who  could  possi- 
bly stumble  at  those  which  would  rc« 


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Stone's  Jewish  Prophecy  the  Sole  Criterion,  (sfe. 


1256 


main  ?  Can  iny  thing  be  more  detrimen- 
tal than  the  siipineness  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  W. 
Gretton,  Archdeacon  of  £ssex,  in  not  re- 
commending Francis  Stone,  M,  A.  F.  A.  S. 
Hector  of  Cold  Norton,  to  competent 
exaltation  !  We  freely  acknowledge,  that 
we  discover  so  many  cardJncd  virtues,  and 
»o  great  predominance  of  them,  such  as 
modesty,  humility,  deference  to  superiors, 
candour,  readiness  to  learn,  abhorrence  of 
filthy  lucre,  and  a  multiplicity  of  others, 
in  a  single  sermon,  that  we  see  not  how 

Jetmsk  Prophecy  the  Sole  Criterion  to 
distinguish  between  genuine  and  spu- 
rious Christian  Scripture,  &c.  A  dis- 
course preached  before  the  Rev.  Dr. 
W.  Gretton,  Archdeacon  of  Essex,  at 
Danbury,  July  8,  1806;  by  Fiancis 
Stone,  M.  A.  F.  S.  A.  Rector  of  Cold 
Norton,  £ssex. 

By  the  favour  of  Archidiaoonal  appoint- 
tnent,  I  am  nominated — p.  3. 

This  genealogy  (Luke)  is  surely  very  oddly 
placed,  as  well  us  most  abniptly  introduced. 
St.  Luke,  we  know,  was  the  triend  and  com- 
panion of  St  Paul ;  and  what  St.  Paul's  opini-' 
on  was  about  such  genealogies  we  leam  very 
clearly  from  his  epistles,  L  Tim,  i.  4.  Titus 
iii.  9.  This  makes  it  highly  improbable,  that 
9iny  of  his  intiniates  shouicl  attempt  to  traoe 
out  any  geneakigy  at  all. — p.  6. 
^  But  to  proceed  —  to  establish  the  strict, 
literal,  and  only  hunianity  ot  Jesus,  p.  7, 
in  submitting  to  your  serious  consideration,  a 
very  grand  imposture  practised  on  Christians, 
to  the  extent  of  the  two  first  chapters  of  Mat- 
thew's Gospel,  which  abound  wnth  misappli- 
cations and  misrepresentations  of  prophecies. 
p.  IS. 

This  ^ves  birth  to  what,  in  their  hyper- 
jnctaphysical  dialect,  they  term  the  hypostatic 
union,  asserting  that  in  Christ  two  natures 
were  united,  the  divine  and  the  human,    p. 

tu 

I  have  been  the  more  particular  in  exposing 
Ibe  forged  miracle,  because  it  gives  birth  to 
that  absurd  hypothesis,  the  Arian  trinity, 
which  ended  m  the  establishment  of  that 
most  senseless  doctrine  of  human  invention, 
the  Athanasian  trinity  in  unity,  p.  27.  That 
monster  of  error  and  absurdit)'.  p.  31. 

1  mean  the  mistaken  idea,  too  generally  re- 
Mved  of  the  atonement  of  divine  wratti,  by 
-*4b«  death  of  Christ,    p.  39. 

Let  us  divest  ourselves  of  a  misplaced  at- 
tachment to  theenoneous  theology  and  &bu* 
kms  thec^gony,  of  the  middle  of  the  lUth 
^|ittt|y«    p.  36t 


any  parish,  or  any  Churchy  can  be  jus- 
tified in  monopolising  the  author !  such  « 
genius  was  born  for  the  world !  And  our 
superiors  must  give  us  leave  to  add, 
though  we  are  far  from  wishing  to  incur 
their  resentment,  that  till  they  can  treat 
such  merit  with  proper  attention,  we  are 
not  likely  to  be  the  only  readers  of  thie 
discourse,  who  are  one  whole  sermon  near- 
er to  theconventicl'?,or  to  metl^odism,  than 
ever  they  supposed  themselves  capable  of 
being. 

^!^  Antiquated  errors  of  the  Church 
of  England :  extracted  from  the  Arti* 
cles,  published  by  Authority  j  repeated^ 
ly 'signed  by  every  Clergyman,  before  he 
can  hold  a  living :  and  constantly  allud* 
ed  to  in  the  daily  Prayers  of  the  Esta- 

IHshment. To  he  abolished. 

Ahnighty  God,  our  heavenly  father,  wh* 
hast  purchased  to  thyself  an  universal  church 
1^  the  precious  blood  of  thy  dear  son ;  mer- 
cifully look  upon  the  same  -,  and  at  this  time 
so  guide  and  govern  the  mind^  of  thy  servants, 
the  bishops  and  paston  of  thy  flock,  that  they 
may  lay  hands  suddenly  on  no  man,  but 
faithfully  and  wisely  make  choice  of  fit  persons 
to  sene  in  the  sacred  ministry  of  thy  church; 
And  to  those  which  shall  be  ordained  to  any 
holy  fimction,  give  thy  grace  and  heaventy 
benediction  j  that  both  by  their  life  and  doe- 
trine  they  may  set  forth  thy  glory,  and  set  for- 
ward the  salvation  of  all  men^  thmugh  Jesua 
Christ  our  Lord,  amen. 

V  So  that  two  whole  and  perfect  natines  thai 
IS  to  say,  the  God-head  and  man-hood,  wci^ 
joined  together  in  nne  person  pevep  to  be  di- 
vided i  whereof  is  one  Christ.    Art.  2. 

The  three  creed,  Nice  creed,  Athanasius*s 
creed,  and  that  which  is  commonly  called  the 
Apostle's  creed,  ought  thomughly  to  be  re- 
ceived and  believed  :  for  they  piay  be  pio%*d 
by  most  certain  warrants  of  holy  scripture. 
Art.  8. 

Christ  who  truly  suffered,  was  orucified* 
dead,  and  buried,  to  reconcile  his  father  to 
us.-— Art.  2.  And  there  is  none  otlier  satis- 
faction for  sin  but  that  alone.      Art.  31. 

The  book  of  consecration  of  archbishops, 
and  bishop,  of  priests,  and  deacons,  ha^ 
not  anv  dung  that  of  itself  is  iuijerstitious,  or 
nngodly.    Art,  3().  *  ^ 


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Camus* s  Treatise  on  ihe  Teeth  ofJVheels. 


[258 


W  Treatise  on  the  Teeth  of  Wheels,  Pi- 
nions,   &c,    demonstrating    the    best 
forms  which  can  be  given  ihem  for  the 
Various  purposes  of  Machinery;  such 
as  Mill-work,    Clock-work,  &c.    and 
the  art  of  finding  their  numbers :  trans- 
lated from  the  French  of  M.  Camus, 
withiidditiont  3  illustrated  by  15  plates, 
144  pp.  Price  lOs.  6d.  J.  Taylor,  1806. 
The  work  before  us  is  a  translation  of 
Bckiks  X.  and  xi.  of  the  second  edition  of 
21.  Camtis's  Cours  de  Mathimatique,  print 
^  in  I/67,  in  which  the  divisions  of  the 
original  work  are  very  properly  retained 
for  the  use  of  tkose  who  may  wish  to  con- 
tolt  it.    The  preface  informs  us  that  M. 
Camus  not  having  treated  the  generation 
of  cycloid  and  epicycloid  (nirves,  and  their 
bractical  application    to    the   Teeth    of 
Wheels,  &c.  the  same  is  now  folly  done 
by  an  extract  frpm  the  new  edition  of  Imi- 
.  ion*s  Elements  of  Science  and  Art  -,  this 
follows  in  nine  pages;  two  pages  more  are 
Mded,  (by  the  writer  in  Imison,)  as  an 
tmswer  to  Mr.  Brewster's  animadversions 
In  his  late  edition  of  Ferguson's  Lectures, 
6n  this  part  of  Imison*s  work^  these  con- 
stitute the  additions  noticed  in  th^  title. 
^ew  subjects  hate  been  more  generally 
Inisunderstood,  than  the  effect  of  cycloidal 
and  epicycloidal  curves  when  applied  to 
the  Teeth  of  Wheels.    It  has  too  gene- 
i^ly  been  in^gined,  fl^om  the  generation 
of  these  curves  by  a  rolling  motion,  we 
ioppose,  that,  when  applied  to  the  teeth 
of  wheels,  they  occasioned  them  to  roll, 
instead  of  slide  or  rub,  upon  each  other  \ 
thereby  avoiding  wear  of  the  machine, 
and  loss  of  power  in  friction  between  the 
teeth.    But  M.  Camus,  in  die  work  be- 
fiire  us  (like  Emerson  iind  English  mathe- 
tm&tical  writers  in   gefieral,    whom  we 
remember  to^haye  read)    has  expressly 
employed  himself  on  a  different  problem, 
viz.  to  discover  that  form  for  the  Teeth  of 
Wheeband  Fmions,  which  shall  enable 
the  onetodrivd  or  more  the  other  with  a 
uniform  angular  velocity,  if  its  own  be 
iuch.    W^  well  know  that  teeth,  impro- 
|)erly  formed,  will  occasion  a  wheel  mov- 
ing uniformly  round,  to  drive  its  pinion 
with  an  alternately  accelerated  and  retard- 
ed motion,  to  the  hindrance  c/^  many  ope- 
rations required  to  be  performed  by  ma* 
ohinery,  and  destru<Hive  in  its  jerking  ef- 
fect upon  the  machinery  itself    Dide- 
xent  modifications  of  the  cydo^al  and  epi- 
^doidal  curves  have  been  found  to  ef- 
V«ib.  L  iUt.  Pan.  iVw.  1806.]  < 


feet  in  every  casef  an  equable  motion  be- 
tween (wo  wheels  acting  on  each  other  5 
to  which  M.  Camus  (page  2,  10,  21,  and 
57)  limits  the  properties  of  the  teeth  he 
recommends;  while  at  page  59  he  ex- 
pressly states,  that  teeth  thus  formed  will 
rub  or  slide  agg.inst,  instead  o(  rolling  upon, 
each  other.  Dr.  Young,  in  his  Syllabub 
of  Lectures  at  the  Royal,  Institution, 
Art.  180,  says,  "it  appears  to  be  impos- 
sible to  produce  an  equable  motion,  and 
at  the  same  time  wholly  to  avoid  frictioq, 
although  some  of  the  best  authors  have 
supposed,  that  both  these  objects  were 
attained  by  the  epicycloidal  teeth.**  In  a 
note  upon  this,  ihe  Doctor  investigates  the 
quantity  of  sliding  or  rubbing  reciprocally 
sustained  by  these  teeth  for  equalizing 
motion.  This  statement  shews  the  in-^ 
crease  of  this  effect,  as  the  teeth  are  larger, 
or  their  action  extends  beyond  the  line  ol 
the  centres.  But,  to  our  great  surpri^^ 
this  extract  from  Imison  asserts,  that 
wear,  or  loss  of  power  by  friction,. ig 
avoided,  by  using  cycloidal  or  epicycloidal 
teeth  in  different  cases  j  while  in  other  es- 
sential parts  of  the  theory,  these  additions! 
are  directly  at  variance  with  the  conclu- 
sions of  M,  Camus.  We  conceive  it, 
therefor^i  necessary  to  examine  more  p^- 
ticularly,the  pretensions  of  the  visiter  in 
Imison ;  first  remarking  that  M.  Camus^ 
in  art.  536,  figs.  1 78  and  1/9,  has  given 
as  good  a  description,  or  generation,  of 
an  epiqdoid  as  can  be  written  j  while  the 
passage  from  Imison  intended  to  mend  it, 
(pagevii.)  i&^n  unmeaning  jargon  of  in- 
de&iite  words.  Its  inconsistency,  fur- 
ther appears,  in  page  viii.  line  17  and  2d, 
where  the  diameter  and  the  radius  of  cir- 
cles- are  confounded  with  their  arcs^  and 
page  3tii.  line  13,  where  the  term  cycloid 
is  applied  to  the  curve,  called  by  all  i^a- 
thematicians  the  involute  of  a  circle  ! 

An  attentive  reader  of  M.  Camus  will 
readily  perceive,  that  for  producing  equa- 
ble motion, -the  acting  faces  of  the  te^th 
of  wheels  and  pinions,  intended  to  act  be-' 
fare  and  after  they  have  passed  the  line  of 
centres,  must  each  consist  of  two  portions 
of  different  epicycloids,  joined  at  the 
pitch-line ',  the  inner  part  of  the  pinion's 
teeth  (or  so  much  thereof  as  is  within  the 
pitch-line)  may  conform  to  the  interior 
epicycloid,  derived  from  the  rolling  of  any 
circle  on  the  concave  arc  of  the  pinion,  or 
its  pitch-line ;  and  the  outer  part  of  the 
wheel's  teeth  must  be  formed  by  the  ex* 
K 


Digitized 


by  Google 


259] 


Camus^s  Treaiise  on  ike  Teeth  df  Wheetu 


[Odd 


tertor  epicycloid,  defcribed  by  the  rolling 
of  the  same  cirt:le  on  the  convex  arc  of 
the  wheel  (art.  541,  fig.  1S2).  The  in- 
ttx  part  of  the  wheel's  teeth  may  in  like 
manner  be  fashioned  to  the  interior  epicy- 
cloid formed  by  the  rolling  of  any  cirde 
on  the  concave  arc  of  the  wheel,  and  the 
dater  part  of  the  pinion's  teeth  must  be 
formed  by  the  exterior  epicycloid,  de- 
Icribed  by  the  rolling  of  the  same  circle 
on  the  convex  arc  of  the  pinion.  It  is 
^oved,  that  teeth  of  this  shape,  vnW  al- 
ways toudi  their  common  tangent  in  the 
j)oint  of  contact}  a  perpendicular  to 
which  will  constantly  cut  the  line  of  the 
centres  in  the  point  of  contact  of  the  wheel 
And  pinion,  which  is  sliewn  (arts.  525  and 
535)  to  be  essential  to  a  wheel  driving  a 
|)inion  equably  j  or  vice  versa. 

It  is  true,  and  consistent ,  with  the 
tbove,  that  if  the  inner  part  of  the  pi- 
nion's teethy  and  the  outer  part  of  the 
wheel's  teeth,  or  the  inner  part  of  the 
wheel's  teeth  and  the  outer  part  of  the 
pinion's  teeth,  be  derived  from  the  rolling 
of  di^rent  circles  instead  of  the  same,  as 
recommended  in  this  extract  from  Imison, 
in  all  the  cases  considered  by  Emerson 
(8vo«  Mechanics,  probs.  23  and  25)  and  in 
art.  545  of  Camus^  yet  still  the  intersec- 
tion of  those  curves  (for  they  can  rarely 
touch)  or  the  action  of  either  of  those 
curves  on  a  point,  in  the  circumference  of 
the  other  wheel  (or  pinion)  would  pro- 
duce equable  motion,  but  this  cannot  be 
considered  as  favourable  for  avoiding  fric- 
tion, or  practicable  with  teeth  of  the  com- 
mon construction,  requiring  in  some  cases 
hooked  teeth,  as  Emerson  has  shewn,  page 
>97,  fig.  156,  in  order  to  produce  equable 
motion  \  for  want  of  attention  to  this  dis- 
tinction. Doctor  Hutton  (Math.  Diet.  II. 
564)  has  represented  Emerson  and  Camus 
as  diflering  on  a  point  wherein  they  are 
perfectly  agreed. 

It  has  been  shewn  (Camcn,  art.  53d), 
that  if  the  rolling  or  generating  circle,  in 
the  first  of  the  above  cases,  be  assumed 
equal  in  diameter  to  the  radius  of  the  pi- 
nion, and  in  the  latter  case  to  the  radius  of 
the  wheel,  that  the  interior  epicycloids  in 
each  case  will  be  converted  mto  straight 
or  radial  lines,  and  hence  neither  the 
wheel  or  pinion's  teeth  need  be  carved  in 
their  inner  parts,  but  be  radial  within  the 
pitch-lines,  provided  the  outer  part  of  the 
pinion'-s  teeth  be  deiicribed  by  the  rolling 
ojf  a  circle  half  as  much  in  diameter  as  the 


wheel:  and  the  outer  part  of  the  wheel's 
teeth  by  a  circle  half  the  diameter  of  that 
of  the  pinion.  Vide  Camus,  fig.  171> 
also  Dr.  Young's  Syllabus,  p.  49.  Wher« 
the  number  of  curves  or  teeth  in  a  pinion 
amount  to  nine  or  more,  (art.  552  and 
5^5),  they  can  be  driven,  without  beinjp 
touched  by  the  teeth  of  the  wheel  (if  suf- 
ficiently large)  till  after  they  arrive  at  th# 
line  of  centres,  of  course  the  outer  or 
epicycloidal  part  of  the  pinion's  teeth  her« 
bI»come8  unnecessary,  and  radial  lines  (hav- 
ing rounded  ends,  without  the  pitch-line^ 
to  avoid  the  accidents  to  which  sharp  cor« 
ners  might  be  liable,  art.  554)  an^er  ihm 
purpose  of  equable  motion,  as  in  figs.  I9I 
to  194  of  Camus.  Under  the  Uke  restric-' 
tion,  as  to  the  numbers  of  teeth  on  tha 
pinion  and  wheel,  if  the  wheel's  teeth  are 
only  to  ict  before  they  arrive  at  the  line  of 
centres,  their  outer  parts  may  be  omitted, 
and  straight  teeth  with  rounded  ends  adopt* 
ed  for  the  wheel,  as  mentioned  by  Mr, 
Brewster,  Ferg.  Lect.  IV.  21 7. 

It  must  be  plain  from  die  above,  tbafr 
wlieels  and  pinionsconstructed  as  Imison  re* 
commends,  with  teeth  actiqgoneachother, 
whose  epicycloids  aredescribed  by  the  roll* 
ingof  an  equal  circle  to  the  other  respective- 
ly (being  the  same  which  Camus,  Emerson, 
and  others  have  recommended  for  acting 
on  points,  instead  of  the  surfaces  of  teeth) 
cannot  produce  equable  motion.  We  hav* 
no  evidence  offered  by  the  writer  in  Imi- 
son, that  friction  is  considerably  reduced, 
much  less  avoided  altogether,  hy  the  form 
of  teeth  which  he  recommends,  except 
(page  viii.)  where  it  is  said,  that  mills  on  a 
verv  larce  scak  have  been  so  constructed, 
"  the  wheel  wori^  d  whidi  have  been  in 
use  for  more  than  seven  years,  without  re- 
quiring any  repah^,"  a  circumstance  which 
few  persons  acquainted  with  good  wheel- 
work  will  deem  extraordinary,  or  uncom* 
m'only  favourable  to  that  particular  form 
of  tc^.  These  remarks  further  say, 
"  His  (Mr.  Brewster's)  additions  are  by 
no  means  applicable  to  our  present  im« 
proved  practice  \  for  it  is  a  fact,  that  th« 
epilcjrdoidal  fiK»s  of  the  teeth  of  wheels 
and  pinions  ought  not  to  act  upon  each 
other,  but  reciprocally  upon  those  parts 
which  are  made  radii,  to  produce  their, 
noost  beneficial  etfecu :  None  of  the  ex- 
amples given  by  Mr.  B.  however,  pot* 
sesstheseadvantages  "  Now  ithappeiia>  that 
Mr.  Brewster,  in  pages  2\  1  and  217,  fig»  3« 
plate IL  and  fig.  2,^ fattc  lU.  oapradj  ^ 


Digitized 


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2012  Ghgropkiede 

■cribes  and  recommeods  daio  or  radial 
teeth  for  the  pinion,  and  for  the  wheel 
also>  in  diflferent  cases ;  and  that  Brew- 
ster is  consistent  throughout  with  the  de- 
ductions of  Camus,  before  us,  except  in 
one  unguarded  expression  in  page  215, 
wherein  he  says  (and  we  are  sorry  to  find 
it  copied  into  Gregory's  Mechanics)  that 
epicycloidal  teeth  will  act  upon  each  other 
'*  without  friction,  the  one  tooth  rolls 
npon  the  other  j**  for  which  position,  not 
one  argument  or  proof  is  adduced,  but,  on 
the  contrary,  his  two  following  pages  are 
employed  on  expedients  for  lesacniiig  the 
friction  occasioned  by  the  use  of  such  teeth. 

The  directions  from  laiison  (page  x.) 
for  the  form  of  a  lifting-<:og,  cam,  or 
wiper,  is  in  every  respect  improper  for 
lifting  ^  forge  hammer  5  it  will  neither 
elevate  it  equally  (owing  to  the  generating 
dicle  being  twice  the  proper  size  for  that 
purj^ose)  nor  with  the  duly  decelerated 
motion,  in  order  to  its  being  rebounded  by 
the  strong  spring  provided  over  it  for  that 
purpose,  as  Mr.  Brewster  has  remarked 
m  page  250  ;  while  this,  as  well  as 
'  Imison*s  lifters  for  stampers,  are  liable  to 
the  more  serious  objection,  of  requiring 
laige  masses  of  matter  to  start  at  once  into 
their  full  motion,  instead  of  beginning  the 
tame  progressively  from  a  state  of  rest  (as 
in  the  action  of  a  common  crank)  which 
would  not  fail  of  soon  shaking  any  ma- 
chine to  pieces ;  as  Gregory  I^s  well  ob- 
served. Mechanics  II.  264. 

The  importance  of  a  correct  theory  in 
tlie  construction  of  mechanical  instruments 
tnust  vindicate  our  intention  in  these  re- 
marks, and  our  judgment  in  allotting  them 
the  space  they  occupy  in  our  pages.  We 
are  indeed  very  desirous  of  distinguishing 
the  additions,  prefixed,  not  only  unneces- 
•arily  but  unwisely  to  M.  Camus*s  work, 
A-om  the  work  itself)  which  is  extremely 
respectable  and  correct,  and  manifests 
great  ability  in  its  author.  We  ^proceed 
now  to  mention  briefly  the  remaining  ob- 
jects of  which  it  treats. 

At  pages  38  and  6S  the  proper  lenrth 
of  the  teeth  of  wheels  is  considered,  and  at 
page  54  the  space  betw^u  them,  neces* 
«u-y  for  their  easy  working  together.  At 
page  59  we  have  the  additional  iriction  be- 
tween bodies,  not  perfectly  hard,  when 
^oved  along,  instead  of  being  drawn  over 
each  other,  adduced  as  a  reason  why 
Wheels  ought  to  drive  each  otjier,  by  act- 
^  after  passing  the  line  of  centres,  when 


SiralaH,  Vc. 


ft« 


the  teeth  are  sliding  out  of  each  other,  in-  x 
stead  of  sliding  in,  as  in  this  action  before 
the  line  of  centres  j  and  the  proportionate 
number  of  teeth  is  investigated  (page  60) 
so  that  their  action  may  take  place  after 
passing  the  line  of  centres.  The  plates  of 
the  teeth  of  wheels  are  said  (page  70)  to  be 
accurately  drawn,  that  clock  and  watch- 
makers may  imitate  them  by  the  eye,  in 
finishing  the  teeth  of  wheels,  too  small  to 
be  set  out  as  these  have  been.  The  nature 
of  spherical  epicycloids,  or  those  formed 
by  a  point  fixed  in  the  convex  surface  of  a 
right  cone,  the  summit  of  which  cone  is 
affixed  to  that  of  another  right  cone,  on 
which  the  first  cone  rolls,  are  considered  j 
and  tlie  same  are  applied  (page  76)  to  de- 
termine the  proper  form  of  the  teeth  of 
crown-wheels  and  trundles,  or  crown- 
wheels and  pinions,  (page  89) ;  the  same 
being  applicable  to  bevel  led- wheels,  which 
were  probably  not  in  use  in  our  author's 
time.  The  last  chapter  is  upon  calculat- 
ing the  trains  of  clocks,  orrerys,  or  other 
machines,  with  a  number  of  wheels  | 
among  the  examples,  the  calculations  of 
which  are  given  at  length,  is  that  of  the 
train  proper  for  a  clock  to  beat  seconds' 
and  carry  wheels,  on  whose  arbors  three 
hands  can  be  placed,  for  seconds,  miuutes, 
and  hours,  witliout  any  unnecessary  wheels  J 
for  an  astronomical  clock,  of  which  the 
great  wheel  shall  revolve  in  a  mean  year, 
within  1^  14"'  of  the  truth,  when  worked 
from  the  hour- wheel  of  a  correct  clock ; 
and,  for  another  to  revolve  in  the  mean 
sy nodical  revolution  of  the  moon  within 
less  than  15/,  worked  from  the  minute- 
wheel  of  a  clock  :  the  application  of  dio- 
phantine  or  indeterminate  algebraical  pro- 
cesses to  all  these  kinds  of  questions  is 
well  explained.  We  confidently  recom- 
mend this  translation  of  M.  Camus*s 
work  to  the  English  Mechanic,  who  can- 
not foil  of  profiting  by  the  correct  infor- 
rnation  which  it  conveys,  and  which  cir-r 
cumstance  npde  it  the  more  necessary, 
for  us  to  point  out  the  errors  of  the  ad- 
ditions which  are  here  made  to  it. 

Geographic  de  Strabon,  feTc.  »—  Strabo*s' 
Geography,  translated  from  Greek  into 
French.  .Tom.  I.  4t6.  pp.  513,  with 
6ve  Maps.  Paris,  from  the  Imperial 
Press, .  1805. 

Wb  hope  that  at  some  time,  not  far 
distant,  British  hterature  may  boa^t  of  i^ 
Strabo.    Report  says,  that  aft^  th(i4dp8e 
K  2 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


i53j 


Giographie  de  Stfahn,  hfa. 


[qM 


of  almost  half  a  tentury,  we  may  expect 
the  Greek  text  from  a  British  University  j 
and  one  of  our  literati  is  mentioned  as 
having  advanced  considerably  an  English 
translation  of  this  antient  geographer.  We 
must,  then  wait,  whether  patiently  or  im- 
patiently, till  such  a  work  appears  among 
us  5  in  the  mean  time,  it  is  our  duty  to 
report  those  editions  of  this  celebrated 
classic  which  are  produced  by  the  learned 
6n  the  Continent. 

The  Geography  of  Strabo  comprise*  al- 
most all  the  history  of  science  from  Homer 
to  the  age  of  Augu^us:  it  marks  the 
origin  of  nations,  and  their  migrations  5 
the  founding  of  cities,  the  establish- 
ment of  empires  and  states,  the  histories 
of  eminent  persons;  and  includes  an  im- 
mense collection  of  events  which  in  vain 
may  be^  sought  elset^here.  The  French 
Government  interested  itself  in  forwarding 
this  publication :  the  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior committed  the  undertaking  to  M.  de 
la  Porte  du  Tbeil  and  M.  Cortty,  whose 
labours  have  presented  us  in  the  present 
Volume  with  the  tliree  first  books  of  their 
author. 

Besides  the  translation,  a  large  body  of 
iiotes  critical  and  grammatical  annexed, 
is  an  honourable  evidence  of  their  erudi- 
tion and  sagacity. 

A  translation  of  Strabo,  designed  to  be 
truly  useful,  r^^^^^es  many  geographical 
elucidations.  Tnis  department  was  as* 
signed  to  M.  Grossellln,  A  wsll-known  sa* 
vant  in  ancient  geography.  The  intro^ 
duction  also  is  by  this  gentleman. 

The  state  of  Strabo*s  text,  the  ambi- 
guity of  some  of  his  descriptions  or  cxpres- 
fions,  and  the  diversity  of  subjects  which 
-he  treats,  render  a  concise,  yet  accurate. 
Version  extretnely  difficult.  This  difficcdty 
Is  peculiarly  felti  when  terms  of  sentiments 
refer  to  ancient  philosophical  opinions, 
iiow  utterly  unknown  and  inconceivable, 
or  to  historical  incidents  not  allied  to  any 
other  from  which  assistance  might  be  de- 
rived. Or  to  physical  and  mathenMitical 
data,  which  perhaps  the  writer  himself 
but  slightly  understood. 

The  learned  authors  announce,  in  addi- 
tion to  their  notes  on  t|iese  and  oAer  sub- 
jects, geographical,  historical*  and  biogra- 
phical, prolegomena^  including  a  life  of 
Strabo  himself  J  with  notices  of  the  prin- 
cipal editions,  MSS.  and  other  authorities 
Wiich  they  have  consulted.  In  the  intro- 
4hiaion,  M.  GosseHin  i&n  general  and 


preliminary  observatiotis  on  the  manner  of 
estimating  the  ancient  road  stadia:  hM 
explains  the  errors  which  have  arisen  from 
miscalculations  o4  these  measures  j  and 
supposes  that  stadia  of  different  lengths 
were  adopted  in  different  countries.  There 
were  stadia  of  700  to  a  degree,  othera 
nil  1-35  others  606  2-^;  others  500 5 
others  833  1-3  to  a  degree,  each  ot 
which  is  treated  by  M.  G.  in  distinct 
chapters.  In  short,  this  gentleman  sup- 
poses that,  as  the  length  of  leagues  aitd 
ntiUs  difiers  in  various  parts  of  Europe^ 
yet  these  names  are  still  retained  5  so,  an- 
tiently^  the  stadium  was  not  uniformly  the 
Mme,  and  to  this  diversity  he  ascribes 
those  obvious  contradictions  which  occur 
in  ancient  writers,  and  the  difficulty  ex- 
perienced by  the  moderns  in  verifyhig 
the  distances  they  mention  between  one 
place  and  another. 

M.  Gossellin,  by  applying  different 
stadia,  as  circumstances  determine,  haes 
brought  many  intervals  of  distance  within 
a  little  of  those  expressed  by  the  histo- 
rians, and  other  writers  of  antiquity.     , 

The  Romans  borrowed  the  stadia,  with 
their  geography,  from  the  Greeks,  but 
without  distinguishing  those  used  by  Era- 
tosthenes and  Hipparchns,  from  those 
adopted  in  the  Olympic  games  j  and  by 
their  erroneous  methods  of  renderitig  them 
into  Latin,  says  M.G.,  i\wy  have  deprived 
them  of  intdlfgibility.  This  he  shews  in 
several  undeniable  instances. 

After  having  ascertained  the  respJSbtive 
proportions  of  tliese  measures,  and  de- 
tected the  sources  of  many  errors,  front 
the  days  of  the  Alexandrian  school  to  our 
own,  the  learned  investigator  states  the 
manner  in  which  they  ought  to  be  ap- 
plied, and  shews  their  importance  in  our 
endeavours  to  understand  many  intricate 
passages  of  Strabo.  He  next  reduces  the 
ancient  measures  to  modem  j  and  explains 
the  use  of  sixteen  schemes,  annexed  to 
this  introduction,  which  explain  the  rela- 
tion of  measures  ot  length  in  Gre^k  stadia 
and  Roman  miles. 

Sdjeme  1.  shews  the  relative  propor- 
tions of  the  six  kinds  of  stadia  already 
mentioned.  2.  The  proportions  of  de- 
grees, minutes,  and  seconds  of  a  great  cir* 
cle  to  the  foregoing  stadia.  3.  Pnt)portion 
of  these  stadia  to  marine  leagues,  twenty 
to  a  degree.  4.  Stadia  in  fathoms, 
feet  and  inches;  also  stadia  in  Roman 
miles  I  Roman  miles  in  feet  and  iacbof^ 


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265] 

&c.  &c.  M.  C  has  also  adopted  thoee 
measures  to  a  degree  of  longitude^  in  the 
parallel  of  lat.  3(P,  Six  hundred  Roman 
miles,  in  the  opinion  of  Pliny,  were  equal 
to  4,000  Olympic  stadia ;  which  gives  in 
longitude  in  this  parallel,  9°.  53'.  18". 
These  tables  are  useful  in  assigning  dis- 
tances where  none  are  mentioned  by  an- 
tient  writers.  The  last  six  plates  of  this 
series  contain  more  extensive  distances, 
on  the  respective  stadia  ascertained  by  our 
author,  and  which  he  proves  to  have  been 
acknowledged  by  the  Greeks  themselves, 
as  employed  among  them  by  their  astro- 
nomers, geographers,  and  travellers. 

By  means  of  thi»  method  M.  Grossel- 
lin  demonstrates,  that  the  major  part  of 
the  distances  transmitted  to  us  by  the 
writers  of  Greece  and  Rome,  far  from 
being  so  erroneous  as  they  have  usually 
been  thought,  are,  on  the  contrary,  suffi- 
ciently coincident  with  the  present  state 
of  our  geographical  knowledge.  He  in- 
fers also,  that  hereby  we  may  rectify  nu- 
merous passages  in  antient  writers,  which 
hitherto  have  been  considered  as  altogether 
mistaken,  or  corrapted,  or  entangled  with 
inextricable  difficulties.  '*  If  it  were  pos- 
sible/* adds  M.  G.,  *'  that  my  method 
ihoald  be  complained  of  as  too  ^vourable 
to  the  antients,  I  would  answer,  that  the 
roles  of  criticism  imperiously  demand,  on 
every  occasion,  such  an  interpretation  pf 
these  authors,  as  places  their  intention, 
and  the  sense  of  their  words,  in  the  most 
fevourable  point  of  view ;  and  that  in 
geography,  when  a  measure  is  exact,  or 
nearly  exact,  to  whatever  standard  it  may 
be  referred,  we  are  not  allowed  to  faney 
that  it  is  an  error.*' 

Our.  readers  will  appreciate  the  validity 
of  these  remarks  :  we  fear  that  while,  we 
rindicate  antient  writers  firom  one  defect, 
we  attribute  to  them  another  and  perhaps 
e  worse,  we  mean  that  confusion  to  which 
they  must  have  been  aware  they  subjected 
their  readers,  by  omitting  to  determine  to 
what  st^la  they  referr^.  We  fear,  too, 
that  by  similar  adoptions  of  convenient 
scales  of  measurement,  we  may  make  any 
thing  of  any  thing. 

After  these  tables  }A,  G.  places  illus- 
trations of  the  difierent  points  attributed 
to  the  winds  among  the  ancients ;  accom- 
panied by  what  we  may  call  the  compass- 
pard  of  the  Romans,  compared  with  tb^ 
pompass-card  of  the  modems. 

Toil  Tolume  is  ormm^ted  and  eloci- 


Le  Danger  des  mauvMS  livres,  fi^c. 


[2(M 


dated  by  five  geographical  charts,  con* 
stmcted  by  M.  Grossellin,  shewing,  1. 
the  geographical  system  of  £ratosthenes  ; 

2.  the  geographical  system  of  Hipparchus; 

3.  the  Mediterranean  sea,  according  to 
Polybiusj  4.  the  Northern  Hemisphere^ 
according  to  the  Hypothesis  of  Strabo )  5. 
the  geographical  system  of  Strabo. 

The  typographical  execution  of  this  vo- 
lume is  entitled  to  great  applause.  We 
do  not  find  that  the  translation  has 
hitherto  been  subjected  tor  any  close  or 
critical  examination,  but  we  doubt  not 
that  it  may  be  considered  as  of  great  uti- 
lity in  the  study  of  antient  geography  and 
statistics. 


Le  Danger  des  mauvais  Livres,  ^c.-* 
The  Danger  of  bad  Books,  a  Sermon  on 
Rev.  X.  10.  Svo.  pp.  44.  Geneva^ 
Bonnant,  I8O6. 

Tas  subject  of  this  discourse  in  the  pre- 
sent state  of  society  is  distinguished  by 
its  importance :  much  mischief  has  been 
done  by  bad  books  j  and  in  no  instance, 
unhappily  for  morals,  is  the  maxim  that 
"  evil  communications  corrupt  good  man- 
'^  ners,"  more  completely  justified.  Tho 
general'  spread  of  instruction  in  reading 
among  us  -,  the  infinite  number  of  oppor- 
tunities for  gratifying  that  inquisitive  dis- 
position which  is  interwoven  in  human 
nature,  and  of  which  books  are  the  ob- 
ject }  the  readiness  of  concealment  which 
att^ds  smaller  v^orksj  the  facility  of 
lending  and  borrowing,  with  the  gratifi- 
cation of  perusal  enhanced  by  secrecy: 
these  and  many  other  circumstances  suffi- 
ciently known,  render  the  circulation  of 
bad  books  extremely  dangerous  to  indivi- 
duals, and  equally  pernicious  to  the  state. 

We  include  in  this  description  whate^r 
is  contrary  to  religion  and  good  morals,  ' 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  commonwealth, 
to  lojraity,  to  liberty,  to  public  tranquil* 
lity,  to  peace  among  individuals,  to  per- 
sonal security,  and,  we  may  add,  to  personal 
enjoyment.  Writings  which,  by  affecting 
undue  seriousness,  slide  into  austerity  5 
which  produce  melancholy,  even  from 
the  very  principles  and  radices  of  chear- 
fulness;  which  propagate  discontent, 
peevishness,  moroseness,  distraction  of 
mind,  misanthropy,  under  whatever  ap- 
pellations they  may  be  disguised,  are,  in  our  * 
opinion,  little  less  censurable  than  those 
more  obyiguily  qrimiAal  performances^ 

7^  f 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


^1 


Collection  des  EcrUs  de  Giatave  III.  (sfc. 


[2fit 


wbich  promote  levity,  frivolity,  indiffe- 
rence to  mportant  objects,  dislike  to  re- 
flection, iuconsideration,  alienation  of 
mind  from  the  duties  of  a  person's  station, 
and  that  ruiiiOas  perversion  of  senti- 
ment, which  when  it  is  once  effectually 
rooted  in  ihe  heart,  resists  the  efforts  of 
reason  and  nature,  of  affection,  prudence, 
patriotism,  and  even  of  piety  itself. 

To  all  these  kinds  of  books,  though  not 
intended  in*  the  present  discourse,  the  cha- 
racter maybe  attributed  which  distinguished 
that  described  in  the  text  adopted  by  the 
worthy  author  :  "  sweet  as  honey  in  the 
mouth,  but  bitter  as  gall  when  received 
into  the  stomach."  The  discourse  opens 
with  the  following  apostrophe. 

"  Medicines  for  the  Soul  !  Such 
was  the  expressive  inscription  which  a 
king  of  Eg)pt  placed  over  the  door  of  his 
library.  It  belongs,  no  doubt,  to  well  se- 
lected books ;  but,  alas !  how  many  of 
those  which  appear  in  our  days  would  be 
more  aptly  described  as  poisons  r  Those 
of  this  poisonous  class  M.  Cellerier,  the 
preacher,  treats  with  the  severity  they  de- 
sefve ;  and,  what  must  have  been  uncom- 
monly gratifying  to  himself,  his  persua- 
sions were  attended  with  the  happiest 
success ;  for  we  learn  from  credible  au- 
thority, that  the  Committee  of  Subscribers 
to  the  Institution  for  the  instruction  of 
Cateeumens  in  Genev?,  in  consequence  of 
this  discourse,  took  measures,  though  at- 
tended with  considerable  expense,  to  pre- 
vent the  circulation  of  dangerous  books,  by 
renoonstrating  with  those  who  trafficked 
in  them,  and  by  inducing  these  traders  to 
lelinquish  their  profits,  and  give  up  their 
disgraceful  commodities  that  they  might 
be  committed  to  the  flames.  Many  dealers 
in  such  trash,  and  many  who  lent  them 
out  to  read,  many  young  persons,  and 
some  parents,  of  their  own  accord,  brought 
.out  and  destro}ed  whatever  they  could 
discover  of  a  like  kind :  an  acceptable  sa- , 
crifice  to  piety !  a  happy  result  of  their 
pastor's  admonitions  to  '^  imitste  those 
generous  christians  of  Ephesus,  who, 
touched  by  grace,  burnt  at  the  feet 
ot  the  i^ostles  those  pernicious  books 
which  they  had  formerly  prized !  *'  Go, 
go,**  says  he,  "  at  your  departure  from 
this  sacred  place,  deliver  up  whatever  of 
this  nature  you  may  happen  to  possess  to 
those  who  watch  for  yo^r  bo^s!  m^ 
thus  fiil^  ye  t|»eir  joy  J" 


Collection  des  Ecrits  de  Gustave  III.  Rot 
de  Suede,  £sfc.— Collection  of  the  po- 
litical, literary,  and  dramatical  Writings 
of  Gustavus  III.  King  of  Sweden :  to 
which  is  annexed  his  Corresppndence, 
&c.    4.  vol.  8vo.     Stockholm. 
Unquestionably  in  the  strict  rules  of 
criticism,   the  intrinsic  merit  of  a  work 
ought  to  be  the  sole  object  of  considera- 
tion ;  yet,  from  immemorial  prescription, 
candid  critics  have  been  indulged  in  occa- 
sional deviations  from  so  harrow  a  path. 
We  shall  plead  the  privilege,  while  we 
gratify  our  feelings,  and  we  trust  those  ot 
our  readers,  by  paying  a  scanty  but  sin- 
cere  tiibute  to  the  memory  of  the  royal 
author  of  the  volumes  befoilB  us.    The 
works  of  crowned  heads  will  not  come 
every  day  under    our  cognizance ;    and 
when  they  do,  we  may  safely  be  allowed 
to  speak  favourably  of  a  deceased  sove- 
reign. 

Few  thrones  have  been  graced  witji 
more  dazzhng  virtue  than  that  of  Swe- 
den. Nati^re  in  those  hardy  climes  seems 
to  have  cast  the  souls  of  kings  in  her  no- 
blest mould.  The  still  increasing  wreath 
of  glory  has  been  transmitted  with  the  dia- 
dem through  a  succession  of  heroes,  from 
Gustavus  Vasa  who  emerged  from  the 
dungeons  of  Denmark,  and  from  the 
mines  of  Daleorlia,  to  firee  bis  country 
from  a  foreign  yoke,  to  the  present  daimt* 
less  monarch,  who  stands  erect  and  unap- 
palled  amidst  tbe  crush  of  empires.  In 
this  honourable  list  we  find  the  name  ef 
Gustavus  III.  worthy  of  such  predecessors 
and  worthy  of  such  a  descendant;  he  toq 
freed,  his  country,  if  not  from  foreign  bon- 
dage, yet  from  foreign  influence,  aodfroia 
domestic  factions  equally  baneful,  and 
equally  opposite  to  true  liberty.  He  fell« 
at  length,  by  the  blow  of  an  assassin ;  a 
royal  victi*n  to  the  sanguinary  tyrants  of 
'Europe !  The  achievements  of  the  king 
belong  to  history;  the  work  before  us, 
with  which  only  we  are  concerned,  un- 
fokls  the  num. 

As  a  man  of  letters  Qustavus  would 
have  been  eminent  had  he  ranked  among 
ordinary  citizens ;  for,  to  its  merit  alone 
rausf  be  attributed  the  adjvication  of  a  prize 
by  the  Academy  of  Stockholm,  to  an  essay 
which  he  had  composed.  It  appears  that 
no  suspicion  was  entertained  of  the  rea\ 
aiithor,  till  after  a  length  of  time  the  noti^ 
claiaianc0  of  the  prize  induced  a  conjeq« 


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ture  as  to  the  bon^r  conferred 
Institotion. 

The  subjects  chosen  by  a  writer  of  emi- 
nent station,  bhoold  correspond,  not  dis> 
t^tly>  with  the  rank  of  the  author ;  and, 
though  another  poet  might  have  c6mposed 
an  Opera  equal  in  merit  with  the  Gusta- 
¥us  Vasa»  or  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  our 
royal  bard,  yet  we  own,  that  there  is  a 
something  of  peculiar  interest,  in  the  cha- 
racter of  the  Swedish  hero,  as  delineated 
by  his  descendant.  It  admits  us  in  some 
iegree  into  the  recesses  of  the  royal  mind 
while  composing  it,  and  opens  the  reflec- 
tigns  of  a  king,  on  tlie  actions  of  a  vene- 
rated ancestor,  and  on  the  characters  of 
his  contemporaries.  It  is  easy  to  combine 
in  the  favourite  hero  of  a  piece,  every  vir- 
tue under  heaven,  but  to  do  justice  to  his  , 
opponents,  to  lighten  the  deep  shades  in 
which  national  animosity,  or  personal  en- 
mity has  enveloped  them,  is  to  triumph 
oveF  a  partiality  not  only  natural,  but  pre- 
dominant in  the  human  mind. 

Inasmuch  then,  as  a  clear  view  of  truth, 
and  an  unbiassed  acknowledgment  of  ex- 
cdlencies  of  whatever  kind,  in  a  foe,  is  a 
more  difficult  task  to  a  king  than  to  any  of 
his  subjects,  in  the  same  proportion  are 
the  labours  of  a  severely  n  intitled  to  more 
'tfian  ordinary  candour,  and  what  would  be 
only  a  middling  effort,  of  genius  or  of  vir- 
tue, in  another,  is  in  him  a  very  fair  sub- 
ject of  praise,  and  to  be  accepted  with  the 
most  cordial  marks  of  esteem. 

The  volumes  which  compose  this  col- 
lection have  been  published  successively  3 
the  first  three  have  been  some  time  before 
the  public ;  they  chiefly  comprise  the  li- 
terary productions  of  Gustavus,  the  ele- 
gant recreations  of  a  refined  and  enlight- 
ened mind.  The  drama  seems  to  have 
been  his  favourite  amusement:  but  his  Dis- 
courses to  the  Senate,  are  at  least  equally 
nnequivocal  marks  of  a  liberal  and  vigo- 
rous understanding.  The  third  volume 
was  published  in  1804  ;  consequently  be- 
(bre  the  period  included  in  our  Review.  It 
contains  merely  a  continuation  of  the 
Amusemens  Drainatiques  of  this  royal  lite- 
rato  5  and  exhibits  his  conceptions  of  cha- 
raeters  in  various  conditions  of  life.  They 
are  mostly  founded  on  history  or  tradition; 
and  have,  usually,  a  strong  reference  to 
Swedish  manners.  They  have  merit  j 
but  may  rather  please  an  English  reader, 
tt)aa  fia  £djeH4  audiencf «    Tt^  fourth 


Collection  des  Ecriis  de  Gusiave  III.  Wc 
on  tlie 


[270 


volume  which  has  but  lately  appeared, 
contains  his  Correspondence. 

Most  collections  of  Posthumous  work^ 
are  liable  to  the  imputation  of  lessening 
eminent  men  in  public  opinion^  but  in  the 
correspond^^nce  of  Gustavus,  however  va- 
rious the  situations  in  which,  he  appears, 
we  alternately  love  and  admire  the  loyal 
subject,  the  aiSectionate  son,  the  good  &« 
ther,  the  warm  and  faithful  friend,  tho 
firm  and  enlightened  statesman,  the  un- 
daunted warrior,  and  the  generons  consti*, 
tutional  king,  at  once  solicitous  for  tho 
welfare  of  his  people,  and  conscious  of 
their  liberties.  Severe  censors  may  af- 
fect to  be  ofiended  at  the  playfulness  whicU 
Gustavus  not  unfrequently  indulges ;  aild, 
perhaps,  may  denote  it  by  the  harsher  ap- 
pellation of  levity.  Some  levities  marli 
condescension  J  others  denote  malice  :  wo 
cannot  so  much  as  suppose  the  latter  ia 
Gustavus,  and  why  should  the  rigid 
etiquette  of  public  ceremony  controul  tho 
freedom  of  private  correspondence  ? 

The  following  extracts  will  explain  tho 
sentiments  we  mean  to  convey,  much 
nK)re  forcibly  than  any  expressions  of  oof 
own. 

Extract  of  a  letter  fh>m  the  Prince  Roya^ 
GusTAvua,  to  tlic  Court  Ch»ncelk>r  Baroit 
DE  BuiroE.  authorised  by  the  States  of  the 
Kin^om  to  offer  his  Royal  Hi^ness  a  plaee 
in  the  Senate,  with  an  etfective  vote. 

Ekolsund,  July  16,  a76!9y? 

I  return  the  inclosed  papers  vou  had  in* 
trusted  me  with,  and  I  feel  that  the  sentiments 
you  manifested  towards  my  pers6n,  deseiva 
trom  me  the  zreatest  sincerity.  I  know  too  well 
what  every  citizen  owes  to  nis  country,  espe* 
cially  when  he  has  received  those  proofs  of  rta^ 
tional  ailGBodon  which  I  ha\'e  exMrienoed,  evet 
to  shrink  iVoin  any  serrioes  witnin  my  uo>ver« 
and  which  as  a  Swede  and  at  Prince,  1  mora 
than  any  one  am  bound  to  perform.  But, 
wide  is  the  difference  between  serving  the 
country  and  governing  it. 

I  have,  it  is  tme,  the  honour  of  beiog  the. 
first  citizen  in  the  state ;  but  in  that  respect* 
able  situation,  I  am  still  a  subject  and  a  son  ; 
and  1  know  the  extent  of  the  duties  tho^e  re- 
lations impose  on  me,  towards  die  best  df 
masters,  and  the  tenderest  of  fathers.  Tlie 
love  of  his  subjects,  the  resj^ct  of  all  Europe, 
the  unanimous  assent  of  the  nation  to  his  w  ill, 
all  these  are  sulBcient  considerations  to  itw 
duoe  me  to  refuse  a  place  I  nii^^t  have  wish^ 
for  at  sixteen,  but  which  I  feel  myself  incapa- 
ble of  filUng  at  tliree  and  twenty. 

Such  are.  Sir,  the  fint  tmctions  which 

«w4  ^ 


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Collection  des  Ecnls  de  Gustave  IIL  Wr. 


have  occurred  to  my  mind,  the  following  are 
founded  on  more  solid  grounds. 

The  senatorial  dignity,  which  I  should  in  a 
manner  assume  by  accepting  a  vote  in  the  se- 
nate, is  in  itself,  and  from  its  origin,  the  si- 
tuation of  first  counsel  to  the  King;  by  our 
constitution  it  is  so,  in  name  and  in  reality  ; 
but,  to  thb  duty  of  advising  the  king,  is  joined 
the  power  of  enforcing  such  advices,  and  of 
prescribing  to  him  such  measures,  as  are  ap- 
proved by  the  majority.  WouUl  j  ou  think  it 
tit^  Sir,  nay,  would  you  think  it  otmsistent 
with  that  respect  a  son  owes  ta  his  fether,  thus 
to  i^me  the  right  of  advising  him,  of  tracing 
the  line  of  conduct  he  is  to  follow,  and  of 
makmg  my  will,  in  some  measure  a  law  for 
him?'^' 

If  the  king  my  father  was  weighed  down 
by  age  or  by  infirmities,  so  as  to  be  unable  to 
attend  to  state  affairs  with  that  vigour  and 
cneigy  they  require,  I  should  then  feel  it  my 
duty  as  a  subject  and  a  son  to  assist  him  with 
iny  advice.  Or,  if  the  King,  still  at  variance 
with  the  senate,  had  to  maintain  a  painful 
struggle  with  that  body,  as  he  has  done  for  a 
longtime,  I  should  then  accept  the  pren»a- 
tiye  offered  me,  and  I  would  make  use  of  it 
to  ifnaintain  the  independence  of  my  country. 
Its  liberttes,  and  the  rights  of  my  fatlier.  But 
those  very  reasons  which  would  have  induced 
nie  to  accept  in  the  last  Diet  the  place  I  am 
npw  oifered  in  the  senate,  urge  me  to  refuse 
it  at  this  period.  J  should  then  have  beea 
my  iather*8  support,  I  should  now  become  his 
counsel :  and  this  title  has  something  too 
ehockinff  for  a  son,  virhen  he  does  not  receive 
it  from  the  free  wiM  and  unbiassed  confidence 
of  his  father. 

The  day  before  the  memorable  revolution 
oil  77^  which  crashed  the  democratic  spirit 
Ip  Sweden^  Gustavus  >arote  the  following 
note  totheCountdeVergemie*,  the  French 
lunbassador  at  his  court. 

Stockholm,  August  18,  1772. 
T  request  you  will  express  to  the  Kine  your 
inaster  all  m^-  gratitude  for  the  constant  friend- 
ship I  experience  from  hjm ;  tell  him  that  to- 
jrnorrow  ihope  to  prove  myself  worthy  of  such 
a  faithful  friend  ;.  the  justice  of  my  cause  and 
Divine  'Providence  Will  assist  me.  But 
should  I  full ;  I  trust  that  his  ^endship  \vi|] 
protect  those  I  shall  leave  bdiind  me  j  I  tnist 
that  a  brother  whose  courage  ^d  loyalty  have 
shon^  so  conspicuously,  and  those  brave  sub- 
jects, who  should  then  have  sacrificed  every 
thing  for  their  king  and  country,  will  not  be 
a)>aiibdonecI  by  the  most  iaithfuf  aiid  the  most 
ancient  a^ly  of  Sweden. 

Nor  was  the  revolution  he  happily  ef- 
fected>  disgraced  by.any.act8  of  private  re* 
sentment,  eleven  years  after  that  -event, 
pustavus  still  barrassed  by  his  restless  sub- 


im 


jects,  expressed  thus  his  generous  feelings 
to  hjs  chancellor. 

Ulricsdal,  May  25,  1781, 
Qount  de  Wachtmeistcr. — I  have  received 
your  three  letters,  the  last  of  which  is  dated 
the  17th  of  May  from  Motilla.  I  cannot 
sufhciently  praise  the  prudence  you  havt , 
shewn.  PechliA  is  so  dangerous  a  maij, 
that  we  must  have  nothing  tq  do  with  hin^ 
till  we  have  complete  1^1  glands  to  detain 
him  effectively  j  and  from  v^at  yqu  report  of 
him,  I  do  not  see  that  he  b  sufficiently  guilty 
to  lay  himself  ooen  to  a  l^al  prosecution  fur 
high  treason.  I  nave  once  had  this  turbiifeni 
ffenius  in  my  power,  and  had  I  said  a  woidi 
his  head  would  then  have  fallen  at  my 
feet ;  but,  as  I  was  so  fortunate  as  to  effect 
the  rpvolution  of  1772  without  bkKxished,  I 
thou^t  it  more  consistent  with  that  signa} 
blessmg,  to  release  a  man,  wl>o,  l>owever 
guilty  towards  mp  ai^d  my  house,  was  then  . 
defenceless  ip  my  hands.  I  thought  that  it 
was  only  by  such  a  conduct  I  could  shew  mV 
gratitude  to  the  Supreme  Being,  whose  infiu 
nite  goodness  allowed  me  to  save  my  country 
without  imbruinff  my  hands  in  bloog. 
Since  that  time  I  have  had  the  good  fortune 
never  to  be  driven  to  that  dire  necessity;  and 
this  has  strengthened  the  resolution  I  havq 
taken,  never  capitally  to  punish  turbulent,  op 
even  criminal  subjects,  whatever  may  be  the 
consequences.  But  this  will  not  prevent  mo 
from  using  every  means  to  put  it  out  of  thcif 
power  tp  ruin  themselves  and  the  countiy,  an4 
to  bring  destruction  on  others. 

Then  follow  the  king's  directions  to 
watch  narrowly  thp  conduct  of  Pechlin,  so 
as  to  prevent  the  powibility  of  his  doing 
mischief,  but  not  to  make  any' at? 
tempt  on  his  liberty.  We  do  not  think 
that  a  greater  magnanimity,  or  a  higher 
sense  of  honour,  has  ever  been  displayed 
than  what  is  contained  in  the  fdlowing 
letter.  Gustavus  was  then  at  war  with 
Russia  5  betrayed  by  not  a  few  of  his  sub- 
jects who  kept  up  intelligence  with  the 
enemy :  and  he  had  been  basely  abandon^ 
ed  by  part  of  his  army.  The  letter  is  di- 
rected to  Baron  Stedingk,  a  general  ofEcei: 
in  the  army  then  in  Rpland,  and  a  trusty 
servant  of  Guf tayus. 

Kymenegard,  August  15,  1788, 
I  have  just  received  your  two  letters,  and  ' 
Count  de  Ferfen.  has  got  your  packet!  No ! 
I  never  shall  bend  under  the  yoke  of  the  fin* 
press.  Ajl  mdnner  of  negotiation  is  now  ut, 
terly  impossible,  butthroush  the  medium  of  a 
third  court,  and  if  I  must  fell,  I  had  rather  be 
crushed  by  my  own  subjects  than  by  my  enc- . 
mies.  I  do  not  see  that  things  are  desperate. 
Nysbtt  must  be  ke|>t  as  long  as  possible  I  as| 


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'ExPhlarcU  Optribus,  Wf." 


£27* 


niainlaui  toy  podtioii  in  spite  of  every  one. 
As  to  you»  my  dear  Stedingk,  you  must  not 
think  of  abandoning  us  i  the  only  irretrieve- 
able  fault  is  to  despair  ol  the  s^fetvof  the 
country.  If  you  leave  Fmland,  it  must  be 
sol^y  to  bring  us  Grerman  troops,  who  know 
how  to  obey.  Great  states  are  not  easily  de- 
stroyed ;  and  you  will  sec  that  good  will 
•fffing  from  our  misfortunes.  At  all  events 
honour  comnuinds  to  remain  firui  to  the  last, 
and  then  I  shall  say  like  Francis  the  first,  a// 
is  lost  hut  honour. 

No  sovereign  ever  took  more  pains  than 
Gostavns  to  guard  his  country  from  that 
moral  epidemy  which  spreads  desolation 
through  £iu-ope.  He  had  learnt,  from 
the  civil  commotions  of  Sweden,  how  to 
^preciate  those  new  fangled  doctrines  of 
anarchy,  pompously  decorated  with  the 
name  of  liber^.  His  septiments  on  the 
jPirench  revolution  are  well  known ;  and 
grievously  has  he  atoned  for  his  too  great 
Denetration.  Some  time  before,  he  )>ad 
^diciouslf  foreseen  that  the  infection 
would  be  brought  from  America ;  and  he 
thus  expressed  his  sentiments  to  the  same 
Baron  de  Stedingk,  then  in  Paris,  who 
had,  rather  unwittingly,  accepted  the  order 
pf  Cincinnalus. 

My  ambassador  has,  of  course,  imparted  to 

Cmy  intentions,  and  I  doubt  not  but  you 
t  complied  with  them,  by  immediately 
lelinquhhing  the  Cincinnatus  badge  which 
you  never  ought  to  have  accepted.  I  have 
not  been  deceived  by  the  denomination  :  the 
ineaning  not  the  word  is  to  be  mjnded.  But 
whether  this  be  a  fellowship,  or  a  military  or- 
der, it  is  inconsistent  with  ipy  interests  and 
iny  wisdom,  to  allow  my  subjects,  and  espe- 
oally  men  distinguished  by  dieir  rank  and 

S\  my  private  fnendship,  to  wear,  and  to 
ink  themselves  honoured  by  publicly  dis- 
playing, the  trophies  of  a  successful  rebellion 
of  subjects  aoainst  their  legitimate  soverei^ ; 
^nd  particularly  of  a  rebellion,  the  motives 
and  aim  of  which  were  so  unjust,  and  so 
groundless.  I  am  well  aware,  that  America 
IS  now  regarded  as  an  independent  country, 
knd  ii  even  my  ally;  but  that  success 
*which  has  crowned  the  enterprise,  can  never 
justify  it.  We  are,  ourselves,  too  recently 
emerged  from  our  troubles,  to  suppose  that  the 
latent  seeds  of  our  ancient  animosities  have 
been  completely  destroyed,  and  it  is  my  du- 
tv  to  remove  any  object  which  can  renew 
tnose  ideas. 

Proofs  of  Gustavus's  warm  attachment 
to  his'  friends  are  abundantly  icattered  in 
all  his  letters ;  and  no  man  seems  to  have 
^t  more  than  hedid  that  generous  friend- 
fhip^  <^  which  kings  ar^  too  slightly  sup- 


posed incapable;  but  diese  spontaneous 
efilisions  of  the  heart  cannot  well  be  sepa^ 
rated  from  the  concomitant  circumstancea 
which  gave  them  rise.  From  one  of  hif 
gayer  epistles  we  have  taken  the  following 
anecdotes,  concerning  Englishmen;  an4 
shall  with  them  conclude  this  article. 

We  have  here  two  Englishmen,  who  posif 
sess  their  full  share  of  diat  eccentricity,  which 
is  held  to  be  a  national  characteristic.  One  is 
die  Earl  of  Effingham  of  the  illustrious  House- 
of  Howaid,  and  first  cousin  to  the  Duke  4rf 
Norfolk.  He  has  astonished  us  a  good  deal* 
as  vvell  as  his  lady,  whom  you  would  never- 
take  for  the  wife  of  an  English  peer,  inaa 
her  dress,  and  from  her  maimers.  She  could 
not  be  presented  at  court,  on  account  of  the 
etiquette  of  ceremonial,  and  of  her  preteii- 
sions,  which  could  not  be  granted.  The  other 
is  the  Earl  of  Baltimore ;  I  have  not  seen ' 
him,  but  this  is  an  original  quite  opposite  to 
the  other,  for  he  will  not  go  to  court,  where 
tlie  other  claims  privileges.  He  vi-as  asked,  if 
vhe  intended  to  be  presented?  Not  /,  said  h£^ 
I  have  never  seen  a  king,  not  even  my  own  2 
and  he  left  thb  place  two  days  afVer.  He  had 
six  women  in  his  train;  fipp,  I  leally  beltevt^  , 
he  took  a  seventh  here. 


^  Plutarchi  Operihus  excerpta  qucB  ad 
artes  sp^tant  collegit,  in  capita  dige$4i 
interpretatione ,  Latina  et  adnotation^ 
instmxU,  J.  F.  Facius,  Lipsise,  180$« 
12mo. 

We  hare  long  wished  that  ihen  of 
learning  would  turn  their  attention,  as  th^ 
author  before  us  has  done,  to  thoae  partis 
cular  paru  or  subjects,  of  the  writing* 
of  the  ancienu,  which  contain  impor* 
tant  information  respecting  the  arts,  the 
ingenuity,  the  commerce,  and  discoveriei 
of  the  ancients.  Examinations  of  the 
nature  alluded  to,  by  being  directed  to 
specific  themes,  would  give  more  effective 
satisfaction  in  the  course  of  theur  inquiries^ 
than  is  practicable  by  genend  comments. 
M.  Dutens,  in  his  work  on  the  Discove- 
ries of  the  Ancients,  by  hmiting  hi^  atten- 
tion to  certain  objects  of  research  madem^. 
nv  interesting  discoveries,  and  justified  th^ 
claim  of  former  ag^  to  a  variety  of  know« 
ledge,  never  before  attributed  to  tbena. 
We  may  add,  that  as  every  man  of  l^am-- 
ing  has  usually  his  favourite  author,  k 
would  be  a  service  to  the  republic  of  let*  . 
ters  if  those  passages  for  instance,  ip  that 
author  which  contain  the  greatest  portioa  , 
of  information,  were  belected  and  pub* . 
lished,  separatel^^  The  assist^ce  of  prol 
fessionalm^^  m  aiost|»arU  of  |)urope/ 


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Ef  Plularchi  Operilta,  &*<. 


CV« 


^ould  e«sil7  be  "obtained;  and  would 
contribute  to  illustrate  not  only  the  prin- 
ciples adopted  by  the  ancients,  but  the 
modes  of  execution  employed  by  them. 
Such  treatises  would  also  enable  us  more 
clearly  to  understand  the  terms  used  by 
incieut  writers  ;  so  that  letters  and 
the  arts  would  mutually  assist  each  other. 
We  are  glad  to  see  this  idea  acted  upon  by 
M.  Facius  in  the  work  before  us  i  and 
heartily  wish  it  were  directed  to  the  illus- 
tration of  other  valuable  writers.  Ix  would 
ilfford  equal  instruction  and  entertain* 
mtnt. 

Next  to  Pliny  and  Pansanias,  Plutarch  h 
ene  of  those  authors  who  have  led  us 
most  information  on  the  arts  among  the 
•ncients.  Commentators  have  not  always 
taken  the  trouble  of  explaining  the  pas- 
^ges  which  relate  to  them.  Most  have 
expatiated  at  uncommon  length  on  points 
pf  literary  or  grammatii^  criticism, 
without  rejecting  that  whatever  relates 
to  the  arts,  is  no  less  connected  with  the 
bistory  of  manners  and  customs,  than  with 
that  of  the  language.  It  is  equally  inte- 
resting and  entertaining  for  a  man  of  a 
cultivated  mind,  who  wishes  to  read  with 
^dvantage,  to  be  enabled  with  the  aid  of 
luminous  explanations,  to  initiate  himself 
lu^it  were  into  the  secrets  of  the  ancients, 
to  determine  the  origin  of  their  inventions 
and  discoveries,  to  follow  them  in  their 
progress  and  improvement,  to  compare 
them  with  those  of  the  modems,  and  thus 
to  enable  himself  to  judge  between  them. 
But  that  which  is  a  matter  of  mere 
amusenoent  for  a  man  of  the  world,  not 
destitute  of  learning,  becomes  a  necessary 
•tudy  for  those  who  devote  their  lives  to 
the  instruction  of  others,  and  e^ipecially  to 
the  historian  and  antiquary.  It  follows, 
that  without  a  knowledge  of  the  processes 
0i  the  arts,  as  without  being  acquainted 
with  the  words  used  to  describe  them,  it 
IS  impossible  to  examine,  or  to  explain  in 
a  suitable  and  satisfactory  manner,  the  va- 
rious monuments  of  antiquity  which  are 
in  our  potsession. 

M.  Facius  has  divided  his  work  into 
diapters,  which  seems  to  be  the  most  na- 
tural and  methodical  division  for  a  publica- 
tiojD  of  this  kind.  He  very  properly  be- 
gins by  choiing  those  passages  which  give 
an  kbi  of  the  arts,  of  tbe'ur  nature,  of 
^eir  distinguished  rank  and  influence  un- 
d^  r  the  reign  of  a  man  of  genius.  Such  I 
ifthfol^ectc^  hiifirati^^a^.    Tl)e se- 


cond chapter  alludes  to  the  different  sub- 
stances employed  in  the  performance  of 
thearts,  and  to  thetechnical  phrases,  terms, 
and  expressions  used  to  denote  the  parti- 
cular branch  embraced  by  each  artist.  Wo 
read  in  the  annotations  to  this  chapter, 
that  the  ancients  rendered  ivory  as  ductile  ai 
they  did  goldn  and  that,  ybr  this  purpose 
they  used  a  kind  of  leer  called  Zythum, 
which  was  thought  to  be  wine  made  ofhoT'* 
ley  in  which  they  suffered  the  ivory  to 
soak  for  a  length  of  time:  they  most  likely 
mixed  some  powerful  solvent  with  the- 
liquor.  Whatever  relates  to  the  Plastic 
art  is  detailed  in  the  third  chapter.  The 
fourth  is  allotted  to  descriptions  of  the  va« 
rious  representations  of^  the  Egyptian 
Gods,  The  author  introduces  some  that 
appear  very  extraordinary.  At  Herrao- 
polis  T)  phon  was  figured  under  the  shape 
of  a  Hippopotamus,  on  the  back  of  which 
a  hawk  is  fighting  a  serpent:  and  at  Sais, 
in  the  vestibule  of  the  temple  were  differ- 
ent basso  r«^lievos  representing  Osiris  as  a 
child,  an  old  man,  a  hawk,  a  fish,  and  a 
hippopotamus. 

The  most  celebrated  statuaries  and  their 
works  are  mentioned  in  the  filth  chapter. 
On  the  Jocasta  of  Silanion,  M.  Facias 
observes  that  the  artist  had  shewn  great 
ability  in  casting  the  paleness  of  death 
over  her  face;  and,  according  to  Beck- 
man,  that  he  probably  had  imagined  a 
particular  mixture  of  metals  to  produce 
this  effect.,  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  the 
ancients,  speaking  of  works  relative  to  tha 
arts,  have  not  taken  more  care  to  transmit 
to  posterity  the  process  by  which  such 
great  effects  were  produced. 

The  statues  of  the  Gods  and  Heroes  are 
the  object  of  the  sixth  chapter.  Apolla 
with  a  cock  on  his  fist,  is  mentioned: 
most  likely  this  characterizes  him  as  tho 
god  of  light.  We  know  not  as  yet,  sara 
M.  Facius  of  any  noonument  like  it. 
Another  most  singular  one  represents  Ju« 
piter  without  ears;  an  allegory  which  itii 
extremely  difficult  to  explain. 

The  seventh  chapter  reUues  to  the  sta- 
tues a£  kings  and  illustrious  men.  Sarda^ 
napalns  was  represented  in  an  attitude  of 
insult  and  self  reproach,  with  an  inscrip- 
tion importing  eat,  drink,  make  merry .; 
all  the  rest  is  nothing.  Which  language 
was  properly  adapted  to  the  description  of 
that  prince  by  historians.  There  are  se- 
veral inscriptioDs  of  thie  aam^  kind  in  tb# 
^tken^aof^ivtA 


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The  eighth  chapter  contains  the  des- 
cription of  several  colossal  statues,  and 
the  ninth  of  several  linages  and  other  fi- 
gures. 

The  tenth  contains  an  account  of  the 
•oiali  Images  executed  iu  gold,  either  in^ 
honour  of  Gods,  Goddesses,  and  dis- 
tinguished characters,  or  even  of  cour- 
tezans 5  for  several  writers  speak  ot 
that  of  the  femoos  Phryne.  Sometimes 
Princes  and  Kings  were  represented  at 
half  length;  the  Greeks  called  these  fi- 
gures nrpoTOfiBu,  we  call  them  Busts. 

The  eleventh  chapter  illustrates  cha^ 
shields,  and  vases  charged  with  alto  and 
basso-relievos.  M.  Facius  observes  that 
on  the  shield  of  Ulysses  was  a  dolphin ; 
on  that  of  Idomeneus  a  cock  5  on  thai  of 
Menelaus  a  dragon ;  on  that  of  Aristo- 
menes  a  spread  eagle  ^  and  on  that  of  Al- 
cibiades  a  Cupid. 

The  twelfth  treats  of  Glytica  and  of 
the  different  works  it  has  produced  for 
rings,  seals,  &c. 

"Whatever  relates  to  paindng,  as  the 
names  of  the  most  celebrated  painters,  their 
principal  works,  and  the  exposition  of  va- 
rious subjects,  executed  by  unknown  ar- 
tists, is  to  be  found  in  the  thirteenth,  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  chapters.  It  is  evident 
that  in  ancient  times  Greece  alone  pro- 
duced eminent  painters ;  and  M.  Facius 
informs  us,  on  the  authority  ot  Strabo, 
that  Sicyon,  for  a  long  time  had  a  cele- 
brated school,  and  that  the  three  predomi- 
nant and  esteemed  styles  among  the  Greeks, 
were  the  I6nic,  the  Sicyonian,  and  the 
Mtic. 

Whatever  rdates  to  architecture,  and 
works  belonging  to  that  art  is  related 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  chap- 
ters. 

The  eighteenth  enumerates  artists  of. 
^ifferent  sorts. 

The  nineteenth  is  an  epitome  of  mis- 
cellanies on  different  sorts  of  works. 

The  twentieth  and  last  chapter  treats 
pi  the  difieient  coins  of  Greece  and  of 
their  dies. 

M.  Facias  has  not  been  satisfied  with 
translating  s^ch  passages  as  might  enrich 
bis  collection^  he  W  affixed  historical, 
critical,  or  grammatical  notes  to  each 
chapter  3  and  occasionally  compare^  the 
passages  in  Plutarph  with  those  in  other 
authors  who  have  written  on  the  same 
fubiect ;  or  refen  his  readers  to  them. 

J'he  whole  work  is  replete  with  erudi- 


tion, and  proves  that  the  author  has  & 
profound  knowledge  of  Greek  literature 
and  of  antiquity.  M.  Facius's  book  there- 
fore must  be  considered  as  a  compendium, 
equally  entertaining  and  useful  to  the  Ar- 
chaeologist, or  Antiquaiy,  and  to  tho 
amateurs^of  the  Greek  language. 

Observations  addressed  to  the  British 
Public  ',  in  particular  to  the  Grand  Ju- 
ries of  these  Dominions.  8vo.  pp.  73^ 
price  Is.  6d.  Booths  London  1806. 
The  man  who  is  not  affectionately  in- 
terested in  tbe  welfare  of  his  country  it 
unworthy  of  the  protection  which  thatt 
country  extends  to  its  citizens,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  numerous  blessings  which  ac- 
company a  high  state  of"  civilization;  like 
that  of  Britain.  But  affection  has  difle- 
rent  ways  of  shewing  itself:  it  may  be  too 
fond,  or  it  may  be  too  fijarfiil  j .  too  fond' 
to  discover  imperfections  which  are  ob- 
vious to  others,  too  fearful  and  anxiona 
for  the  welfare  of  the  subject  which  en- 
grosses its  attention,  and  hereby  induced 
to  take  alarm  without  real  cause  for  appife- 
hensicn.  In  general,  the  happy  medium 
though  the  most  difficult  is  the  most  ad- 
vantageous :  but,  wiierever  admonition 
may  be  salutary,  the  effect  of  that  error 
which  lea-is  to  caution,  and  by  caution  to 
amendment,  is  far  more  desirable,  than 
that  security  which  closes  its  eyea  against 
danger,  till  too  late,  and  when  repentance 
is  unavailing,  exhausts  itself  in  hopeless 
lamentations  and  despair. 

The  author  of  the  pamphlet  before  iis, 
appears  to  be  impressed  with  a  sense  of 
the  danger  to  which  this  country  is'  ex- 
]K)sed,  not  so  much  from  foileign  foes,  as 
from  internal  rehixation  of  manners.  He 
feafs  that  immoraHty  increases  among  us 
and  that  tlie  bonds  which  connect  socie^, 
are  loosened  by  principles  inconsistent  with 
the  welfare  of  the  body  politic.  We  shall 
not  captiously  except  against  this  idea  of 
increasing  depravity :  yet  we  may  ob* 
serve,  iliat  in  the  whole  course  of  our 
reading,  we  have  remarked  thQ  same  com* 
plaint,  in  almost  the  same  language^ 
made  by  moralists  in  general :  each  la- 
menting that  the  virtues  of  (he  predeces- 
sors were  enfeebled  in  their  posterity ;  and 
of  course,  each  regarding  the  generation 
then  passed  away,  as  more  exemplary 
than  that  which  was  current  to  hmsdf. 

But  whatever  be  the  proportions  of  vir- 
tues and  vices  in  difibrent  {>enpds,  th^ 


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OlservatioM  addressed  to  the  British  PulTic,  Wc, 


[280 


f»  at  sU  times  abundant  occasion  for  the 
'remonstrances  of  the  sage,  and  for  the 
fpirk  of  the  reformer.  To  rouse  the  lan- 
gtiid  attention  of  the  times  to  a  sense  of 
duty,  whether  to  God  or  man,  is  no 
inean  service  to  the  public,  an(l  whoever 
perceives  a  danger  and  cautions  against  it, 
deserves  at  once  the  acknowledgments  and 
the  support  of  his  countrymen. 

The  infection  of  French  principles  in 
Y^tiy  and  rdi^on  undoubtedly  prevailed 
among  us,  at  one  time,  to  an  alarming 
extent :  we 'hope  and  believe  that  the  de- 
lusion is  very  much  abated,  if  not  altoge- 
ther exploded ;  but  neither  the  danger  we 
have  experienced,  nor  .our  deliverance 
from  it  should  be  discarded  from  our  re- 
collection. It  is  the  laudable  intention  of 
tliis  author  to  recal  our  escape  to  our  re- 
tnembranc^  to  caution  us  against  self- 
sufficiency  and  supineoess,  to  urge  a  re- 
formation both  public  and  private,  and  to 
excite  every  man  in  bis  station^  and  ac- 
cording to  bis  influence,  to  do  his  duty, 
and  assist  in  promoting  the  true  interests 
of  the  British  community. 

But,  especially,  he  calls  on  Grand  Juries 
to  exert  ite  power  with  which  the  law 
bas  invested  them,  and  to  practise  their 
privilege  of  presenting  nuisances  of  every 
kind,  whatever  is  adverse  to  good  manners. 
He  thinks  that  much  benefit  may  be  de- 
rived from  such  public  expressions  of  ab- 
horrence, and  that  vigorous  examples  of 
exerted  principle  would  effect,  in  a  legal 
manner,  what  individuals  may  desire,  but 
relinquish  without  attempting,  because 
they  consider  private  endeavours  as  una- 
railing.  With  our  author,  we  too  are 
IHends  to  morals :  we  too  see,  in  the 
profligate  manners  of  the  French  nobility, 
the  causes  of  their  ruin :  we  know  they 
had  abandoned  themselves  to  licentious- 
ness; where  then  Is  the  wonder  they 
abandoned  their  country  to  the  destroyer? 
Tdiey  were  not  degraded  by  expulsion,  by 
inimical  decrees  which  stripped  them  of 
their  honours,  by  meeting,  as  opponents 
In  policy  or  in  arms,  those  who  had  sus- 
tained the  lowest  offices  in  their  houshold : 
they  were  previously  degraded  from  the 
ranks  of  true  honour  by  their  dishonoura- 
ble lives  :  they  became  unworthy  of  their 
dignities  when  dissipation,  foUy,  and  guilt 
l)^louded  their  intellects  and  engrossed 
their  time,  their  talents,  then:  uoderstand- 
'  jn^S}  tHiBir  b^ood  was  corrupted,  not  by  the 
tltereei  ^tfae  convention  or  the  ferocious 


edicts  of  Roberspierre,  but  lyr  frivolity  and 
lewdness,  by  bodily  excesses,  and  bj 
mental  imbecility.  This  unhappy  race 
may  justly  be  exhibited  in  terrorem 
to  die  great  of  the  earth ;  and  tliose  wl^a 
desire  to  escipe  their  fate  should  charge 
themselves  daily  and  hourly  not  to  adopt 
their  maxims>  or  to  imitate  their  conduct. 

Do  we  then  exonerate  the  lower  ranks 
from  their  delinquencies }  No :  but  we 
attribute  so  much  ta  example  that  we 
know  not  where  to  terminate  its  effect^. 
It  ia  the  stone  thrown  into  tlie  pool, 
which  produces  circle  after  circle  in  suc- 
cession, till  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
surface  have  felt  the  commotion,  and  ob- 
servation can  no  longer  distinguish  ifa 
effects  though  convinced  of  their  exist*' 
cnce. 

The  writer  does  not  confine  himself  to 
the  professed  purport  of  his  pamphlet : 
perhaps  it  might  not  have  been  the  woiae 
if  he  had  :  but  as  his  digressions  mark 
his  earnestness  in  the  cause  he  hasespoused^ 
we  can  overlook  these,  as  we  could 
overlook  more  considerable  imperfec- 
tions, for  the  sake  of  his  naam  argu* 
ment,  and  the  general  tenor  of  hi»  exhor- 
tations. 

We  shall  give  a  ftvf  examples  of  hia 
style  and  manner  of  reasoning. 

The  late  successes  of  the  French  on  the 
continent,' which  have  rivetted  the  fetters  of 
that  part  of  Europe,  at  least  for  some  years^ 
cannot,  without  the  intervention  of  other 
more  powerful  causes,  be  ascribed  to  their 
Emperor.  1 1  is  impossible  not  to  perceive  the 
hand  of  an  over-ruling  Providence  which,  for 
purposes  we  cannot  presnihe  to  scan,  so  dis* 
posed  of  the  ipcasures  of  his  antagonists  as  to 
lay  them  at  his  fe«t  almost  without  resistance. 
What  could  induce  a  garrison  of  thirty  thov- 
sand  men,  whose  couraae  and  discipline  have 
never  been  disputed,  with  arms  in  their  honds» 
to  surrender,  without  an  effort,  at  Ulni? 
Witness  the  same  folly  and  credulity  which 
preserved  the  brid^  of  Vienna  on  the  word  of 
an  enemy  proverbially  faithless ;  and  the  more 
fatal  armistice,  when  a  formieht*8  fortitude 
and  perseverance  would,  in  all  human  probf^ 
bility,  have  placed  Napoleon  and  his  anaf  at 
the  mercy  ot  the  allies,  i 

The  unexampled  prosperity  of  our  countiy 
in  Itself  implies  danger :  for,  at  the  same  time 
that  it  commands  the  admiration  of  surround- 
ing nations,  it  also  excites  their  jealousy.  It 
behoves  us,  therefore,  to  be  on  our  guanl,  and. 
not  to  be  so  ostentatious  in  that  display  of 
w^th  which  has  marked  our  progress,  op 
every  shore  and  in  every  dime  where  the  Qri« 

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21613 


A  OmpencHoUsHulory  qf  New  England,  &c. 


f»« 


lisb  ftms  hate  penetrated.  Bat  no^fstem 
that  the  wisdom  of  man  can  devise,  will  en- 
«ire  to  us  the  oontinuance  of  the  blessing  we 
have  so  Jong  enjoyed,  unless  the  exercise  of 
^vate  virtue  is  Eestoced  through  every  branch 
of  society^  and  fostered  by  the  diligent  and 
united  cdreumspection  of  all  men  entrusted  in 
any  respect  witn  the  interests  of  religion  and 
moral  order,  and  for  the  pre\'ention  of  those 
^imes  which  will  otherwise  cover  us  with 
disgrace  and  in&my,  and  finaily  aecelerate 
•urdestruetion. 

Of  the  attachment  of  the  low<!r  classes  o/ 
•ur  fell0w-6ubject8  towards  their  superiors,  it 
ivould  be  painral  to  entertain  the  smallest  sus- 
{Mcioiii  But  it  is  melancholy  to  observe,  that 
the  middling  .classes  of  society,  the  grand 
link  that  has  hound  Mg  t(>gethe^  for  so  man^ 
^earsy  are  disappearing  very  fast,  more  parti" 
eularly  in  the  country,  thrpugh  the  intervrrt* 
lion  of  over-grown  farms,  which  have  thrown 
ihe  industrious  labourer  to  such. a  distance, 
that  all  prospect  of  bettering  his  oondition  has 
for  ever  vamshed  from  his  sighL 

The  following  remarks  deserve  the  re- 
flection of  our  female  readers.  We  have 
often  been  surprized,  that  the  very  con- 
^deration  of  certain  mdellcacies  being  the 
offspring  of  French  invention,  and  the 
adoption  of  French  usurpers,  has  not  been 
hiducement  sufficient  to  the  British  fair  to 
reject  them  :  for  why  should  French  do- 
minion be  admitted  any  more  in  habili- 
ments than  itH  politics?  We  are  not 
Slaves  jetf.  and  ahaU  alanrery  begin  with 
our  women  ? 

This  uniform,  this  unreserved  and  cheap 
display  of  beauty,  has  rendered  it  too  familiar, 
ana  disarmed  it  of  all  fascination  : — it  ma)^  at- 
tract the  snares  tS  the  seducer ;  bu^  the  ho* 
ftonraUe  lovejr,  the  man  of -sense  and  reflection, 
who  looks  for  the  solid  and  rational  delights  of 
domestic  life,  recoils  from  the  idea  of  associa^ 
ling  hit  destiny,  or  of  risking  his  hopes  of 
faa^^ioess  with  such  slight  and  frail  materials. 

I  cannot  forbear,  stating^  on  very  credible 
information,  that  a  xespectable  physician 
thoukl  have  declared  that,  in  one  season  only^ 
no  less  than  two  hundred  female  patients  un- 
der his  care  had  either  actuadly  died,  <^  would 
tbntinne  to  ling^  for  life,  under  obmpbints 
for  which  there  was  no  ctvej—  and  tfU  con- 
tracted in  oonsequenoc . of  tlie  exposure  of  their 
persons  In  the  pernicious  and  prevailif^  inde- 
cent foshions  of  ihe  day  !-«t^But  the  mischief, 
4iistrc^ing  as  it  k,  do«  not  end  here<  it  will 
extend  to  posterity,  and  succeeding  generatioiis 
ivill  have  to  deplore  the  disorders  eodailed  upon 
them  by  their  parents. 

Next  to  the  education  of  yoi:^,  it  is,  I 
lelieve,  allowed,  that  nothing  can  have  a 
l^taid  infltt«ipciiB'Qa  the  mot^;  good  ^  bad, 


of  society,  than  the  representations  of  thr 
theatre,  whieh,  under  the  managetncnt  o£ 
talents  and  integrity,  miu;ht  certaimy  be  ap^ 
plied  to  promote  the  noblest  purposes  jpf  vir* 
tue,  as  much  as,  at  the  diseretion  of  the  mer^ 
ccnary  and  unprincipled,  they  might  jjg 
pcr\'erted  to  the  worst  ends  of  ^ice,-^  in  pre«i» 
paring  the  human  mind  for  the  gradual  en-« 
couragement  of  debauched  habits,  and  tht 
most  licentious  courses.  Perhaps  it  wouid  hi 
difficult  to  calculate  the  extent  of  ihat  misi 
chief,  which  has  been  circulated  by  the  oschi^ 
bitions  on  the  stage  of  charaaters  the  mosl* 
abandoned,  hi  such  a  specious  garb  as  covers 
the  deformity  of  vice  and  depravity^  from  the 
disgust  and  detestatiois  of  ihe  honest  ;md  thf 
good. 

Nevertheless,  tru^  compels  me  to  state 
that,  in  some  )ate  instances,  such  pieces  ha^'t 
been,  not  only  sufFeted  in  the  performance;^ 
but  i^plauded,  which ,^  in  my  ownopinion> 
sanctioned  by  ^oed  authority,  luive  had'atecu 
dency  highly  mdecoroHS,  corrupt,  and  im-> 
moral)  I  aflude  mor«  particularly  lo  thos* 
plays  which  have  bec^  translatecT  from  th« 
German  Dcama* 

We  flatter  ourselvesjthat  we  may  ventur^ 
to  console  this  weU-intenliotied  writer^ 
hy  hoping  that  there  is  more  virtue  amon^j^ 
us  than  he  thinks  ix:  by  hinting  at  a 
spirit  of  conteu^pt  for  those  who  degrade 
themselves  conspicuously,  as  not  only  ex^ 
tant  but  extending ;  by  reminding  him  of 
those  periods  of  our  history,  from  whicj|| 
we  hare  risen  to  comparative  recti^ude^ 
periods  when  the  whole  Jand  was  delqgcj 
with  manners  openly  offensive  to  decency^ 
when  the  court  itself  was  the  estahlished 
school  of  immorality  under  royal  patro* 
page ;  when  no  modest  female  went  to  th« 
theatre,  nor  any  woraan^  if  she  venture^ 
thither,  shewed  her  own  face  j  unless Jo^ 
to  shame,  but 

Sat  indignant  at «  courtier's  play. 
Whence  not  a  m(uk  went  unimproved  away^ 
When  the  wild  licence  of  a  foreign  reign 
Did  al)  die  dregs  of  bold  Socinus  o^n : 
Pulpits  their  sacred  satire  leam'd  to  spare, 
And  vice  admired  to  find  ailatfrer  there! 

We  understand  this  is  the  prodjaction  of 
a  gentleman  who  was  lately  chairman  of  9 
Middlesex  Grand  Jury^ 

A  ComperuU^us  History  <^  Mew  England, 
/designed  for  ichopb  ai^  privatefuniiies^ 
hy  Jedidiah  Morse,  D.  D.  aad  the  Rev^ 

.  £lijah  Parish,  A.  M.  Umo.  pp.  388  ; 
with  a  map  of  the  United  States,  pr.  I 
ddl.  25^.  bound.  Charlestown,  neat 
Boston,  N.  America,  S.  Etheridge, 
1804..  Taylor,  London. .  Price  68.  - 
J  J  isy  undoubtedly  foUrroiely  prcper ^ 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


m^ 


£ssay  fwHirJs m  MitteralHuiory  qf  LaplantL 


txa4, 


at  the  auttiors  of  the  vdume  before  us  ob- 
lerve  in  their  preface^  **  that  every  per- 
•oti  should  possess  some  knowledge  of  the 
history  of  his  own  country:''  and  they 
observe  justly,  that  youth  is  the  fittest 
tiitte  of  life  in  which  to  acquire  this  know- 
ledge j  it  is  the  season  of  the  greatest  lei- 
gore,  the  memory  is  less  incumbered,  cu- 
riosity is  more  easily  stimulated  and  gra- 
tified, and  impressions  then  received  are 
most  permanently  retained  in  fiiture  life : 
it  is,  therefore,  of  the  utnnost  consequence 
U'hat  kind  of  historical  w'orks,  as  well  as 
others,  are  confided  to  the  perusal  of 
youth. 

History  is  usually  a  narration  of  striking 
events,  originating  in  the  worser  passions 
of  the  human  mind ;  because  the  effects 
of  more  amiable  dispositions  are  rather 
private  than  notorious,, and  BfSord  little 
ct)portunity  for  those  apimated  descrip- 
tions, or  tliose  interesting  incidents,  in 
which  history  so  strongly  delights,  that 
some  have  supposed  them  to  form  her 
proper  object  This  account  of  the  set- 
tlement of  America  by  colonists  from 
England,  by  no  means  departs  from  the 
general  character  of  history ;  It  presents 
to  our  view  not  only  the  distresses  natural- 
ly to  be  expected  in  commencing  the  po- 
pulation of  an  uncultivated  country  ;  such 
as,  scanty  means  of  subsistence  if  not  ab- 
solute want,  the  absence  of  civilized  so- 
ciety, and  of  public  officers  whose  snper- 
intendance  over  extensive  districts  consti- 
tutes the  general  duties  of  government, 
and  is  acquiesced  in  by  individuals  for  the 
benefit  of  the  whole  ;  but  it  abounds  also 
in  aU  the  horrors  of  wars  prolonged  among 
savage  nations,  animated  with  all  the  vio- 
lence of  ungovernable  pnssions,  and  in- 
furiated by  the  most  ferocious  barbarities, 
massacres,  torments,  and  lingering  deaths. 
We  equally  pity,  and  equally  blame  the 
inhumanity  and  the  impolicy  of  either  side, 
dtemately .  Fri(  ;ids  ourselves  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  peace,  ^nd  desirous  of  their  pre- 
valence over  the  whole  race  of  mankind, 
we  acknowledge  no  distinction  between 
White  Brethren  and  Red  Brethren.  The 
buman  forni  was  never  made  to  be  man- 
gled, nor  the  human  mind  to  be  lacerated 
by  its  fellows. 

llie  reverend  compilers  of  this  volume 
have  mingled  in  their  performance  much 
«f  ihat  p€^iar  piety  which  they  found  in 
their  originals :  and  which  yet  continues 
%9  tincture  the  phraseoldgy  of  Amsrica ; 


but  we  cannot  recommend  to  European 
historians  of  the  present  day,  the  pecu- 
liarities of  that  language  which  might  t»o 
sufficiently  well  unders^>odwhen  and  where 
it  was  current,  among  the  puritans  who 
first  peopled  America,  and  their  inmie- 
diate  descendants. 

Undoubtedly  every  event  whether  a5- 
fiictive  or  prosperous  may  be  referred  to 
the  superintending  care  of  the  great  Fa- 
ther of  all :  but  Uiere  is  such  a  thing  as 
a  just  nnedium  between  a  total  omission  of 
acknowledgment  to  Ood,  w*hich  tends 
.strongly  to  the  most  despicable  and  per- 
nicious atheism,  and  a  perpetual  introduc- 
tion of  special  interferences  of  providence; 
which  is  apt  to  delude  weak  and  unin- 
structed  minds  into  the  toilsof  superstition^ 
—extremes  almost  equally  to  be  avoided^ 
by  whoever  wishes  well  to  mankind  and 
to  his  country,  or  designs  to  instruct  the 
world  at  large  -,  a  principle  which  ought 
to  be  constantly  kept  in  view  by  all  ^lo 
undertake  to  write  whether  for  youth  or 
for  maturer  years. 

The  work  begins  with  the  discovery 
of  America,  mentions  the  origin  of  most 
towns  of  New  England,,  with  the  names 
of  their  founders,  and  is  brought  ^wn  to 
the  present  time. 

Ir  is  printed  on  a  laige  type,  and  does 
no  discredit  to  the  American  press. 

Essay  towards  a  Mineral  History  of  Lap* 
land,  and  IVcst  Bothnia.  Stockholm^ 
Delon. 

There  are  few  countries  where  so  much- 
industry  and  attention  is  employed  in  ac- 
quiring a  thoroagh  knowledge  of  the 
country,  as  in  Sweden.  Warmholz,  in 
his  Bibliotheca  Historica  Sueco  Gothica, 
mentions  854  works  relative  to  Swedish 
geography ;  and  in  part  iv.  of  Ludekin's 
Archives  of  Learning,  we  find  a  catalogue 
of  more  than  130  maps  of  this  kingdom* 
We  are  much  indebted  to  the  office  of  the 
royal  land-sui*\'eyor  in  Stockhohu,  for 
several  distinct  charts  of  the  Swedish 
provinces ;  as  likewise  to  Le  Baron  S.  G. 
Hiomelin  for  his  fine  "  Char  tor  q/ver 
"  Swerige  med  Lifogade  Ritnin^ar'*  in  two 
parts.  Many  learned  Swedes  have  travel-* 
led  the  different  provinces  of  the  king<« 
dom,  and  have  published  descriptions  of 
the  places  visited  in  their  route.  There  aho  ' 
appears  not  infrequently,  in  academical 
disputations  at  the  Universities,  atcurat^ 
descriptions  of  single  parishes  and  districts^ 


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1|B5)  Mssay  inwards  a  Minerat  Hislofy  of  Lapland.  [296 

dawdl  in  ihetatm  as  in  the  Swedish  Ian-  i      The  diderent  minerals  which  are  found 
-goage.     For  some  time  past,  public  atten-  I  in  that  country  are  likewise  enttmeraidd ; 

j  as  for  example,  the  ore  in  the  parish  df 
jukhasjarvi  consists  mostly  in  blue  incli- 
ning lo  violet  copper  glass  with  yellow 


tion  has  been  greatly  directed  to  tliat  cold 
and  distant  region,  Lapland,  as  appears  in 
tiie  printed  accounts  of  Skioldebrand  and 
Wahlenburg,  fand  among  our8c4ves  of 
Acerbi.]  To  these  may  be  added  tlie  au- 
thor of  the  present  work,  which  is  of 
importaDce  to  mineralogists  and  geologists. 
Swedish  Lapland  possesses  great  trea- 
■nret  of  iron  ore,  mines  of  copper^  and 
in  some  places  of  lead  containing  silver. 
A  part  of  Tomea  Lapmark,  i.  e.  \\ie  pa- 
rish of  Jukhasjarvi,  Lulea  Lapnxirk,  also 
Gellivari  and  the  parish  of  Jokkmoh, 
with  a  part  of  Pitea  Lapmark  are  well 
Jniown  on  account  of  the  ores  and  mine- 
rals they  furnish.  But  in  Kemi  Lapmark 
or  in  Enontekl  parish,  in  Tornea  Lap- 
mark  no  vein  of  ore  has  hitherto  been 
discovered.  The  nature  of  the  country, 
the  many  sandy  heaths  and  marshes,  or 
hills  covered  with  sand  and  stoaes, 
whkh  addom  consist  of  solid  mate- 
rials, appear  to  be  tlie  cause.  Where 
we  find  mountains  in  this  country,  they 
consist  partly  of  granite,  on  the  lower 
hills,  and  partly  of  the  usual  composition 
of  mountains,  on  rocks,  formed  of 
f  limmer  and  quartz  in  larger  or  thinner 
kyers  ;  without  lime,  or  any  of  the  just- 
mentioned  component  parts  of  mountains. 
That  district  of  Lapland  which  contains 
f>res  and  minerals  stretdies  from  north 
west  to  south  east  5  or  from  the  high  rocks 
there  to  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  on  the  Baltic, 
in  Tomea  and  Lu)ea  Lapmark.  In  the 
adjoining  parts,  the  parishes  lying  in  West 
Bothnia,  are  found  sulphur  stones,  and  here 
jmd  there  a  little  copper  ore,  with  a  few 
atones  containing  iron ;  but,  as  well  there 
as  in  the  southern  parishes  of  West  Both- 
nia (a  country  which,  according  to  the 
editor,  is  overflowed  by  the  rivers  descend- 
ing from  the  rocky  mountains,  and  from 
Lapmark)  no  6res  of  any  value  have  been 
found ;  except  a  little  iron  stone  on  the 
Lapland  boundaries.  All  the  parishes  are 
accurately  described,  according  to  their 
.  physical,  as  well  as  minemiogical  circum- 
stances. The  situation  of  th^  qsonntains, 
the  veins  of  ore  and  their  situation,  direc- 
tion, quality,  or  fineness  ahd  revenue,  are 
examined  and  stated.  The  mines  atid 
smelting  houses  are  noticed,  and  an  histo- 
rical account  is  given  of  their  discovery 
and  of  the  present  state  and  quantity 
if  Iheir  productions; 


copper  sand  and  green  talkshiefer,  w\t\i 
fine  quartz  and  glimmer,  and  some  chrys- 
tal  of  balh-path  5  with  which  are  some- 
times found,  dark  blue  magnetic  iron 
ore,  and  octohaedric  chr}'stals  of  iron  ore. 
The  clean  ore  contains  from  20  to  50  per 
cent,  of  copper;  and,  at  the  same  time,  7 
.  toSloths  (I  oz.)  of  silver.  Some  part  of  the 
ore  contains  gold.  The  pure  copper  con- 
tains, in.  100  marks,  20  lotbs  of  silver. 
Some  have  supposed  that  cinnabar  baa 
been  found  in  the  mines  ;  but,  the  iron 
cker  which  has  been  found  there,'  partly 
massive,  and  partly  mixed  with  green 
quartz,  and  vellow-grey  clay,  which  has 
been  taken  tor  cinnabar,  has,  on  trials 
been  found  to  contain  neither  quicksilver 
nor  copper.  In  several  of  the  mines 
there  have  been  found,  among  other  mi- 
nerals, sundry  sorts  of  iron  ore,  strahl- 
stein,  speckstein,  braunspath,  choriC 
feldspath,  kalkspath,  glimmer  schicfier, 
tren)olit  5  likewise  are  found  schleifstein, 
berg-chrystal,  (and  yet  no  real  precious 
stone ;  ;  although  quartz  duystal,  and 
balh-spath  have  been  sometimes  mistaken 
for  such)  likewise  lead  ore,  and  some  sul- 
phur o|:e.  Several  tons  of  lead  ore  have 
been  sent  from  thence  to  Stockholm  j 
which  has  been  found  useful  for  black 
lead  pots,  and  other  purposes.  In  a  man- 
ner, equally  intelligent  and  particular,  the 
author  describes  the  remaining  parishes* 
In  this  description  he  has,  in  part,  madd 
use  of  the  collection  of  minerals  of  tlio 
latB  Counsellor  of  Mines,  Adlersparrej 
and,  in  part,  of  the  yearly  accounts  sent 
to  the  College  of  Mines.  The  Protonota- 
rius  Robsam,  in  the  College  of  Mines,  has 
often  taken  joumies  through  Lutea  Lap- 
land, and  the  artist  Wallmnn,  and  the 
miner  Swal,  tliroughWest  Bothnia  Tliese, 
with  his  own  journies  to  the  newly  esta- 
biished  mines  and  smelting  houses,  have 
furnished  materials  for  the  prest^nt  work, 
in  the  perusal  of  which  it  would  be  of 
service  to  have  before  us  the  geographical 
chart  of  West  Bothnia  and  Swedish  Lap- 
land, printed  in  1706,  The  author  hat 
added  to  his  description  three  new  charts, 
\\t.  \ .  The  mountains  of  Gellivari,  by 
Robsam  5  -2.  The  copper  and  iron  mines 
of  Sv'appavtora,  by  Adlei*lieira,  CounseUot 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


Df  WiQcs;  and  S.  A  «kctcli  of  the  gra* 
Alto  quarry  in  Lappiovara;  and  the  view 
■  of  Yllatitunturi.  From  the  whole,  we 
may  see  that  nature  here  too,  though  to 
hr  to  the  norths  has  deposited  trea- 
sures of  minerals.  It  is  a  pity  that  the 
tse  of  them  is  almost  prohibited  by  their 
great  distance,  by  the  difficulty  <k  con- 
▼eyaoce,  whether  by  rein  deer,  or  by 
.  other  modes,  by  the  want  of  labourers, 
.and  tlie  scarcity  of  wood,  as  no  trees  grow 
there,  except  the  dwarf  birch.  Pot  thi» 
reason,  these  mines  do  not  always  repay 
Che  labour  and  expense  which  is  an'rfually 
bestowed  upon  them« 

Epistolarion,  Isfc.  Corrcispondencey  &c.  in 
modem  Greek. 

The  state  of  the  Turkish  empire  ap- 
|>ears  to  us  to  b^  so  peculiar,  tliat  we 
lUiow  not  how  to  corteider  the  present  go- 
t'emment,  as  likely  to  be  permanent :  yet 
k  has  weathered  do  many  storms  resem- 
bling those  which  now  assail  it,  that  we 
know  not  how  to  consider  its  condition  as 
desperate.  This  un6ertainty  induces  us  to 
accept  from  any  quarter,  authentic  infor- 
mation, however  imperfect,  as  to  its  past 
history^  on  which  to  ground  some  con- 
jecture, as  to  its  futuf«  fate.  Something 
of  tliis  nature  appears  in  the  present 
volume^  which  combines  additional  in- 
terest with  that  which  must  always  ac- 
company productions  of  the  Greek  press, 
and  indications  of  taste  for  the  revival  of 
letters  ainong  the  descendants  of  those 
who  once-  maintained  a  reputati6n  in 
science  and  knowledge,  which  other  na- 
tions might  emulate,  but  did  not  equal. 

From  the  Patriarchal  press  at  Constan- 
tinople, has  lately  appeared,  a  volume  of 
letters,  which  the  learned  physician,  Ba- 
zilius,  tlie  editor,  wishes^  should  be  put 
into  the  hands  of  youth,  as  specimens  of 
the  epistolary  style,  and  as  proper  models 
for  imitation.  In  this  work  it  happens 
that  the  collateral  circumstances  interest 
much  more  than  the  main  subject  If 
simplicity,  brevity  and  point  recommend 
letters,  the  stiff  rhetoric  and  verbal  inani-' 
tv  of  most  of  these  examples  are  not 
favourable  to  the  instruction  of  learn- 
ers; but,  afler  a  variety  of  tedious 
exemplars,  which  occupy  Jl  pages,  follow 
200  pages,  containing  Uie  important  let- 
ters of  Alexander  Maurocordatus,  privy 
counsellor  of  state  to  the  Porte,  whose  in- 
flutacd  in  war  and  peace^  especially  from 


ipiitolarion,  tsfc,  [2Stf 

the  year  1653  to  idgg,  is  well  known. 
It  is  true,  that  his  letters  are'  not  uniform- 
ly in  the  purest  style.  They  possess,  in- 
deed, occasionally,  but  not  airways,  tha^ 
hearty  simplicity  which  is  gi^atly  snpertor 
to  artificial  and  ornamented  s^iHenCei: 
But,  unhappily,  not  one  of  them  is 
dated  j  and  it  requires  more  than  a  super* 
ficial  knowledge  of  the  hhtoty  of  that 
t!m#s,  to  assign  to  each  its  proper  period. 
Neither  can  we  report  favourably  of  the. 
execution  of  tlie  volume ;  the  perusal  of 
^uch  a  wretched  print,  with  types,  whicb 
should  have  been  thrown  aside  as  useless, 
on  paper  which  is  nearly  transparent,  is 
extrefnely  tiresome.  Nevertheless,  a  rea- 
der need  not  lay  this  book  out  of  his  hand,- 
without  having  received  improvement  €>r 
several  kinds. 

We  here  see  at  once  the  character  of  one  of 
fhc  noblest  of  the  modem  Greeks.  His  &Hii1r 
was    from  Chios.    As  a   citizen,  husband, 
father,  friend,  and  man  of  business,  he  was 
worthy  of  tnie  honour ;  nor  was  he  imfortb- 
nate,  in  comparison  with  oth.ers ;  yet  he  was 
unceasin^y  oppressed  by  the  despouc  and  sus- 
picious government  in  whose  service  he  la- 
Doured,  and  by  want  of  patriotism  among  the 
Greek   nation.     He  was  well  vened  in  thcr 
works  of  antiquity  j  and  feelingly  reconunend- 
ed  to  the  Alexandrian  Patriarch  Gerasimus,  as 
also,    on    eveiy    occasion    to    his    son,    to^ 
make  himself  thoroudily  master  of  die  works 
of  the  ancients  as  the  only  xway  to  become 
great.    He  dwelt  much  on  the  cultivation  of' 
the  old  attic  graces,  whose  remains  had  been 
collected  b}r  Marqurus  and  Korydalus;  and   ^ 
stioi^y  adyises  him  to  exercise  himself  in  die 
ancient  style.     In  critfcism  he  seems  to  have- 
taken  Photlus  for  his  guide ;  and  he  commends 
to  his  son,  the  letters  ascribed  to  Phalaris  (of 
which  Sir  William  Temple  speaks  so  hi^ly) 
which  ne^t  to  Photius's  letters  to  Am[^ilo<Sihis,' 
Bishop  of  Cyzicus,  he  esteems  as  the  finest 
examples  of  wriuna.  He  is  perfecdy  acquaint- 
ed with  eveiy  period  of  his  national  liteiature, 
and  quotes  the  fathers  of  the  church,  and  the 
Latin  grammarians,    frequentlv.    As  amuse* 
roent  in  the  camp,  Militeus,  Bishop  of  Arta. 
was  commissioned  to  send  him  the  Erotika. 
Nevertheless,  his  historical  treatises  merit  the 
uunost  attention ;  such  as,  several  ktten  on  the 
events  of  war,  and  especially  the  printed  dis- 
coune,  Preshytikas  pros  Germanou$  peri  etr^" 
nes,  of  1691,  for  which  he  rightful^  anumes. 
some  merit  (letter  to  Constantius  Ducat).  We 
confess  It  is  not  written  in  the  style  of  Thu- 
cidydes ;  yet,  the  Tcpreseotation  it  oootains  is 
notwithcmt  eloquence.    It  appears  that  the 
grand  signior  Acnmet  II.  employed  him  in  aii 
embassy  to  Germany,  at  the  oommenoemeai 
ofhisreign^   Tlwobjecttf  tbaBartVattlMi^ 


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time,  WIS  to  convuice  dye  Austrians  that  a  <k- 
•irc  for  peace,  was  not  the  effect  of  weakness, 
or  fear.  To  this  end,  he  enumerates  their 
▼ietoiies,  to  shew  that  they  ought  rather  to  he 
ascribed  to  accidental  errors,  from  the  too 
neat  haste  of  the  Ottoman  leaders,' than  to 
toe  preponderance  of  the  Austrians ;  and  that 
the  Porie  always  remained  possessed  of  great 
rcsc'  irccs,  ifjerall  its  losses;  that  the  Austrians 
tho  .  '  n  >t  df'ceive  themselves,  on  account  of 
the  •  '  -n  insurrections  in  the  Turkish  pro- 
ving '  -veil  m  the  metropolis,  they  hav- 
mg  : '  :•  at  ion  with  the  Turkish  fEOvemment. 
If  f ;  .  t jr.uid  Scignor  was  too  mifl  or  negU- 
mi.\  something  misht  break  out  and  rage 
at  ^uliy  for  a  few  days,  but  the  sovereign, 
or  some  man  of  power,  soon  rises  up,  and 
de&tioys  the  rebels  m  a  little  time,  as  the  ma- 
jesty of  religion  inspirits  a  multitude  at  the 
iirst  sunmions.  In  Turkey,  public  aflEairs  aire  ' 
Dot  transacted  exclusively  by  officers  of  birth 
or  family.  Talents  and  industry  dye  the 
lowest  l)pm  a  claim  to  the  hishest  offices  of 
the  state.  Mistakes  are  sometimes  made,  but 
are  soon  remedied;  and  incapable  ministen 
are  treated  without  ceremony :  therefore,  when 
that  Immeasurable  empire  appears  to  be  in  the 
f;reatest  danger,  it  b  alwa)-8  possible  and  pro- 
vable that  among  so  many  people  of  talent, 
tiie  Saltan  may  find  some  man  equal  to  meet 
the  ufgency  of  the  occasion. 

Fige  3/3, 8rc«  are  letters  from  John  Nt- 
AtAn,  the  ton  of  Alexander  Maarocorda- 
tos,  Waivode,  loroetimeof  Moldavia^  and 
•ometinoe  of  Wallachia^  not  equal  to  his 
"frther's  writings,  jet  not  withoot  interest. 
Sef«nil  eiceUent  men  are  likewise  intro- 
dooed  to  nearer  notice :  especialljr,  Jacob 
Manar,  the  learned  Argive,  and  Gera- 
(with  whom  A.  Maurocordatus, 
always  in  the  closest  connexion^  also 
Dositheos  P^riaich  of  Jemsalem.  At  the 
end  (probably,  from  the  editor)  we  find  a 
descriptioin  of  the  months;  in  which 
many  grammarians  are  quoted ;  btit  at  the 
•ame  time,  there  are  manv  proofs  of  igno- 
rance, llie  indictions  he  derives  from 
Angoatus.  Among  the  Egyptians,  Italians, 
snd  Bohemians,  the  day  commences  at 
ton  set,  with  the  Babylonians,  Persians, 
Greeks,  and  Nnrember|^^  from  sun 
rise.  A  few  prayen  form  the  conclusion, 
not  without  soniething  of  Battology,  or 
•*  ▼ain  repetition." 

That  the  Fatriarcha)  press  should  pub- 
lish more  proofs  and  accounts  of  the  ac- 
tioot  and  learning  of  such  men  as  dd 
Maurocordatus,  a£i  his  friends^  is  highly 
IP  be  wialwL 


[tii.Pm.  Abr.  18Qfl.]    Yw-  I. 


ttolcroJVs  Tales  in  f^ers^.  ,  pgO 

Tales  in  Verse;  Critical,  ^Satirical,  and 
Humorous:  Bj Thomas  Holcroft.  In 
two  vols,  price  8s.  Symonds* 


In  those  days,  he  and  Honor  never  parted  ) 
Nor  wis  a  doubt  by  either  started 
Which  t'other  did  not,  then  and  tbere^ 
Defend  ; 
And  swear 
It  was  a  doubt^ 
Or  it  was  not, 
Just  as  they  pleas*d  to  make  It  \ 
And  he  that  heard  might  take  k 
'   How  he  would, 
Resent  it  how  he  could. 
For  damn  'em  if  they  did  not  both  de^ 
Gunpdwder,  death,  and  him ! 
Such  was  their  Whim. 
Your  scoundrel  fellows  mrsht  Indeed  betrussM  op  t 
But,  as  f6r  them,  they'd  kick  a  dust  up. 

Breed  a  fiot,  make  a  rout. 
And  if  they  pleasM,  by  way  of  freaky 
Of  any  spark 
The  nose  would  tweik> 
Orkickthebteechs 
It  was  their  Itch  ; 
At  all  times  ready  they  t'exohange  a  shot  i 
Fighting  to  them  was  food  } 
And  on  that  ground  they  siood^ 
Happy  to  make  the  bull*dngs  bark) 
Resolv'd  to  rule  the  rotst. 


When  shall  the  pond'rous  truth  be  understood. 
That  the  collective  nutss  of  Evil  forms 
One  grand,  sublime,  inevitable  good  ! 
Evil !  A  blessing,  vast !  1\%  safety  harms  I 

Let  ianovaiing  Blockheads  chafe. 
But,  know,  were  we  too  happy,  or  too  safe. 

We  should  spring  up  so  fast, 
Men,  women,  children,  there  would  be  sucl| 

swanns, 
We  should  eat  one  another  up  at  last  1 
Nay,  now  I  well  bethink  me,  'twould  be  worse  I 
We  should  be  subject  to  a  greater  curse ! 

The  rery  clay,  of  which  we're  made. 
Would  quickly  quite  be  wanting,  in  the  trade t 
Pbor  souls !  The  human  race 
Would  no  where  find  a  single  place, 
Kor  house,  nor  alley,  lane,  or  street. 
In  which  to  siarui,  %t  sit,  or  set  their  feet! 
When  Terra-firma  shoultl  be  ^nite  work'dup^ 
Down  they  must  drop 
By  wholesale,  one  and  all  * 
Into  the  sea,  plump. 
They  must  jump,    - 
Of  fall  I 


Let  Fungus  stiH  #ith  Fungus  vie  ; 
To  night  they  shoot,  to-morrow  die : 

A  LONG  FAaEWElL  TO  PAMt  DICF.ASID. 

Q^  The  above  was  written,  printed,  and 
puWished,  as  POETRY,  by  the  Author,  Uv- 
ing  m  Bemer*s  Street,  July  20,  A.  D.  It50(i. 

L 

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i^O  doiini  ie  H&rdi^s  MilUary,  HUtoricid^  and  Political  Memoirs. 


Hillary,  Hisioriefd,  and  PolUical  Me- 
moirs of  Courtt  de  Hordly  a  Swedish 
Nobleman,  add  Lieut.  Gen.  in  the 
service  of  the  King  of  Prussia.  2  vols, 
crown  6vo.  pp.  about  720.  Price  12s. 
itgerton.  ^c^on,  1806. 
An  old  soldier  who  is  a  man  of  tense, 

and  h^s  been  a  man  of  observation,  that 

is  to  say,  something  beside  a  mere  soldier, 

is  one  of  the  most  amusing  and  enter- 

teining  of  comps^iions.  The  respect  paid  to 

i^ell  l^haved  military  men  of  the  superior 

classes,  the  opportunities  they  ^ssess  of 

enquiring    into  the  truth    of   important 

fiicts,  and  the  variety  of  persons  and  places 

which  they  visit  in  the  course  of  their 

professionsu    duties,    are    circumstances 

highly  £iivourable  to  the  acquisition  of 

that   knowledge^  of  events  and  of  the 

t^orld,  which,  matured  by  reflection^  im« 

proved  by  mental  comparison  and  discri- 
mination, and  corrected  by  honour  and 

morals,    imparts  to  the  discourse  of  a 

military  chatacter,  a  charm  more  easily 

felt  than  d^Kribed.    The  same  observa- 
tion applies  to  the  memoirs  of  those  who 

have  followed  the  profession  of  arms; 

end  few  books  are  more  entertaining  than 

those  £br  which  we  are  beholden  to  the 

private  journals  of  observant  officers* 
If  the  wofk  before  us  is  not  the  very 

first  in  the  first  dass  of  such  communica- 
tions, yet  it  possesses  noany  interesting 

passages ;  and  some  things  in  it,  are  more 

particularly,  or  more  faithfully  described 

than  in  other  works  of  great  reputation. 
Codnt  Hordt  was  by  birth  a  Swede,  the 

DTofiatuon  of  arms  was  hereditary  in  his 

nmily,  and,  willing  to  acquire  experi- 
mental knowledge  in  his  professioQ»  he 
aoogbt  employment  out  of  his  native 
«mntry,  when  that  was  at  peace.  He 
was  ^rst  engaged  in  the  Dutch  service, 
under  the  prince  of  Waldeck,  and  beheld 
with  deep  concern  the  bluxiders  of  the 
allies,  the  pernicious  effects  of  jealousies, 
Tivakbipt,  and  competitions,  during  those 
campaigns  in  Flanders,  in  1744,  &c. 
which  were  commanded  by  William, 
Duke  of  Cumberland.  After  the  peace 
of  174s,  he  returned  to  Sweden  j  where 
he  married^  but  engaging  in  a  conspiracy 
in  favour  of  the  crown,  which  failed,  he 
escaped  from  his  native  country,  entered 
the  Prussian  service,  was  taken  prisoner 
by    the   Russians,    confined  twenty-five 

months  in  the  citadel  at  Petersbufgh,  was  lf<f  ef  ntfas,^ii  cirtuinstanccs  &vour  their 
sekased  from  thence  on  the  accession  of     ^<«^^^ 


Vetbi  III.  to  the.  Russian  throne,  and 
afterwards,  was  gradually,  without  anr 
unusual  proportion  of  fighting,  promoted 
by  Frederic  II.  to  the  rank  ot  Lieutenant 
General,  and  the  post  of  governor  of 
Spandau.  He  appears  to  have  been  oo 
faqiiliar  terms  with  Prince  Henry  of  Pnia- 
sia;  accompanied  him  twice  to  Petera^ 
burgh,  supposes  himseK*  to  have  been  in 
the  becret  of  the  partition  of  Poland,  and 
states  the  occurrence  which  he  conceives 
produced  it.  The  characters  he  draws  of 
eminent  personages  are  mostly  jasC>  be 
corrects  some  mistakes  in  historians  usually 
considered  as  well  informed;  but  is^  ia 
our  opinion,  though  perfectly  honest; 
liable  to  some  exceptions  of  a  like  im* 
ture. 

We  do  not  perceive  that  military  lesaooi 
of  unusual  importance,  or  more  tAuui  com* 
mon  skill,  are  taught  by  the  work  before 
OS  :  but,  there  are  several  political  obser- 
vations which  manifest  a  sound  under- 
standing  in  the  writer,  and  lead  to  im- 
portant consequences. 

Tlic  work  opens  with  a  description  of 
the  state  of  Sweden,  during  the  reigns  of 
Charles  XL  and  XIL  and  the  assumption 
of  accumulated  power  by  the  states  on  the 
demise  of  the  latter,  to  the  injury  of  th» 
crown.  A  government  the  prey  of  dis- 
trust and  animosity,  a  poor  state,  whote 
rulers  accepted  stipends  from  foieiga 
courts,  in  order  to  support  that  party  te 
which  they  were  attached,  and  who  relied 
on  subsidies  from  France,  as  one  of  the 
ordinary  ways  and  means  of  its  members, 
however  it  might  figuratively,  or  by  cour- 
tesy, be  called*'  independent,"  wju  not,  in 
fact,  entitled  to  that  hononrable  distinc- 
tion.   The  author  well  observes,  that 

A  monarch  invested  with  fuU  powers  to  da 
good,  is  aboxe  the  temptation  of  selling  him-, 
self  to  a  foreign  conrt,  because  his  interest; 
closely  linked  with  that  of  hit  people,  is  to 
avert  every  thing  which  might  tend  to  endsD- 
ger  the  security,  peace  and  happiness  of  his 
monarchy:  but  what  considerations  wovdd 
have  tufhcient  power  to  confine  within  the 
limits  of  justice  and  patriotism  the  members 
of  a  senate  and  national  assembly,  who,, 
having  usurped  and  preserving  the  full  exer- 
cise of  the  executive  power,  have  neither 
enquiries  nor  punishment  to  dread,  and  who, 
poor,  or  at  least,  not  wealthy,  are,  for  the 
most  part,  eag^r  to  make    a  fortune,    per 


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Such  was  the  state  of  Sweden  at  this 
])enod ;  nor  did  it  escape  the  attention  of 
other  European  powers.  Each  strove  to  draw 
advantage  from  it  in  his  own  way;  .and 
l^ranoe,  of  late  more  closely  connected  with 
US,  made  use  of  every  means  in  order  to 
play  a  principal  part. 

To  answer  the  purj^ses  of  her  crooked 
politics,  France  embroiled  Sweden  in  a 
•war  with  Russia ;  and  the  Swedes  con- 
ducted it  in  a  maan^  calculated  to  pro- 
duce rouch  more  injury  to  themselves 
than  to  their  enemies.  The  French  Am- 
bassador bought  the  Swedish  senators; 
but  he  could  not  give  their  officers  military 
skill.  Sweden  lost  the  greater  part  of 
^mland;  and,  notwithstanding  the  sub- 
sidies of  France,  the  finances  of  the  king- 
dom were  completely  exhausted. 
jIThe  author  speaks  highly  of  the  valour 
^^layed  by  the  English  at  the  battle  of 
Fontenoy. 

It  is  impossible  not  to  acknowledge  they 
y/^eat  up  to  the  enemy  in  the  most  excellent 
«xkr  and  evinced  tne  most  undaunted  va- 
lour; they  were  cut  to  pieces,  the  ground 
was  coveted  with  their  mangled  bodies  and 
strewed  with  an  innumerable  multitude  of 
officers ;  and,  after  this  bloody  and  dreadful 
conflict,  a  general  mourning  took  place 
among  all  me  best  families  in  the  British 
Isles. 

I  was  sent  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberiand 
two  or  three  times  during  the  action,  with 
various  messages  from  the  Prince  de  Wal- 
deck :  and  never  found  him  but  in  those 
places  where  the  fire  was  the  hottest,  and  at  the 
head  of  his  infantry,  nor  did  he,  or  the  body 
of  men  he  commanded,  ever  seem  to  care 
about  us,  they  fought  as  if  they  had  been 
alone,  and  retreated  the  same. 

I  had  another  opportunity  to  make  the 
same  observation  two  years  after,  at  the  batde 
of  Lawfeld.  That  nation  has  really  some- 
thing peculiar  about  them,  and  which  distin- 
guishes them  from  every  other.  Their  women 
even  preserve  all  their  'sangfroid'm  the  great- 
est perils,  and  amidst  the  horrors  of  the  car- 


He  attributes  to  disunion  aniong  the 
vmrious  commanders  of  the  allies,  not 
only  the  loss  of  opportunities  of  effecting 
▼ictories,  but  many  of  their  most  dis- 
gracefid  defeats:  we  firmly  believe,  no 
worse  principle  can  posiiWy  pervade  to 
army. 

The  Count's  description  of  his  impnson- 
meot  in  the  citadel  at  Petersburgh  is  in- 
terestiog:  and  it  appears  tbitno  indi* 
vidual  but  those  composiog  the  Secret 


Tribunal  of  Russia,  knJsw  where  he  was 
confined;  not  even  any  of  tlie  foreign 
ministers,  so  closely  was  the  secret 
kept. 

I  condnued  to  live  without  any  sort  oC 
amusement  or  diversion  whatsoever,  and  Ibe- 
came  heartily  weary  of  my  wretched  existence ; 
I  nevertheless  experienced  in  this  circumstance 
the  strange  power  of  habit  on  the  human 
frame ;  as  the  first  three  months  of  my  cap- 
tivity appeared  so  intolerably  irksome  that  I 
could  have  almost  done  any  thing  to  get  rid 
of  existence,  whereas  the  three  following 
seemed  infinitely  less  painful.  I  passed  the 
day  according  to  the  following  plan ;  I  arose 
at  seven  in  the  morning,  my  orealcfast  em- 
ployed me  till  eight ;  1  dressed  and  read  for  an 
hour.  My  reading  over,  I  Mralked  up  ana 
down  my,  room  for  a  couple  of  hours,  at  times 
agitetwl  with  a  train  of  gloomy  thoughts,  at 
others  indulging  in  the  fondest  hopes.  About 
one  in  the  afternoon,*  a  soldier  biought  in 
my  dinner.  I  remained  two  hours  at  table» 
sharing  my  dinner  with'  my  servants  who 
ate  in  a  comer  of  the  room,  and  with 
whom  I  conversed  to  pass  the  time.  At 
three  I  drank  a  cup  of  cofiee,  and  then  took* 
another  walk  up  and  down  the  room  till  five, 
for  the  sake  of  preserving  my  body  ia  soma 
degree  of  exercise.  At  fiv'c  I  began  to  read 
until  eidit  o  clock ;  a  very  hght  supper  finish- , 
ed  my  day,  and  at  ten  I  retired  to  rest.  Such 
was  my  daily  oocupatioA. 

My  officer  and  nb  dien'  gradually  becama 
attached  to  me,  and  benn  to  behold  ihe  with 
anicye  of  compassion.  1  observed  two  grena* 
diers,  in  particular,  who  seemed  to  possess 
more  feelic^  than  their  companions,  and  who  • 
gave  me  to  understand  that  thev  would  veiy 
willini^y  do  any  thing  that  mi^t  soften  my 
sufiferings  and  sorrows.  One  evening,  during- 
the  officer*s  absence,  one  of  them  said  to  me  * 
that  if  I  would  walk  on  the  ramparts  I  should 
see  the  whole  city  illuminated,  tnat  day  being 
one  of  those  many  fesdvals  frequenUv  cele- 
brated in  Russia.  I  was  delighted  at  havii^  • 
an  opportunity  of  breathing  the  fr^  air  for  a 
few  minutes,  and  we  both  went  out  togcthet* 
to  see  the  fortress.  There  are  six  basdons 
and  several  out-works.  The  construction  is 
oo  the  best  principles.  Peter  I.  had  caused 
it  to  be  erected  at  th^  mouth  of  the  Neva,  ^ 
wishing  to  establish  his  capital  there,  and  havf 
a  navy  on  the  Baltic.  As  we  were  examin- 
ing this  fortress,  we  found  on  one  of  the 
bastions  which  is  washed  by  the  Neva,  a  piece 
of  ground,  and  from  its  projection  we  were 
enabled  to  behold  the  whole  city ;  this  would* 
have  been  a  delightful  prospect  for  any  per- 
son, but  for  me,  who  for  a  scries  of  time  had 
only  behdd  my  chamber  walls,  is  proved  al- 
most heavenlv.  - 

The  cathedral  widiin  the  citadel*- exQte4 
L  2 


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t9«3 


ComideBorii'iMUUary.BuhricaloMiPptUkJ'MU^  f»BH 


«iy  cttiimky.  It  is  one  of  the  noblest  edi^ 
fices  in  point  of  architecture.  Mjr  grena- 
dier entered  it  with  me,  but  nnfoitunatelY 
while  we  were  within,  the  door  was  closea 
on  uf ,  so  that  we  had  no  means  of  getting 
hut.  I  then  grew  apprehensive  lest  ^e  poor 
soldier  should  hang  nimself  out  of  despair, 
in  order  to  escape  the  punishment  which 
aMmitcd  him.  I  cared  not  for  mjrsdf. 
While  he  wit  seeking  aAer  the  means  of 
procuring  our  tgjrts&,  uie  glare  of  a  lamp, 
which  mimt  there  nt|^tand  day,  enabled 
me  to  distinguish  two  roagnilicent  monu- 
ments ;  they  were  dK)ee  of  Peter  1.  and  the 
Empress  Anne.  I  went  and  sat  down  in  the 
ipaee  between  the  tm*o  monuments  and 
bepn  mnsiii^  on  the  mutability  of  hoBom 
aflaiTS. 

MeanwhAe  my  gicnadier  had  feondoot 
a  small  door,  near  wbidi,  a  sentinel  of  the 
guard  was  stationed.  I  sKly  dvopt  a  ducat 
in  the  sentry's  hand,  and  ht  had  the  cha- 
rity to  let  us  pass.  We  returned  kiyfuIlT 
la  our  sad  abode ;  and  this  was  the  first  and 
last  time  I  ventuied  lo  sKpose  myself  to  sudi 
accidents. 

I  wffl  eren  confess  that  long  after  I  had 
been  released  from  that  place  of  confinement* 
1  frequcndy  dreamt  I  was  there  still,  and  that 
the  agitation  this  produced  on  wj  mind,  was 
always  accompanied  vriAk  a  sort  of  fever 
dttrinfcfouT  and  twenty  hours.  Vol.  p.  76-79- 

He  describes  the  state  in  which  the  late 
Empress  lay  after  her  deaths  in  the  fol- 
lowing terms» 

We  found  the  cofin  placed  in  the  laige 
haM^whidi  was hunc  with  blaek,  andadocsi- 
ed  with  fostooM  of  sihct  brocade.  The 
apartment  was  so  brilliantly  lisbtcd  vp,  that 
our  eyes  could  not  bear  the  gkre  af  the  im- 
mense nuaubcr  of  wax  li^ts.  The  oofin, 
coveicd  with  a  poll  of  md  efolh,  triaMned 
with  Spaaosh  laoe^  waa  placed  on  a  pbtfonn 
afow  stqu  hidMr.  A  nch  oososiet  adorned 
tlse  head  of  die  lale  Empiess.  Four  bdics, 
Atimd  IB  deep  amuming,  and  entirely  co- 
veted witl^  cnpe  veibt  slaod  by  the  side  af 
ahc  eoAu«  Twooficets  ai  the  body  goaid* 
m  full  uoifoius*  alOBd  ou  the  fiist  step^  and  ou 
ShcioposMe,  al  ^  foci  of  the  cplin,  an  Ar- 


the  bible. 


at  iuisrisii,  the 

to  thb  part  of  the  cae» 

*  aaound  the  caHn, 

tue  ImMffiM  Ciow,  whith 

the 

several 


em  uuwuuof  the  kinptansof  C 
aadSftcsiat  and  those  of  ev«r% 


^sroffciiiJlbthiii.  namely,  that  of  Sc 
4kw.  St.  .^hniaiw  Neuiid,  St.  Asm. 
St.  Caibcfiue,  as  wci  as  Aose  of 


A». 


GewaldsKMffWwimBdM  ^haftit 


was  customatT  to  knathoh^adoftbecorpa^. 
lo  which  I  had  answered  I  was  not  muda 
disposed  to  conform,  not  merely  because  I 
thought  nothing  could  be  man  ofiensive 
than  to  kiss  a  dead  body,  but  also  becauae 
I  had  personal  reasons  to  coo^lain  of  the. 
late  Princess's  treatment;  yet»  aa  he  him-* 
self  complied  widi  the  ceremony  whidi  all 
who  entered  performed,  I  did  not  diuse 
to  appear  singular,  and  stifled  all  my  olgec- 
tions.    p.  105-106. 

Oor  author's  feelings  on  beting  oonH 
manded  to  levy  ogotriUitionB  id  jMonnrhi, 
with  his  cooducf  on  that  occasioQ  do  hia 
honour. 

We  Tiihed  the  greater  part  of  Mota« 
Tia,  and  mercilessly  stript  tte  inhabitants  of 
their  money  and  cattle.  The  iBveterate  ani- 
mosity on  both  sides  was  such  in  this  wav^ 
that  the  hostile  natioos  did  not  msKly  confteBt 
themselves  with  fi^^ting^  and  ill  trmd^ 
their  pnsonats,  but  they  eves  piuceaded  re- 
dpiocallyloacisofcrudtyaainst  the  harm* 
kss  inhaUtams.  I  lemember  widi  grief  to 
this  day  the  horrid  spectacle  this  ezpeditioQ 
exhibited  to  me.  The  peasants  together  widi 
their  wives  and  diikhcn  followed  obstinately 
their  cal^  and  nothing  could  induce 
them  to  resign  their  own  proper^;  they 
scmmed  around  us»  and  burst  mto  floods  of 
tears. 

One  day  we  halted  in  a  villafle  to  leftedi  and 
rest  ourselves.  The  manor  bdonaed  to  a  lady 
of  quality,  who  receivad  me  and  my  officer 
with  infinite  pditeness.  Her  house  was  ma- 
naged in  a  good  stile,  and  our  table  was  ex- 
eeedingfy  weu  supplied.  But  while  the  good 
lady  was  giving  us  such  good  cheer,  my 
commisssxy  was  demanding  a  tbooaand  do* 
cats  from  ner  steward,  and  laying  his  hands 
on  all  the  horses  and  cattle  botn  in  her  house 
and  the  village ;  the  stev^-aid  came  in  haste 
to  his  mistress,  who,  with  tears  in  hercycsy 
came  to  me  to  complain  of  thb  opprcssiie 
act.  1  observed  it  was  out  of  my  power  to  ' 
chan^  any  thing  in  die  scale  of  prnpor- 
tiooaie  contributions ;  on  vrhich  she  lepbeda 
she  would  readily  |iQy  the  sum  demanded^ ' 
provided  her  poor  vassals  wcfe  attowed  to 
retain  dieir  cattle,  whidi  waa  their  oai^ 
resource  and  means  of  taisHmi.  I  i 
I  felt  my  heart  more  u|nimnjd  at  the  i 
thasi  she  could  betsalf.  nee 
iistermpled  with  sofas,  aad  whut  adde4  atitt 
to  the  pam  I  sapustniad,  w»  dm  sUbl 
of  her  two  daudMesa,  who  stood  wecpii^ 
by  her  side,  and  jfoiMft  thdr  entreaties  !• 
tboae  of  their  rr^pertsMe  motheti  Thdr 
leacs  RSKkitd  their  beauty  stiH  nMse  ialr* 
resting,  and  I  leh  myself  ready  to  do  asij 
thing  to  oblige  the^«'' aauable  ehihhctt.  I 
sought  anef  soaae  es^tUKiiil  at  i 


dut  I  was  Mlcnsd 


aad   paowe    la 


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»97i 


The  Miseries  ^  Human  Lift. 


tm 


*•  Madam,**  md  I  to  Acir  mother,  "  com- 
pose vofuneify  do  but 'desire  your  men  to  fol- 
low tneir  catde,  and  leave  the  rest  to  me.  I 
hope  I  shall  be  able  to  give  you  some  sort  of 
tatis&ctioa.** 

Having  left  her,  I  gave  orders  that  all  the 
cattle  be&nging  to  "her  and  h^r  vassals  should 
i>e  kept  separate,  during  the  remainder  of 
our  expedition,  from  that  enormous  quantity 
of  cattle  we  had  already  got  with  us.  My. 
expedition  over,  I  again  joined  Greneral 
Werner,  who  testified  to  me  his  satisfaction 
ct  Che  success  we  had  met  with.  I  took  this 
opportnni^  of  fulfilling  my  promise:.  *'  Ge- 
neral,** said  I,  *'  you  see  we  come  baek  with 
lOur  hands  full,  but  I  hope  yoowill  not  deny 
me  a  present  for  myself,  liavmg  bcoi  the  chief 
of  the  expedition.  Tis  not  money  that  I 
am  asking  for,**  (I  knew  all  ak)ng  he  had  the 
Kio£^*s  permission  to  keep  this  last  article 
fir  himself,  and  that  he  was  not  insensible 
to  its  allurements)  *'  my  claims  are  confined 
to  the  obtaining  of  this,  cattle,  which  I 
would  not  allow  our  soldiers  to  mix  with  the 
test.** — **  Yon  may  have  them  with  all  my 
heart,*'  nej^ed  the  General.  I  called  the 
gppd  kidy*s  people,  and  told  them  they 
might  take  back  their  property  to  the  village ; 
I  sent  a  trumpet  along  with  them,  in  order 
Ihat  they  might  not  meet  with  any  impedi- 
ment. Their  mistress  was  so  much  aHected 
at  this  aot  of  mine,  that  she  wrote  to  all 
her  relations  throughout  Silesia,  b^ging 
them  to  express  to  me  her  gratitude.  Imen 
truly  fielt  that  next  to  the  pleasure  of  doing 
jgood,  there  cannot  be  a  greater  than  that 
of  (^li^ing  persons  of  a  sensible  a.id  grateful 
disposition,  p.  141. 

This  volume  also  contaUis,  a  history 
of  the  Revolution  effected  in  Sweden  by 
Gustavus  111.,  which  is  given  at  some 
length :  and  together  with  various  per- 
jonal  adventures,  in  ditlerent  parts  of 
Europe,  intermiagled  with  rational  and 
manly  observations,  imparts  to  these 
Tolumes  a  character  of  good  sense,  free 
Irmn  the  frivoniy,  which  too  often  dis- 
graces personal  memoirs:  instruQtioii  of 
various  kinds  may  be  li^thered  from 
them,  without  injury  to  ihe  heart  or  to 
morals  public  or  private. 

The  Miseries  of  Htefnan  Lifr;  or  the 
Groans  of  Samuel  Sensitive,  and  Tlmo» 
thy  Testy :  with  a  few  Supplementary 
Sighs  from  Mrs.  Testy,  In  twelve 
dialogues.  Third  Edition,  fbolscap 
Qvo.  pp.  732.  Price  8s.  boards,  MiL> 
ler,  London,  l^OG. 

It  happened  that  we  accidentally  c^Koed 
IbW  talttl&p  At  ih»  laifc  pag^^  so  that.the 


attthor^s  posffixed  m^^o,  afler  hliFMsf 
informed  us  at  once  what  wai  the  nifora 
of  his  work ; 

— — "  ridentem  dicere  terum 
•'  Q,mdvetAtr' 

Wliy,  nothing  forbids  that  truth  should 
be  told,  told  too,  chearfiiUy,  jocosely,  nay 
^cetiously,  and  if  oot  roguisl^,  no- 
body likes  it  better  than  yrt  do.  We  con-* 
aider  a  right  to  laugh  as  a  part  of  the  lex  nom 
scripta  <^  the  British  Constitution  3  and 
4Krith  the  valiant  Qlueen  Bess  we  "  think 
foal  scorn**  that  any  prince  or  potentate 
on  earth  shocdd  prevent  John  Bull,  or  any 
of  his  family,'  firom  shaking,  either  his 
sides,  or  his  head,  cai  libUum.  There  it 
inde^a  distinction  between  being  langhed 
with,  and  being  laughed  at;  the  rub  we 
believe,  is — to  let  those  laugh  who  win  : 
though  others  say,  let  those  laugh  who 
can  J  for  those  who  win  will.— —The 
publication  before  us,  which  in  a  very 
few  weeks  has  reached  a  third  edition^ 
fully  proves  that  something  is  to  be  won 
by  lai^hig}  the  anOior  laughed  (in  hia 
sleeve)  while  composing  it;  the  prints 
er's  devil— while  it  was  at 'the  press  $ 
the  bocJcieiler— when  he  saw  his  first 
and  second  editions  exhaoatedj  and  ita 
kind  readeri^-during  a  sommer  recess 
from  the  arduous  occopation  of  stu- 
dying the  good  of  their  cotintty:  Ri- 
sum  teneaiir  amic{?  Bxxt,  what  is  there 
in  the  ''  Miseries  of  human  life*'  to  exo 
cite  this  passion?  It  is  a  picture  of  mi* 
nor  misfortunes,  rendered  ludicrous  by  the 
importance  attached  to  triBea.  It  is  the 
ordinary  vexatipns  of  humanity,  the  bom 
which  stick  to  whoever  walks  in  thepaths 
^  of  life,  which  teaze  if  they  do  not  wound, 
and  irritate  if  they  do  not  distress,  height* 
ened  by  association,  assimilation,  and  in* 
genious  description.  l*he  dialdj^e  is  well 
conducted,  diversified  by  occasional  allu*^ 
sions  to  classic  writers,  iucIuJing  scraps  of 
Latin,  and  some  of  Greek,  for  the  mof^t 
part  happily  applied,  though  we  tliink 
them  sometimes  chosen  ratl^r  for  soood, 
than  for  sense. 

The  author  has  struck  out  an  idea  capa» 
Me  of  receiving  innumerable  forms.  Every 
stage  of  our  existence  has  its  miseries;  from 
those  of  **  the  schoolboy,  who,  with 
satchel  on  his  back  creeps  unwillingly  to 
school,**  and  ''  the  lover  who  composes 
bis  woeful  ballad  nsade  to  his  mistress's 
eye-brow,"  and  "  sees  Helenas  beauty  in 
acompleuoaof  £g>'pC*-    £very  proifos* 

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40^  The  MUeria  o/Hman  life,  Vc. 

•ton  hat  Hs  miserief  \  the  relations  of  life 
havf  their  miseries^  and  perhaps  there  is 
1)0  gratification  more  generally  interesting 
than  that  which  attends  the  recollection  or 
the  relation  of  adventures  wherein  good 
•nd  evil  of  the  lighter  kinds^  were  so  equal- 
ly and  intimately  blended^  that  for  a  mo- 
ment the  mind  was  embarrassed  to  dis- 
entangle them. 

That  such  calamities  may  bear  being 
joked  at,  we  wiJlingly  admits  and  we 
lieartily  commend  the  author  before  us, 
for  restraining  his  wit  within  the  bounds  of 
good  manners.  Had  he  treated  serious 
subjects  with  levity^  or  unmanly  sar- 
casm, we  should  have  manifested  our  in- 
dignation \  had  he  transgressed  the  laws 
of  decorum,  or  of  politeness,  of  virtue,  or 
t>i  religion,  we  should  have  thought  no 
eastigation  too  severe  for  him ;  but  as  the 
exciting  of  innocent  mirth  appears  to  have 
been  his  intention,  we  think  him  in  titled 
to  our  thanks,  and  wish  him  on  the  part  of 
,l!>e  public  still  further  "demonstrations 
Joy."  We  may  add,  Ridendo  castigcU 
mores. 

The  tgi^elve  dialogues  comprise  the  Mi- 
aeries  of  the  Country;  of  Grimes,  Sports, 
&c.  of  London,  of  Public  Places,  of  Tra- 
vellers, of  Social  Life,  of  Reading  and 
Writing,  of  the  Table,  Domestic  Mise- 
ries, and  Miseries  Miscellaneous.  Such  are 
the  "  miseries  that  fiesh  is  heir  to."  Now 
for  a  few  specimens  taken  at  haphazard. 
'  The  delights  of  hay-time!  as  follows: — 
After  having  cut  down  c\ery  foot  of  grass 
tipon  your  grounds,  on  the  most  solemn  as- 
surances of  the  Barometer  thai  there  is  no- 
thing to  fear— lifter  having  dragged  the  whole 
neishbourbood  for  eveiy  man,  woman,  and 
chifd,.  that  love  or  money  could  procure,  and 
thrust  a  rake,  or  a  pitch-fork,  into  the  hand 
of  e^ery  servant  in  your  family,  from  the 
housekeeper  to  the  sculliop— after  having  long 
'0\'erkoked  and  animated  their  busy  labours, 
and  seen  the  exuberant  produce  turned  and 
re^tumed  under  a  nniliug  sun,  until  every 
blade  is  as  dry  as  a  bone,  and  as  sweet  as  a 
XDse-^after  having  exultingly  counted  one  ri- 
sing haycock  after  another,  and  drc^wn  tp  the 
spot  c^-ery  seizable  horse  and  cart,  all  now 
standing  in  readiness  to  carry  home  the  vege- 
table trea5ure,  as  fast  as  it  can  l>e  piled^-^t 
siich  a  golden  moment  as  this,  Mr.  Testy,  tp 
see  volume  upon  volume  of  black,  heavy 
clouds  siKldeniy  risings  and  advancing,  in 
frowning  columns,  frohi  the  South  West ;  as 
if  the  sun  hod  taken  half  the  Zodiac — from 
J^eo  to  Aquarius — at  a  leap: — they  hall — they 
ittwter  directly  over  head  3 — at  the  signal  of  a 


J 


4tander-€lap,  they  pour  iown  ^leir  conteotp 
with  a  steady  perpendicular  discharge,  and  the 
assault  ^b   continued  without   a   saomentla 

Sause,  till  every  meadow  is  completely  got  im* 
er,  %nd  the  whole  scene  of  acUon  is  a  swamp. 
When  the  enemy  has  peHbrmed  his  oomoua- 
sion  by  a  total  defeat  of  your  hopes,  when  he 
has  completely  swcj)t  the  field,  and  scattered 
your  whole  party  in  a  panic  flight,  he  sud- 
denly breaks  up  hb  forces,  and  quits  the 
ground;  leaving  you  to  comfort  and  amuse 
yourself,  under  your  loss,  by  lookins  at  hb 
eohurs,  in  the  shape  of  a  most  beautiful  rain- 
bow, which  he  displays  in  his  rear.  p.  SO. 

While  deeply,  delightfully,  and,  as  you 
hope,  safely,  engaged  at  home  in  the  momm^ 
after  peremptory  orders  of  denial  to  all  corners 
whom8oe\'er,  —  being  suddenly  surprisect» 
through  the  treachery,  or  folly,  of  your  ser* 
vant,  by  an  inroad  from  a  party  of  tlie  starch* 
ed,  stupid,  cold,  idle  natives  of  a  ndghbouring 
country-town,  who  lay  di  formal  siege,  (by 
sap,)  to  your  leUure,  which  they  carry  on  for 
at  least  two  hours,  in  almost  total  silence  :—> 
'*  Nothing  there  b  to  come,  aiul  nothing 

past; 
But  an  eternal  Now  does  ever  last  I" 
During  the  last  hour,  they  alternately  tanta* 
\\t^  and  torment  you,  by  seeming,  (but  only 
seeming,)  to  go, — ^whicn  they  are  induced  to 
do  at  last  only  by  the  approach  of  a  fresh  de- 
tachment of  the  enemy,  whom  they  descry  at 
your  castle-gate,  and  to  whose  custody  th^ 
cominit  you,  while  they  pursue  their  pwp 
scouring  excursions  upon  the  ctther  peaceful 
inhabitants  of  the  district,  p.  40. 

The  plagues  of  that  complicated  e\'olutioi;i 
called  *'  right  hand  and  left,"  frpm  the  awl^ 
wardness  of  some,  and  the  ixuittention  of 
others: 

hed  Tcs, 

**  Palantes  cnor  certo  de  tramite  pcllit ; 

JUe  siniUrotum,  hie  dextrorsum  abit,*^ 

Tes,  Again. 

Being  compiled  to  shift  ypur  steps,  atevery 
insl^t,  fromjig  to  minuet,  and  frona  minuet 
to  jig-time,  by  the  sleepy,  ignorant^  or  drunk-* 
en  blunders  of  your  musicians. 

Ned  Tes, 

**  Tpnpora  mutantur,  et  nos  mutamur  in 
ilHs.-  p.  50. 

As  you  are  hastening  down  the  Strand,  on  a 
niatter  of  life  and  death,  encountering,  at  an 
archway,  the  h§ad  of  the  lirst  of  twelve  or 
fourteen  hones,  who,  ypu  knom,  must  tuc- 
pessively  strain  up  with  an  over-k^aded  coal* 
waggqn,  bciore  you  can  hppe  to  stir  an  im^i^- 
unlSs  you  nrefer  bedevilling  your  w)iite 
stopkings,  ancJ  clean  shoes,  by  scampering  and 
crawling,  among,  and  under,  coaches,  scaven* 
gers*  carts,  &c.  &c.  in  the  middle  of  t^ 
su^et.  p.  66. 

After  the  play^^  on  a  aw  wet  nighty  wkh 


Digit 


zed  by  Google 


Ml] 


Th^rie  du  nmveau  Systhne  des  Poids  tt  Mesurer.  '  [SCJJ 


A  party  of  ladles,*— fretting  and  freezing  in  the 
»uter  lobbies,  and  at  the  street-doors,  of  the 
dieatre,  among  chair-men,  barrow-woitien, 
yelling  link-b(^,  and  other  human  refuse,  in 
endless  attempts  to  find  out  your  servant,  or 
carriage;  which,  when  found  at  last,  cannot 
be  drawil  up  aeaier  than  a  furlong  from  ^ 
door.  p.  86. 
/  ^  After  loudly  boasting  of  your  superior  skill 
in  stirring  the  fire  and  oeing  re<juested  bv  the 
Wy  of  we  house  to  undertake  it, — suddenly 
esunguishing  every  spark>  in  playing  off  what 
you  had  announced  as  a  chefHl'aeuvre  of  the 
poker. 

The  lady,  Mrs.  Testy,  has  also  her  cata- 
logue of  miseries,  such  as 

A  termagajit  eook,  who  tufiers  neither 
yourself  nor  your  servants  to  have  a  mome&t*8 
peace-T-yet  as  she  is  an  excellent  cook,  and 
your  husband  a  great  epicure,  (excuse  me, 
ISIr.  Testy,)  you  are  obligcxl  to  smother  your 
feding),  and  seem  both  blind  and  deaf  t9  all 
her  tantrums,  p.  275. 

'  Working,  half-asleep,  at  a  beautiful  piece 
of  fine  netting,  in  the  evening--and  ,on  re- 
tnming  to  it  in  the  morning,  discovering  that 
jou  have  totally  ruined  it^ 

Afler  having  consumed  three  years  on  a 
piece  of  tambour- work,  which  has  been  the 
wonder  of  the  female  world,  leaving  it,  on  the 
very  day  you  have  finished  it,  in  the  hackney- 
coach,  m  which  you  were  exultingly  canying 
it  to  the  friend  whom  you  intended  u>  surprize 
with  it  as  a  present:  afterwards,  repeatedly 
ndvertising— aP  in  vain. 

After  dinner,  when  the  ladies  retire  with 
joa  fiom  a  party  of  very  pleasant  men,  having 
i^  ct)tertain,  as  you  can,  half  a  score  of  empty, 
or  formal  females;  then,  2|f\er  a  decent  time 
has  elopseds  and  your  patience  and  topics  are 
dauaUy  exhausted,  rin^ng  for  the  tea,  &c. 
which  you  sit  making  in  despair,  for  above 
two  hours;  liaving,  tluee  or  four  times,  sent 
word  to  ^e  geiitlemon  that  it  is  ready,  and 
orerheaid  your  husband,  at  the  last  message, 
ttisweK  '*  Very  well — another  bottle  of  wine." 
By  the  time  that  the  tea  and  ooffee  are  quite 
cold,  they  arrive,  contiuuins,  as  tbey  enter, 
aqd  for  an  hour  afterwards,  meir  poiiucal  dis- 
putes, occasionally  suspended,  op  the  part  of 
tlie  n^terof  the  hquse,  by  a  reasonable  com- 
^int,  to  his  lady,  at  the  coldness  of  the  cof- 
fee;—soon  after,  the  carriages  are  announced, 
and  the  visitors  dbperse. 

At  a  ball— when  you  ha\'C  set  yqur  heart  on 
dancing  with  4.  partictUar  fkvouritc,— rat  the 
moment  when  you  delightedly  see  him  ad- 
vancing towards  you,  being  briskly  accosted  by 
a  conceited  simpleton  at  your  elbow,  whom 
you  cannot  endure,  but  who  obtains,  (because 
yqil  know  not  in  wh^t  manner  to  lefu^,} 
I'  ^  hououx  of  vourbaad"  for  Lh«  aveni^g. 


Thioruf  du  nouveau  Sysihte  d-^s  Folds  et 
Mesures,  Wc — ^Theory   of  the  Xew 
System  of  Weights  and  Measures,  at 
applied  to  tninting,  the   manufactum 
of  plate,  alloying,  refining,  &c.  with 
tables  for  workmen  concerned  in  their 
different  braoches.by  M.  le  Page  d*Ar- 
bigny,  late  first  clerk  and  director  of 
the  Mint  at  Paris.    Desvaux,  i  francs. 
In    this  work,  the  author  gives  an 
abridged  account    of  the   new   system, 
particularly  as  far  as  ma^  be  useful  to 
goldsmiths   and  silversmiths,  and  those 
departments  of  commerce  which  relate  to 
the  precious  metals ;  this  occupies  eleven 
sections,  comprising,  1,  the  basis  of  tlie 
new  system ;  2,  weights ;  9,  comparative 
value  of  the  precious  metals  $  4    on  nu- 
merical value;    5,    intrinsic   value;    Q, 
tarif  of  the  different    values  of  specie^ 
tokens,  plate,  &c.    French  or  foreign  ^ 
7,  on  refining  ;  6,  on  the  mark  or  stamp  $ 
9,  on  the  Ar^ue  (a  term  neariy  corres- 
ponding to  our  public  assay) ;  10,  rules 
and  examples ;  and,  11,  a  general  idea  of 
the  mode  of  conducting  the  assay.    The 
writer  then  details  various  laws  and  de* 
crees  relative  to  this  subject;  these  of 
course  interest  the  French  public  only, 
Agreat  number  of  tables  succeed,  intended 
to  establish  a  comparison  between  the  old 
and  new  systems.    The  work  is  termi- 
nated by  a  table  of  foreign  coins  of  every 
nation,  and  their  correspondence  with  the 
French  standard,  and  also  their  reduction 
into  livres,  &c.  by,  decimal   arithmetic. 
This  last  article  will  particularly  interest 
those  foreigners,   who  have  commercial 
concerus,  or  n^y  have  occasion  to  travel  in 
Fraqce. 

In  ot;r  last  number  we  noticed  th« 
numerous  difficulties  which  harrassed  th« 
oommercial  operations  of  the  French, 
occasioned,  by  the  introduction  of  their 
new  system  ofweig{itiand  measures.  The 
present  article  bears  additional  testimony 
to  the  trutl^  of  those  recparksj  and  we 
doub;  not  but  that  M.  d' Arhigny  feelingly 
regretted  the  t^ecessity  of  his  pt^blication, 
independently  of  auy  melancholy  ressou-* 
venirs  which  might  be  awaketiied  m  his 
mind,  by  a  recollection  of  the  political 
causes  of  that  necessity. 

This  subject  also  seenis  to  be  a  part  of 
the  struggle  between  France,  aod  other 
nations,  whether  she  shall  impose  on  tbeai 
her  r^gulationsj^  or  they  st^  cpoUum^ 
free  to  retain  their  owi\, 

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TaikoMfi  Hiitoriquci  dcs.Campagnes  dllalie,  Vc. 


[304 


Histoire  gMrale  des  .  finances  d§  la 
France,  i^c.  Affeneralhlstpryof  the 
Freuch  Finances  from  the  oommeoce- 
.'  ineDt  of  the  Mooarchj.  By  M.  Ar- 
nould  (de  la  Seine),  Ex-Plrector  of  the 
Balance  of  Conunerce,  President  of 
the  Comnuttee  of  Finances/  kc.  1 
Vol.  4to.  12fr.  500.  com.  paper,  17fr. 
50c.  fine  paper,  2&T.  50c.  vellum  pa- 
per.   Rondonneau. 

ThiswoAc,  which  is  an.  introduction  to 
the  annual  budget  of  the  French  Empire, 
is  divided  into  fourteen  epochas  -,  the  first 
two  relate  to  the  Merovingian  and  Carlo* 
vinffiatf  dynasties :  the  ten  foUo^ng  in- 
cduoe  the  Capets,  from  Hugo  Capet  to 
^joiiis  XVI !  me  thirteenth  epocha  is  that 
of  the  permanent  National  Assemblies :  the 
iburteenth  commences  with  this  century, 
and  terminates  at  the  coronation  of  the 
{present  Emperor. 

In  the  course  of  this  undertaking,  the 
author  shews  in  a  veiy  satis^ictoty  man- 
]ier»  the  various  fidctuations  of  the  finan- 
^1  system,  and  the  value  of  the  coin  $ 
the  beneficial  effects  produced  by  the  able 
administrations  of  Sully  and  of  Colbert ; 
the  feeble  and  fruitless  efforts  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  -,  and  the  supposed  regu- 
larity and  superiority  of  the  present  re« 
gime. 

All  calculations,  documents,  and  every 
species  of  information  which  might  be 
supposed  to  fatigue  the  reader's  attention, 
are  given  in  notes  at  the  end  of  the  pub* 

lication. 

^ J 

Moralische  Anecdoten :  Moral  Anecdotes, 
compiled  by  M;  S.  C.  Wagner.  8vo. 
Berlin.  '  Mazdorff.  Vol.  2  3,  2rxd. 
This  is  a  collection  of  anecdotes  intend*- 
ed  to  form  the  public  mind,  and  to  instil 
instruction  by  e^Lamples  drawn  from  pas- 
ting events.  As,  for  instance,  accounts 
relating  to  the  discovery  of  concealed 
crimes  |  theacquittal  of  oppressed  inno- 
cence ;  the  punishment  of  exalted  crimi- 
nals |  the  effects  of  reoiorse  on  the  con- 
science) the  consequences  of  good  and  of 
bad  actions,  and  such  other  subjects  of 
the  same  kind,  as  tend  to  convey  useful 
instruction  by  calling  the  attention  to  ac- 
tual exampl^. 

jtbweckstmgen:  Varieties^  or  serious  and 
amusii^ADecdotas.  8vo«pp.a30«  Ber- 
lin. Maadorff.  irxd. 
Tbis  work  is  composed  of  extracts  from 


the  papers,  and  other  periodical  publica- 
tions, interspersed  with  historic^,  lite« 
rary,  and  miscellaneous  pieces;  such  as 
The  history  of  the  Grunpowder  Plot-— 
Account  of  a  session  of  the  English  Par* 
liaraent--On  the  origin  of  ^Plajring  C^id* 
—On  Mosaic  work— and  similar  subjects, 

'     ■ ■  '  .^  ■   II  ■ , .  I. 

Le  Panier  de  Fruits, -^La  Corbeiile  de 
Fleurs, — Svo.  45  fir.  pour  Tann^.  Paris. 
Perlet.  London,  DCilau  and  Co.  * 
'  Two  amusing  and  instructive  little 
works  have  just  appeared  at  Paris,  under 
the  above  titles ;  the  one  consisting  chief- 
ly of  delineations  and  descriptions  of« 
flowers,  the  other  of  fruits.  They  are 
published  alternately,  once  a  fortnight  $ 
each  number  containing  two  plates,  de- 
signed, engraved,  and.coloured  with  un- 
usual care  and  skill }  two  sheets  of  letter- 
press, are  added,  not  confined  merely  to 
explanation  of  the  plates,  but  enlivened 
by  various  interesting  articles,  amusing, 
or  scientific,  poetry  or  prose.  The 
whole  forms  a  very  superior  vehicle  of  en-* 
tertainment  and  instruction. 

Tableaux  Histnriques  des  Campa^ner 
(CltaUe,  depuis  tan  IF,  jusfju^  ia 
BatailUde  Marengo,  tsfc,  Hiscorical 
Pictures  of  the  Campaigns  in  Itai/j^ 
firom  the  4th  year  of  the  French  Re . 
public,. to^ the  Battle  of  Marengo s  t6 
which  is  added,  an  account  of  the  ope- ' 
rations  of  the  Army  of  the  East,  &c. 
&c.  the  bulletins  of  the  Campaign  in 
Germany,  until  the  peace  of  Presburg, 
Printed  by  L.  E.  Heman.  Aflas  folio 
pp.  190,  plates  and  vignettes  26.  Paris, 
Auber,  Editor.  London,  Dulau,  price 
sei6  l6s. 

This  is  a  splendid  and  well  executed 
publication;  the  paper  isexceUent;  the 
press  work  is  capital;  the  form  of  th^. 
types  possesses  the  ust^al  merits  and  de- 
tects of  the  French  foundry. 

The  engravings  however  certainlv  form 
the  principal  object  of  this  work }  they  are 
executed  with  the  greatest  care,  and  with 
a  considerable  portion  of  spirit,  the  views 
are  said  to  be,  for  itiG  most  pari,  taken  on 
the  spot^  but  as  the  r^al  views  are  i^ot  difr^ 
tinguihhed  from  those  drawn  after  descrip^ 
turn,  only  a  kind  of  distrust  affixes  to  each,^ 
lest  thai  should  be  imaginary.  We  must 
however,  acknowledge,  that  the  scenerr 
of  many  is  grand  and  characteristic,  anq 

that  a  ifsmBl  imw/oipsj  of  ximuifw^X  .' 


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M 


305}  TramUMm^ih$mk 

and  tone  of  oolodr  pervades  the  grotter  part 
of  the  amnKMitioas  $  at  the  same  time  we 
are  of  opinion  that  the  bold  and  toe 
bnKHing  of  fbre  groundi  by  our  English 
artiats^  if  veiy  far  auperiorto  the  labelled 
'  neatness  of  these  plates  :  the  skies  are 
rerj  defectiTe,  and  not  comparable  in 
beaaty  to  some  which  have  been  pro- 
dnced  among  as. 

The  designs  are  by  Carle  Vernet  We 
believe  this  M.  Vernet  is  son  of  Alexander 
Vernet^  a  landscape  painter  of  merits 
although  not  equal  to  iiis  brother  the  £»- 
mous  Joseph  Vernet  Th^  plates  are 
€tched  by  Daplessis  Bertaux. 

The  subjects  are  confused  by  their  na- 
ture, and  like  all  representations  of  battles 
that  we  have  ever  seen,  convey  but  a  veiy 
imperfect  idea  of  real  action. 

We  cannot  bat  fed  surprize  at  the 
choice  of  several  of  the  desinis ;  such  for 
instancy  as  the  massacre  of  ut»  inhabttattts 
of  Pftvia  by  the  French  soldiers— the  entry 
^tf'the  French  into  Venice,  marked  by  the 
plunder  of  the  famous  horses  of  Lysippus 
-r-the  forced  march  of  the  French  troops 
into  L^horUj  when  they  had  the  morti- 
fication of  seeing  40  sail  of  laden  English 
vessels  escape  them  by  quitting  the  port 
as  they  entered  the  city — me  ftte  of 
Virgil  at  Mnntna>  and  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  Roman  republic,  which  have 
)iule  to  do  with  military  exploits. 

As  to  the  History,  it  is  drawn  up  in 
sQch  a  style  as  to  please  Bonaparte  him- 
self; consequently,  all  his  successes  are 
magnified,  dndhi» reverses  diminished:  the 
author  indeed  is  very  near  acknowledging 
that  be  was  defeated  at  Acre  by  Sir  Sidney 
Smith  ',  and  although  he  gives  no  account 
of  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  yet  the  dread  of 
the  squadron  which  aflerwards  achieved 
that  victory,  appears  to  have  haupted  the 
mind  of  the  French  commander  in  chief. 

A  short  account  of  his  Egyptian  expe- 
dition is  added>  bat  not  a  word  of  its  ter- 
mmation. 

The  ceremony  of  his  consecration  and 
coronation  is  related  at  sufficient  length, 
and  the  buUetins  of  the  last  qampaign  in 
Germany  are  given  verbatim* 

On  the  whole  this  is  a  magnificent 
gnd  curious  work;  it  manifests  great  la- 
bour, care  and  attention^  and  may  give  a 
^neral,  though  we  cannotsay  a  fiutbfid, 
i4p4of  thesubjecuit  (otajpriies. 


m  ike  G9iU€  Imgimgii 


im 


VrmiikiuM  rf  the  Ji^«  m  ike  i^^iUt 

Lm^iuige,  by  Ulfilas«  or  the  most  an« 

cicnt  Gennanic  document,    firom  tlw 

text  of  Uire,  with  a  literal  intariiatd 

Latin  translation,   accompanied  hy  m 

Granmiar  and  Glossary.      By  P.  C, 

Fulda;  the  Glossary  correctml and aug* 

m^ented  by  H.  Reinwald;  the  text  of 

Ihre>  carefully  compared  with  an  «k«^ 

act  copjr  of  the  Codex  Anreos,  pre* 

served  m  Upsat  j  the  Xran^adon  aai 

the  Gnumnar,  revised  and  immorei^ 

with  Elucidations  and' CritiGsl  Kotiea  | 

also  an  Historical  and  Critical  Intio* 

ducti<ni,  by  J.  C.  Zahn.  4to.  Leipsia 

Barth.  9  rxd. 

Letters  in  general,  and  those  who  in-*' 

dolge  in  researches  on  the  histocy  of  lan«. 

guages,  and  on  ancient  literature,    aro 

indebted  to  the  publishers  of  this  Bible. 

The  date  of  this  translation  is  not  precisely 

known  ^    it  is  however  pretty  generally 

attributed  to  Ulfilas,  Bishop  of  the  Gothic 

christians  in  Dada,  Thracia  and  Ma^ia.. 

He  filled  the  Episcopal  see  firom  the  year 

300  till  about  380.    Besides  this  transla*^ 

tion  of  the  Bible,  nUiny  ancient  writers 

attribute  to  him  the  invention  of  Gothic 

letters  ^    he  may  indeed  have  improved' 

that  alphabet,  but  its  origin  seems  to  have 

been  much  more  remote.    Mapy  learned - 

men  have  questioned,  whether  the  lan^ 

guage  of  this  transbtion  be  truly  the  an«- 

cient  Gothic,  or  rather  the  old  German } 

it  is,    however,  almost  generally  agreed 

now,  that  it  is  Grothic;  and  that  l^las 

in  his  translation  has  made  use  of  tho 

Greek  text  of  the  New  Testament. 

However  that  might  be,  there  exis( 
two  numuscripts  of  thb  translation,  whoso 
authenticity,  after  loi%  disnutes,  seems 
to  be  at  present  tolerably  well  ascertained^ 
One  is  the  Codex  Aureus  preserved  in 
the  library  of  Upsal,  and  so  named,  be- 
cause the  letters  seem  to  have  been  first 
drawp  in  ink,  and  then  ooveied  over  with 
a  leaf  of  gold  or  silver,  portions  of  which 
are  still  sufficiently  discoverable.  This 
manuscript  is  actually  in  the  most  defec<* 
tive  state  5  many  chapters  of  each  Evan- 
gelist are  wanting  entirely,  and  the  end  • 
of  each  chapter  is  also  wanting  in  aU. 
Several  copies  of  it  have  been  made,  and 
supplements  attenipted. 

The  other  manuscript  b  the  CWfx  Co'* 
ToUnui  discovered  in  1756,  in  tlie  li« 
brery  of  Wolfisnbuttel,  ai^d  published  in 
I7ft«^ltif  {0l(^tt|r  lUt^ofprasenra- 


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liooi  and  appears*  to  have  bean  written 
10  Italy,  towards  the  end  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tory.  Others  pretend  that  it  was  written 
in  Spun,  where  the  (^otfas  maintained 
their  ground  till  the  year  712. 

These  details  are  derived  from  the  in- 
trodoctioo  placed  at  the  head  of  the  work 
mider  consideration  3  which  also  con* 
tains  much  curioos  information  6n  the 
language  and  history  of  the  Goths,  ex- 
tiacted  from  the  history  of  the  German 
langoage  and  literatore  by  Mr.  Adelune. 
;  After  the  description  and  history  of  me 
two  manuscripts  of  Ulfilas,  follow,  1.  a 
critical  review  of  the  several  editions 
which  have  appeared  from  l665  tol763 ;  2. 
•n  analytical  accoun  t  of  grammars  in  the 
MsBso  -  Gothic  and  Anglo  -  Saxon  lan- 
guages, pnblished  since  1705  ^  3dly,  an 
analyticaJ  account  of  Gothic  glossaries, 
published  since  1764 }  4th,  a  list  of  the 
writings  published,  of  which  Ulfilos  is  tlie 
iolbject  5  on  the  Goths,  their  languages. 
Ice  since  1597 ;  5th,  a  notice  of  publica- 
tioni  on  the  Gothic  history  \  6th,  a  critical 
ieview6f  firagments  written  in  the  Gothic 
language. 

The  typographic  part  is  carefully  and 
kandsomisly  executed.  To  the  Gothic 
text  is  annexed  a  literal  interlined  Latin 
translation,  in  small  types.  The  Latin 
vm'sioo  of  Ihre  is  placecf  at  the  margin  of 
each  verse,  printell  in  italics :  the  notes 
are  at  the  bottom  of  the  page.  The  whole 
work  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  of 
which  contains  the  text  and  the  transla- 
tion \  the  second  contains  observations  on 
the  langnage'or  grammar  of  Ulfilas.  The 
histori<^  introduction  to  which  we  have 
acknowle^ed  our  obligations,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  this  artide>  precedes  those  two 
parts. 

'        ' 1  ■ 

Miikn%  und  MedailUn  Sammiung :  A 
Description  of  the  Cabinet  of  Coins  and 
Medak  of  M.  Joseph  Appel :  published 
by  himself.  Vol.  1.  Syo.  plates.  T^att- 
ner,  Vienna,  9  florins. 

The  first  volume  of  this  work  is  divi- 
ded ioto  four  sections  and  an  appendix, 
llie  first  section  contains  the  coins  and 
medals  of  the  Popes  and  other  ecclesiasti- 
cal persons  j  the  second  of  the  En^perors, 
^ings  and  Archdukes  of  Austria  aud  the 
Ivlectors ;  the  third,  of  Dukes,  &c.  ar- 
janged  alphabetically;  the  fourth  of  Re- 
publiq3,    c'^ies,  and  countries,   also  ar- 


ranged in  alphabetical  order.  Ihe  fol- 
lowing are  some  of  the  more  curioas 
medals  of  which  plates  are  given  in  this 
volume. 

Medals  of  Po^  Julius  IIL  Leo  X* 
Urban  VII  (this  is  very  rare,  as  he  occu- 
pied the  Papal  throne  three  days  only> 
Gregory  XIII.  XIV.  XV.  PiusV.  Clement 
VIlT.  IX.  Conrad  Williiam  and  Conrad, 
Bishops  of  Wurzburg  in  .1523  and  l683» 
—^Turkish  piastres  of  various  reigns.— 
A  half-ciown  of  Maximilian  II. — 'Medal 
of  Frederic  V.  Duke  of  Mantua  from  1530 
to  1540.  —  Alberic  Cibo  Malaspina, 
Prince  of  Massa  iu  1593. — Bessus  III, 
Prince  of  Masserano — Louis  Count  of 
Nassau  Sarbruck— a  Transylvanian  medal 
of  Stephen  Bockhay,  with  the  inscription 
DuUeest  propairia  mori,  in  1594,— -and 
medals  struck  in  honour  of  Geoi^  Wis* 
singer,  Conrad  Schwarz  and  William  Pitt. 
Several  of  these  medals  merit  more  parti- 
cular notice  on  account  of  the  occasions 
on  which  they  were  struck  $  as  that  of 
Gregory  XIII.  on  account  of  the  massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew's  day  in  France :  and 
that  of  Gr^ory  XII.  on  a  gieat  famine. 
The  appendix  contains  various  coins  an4 
m^ls. 

Dissertation  sur  le  Monument  de  la  Beine 
Comasarye^  printed  with  the  approba- 
tion of  the  Censors,  at  the  imperial  press 
of  Petersburgh,  80  pages,  8vo.  with 
an  engraving,  and  ten  ^^ts  of  an^^ 
cient  inscriptions, 

This  iponument  has  been  discovered  by 
M;  Koehler*  Collegiate  Gouosellor,  during^ 
a  Journey  he  undertook  in  Taurica  Cher-^ 
so^esus  and  Asiatic-Sarmatia.  He  has 
found  many  other  monuments  in  the 
Chersonesus,  and  Intends  giving  the  pub* 
lie  a  description  of  them  i  Imt  this  one 
ha^  appeared  to  him,  deserving  of  peculiar 
attention,  as  l^ing  connected  with  the 
political,  commercial,  and  religious  his- 
tory of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  those 
countries.  This  monument  of  Queen 
Comasar}v,  daughter  of  Gorgippus  has 
beeq  found  on  the  ban|^s  of  the  Lake 
Temruck,  at  the  extremity  pf '  a  neck  of 
land  called  Eludri-Etlan. 

A  correct  drawing  of  it  will  be  publish* 
ed,  when  it  arrives  at  St.  Petersburgh,  to, 
which  city  they  are  now  carrying  it  with 
other  antiquities.  It  is  composed  of  two 
sutues :  OD  »ftiss->$cooe  pedestals  witl^  % 


Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


9091 


Statisikd  Piew  Ijf  uUthe  Sides  of  Emrape,  t^c. 


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inscription.  The  pedettal  was 
i,  with  one  of  the  statues,  on  the 
banks  of  the  lalte  Temrock ;  the  other 
statue  was  found  in  the  lake  itself. 
The  heads  of  the  two  statues  are  wanting. 
The  inscription  on  the  pedestal  informs  us, 
that  "  this  monument  has  been  erected 
**  by  Coroasarye  daughter  of  Gorsippus 
•'  and  wife  of  I^crisades,  in  honour  of 
**  the  gods  Auerges  and  Astara,  in  the 
''  time  that  Pacrt»des  was  master  of  the 
'•  Bosphorus  and  of  Theodosia,  &c.** 
Thj^Pdurisades,  according  to  our  author, 
fei  _  ed  firom  the  year  340  to  the  year 
•dl^^before  Christ. 
^  Mr.  Koehler  has  foqnd  several  inscrip- 
tions, the  text  of  which  he  has  annexed, 
with  his  observations,  to  his  dissertation. 
The  engraving  which  accompanies  this 
pamphlet*  exhibits  three  unknown  coins 
oi  Theodosia  and  Gorgippns. 

fiiatisiischer  Umriss  der  Saemilichen  Eu* 
rotoirischen    Staakn.^^  Statistic    view 
of  all  the  States  of  Europe,  consid^ed 
as  to  their  extent,  population,  produc- 
tions,   commerce,    nuances,    military 
•    constitution,  and  possessions  in  other 
parts  of  the  Globe,  by  G.  Hassel,  vol. 
I.   divisions   1st  and  2d:    35  and  42 
sheets  in  folio.    Brunswick.   Vieweg. 
4  rxd.  a  gr» 
This  is  one  of  the  best  wcnrks  of  the 
kind  which  has  been  published  these  ten 
years     I'he  author  b^ns  by  a  general 
statistical  survey  of  Europe;    which  he 
divides  into  four  principal  parts.     The 
first  includes  Middle  Europe,  tliat  is,  the 
Austrian  empire,  the  Prussian  onouarchy, 
the  empir^  of  Qermanv,   and  the  ^ee 
states  of  ^a^sa  and  Pogiiza.  The  second 
part,  called  Northern  atid  Eastern  Europe, 
includes    kossia,    the  Ottoman  empire, 
Sweden,  Denmark,    and  the   Ionic  re- 
public.    The  third,    or    Western  and 
jSouthem  Europe,  includes  France,  Spain, 
l^ortugal,  Italy,  Holland,   ^id  Switzer- 
land,   llie  fourth,   cu)d^  the  name  of 
Insular  Eurppe,  indvides  Qreat  Britain^ 
Sardinia,  andMalt^. 

These  two  divisions  of  the  work  con- 
tain, besides  this  general  sun^ey  of  Europe, 
a*  summary  view  of  that  branch^  of  modem 
literature  whiqh  embrapes  the  statistics 
of  Europe  in  general  \  also  a  peculiar 
statistical  account'  of  Middle  Europe. 
-Under  the  head  of  the  Austrian  monar- 
^  "vdiy,  the  author  treats  first,  of  the 
Dfogressive  aggrandisement  of  ths^t  e^i* 


pire  y  afterwards  of  the  several  cotmtnes 
which  compose  it ;  their  physical  state^ 
and  their  population,  which  he  estimates 
(after  the  peace  of  Lnneville)  at  five-«id- 
twentr  millions.  The  extent  of  the 
Austnan  possessions,  at  the  same  epocht 
he  computes  at  11,^7^  square  German 
miles:  the  revenue  at  120  milHons  of 
florins.  Speaking  of  the  military  consti- 
tution, the  author  points  out  only  the 
increase  of  the  army  since  the  thirty-yeart 
war)  it  ^^as  then  composed  of  J5O,O0D 
men,  and  in  the  year  1 800,  it  amounted 
to  495,000.  To  this  article  of  Austria, 
is  joined  a  statistical  table  of  the  hereditarf 
countries,  according  to  their  division^ 
sub-divisions,  extent,  population,  produc- 
tions, &c.  On  these  various  detailn,  tho 
author  has  consulted  the  excellent  works 
of  MM.  Lichtenstern,  Rohrer,  Demyon^ 
and  others. 

The  same  arrangement  has  been  fol- 
lowed in  the  statintical  account  of  Prussia. 
Its  extent  is  estimated  at  ^64d  scjnars 
miles :  its  population  at  9,856,000  souls  2 
its  revenues  at  40  millions  of  crowns^ 
and  its  expenses  at  33  or  37  milliooi* 
The  army  is  composed  of  240,000  mea; 
llie  works  consahed  for  thia  artide^  ^ 
were  those  of  Krog,  and  of  Kustcr. 

The  second  division  contains  the  ata6i<i 
tical  account  of, 

I.  The  electorate  countries ;  that  is  ta 
say;  1st,  the  electorate  of  the  Arch- 
Chancellor  ;  its  extent,  25  square  miiet | 
its  revenue,  6  or  700,000  florins;  2^ 
the  electorate  of  Bavaria,  before  the 
treaty  of  Presburgh  ;  revenue,  Idmilliooa 
of  florins ;  debts  of  the  state,  60  millions  ? 
3d,  The  electorate  of  Saxony :  4th,  the 
electorate  of  Brunswick;  the  produce  df 
Its  niines  is  valued  at  350,000  crowns  r 
5th,  that  of  Saltzburgh :  t^th,  that  of 
Wurterabqrg :  7th,  that  of  Baden  :  8th» 
that  of  ^esse, 

II.  Countries  belonging  to  Princet| 
among  whom,  those  of  Nassau-Dien,iod 
Nassau-Orange. 

III.  Countries  belonging  to  Coontt 
and  Barons  of  the  empire ;  as  Bentheim* 
Lippe,  Schaucnburgh,  Fugger^  Beuss,  aodl 
Stolbere. 

IV.  Cotintrles  belooging  to  the  Eques- 
trian Order.  Extent,  after  the  peace  of 
LuneviUe,  92.  square  miles ;  popolatlOQ^ 
20,300;  revenue,  2,100,000  florins. 

.V.  Free  imperial  cities  :  as  Nureni^ 
berg,  Frankfort,  Bremen^  Hambiti]|^«  a^ 
Lubec.  '      '     ' 

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kill 

The  statistical 
publict  of  Ragusn, 


Pf^grnnve  Increase  pf  i\e  Pr^ch  Jmuf.  (^l§ 

acooaots    of    the    re-  |  tented  to  Louis  XVI.  m  1774  by  iIms  Mai»» 


and  PogHza  tcrmi- 
pates  this  second  divitioD.  The  last> 
vrhose  chief  town  is  Pierun  Dabrava>  is 
under  the  protection  of  Anstria;  its  ex- 
teat  is  onl}^  nine  square  miles;  and  its 
population,  30,000  inhabitants.  The 
territor/  of  Ragusa,  is  sappo»ed  to  be  39 
acpiare  miles;  its  population,  56,000 
•Qttls ;  and  its  revenue,  100,000  dncats, 
cr  800,000  sequins. 

Beckerchfs  sur  la  Force  de  tArmie  Fran^ 
foise,  tS^c,  Researches  on  the  Strength 
of  the  French  Army,  and  the  Basis  on 
'  which  it  ought  to  be  established  accord- 
'  ing  to  Circumstances,  &c.  from  Henry 
rv.  to  1805.  1  vol.  8vo.  4fr.  50c.  fine 
pap.  Sfr.  Treuttel  &  Wurtz,  Paris  1806. 

As  this  work  is  certainly  authentic,  and 
shews  the  policy  of  this  insidious  power,  we 
shall  submit  an^  abstract  of  it  to  our  leaders. 
It  presents  very  important  results  little  if  at  all 
known,  but  or  great  utility  as  an  introduction 
to  the  hi5toryV)rthe  Frencn  wars  since  Henry 
IV.  The  labour  required  for  the  compilation 
of  this  work  has  been  very  great,  and  the  whole 
is  contracted  within  the  narrowest  limits. 

These  Teseaschcs  are  intaoded  to  form  an 

i'ntroduction  to  a  proposed  work  intiUiled,  A 
Toumal  of  the  first  Campaigns  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, which  will  be  accompanied  by  a  Mili- 
tary Atlas,  or  collection  of  Maps  and  Plans  in- 
tended to  £iciUtate  the  study  of  mihtary  ope- 
fations. 

It  appears  from  this  work,  that  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  war  against  die  Duke  of  Sa- 
voy, which  was  succeesfully  terminated  in 
Shree  months,  Henry  IV,  had  only  a  dispose- 
fble  foite  of  6  or  7000  in&ntry,  G  pieces  of  ar- 
tillery, and  1500  cavalry.  From  l600  to 
1609,  this  was  hif  ordinary  establishment.  To 
attack  the  House  of  Austria,  this  prince 
deemed  it  sufficient,  to  raise  a  force  of  50,000 
Dacn^  iufantiy  and  cavalry  including  his  allies. 

Under  Louis  XIII •  the  military  force  was 
axcessiveiy  augmented :  he  had  on  foot  at  the 
same  tiiuc,  Bve  armies  amountinj;  tn  the 
vhde  to  nearly  100,000  men,  mduding 
18,000  cavs^iy;  so  that  in  the  war  department 
in  1640  was  sunk  the  stun  of  85,559,800 
liraBcs,  eunrenoy  of  1805. 

In  1^0  Louis  XIV.  intending  the  con« 
^uest  of  Holland,  augmented  his  troops  to 
176,097  men.  TTie  opponents  of  France  in- 
creBScd.the  number  of  their  troops  in  order  to 
counterpoise  this  force;  and  Louis  was  not 
able  ill  the  war  of  the  Succession  to  make 
head  against  39'«,22d  men.  In  this  number, 
the  troops  wh^  Philijp  V.  of  Spain  might  be 
aUa  to  Drin|(  in  addition  to  the  power  of  the 
aU^isooiindiided^   Juona^wcmodalpre. 


dud  de  Muy,  it  appears  that  fVom  l^SftO  t* 
1789,  upwards  of  130  years,  thepcMttesta^ 
blishment  of  the  French'  army  had  not  Craned 
more  than  about  35,000  men.  In  1799  <^ 
war  expenses  amounted  to  p6,8p5,64>5  firanca. 

In  the  war  of  the  revoluUon,  m  July,  179U 
an  endeavour  was  made  to  raise  immediately 
243,000  men,  and  afterwards  to  comjilet^ 
^m  to  310,000.  By  a  series  of  prodigious 
efforts  the  force  was  auipnentcd  to  747,545 
soldien,  who  had  joined  their  colours,  and 
1 ,  lOQ,  1 44  cfieetive.  To  nndemand  this  dis- 
tinction, it  must  be  noticed  that  Iw  ^edive^ 
is  meant  all  receiving  p^y,  as  though  they  were 
with  the  army.  We  may  judge  oif  the  disorr 
der  and  mai-administration  oftbe  miliuiy  af- 
fairs by  comparing  the  number  of  those  who 
received  pay,  and  those  who  had  reallv  joined 
their  respective  regiments.  From  the  23d 
Sept.  1799  to  22d  Sept.  1800,  the  French  ar- 
my in  Europe  did  not  exceed  400,000,  which 
ruimber,  however,  was  found  sufficient  su^ 
cessftilly  to  resist  the  efforts  of  the  powecs 
eombtned  against  France. 

In  1802  the  French  army  amounted  to 
327,751  infantry,  and  72,564  cavalry,  indu- 
ing the  gens  d^armes,  and  15,000  veterans; 
total  415,315.  Atthe  end  of  lS04  it  con»st-t 
ed  of  440, 125,  of  which  the  gens  d'armes,  ve- 
terans, veteran  cannonier8,ana  fencibles,  found- 
ed 42,305  ;  these  latter  classes  not  being  cUs^ 
poseable,  the  number  left  for  actual  sendee 
was  397,820,  to  which  force  was  intruded  the 
defence  of  the  French  frontier,  and  the  guri- 
soning  of  various  fortified  places  from  theTex- 
el,  to  the  extremity  of  the  Kingdom  of  Na*- 
ples^  but  the  author  thinks  that  this  force 
would  not  be  sufficient  to  cany  on  a  war  oT 
this  extent,  he  calculates  that  an  addition 
of  at  least  150,000  men  would  be  necessary. 
The  expense  is  estimated  at  336,701,750 
francs.  Two  tables  arc  added  to  this  work, 
one,  of  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  pay  of  the 
French  infantry  and  cavalry  from  I6OO  to 
1805;  the  other  of  the  war  ^pooses  heok 
1684  to  17 18:  these  tables  add  considerably 
to  the  value  of  this  work.  It  appears  that  in 
therein  of  Henry  IV.  Louis  XIII.  and  the 
beginniiig  of  Louis  XIV.  the  expense  of  % 
foot  soldier  amounted  annually  to  120  livros 
only,  including  bis  food  and  maintenance; 
and  even  of  this  sum,  the  officer  through 
whose  hands  it  passed  found  means  to  retaina 
part,  as  his  perquisite.  The  expenses  of  a 
noneman  and  his  none,  were  much  more  con- 
siderable, and  amotmted  to  600  Iiwds  :  but 
the  cavalry  was  not  numerous,  and  was  chief* 
ly  composed  of  gendeiuen  who  depended  on 
tnis  species  of  service  for  support.  As  thf 
number  ausnented,  the  pay  duninished,  till, 
excluding  3ie  expense  of  the  horse,  it  only 

J  exceeded  by  one  toimper  ^em^  the  ^y  o(  ttua 
in&atiy. 


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^14 


DroASCALIA. 

DiDASCALiA  were,  properly  speaking  records 
Hi  thoae  dramatic  performances  which  were 
lepresented  at  Athens.  They  were  composed 
and  published  periodically.  Aristotle  is  un- 
derstood to  be  the  inventor  of  them.  They 
were  inscribed  on  marble  or  brass,  and  in- 
tieoded  to  inibrm  oonteniDoraries,  and  poste- 
rity, of  those  pieces  that  had  amKared, 
whether  tragedies  or  oomedies,  with  their 
dates  $  sad  the  controyecsial  opinions,  espe- 
oady  those  committed  to  writins,  to  whieh 
ih^  gave  occasion,  and  in  whidn  the  merits 
or  dencts  of  their  composition  were  canvassed. 
"they  contained,  moreover,  the  names  of  the 
poets  who  wrote  diem :  distinguislung  those 
nHiich  were  crowned:  the  names  of  the 
Arebons  who  had  presidedat  their  representa- 
tions ;  axKl  at  what  seasons  of  theyear,  or  on 
what  soiemntties.  Two  fragments  of  marble, 
at  Rome,  contain  theonly  traces  of  these  Di- 
dlMcalia. 

It  ms^  weU  be  believed  that  if  an  assem- 
Ui^  of  these  cnrioiis  records  were  discoverct!, 
it  would  be  deemed  uncommonly  interestii^; 
bat,  thai  lieing  hojpdess,  we  shall  adopt  so 
nrach  of  the  principles  on  which  these  ui- 
oent  records  were  composed,  as  may  justify 
our  aisumption  of  the  title  for  a  department 
ia  our  work.  We  mean  not  to  record  only, 
but  to  examine  what  novelties  our  theatre 
piodoces,  and  to  revive,  if  it  be  possible, 
those  true  princi];>les  of  criticism,  which  may 
aseiUly  direct  writers  who  engage  in  this  de- 
portment of  literatnre. 

CriticisBiy  deserving  of  the  name,  is  equally 
ftmofed  from  the  mere  blandishments  of 
Inendship,  or  the  prgudioes  of  ftivouritism, 
and  from  the  acrimonious  rebukes  of  tU- 
natare,  or  the  sullen  dogmas  of  vmuld-be 
pseeisioii.  Whoever  ventures  his  labours 
on  the  stage  b  entitled  to  the  praise  of  bold- 
ness, at  least,  and  to  every  allowance  which 
candour  can  Justly  make  in  his  favour.  The* 
attanptitaelf  is  arduous:  the  chances  against 
fuocess,  however  a  pieee  may  deaenre  it,  are 
so  numerous,  there  are  so  many  interests  to 
be  eomulted,  and  so  many  persons  to  be  pro- 
ptnated,  before  it  comes  to  die  public,  that 
when  it  is  at  len^  on  its  trial,  a  predilec« 
tion  in  its  fiavonr  is  the  pardonable  bias  of 
triticism. 

On  the  other  hand,  thare  are  so  many 
frlse  dependences  to  which  writers  have  re- 
cowse,  they  adopt  so  many  illegitimate  pre- 
tensions, deserving  no  better  name  than  that 
^  subterfuffes,  that  it  is  proper  a  little  didas- 
foUan  discnminadon  shoula  recall  the  diama 
5^  lesson,  and  common  sense,  and  shew  that 
its  prosperity  is  in  its  nature  inseparable  from 
^nte  excellence^  genuine  patriotbm,  and  sound 

9MttAt. 

The  public  has  been  sickened  with  senti- 
■ttiu4  xobbtn«  aiMl  companionate  bloody 


murderers:  nor  will  the  ftnest  moonlights^' 
and  the  most  enchanting  scenery,  deliver  aa 
audience  from  its  disposidon  to  yawn,  whea 
the  long  soliloquy  drawls  out  the  praise  of 
virtue  and  virtuous  deeds,  by  a  banditto  wait^ 
ing  for  his  pcey,  and  ready  to  leap  on  thtr 
unwary  traveller,  whom  he  sees  advancing 
to  meet  his  fate.  Hitherto  the  season  ha» 
produced  nothing  new.  We  have  therefora* 
only  to  hint  very  briefly  at 

The  Opera. 

Bonaparte  has  suffered  Madame  CataRnf  to 
quit  Pans  and  visit  London ;  but  he  has  very 
wisely  pensioned  her,  publicly  to  the  amount 
of  ISOOlivrcs,  but  how  touch  more,  in  any 
other  form,  we  do  not  hear.  This  retaining 
fee  is  however  not  unworthy  his  policy,  as  i 
proper  recollection  of  it  will  not  be  unworthy 
ours.  If  we  may  judge  of  the  merits  of  this 
cantatrioe  l^  her  success  at  Paris,  they  are  o£ 
the  very  first  order  j  insomuch,  that  at  an  ex- 
traonlinaiy  concert  riven  by  her,  before  her 
depaifore,  the  firet  places  were  26  shtlKngs,  the 
lowest  10  shillings. 

The  Open  has  also  engaged  Cherubini,  not 
the  celebrated  composer  of  that  name,  but  a 
singer  of  merit,  we  apprehend,  in  the  comic' 
line.  ,As  dancers,  M.  and  Mde.  Deshayea' 
are  re-engaged  for  three  years :  and  a  perma- 
nent engupnent  is  contracted  with  the  balleU  - 
mast^^  M.  Rossi. 

DituRT  Lake  Theatre 
Has  introduced  a  new  performer  in  the  chiH 
racter  of  Jaques  in  As  you  like  it.    We  ad- 
vise Mr.  Eyre  to  try  a  less  arduous  task,  and 
**  by  gradation  rise.** 

Mrs,  Forbes,  from  the  Dublin  Theatre,  h^s 
appeared  in  Albina  in  the  fVtiL .  Shee\-inced 
considerable  vivacity  and  ease;  with  tvleot^ 
likely  to  be  serviceable. 

COVEHT  GARDEiT  ThEATRS. 

We  have  noticed  with  pleasure  thcatten*  * 
tion  that  has  been  paid  to  our  immortal  bard. 
Henry  the  Eighth  is  a  splendid  instance^  and 
much  praise  certainly  is  due  to  Mr.  Keitibie. 
Mr.  Melvin  from  York  has  made  bis  debut  in  \ 
the  character  of  Walter  in   TJte  Children  in  , 
the  Wood.    Hb  principal  faults  are  too  much 
extravagance,  and  toobttlcattention  to  nature.  . 
He  is  capable  of  becoming  a  useful  frrfnmarr. 

The  Beg^rV  Opera  has. "been  selected  to  di»*  ' 
play  Miss  fiolton's  powers,  which  are  of  a 
superior  kind ;  she  indeed  promises  to  be  an 
acquisiuon  to  the  vocal  department.  But 
could  no- other  play  have  been  focmd  suited  to 
her  abilities  f  Was  it  necessary  to  introduce 
her  to  th^  town,  tria  Newgate  ?  or  have,  tho 
mana^rs  forgot  Sir  John  jPidding^s  remarks 
on  this  Opcnir*     We  also  recommend    to 

*  The    late    Sir  .John    Fielding,    oncfi 
told  Hugh  Kelly,   on  a  succf^ful  nm   of  . 
the  Beggar's  Op^ni,  **  that  hp  ^tpected  a  fresh 
cargo  of  bighv/aymcn^  in  (ponsc^ucnce,  at  his 

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Csitf 


Ibem  Dr.  Cblaulunin's  advice,  which  as  wc 
mean  occsmonalty  to  recur  to  this  subject,  we 
hoe  tntgoia ;  «<  Since  recreation  is  necessary 
•*  to  civilized  socieir,  all  public  exhibitions 
••  should  be  rendefod  suliservient  to  the  fan- 
*•  provement  of  mords,  and  to  the  means  of 
•«  infusing  into  the  mind  a  love  of  the  con- 
**  stitution,  and  a  leverence  and  respect  for 
••  the  laws.** 


^ce  /•  and,  upon  Kelly*8  being  surprized  at 
this>  Sir  Jekm  assured  him,  **  that  ever  since 
ihe  first  re[>resent2^ion  of  thb  piece»y  there 
bail  been,  on  every  successful  run,  a  propor- 
tiooate  number  ojf  highwaymen  brought  to 
the  oi&ce,  as  he  would  stiew  him  by  the 
books,  any  moruing  he  took  the'  trouble  to 
look  over  them.**  Kelly  had  the  curiosity. 
Mid  found  the  observation  to  be  strictly  true. 

STATE  OF  POUTICS. 

In  the  course  of  a  very  few  weeks,**  the 
political  face  of  Europe  hasinuleroone  no  in- 
cotttiderable  changp,   (nit  though  we  may 
csst  a  glance  of  exultation  to  tnie  coasts  of 
Calabria,    and  from    the    remembrance  of 
fanner  conoectiona  may  regard  with  some 
aentimenta  of  pity,  the  degraded  and  iropo- 
%crished  state  otllulland;  the  attention  of 
every  man  must  be  influenced  by  other  oon- 
stdenKions,    and  fixed  to  that  spot,  which 
contains  the  armies  of  Prussia  and  France.  • 
It  appaars  by  tlie  latest  accounts  from  the 
Continent,  that  hostilities  have  actually  com- 
ii^ced ;  and  though,  in  nothing  more  than 
^  rencontre  of  advanced  posts,  the  advantage 
was  on  the  side  of  the  Prussians.  'Tlius  are 
wc  pbced  on  the  ver^  of  great  events ;  per- 
baps,  taken  in  all  their  consequences,  of  such 
at  may  be  ranked  amons  the  most  important 
that  have  ever  inspired  the  hopes  or  aJarined 
the  letrs  of  mankind*    Prussia  has,  at  len^ 
been  compelled  to  pursue  tliat  sptem,  which, 
if  it  had  been  last  yenr  adopted,  her  existence 
would  not  now  haMre  been  menaced,  and  she 
loight  have  been  contemplating  the  repose  of 
Europe,   in  the  attainment  and  possession 
of  which  universal  blessing,  she  would  have 
Jbad  so  large  a  share.    Without  venuuing  to 
iOmit^tk  opinion  as  to  the    result   of  tlic 
'"^pilsent  conflict,  we  must  look  forward  to 
ttie^^rnessin^  such  a  scene  of  carnage  and 
of  hcfior,  which  has  seldom,  if  ever,  encrioi- 
toned  those  plains,  that  have  so  often  smoked 
With  the  blood  of  victims  offered  to  sangui- 
nary Man.    Wc  may,  however,  venture  to 
mert,  as  some  encoura^ment  to  our  hopes, 
that  the  Prussian  army  in  point  of  numbers, 
discipline  and  spirit  is  equal  to  its  work.    It 
Is  CDrnmandcd  l^  generals,  whose  spirit,  skill 
§xlA  astperience  are  known  and  approved,  and 

KB  fidelity  is  beyond  all  challenge.    The 
19  wiA  )m  ajrmy  to  animate  it  by  his  I 


presence,  and  hb  example.    }Jor  b  thb  all  f 
the  most  enthusiastic  patriotism  prevaiU  a- 
niong  all  ratiks,  and  in  every  part  ot  the  Prus- 
sian dommions :  the  hatred  of  the  French  it 
as  universal  aa  it  isvblent,  and  every  man's 
ardour  to  engdge  in  the  contest,  b  sharp  as 
the  sword  wnidi  must  conduct  him  through 
it.    Such  b  the  commencement  of  thb  im* 
portant  war,  undertaken  by  Prussia  and  her 
allies,  among  whom  the  Emperor  of  Russia 
is  understood    to  stand  conspicuously    for- 
wanl>  for  no  less  an  object  than  the  peace  of, 
Europe.     Qnod  j[elig,  faustumque  sU,  must 
be  the  ardent  wbh  of  every  one  who  b  in- 
terested in  the  happiness  of  the  civilized  world. 
But  the  hostilities  between   Prussia  and 
France,  do  dot  alone  excite  the  attention  of 
Europe;  tlie  bte  negociation  for  peace  be« 
tw«en  Great  Britain  and  France  has  shared  in 
its  regards  and  expectations.    We  are  now» 
indeed,  perfectly  oualifled  to  ii¥lge  of  these 
weighty  matters,  uy  the  Declaration  of  hb 
Britannic  Majesty,  and  the  Manifesto  of  the , 
King  of  Prussia  which  have  just  appeared ; 
t\\n  state  papers  oi  extraordinary  interest  and  ' 
importance. 

Hb  Majesty*s  Declaration  must  be  highly 
satbfbctory  to  every  part  of  the  empire,   aa . 
containing  a  most  able,  xifforous,  and  con- 
vincing statement  of  the  late  negociation. 
Thmughout  the  whole  of  it,  the  governments 
of  the  two  countries  appear  in  tneir  respec- 
tive characters.    Tlie  high  political  virtues  of 
England,  and  the  low  political  vices  oi  France, 
appear  strongly  contrasted  with  each  otlper. 
The  suspicion,  which  seemed  to  haunt  thfr 
minds  ot  many,  that  the  present  minbters  in  ' 
their  eagerness  for  peace,   had  compromised  ^ 
the  honour  and  native  spirit  of  the  people^ 
is -peremptorily  removed,  and  the  whole  trans- 
action may  now  be  considered^  by  the  most 
jealous   Englishman   with  satisfacdon  and 
confidence. 

As  we  eive  the  original  document  entire, 
we  shall  stibmit  the  eflfect  ^hich  it  must  pro- 
duce on  our  readers,  to  their  own  reflections : 
the  good  sense  of  the  British  nation  needs  no 
assistance  on  such  a  paper. 

When   the  correspondence  which  passed 
between  the  two  governments  shall  be  pub- 
Ibhed ;  we  may  know  more  of  the  detail^ 
but  we  shall  not  be  better  ao[)uainted,  than 
we  now  are,  with  the  constituent  parts'  of , 
the  ncgocbtion.    W*e  lAay  then  be  informed 
of  the  reasons  which  actuated  the  Britbh  go- 
vernment to  continue  their  communications,  . 
so  long  after  it  must  have  been  convinced,  that 
Buonaparte  never  entertained  the  desire  of 
making    peace    but    upon    conditions,    not  . 
only  dishonourable  to  tne  cliaracter,  but  do- 
structive  of  the  prospcri^  of  the  Britbh  na- 
tion ;  and  that  the  negociation  was  proposed 
m(  rely  as  a  ruse  de  guerre,  to  delude  the  r^ 
tinental  powers. 


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The  King  of  Pn]sua*s  Manifesto  describes 
Iq  a  most  impressive  manner,  and  at  great 
length,  the  whole  revolutionary  period  and  its 
aggressions,  down  to  the  present  state  of  Buo- 
na^rte*s  enormous  power.  It  appears  from 
this  paper,  that  his  Prussian  Majesty  disco- 
▼erect  soon  after  the  peace  of  Presburgn,  what 
Europe  had  long  perceived,  the  error  of  his 
conduct  It  is  acknowledged  also,  that  when 
Prussia  submitted,  as  it  has  done,  to  the 
influence  of  France,  it  was  not  in  a  state  to 
reftht.  With  respect  to  Hanover,  it  may 
be  seen,  that  when  the  Prussia. i  government 
took  posiession  of  that  country,  it  was  merely 
provisional,  in  order  to  prevent  the  Frencn 
from  occupying  it.  But  as  it  was  the  olyect 
of  Buonaparte  to  embroil  Prussia  with  En- 
gland he  soon  induced  the  former  to  assume 
3ie  80verei«ity  of  the  electorate.  Neverthe- 
less, incredible  as  it  might  appear,  if  there 
were  anything  however  atrocious  of  which 
Buonaparte  is  not  capable,  the  restoration  of 
Hanover  was  an  actual  and  primary  condition 
associated  with  the  proposition  made  by  the 
Cotsican  to  enter  upon  a  negociation  for 
peace.  In  short,  from  her  own  statement 
there  appears  to  be  no  other  redemption  for 
Pnuna,  but  by  a  war  with  France,  and  may 
Heaven  srant,  in  mercy  to  the  world,  that 
tlie  may  be  redeemed,  and  effect,  by  her  suc- 
9,  the  peace  and  salvation  of  Europe. 


DECLARATION  OP  HIS  BRITAWVIC  HAJESTT. 

[From  the  London  Gazette,  October  21,1 806.] 
^he  negociations  in  which  His  Majesiv 
has  been  engaged  with  France  having  tcrmf- 
nated  unsucc^sfuUy,  His  Majesty  thmks 
fifoper  to  make  this  public  declaration  to  his 
•ub^ts  and  to  Europe,  of  the  circumstances 
which  have4ed  to  am  issue  which  His  Majes- 
ty deeply  regrets.  He  has  no  object  nearer 
to  his  iieart  than  the  conclusion  of  a  secure 
and  permanent  peace.  He  laments  the  con- 
tinuance of  a  war  affecting  the  happiness  of 
•0  many  nations,  and  whicn,  even  amidst  all 
the  anooessei  that  attend  his  amv,  is  so  bur- 
tbensome  to  hb  faithful  and  affectionate 
jMople.  But  he  is  confident  that  there  can 
arise  on  thia  occasion  no  other  sentiment, 
cither  in  his  own  dominioiis,  or  in  any  part 
of  Europe,  than  that  of  an  increased  convic- 
tion thai  the  restoration  of  general  tranquil- 
lity is  retarded  only  by  the  injustice  and  am- 
bition of  the  enemy. 

The  French  government^  unsatisfied  with 
its  immense  acqi|isitions  on  the  continent, 
ttiU  openly  perseveres  in  a  system  destructive 
of  ihe  independence  of  every  other  power. 
War  is  pursued,  not  for  security,  but  for 
conquest  J  and  iM;gociations  for  peace  appear 
to  be  entered  into  for  no  other  object  tnan 
that  ^  deMtng  the  neighbooring  powers 
Iftip  aatate  of  false  iecaiity,  while  Fnace  it 


herself  preparing,  arranghij;,  and  oteoutiiw 
her  unremitted  projects  of  incroachment  an? 
aggression. 

ner  conduct  in  the  recent  discussions  hM> 
afforded  but  too  many  proofs  of  this  dispott* 
tion. 

The  no^iation  originated  in  an  ofier  nude 
by  the  French  government  of  treating,  for 
peace  on  the  basis  of  actual  possession,  which 
was  stated  to  admit  of  mutual  compensation, 
and  a  distinct  assurance  was  added,  that  Hk 
Majesty's  German  dominions,  which  had 
been  attacked  without  even  the  pretence  of 
any  cause  of  hostility,  should  be  restored. 

Such  a  proposal  appeared  to  His  Miyesty  to 
afford  a  just  foundation  for  n^ociatiiig';  k 
was  therefore  accepted,  with  this  reserve,  thi^ 
tlie  negociation  should  be  conducted  1^  Ak 
Majesty  in  concert  with  his  allies. 

No  sooner  had  this  basis  been  mutually 
admitted,  than  it  was  depart^  from  by  the 
enemy,  and  that  too  in  pomts  of  so  great  im- 
(mrtanee  as  to  call  for  an  immediate  declara- 
tion on  the  part  of  His  Majesty,  that  unless 
the  principle  proposed  by  France  herself  were 
adhered  to,  tne  communications  which  ha^ 
been  opened  between  the  two  governments 
must  at  once  be  closed. 

This  produced  new  professions  of  the  dia- 
position  of  France  to  make  considerable  sacri* 
fices  for  the  attainment  of  peace,  if  the  dis- 
cussions were  suffered  to  prclcecd  j  at  the  samp 
time  that  a  difRculty  was  started  on  account 
of  the  want  of  full  powers  in  the  person  in- 
trusted by  His  Majesty  with  this  communi- 
cation. Steps  were  thereupon  taken  by  His 
Majesty  for  opening  a  regular  negociation  by 
ministers  duly  autliorized,  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain, in  a  manner  the  most  satisfactoiy  and 
authentic,  whetlier  peace  could  be  obtained 
on  terms  honorable  to  the  king  and  his  allies, 
and  consistent  with  the  general  security  of 
Europe. 

During  these  proceedings,  a  minister  sent, 
by  th?  Empcrolr  of  Russia  to  treat  for  th^ 
same  important  object,  in  concert  with  His 
Majesty's  government,  was  induced  by  th^ 
artifices  of  the  enemy  to  sign  a  separate 
treaty,  on  terms  equally  repugnant  to  th« 
honour  and  interests  ot  Hb  Imperial  Ma<> 
jestv. 

tJnmoved  bv  this  unexpected  event,  th« 
King  continued  to  m^ociate  precisely  on  the 
same  principles  as  before.  He  reli^,  witli 
confidence,  which  experience  has  amply  justi- 
fied, on  the  good  fkith  and  steadiness  of  aii 
ally,  in  concert  with  whom  he  had  begun  tQ 
treat,  and  v^hose  Intereits  he  had  maintained 
throughout  with  the  same  firmness  as  his^ 
own. 

llie  French  government,  on  the  contrary, 
dated  by  this  advantage,  of  which  it  boaste4 
as  equal  in  importance  to  the  most  docisiva 
victory,  depart^  in  every  coafipqpce  t^i^ 


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iZM 


ftod  mofie  widely  from  its  mm  ofien  and  cn- 
l^agements.  Not  only  did  it  take  upon  itself 
to  change  at  its  own  will  the  basis  ot  the  no- 
gociatioa  with  Great  Britain,  but  violated  in 
points  stiQ  flaore  importanly  every  principle 
of  good  £uth  with  nussia.  The  chief  in- 
dooement  Offered  to  that  power  as  the  price 
0r  all  the  sacrifices  extorted  fram  her  Minis- 
ter, had  been  the  preserva^on  of  Ge^aan]^. 
Yet,  befoie  the  decision  of  Russia  aS  this 
lieati  could  be  known,  France  had  already 
anniBihted  the  whole  firame  and  coostitnlion 
of  the  German  JEmpire ;  had  reduced  under 
Iter  own  yoke  a  large  proportion  of  the  states 
wa^  provmees  of  Germany;  and  not  oon- 
lent  with  this  open  contempt  of  obligations  so 
leocntly  contracted,  had,  at  the  same  time, 
instifMtd  the  Porte  to  measures  directly  sub- 
ireiaive  of  her  subsisting  engpigements  with 


While  such  a  conduct  was  jmnued  towards 
His  Mi^esty,  towards  hb  allies,  and  towards 
all  independent  powers,  there  appeared  so 
Kttle  hope  of  anr  fiivourable  issue  lo  the  ne- 
Mciation,  ^t  His  Majes^'s  plenipotentia- 
nes  demanded  thdr  passports  to  return  to  En- 

This  demand  was  at  first  eluded  by  an  un- 
vsual  and  unexphdned  delay,  and  the  French 
government  afterwards,  by  some  material  con- 
cessions, accompanied  with  intimations  that 
others  of  still  neater  consequence  mi^t  be 
the  result  of  nirther  discussion,  prooored  a 
renewal  of  the  conferences,  which  were  pro- 
tracted from  day  to  day,  till  at  length  it  was 
announced  at  Paris  that  the  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia had  indignantly  rejected  tlve  uiiauthoriscd 
and  separate  treaty  signed  by  his  minister. 

In  consequence  of  this  important  event, 
the  strongest  assurances  were  given  to  His 
Msyesty^s  minbter,  that  France  was  now 
prepared  to  make  sacrifices  to  a  great  extent, 
in  Older,  by  aecuring  peace  with  Great  Bri- 
taui.  to  re-establish  the  tianqtullity  of  the 
woiidk 

The  oliject  of  these  assuranecs  mtered, 
however,  to  be,  that  of  engiging  His  Ma- 
jesty  in  a  separate  negociatton,  to  the  exclu* 
sionof  hb  allies;  aproposal  which  HbMa- 
jesty  had  rnected  in  tl^e  outset,  and  whidi 
be  could  still  less  admit  of  at  a  time  when 
the  conduct  of  Russb  had  imposed  on  him 
an  increased  obUgdtion  not  to  separate  hb 
interest  from  those  of  so  faithful  an  ally.  To 
these  insidious  overtures,  Hb  Majesty  steadily 
refused  to  listen ;  but  he  took  the  most  eflSec- 
tual  method  to  avoid  all  appearance  of  delay 
and  to  accekiate,  if  possible,  the  favountie 
issue  of  the  nesociation.  The  confidential 
intercourse  whidn  he  had  constantly  main- 
tained with  Russia,  enabled  Hb  Mlqesty  to 
te^fy  die  terms  on  which  peace  with  that 
^ower  mighi  beobtaioed^  and  his  minister 


was  accofdinz  instructed  to  state  to  France,  in 
addition  to  nb  own  demands,  those  of  hb 
ally,  to  reduce  them  into  distinct  articles,  and 
even  u>  condude  on  those  grounds  a  provi- 
sional treaty  to  take  effect  whenever  Russia 
slyiuld  signify  her  accession. 

This  form  of  negoclating,  vras  afler  some 
ol)^tion  acceded  to  by*  France ;  terms  were 
now  offered  to  His  Majcsw  more  nearly  ap- 
proaching than  before  to  tne  oru^iial  basb  of 
n^ociation ;  but  these  were  still  fiir  short  of 
what  His  Msyesty  had  uniformly  insbted  on, 
and  was  now  more  than  ever  entitled  to  ex- 
port ;  and  the  decisive  rejection  of  the  juat 
demands  of  Russia,  as  well  as  of  the  condi- 
tions proposed  by  hb  Majesty  in  behalf  tti 
hb  other  allies,  left  to  Hb  Ms^es^  no  other 
course  than  that  of  ordering  his  minister 
to  terminate  the  discussion  and  return  to  En- 
gland. 

The  fbrogoiiig  short  and  simple  exposition 
of  frets  stands  in  need  of  no  oomment.  The 
first  ovartures  which  led  to  negociation  were 
made  by  the  enemy*  and  they  vi^ere  accepted 
by  Hb  Majesty  in  the  sincerest  spirit  of  peace. 
Every  opening  which  seemed  lo  afford  the 
most  dbtant  piosnect  of  accommodation  hao 
been  anxiously  emonoed,  nor  was  the  negtv 
ciation  finally  broken  off^  while  any  hope  of 
a  fiivourable  issue  could  be  entertained.  His 
Majesty's  demands  wore  nniformly  just  an<l 
reasonable ;  directed  to  no  objects  of  personal 
a^grandixement,  hut  to  such  only  as  were  in- 
dispensably required  by  the  lionoor  of  hip 
crown,  his  ei^g^igements  to  hb  allies,  and  a 
due  consideration  of  the  general  interests  of 
Eofope. 

It  bwith  heartfelt  concern  that  Hb  M»^ 
jesty  contemplates  the  continuance  of  thoao 
evils  always  inseparable  f^om  a  stale  of 
war;  but  it  b  with  his  enemies  that  thb  tw* 
ful  responsibility  rests;  and  for  theissetaf 
the  contest  hb  Majesty  trusts  viHth  coai* 
dence»  tothe  justice  or  his  cause;  totheie^ 
sources  and  bravery  of  hb  paopk :  to  tlM 
fidelity  of  hb  allies;  and,  abovo  ^1^  lo  the 
protection  and  support  of  the  divine  pro* 
videnoe. 

In  oontrihutiog  to  the  mat  dforts  wludi 
such  a  contest  must  onavoidably  feoeira,  hii 
fiuthful  and  afiectionaie  subjects  will  not  fei^ 
get  that  all  their  dearest  mtcresis  are  at  stake; 
Uiat  no  sacrifices  th^  can  be  eaSed  upon  to 
make  are  to  becomprnd  with  the  certain  dis* 
grace  and  ruin  of  yiekling  lo  the  injmfioua 
preteaoes  of  the  enemy ;  tmt  irith  the  iBvio* 
kbk  maintenance  of  thegood  fiuthand  pub- 
lic honour  of  their  countiy,  its  prosperity^ 
itsstseogdi,  and  its  independence,  areesaen* 
tially  oonneeted ;  and  that  in  assertinc  tfacf 
rig^U,  and  ophokling  the  dignity  of  the 
Bntish  Empire,  th^  ddend  the  most  power* 
fill  bohvaik  of  the  hbcrties  of  mankind. 

MANIFESTO 


Digitized  by  CjOOQ  l€ 


321*] 

3UNIFEST0  OF  IIIS  PRUSSIAN 
MAJESTY. 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia  having 
taken  up  arms'  for  the  defence  of  his  people, 
considers  it  as  necessaiy  to  lay  before  them, 
and  the  whole  of  Europe,  the  facts  which 
have  rendered  it  his  duty  to  take  this  step. 

The  political  state  of  France  has,  for 
fifteen  years,  been  the  scoui^e  of  humanity. 
That  the  possessors  of  uncertain  power,  who, 
since  the  year  1792,  have,  in  rapid  succession, 
been  at  the  head  of  France,  should  render 
their  authority  only  the  instrument  of  war, 
and  seek  their  security  only  in  the  misery  of 
the  peonle,  cannot  excite  great  wonder,!  But 
the  establishment  of  a  ipore  firm  government, 
not  possessed  by  the  same  necessity,  animated 
anew  the  hopes  of  the  iriends  of  peace. — Na- 
poleon, invested  with  sovereign  authority, 
victorious,  surrounded  by  weak  states,  friend- 
ly dbposed  governmenu,  or  conquered  and 
exhausted  rivals,  had  it  in  his  power  lo  chvise 
a  better  part.  Nothing  more  remained  for 
him  to  do  for  the  greatness  of  France  5  for  her 
happiness,  every  thing  was  in  his  power. 

It  is  painful  to  be  obli^  to  say,  that  the 
French  politics  still  contmuc  the  same;  an 
insatiable  ambition  was  still  the  ruling  cha- 
racter of  the  French  govenmient.  Armies 
and  traaties  were  employed  to  the  same  pur* 
pose.  The  treaty  of  Amiens  was  scarcely 
concluded,  when  the  signal  for  the  fiist  acts 
of  violence  followed.  Two  independent  stat&, 
Holland  and  Switzerland,  were  obliged  to  ac- 
cept a  constitution,  which  clianged  5iem  into 
French  Provinces.  The  renewal  of  the  war 
Ynm  the  consequence. 

In  the  mean  time,  peace  still  continued  on 
the  Continent ;  the  German  Empire  had  pur- 
ebred it  widi  immense  sacrifices.  In  the 
midst  of  this  peace,  the  French  troops  made 
an  irruption  mto  the  territory  of  Hanover, 
which  had  no  relation  to  the  war  between 
Frince  and  England  j  they  shut- the  ports  of 
Germany  to  the  British  flag,  and  that  they 
miaht  effect  this,  seized  on  Cuxhaven,  and 
took  possession  of  a  free  state,  still  more  un- 
eoQnected  with  the  war  than  even  Hanover 
itself. 

In  the  midst  of  this  peace  likewise  was  it, 
that  these  troops,  a  few  months  afteru'ards, 
insulted  the  German  Empire  in  a  manner 
which  still  more  deeply  wounded  the  honour 
of  the  nation.  The  Gcrn^ans  hav-e  not 
avenied  the  death  of  the  Duke  D'Enghien, 
but  the  remembrance  of  this  event  can  never 
be  effaced  from  their  memories. 

The  treaty  of  Luneville  niaranteed  the 
independence  of  the  Italian  Republic.  In 
defiance  of  the  most  solemn  promises.  Napo- 
leon placed  the  iron  cto^itn  upon  his  head. 
Genoa  was  incorporated  with  France;  Lucca 
had  nearly  a  simflarfiite.  Only  a  few  months 
before,  the  Empefor,  on  a  solemn  occasion. 

Vol.  I.    IJUt.  Pan.  Nov.  I8O6.J 


Kingof  Prusm's  Manifesto. 


[3az* 

an  occasion  which  imposed  on  him  great  du- 
ties, had  declared  before  his  people,  and  be- 
fore Europe,  that  he  wished  not  tp  extend 
further  the  boundaries  of  his  empire.  A 
treaty  with  Russia  likewise  obliged  France  to 
provide  an  indemnification  for  the  King  of 
Sardinia,  in  Italy.  .  Instead  of  fulfilling  these 
engagements,  he  seized  on  all  those  territories 
which  coidd  be  appropriated  to  such  indem- 
nification. Portugal  wbhcd  to  preserve  her 
neutrality ;  she  was  obliged  to  purchase,  with 
mouey,  some  moments  of  deceitful  security. 

Thus  there  remained,  with  the  exception 
of  Turkey,  which  still  remembered  the  attack 
on  Egypt  and  Syria,  no  power  in  Europe 
which  had  not  been  the  object  of  unprovoked 
attack.  ^ 

With  these  acts  of  violence  was  combined 
a  system  of  insult  and  contempt.  A  journal, 
which  announced  itself  as  the  voice  of  the 
government,  was  chosen  as  the  chronicle  of 
undisguised  attacks  on  all  crowned  heads. 

Not  one  of  these  general  attacks  and  in- 
sults was  foreign  to  Prussia;  several  were 
intimately  connected  with  her  dearest  inte- 
lests,;  and,  besides,  the  wisdom  of  that^s- 
tem  which  considers  all  the  states  of  Europe 
as  members  of  one  and  the  same  family, 
which  calls  all  to  the  defence  of  each,  and 
points  out  the  danger  resulting  to  all  from  the 
aggrandisement  of  one,  was,  by  experience, 
sufficiently  confirmed. 
.  But  it  IS  especially  necessary  to  state  what 
has  been  the  conduct  of  France  towards 
Prussia,  in  her  immediate  relations  with  that 
power. 

It  will  be  superuflous  to  enumerate  all  the 
g)od  offices  rendered  to  Napoleon  by  Prussia. 
Prussia  was  the  first  power  which  acknow* 
le<foed  him.  No  promises,  no  threats, 
could  shake  her  neutrality.  For,  during  six 
years,  she  acted  as  a  friendly  neighbour;  she 
esteemed  a  brave  nation,  which  had  ever 
acted  generously  by  her,  both  in  peace  and 
war,  and  she  cfid  justice  to  the  genius  of  her 
chief  The  remembrance  of  these  times  is 
no  longer  retained  by  Napoleon.  Prussia 
had  suffered  the  attack  on  the  Electorate  of 
Hanover.  In  this  she  had  countenanced  an 
act  of  injustice,  therefore  was  it  her  first  view 
to  remedy  it ;  she  offered  herself  for  it  instead 
of  England,  upon  the  condition  tliat  the  lat- 
ter should  cede  it.  It  must,  however,  at 
least,  be  recollected,  that  thus  a  boundary 
was  prescribed  to  France,  which  she  should 
not  pass.  Napoleon  solemnly  engaged  not 
to  invade  the  neutrality  of  the  northern  stales, . 
nor  offer  violence  to  any  of  them,  and 
especially  not  to  augment  his  troops  in  th« 
Electorate. 

Scarcely  had  he  entered  into  these  engaae- 
ments,  when  he  broke  them.  Every  aim 
knows  by  what  an  act  of  violence  Sir  Francis 
Rumbold  was  seized.  Every  one  known  how* 
the  Hansa  towns  were  forced  to  B^ke  con- 

*  AI 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


313*] 


King  of  Prussia  s  Manifesto, 


[324^" 


iribntions  under  the  name  of  loans,  not  to 
^cir  ovn  interests,  but  entirely  as  if  France 
had  been  at  war  with  them.  For  the  first  of 
these  injuries  the  King  was  contented  with 
an  imperfect  satisfaction.  Of  the  second  he 
took  no  notice,  the  fears  of  the  maritime 
towns  preventing  him  from  making  com- 
plaints. The  Kmg  made  unexampltS  sacri- 
fices for  peace,  and  the  maintenance  of  this 
peace  was  ever  the  dearest  wish  of  his  heart. 

ITie  patience  of  other  courts  was  sooner  ex- 
hausica  than  his.  War  broke  out  on  the 
Continent.  The  situation  of  the  King,  with 
respect  to  hb  duty,  was  now  more  difficult 
than  e^er.  To  prevent  France  from  aug- 
menting the  troops  she  had  in  Hanover,  he 
promised  to  suffer  no  attack  on  that  territory. 
From  this  moment,  the  whole  burden  of  tJie 
,  relation  between  France  and  Prussia  turned 
on  this  object,  without  the  latter  deriving 
the  least  aavantage  from  it ;  and,  by  an  ex- 
traordinary chain  of  circumstances,  Prussia, 
^hich  only  wished  to  act  impartially,  and 
itnnain  neutral,  appeared  to  take  part  against 
the  allied  powers.  All  the  advantage  arbing 
from  this  position  of  Prussia,  was  entirely  for 
France ;  and  the  King  was  daily  threatened 
with  collisions,  as  formidable  to  him,  as  de- 
cisively fiivourable  to  the  plans  of  Napoleon. 

Who  could  have  supposed,  that  precisely 
at  the  moment  in  which  the  King  ^ve  the 
French  government  the  strongest  proofs  of  his 
firmness,  a  Wire  example  of  the  faithful  ful- 
filment of  the  engaffcnicnts  into  which  he 
had  once  entered,  siiould  be  chosen  by  Napo- 
l^n,  to  inflict  on  l^u&sia  the  most  sensible 
injury  ?  Who  does  not  recollect  the  violation 
of  the  Anspach  tcnitory  on  the  3d  of  October 
of  the  preceding  year,  notwithstanding  the 
express  remonstrance  of  the  civil  government, 
and  his  Mniesty's  ministers  ?  This  contest  be- 
tween (which  pardons  every  thing)  that  in- 
tegrity which  remains  true  to  its  engage- 
ments to  the  last,  on  the  one  part ;  and  the 
abuse  of  power,  the  insolence  inspired  by  de- 
ceitful fbrtutie,  and  the  habit  of  only  reckon- 
ing on  this  fortune,  on  the  other  j  continued 
8e>'eral  years. 

The  King  declared  to  the  French  govern- 
ment, that  he  considered  all  his  connections 
with  it  as  dissolved.  He  placed  his  armies  on 
a  footing  suitable  to  circumstances.  He  was 
now  fully  convinced  that  no  pledge  of  secu- 
rity remained  for  the  neighbours  of  France, 
but  a  peace  established  on  firm  principles,  ^and 
guaranteed  by  all  the  powers  in  common.' 

His  Majesty  offered  the  allies  to  be  the  me- 
diator, in  negociations,  for  such  a  peace, 
and  to  support  them  yvith  all  his  Ibri^e. 

It  is  sufticient  to  know  the  couditiotis  then 
proposed,  to  be  convinced  of  the  moderation 
which,  at  all  times,  governed  the  politics  of 
his  Majesty  in  their  whole  extent.  Prussia, 
at  this  moment,  listened  not  to  iht  voice  of 


rc\'enge ;  she  passed  over  the  events  of  the 
late  war,  howe%'er  violent  they  might  have 
been,  since  they  had  been  sanctioned  by  exist- 
ing treaties.  He  required  nothing  but  the 
punctual  fidfilment  of  those  treaties :  but 
this  he  required  Mrithout  limitation.  Onmt 
Haugwitz  repaired  to  Vienna,  where  tlie 
French  Emperor  then  \vas. 

Scarcely  had  this  Minister  been  there  some 
days,  when  the  whole  face  of  affairs  was 
chan^.  The  misfortunes  experienced  by^ 
the  Court  of  Vienna  had  compelled  it  to  sign' 
an  armistice,  which  was  immedbtely  follow- 
ed by  a  peace.  The  Emperor  of  Russia  sa- 
crificed his  nnignanimous  views  to  the  wish 
of  his  Ally,  and  his  troops  returned  home. 
Prussia  stood  now  alone  on  the  field  of  con- 
test ;  he  was  obliged  to  limit  hb  policy  by  his 
powers,  and  instead,  as  had  been  his  wish, 
of  embracing  the  interests  of  all  Europe, 
to  make  his  awn  security,  and  that  of  nis 
neighbours,  his  first  object. 

The  French  Emperor  proposed  to  Count 
Haugwitz  a  treaty,  m  which  was  stipulated 
on  the  one  side  a  mutual  guarantee  of  pos- 
sessions, the  inviolability  or  the  Turkish  ter- 
ritory,  and  the  results  of  the  peace  of  Prcs- 
biirg ;  and  on  the  other,  the  taking  posses- 
sion of  Hanover  by  Prussia,  in  return  tor  the 
cession  of  three  provinces. 

The  first  part  of  the  treaty  promised,  at 
least  for  the  future,  an  acknowledged,  gua- 
ranteed, and,  if  Napoleon  had  so  pleased, 
a  firm,  political  constitution.  The  results  of 
the  peace  of  Presburg  were  a  general  mufor* 
tune  to  Europe,  but  rrussia  sacrificed  herself 
alone*  when  she  accepted  them ;  and  to  placa  - 
a  limit  to  the  inconstant  usurpations  of  France, 
should  the  treaty  be  considered  by  the  Court 
of  St.  Cloud  as  any  thing  more  than  words, 
appeared  an  advantage :  the  King  therefore 
ratified  this  Article  conditionally. 

Tlie  second  half  of  the  Treaty  of  Vicniu 
related  to  an  object,  the  importance  of  which 
had  been  manifested  by  serious  experience. 
Prussia  could  not  rely  on  security  (or  a  mo- 
ment ,  so  long  as  Hanover  remained  involved 
in  a  war,  in  v^iich  that  country  had,  in  fact, 
no  concern. 

At  whate%'er  price  it  might  he  purchased, 
Prussia  was  resolved  thdt  the  French  should 
not  return  thither.  She  had  her  choice  to 
obtain  this  end,  either  by  a  treaty,  or  a  war. 
The  cession  of  three  provinces,  which  had . 
been  faithful  and  happy  for  a  lone  term  of 
years,  was  a  sacrifice  not  to  be  made  for  any 
plan  of  vain  ambition ;  but  these  provinces 
would,  in  case  of  a  war,  have  been  tbe  first 
suiTerers}  all  the  calamities  of  that  war 
would  have  pressed  upon  the  Monarchy; 
while  the  acquisition  of  Hanover,  could  it 
have  been  made  under  less  unhappy  circum- 
stances, would  have  been  productive  of  the 
most  valuable  advantages-to  Prussia. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


iiJ*]  Xing  of  Prussia's  Manifest.  [*320 

therefore,   conceTved  that  he      under  all  circumstances,  the  greatest  of  evilt. 


The  Kiag. 
icooncUed  his  wishes  with  his  principles, 
when  he  accepted  the  proposed  exchange, 
only  under  the  condition,  that  the  fulnl- 
nient  of  the  same  should  be  deferred  till  the 
ceoeral  peace,  and  that  the  consent  of  His 
Alajesty  the  Kiog  of  Great  Britain  should  be 
obtained. 

All  the  advantages  of  this  treaty  were  for 
France.  On  the  one  side  she  received  gua- 
rantees, which  put  the  seal  en  her  conquests ; 
on  the  other,  she  eave  what  she  did  not  pos- 
sess, what  mi^t  be  a^n  conquered  by  the 
chances  of  an  uncertam  war,  while,  in  the 
cessions  of  Prussia,  she  found  the  means  of 
enriching. her  allies. 

But,  between  a  policy,  which  will  do  even' 
thing  in  its  power,  and  an  integrity,  which 
regards  its  duties,  and  especially  lU  promUts, 
the  contest  is  ever  unequal.  The  King  ap- 
proached the  moment  when  he  w;is  convin- 
ced of  this  by  experience :  this  moment  was 
^e  most  painful  of  his  reign. 

It  was  the  affair  of  France  to  reiect  the 
modifications  under  which  the  King  had  con- 
firmed the'  Treaty,  if  sKe  did  not  approve 
dMm.  But  she  avoided  doing  this,  tor  the 
whole  Prussian  army  was  still  under  arms. 
She  continued  to  be  lavibh  of  assurances  of 
friendship ;  she  fulfilled  the  Treaty  as  far  as 
it  suited  her ;  but,  when  His  Majesty  wij^ed 
t*  reap  the  only  advantages  which  he  nod 
promised  to  himself  from  the  late  negocia- 
tioQs,  and  which  wejre  nearest  his  heart,' 
she  suddeoly  altered  her  language ;  the  mo- 
difications added  to  the  Treaty  of  Vienna, 
were  now  rejected  at  Paris.  Endeavours  were 
made  to  force  Prussia  into  the  most  injurious 
measures ;  and  whep  Count  Haugwitz,  who 
was  at  Paris,  remonstrated  against  this,  the 
uncoodiiioiial  fulfilment  of  the  treaty  was 
haug^htily  insisted  on,  as  was  the  immediate 
cession  of  the  three  Provinces,  and  the  rccal 
of  the  patent  by  which  the  occupation  of 
Hanover  was  declared  provisional.  Prussia 
was  reauired  to  resign  a  part  of  the  advan* 
tages  stipulated,  and  to  shut  her  ports  ajpiinst 
the  British  flag,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  the 
French  had  returned  into  the  Electorate. 

The  King  at  Icngth^  was  perfectly- convinced 
of  the  true  character  of  the  friendship  of  the 
Emperor  of  the  French— a  so|x>rific  draught 
for  a  Power  which  still  feels  its  own  strength  -, 
an  instrument  of  degradation,  and  finally  of 
subjection,  to  e\ery  Power  which  no  longer 
possesses  strength* 

In  the  mean  time,  Napoleon  was  in  pos- 
sesiion  of  o'ery  advantage.  The  Prussi;m 
army  had  returned  j  his  own,  after  some 
movements,  of  no  conseouence,  at  which 
deceived  Germany  rejoiced  prematurely,  on 
some  frivolous  pretences,  established  itself  on 
this  side  the  Rhine.  The  first  conflict  might 
produce xoisfortunci.    War,   which  is  not. 


might  become  such  under  those  then  e:^st- 
ing.  I1ie  King  determined  to  continue  the 
part  he  had  hitherto  acted,  for  some  time 
longer.  Wishing  to  preserve  his  force  now, 
more  than  ever  necessary  to  Europe;  and,  at 
least,  to  seauc  the  tranquillit}-  of  the  North, 
he  confiraifd  the  new  Treaty.  Confidence, 
however,  was  now  utterly  lost.  Prussia  was 
corivincorl,  that  on  the  first  opportunity  to 
weaken  her  without  danger,  she  might  ex- 
pect an  attack  from  her  pretended  Aliy ;  con- 
vinced that  there  is  a  derrec  of  ambition 
which  nothing  can  satisfy,  which  proceeds, 
without  intermission,  from  usurpation  to 
usurpation,  sontctimes  without  a  plan,  but 
ever  intent  on  destruction,  careless  of  the 
choice  of  means,  and  employing  alike,  arms 
and  the  pen,  violence  and  oaths.  But  even 
with  this  conviction— so  great  is  the  unfortu- 
nate superiority  obtained  bv  such  policy  o\*er 
thme  who  wish  only  to  W  just — the  King 
fulnllcd  all  the  conditions  of  the  Tnjatv,  with 
the  punctual ry  of  a  faithful  Ally.'  It  is 
known  what  the  con<$equences  were  with 
respect  to  the  connections  of  His  Majesty 
with  England.  France  zained  nothing  by 
this ;  but  she  triumphed  in  secret  at  the 
thought  of  hiving  disunited  two  Courts,  llic 
union  of  which  might  have  been  dangerous 
to  her ;  and  what,  in  the  view  of  France, 
gave  the  principil  value  to  her  alliance  with 
th^  King,  was,  that  this  alliance  isolatod 
His  Majesty,  since  it  produced  an  opinion 
that  Prussia  was  a  participator  in  the  cause 
of  so  many  mbfortunes. 

But,  not  content  with  this,  we  shall  sec  in 
what  manner  the  politics  of  France,  assured 
that  she  had  now  no  enemy  to  fear,  believing 
that  she  had  annihilated  Austria,  forming  a 
judgment  of  Russia  with  equal  ignorance 
and  rashness,  and  blinded  by  the  apparent 
tranquillity  of  Prussia,  at  length  threw  oft 
the  mask,  and,  despi'>ing  forms  which  sue 
had  hitherto  sometimes  respected,  openly 
trampled  on  all  treaties  and  all  rights.  Three 
months  after  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  with 
Prussia,  all  its  articles  were  violated. 

The  Treaty  had  for  its  basis  the  status  quo 
of  the  moment  in  which  it  was  concluded  ; 
also  the  guirantee  of  the  German  empire  and 
its  states,  according  to  the  constituuon  then 
esuhlished.    This  truth  arises  not  only  from 
the  nature  of  things  ;  the  Treaty  nad  also  ex- 
pressly prescribed  to  the  two  powers  their  du- 
ties.   The  rekitions  in  which  the  peace  of 
Preiburg  had  left  his  Majesty,  the  Eaiperor 
of  Austria,  wet e guaranteed  to  him;  cot^se- 
quenlly,  also,    the  Imperial  crown  of  Ger-^ 
many,    ;^nd  the    rights  connected   with   it. 
The  existence  of  Bavaria,  and  consequently 
the  relations  which  had  connected  it  lor  so 
many  centuries  to  the  empire,  were  likewise 
confirmed  by  the  same  oomiaou  guarantet* 

\.         •Ma 


Digitized  By  VjOOQ  IC 


327*] 


King  of  Prussia's  Manifesto. 


[328» 


Three  months  after,  the  confederation  of  the 
Khine  overthrew  the  Germanic  constitution, 
deprived  the  Emperor  of  the  ancient  orna- 
ment of  his  hoi^e,  and  placed  Bavaria,  and 
thirty  other  princes^  under  the  tutelage  of 
France. 

But  is  it  necessary  to  appeal  to  treaties,  to 
form  a  just  judgment  of  this  extraordinary 
event  ?  Previous  to  all  treaties,  nations  have 
their  rights  J  and  had  not  France  sported 
ivith  the  sanctity  of  an  oath,  this  act  of  un- 
exampled despotism  would  exasperate  every 
mirid.  To  deprive  princes  who  had  never 
offended  France,  and  to  render  them  the  vas- 
sals of  others ;  thijmselves  the  \-assals  of  the 
French  government;  to  abolish,  with  a 
stroke  of  the  pen,  a  constitution  of  a  thousand 
years  duration,  which  lone  habits,  tlie  re- 
membrance of  so  many  illustrious  oeriods, 
and  so  many  various  and  mutual  relations, 
has  rendered  dear  to  such  a  number  of  prin- 
ces, which  had  so  often  been  guaranteed  by 
all  the  European  powers,  and  even  by  France 
herself;  to  lay  contributions  on  the  cities  and 
towns  in  the  midst  of  profound  peace,  and 
leave  the  new  possessors  only  an  exhausted 
skeleton  i  to  abolish  this  constitution,  with- 
out con0iUting  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
from  whom  a  crown  was  wrested  ;  or  Russia, 
so  lately  become  the  guarantee  of  the  (Jcpman 
League ;  or  Pfus:>ia,  intimately  interested  in 
that  league,  thus  arbitrarily  dissolved.  No — 
wars  and  continued  victories  have  someiimes 
produced  great  and  remarkable  catastrophes  ; 
out  such  an  example,  in  time  of  peace,  was 
never  before  given  to  the  world. 

The  King  commiserated  the  unfortunate 
Princes  who  suffered  by  ilicsc  transactions, 
but  he  pitied  not  less  those  who  had  sufl'cred 
themselves  to  be  lured  by  the  hope  of  gain, 
and  he  would  reproach  himself,  should  he 
increase  their  unhappincss,  by  judging  them 
with  too  grrat  seventy.  Deluded  by  the  re- 
ward  of  their  compliance,  probably  Ibrced  to 
obe\  commands,  which  aoniitrrd  of  no  op|)C- 
siiion;  or,  if  surprised  inlo  consent,  suffi- 
ciently punished  by  tlieir  acqui.sitioas,  and 
by  being  reduced  to  a  state  of  vassalage,  as 
liarsh  and  degrading,  as  thtir  former  rela- 
tions V. ere  honourable,  tliey  dcserie  not  to  be 
treated  by  Germany  with  the  utmost  rigour. 
Perhajw,  when  the  magnanimous  nation  to 
"whicli  they  formerly  belonged,  arises  around 
them  on  c\ery  side,  to  contend  for  their  in- 
dc^)cndencc,  they  uiay  listen  to  the  voice  of 

Sratitude  and  honour,    and  at  least  abhor 
leir  chaiiks,  when  thev  find  thev  niust  be 
stained  with  the  blood  ©r  their  brethren. 

It  was  not  enough  that  theee  despotic  acts 
were  immediately  mjurious  to  Pra&sia.  The 
Emperor  of  France  was  intent  on  rendering 
them  insensible  to  the  person  of  the  King  in 
all  his  allied  states.  The  exi.-tence  of  the 
Prince  of  Orange  was  under  tiie  common  gu;> 


rantce  of  the  two  powers ;  for  Prussia  had 
acknowledged  the  political  changes  in  Flol- 
land  only  under  this  condition. — For  se\-eral 
years  this  Prince  had  expected  that  his  claims^ 
secured  by  the  mutual  stipulations  of  Prussia 
and  France,  should  be  satisfied.  The  Bata« 
vian  Republic  had  been  %vilUng  to  enter  into 
an  accomodation,  but  the  Emperor  Napoleon 
forbade  it.  Neither  the  recollection  of  thia 
circumstance,  nor  the  consideration  of  the 
ties  of  blood  which  united  his  Majesty  to  the 
Prince,  nor  the  declaration  twenty  times  re- 
peated, that  the  King  would  not  desert  the 
rights  of  his  brother-in-law,  could  prevent 
his  being  added  to  tlie  heap  of  victims.  He 
was  the  tirst  who  wai  deprived  of  his  pateraal 
property.  —  Eight  days  before,  he  had  re- 
ceived from  the  Emperor  a  letter,  condoling 
with  him,  in  the  customary  forms,  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  and  wishing  him  joy  on 
his  undisturbed  succession  to  the  states  of  hb 
house.  None  of  these  circumstances  are  un- 
important ;  each  thmws  a  light  on  the  whole, 
Cleves  had  been  allotted  to  Prince  Murat ; 
scarcely  become  a  sovereign,  he  wished  to  be- 
come a  conqneror.  His  troops  took  posses- 
sion ef  the  Abbeys  of  Essen  Wcrden  and 
Etten,  under  the  pretext,  that  they  apper- 
tained to  the  )>ichy  of  Cleves,  though  they 
wore  intirely  territories  newly  acquired  ;  ana 
there  was  not  the  shadow  of  a  connection 
between  them  and  the  ceded  pro\incc.  Great 
labour  was  employed,  in  vain,  to  give  c\-en 
a  colour  to  this  outrage. 

Wesel  was  to  belong  to  the  new  Duke,  not 
to  the  Emperor  Na|x>Ieon.  The  king  had 
never  resoK  etl  to  give  up  the  last  fortress  on 
the  Rhine,  into  the  |)ower  of  France.  With- 
out a  word,  by  way  of  explanation,  Wesel 
was  annexed  to  a  French  department. 

The  existing  state  of  the  Austrian  monar- 
chy, and  of  the  Porte,  hcd  been  mutually 
guaranteed.  The  Empenr  Napoleon  cer- 
tainly wished  that  Prubsia  should  be  bound 
by  this  guarantee,  for  in  his  hands  it  was  an 
instrument  he  mi^ht  employ  as  suited  his  po- 
litics ;  a  pretext  for  demanding  sacrifices  in 
any  contest  which  his  ambition  might  occa- 
sion, when  it  contributed  to  his  mterests. 
Rigtisa,  though  under  the  protecrion  of  the 
Porte,  was  taken  possession  of  by  his  troops, 
Gradisca  and  Aqudea  were  wrested  from  Aus- 
tria, under  neariy  the  same  pretexts  which 
had  been,  employed  when  the  French  seized 
the  three  Abbeys. 

In  all  political  proceedings,  \t  was  nata- 
rally  taken  for  granted,  tliat  the  new  states, 
formed  by  France,  were  states  in  the  proper 
sense  of  the  term,  and  not  French  provinces  j 
but  it  cost  the  cabinet  of  St.  Cloud  only  a 
word,  to  deprive  them  of  their  independence. 
The  ap|x:liation  of  The  Great  Empire,  was 
invenicd,  and  that  empire  ifas  immediately 
only  s>urmunded  by  vassal*. 


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329*3 


King  of  Prussia's  Manifesto, 


t330» 


*    Thtis  there  was  no  trace  of  the  treaty  left  ; 
yet  Prussia  proceeded  to  shut  her  ports  against 
•England,  and  still  considered  herself  as  hav- 
ingobli^tiond  to  fulfil. 

The  Emperor  at  length  informed  his  Ma- 
jesty, that  It  was  his  pleasure  to  dissolve  the 
German  Empire,  and  form  a  confederation  of 
the  Rhine ;  and  he  recommended  to  the  King 
to  estahlish  a  similar  confederation  in  the 
north  of  Germany.  This  was  according  to 
his  customary '  policy ;  a  policy  which  had 
long  been  crowned  with  success,  at  the  mo- 
ment of  the  birth  of  any  new  project,  to 
throw  out  a  lure  to  those  courts  which  might 
occasion  difficulties  in  the  execution  of  such 
project.  The  King  adopted  the  idea  of  such 
m  confederation,  not  that  the  advice  he  re- 
ceived made  the  least  impression  on  him,  but 
Because,  in  fact,  it  was  rendered  necessary  by 
circumstances ;  and  because,  after  the  suc- 
cession of  the  states  of  the  south,  which  had 
acceded  to  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine, 
a  close  union  betAveen  those  of  the  north,  be- 
came more  than  ever  the  condition  of  their 
safety.  The  King  took  measures  to  establish 
thia  le^ue,  but  on  other  principles  from 
those  of  the  model  presented  to  him.  He 
made  it  hit  pride  to  collect  the  last  of  the 
€rermaos  under  his  banners  ;  but  the  rights 
of  each  he  left  unimpaired,  and  honour  alone 
was  the  bond  of  ta.^  league. 

But  could  France  advise  the  King  to  any 
-measures  which  should  be  productive  of  ad- 
yanto^  to  Prussia  ?  We  shall  soon  see  what 
is  to  be  expected  when  France  makes  profes- 
sions of  fa^tjur. 

In  the  first  place,  care  had  been  taken  to 
introduce  into  the  fundamental  statute  of  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  an  article  which 
contained  the  g?nn  of  all  future  innovations. 
It  provided,  that  other  princes  should  be  re- 
ceived into  this  Confedeiation,  should  they 
flesire  it.  In  this  manner,  all  relations  in 
Germany  were  left  indeterminate ;  and,  as 
means  were  still  reserved,  by  promise  or 
threats,  it  was  but  too  probable,  that  in  time 
this  Confederation  would  be  extended  to  the 
heads  of  the  Pmssian  monarchy  ;  and  that 
this  might  no  longer  remain  aoubtfiil,  but 
be  manifest  to  every  one,  the  first  attempt 
wa^  immediately  made.  Fortunately,  it  was 
made  on  a  Prince  who  knows  not  fear,  and 
considers  independence  as  the  higher  object 
of  his  ambition. 

The  French  minister  at  Cassel  invited  the 
Elector  to  throw  himself  into  the  arms  of 
his  master.  Prussia,  it  was  alleged,  did  no- 
thing for  her  allies !  1 1  b  true.  Napoleon  knows 
how  to  manage  his  better;  and  every  one  sees, 
that  Spain  and  Holland,  the  Kinzs  of  Wir- 
tembuig  and  Bavaria,  have  to  thank  their  al- 
liance with  him  for  peace,  independence,  and 
bonour. — Prussia  did. nothing  for  her  allies. 
KapolcoD,  on  the  contjary,  would  reward 


the  accession  of  the  Elector  by  an  enlargement 
of  his  territory.  And  this  treachery  was  ex- 
erted towards  an  ally,  and  at  the  very  mo* 
ment  when  the  King  was  advised  to  form  an 
alliance,  of  which  Hesse  was  to  be  the  firsi 
bulwark  j  endeavours  were  made  to  detach 
from  him  a  power,  whom  fimrly  connections, 
alliances,  and  relations  of  eveiy  kind,  uni- 
ted in  the  closest  manner  to  His  Majesty^s  per* 
son. 

But  even  these  hostile  steps  were  not  sufll- 
cient.  Does  any  wish  to  know  what  was  the 
lure  by  which  it  was  hoped  to  gain  the  Elec- 
tor of  Hesse,  and  what  was  the  augmentatioi| 
of  territory,  with  the  expectation  of  which 
he  was  flattered !  It  was  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
the  brother-in-law  of  the  Kin^,  that  Prince,, 
who  had  been  twice  deceived  in  the  most 
shameless  manner,  who  was  now  to  be  robbed 
the  third  time.  He  still  possessed  the  terri- 
tory of  Fulda.  This  was  promised  to  the 
Elector  ;  and  it  would  have  been  given,  ha4 
the  Klector  consented  to  accept  it^  and  had 
Prussia  not  taken  up  arms. 

His  Majesty  saw  the  system  of  usarpation 
advance  every  day.  He  saw  a  circle,  conti- 
nually becoming  narrower,  drawing  round 
him,  and  even  the  right  of  moving  within 
it,  bj^inning  to  be  disputed  with  him  j  for  a 
sweeping  resolution  forbade  a  passage  to  any 
foreign  troops,  armed  or  not  armed,  through 
the  states  of  the  Confederation.  This  was  to 
cut  off,  contrary  to  the  rights  of  nations,  the 
connection  between  the  detiiched  Hessian  pro^ 
vinces;  this  was  to  prepare  pretexts  on  which 
to  act ;  this  was  the  first  threat  of  punishment 
aimed  at  a  magnanimous  Prince,  who  had 
preferred  a  defender  to  a  master. 

But  even  after  this.  His  Majesty  cannot  re- 
flect on  it  without  admiration,  the  King  con- 
sidered whether  a  combination  might  not  be 
found,  which  should  render  this  state  of 
things  compatible  with  the  maintenance  of 
peace. 

The  Emperor  Napoleon  appeared  to  be  soli- 
citous to  remove  this  doubt.  Two  negociations 
were  then  carrying  on  at  Paris ;  one  with  Rus- 
sia, the  other  witli  the  English  ministry.  In 
both  these  negociations,  the  intentions  of 
France  against  Prussia  were  evidently  mani- 
fested. 

By  the  treaty  which  the  Emperor  of  Russia 
had  refused  to  ratify,  France  ofllered  iu  con- 
junction with  Russia,  to  prevent  Prussia  from 
depriving  tlic  Kin«{  of  Sweden  of  his  German 
territories;  yet,  for  many  months,  the  cabinet 
of  St.  Cloua  had  continually  pressed  the  King 
to  seize  those  slates,  with  a  threefold  view ; 
first,  to  revenge  himself  on  the  King  of  Sw«l^ 
den;  secondly  to  embroil  Prussia  with  all 
other  powers ;  and,  thirdly,  to  purchase  her 
silence  with  rcs|)cct  to  the  sub\'ersion  of 
southern  Gcmiany.  But  the  King  had  long 
been  aware  tliat  such  were  the  views  of  Franof , 


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cod  bk  unfortunate  dispute  with  Sweden,  was 
painful  to  him.  He  had,  therefore,  been 
cax«ful  to  provide  against  every  suspicion  of 
self-interested  motives,  and  he  confided  hia 
explanations  to  the  Emperor  Alexander.  Tlie 
•oene  now  again  changed,  and  Naooleon,  who 
liad  80  long  oecn  the  enemy  of  the  King  of 
Sweden,  was  niddenly  transformed  into  his 

protector.  ,      i.     .     v. 

It  IS  not  superfluous  to  remark,  that  m  this 
insidious  treaty  of  the  French  Emperor,  in 
order  to  satisfy  the  honorable  interest  which 
thecourt  of  St.  Petersbuigh  took  in  the  main- 
lenance  of  the  ri^ts  of  the  Kin^  of  Naples^ 
be  promised  the  latier  an  indemnification,  en- 
caging to  pre\ail  on  the  King  of  Spain  to  c«lc 
tohim  the  Balearic  Islands. 

He  will  act  in  the  same  manner  with  respect 
10  the  augmenutions  of  territory  he  pretends 
to  bestow  on  his  allies. 

These  were  all  preludes  to  the  steps  he  took 
uainst  Prussia.  We  now  appraich  tl^ie  mo- 
ment  which  determined  His  Majesty  .—Prus- 
sia had  hitherto  derived  nolliing  from  her 
Treaties  with  France,  but  humiliation  and 
loss;  one  sin^e  advantage  remained ;  the  fate 
of  Hanover  was  in  her  power,  and  in  her 
power  it  must  remain,  unless  the  last  pledge 
of  the  security  of  the  North  were  annihilated. 
Kapoleon  had  solemnly  guaranteed  ^his  state 
of  things ;  >et  he  negociated  with  England 
OQ  the  basis  of  the  rt-sioration  of  the  Electo- 
rate.   The  King  b  in  possession  of  the  proofs. 

War  was  now,  in  fact,  declared ;  declared 
by  every  measure  taken  by  France.  Every 
TOonthproduceda  new  notification  of  the  re- 
turn of  his  army ;  but  on  one  frivolous  pre- 
text or  another,  it  was  still  continued  in  Gcr- 
inany;  and  for  what  purposes?  Gracious 
Heaven  I  to  eradicate  the  last  trace  of  sove- 
teiraity  among  the  Germans ;  to  treat  Kings 
as  Governors  appointed  by  him^Kilf;  to  drug 
before  miliury  tribunals,  citizens  only  respon- 
sible to  their  own  governments;  to  declare 
others  outlaws*  who  hved  j)eaceably  in  foreign 
ttates  under  foreign  sovereigns,  and  even  in  a 
oapital  of  a  German  Emi)eror,  because  the}-  had 
published  writings  in  which  the  French  Go- 
vernment, or  at  least  its  despotism,  wa^  attack- 
ed, and  tliis  atilie  time  when  that  same  govern- 
ment daily  permitted  hired  libellers  to  attack, 
under  its  protection,  the  honour  of  all  crowned 
heads,  and  the  mostsacrod  feelings  of  nations. 
These  armies  were  in  no  manner  diminished, 
^ut  continually  reinforced  and  au^^-.nented,  and 
continually  advanced  nearer  to  the  frontiers  of 
Prussia,  or  her  allies ;  till  they  at  length  took 
a  portion  which  could  only  menace  Prussia, 
tnd  were  even  asscmbUd  in' force  in  Westpha- 
lia, which  certainly  w  a;,  not  the  road  to  the 
mouths  of  tlieCattaro.    ,   ^,    ,       .,      , 

Itivas  no  longer  doubtful  that  ^apoleon 
had  determined  to  overwhelm  Prussia  with 
war,  or  to  render  ber  for  ever  incapable  of 


.  J^i«^   of  Prussia* s  Man^esio, 


3S32^ 


war,  since  he  was  leading  her  Irom  humilia* 
tion  to  humiliation,  till  she  should  be  reduced 
to  such  a  state  of  political  degradation  and  . 
feebleness,  that,  deprived  of  every  defence, 
sheoouM  have  no  other  will  than  tnat  of  her 
formidable  neighbour. 

The  King  delayed  no  longer.  He  assem* 
bled  his  army.  General  Knobelsdorif  was 
sent  to  Paris,  with  the  final  declaration  of 
His  Majesty.  Only  one  measure  remained 
which  could  give  security  to  the  King,  which 
was  the  return  of  the  French  troops  over  the 
Rhine.  The  time  for  discussion  vras  past, 
thouzh  the  Cabinet  of  St.  Cloud  appeared 
still  desirous  to  protract  it ;  General  Knobels- 
dorff  had  orders  to  insist  on  this  demand :  it 
was  not  the  whole  of  the  Kind's  just  de* 
mands,  but  it  was  necessary  that  it  should  be 
the  first,  since  it  was  the  condition  of  his 
future  existence.  The  acceptance  or  refusal 
of  It  must  shew  the  real  sentiments  of  the 
French  Emperor. 

Unmeaning  professions,  arguments,  tho 
real  value  of  which  were  known  by  long  ex^ 
perience,  were  the  only  answer  the  King  ro» 
ccivcd.  Far  from  the  French  army  being  re- 
called, it  was  aimounced  that  it  would  be  re« 
inforccd ;  but,  with  a  haughtiness  still  more 
remarkable  than  this  refusal,  an  ofier  was 
made  that  the  troops  which  had  wlvanced  in- 
to  Westphalia,  should  return  home,  if  Pruv 
sia  would  dcUst  from  her  preparations.  This 
was  not  all :  it  was  insolently  notified  to  the 
King's  Ministers,  that  the  Cities  of  Ham* 
burgt),  Bremen,  and  Lubeck,  would  not  be 
suficred  to  Join  the  Northern  Confederation* 
but  that  France  would  take  them  under  her 
protection;  in  the  same  manner  as,  in  tha 
other  Confederation,  she  had  given  away 
cities,  and  promulgated  laws,  without  per- 
mitting any  other  power  to  make  the  least 
pretension.  I'he  King  was  required  to  buffex 
a  foreign  interest  to  be  introuaccd  iiUo  the 
heart  of  his  Monarchy.  Another  coutrujit  of 
conduct  incensed  tlie  King  to  tlie  utmost. 
He  received  from  the  Emperor  a  letter  full  of 
those  assurances  of  esteem,  which,  certainly, 
•  when  they  do  not  accord  witli  facts,  are  to  Ce 
considered  as  nolliing ;  but  which  the  dignity 
of  Sovereigns  renders  a  duty  to  theiiisclves, 
even  when  on  the  vxt  of  war ;  yel,  a  few 
days  afierwarils,  at  a  moment  wheu  the 
sword  was  not  yet  drawn,  when  the  Minis- 
ter of  the  Emperor  endeavoured  to  mislead 
'tliose  of  the  King  by  assurances  on  assu- 
rances of  the  friendly  intentions  ef  France, 
tlie  PuL'iiciste  of  the  l6th  of  September  ap- 
peared with  a  diatribe  against  the  King  and 
the  Prussian  State,  in  a  style  worthy  of  the 
most  disgraceful  period*  of.  the  revolution,  in- 
sulting to  the  nation,  and  what,  in  othtt 
times  than  ours,  would  liave  been  considered 
as  amounting  to  a  declaration  of  war.  The 
King  can  treat  slanden  that  are  merely  ab^* 


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333^I 


King  of  Prussia's  Manifesh, 


1334« 


live,  witti  contempt ;  but  when  these  slan- 
den  contribute  to  explain  the  real  state  of 
things,  it  would  be  unwise  to  treat  them 
merdy  with  contempt. 

The  last  doubts  had  now  dissa^pearcd ; 
troops  marched  frjm  the  interior  ot  France 
towards  the. Rhine.  The  intent  to  attack 
Prussia  was  dear  and  certain.  The  King 
ordered  a  note  to  be  transmitted  by  General 
Kn<^lsdorfF,  containing  the  conditions  on 
which  he  was  ready  to  come  to  an  aocommoda- 
tMD.     These  conditions  were — : 

1.  That  the  French  troops  should  imme- 
diately evacuate  Grermanv. 

2.  That  France  should  oppose  no  obstacle 
to  the  foundation  of  the  Northern  Confe- 
deracy, and  that  the  Confederacy  might 
embrace  the  larger  and  smaller  states,  not 
included  in  the  fundamental  act  of  the  Con- 
Meration  of  the  Rhine. 

3.  That  a  negociatton  ^lould  immediately 
be  comuienced  for  the  adjustment  of  all 
differenoea  still  in  dispute,  a  preliminary  ar- 
ticle of  which  should  be  the  restoration  of 
the  Abbeys,  and  the  separation  of  the  town 
of  Wesef  from  the  French  Empire. 

These  conditions  speak  for  themselves.  Thev 
prove  how  moderate  the  King,  even  at  thfs 
moment,  has  been  in  his  demands,  and  how 
much  the  maintenance  of  Peace,  if  France 
wishes  Peace,  depends  upon  France  hcr- 
•elf. 

The  term  peremptorily  fixed  by  the  Kiiu^ 
for  the  decision  of  peace  or  war  has  elapsed. 
Ilis  Majesty  has  not  received  the  answer  of 
the  Calitnet  of  St.  Cloud",  or  rather  the  pre- 
paratiotts  he  sees  around  him,  daily  give  him 
that  ans^ver.  The  King  can  henceforth  con- 
fide the  honour  and  satety  of  his  crown  only 
to  anns.  He  has  recourse  to  them  with 
pain,  since  a  glory,  purchased  by  the  tears  of 
fiis  people,  was  never  hb  wish  ;  but  he  has 
lecourse  to  them  with  the  tranquilhty  of 
cxmfidence,  since  his  cause  is  just.  The 
King  has  carried  his  forbearance  to  the  utmost 
limit,  and  till  honour  forbade  him  to  carry  it 
ionlier.  The  King  has  m-erlooked  every 
thing,  only  personally  injurious  to  himscli  5 
he  haf  disregraded  the  decisions  of  ignorance, 
and  the  attacks  of  calumny ;  alwa}^  hoping 
that  he  should  be  able  to  conduct  his  people, 
without  injury,  to  that  period,  which  must 
•ooner  or  later  arrive,  wnen  unjust  greatness 
•hall  find  its  bounds  ^  and  ambition,  which 
obitinately  refuses  to  acknowledge  any  limits, 
shall  at  length  overleap  itself. 

His  Majcs^  takes  np  arms,  not  to  gratify 
a  lon^-nourisoed  resentment,  not  to  increase 
his  power,  not  to  disturb  a  nation  which 
knows  how  to  esteem  itself,  in  its  natural 
and  lawful  limiu;  but  b  protect  his  mo- 
narchy from  the  fate  which  is  prepared  for  it, 
to  iQaintain  the  people  of  Frederic  in  their 
bd^cndence  and  glory,  to  ddiver  unfortunate 


Germany  from  the  yoke  under  which  it  ties, 
and  to  obtain  an  honourable  and  sectire  peace. 
The  dav  on  which  he  shall  effect  iJiis,  wiH 
afford  the  King  his  nobfest  triumph.  The 
events  of  the  war  which  is  now  beginnirig, 
are  in  the  disposal  of  Supreme  Wisdom.  The 
King  leaves  to  others  premature  boastings,  as 
be  has  long  left  to  them  the  miserable  enjoy- 
ment of  their  base  invectives  and  unanswered 
calumnies.  But  he  leads  to  botMmrable 
combat,  an  army  worthy  of  its  former  9k)ry. 
He  reigns  ovex  a  people  of  whom  he  may  pc 
proud;  and  while  he  is  ready  to  shed  his 
blood  for  them,  he  knows  what  he  may  ex« 
pcct  from  their  energy,  and  their  affection* 
Princes,  the  honour  of  the  German  name^ 
confiding  in  his  gcsuitude  and  inta^ty,  and 
who,  while  they  fight  by  his  side,  ^ar  not  to 
to  obtain  the  victory,  have  joined  their  bao- 
ners  to  his.  A  Sovereign,  who  adorns  \vith' 
his  virtues  one  of  the  first  thrones  inths 
world,  is  penetrated  with  the  justice  of  his 
cause.  Tnc  voice  of  nations  eveiy  where 
invokes  a  blessing  on  his  arms;  and,  eren 
where  it  b  overawed  into  silence,  is  only  mote 
distinctly  heard.  With  so  many  motives  to 
be  conscious  of  her  strength,  Prussia  may 
well  be  [)ermittcd  to  repose  con^eace  in  ho; 
high  destiny. 

From  the  Head-Quarters  at 
Erfurth,  October  9,.  1 8O6. 

In  addition  to  this  Manifesto  addressed  to 
the  Governments  of  Europe,  his  Prussian 
Majesty  has  issued  a  Proclamation  particolaily 
adapted  to  the  present  state  and  disposition  of 
his  army :  which  breathes  the  same  spirit  as 
the  foregoing  composition,  recalls  tothdrro-, 
collection  the  acknowledgod  military  fame  of 
the  Prussian  troops,  and  the  expectatioii 
formed  by  all  Europe  of  being  delivered  from 
the  French  yoke  by  thdr  valour,  as  "the 
<<  last  support  of  all  liberty,  political  existenee» 
**  and  order." 

'«  That  the  army  have  long  wished  for  war, 
has  not  escaped  his  Majesty's  notice ;  and  ifi 
owing  to  considerations  arising  from  the  cir* 
cumsUnces  of  the  moment,  his  Majesty  has  not 
sooner  yielded  to  their  \yishes,  he  has  never- 
thdcss  not  been  inattentive  to  them,  because 
he  is  convinced  that  the  voice  of  honour  and 
of  patriotism,  which  the  army  have  always 
publidy  manifested,  have  alone  inspired  them 
with  tnese  sentiments.  The  whole  nation 
has  already  exhibited  the  lively  interest  which 
it  takes  in  this  war :  and  it  is  a  sreat  ctonsola^ 
tion  to  his  Majesty,  to  think,  that  the  events 
which  are  about  to  take  place,  are  not  only 
unavoidable,  btit  that  they  hive  also  the  ge* 
neral  assent  of  his  people.'" 


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a35*]  »  finance  Patent  qf  the 

Public  opinion  1mitat9s  extremely  in  regard 
to  what  may  he  the  conduct  of  Austria  in 
the  present  critical  circumstances  of  Ger^ 
many.  There  can  be  no  difficulty  in  di" 
vining  what  must  be  tite  wish  of  the  JBm- 
pcror  of  Austria ;  but  the  power,  and  the 
means,  <f  accomplishing  that  wish,  are. 
not  cosily  pointed  out.  While  money  con^ 
tinues  to  be  the  iinew  of  war,  the  want  qf 
it  will  shackle  the  operations  of  this  power, 
and,  that  this  want  is  severely  felt,  the 
Emperor  has  explicitly  confessed  in  the 
following  official  document. 

yUTANCK  PATENT  OT  TUB  EMPEROR  OF 
AUSTRIA. 

The  Finance  Patent  published  by  the  Emperdr 
of  Austria  commtnces  by  stating,  *•  that  a  se- 
ries of  calamities,  whicM  the  inscrutable  wisdom 
of  Providence  nas  permitted  to  attend  that  Mo- 
narch's reign  during  fifteen  years,  has  not  so 
much  afflicted  the  Royal  breast  as  the  present 
■ecc8<ity  which  compels  him  to  lay"  fresh  bur- 
thens upon  his  people,  for  the  purpose  of  assis* 
ting  the  weakness  of  the  State,  and  removing 
the  evils  which  remain  as  the  natural  conse- 
quences of  the  late  wars. 

•*  These  wars,  which  have  succeeded  each  other 
with  little  intermission  [it  is  observed)  have  been 
more  expensive  than  any  that  the  Monarchy  has 
ever  undertaken.  The  expense  of  each  campaign 
has  far  exceeded  the  sum  total  of  the  usual  annual 
fcvenye  of  the  State. 

**  The  resources  of  foreign  loans,  to  which  the 
Empr.ror*s  ancestors  had  recourse,  it  is  remarked, 
were  rendered  useless  by  the  change  which  had 
Uken  place  in  political  relations  ;  and  the  opera* 
tions  of  domestic  loans  were  found  to  be  too  slow, 
and  in  their  isfiuc  too  uncertain  ;  so  that  even  this 
could  not  be  made  to  cover  more  than  the  fourth 
of  the  expenditure  of  a  single  campaign ;  and 
therefore  to  provide  for  the  rest  of  the  necessary 
expenses  merely  by  forced  loans,  and  extroardi- 
nary  imposts,  would  have  been  destructive  of  the 
well  beinR  of  the  subjcct^specially  when  a  suc- 
cession of  bad  harvests  had  produced  a  dearth,  and 
when  several  thousanils  of  hands  had  been  taken 
from  the  plough  and  from  the  work  shops  of  the 
ijiechanic ;  and,  lastly,  when  the  restrictions 
Upon  coimnerceand  the  arts  had  imposed  jicw  li- 
mitations upon  the  leventie. 

*^  In  this  situation  nothing  remained  to  the  go- 
vernment but  the  increase  of  paper,  which,  with 
the  yearly  accumulation  of  the  Interest,  tended 
to  multiply  the  ciigencies  of  the  State ;  and  this 
it  is  observed,  notwithstanding  the  limitations 
already  introduced  into  every  branch  of  the  pub- 
lic expenditure,  and  other  reforms  which  the 
^Monarch  has  in  view,  is  Mill  in^lcquaie  to  the 
competency  requisite  to  the  support  of  the  State. 


Emperor  ^  Austria.  lSS6* 

"  Such  a  crisis  (it  it  added),  unless  met  with 
firmnessf  and  combated  with  resolution,  ransr 
augment  the  danger  both  of  the  sovereign  and  the 
subject.  The  Emperor,  therefore,  not  doubting 
of  the  fide  ity  and  patriotism  of  his  hereditary 
States^  expresses  the  same  confidence  in  his  sub* 
jects  in  Transylvania  and  Hungary  *• 

The  Emperor  concludes  with  acknowlcdging- 
the  regret  which  he  feels  in  consequence  of  bein^ 
compelled  to  lay  fresh  bunhens  upon  his  faithful 
people  ;  and  observes,  that  the  magnitude  of  the- 
evil  demands  a  quick  and  active  remedy.  He 
therefore  in  the  first  place  proposes  to  remove  the 
most  pressing  of  these  calamities,  vix.  the  over- 
flow of  the  Vienna  Bank  Bills,  and  to  establish  a 
fund  for  their  recal  and  total  annihilation.  Thi? 
Patent  afterwards  proceeds  to  state  the  conditions 
of  the  new  loan,  and  also  that  the  new  duties 
upon  salt,  tobacco,  postage  of  letters,  &c.  are 
only  io  remain  in  force  five  years.  The  revenue 
arising  from  these  duties  is  to  be  solely  appropri« 
ated  to  the  raising  of  4t  fund  for  the  liquidatioD  o£ 
the  Vienna  Bank  Bills. 

It  is  likewbe  stated,  that  the  tax  on  gold  and 
silver  plate,  the  use  of  which  has  uncommonly 
increased  among  all  descriptions,  is  also  calcu- 
lated to  introduce  current  coin  in  the  rooni  of  pa* 
per,  and  to  restore  the  government  paper  to  its 
original  value. 

The  Emperor  admits  that  he  cannot  yet  entire- 
ly excuse  the  Provinces  from  contributions  in  kind 
for  the  support  of  the  military ;  however,  he  is 
willing  to  relieve  them  from  that  which  has  beca 
the  most  burthensome. — namely,  the  contribu* 
tion  of  corn ;  a  tax  in  lieu  of  thb  is  very  shortly 
to  be  brought  forward,  A  stamp  upon  various 
kinds  of  ware  is  also  agreed  upon. 

By  the  means  of  the  present  Patent,  and  the 
assistance  of  his  Kingdom  of  Hungary,  and  the 
Dukedom  of  Transylvania,  and  in  consequence  of 
his  Majesty's  exertions  to  preserve  the  contiaua* 
tion  of  peace  inviolate,  fof  tha  happiness  of  his 
crown  and  the  nations  entrasted  to  him  by  Pro* 
vidence,  and  of  his  desire  of  which  he  had  lately 
given  an  inefragable  proof,  his  Majesty  hopes, 
under  the  protection  of  the  Almighty,  to  arrive 
at  a  happier  state,  and  to  wimess  the  nnich  wish* 
ed-for  period  when  he  shall  be  enabled  to  enjoy 
the  consolation  of  removing  those  heavy  burthens 
from  the  shoulders  of  his  subjects,  which  an  un- 
foreseen occurrence  of  untoward  events  have 
obliged  him  to  lay  upon  them. 

On  the  first  of  September  an  Excise  Duty  was 
also  to  be  laid  upon  all  firesh  fowl,  game,  and 
wine  brought  into  Vieima. 

A  nation  is  worthless  which  does  not  joyfully 
stake  its  all  In  support  of  its  honour. 

insTomicai» 


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flisiorical  Memoir  iff  Prince  Menzicoff. 


[32d 


HISTORICAL    MEMOIR     OF    PRINCE   MENZI- 
COFF,   FAVOURITE  OF  THE   CZAR  PETER  I. 

Trttnslaiedjrom  the  (Euvres  Choisies  ofM. 

de  la  Harpe. 

The  elevation  of  Mcn2dcoff  was  not  one 
of  thoee  caprices  of  fortune,  which  are  so 
common  in  the  old  and  corrupt  monarchies^ 
where  men  without  the  least  merit  attain,  by 
petty  intrigaes,  to  high  situations,  maintain 
uxemselves  there  by  the  very  means  which 
prove  their  disqualim^ations,  nien  who  are  dis- 
plaonl  by  competitors  of  inferior  talents,  and 
who  bear  witn  tliem  into  retirement  theur 
accumulated  riches  and  wearied  spirits,  the 
regret  of  what  they  have  been,  but  unaccom- 
panied with  the  least  remorse  for  what  they 
nare  done*  If,  in  such  courts  as  these, 
where  it  b  the  general  interest  to  discourage 
superior  abilities,  the  talents  of  a  mere  cour- 
tier may  become  powerful  springs  of  action ; 
It  will  not  be  so  at  a  period  when  a  great  man 
is  seen  upon  the  throne,  and  ini prised  with 
jun  anxious  desire  to  free  from  a  state  of  bar- 
barbm  a  rude  and  uncultivated  people ;  he 
falls  none  to  his  aid,  but  such  as  have  strength 
to  forward  his  work  -,  and  he,  who  dunng 
twenty  years,  was  the  prime  minister  of  the 
Czar  Peter,  was  certainly  an  uncommon  man. 

If  it  was  chance  that,  in  his  early  years, 
plaoed  him  near  his  sovereign  ^  it  must  liave 
DCtn  to  his  merit  that  he  was  indebted  for 
the  hi§^  degree  of  favour  and  of  power  which 
he  attained.  He  rendered  important  services, 
and  he  committed  gre^t  faults :  he  was  re- 
compensed for  the  former,  and  he  was  pu- 
rthihed  for  the  latter ;  but,  after  having  abused 
his  prosperity,  he  bore,  as  became  hmi,  the 
weight  of  his  adversity.  He  discovered  no 
mental  weakness,  no  chan^  of  character. 
His  repentance,  which  vas  smcere,  was  that 
<^  4  man  capable  of  passing  judgment  upon 
tu'mlelf,  9nd  he  evidenced  that  he  had  not 
heea  inferior  to  his  fortune ;  because  he  proved 
himself  superior  to  his  disgi'ace. 

It  is  not  known  from  whom  he  derived 
Kb  origin,  or  what  was  the  condition  of  his 
|)arents ;  whether  he  wAs  the  son  of  a  do- 
mestic in  th^  imperial  palace,  as  some  have 
believed,  or  of  a  soldier,  according,  to  the  tra- 
didon  of  others.  But,l>e  that  as  it  may,  there 
6bjx  be  no  doubt  of  his  having  found'' the 
means,  at  a  very  early  period  of  his  life,  to 
introduce  hiiuself  to  the  knowled^  Of  the 
Czar  Peter  1>  since  that  prince  appomted  him 
to  serve  in  a  corps  which  he  was  then  form- 
ing on  the  model  of  Eurojpean  troops ;  and 
afterwards  became  the  first  regiment  of 
^juardsy  Pr^obWrtitki.  Le  Port  was  cap- 
tain of  this  troop ;  th^  Czar  was  himself  the 
drummer ;  and  Alexinder  Menzicoff  was  first 
cnrolWdas  a  private  sokiier.  The  youths, 
which  composed  tlib  body,  were  called  Us  po- 
ttsckni,  or  the  promoters  of  diversion,  be- 
c^nae  Ihey  formed  the  intimate  society  of  the 
i^t&fal  emperor,    and  contributed  to  his 

V9fc.L    [LU.  Pan.  Nqv,  1906,^ 


amusements.  It  is  said,  jhat  one  of  their 
common  sports  was  tq  imitate  the  crie^  of 
the  itinerant  venders  of  articles  in  the  streets  4 
and  as  Menzicoff  chose  to  be  a  retailer  of  pas* 
try,  it  probably  caused  the  report,  amon^^ 
many  others  respecting  his  origin,  that  ha 
was  the  son  of  a  pastir-cook. 

The  education  of  Alej^ander  had  been  vert 
much  neglected :  it  has  been  confidently  said| 
indeed,  tnat  he  never  was  acquainted  with  i 
the  alphabet.  The  baseness  of  his  origii^  -'^ 
must  not  however  be  inferred  Irom  thence ; 
as  it  was  not  uncommon,  previous  to  the 
reign  of  Peter,  for  die  Russian  nobles  to  br 
equally  uninformed.  The  distance  is  immense 
between  thb  state  of  ignorance  and  the  letters 
of  Catherine  to  Voltaire,  though  the  roacl 
which  has  approximated  them  was  very  short? 
It  must,  nevertheless,  prove  to  those  whp 
have  not  a  sufBcient  oonndence  in  the  future^ 
what  a  nation  can  do,  when  the  master  of  it 
has  taken  the  first  step. 

Though  deficient  m  point  of  education, 
Alexander  Itf enzicoff  possessed  a  good  natural 
understanding,  agreeable  Qualities,  a  cheerful 
disposition,  and  that  easy  treedbm  of  manners 
which  were  suited  to  a  prince  of  the  age  and 
character  of  die  Czar.  Being  thus  chosen  as 
the  constant  companion  of  his  master,  he  ne- 
ver more  quitted  hiip  j  whedier  at  Kr^melin, 
the  imperial  palace  of  Moscow,  or  at  Pr^obra- 
zinski,  a  country  house  where  Peter  exercised 
his  increasing  corps,  which  has  since  borne 
the  name  of  that  place.  From  this  period, 
there  arose  an  intimate  connection  beiweca 
the  smcreign  and  the  subject,  naturally  lead- 
ing to  that  durable  attiichment  and  decided 
preference,  which  afterwards  enabled  the  ob- 
ject of  thcni,  to  anest,  in  their  course,  the  jus- 
tice and  the  anger  of  the  emperor,  which  were 
equally  terrible. 

The  lively  qualities  6f  hb  young  favourite 
at  first  amused  huu  ;  but  when  his  own  rea- 
son strengthened,  and  his  understanding  be- 
came more  enlightened,  the  Czar  estimated 
more  and  moce  highly  the  talents  of  Menzi- 
coff. He  confided  to  him  all  the  ideas  which 
already  occupied  his  mind.  It  is  also  a  mat- 
ter of  general  belief,  that  he  took  him  to  the 
councflTand  that  the  Courtiers  who  remarked 
this  commencement  of  mj-al  favour,  not  feel- 
ing the  least  apprehension  of  so  yottn^  a  man, 
thou^t  radier  how  they  might  proht  of  lh6 
r^y  access  he  had  to  nis  niaster,  than  of  at-^ 
tempting  to  lessen  an  influenCej  of  which 
they  had  not  the  least  suspicion.  His  credit, 
however,  was  ^ready  increased  by  an  impor- 
tant service  which  some  years  after  he  had  aa  . 
opportunity  of  rendcr'mg  to  his  sovereign. — 
It  was  by  a  mere  chance,  that  he  discovered 
one  of  mosc  conspiracies  with  which  thi$ 
prince  was  threatened.  It  is  well  known,  to 
what  storms  and  dangers  his  early  youth  wai 
txpotcd,  under  the  guardianship  of  hi»  fistw>  ^ 


M 


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tfistofical  Memoir  of  Prince  Menzicoff. 


C3«* 


the  princess  Sophia,  who  aspired  tathc  throne, 
tnd  fomented  the  spirit  of  revolt  and  sedition 
among  the  insolent  and  savage  militia  of  the 
Slrelitz.  It  was  in  one  of  these  insurrections 
that  the  Czar  saw  his  maternal  uncle  Nariskia 
massacred,  and  risked  his  own  life.  At  length 
the  design  was  formed  to  assassinate  him  at 
ihc  imperial  palace  of  Kr^mclin,  and  to  place 
the  princess  Sophia  on  the  thfone. 

Menzlcoff  was  so  fortonate  as  to  discover 
the  very  first  symptoms  of  this  horrid  plot. — 
He  instantly  made  the  Czar  acquainted  with 
the  danger  that  thrcAtened  him,  when  the 
J-pung  prince,  for  he  was  then  no  more  than 
seventeen  years  of  age,  took  the  necessary  mea- 
SiiTfs  to  seize  the  conspinitori,  who  were  con- 
i^gned  to  the  extirpating  hand  of  the  execu- 
tioner. 

'  But  Peter,  in  advancing  his  favourite,  never 
deviated,  at  least  in  the  military  employments 
iihich  he  conferred  upon  him,  from  tnat  re- 
gular gradation  of  rank  to  which  he  himself 
submitted.  He  first  made  him  a  lieutenant 
in  the  company  of  bombardiers  attached  to 
the  regiment  of  Prfobrazinski  guards,  and 
Peter  took  a  commission  in  the  same  companv 
Which  rendered  him  subordinate  to  his  friena. 
It  b  a  very  singular  circumstance  in  history, 
that  a  monarch  had  sufficient  strength  of  mind 
to  conceive,  that  emulation,  being  a  very  pow- 
erful spring  of  human  action,  would  receive 
an  irresistible  impulse,  if  he  appeared  himself 
to  be  more  delighted  with  a  common  com- 
mand, whicli  he  should  have  attained  by  his 
merit  and  his  actions,  than  with  the  throne 
itself,  for  which  he  was  solely  indebted  to  the 
accident  of  his  birth.  Thus  he  acquired  the 
right  of  reser>'ingall  bis  favours  exclusively  to 
tdents  and  to  seriices.  It  was  indeed  the 
sjreat  secret  of  his  politics  to  persuade  his  sub- 
^ts,  that  a  num  might  rise  from  the  lowest 
condition  to  the  highest  situation,  by  prming 
himself  worthy  of  it ;  and  that  no  rank,  how- 
ever elevated,  could  save  from  Chastisement  the 
jnan  who  had  deserved  it.  Gratitude  alone 
coidd  disarm  his  justice,  for  he  never  forgot 
ttiy  service  which  had  been  rendered  him.— 
If  therefore  it  should  be  asked  what  means  he 
employed  to  accomplish  such  meat  things? 
it  may  be  answered — that  he  had  acquired  the 
true  science  of  kings : — how  to  inflict  punish- 
auents  and  to  confer  rewards. 

While  Charles  XII.  was  inebriated  with 
the  vain  and  transient  glory  of  giving  to  Sta- 
nislaus the  territories  of  Augustus,  Peter  ex- 
tended his  empire  by  solid  and  lasting  con- 
quests. He  united  to  it  the  finest  pronnces 
of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  Livonia,  Carelia, 
Estonia,  and  1  ngria.  llie  chief  place  of  the 
latter  \%as  Notcbourg,  which  he  afterMrards 
named  Shlusselbourg,  because  it  is  the  key  of 
Ingria  and  Finland.  MenzicofTdistinguished 
himself  at  the  si^  of  this  place,  and  the 
Og^  ptcsonted  \a»  with  the  gpTernoient,  to 


which  he  aflerwaidt  added  that  of  the  pro* 
vince,  with  the  dignity  of  a  prince,  the  rank 
of  major-general,  and  the  blue  ribbon  of  St. 
Andrew.  He  sJso  took  the  ritle  of  Prince 
Menzicoff  J  because,  inKussia,  the  titles  Spring 
from  the  persons  of  tliose  who  bear  meniy 
and  not  from  their  territorial  possessions. 

Menzicoff  had  already  dispbyed  militatT 
talents,  by  no  means  inferior  to  the  rewarda 
which  he  had  received.  Being  intnxsted  with 
a  particuhr  command,  he  had  beat  several 
bodies  of  Swedish  troops,  at  a  time  when  the 
soldiery  of  Charles  Xll.  were  considered  as 
invincible,  and  when  the  Czar  ^w  the  king 
Augustus  at  Chokzin,  a  fudtive  and  de- 
spoiled of  the  crown  of  Poland,  he  was  in- 
debted to  Menzicoff  for  the  pleasure  of  pre- 
senting to  his  unfortunate  ally  the  colours  fa- 
ken  from  their  common  enemy ;  and  the  first 
pledge  of  the  promise  he  then  made  to  that 
prince,  to  restore  and  to  avenge  him. 

It  was  not  only  in  war  that  Menzicoff  waa 
serviceable  to  his  master:  he  had  acquired 
knowledge  of  various  kinds,  which  enabled 
him  to  second  the  desi^s  of  Peter,  who  was 
ocnipied  in  embdlishmg  and  fortifying  hit 
territories,  at  the  same  time  that  he  was  com- 
bating his  enemies.  Already  Petcrsbuij^  was 
rising  into  gmndeur,  the  particular  object  of 
the  Czar*s  ambition,  and  the  fiivourite  work 
of  his  reim.  Possessed  at  length  of  the  pro- 
vinces which  bolder  on  the  Baltic,  he  deter- 
mined to  fix  the  seat  of  his  empire^  in  the 
midst  of  his  new  conquests,  and  consequently 
bring  it  nearer  to  the  fest  of  Europe,  from 
which  his  vast  nossessioiis  in  the  distant  parta 
of  the  north  ana  the  east  had  removed  it. — 
The  superintendance  of  this  erand  monument 
placed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva,  and  which 
was  to  bear  the  name  of  its  founder,  had  been 
confided  to  the  care  of  Menzicoff  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  Czar,  when  other  enterprizet 
called  him  away.  It  was  even  MenzicofT 
who  erected  K  af\er  the  wooden  model  directed 
by  Peter  himself,  the  fort  of  Cronstadt  on  tho 
sfiore  of  the  Baltic,  whose  foundations  w^ere  laid 
in  the  sea,  and  vt^ich  was  intended  to  serve  aa 
a  suburb  to  the  rising  city  of  Petersbuivh.— ^ 
From  day  to  day  did  he  increase  in  ravour 
with  his  master ;  but  his  ^ory  kept  pace  witlt 
it.  Fortune,  which  seem^  to  furnish  him 
with  brilliant  opportunities  of  acquiring  re- 
nown, had  conoucted  tlie  king  Augustus  U> 
Menzicoff  in  Pomerania,  where  lie  command- 
ed the  troops  of  the  Czar.  The  dethroned  mo- 
narch being  then  reduced'to  the  two-fold  hu- 
miliation of  having  no  other  asylum  but  the 
Russian  camp  at  the  verv  time  when  he  ww 
treating  secretly  for  his  abdication  with. 
Charles  XII.  Menzicoff,  who  was  altogether 
ignorant  of  this  n^»csation,  had  the  Swedish 
General  Mandlcrfeld  in  front  of  him,  and. 
he  gave  him  baulc  near  Kalish,  October  19, 
171a>  9  nor  did  A\igustu8  dar^  vo  utter  a  wo^» 


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in  opposition  to  it  The  Russians  gained  a 
complete  victory,  killed  four  thousand  of  the 
enemy,  and  made  two  thousand  six  hundred 
prisoners.  ^  This  victorv,  however,  caused  no 
alteration  in  the  treaty  between  Augustus  and 
Charles,  whose  ascendancy  still  prevailed  in 
Tbland ;  but  that  circumstance  did  not  lessen 
the  honour  acquired  by  Menzicoff,  in  having 
defeated  the  Swedes  in  a  pitched  battle,  an 
honour  which  the  Russians  had  enjoyed  but 
#nce  since  the  commencement  of  the  v«rar, 
under  General  Sheremetof,  whom  Peter,  as  a 
reward  for  that  exploit,  had  ordered  to  make 
a  triumphal  entry  into  Moscow. 

The  Czar  was  at  this  time  too  much  occu- 
pied in  his  pbns  tOv  repulse  Charles  XII.  who 
was  advancing  towards  Russia,  to  send  Prince 
Menzlcofi*  to  receive  a  triumph  at  Moscow, 
which  was  three  bwidred  leagues  from  the 
theatre  of  the  war.  He  had  too  much  occa- 
sion for  hb  services  to  spare  them  for  a  mo- 
ment :  so  that  instead  of  the  pomp  of  a  tri- 
umph, he  offered  him  the  first  of  all  rewards, 
an  opportunity  to  acquire  new  ^lory }  and  he 
icon  enjoyed  that  of  contending  in  person 
with  Cliarles  himself  between  the  Boristhenes 
and  the  Desna,  on  the  frontiers  of  the 
Ukraine.  Menzicoff,  at  the  head  of  the 
Russian  cavalry,  fell  upon  the  Swedish  ad- 
vanced guard,  and  threw  it  into  disorder  3 
while  Charles,  in  fepulsing  the  Russians, 
which  he  did  with  great  dilEculty,  put  his 
life  in  continaal  jeopardy.  He,  however, 
continued  to  advance  into  the  Ukraine,  where 
lie  expected  to  be  joined  on  one  side  by  the 
Cossack  Mazeppa,  and  on  the  other,  by  G^e- 
neral  Levenhaupt,  who  was  on  the  march 
with  a  very  considerable  army  and  a  large  sup- 
ply of  stores  and  ammunition.  The  Czar, 
naviDg  been  joined  by  Menzicoff,  marched 
forwards  to  meet  Levenhaupt,  one  of  the 
ablest  generals  in  the  service  of  Charles  XII. 
A  very  blpody  battle  accordingly  took  place 
near  Lemau,  which  continued  during  three 
days,  and  where  Levenhaupt  lost  one  half  of 
his  soldiers,  seven  pieces  of  artillery,  and  forty- 
four  stand  of  colours.  It  was  with  ^XAi  dif- 
&nilty  that  he  coutd  join  the  king  with  half 
the  conquered  army.  But  notwithstanding 
his  loss,  he  was  enabled  to  eive  very  consi- 
derable support  to  Charles.  He  was  master 
OfBathunn,  a  strong  place  of  the  Ukraine, 
tnd  abundantly  provided  with  all  kinds  of 
ttores.  Thither  he  had  taken  his  route,  in 
order  to  recruit  his  army  with  whatever  it 
wanted,  and  to  open  the  way  for  him  to  Mos- 
€ow«  It  was  there  that  Menzicoff  rendered 
*  more  essential  service  to  his  master,  than  all 
^hich  he  had  previously  performed,  and  to 
Which  thjp  Czar  considered  himself  as  indebted 
not  only  for  his  preservation,  but  his  crown. 
'Hiey  were  about  a  hundred  leagues  from 
Bathurin,  when  Peter,  who  watched  the  mo- 
t^  of  the  Slwedoh  monarch,  could  neither 


advance  upon  hipi,  nor  tell  whither  he  wa« 
going.  The  active  intrepidity  of  MenzicolF 
preserved  the  Czar  from  this  danger.  l'her« 
were  some  Russian  regiments  dispersed  about 
tlie  vicinity  of  Bathurin :  he  accordingly 
quitted  the  imperial  army  with  very  few  at- 
tendants, took  a  bye  route,  not  even  known  to 
the  Swedes,  pursued  his  journey  with  incre- 
dible alacrity,  contrived  to  assemble  all  the 
Russian  troops  he  found  in  their  different 
quarters,  put  all  the  infantry  on  horseback, 
sent  the  artilleiy  onwards  by  post  horses,  storm- 
ed the  town  of  Bathurin,  mounted  the  ram- 
parts sword  in  hand,  and  having  carried  ihcm, 
plundered  the  place  and  reduced  it  to  ashes^ 
Arms,  provisions,  stores,  were  all  carried  off, 
and  Charles  was  forced  to  go  and  lay  siege  to 
Pultava,  before  which  place  he  found  the 
rock  on  which  was  dissipated  that  astonishing 
and  rapid  fortune  that  resembled  a  storm 
its  terrible  effects  and  its  transient  dusa- 
tion. 

Menzicoff,  who  had  contributed  to  th# 
victory  of  Lesnau,  had  the  glory  to  achieve 
that  of  Pultava.  He  commanded  the  Russiai^ 
army  for  two  months,  during  the  absence  of 
the  Czar.  On  tlie  day  of  battle,  he  cut  off  a 
corps  of  six  thousand  men  from  the  Swedish 
army,  and  cf)nipelled  them  to  lay  down  thei^ 
^riiis :  and  it  was  he  who  pursued  general 
Levenhaupt  to  Per^volotma,  Torcod  him  to 
capitulate  and  yield  himself  a  prisoner  of  war, 
with  fourteen  thousand  men,  the  sole  remains 
of  that  army  of  Charles  XII.  which  had  hi  • 
therto  been  considered  as  invincible,  had 
made  Saxony,  Poland,  and  Russia  tremble, 
and  had  carried  its  terrors  from  the  gates  of 
Leipsick  to  the  ramparts  of  Pultava. 

No  rewards  could  be  too  great'  for  such  ser- 
vices j  and  they  were  lavished  upon  hmi.  He 
was  now  advanced  to  the  rank  of  field-nriarshal 
and  the  place  of  first  senator,  which  is  most 
eminent  in  the  civil  administration ;  he  was 
also  at  the  head  of  every  department  of  the 
public  affairs,  and  was  decorated  with  the 
most  distingubhed  orders  of  Russia.  His  cre- 
dit, his  power,  and  hb  riches  were  unlimited. 
The  emperor  who  abridged  his  own  grandeur 
to  enrich  his  favourite  invested  him  with  im- 
mense possessions.  They  were  scatterc4 
throughout  every  province  of  the  Russian  cm- 
pire\  and  he  could  travel  from  Riga  in  Livo- 
nia, to  Derbent  on  the  frontiers  of  Persia, 
and  sleep  cveiy  nieht  on  an  estate  of  his  own, 
A  hundred  and  nfty  thousand  families  con- 
stituted the  number  of  his  vassals.  Jn  short, 
when  the  Czar  set  off  for  his  unfortunate  cam- 
paign of  Pruth,  and  when  he  afterwards  made 
his  second  tour  throu^  part  of  Europe,  hp 
left  PrincQ  Menzicofi  regent  of  the  empire 
with  absolute  dominion. 

But  he  abused  his  power :  and  to  the  pic- 
ture of  his  splendid  actions  must  succeed  that 
of  his  faults.     Like  many  otliers,  hr  disgra^ 

M  2 

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tiist^tical  Memoir  of  Prince  Menxico^. 


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«1  the  fortune  which  he  at  first  merited.  He 
knew  mankind  well,  and  what  use  to  make 
of  them }  but  he  confined  his  ^Employments 
to  his  owTi  creatures,  and  looked  to  no  other 
hieril  than  that  which  h*d  placed  itself  under 
his  protection.  His  tyrannic  pride  desired  to 
crush  all  who  refu>ed  to  creep  and  cringe  be- 
fore him  :  and  he  once  treated  a  senator  as  a 
rebel  and  threatened  hirti  with  the  rack,  be- 
muse he  dared  to  deliver  an  opinion  dlfierent 
from  his  own.  Insatiable  of  treasure,  he  in- 
creased by  extortion  and  by  rapine  the  wealth 
he  had  received  from  the  bounty  of  the  Em- 
peror. Complaints,  liowcver,  poui^  forth 
against  hiiri  from  all  quattcrs,  and  the  Czar, 
On  his  return  ffom  Pruth,  appointed  a  cham- 
ber of  justice  to  examine  into  the  malversations 
practised  d6ring  his  absence.  To  convict 
Menzicoff,  orders  signed  by  himself  v/ere  pro- 
duced and  which  evidently  provM  his  rob- 
beries and  various  other  acts  of  injustice.  It 
is  said,  that  he  rested  hisdefeilce  aUogether, 
upon  his  i«;norance,  and  the  facility  with 
^hich  he  micht  be  surprised  irito  mistakes, 
by  presenting  him  papers  which  he  Could  not 
l-caa  J  and  he  threw  the  whde  bl^me  upott 
the  treachery  or  cishonesty  of  his  secretaries^ 
I'his  excuse,  however,  is  tiot  very  credible. 
It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that,  on  his  advance- 
ment to  the  high  offices  oi  government,  he 
bad  not  learn'M  to  read<  But,  bc^  that  as  i^ 
may,  the  accusations  brought  against  him 
^ere  inerifdtial,  andds  it  generally  happens, 
bis  rnfiuence  increased  by  the  vety  eifort^ 
Which  were  made  t6  destroy  it. 

The  fkme  of  his  povjfer  being  spfead  through 
Europe,  heiVas  cdiirted  by  all  the  foreign 
princes*  The  Kings'  of  Denmark,  of  Prus* 
sia,  and  of  Poland,  sent  him  their  respective  of- 
fers, and,  knowing 'his  aVaride,  annexed 
Considerable  pensitWs  to  them.  The  Emperor 
^hlitcd  hirti  a  prince  of  the  empire,  and  pte 
him  the  Duchy  oi  Cossel  in  Silesia.  All  the 
German  princes,  whd  had  any  thing  to  hope, 
6r  to  fcaf,  froiii  the  Cear,  became  the  ffat- 
terers  of  his  favouTite  $  they  loitded  him  With 
presents ;  and,  in  spite  of  the  ri^d  etiquette  of 
Germany,  gave  him  the  title  of  highness.  In 
l)ne  word,  no  private  man  ever  ei^joyed 
touch  high  honours  and  possessed  so  much 
Ivealrh. 

Courted  as  he  was  by  so  many  aov^rei^, 
ind  sharing,  as  it  mav  be  said,  the  empire  with 
his  nlaSttfr,  he  considered  himself  as  superior 
te  all  attacks,  And  protected  from  every  reverse 
6f  fortune:  He  had  persuaded  himself  that 
punishment  Ck>uld  never  oVertakfe  hhui  But 
tis  {)omp  and  hii  expenses  were  beyond  the 
ntoans  even  of  his  weatih.  Immense  as  It  was, 
to  sustain,  and  he  had  recoui'-e  to  all  the  con- 
ttivances  wnth  which  his  {)0wer  furnished 
him  to  amass  new  treasures. — Durin^';  the  ex- 
|>rdition  of  the  Czar  into  Persia,  he  carried 
tlis  avidity  to  ^ucli  an  audacii^ib  hci^it  as  to 


debase  the  national  coin,  an4  by  ^at  daring 
measure  had  threatened  the  commerce  of  the 
country  with  ruin.  This  was  a  capital  criine. 
The  public  outcry  aroused  the  angex'  of  the 
Czar,  and  he  openly  declared  that  he  wonkl 
punish  the  criminal. — It  was  well  known  that 
Peter  did  not  threaten  in  vain,  nor  infiict  or- 
dinary punishment.  Nothing  was  more  re- 
markable in  this  prince,  than  the  active  and 
profound  sentiment  6f  justice  and  magnanimi-' 
ty,  which  sometimes  I'edoubled  the  natural 
impetuosity  of  his  character  and  rendered  it 
more  terriole ;  while,  at  others,  it  arrested 
and  disarmed  him  in  the  most  violent  pa-» 
roxysms  of  passion.  All  his  emotions  were 
sudden  and  nasty ;  nor  was  the  suppression  of 
them  less  rapid.  Various  well  authenticated 
examples  ot  this  dbposition  might  be  cited  ^ 
but  we  confine  ourselves  to  those  circumstam^et 
which  telate  to  Menzicoff.  How  many  timeis 
did  he  call  forth  the  passionate  anger  of  the 
Empen)f  against  himself,  and  as  oiten  did  he  * 
calm  him  with  a  single  word.  It  appeared, 
as  if  he  held  in  his  hand  the  springs  which 
govenled  that  anient  and  elevated  mind.  One 
day,  when  the  Ctar  threatened  to  destroy 
him,  the  minbter  replied,—"  And  if  you 
do,  what  then  if — ^You  will  hate  the  pleasure 
to  destroy  ^-our  own  work,*'  and  the  Eaw 
perot  tt^as  instantly  appeased.  Nevertheless^ 
whto  Peter  returned  trom  his  Persian  cani<* 
paign,  Menzicoff  sunk  at  (mce,  from  the 
height  of  confidence  aS  it  were  into  the  very 
abyss  of  discouragement  and  apprehensioiK 
lie  did  not  ev€n  present  himself  before  the 
Emperor  on  his  arrival  at  Petersburgh ;  but  re* 
mained  in  his  palace,  on  the  banks  of  th# 
Neva,  on  the  piietence  of  sickness,  which  it  b 
not  improbable  that  disquietudClmd  alarm  had 
actually  produced.  He  was  in  bed  when  hi« 
people  announced  the  approach  of  the  Czar, 
who  had  i^ssed  the  Neva,  and  had  come  to 
paj  a  visit,  with  but  few  attendants,  and 
without  any  previous  notification.  He  sat 
down  at  the  head  of  the  bed,  and  was  mak- 
ing mquifes  respecting  his  health;  when 
Menzicofi*  informed  him  that  his  real  illuest 
proceeded  from  tlie  displeasure  of  his  master, 
which  he  acknowledged  that  he  had  merited. 
He  did  not  attempt  to  ofFcf  an  excuse,  -and 
appeared  to  expect  tli6  seierest  punishment* 
This  confession  touched  the  Ejmpetor. 
'^  Alexander,**  said  he,  ^  take  (Sbordge,  you 
"  have  indeed  committed  an  hetuouscHBreace : 
*'  you  have  almost  ruined  Ay  country  \  but  I 
''  l^annot  fbr^t  thgt  you  have  saveo  it,  ana 
**  that  I  am  mdcfbted  io  you  for  my  eihpirt 
**  and  my  life.'* 

He  haa  already  escaped  frooi  the  ro.enace  of 
imperial  resentment  after  the  affair  of  Stettin» 
and  the  very  danger  which  threatened  him, 
had  caused  the  humtiiation  of  his  enfxpljps' 
In  \1\^,  he  besieged  that  capital  of  Poii^e^ 
rania^  wliich  he  wa»  at  the  nwift^nt  of  fas' 


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•esaiiigy  ^en,  seduced  by  the  intrigues  of 
Baitm  de  Goeits,  bat  more  probably  by  a 
doQoevir  of  400,000  livres*  he  consented  to 
deliver  it  into  the  hands  of  Frederic  William, 
King  of  Prussia,  on  the  strength  of  promises 
frhich  ymt  never  realised.  Peter  was  vio- 
lently irritated  on  this  occasion  ,  and  Menzi- 
Doff  who  had  been  informed  of  that  circum- 
stance, but  who  well  knew  the  character  of 
hta  master,  formed  a  very  singular  plan  of 
defence  and  pursued  a  conduct  still  more  ex- 
traordinary. On  his  arrival  he  retired  to  his 
pahKse,  and  did  not  go  to  court  The  Czar 
sent  to  know  the  cause  of  his  absence  ^  when 
ke  haughtily  answered,  that  it  was  not  ac- 
coidins  to  etiquette,  for  the  last  person  who 
arrivecTto  pay  the  first  visit.  Peter,  more 
exasperated  than  ever,  ordered  certain  Lords:, 
knov/n  to  be  enemies  of  Menzicoflf,  to  follow 
him,  that  they  midit  Witness  the  humiliation 
of  an  insolqit  and  criminal  subject.  On  hb 
arrival,  he  loaded  him  with  reproaches,  and 
became  so  irritated  as  to  be  op  the  point  of 
striking  him.  Menzicoff  sunplicated  his  mas- 
ter to  grant  him  a  private  audience,  but  it  was 
.with  great  difficulty  he  obtained  it.  They 
then  passed  into  a  cabinet,  when  the  minister 
Miuming  a  more  firm  tone  ''  vou  idolise  glory,** 
said  he  to  the  Czar,  **  and  I  thought  that  I 
"  had  advanced  yourown:  Charles,  your  rival, 
«'  gave  away  kingdoms;  but  it  was  the  wbh 
^'  of  my  heart  that  you  should  do  more  dian 
"  he;,  and,  Uiat  one  of  your  subjects  should 
"  give  away  provinces;  an  honour  which 
**  never  bdoneed  to  any  one  but  to  yourself : 
**  m  not  this  tor  superior  to  the  possession  of 
*'  ^a  territory  so  far  removed  from  your  king- 
*'  dom,  that  you  coukl  not  have  retained  it?** 
Peter,  naturally  struck  with  every  thing  that 
was  ^«at,  was  most  sensibly  affected  by  this  an- 
swer: and  the  fiivourable  impression  being  once 
made,  MenzicofF  found  no  difficulty  in  com- 
pleating  his  purpose;  and  the  Emperor  re- 
turned from  this  private  conference,  mani- 
festing the  utmost  regard  to  hb  minbter  in 
the  presence  pf  those,  who  certainly  looked 
for  a  vBif  different  exhibition. 

It^as,  however,  been  generally  believed, 
that  with  respect  to  the  diminution  of  the 
coin,  by  the  favourite,  gratitude  was  not  the 
soie  motive  to  the  £mperor*s  clemency,  and 
that  without  the  protection  of  the  Empress 
Catherine,  he  wouM  not  have  obtained  hb 
pardon.  The  hisMry  of  that  Princess  b  well 
known,  and  her  fortune  b  still  more  surprising 
tha^  that  of  MenzicofF.  She  was  bom  in 
Livonia  and  made  prisoner  at  Marienboiug, 
when  she  entered  into  tlie  service  of  the  Prin- 
cess Meozicoff.  There  the  Emperor  first  saw 
her  and  having  discovered  her  superior  merit, 
be  raised  her  to  his  throne^  while  her  great 
virtues  and  eminent  talents  justified  his 
choice, 
ft  0Uj^|fal  gencially  observed,   that  the 


minister  entered  into  all  the  views  of  Peter  ia 
humbling  the  gre^t  territorial  Lords,  who 
had  rendered  themselves  too  formidable,  by 
elevating  men  who  made  amends  for  their  in* 
feriof  birth,  by  their  su{)erior  merit.  It  was 
thb  principle  also  which  establbhed  the 
credit  of  Le  Fort  and  Jsy^zinski  who  served 
him  in  the  interior  «dminbtration  as  Men^i* 
coff  did  at  the  head  of  hb' armies. 

Peter,  as  b  well  known,  was  an  enemy  to 
pomp  ind  exterior  dbplay  in  himself;' he 
therefore  employed  Menzicoff  U>  play  the 
splendid  part  of  Emperor,  while  he  contented 
himself  with  simplicity  of  appearance,  great 
actions,  and  domestic  freedom.  He  perinit* 
ted  MenzicofF  to  reign  at  court, wnije  he 
reigned  for  posterity.  This  minbter  did  all 
the  honours  of  the  court  festivals,  gave  au- 
dience to  ambassadors,  and  received  the  ho- 
mage due  to  the  Emperor  himself.  —  The 
magnificence  and  splendour  of  hb  appearance 
was  equal  to  hb  character  as  imperial  represen* 
tative.  On  some  public  occasion,  the  Em« 
press  Catherine  said  jocosely  to  her  husband^ 
'  *  Do  but  see  what  a  great  number  of  diamonds 
'*  decorate  the  Princess  Menzicoff,  and  your 
^'  wife  has  lione  at  all.'*  The  Czar  embracing 
her  immediately  replied*  *'  my  dear  friend, 
"  whenever  it  shall  please  God  that  I  nudte 
"  peace  with  Sweden,  I  promise,  that  you 
*'  shall  have  as  many  diamonds  as  the  Princess 
"  Menziooff.** 

Catherine  was  the  constant  friend  of  Men-i 
zicoff,  and  it  appears  that,  in  the  latter  yean 
of  Peter's  teign,  she  alone  supported  him 
acainst  the  peoole  who  hated  him,  and  against 
the  Czar  himself,  who  began  to  lose  his  pre- 
dilection for  him. — ^But  notwithstanding  this 
Srotection,  it  was  now  become  a  matter  of 
oubt  whether  hb  former  services^  and  the 
royal  favour  would  be  able  to  maintain  him 
against  hb  enemies  and  hb  faujts.— But  it 
was  not  reserved  for  Peter  to  punish  him; 
and  that  great  man  who  was  taken  away 
too  soon  for  hb  country,  was  spared,,  at  least, 
the  sad  and  painful  ofSce  of  overturning  wha^ 
he  liad  erected.  He  died;  and  Menziooff 
being  in  possession  of  ail  hb  employments,, 
and  consequently  the  most  powerful  man  in 
the  empire,  was  now  in  a  situation  to  prove 
hb  gratitude  to  the  Czarina.  Peter  had  not 
taken  any  measures  to  regulate  the  succession. 
There  was  a  party  indeed  who  supported  the 
claim  of  the  Grand  Duke,  son  of^  the  unfor- 
tunate Petiowitz  who  had  been  cut  ofi  by 
Peter,  but  the  credit  and  activity  of  Men- 
zicoff placed  Catherine  on  the  throne.  She 
be^n  her  reign  by  creating  him  Generar 
Ussimo,  a  rank  superior  to  that  of  Field. 
Marshal;  and  expressed  her  intention  to 
create  his  son  Duke  of  Cou^land,  which,  how* 
ever,  was  never  fulfilled, 

It  will  be  readily  beIieTFc4>  tftysix  so  proud  % 
man  as  Menzicoff,  mij^U^  |Kia|ke  his  impoN 

M9 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


S31] 


Histoncdl  Mtnukir  of  Prince  Mtnucof^ 


ES31 


tance  too  irksome  to  a  woman  whose  so- 
vereignty he  regarded  as  his  own  work.     On 
the  oiiier  hand  it  is  not  improbable  that  the 
widow  of  Peter  the  Great  would  bear  with  re- 
pugnance the  weight  of  obligaiion  to  a  man, 
to  w  hr  m  she  had  extended  protection  :  from 
thisdii»{X>»ition  so  natural  to  them  both,  mu- 
tual suspicions  arose.     Catherine,    with  all 
her  exterior  attentions  lo  Menzico^  was  con- 
triving in  secret  to  cast  off  the  yoke  of  a  too 
powerful  minister:    and  Menzicoff  was  la- 
Dourihg  to  form  a  support  against  the  party 
which  he  had  raisc-d  among  thnt  which  he 
had  •  beat  down.    He  had  Uierefore  entered 
into  a  negociation  with  the  court  of  Vienna 
to  sf-cure  the  throne,  after  the  death  of  the 
Czarina,  to  the  grandson  of  Peter  th*  great, 
nephew  by  her  mother's  side,  to  the  imperial 
consort  of  Charles.     This  treaty  had  been  just 
tinned  by  Mcnzicoff  and  the  Count  de  Rabu- 
tin,  imperial  minister  at  the  court  of  Russia, 
when  the  Czarina  died,  after  a  reign  of  two 
years.    Hatred,  which  does  not  e%*en  wait  for 
prolmbilities  in  order  to  suppose  crimes ;  and 
popular  credulity  which  feeas  on  accusations 
of  atrocity,  did  not  fail  tp  impute  to  Men- 
£ircf}\  a  death  which  happened  at  a  moment 
to  suited  to  his  purposes :  the  same  reports 
had  prevailed  on  the  death  of  Peter ;  and  it 
becomes  history  to  r^ect  such  odious  imputa- 
tJiiDs  wherd  they  are  unsupported  by  any 
proof.     Besides,   whatever  failings  might  ^ 
found  in  the  character,  whatever  errors  might 
liave  appeared  m  the  conduct  of  the  minister, 
they  were  not  of  a  colour  to  justify  such  a 
cha^rge ;  his  mind  was  superior  to  such  base 
designs  and  atrocious  misdeeds. 

We  now  behold  Menzicoff  the  master ^f  a 
third  rei^n,  with  a  more  absolute  power  than 
he  had  hitherto  possessed,  as  he  had  to  govern 
an  emperor  of  ovXy  twelve  years  of  age,  who 
mved  him  every  thing.  It  might  be  thought 
that  his  power  was  less  exposed  than  e\'er  to 
xevolutions.  Pear  was  the  engine  of  his  go- 
vernment; even  the  j'oung  emperor,  who  re- 
garded him  as  the  protector  or  his  childhood 
and  tlic  avenger  of  nis  rights,  trembled  before 
liim,  This  able  and  ambitious  minister  al- 
ready sure  of  a  pupil  who  was  attached  to 
him  bv  gratitude  shackled  him  also  by  ter- 
ror. With  a  mind  amtinually  reflecting  on 
the  misfortunes  of  his  father,  and  the  perils 
that  had  besieged  his  infant  years,  Peter  the 
Second  was  perfectly  prepared  to  receive  the 
alarms  with  which  Menzicoff  agjtated  his 
apprehensive  credulity.  He  considered  him- 
self as  surrounded  with  enemies  and  conspira- 
tors ;  ard  on  that  prete^^t,  the  minister  had 
tent  into  exile  all  those  whom  he  regarded 
as  desen'inz  of  suspicion.  No  one  without 
his  permission  dare  approach  the  Emperor, 
nor  aid  the  Emperor  dare  to  speak  to  any  one 
without  his  Concurrence.    MenzicofTwho  did 


not  fear  any  obstacle,  as  he  did  not  l«qiiir» 
any  assent,  proposed  to  him,  as  the  only 
means  of  establishing  the  imperial  authority 
on  a  sure  foundation,  to  create  him  vicar  ge* 
neral  of  the  empire.  The  patents  were  ac* 
cordingly  prepared,  and  they  wanted  nothing 
but  the  signature  of  the  Emperor.  Soon 
after,  the  projected  marriage  between  Peter 
the  second  and  tlie  eldest  <£nighter  of  Men- 
zicoft'  was  taken  into  consideration.  It  waa 
one  of  the  secret  conditions  of  the  treaty  cos^ 
eluded  by  the  minister  of  Charles ;  and  Peter 
in  submitting  to  it,  might  believe  that  he  did 
no  more  than  fulfil  the  wishes  of  his  fomily 
and  of  those  who  united  to  secure  his  soocea- 
sion  to  the  imperial  crown.  T^he  ceremoniala 
of  affiance  were  celebrated  in  the  most  pab«> 
lie  manner,  in  presence  of  the  senate  and  the 
great  officers  of  the  court.  No  one  dared  to 
murmur,  and  all  the  discontented  persons  of 
whom  there  was  any  reason  to  be  afraid,  had 
either  retired  of  tHemsclves,  or  were  removed 
by  the  arm  of  power  to  some  distant  residence. 
The  whole  passed  therefore  without  opposi* 
tion ;  but  it  was  remarked  that  the  oercmoBjr 
disnlayed  nothing  more  than  amourafd  poittp 
ana  an  ill-omened  solemnity ;  and  tlve  an^ 
substitiite  for  the  joy  usual  on  such  ooeaaiona, 
was  that  which  tyranny  can  always  obtain^ 
when  it  is  unresisted,  sifence  and  sorrow. 

Menzicoff  waited  but  for  the  marriaiK  of 
his  daughter,  and  then,  beinz  fiither  of  the 
Empress  and  fether  in-law  of  the  Empeior  ; 
was  he  not  in  effect  the  possessor  of  a  throne, 
of  which  his  grand  children  would  be  the' 
heirs?  He  imapned  that  one  step  nM>m 
would  conduct  him  to  the  pinnacle  of  great* 
ness  \  alas !   he  was  at  the  momeat  of  hb 


rum. 


The  Prince  Dolgorouki  and  the  Count  0»» 
tennan,  two  secret,  and  consequently  two 
dani^rous  enemies,  veere  neither  the  objects 
of  his  vengeance  nor  of  his  suspicions.  Th^ 
had  both  experienced  his.  insolence  and  his 
injustice,  but  they  had  wisely  given  way  to 
the  circumstances  of  the  times,  and  he  either 
thought  them  devoted  to  his  interests,  or  had 
confounded  them  with  the  crowd  of  those 
whom  he  had  outraged,  but  did  not  fear. 

Some  time  after  tne  ceremonial  of  afianee, 
Menzicoff  was  attacked  by  a  dangerous  di-. 
sorder ;  and  it  became  necessary  to  6nd  some 
one  to  whom  he  could  safely  confide  the  per- 
son of  the  Emperor.  He  accordingly  placed 
him  in  the  hands  of  Prince  polgorouki,  for 
no  other  reason,  but  because  he  neither  loved 
nor  feared  him.  The  latter  seized  the  fovour- 
able  opportunity  nnd  knew  how  to  render  it 
decisive.  He  called  Osterman  to  assist  him 
in  completing  the  ruin  of  their  common 
enemy.  The  ^tmng  Dolgorouki,  son  of 
the  prince  of  that  name,  and  about  the  samt 
age  as  tlie  Czar,  was  the  most  useful  instn>- 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


33Bf 


HishrUat  Mtmw  qf  Prince  MemdcqjS^. 


[534- 


meat  of  the  meditated  revolution.  The  young 
Elizabeth  IWowna,  daughter  of  Peter  the 
great,  and  aunt  of  the  rei^ng  Emperor,  en- 
P^jed  in  the  plot.  Admitted  to  the  intimate 
society  of  Peter  the  second,  who  had  been 
hitherto  kept  under  the  most  severe  restraint, 
they  soon  inspired  him  with  a  desire  for  a 
inore  uncontrouled  and  agreeable  mode  of 
liie ;  while  the  pleasures  and  amusements 
which  were  every  day  procured  foi^  him,  in- 
duced him  to  consider  the  yoke  imposed  by 
Menzicofif  as  an  insupportable  tyranny.  Men- 
sico^,  when  his  health  was  re-established, 
was  greatly  chagrined  to  see  the  change 
which  had  taken  place.  He  perceived  tl^t 
it  was  become  necessaiy  to  practise  certain 
compliances  i  and  though  he  kept  the  Prin- 
cess 'Elizabedi  at  as  great  a  distance  as  it  was 
in  his  power  to  do,  as  she  was  more  to  be 
feared  than  any  other,  on  account  of  the  na- 
tural authori^  she  would  possess  over  her  ne- 
phew, he  did  not  think  iu> rudent  to  thwart 
the  friendship  which  the  Emperor  had  con- 
ceived for  the  young  Dolgorouki,  as  he 
could  entertain  no  suspicion  of  a  boy  of  his 
age,  and  wishing  at  the  same  time  to  make  a 
merit  of" this  act  of  complaisance.  It  was 
with  the  same  view  that  he  consented  to  con- 
duct the  Czar  to  Petersbof,  a  royal  courxtry 
house  at  the  distance  of  a  few  leagues  from 
Petcrsbuf;^^,  and  where  he  was  to  enjoy,  for 
the  first  time,  the  pleasures  of  the  chase. 
This  journey  was  fatal  to  Mcnzicolf.  Oster- 
nMn  ruarded  it  as  a  most  favourable  oppor- 
tunity tor  the  execution  of  the  projects  which 
occupied  him  t  alid  he  flattered  himself  that 
he  should  make  a  profitable  use  in  the  capital 
of  thoae  moments  which  the  minister  was 
wasting  at  Petershof.  He  communicated  his 
dengns  to  the  senators  of  the  highest  rank, 
and  to  the  commanding  officers  of  the  guards, 
and  made  it  appaxent  to  them  that  the  mo- 
nieni  was  come,  when  they  might  dissolve 
the  tyraanical  power  of  MenzicoflT,  and  de- 
liver the  Czar  and  his  empire  from  the  bane-«. 
fill  itifluence  that  oppressed  them.— They  did 
not  hesitate  to  join  in  a  revolution  which  they 
ao  much  desired.  Measures  were  accordingly 
'Ttakcn  and  die  hours  were  appointed.  'Die 
officers  answered  for  their  soldiers ;  and  the 
senators  under  difl'crent  pretexts,  agreed  to 
repair  to  the  vicinity  of  Petershof  to  receive 
the  Kmperor  who  was  to  be  delivered  into 
their  hands.  This  was  a  principal  object; 
and  the  young  Dol&orouki,  who  had  been 
instructed  by  his  father,  undertook  to  deter- 
mine Peter  to  engage  in  this  decisive  measure. 
Ue  slept  in  the;  chamber  of  the  Prince ;  and 
at  midnight  he  quitted  his  bed, '  awakened  his 
imperial  friend,  and  urged  him  to  free  him- « 
sell  by  flight,  from  the  state  of  slavery  in 
which  Menzicoff  kept  him.  He  rq>resented 
fto  him  that  he  would  never  reign  till  he  was 
Toaovcd  fiom  the  power  of  tbat  minister. 


within  the  walls  of  Pctersburgh,  and  in  the 
midst  of  the  senate.  The  Czar  did  not  hesi- 
tate a  moment,  but  escaped  through  a  win- 
dow with  Doleorouki,  traversed  the  garden 
unobserved  by  the  guard  which  was  placed  at 
the  doors  of  iiis  apartment,  and  Immediately 
found  himself  surrouodcd  by  the  senators  and 
a  great  number  of  the  lords  of  his  court.  He 
proceeded  dircctlv  to  the  capital,  and  acrivcd 
there  before  the  dawn  of  day. 

The  fliglit  of  the  emperor  was  soon  disco% 
vered  at  Petershof,  and  when  tlie  fatal  intel- 
ligence vvas  communicated  to  Mcnzicoff,  ha 
received  it  as  if  he  had  been  struck  by  a  thun* 
derbolt.  Ne\'erthelcss,  he  did  not  yet  despair 
of  his  fortune  He  hastened  to  Petersburgh, 
but,  on  his  arrival  every  thing  he  saw  con* 
firmed  his  misfortune.  The  guard  was  chang- 
ed, and  the  garrison  under  arms.  On  ad* 
dresspe  himself  to  some  of  the  officers,  he 
was  iniormed  that  they  had  received  their  or^ 
ders  from  the  emperor.  In  this  state  of  doubt 
and  perplexity  he  proceeded  to  his  palace* 
where  be  beheld  nothing  but  solitude  and 
disgrace.  No  sooner  had  h«  entered  it,  than 
the  place  was  surrounded  by  grenadiers,  and- 
an  officer,  at  the  head  of  a  detachment,  pre- 
sented him  with  the  orclers  of  arrest  by  oom«- 
mand  of  the  Czar. 

Having  risen  through  all  degrees  of  for« 
tune,  Menzicoff  must  now  sink  through  all 
those  of  disgrace.  He  was  ordered  to  retire 
immediately  to  (his  estate  at  Oranienburgh» 
but  was  permitted  to  carry  away  all  hb  valua'^ 
ble  dfect^,  and  tp  be  ^e^ttended  by  all  his  do- 
mestics ;  he  still  continued  also  to  be  treated 
not  only  with  attention  but  with  honour, 
His  enemies  did  not  yet  know  to  what  length 
they  might  be  able  to  push  their  victory  an4 
their  venaeancei  and  his  former  fortune  seemt 
ed  to  predominate  over  their  hatred  and  thei( 
authority.  The  Czar  gave  no  orders  respect-* 
ing  him,  but  such  as  had  been  especially  de^ 
manded  ;  and  it  appeared  that  neitner  Dolgo* 
rouki  or  Osterman,  had  sufficient  courage  to 
ask  for  all  thoae  which  they  wished  to  ob« 
tain. 

The  remaiider  of  that  day  and  the  succeed-* 
ing  night  were  allowed  him  to  prepare  ibr  his 
departure,  and  he  employed  the  allotted  inter-* 
val  with  that  steady  mind  and  unoonquered 
spirit  which  iiever  forsook  him»  and  which 
appeared  at  tliis  moment  tp  render  him  sup6-« 
nor  to  himself.  Unfortunately  he  aflectcd 
also  to  appear  superior  to  his  enemies,  and  to 
brave  them  by  a  pompous  ostentation,  instead 
of  opposing  to  them  a  modest  and  tranquil 
resolution.  This  was  the  Inst  of  his  errors. 
He  took  his  departure  from  his  palace  at  noouii 
day,  and  the  cavaloade  consbted  of  his  most 
ma2nifioentec|uipages,  and  the  roost  brilliant 
of  them  oontained  his  family.  Hi» domestics, 
horses  and  baggage,  forme(\  such  a  numerous 
suite,  that;  in  the  micfet  of  lus  retinuet  Mp 
M4 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


985] 


Historicat  iTemoir  of  Prince  Menxlcoff. 


[83ff 


had  more  the  appearance  of  a  triumphant 
warrior  returning  from  victory,  than  of  a  cri- 
minal retiring  into  exile.  With  all  this  pom- 
pous parade  he  passed  through  Petersbuigh  : 
ne  saluted  with-  the  utmost  politeness  all 
those  whom  he  saw  at  the  windows,  and  if, 
among  the  crouds  of  people  assembled  on  the 
occasion,  he  discerned  anyone  whom  he  par- 
ticularly knew,  he  called  him  by  his  name 
and  bade  him  adieu. 

It  is  natural  to  suppose  that  his  enemies 
would  derive  advantage  from  this  imprudent 
ostentatipn,  and  rcpesent  it  as  an  insult  to 
the  sovereign  who  InRicted  the  punishment ; 
but  it  may  be  asked,  in  whatever  manner  he 
had  conducted  himself,  would  he  have  been 
spared?  Was  it  not  already  determined  to 
pursue  him  to  the  last  disgrace  ?-^Before  he 
4)ad  travelled  two.  leagues,  he  w^  overtaken 
by  a  second  detachment,  and  the  officer  who 
commanded  it  viras  commissioned  to  demand 
the  delivery  of  the  orders  of  Rtissia,  as  well 
as  of  those  with  which  he  had  been  honoured 
by  foreign  princes.  "  Here  they  are,*'  said 
he  without  the  least  emotion,  **  take  back 
,  "  these  proofs  of  my  foolish  vanity,  I  have 
••  collected  them  all  in  this  coffer,  as  I  had 
**  not  the  least  doubt  they  would  begin  with 
**  despoiling  me  of  them,  but  I  ought  to 
*<  have  had  them  on  my  person,  to  have 
*'  heightened  my  humiliation." 

It  must  be  acknowledged,  that,  if  his  de- 
parture from  Petersburgh  was  proud,  this 
bnguage  was  humbled.  But  if  pride  in  mis-^ 
fortune  exasperates  hatred,  humility  does  not 
disarm  it.  On  his  arrival  at  Trover,  a  town 
situated  on  the  road  which  leads  fron  Peters- 
burgh, to  Moscow,  he  was  informed,  that 
orders  had  been  issued  to  seize  on  his  effects, 
and  to  reduce  him  to  the  common  necessaries 
of  life.  His  ^ard  was  doubled,  and  the  last 
officer  who  arrived,  informed  him  that  he  must 
descend  from  his  carriage,  and  with  his  wife 
and  children  enter  the  waggons  which  had 
"hecn  sent  for  their  conveyance. — *'  I  am  pre- 
y  peered  for  every  thing,*'  answered  he  in  a 
tone  of  indifference, — •*  do  your  duty;  the 
•*  more  you  take  from  me,  the  less  disquie- 
**  tude  y<)4  will  leave  me.  I  only  complain 
**  of  those  who  are  about  to  rc\el  in  my 
**  spoils." — He 'then  quitted  his  carriage,  and 
stepped  into  the  wajfe;gon  with  an  air  of  tran- 
quillity which  astonished  the  officer,  and 
affected  the  whole  troop  \vith  sentiments  of 
Commiseration. — ^His  train  ot  equipages  was 
kent  back  to  Petersbuigh  j  hb  servants  were 
discharged,  and  he  proceeded  o|i  the  journey 
•which  had  been  appointed  for  himl  His 
■■^ife  {md  children  i  were  placed  in  separate 
waggons,  and  he  was  'not  allowed  the  conso- 
lation of  conversing  Svith  them  :  but  when; 
at  any  time,  he  could  seiVe  an  accidental  op- 
portunity of  speaking  to  them  ;  he  availed 
nimself  of  it  to  exhort  them  to  give  way  to 
the  stonn ;  to  be  icsijgucd  but  not  to  despau*. 


In  thb  manner  he  arrived  at  Oraitienbui|^, 
a  small  town  on  hk  estates,  situate  between 
the  pronnce^  of  Cazan  and  that  of  the 
Ukraine,  at  the  distance  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  leagues  from  Petersburgh.  But  his  enc-* 
mies,  to  whom  all  fallen  as  he  was,  he  ooa<« 
tinned  to  be  an  object  of  fear  and  alarm » 
thought  he  was  still  too  near  them :  and, 
under  this  impression,  Dolgoroukt  and  Os- 
terman,  whose  i^uthority  vw  absolute,  ap- 
pointed commissioners  to  institute  hb  trial  at 
Oranienbur^ ;  and  he  was  condemned  to 
finish  his  days  in  Siberia,  at  Berespw  in  tho 
desert  o|  Jakoustk,  on  the  river  Lena,  at  the 
distance  of  fifteen  hundred  leagues  from  Mot- 
cow.  He  was  permitted  to  take  ei^taer* 
vants  with  him ;  but,  previous  to  hb  denar^ 
ture  he  was  disrobed  ot  the  dress,  suited  to 
his  former  rank,  which  he  had  hitherto  worn, 
and  viras  compelled  to  assume  that  of  the  Mo8« 
covite  peasants.  His  wife  and  hb  children 
had  no  indulnnce  shewn  to  them ;  they  were 
cloathed  in  me  same  rude  uniform ;  consUt- 
ing  of  the  coarsest  woollen  cloth,  with  pe- 
lisses of  the  coarsest  fur,  and  bonnets  <^ 
sheepskin. 

Tne  Princess  Menzicoff,  smitten  ts  she 
was  by  such  rapid  and  multiplied  misfortunes, 
could  not  support  the  hornd^  and  fatiguing 
journey :  she  nad  lost  her  si^t  from  cori- 
tinual  weq>ing,  and  expired  near  Casan,  ii^ 
the  arms  of  her  husband.  She  was  a  woman 
of  pre-eminent  merit,  distinsuished  by  her 
birtn  and  by  her  beauty^  ana  whose  virtues 
never  relaxed  in  the  brilliancy  df  her  youth 
and  the  height  of  her  fortune.  Her  memory 
vras  lone  held  in  veneration  at  the  court  of- 
Russia,  for  the  sweetness  of  her  dispoaitioa* 
her  sincere  piety,  and  her  charity  to  the 
poor  and  wretcned.  Menzicoff  dug  the 
grave  with  hb  own  hands  in  whidi  be  iii-v 
terred  her,  and  he  scarce  had  time  albwed 
him  to  shed  a  few  tears  over  it.  HeAOnf 
proceeded  by  water  as  far  as  Tobolsk  the  cani^ 
talof  Sibena.  .  * 

The  Report  of  hb  disgrace  had  preceded  him 
thither,  and  it  may  be  easily  conceived  thai 
the  people  there,  would  expect  with  no  oom-t 
mon  eagerness,  the  arrival  or  a  man  so  fanuma 
as  he  was,  who  had  so  long  made  Russia 
tremble  beneath  his  power,  and  was  now  in 
a  condition  to  awaken  pi^  in  the  hardest 
hearts.  As  he  landed  from  the  boat,  two 
Russian  noblemen  who  had  been  banished  to 
Tobolsk  during  his  administration,  pushecl 
through  the  crowd  and  loaded  him  with  re-* 
proaches :  another  still  more  violent  threw  dirt 
in  the  faces  of  the  young  Menzicoff  and  hia 
two  sbters,  when  the  wretched  father  ex- 
claimed, "  it  is  at  me,  it  is  at  me,  alone,  that 
"  you  should  cast  your  filth  :  alas !  these  chiU 
**  dren  have  done  you  no  injury.'* 

While  he  was  in  the  prison  of  Tobobk,  the 
viceroy  of  Siberia  sent  tiim  five  hundred  rou* 
blc8  by  order  of  Peter  II.  for  the  subsbtcuw  ^ 


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Hisiorieal  Ueindir  of  Prince  Mmxkoff. 


I>3S 


hlnisdf  and  hb  family.  Tb«se  he  emfdoyed 
in  providiDg  every  thioR  pro^r  to  asabt  him 
in  coatendin^  with  the  misery  of  a  deaert, 
•where  he  might  otherwise  perish  for  want 
He  aocording  furnished  himself  with  ^e  ne- 
cessary instruments  of  labour,  with  grain  for 
sowing,  pots  for  fishing,  and  a  supply  of  salted 
meat,  on  which  he  depended  for  subsistence, 
till  the  pboe  of  his  abode  was  brought  into  a 
state  to  produce  food.  Such  cares  as  these 
proceed  from  a  wcfi  ordered,  calm  and  power- 
ful mind,  that  will  never  debase  itself  by  des- 
pair, but  feels  a  capacity  to  do  and  'suffer 
tnrery  thing :  It  is  the  proper  courage  of  man  % 
if  it  be  true,  that  he  is  bom  to  combat  and 
to  suffer. 

He  now  left  Tobolsk,  but  always  attended  by 
an  escort  who  never  lost  sight  of  him,  and  in 
an  uncovered  waggon,  drawn  by  a  single 
hone  occasionally  relievad  by  dogs.  It  em- 
ployed five  months  to  traverse  the  immense 
deserts  of  Siberia  from  Tobol&k  toJBeresow,  in 
-which  kw^  journey  he  was  exposed  to  all  the 
inclemencies  of  the  open  air,  m  such  a  rude 
and  severe  climate ;  nevertheless  his  health, 
and  that  of  his  children,  experienced  no  dimi- 
nution. An  unalterable  patience  supported 
him  throughout,  and  he  never  appeared  to 
bend  for  a  moment  beneath  the  rigour  of 
his  &te. 

It  was  a  sin^lar  occnrrence,  that  having 
been  admitted  into  a  Siberian  hut  for  the 
pight,  he  should  see  a  Russian  officer  enter 
U  whom  he  knew,  as  having  served  under 
kirn,  and  who  was  returning  from  Kams- 
chatska,  where  he  had  been  sent,  during  the 
reipi  of  Peter  the  great,  on  a  commission  re- 
lative to  the  discoveries  which  Captain  Bering 
had  been  employed  to  make  on  the  sea  (h 
Amur.-^Whep  Menzieoff  saluted  him  and 
failed  him  by  his  name,  the  officer  was  as- 
tpnished  to  find  that  he  was  known  by  any 
one  in  that  remote  rs^n ;  but  vain  would 
be  the  attempt  to  describe  his  feelings  when 
be  found  that  the  person  who  addressed  him 
was  Prince  Menziooff  whom  he  had  lefi  in 
Kussia  in  such  a  state  of  gpindeurand  power, 
as  to  reinler  it  almost  impossible  that  he 
should  be  reduced  to  his  present  abject  con- 
dition :-^But  thus  he  saw  him,  and  there  he 
beheld  his  son  mendinj;  the  soles  of  his  boots, 
and  hb  daughters  sitting  on  the  around  and 
lODoistening  m  a  wooden  bowl  of  milk,  the 
hard  crusts  of  a  black  loaf.  "  That  young 
<«  lass,'*  said  Menzicoif,  pointing  to  one 
of  them,  '*  had  the  honour  to  be  betrothed 
*'  to  our  emperor  Pfeter  the  second." 

vThe  officer  who  knew  nothins  of  what 
bad  passed  in  Russia  during  the  period  of  his 
absence  naturally  expressed  his  astonishment ; 
when  Menzicofl  related  all  that  had  hap- 
pened to  him,  from  the  death  of  Peter,  to 
|he  moment  of  his  own  exile.  <'  You  will,** 
iddc4  \^»  **  ^^  Dol^roukl    and  Oster- 


'*  man  at  the  head  of  the  (government,  and 
'*  you  may  describe  to  them  the  state  ia 
**  which  you  found  me.  Their  hatred  may 
<^  be  flattered  by  it ;  but  assure  them  that  mj 
**  mind  is  more  at  large,  and  fair  more  trao- 
^f  quil,  than  it  ever  was  in  the  days  of  mv 
"  prosperity.'" 

Arrived  at  the  place  of  his  residence.  Men- 
^icoif,  immediately  occuuied  himself  in  mi- 
tigating for  his  children  tne  horrors  of  their 
abode,  by  making  it  yield  to  his  labour  all 
the  produce  that  labour  could  draw  from  it. 
He  began  by  grubbing  up  a  piece  of  ground 
sufficient  to  provide  for  his  immediate  necessi* 
tics :  and  there  he  sowed  the  seeds  which  he 
had  brought  with  him.  His  cs^in  was  veiy 
small,  but  with  the  assistance  of  his  servant% 
he  contrived  to  build  s  habitable  dwelling. 
Each  of  his  children  had  a  separate  depart- 
ment in  the  interior  of  the  house.  The 
eldest  daughter,  who  had  been  betrothed  to 
the  Emperor,  had  the  care  of  the  kitchen } 
her  sister^s  employment  was  tp  wash  theiiaea 
and  to  mend  the  clothes :  and  two  servants  as- 
sisted them  in  the  more  laborious  and  fttigia- 
ing  parts  of  their  work. 

He  bad  arrived  but  a  short  time  at  Beresow* 
when  he  received  a  present  which  was  as  use- 
ful as  it  was  unexpected.  It  consisted  of  a 
bull,  and  four  covirs  in  calf,  a  ram,  and  se- 
veral sheep,  and  a  K^at  number  of  fowls. 
This  was  a  magnincent  gifl.  These  were 
real  riches.  But  ne  could  never  discover  fiona 
whose  hand  he  received  this  act  of  teal  friend-* 
ship  and  benignant  bounty. 

Religion,  which  is  the  last  asylum  of  fallen 
mndeurand  a  disturbed  mind»  appeajred  to 
be  the  principal  support  and  occupation  of 
Menzicoff.  He  had  constructed  an  oratory, 
and  his  house,  in  its  rdigious  offices,  re- 
sembled a  cloister.  The  whole  family  as- 
sembled daily  for  public  worship;  in  the 
morning  and  at  noon  -,  in  the  evening  and  al 
midnisnt. 

He  nad  not  been  six  months  in  the  deseit» 
when  his  eldest  dau^ter  was  attacked  by  the 
smallpox;  he  was  her  nurse  and  her  physi- 
cian, out  all  his  care  was  in  vain ;  he  saw  her 
die  as*  he  had  seen  her  mother  -y  and  he  recited 
over  her  lifeless  form,  the  prayers  which  the 
Greek  ritual  prescribes  for  the  dead.  She  was 
buried  in  his  oratory,  and  he  marked  the 
place  where  he  wished  to  be  interred  near  her 
remains,  and  which  it  was  appointed  by  the 
beins  who  measures  out  our  days  and  yean, 
that  lie  should  shortly  occupy.  The  disease 
which  had  carried  off  his  eldest  dauahter» 
was  communicated  to  his  other  chiMren; 
he  had,'  however,  the  happiness  to  see  them 
recover,  but  it  was  for  a  snort  time  that  he 
enioyed  it.  Paternal  solicitude  more  pain- 
ful and  afflicting  than  the  iiitiffue  he  under- 
went  and  the  pnvations  hesufieied,  exhaust- 
ed tut  tti^thi   its  ckcay  be  e^p^vgo^ 


Digitized  by  LjOOQ IC 


M9] 


Hisiorical  Memoir  of  Prinee  Menxicoff, 


iZ40 


m  vain  tt>  crmotal.  A  slow  fever  brought 
him  to  his  cml.  *•  How  hap|xy  should  J  be," 
said  he,  at  his  lasl  hour,  *'  if  I  had  6vi\j  to 
•'  render  an  account  to  God,  of  the  ucriod  of 
•*  myexilc."  He  died  in  the  montn  of  No- 
Tcrobcr,  1 729,  in  the  artns  of  his  children, 
exhorting  them,  while  the  power  of  utterance 
remained  to  him,  to  remember  hb  errors  and 
to  avoid  them. 

The  officer  appointed  to  guard  him  took  the 
first  opportunity  of  transmitting  the  news  of 
hit  death  to  Petersburgh ;  and  indulged  his 
children  with  more  liberty  than  ^ey  had  hi- 
therto enjoyed.  One  day  when  the  young 
PiinceM  Menzicoff  was  returning  from  the 
church  at  fieresow,  she  was  astonished  to 
hear  herself  called  by  her  name,  and  to  see  a 
man,  who,  from  the  lattice  of  a  hut  covered 
with  snow,  made  signs  for  her  to  approach. 
How  great  must  have  been  her  astonishment 
when'  she  recoenbed  Dolgorouki,  the  most 
bitter  enemy  of  her  fether,  and  who  had  been 
the  author  of  all  the  misfortunes  of  her  fami- 
ly. Another  striking  example  of  the  instabili- 
\y  of  human  things  I  The  court  of  Petersbu  rgh 
had  undergone  a  total  change.  Peter  II.  was 
dead,  and  Dolgorouki  had  contrived  by  his 
intrigues  to  place  the  Princess  Anne,  the 
niece  of  Peter  the  first, .  on  the  throne, 
to  the  pTfjiidicc  of  Elizabeth  Pcrtowna,  the 
dbiughter  of  that  great  mnn,  and  who  after- 
wards reigned.  Q'he  Empress  Anne,  op- 
pressed bv  the  weight  of  her  obligations  to 
nim,  ana  having  given  up  herself  and  the 
management  of  her  empire  to  foreigners,  ba- 
nithe4  Dolgorouki,  with  all  hb  family  to 
the  some  Siberian  deserts,  where  Menzicoff 
had  finished  his  days.  He  had  been  treated 
even  with  greater  ngour  than  Menzicoff  $  his 
wife  %vas  alread}^  dead :  and  one  of  his  dMigh- 
tevs  was  then  dying.  He  concluded  bis  narra- 
tive by  uttering  the  most  horrid  imprecations 
a^inst  thfi  empress,  and  her  favourites.  The 
violence  of  his  emotions  alarmed  the  princess 
and  she  hastily  took  her  leave.  When  she 
communicated  thb  adventure  to  her  brother, 
his  vindictive  spirit  broke  forth  on  the  occa- 
sion; but  the  officer  who  guarded  them, 
threatened  to  dcnrive  him  of  the  little  liberty 

.  he  enjoyed,  if  ne  attenapted  to  insult  Dol- 
gorouki in  his  misfortune,  and  exhorted  him 
to  follow  the  example  of  his  fiither. 

In  a  short  time  af^,  the  minbter  of  the 
Empress  Anne,  bein^  informed  of  the  fate  of 
Menzicoff,  consented  to  the  return  of  the 
children,  but  more  from  interest  than  hu- 
manityv    All  the  proper^  of  their  fether  had 

.  been  seised,  and  in  the  mventory  of  his  ef- 
fects, it  appeared  that  he  had  placed  consi- 
derable sums  in  the  banks  of  Amsterdam  and 
V«»ioef  whidi  their  respective  directors  re- 

ittstd  lo  pay  lo  any  one  but  the  right  heirs  of 
Menziocm,  who  roust  also  give  legal  proofs 
that  th^  haH  the  cotiie  ^positiafi  of  their 


property.  The  Empress  having  a  desim  ^ 
make  the  fortune  of  Bircn,  brother  of  th© 
Count  of  that  name,  her  chamberlain  and 
favourite,  whom  she  afterwards  created  Duke 
of  Courland,  had  it  in  view  to  gite  him  in 
marriage  the  daughter  of  Menzicoff,  who 
would  now  brine  a  portion  amounting  te 
three  millions  of  Tivres,  without  the  interest. 
An  order  for  the  recal  of  this  unfortunate 
family  was  accordingly  expedited,  and  an 
officer  dispatched  who  had  orders  to  provide 
every  possible  accommodation  for  their  jour- 

,  ney.  On  receiving  thb  unexpected  newt, 
they,  in  the  first  effusion  of  their  joy,  pnv 
ceeded  to  return  thanks-  to  God  in  the  church 
of  Beresow ;  and  as  they  passed  by  the  hut  of 
Dolgorouki,  the  young  Menzicoff,  remem- 
bering the  lesson  which  ne  had  lately  received, 
spoke  to  him  in  terms  of  compassion  and 
kindness.  When  he  mentioned  that  the^r 
were  free  and  recalled  to  court,  Dolgoroula 
breathed  a  profound  sigh,  and  conjured  the 
children  of  Menzicoff  to  forget  their  former 
enmity,  and  interest  themselves  for  him  at  the 
court  of  Petcrsburgh.  *'  Remember  some- 
"  times,**  said  he  to  them,  ''  the  wretchet 
"  whom  you  leave  in  th*  desert;  we  are 
**  sinking  oencath  the  weight  of  our  misery  j 
**  look  through  the  lattice  we  beseech  you, 
**  and  see  my  daughter,  and  my  daughter-in- 
"  law  borne  down  by  disease,  stretched 
*'  along  on  planks,  and  having  no  expecta- 
•'  tion  but  to  die ;  they  have  not  sufficient 
'*  strength  to  raise  themselves  5  but  refuse 
''  them  not  the  sad  consolation  of  seoeiving 
*•  your  adieus.'* 

lliis  spectacle  of  wretchedness  did  not  fail 
to  excite  the  most  painful  and  commiserating; 
emotions  in  the  bossom  of  the  young  Menzr- 
coff  and  his  sister. — "  We  do  not  promise 
"  vou,'*  said  the  prince,  •*  to  speak  m  your 
*'  bvour  at  court,  as  that  mi^t  be  attended 
'*  with  danger  to  ourselves  5  but  you  may 
"  become  ttie  master  of  that  habitation 
'•  which  we  are  about  to  quit ;  it  is  provided 
'*  with  all  the  necessaries  of  life  5  and  till  9 
**  better  fortune  isyour's,  receive  tfiis  pre- 
"  sent,  in  the  same  spirit  with  which  we 
"  offer  it.** 

On  the  following  day  they  departed,  after 
having  paid  their  last  visit  to  the  oratory,  and 
wept  once  more  over  the  grave  of  their  father. 
They  returned  to  Moscow  with  all  possible 
cxpeclition,  and  were  kindly  received  at  court, 
where  they  conducted  themselves  with  that 
modesty  and  discretion  which  they  had  learn- 
ed in  the  school  of  misfortune.  The  Em- 
press advanced  the  brother  to  the  rank  of 

^captain  in  the  regiment  of  guaids,  and  maf- 
ried  the  sister  to  Biren.  It  b  confidwidy 
said,  that  Madame  dc  Bircn  always  preserved, 

^  but  unknow  n  to  her  husband,  Ae  peasant*^ 
dress  which  shp  had  worn  in  her  exile.  She 
kept  it  in  a  tecret  plaoe  in  bet  apart«^t>  awl 


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Proposita  Philanthropica, 


[342 


ibund  a  pleasure .  in  an  occasional  contempia- 
tioa  of  it.  She  practised^  througliout  her 
lUe,  the  virtues  which  her  father  ha^  dis- 
played only  in  the  time  of  his  disgrace.  He 
declared,  indeed,  that  he  never  was  more 
happy  than  in  his  exile :  but,  be  that  as  it 
may, — it  may  be  incontestibly  asserted,  that 
he  was  never  so  great. 

PROPOSITA  philanthropica" 
■  ■■    homo  sum 
Humankm  nihil  a  me  aiienum  puio. 
MissiovART  SociBTT.     Twelfth   Report, 
May  15,  1806. 

The  missionaries  in  Otaheite  have  made  no 
progress  in  converting  the  natives.This  mission 
we  understand  will  be  withdrawn.  The  popula- 
tioii  of  this  island  is  diminishins  very  rapidly  : 
It  b  thought  that  four  or  five  thousand  is  the 
Btmost  number  of  its  inhabitants.  Such  is 
the  effect  of  that  dreadful  disease  which  poi- 
sons the  springs  of  life :  and  of  that  inhuiiia- 
nity  which  steels  the  heart  against  the  impres- 
•kms  of  parental  affection.  In  Africa,  the 
Hottentots  are  attentive ;  and  some  appeal*  to 
be  serious :  but  the  character  of  the  Dutch 
iMors,  b  degraded,  by  the  rn)orts  of  the  mis- 
sioiiaries,  almost  beyond  credibility.  A  mis- 
sion is  sent  to  Tranquebar.  At  Madras,  the 
missionaries  have  received  the  protection  of 
the  Government  At  Ceylon,  the  Hon. 
the  Governor  has  received  the  missionaries 
very  favourably.  China  is  in  contemplation. 
This  Soeiety  patronizes  an  ^fibrt  addressed  to 
the  Jelvs. 

rUVDS   OF  THI$  SOCIBTT. — Bccdpts, 

Balance  of  lastyear  •  .  .  .  26«  9  1 1 
Collections,  Donations,  &c.  in 

London  and  vicinity .    ,    .    S213    S  10 

gitto  in  the  country .  -^     .    ,     1851     l    9 
cciiequer  bilb  sold      .     .     .    SO61    9    4 
Divid^  on  1 6,000.  3  per  cent. 

consols,  one  year  ....  480  0  0 
Ditto  00^,500. 4  per  cent.  Qpn- 

i<* -      220    4>    0 

Ditto  on  3,700.  5  per   cents. 

navy       .,.,.. 
Discounts 


185 
11 


jft273  13  b 

Difl^semenis,  June  1,  I8O6. "' 

Otaheite 60^  15  4 

South  Afipica  ...,.,     1370  19  6 

India  and  Ceylon      ....     1105    0  10 

pJorth  Amenca 78  18  0 

China,  preparations  ....      29O  18  1 

The  Jews ,      $27    b  1] 

Gosport  Seminaij     ....      582    0  6 

Edinburgh  Missionary  Society       1 10    9  10 

Sundries 693  14  U 

4961  10  11 

Exeh^paerbilb  bought .    .    .    SS26  18  8 

Balaiioe      .    .    .    .    ^    .    *       85    3  le 

jf7273  13  5 


8TATB    OP   THE    CATHOLIC    RELIOIOIT    AXD 
MISSIONS    IK  VORTH  AMBRICA. —    TVofl*. 

lated  from  the  Mercttre  de  Frajice,  July  5. 

I8O6.  ^ 

In  that  part  of  America;  which  compi«- 
hends  tlie  states  of  Connecticut,  Vermont, 
New  Hampshire,  Massachusets^  and  the  pro- 
vince of  Maine,  which  belongs  to  the  hst- 
mentioncd  sUite>  there  are  as  yet  but  three 
missions  estabhshed :  the  chief  of  them  is  at 
Boston,  the  other  two  Jire  in  the  province  of 
Maine.  That  at  Boston,  and  that  of  New- 
castle are  of  a  recent  date;  the  other  is  an 
Indian  mission^  established  long  since  by  the 
Jesuits  of  Canada. 

Prior  to  the  American  revolution,  the 
catholic  religion  was  pnxMbed  in  the  pnn 
vinoo  of  Massachusets,  and  almost  in  every 
other  part  of  New-England  ?  and  althoi:^ri 
the  penal  laws,  dictated  by  puritan  enmity,  at 
the  establishment  of  the  first  colonies,  were  in 
some  measure  mitigated :  they  still  condnued 
very  severe,  when  the  revolution  broke  out; 
but  at  that  time,  partly  horn  a  desire  of  con- 
ciliating France  and  Canada,  and  chieay  from 
poHcy,  and  the  prevailing  philosophical  idea* 
re^)ectmg  tolerance  (which  had  sprung  up 
among  Americant  as  natural  consequences  of 
their  principles),  a  system  of  universal  for- 
bearance was  adopted,  by  virtue  of  which  stiich 
laws  as  were  inimical  to  the  catholic  religion 
were  repealed  in  some  states,  and  among 
others  in  Massachusets,  and  its  dependencies. 
In  others,  the  presbyterians  have  a  great  supe- 
riority, and  therefore  deprive  the  cathohcs, 
indirectly,  of  certain  civil,  privileges,  and 
occasion  some  difficulties  in  the  exercise  of  the 
clerical  administration,  notwithstanding  the 
profession  and  public  exerdse  of  this  relieioa 
be  left  entirely  tree. 

However,  when  the  legal  obstacles  were 
removed,  others  still  more  powerful,  perhaps^ 
prevailed;  namely,  the  pivjudices  against, 
and  abhorrence  of  the  catholic  religion,  which 
the  followers  of  Calvin,  and  of  Knox,  re- 
tained,  and  which  the  policy  of  England  had 
been  attentive  tojpromote  on  account  of  the 
ncinity  of  the  French  in  Canada.  The 
whole  pcoi)le  was  persuaded  that  the  catholic 
religion  was  an  abominable  pervereion,  and 
those  who  professed  it  were  so  many  mon-< 
stcrs;  and,  although,  the  intercourse  of  the 
Americans  with  the  French  and  other  European' 
nauons,  which  the  revolution  contributed  to 
cxteiid,  removed  or  diminished  that  im- 
prewon  in  the  minds  of  a  certain  number 
of  pewwjs,  yet  the  mass  of  the  people  con- 
tinue  to  hold  it,  and  it  is  still  predominant  in 
some  parts  of  the  interior.  The  ideas  and 
acntimen^  which  that  impression  was  na- 
turallv;  calculated  to  produce,  prevented  most 
cathohcs  from  setUing  in  the  co'jntry:  and 
k  "*•  -^"°"™  cimudistanoes  had  brought 
there,  from  confessing  their  religious  pno- 
ciples.  Even  at  the  period  of  fte  French 
levoluuon,  there  were  but  ytty  few  atBoston» 

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Stale  of  the  CathoHc  tUligion,  and  Missions  in  America. 


iU4 


and  those  not  known  as  such,  nor  did  they 
to  much  as  know  one  another.  Some  of 
them  frequented  the  meetings,  to  screen  them- 
aehres  from  the  suspicion  of  being  catholics, 
and  the  ridicule  wnich  must  have  followed 
that  suspicion.  The  revolutionary  horrors  at 
St.  Domingo,  and  other  French  islands,  hav- 
ing broudit  a  certain  number  of  French  to 
l^ton,  tney  took  it  in  their  heads,  (from 
what  motive  we  cannot  certainly  tell,  not 
from  any  zeal  for  relinon)  to  unite  with  some 
Xrish  catnolics,  andaTrench  uriest,  formerly 
chaplain  of  a  frigate,  from  which  he  was  a 
deserter,  to  read  in  public  the  catholic  service. 
£ut  the  principles  and  conduct  of  these 
Frenchmen,  even  of  the  ecclesiastic  himself 
vho  vTBs^  a  mere  adventurer,  together  with 
several  quarrels  and  disputes,  rendered  thoee 
assemblies  a  gratifying  spectacle  to  the  curio- 
sity of  the  Boatonians,  and  rather  conduced  to 
support  their  prejudices,  than  to  remove  them, 
and  to  edify  the  beholders.  Nevertheless, 
these  assemolies  somewhat  emboldened  the 
few  catholics  resident  at  Boston,  and  those 
who  in  their  heart»>  had  always  been  attached 
to  that  persuasion.  They  were  continued 
wider  the  direction  of  a  second  French  eccle- 
siastic, who,  having  .been  interdicted  by  his 
bishop,  and  forced  to  quit  Fiance,  had 
sought  a  refuge  in  America,  at  the  time  of 
the  arrival  at  Boston  of  Mr.  Thayer,  a  na* 
tive  of  that  place ;  who  after  having  been  a 
dissenting  minister,  had  been  made  a  convert 
tt'  Rome.  He  returned  to  his  country  in  the 
capacity  of  a  missionary,  vrell  instructed, 
icakua,  courageous;  livm^  an  austere  life, 
and  possessed  orevery  quabfication  adapted*  to 
a  similar  mission .  Both  in  his  sermons  and  in 
his  writin]^,  even  in  the  news-papers,  he 
save  public  notice  of  hb  conversion ;  and  of 
toe  motives  which  hid  been  the  occasion  of  it. 
He  challenged  the  puritan  clergy,  proposed 
pu\^  conferences  between  himself  and  one  of 
their  ministers,  which  latter  soon  gave  up  the 
contest,  in  a  manner  that  shewed  him  to 
have  been  over-matched.  The  spirit  of  this 
missionary  and  his  success,  inspired  the  ca- 
tholics with  conBdence,  revived  their  fervour, 
and  even  produced  a  few  conversions  notwith- 
standing the  calumnies  and  vexations  he  had  to 
encounter. 

In  1793,  the  Abb^  Matignon  professor  of 
^inity  at  the  college  of  Navarre  in  Paris, 
who  had  long  been  thinking  of  performing 
missions,  was  induced,  on  account  of  tlit 
revolution,  to  begin  Uib  new  career.  He 
sailed  for  America,  and  was  sent  to  Bostpn, 
liy  the  bishop  of  Baltunore.  There,  besides 
Mr.  Thayer,  he  met  with  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic, of  a  somewhat  doubtful  character,  who 
fomented  disseptions  among  the  few  catholics 
there ;  taking  advantage  of  the  prejudices  and 
piepoBsessions  which  the  resentment  of  the  pro- 
Irjlfiniii  againM  iii^  Tl^yer  spread,  or  endea- 


voured to  confirm.  Mr.  Thayer  was  then 
sent  to  ureach  elsewhere.  The  eminent  ta- 
lents of  Mr.  Matignon,  bis  zeal,  gentle  piety, 
disinterestedness,  constancy,  Bna  milaness, 
reconciled  those  who  were  at  variance ;  ibfi 
other  ecclesiastic  was  entirely  forsaken,  and 
Mr.  Matignon  acquired  the  universal  esteem 
and  respect  of  the  inhabitants  of  Boston,  not 
even  excepting  the  ministen.  Fenour  and 
pielyprevaileaannong  his  adherents;  conver- 
sions became  more  frequent,  and  his  flock 
gradually  increased. 

In  1796,  Mr.  Cheverai,  late  rector  of 
Mentz,  after  having  exercised  his  ecclesiastical 
functions  with  great  success  in  London,  went 
over  to  America,  and  spent  some  time  at 
Boston,  with  his  friend  Mr.  Matignon,  till 
the  bishop  of  Baltimore  had  assigned  him  his 
appointment.  Owing  to  a  ooncuncnce  of 
circumstances,  which  in  the  issue  appears  to 
have  been  directed  by  providence  tor  some 
happy  purpose,  the  letters  were  lost;  he 
accordingly  was  detained,  ftnd  finally  settled 
at  Boston.  From  the  moment  the  two  friends 
were  brought  together,  the  mission  was  car- 
ried on  with  great  success,  and  rapidly  ad- 
vanced towards  the  present  flourishing  state. 
It  is  now  composed  of  nearly  oiie  thousand 
catholics;  the  greater  part  of  them  are  Irish- 
men ;  the  remainder  Americans  who  havt 
been  converted  :  it  may  be  said  with  tmtb» 
that  the  piety  and  fervour  of  the  greatest  nunw 
her  i^  really  edifying. 

Those  among  the  Irish  who  have  been  dri- 
ven to  Boston  by  the  unhappy  condition  of  theif 
native  country,  are  most  of  them  ignorant, 
degraded  by  Uie  abjection  to  which  they  wen 
reduced,  and  still  more  by  the  vices  and  im* 
morality  which  ar»  consetiuent  on  all  rebel* 
lions  ;  out  soon  after  their  arrival  die  ^eal  of 
the  missionaries  revived  in  them  sentiments  <^ 
religion ;  being  instructed,  their  morals  were 
improved,  ana  they  became  useful,  and  re- 
spectable members  of  society.  The  happy 
influence  of  the  missionaries  over  that  un- 
fortunate class  is  generally  known ;  and  the 
important  service  tney  rendered  to  the  whole 
town,  is  repaid  with  proportionate  grati- 
tude. 

It  is  rather  a  remarkable  circumstance  that 
the  place  where  the  .catliolics  began  to  assem- 
ble, is  a  small  chapel  origiiudly  built  for  the 
use  of  the  French  protestants  who  had  retiiud 
to  Boston.  This  f>rote8tant  congr^tion, 
which  of  bte  had  rapidly  declined,  happened 
U>  be  entirely  dissolved  at  (he  time  when  the 
catholics  thought  of  meeting  in  a  body ;  sa. 
that  this  chapel  viras  vacant.  The  catholics 
first  rented  it,  and  occupied  it  constantly 
till  bst  autumn,  when  they  took  possession  of 
the  church  which  they  haal)uilt. 

The  erection  of  the  catholic  church  at  Bos-; 
ton  is  a  kind  of  mirade.  The  oongrq^tioii 
is  poof :  yet  in  less  than  two  years,  mey  ha^ff 


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St(U€  of  ike  CdthoRc  BeRghn,  imd  Missknt  in  jimaien. 


[34« 


.woceedfld  in  collecting  a  sum  of  100,000 
fianc8>  in  building,  if  not  the  ^i^Rest,  at 
least  the  finest  church  in  Boston.  The  pro* 
testantSy  themselves,  have  subscribed  nearly 
S6^000  francs ;  and  the  catholics  of  the 
southern  states  4  or  5,000.  The  remainder 
was  supplied  by  the  members  of  the  congre- 
gation, who  have  displayed  libendity  far  be- 
yond what  could  be  ex|)ectcd  \  it  is  hardly 
conceivable  that  m^hanic  jouniejnien,  and 
men  of  the  lowest  class,  which  constitute  the 
mass  of  the  congregation  could  have  submitted 
to  so  neat  sacrifices.  The  church  was  con- 
secrated on  Michaelmas  day  of  last  year,  by 
the  bishop  of  Baltimore.  There  was  a  pro- 
digious concourse  of  protestants  present ;  the 
first  people  of  Boston  assisted  at  the  ceremony, 
and  treated  our  holy  prelate  with  the  greatest 
r^rd  and  civility. 

This  was  a  glorious  event  for  our  good  ca- 
tholics j  and  a  large  gilt  cross  placed  on  the 
top  of  an  elegant  steeple,  in  the  centre  of  a 
town  tliat  was  the  capital  of  puritanism,  and 
itill  more  averse  to  our  religion  than  Geneva 
jn  Europe ;  was  indeed  a  triumph,  which  a 
£ew  years  before  could  hardly  have  been  ex- 
pected, and  which  would  not  have  been  be- 
lieved, had  it  been  foretold. 

The  church  is  built  in  a  good  taste,  and  is 
i^iy  neat  inside,  but  void  of  e\'cry  decoration, 
except  a  picture  of  the  crucifixion,  painted  by 
an  American  artist.  This  painting,  though 
very  defective,  produces  a  wonderful  eflfect 
on  the  good  people,  and  a  deep  impression  in 
the  minds  of  the  protestants.  V^  hilst  wit- 
ne»ing  those  effects,  we  have  often  wished 
that  the  conaregation  were  in  circxmistances 
to  proeoie  a  better  piece  from  Europe.  The 
ornaments  tfnd  articles  of  dress  are  also  very 
Indifierent ;  but  it  b  not  ppssible  to  get  finer 
ones  in  this  country.  If  we  could  be  sup- 
plied with  some  formerly  used  in  those 
churches  of  Europe  that  have  been  stripped, 
itwould  afibrd  us  the  additional  oonsouuion 
to  reflect  that  those  same  spoils  are  subservient 
to  the  establishment  of  our  religion  in  a 
^  ooontry  where  it  was  proscribed.  But  the 
distressed  situation  to  which  our  catholics  are 
reduced  will  not  allow  them  to  think  of  extra 
tmnses  at  present. 

Prior  to  this  church  beins  built,  the  little 
flace  where  thc^  aisfmbled,  could  only  ad- 
ttuta  small  numoet  of  those  protestants  who 
wish^  to  attend  divine  senrtce,  and  the  preach- 
lAg ;  oat  now  we  have  a  great  number  of 
loan  every  Sunday.  ^  They  come  with  a  view 
of  being  better  aCQuiinted  with  our  mode  of 
^ronhip,  and  of  nearing  Mr.  Cheverai  who 
is  reckoned  the  best  pieacher,  not  only  in 
Bqiioo»  but  tkrougiioat  the  United  States; 
Audi  imist confess  1  never  heard  one  who 
piodiioes  moce  effect.  His  eloquence  is  bril- 
liant, tweet  and  penoasave^  Several  persons 
Ph»  iuidt  Ihioi^  Qunosa^,  ittoukd  to  hear 


him,  went  avray  converts.  In  addition  to 
his  distinguished  talents  he  possesses  a  loving, 
amiable,  and  courteous  disposition,  which 
has  ^ned  him  the  esteem  and  afiection  of 
the  whole  town,  and  contributed  to  .advance 
his  religious  progress.  He  is  still  young,  of 
a  strong  constitution,  and  zealous ;  but  his 
exertions  are  such  that  we  have  reason  to 
apprehend  he  will  soon  be  exliausted.  Un- 
fortunate it  is,  that  he  cannot  put  a  restraint 
on  himself,  and  that  the  prospect  of  tlic  good 
he  may  effect,  will  not  permit  him  to  listen 
to  the  dailj'  representations  of  his  fVieuds. 

Boston  IS  not  the  only  place  where  he 
spends  his  zeal ;  he  displays  the  same  in  a 
manner  no  less  consoling  though  less  bril- 
liant in  his  mission  at  Newcastle,  along  the 
river  of  Damascotti,  and  in  the  province  of 
Maine  ;  a  mission  which  he  himself  has 
established,  and  which  offers  most  interesting 
particulars. 

Two  Irish  catholics,  poKCssed  of  a  very 
small  fortune  had  settled  in  those  parts. 
Being  strongly  attached  to  their  religion,  they 
invit^  the  ecclesiastics  of  Boston  to  visit  them, 
and  by  their  presence  to  administer  spiritiuJ 
consolation.  Mr.  Cheverai,  as  most  in- 
ured to  fatigue^  paid  them  an  annual  visit, 
and  from  thence,  as  from  a  central  point,  ha 
would  call  on  some  families,  formerly  catho- 
lic, scattered  about  the  urovince  of  Maine, 
but  who,  for  want  of  ecclesiastics  to  instruct 
them,  had  neariy  lost  sight  of  their  religiom 
Those  visits  proved  serviceable,  not  only  to 
the  catholics,  but  to  those  protestants  who  at^ 
tended  his  private  instructions  and  pubUc 
preaching,  so  that,  by  degrees,  he  succeed^ 
in  forming  a  congregation  of  above  two  hun«> 
dred  catholics,  most  part  of  which  are  con- 
verts from  all  sects,  evenquakers,  who  wer» 
for  a  long  time  the  most  tenacious  in  their 
opposition.  These  catholics  are  dispersed  at 
a  distance  of  4,  6,  10,  1^,  and  even  20  miles 
from  the  little  cbapd  at  Newcastle.  How- 
ever, their  devotion  is  such  that  they  seldom 
fail,  let  the  weather  be  ever  so  bad,  repair* 
ing  thither  on  a  Sunday :  I  have  not  yet  had 
the  pleasure  of  seeing  that  congnoiuioni^  but 
from  what  I  have  oeen  told,  tne  si^t  is 
equally  pleasing  and  edifying.  The  bishop 
ot  Baltimore  who  had  vtsim  dicai*  is  in 
raptouues  whenever  he  speaks  of  them. 

The  chapel  whidi  they  now  oc^ipy,  and 
has  been  neatly  dcoomted  bv  one  ot  those 
good  catholics  who  \uA  invitea  Mr.  Cheverai, 
was  originally  a  large  store  r^m.  Provi- 
dence»  which  seems  to  have  directed  them 
towards  that  spot  there  to  intaodnce  the  catho* 
lie  religion,  hat  blessed  their  underukings. 
They  nave  made  a  laigi  fortune,  in  twelva 
years  time ;  and  fiijtding  the  chapel  too  smaU 
for  the  admission  of  the  protestants,  havepio* 
posed  to.buiJdy*at  their  own  cost,  a  mami* 
ncexxt  chttieh  i^ith  a  parsonage  (iouku  Hmt0 


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[94t 


have  an  extensive  ^mund  aiQoining.  I  am  of 
opinion  that  within  a  twelvemonth  the  build- 
ing of  the  church  will  be  completed,  and 
tlien,  according  to  all  appearances,  the  progress 
«f  religion  wiH  acquire  fresh  vigour.  It 
would  nave  been  much  more  rapid,  un- 
doubtedly, had  Mr.  Cheverai  been  able  to 
leside  constantly  among  them  ;  but  he  cannot 
possibly  continue  there  more  than  four  or  five 
months  in  the  course  of  the  year ;  being  vrant- 
€d  at  Boston  the  rest  of  the  time.  He  is  so 
generally  beloved  and  esteemed,  that  none  of 
we  congregations  would  consent  to  cede  him 
to  another  for  the  whole  time ;  and  there  is 
t)0  idea  of  replacing  him  by  another  ecclesias- 
tic. Besides,  he  experiences  such  enjoy- 
ments amidst  each  of  them,  that  he  himself 
could  not  easily  determine  to  leave  either, 
unless  it  appeared  to  be  the  will  of  God, 
throuch  the  commands  of  his  superiors.  Nor 
does  ne  mind  the  fatigues  to  which  those 
two  congr^tions  successively  subject  him. 
If  I  am  not  prevented,  I  intend  accom- 
panying him  to  the  place  of  hb  next  mis- 
sion. 

The  third  b  at  P^tssamaquoddi,  on  the 
Rentiers  of  theUnited  States  and  Nova-Scotia. 
Thb  is  intended  for  the  Indians  of  that  tribe, 
"who  are  about  two  hundred  in  number,  and 
for  some  catholic  families  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. That  tribe  had  been  formerly  con- 
verted by  the  Jesuits.  Ever  since  the  dissolu- 
tion of  that^society,  they  had  only  seen  mis- 
sionaries at  intervals  j  and  had  re))eatedly  been 
several  years,  without  a  visit  from  any  clergy- 
man wnato'cr.  Notwithstanding  this  di^ad- 
ymtageous  condition,  they  continued  attach- 
ed to  their  religion  ;  the  duties  of  which  they 
Attended,  when  their  private  business  allowed 
tfiem.  No  sooner  were  they  informed  of 
•cdes^ties  being  at  Boston,  than  they  sent 
a  deputation  Xxy  them  with  a  particular  mvita- 
tion.  Mr.  Cheverai  went  repeatedly,  and 
a|)eat  several  months  with  them.  Great  was 
hb  admiration  of  their  aident  faith  and  piety, 
and  the  impressive  zeal  with  which  most  of 
them  dischaivied  their  religious  duty  j  till  at 
kttt  sensible  how  desirable  it  was  that  an  ec- 
clesiastic should  settle  among  them,  he  in- 
Tited  thither  his  friend  Mr.  Koma^  from 
London :  who  has  ever  since  lived  with  those 
Indians,  he  has  learnt  their  language,  and 
h  as  happy  as  ever.  An  annual  sum  cJ"  nearly 
900  francs  has  heen  obtained  from  the  Icgis- 
kture  of  Massachusets  for  his  maintalnanca : 
1600  francs  have  been  likewise  obtained  for 
the  buiMins  of  a  wooden  church,  which  is 
Mst  finished,  and  of  a  farm-house  as  a  par- 
sonage. In  short,  the  protestant  legislature 
has  oone  what  could  hardly  have  been  ex- 
pected from  a  legislature  of  catholics,  to  pro- 
Tide  for  a  missionary,  and  secure  to  the  In- 
dians the  means  of  attending  thtir  religioui 
voiship. 


It  is  expected  that  thu  church  wiH  oontri' 
bute  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  wandering 
to  different  parts  of  the  cbuntry^  that  they 
will  take  a  liking  to  the  pla^,  and  becom% 
civilized.  The  Abb^  Uorna^^  intends  to 
try  to  teach  the  women  spinning,  wcar- 
ine,  &c.  See.  and  to  persuade  the  men  to 
cultivate  the  lands.  Several  have  already  made 
inclosures,  and  begun  to  sowmaiae.  They 
geoemlly  spend  part  of  the  year  in  hunting 
and  fishing ;  and  thb  wandering  life  b  to 
many  of  them  an  opportunity  of  conmiittinc 
serious  offences.  It  is  much  to  be  lamented 
that  they  Hvc  so  near  the  Americans,  whose 
intercourse  introduces  disorderly  propensitier 
amonjjthe  Indians,  and  chiefly  drunkenness^ 
to  which  all  the  evil  they  commit  may  be  at- 
tributed :  the  former  missionaries  had  exerted 
their  utmost  endeavours  in  cautioning  them 
against  that  bad  habit,  and  had  succeeded  so 
far  as  to  make  them  hold  it  in  such  abhor- 
rence, that  a  great  many  of  those  Indiana 
have,  for  a  number  of  years,  resisted  their 
natural  immoderate  passion  for  spirits,  and 
have  not  even  tasted  a  drop.  Mr.  Rofnagn^ 
is  convinced  that  if  he  could  keep  them  ia 
the  woods,  far  from  the  commerce  of  the 
whites,  he  should  have  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  them  neariy  as  sober  and  temperate  aa' 
they  were  formerly;  but  there  is  no  possi- 
bility of  removing  them  fipom  their  present 
habitations.  Mr.  Ramagn^  b  settled  at  Passa- 
mamioddi,  but  every  year  he  visits  the  Indians 
of  Penobscott,  who  live  in  an  bland  of  the 
river  of  the  same  name,  at  200  miles  distance 
from  his'own  residence.  Penobscott  was  for- 
merly a  very  considerable  tribe  ;  and  religion 
was  there  as  flourbhingas  at  Passamamioddi'^ 
but,  living  among  the  whites,  these  Indians 
follow  their  vicious  practices,  and  are  more 
corrupt  in  their  morals  than  the  other  tribe. 
However,  since  they  have  a  missionary  con- 
stantly with  them,  they  begin  to  amend  ;  and 
Mr.  Konuiffn^  sent  word  a  few  days  aa>,  oti 
hb  return  from  a  vbit  to  them,  tfiat  he  had 
great  reason  to  be  more  satisfied  with  then' 
conduct,  and  had  even  admitted  upwanb  of 
eighty  of  them  to  the  sacrament.  He 
has  introduced  vaccination  among  these 
Indians,  and  has  innoculated  above  150  last 
summer  v^th  success. 

Their  mode  of  living  is  stiH  ^le  same,  in 
the  main,  as  that  described  in  some  of  the 
*'  Edifying  Letters,"  relative  to  the  Indian 
tribes,  not  far  distant  firom  the  part  of  the 
country  which  they  occupy.  It  has  only 
undergone  some  few  imavoidable  modi^ 
fieatibns  owing  to  dieir  more  intimate  inter- 
coutse  with  the  whites  of  whbm  diey  are 
become  nearer  neighbours. 

Singing  has  been  a  means  of  teaching  those 
Indians  the^mi* :  [the  first  morning  canonical 
prayer.]  Though  they  had  bfeen  so  long  without 
a  priast  ai»0B8  thetti>  yM  tbay^  had  roCMiKd  itaift 


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custom  of  sinmog  the  primes,  either  at  homeor 
in  public  Mr.  Cheverai  was  very  much  sur- 
prised when  he  heard  themsingmg  all  their 
praveis,  and  a  great  number  of  pious  sonta  in  the 
Indian  language,in  thesame  sQrlc  as  in  tneEuio- 
pe«in  churcties,  and  with  a  precision  acarcely 
to  he  found  among  the  most  expert  choristers. 
The  jnusic  of  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
hymns  that  u  sung  in  Boston,  was  intro- 
wced  bj  these  Indians,  from  whom  Mr. 
Chererai  learned  it. 

The  religious  principles  which  are  still  dis- 
covered in  these  Indians,  notwithstanding 
they  have  been  left  entirely  to  themselves  for 
90  long  a  continuance,  must  er.cite  admira- 
tion at  the  spiritual  labours  of  the  Jesuits  who 
first  instructed  them.  Had  not  that  society 
been  suppressed,  the  missionaries  of  Maryland 
would  have  proceeded  to  every  point  ot  that 
continent ;  and  if  it  were  to  be  re-established 
and  so  situated  as  to  send  ov^  missionaries  of 
^e  s^me  disposition  as  the  former,  there  is 
no  doubt  but  the  Catholic  religion  would  be 
foon  propagated  in  that  country.  The  uncon- 
cemedness  which  is  the  result  of  the  different 
«ectaries  being  at  variance,  tends  to  annihi- 
late the  protestant  persuasion  in  those  climes  ; 
ttid  indeed  il  has  lost  its  original  vigour ;  the 
,  body  subsists,  but  that  zeal  which  animated 
it  has  vanished.  The  protestants  of  eveiy 
denomination  being  brought  to  this  extremity 
are  neariy  become  deists.  But  if  a  number 
of  men  of  abilities,  of  exemplary  lifo,  and  of 
apostolical  devotion,  were  sent  among  them, 
they  would  prevent  their  fall  into  the  abyss  of 
infideli^,  and  found  th^m  on  the  rock  of 
true  religion.  There  are  several  missionaries 
of  that  dcsciiption  in  the  country,  but  their 
number*  is  ve^  small  in  companson  to  what 
is  requisite  :  and  indeed  this  number  can  only 
he  supplied  by  a  society  ^  for  it  is  not  in  the 
power  of  private  secular  individuab  alone  to 
surmount  every  obstacle.  For  want  of  mis- 
iloDaries,  the  people  disgusted  with  protes- 
tantism, sink  lower  and  lower  e\'ery  day 
into  ineligiDn,  the  promss  of  which  is  ex- 
€Ureniely  rapid,  with  that  likewise  ol  demo- 
cracy, her  (aithftd  companion ;  the  union  of  • 
thoae  forms  a  jacobinism  which  threatens  the 
•ocial  Older  of  the  country. 

Since  I  have  had  the  honour  of  writins  to 
yoa  for  the  first  time,  this  jacobinism  nas 
tnffirtfd  the  inferior  daases,  and  the  return  to 
hetter  principles  of  those  who  were  able  to 
i^ect,  and  wdl  disposed,  has  been  unable 
to  stem  the  torrent.  What  I  then  mentioned 
•till  exists,  and  even  with  ^;ieater  fbice,  al- 
dwnigh  I  can  perceive  that  circumstances  are 
more  favourable  to  the  Catholic  religion.  The 
tfiissions  of  which  I  have  just  spoken  were 
•otso  wdl  known  by  me:  they  did  not  ex- 
tend so  fiir  as  they  do  now ;  besioes,  that  partr 
«f  the  country  wfaeie  1  Uvcd^  and  with  whioh 


I  was  the  best  acquainted,  vras  the  most  vio- 
lent against  the  catholics. 

I  have  it  not  in  my  power  to  enter  into  aiir 
pardculars  relative  U>  the  states  of  the  Soutn 
and  West :  all  that  I  know  is*  the  Catholic 
religion  gains  ground  there  and  that  its  pro- 
gress exceeds  in  proportion  that  of  the  sects, 
yet  not  in  that  depee  as  might  be  wished.  If 
the  Abb^  Gallitzm  goes  to  Munsier,  he  will 
be  better  qualified  than  myself  to  describe  tha 
real  state  of  religion  in  those  p^ts :  he  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  West,  wher^  he  lives  lika 
an  apostle,  and  the  almishty  has  crowned  hit 
labours  with  success,  as  I  have  been  informed 
by  the  bishop  of  Baltimore. 

Some  nuns  have  tried  to  form  a  religtoua 
establishment  in  different  parts,  but  thev 
have  had  great  difficulties  to  encounter,  and 
were  forc^  to  seek  for  a  more  peaceable  re- 
treat :  they  went  towards  the  South,  but  I 
have  not  heaixl  of  them  this  long  time. 

I  have  no  doubt.  Sir,  but  you  know  of 
the  arrival  of  the  monks  of  La  Trappe,  in 
this  country  last  year.  They  had  first  tnought 
of  settling  in  Pensylvania ;  but,  I  believe, 
that  not  being  successful  in  accommodating 
themselves,  they  .are  going  to  try  whether 
they  can  settle  in  Kentucky ;  I  hope  they  may 
continue  in  that  country ;  that  celestial  bles- 
sings will  pour  around  them,  and  that  thohr 
pious  example  will  contribute  to  public  edi- 
fication and  to  the  propagation  of  taith. 

The  institution  of  a  couege  at  Baltimore  btr 
the  Abb^  Dubourg,  it  appears  to  os  will 
lead  to  farther  success.— This  ecclesiastic,  6f 
eminent  talents,  chiefly  disdnguished  for  hit 
education  of  youth,  wtio  was  at  the  head  of 
a  very  interesting  estabUshment  in  Faris,  had 
instituted,  some  years  back,  a  college  at  Ba!-* 
timore  for  the  reception  of  Spanish  and 
French  catholics;  but  the  Spnish  govern- 
ment bavins  prohibited  youth  from  being 
lent  to  the  United  States,  to  be  educated* 
that  college  was  given  up.  It  is  no  mor^ 
than  eight  months  since  Mr*  Dubotug  haa 
opened  another,  on  a  more  extensive  scale, 
and  into  which,  accordingly,  the  children  of 
the  protestants  are  admitted.  The  succesa 
of  his  first  college  was  soon  known  by  th< 
public,  and  ser^  to  recommend  the  ncvr 
establishment.  The  number  of  the  young 
candidates  was  so  considerable,  that  he  built 
another  wins  to  his  house,  which  was  im- 
mediately fiUed  up  f  so  that  now  he  is  goinc 
to  erect  a  tliird  buildinj; ;  and  it  is  said,  thu" 
if  he  bad  room  sufficient  for  three  hundred 
pupils,  he  could  have  them  instandv.  Hi|^ 
colleagues  are  ecclesiastics  formerly  belonging 
to  the  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  in  Paris,  <£ 
which  he  himself  was  a  member. 

All  who  know  the  establishment  confesa 
that  there  is  nothing  in  America  to  be  com- 
pared to  it.    The  reputation  whicl|  it  dailt 


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acquires  among  the  protestants^  is  some- 
ihmg  extraordinary.  It  is  only  a  .few  days 
Siixce,  tliai  a  gentleman  from  Baltimore,  at 
&  grand  public  dinner,  which  took  place  at 
Boston>  declared,  in  the  presence  of  above 
twa  hu>^;^ifed  people,  that  one  of  the  most 
fortunate  events  tor  the  country,  was  the 
institution  of  that  college,  and  that  the  (Jui- 
fecd  States  ought  to  be  proud  of  the  establish- 
ment. The  observation  was  unanimously 
approved  of;  Mr.  Cheverai  was  present  and 
heard  the  satisfactory  repbrt. 

Notwithstanding  youths  of  every  persuasion 
be  admitted,  Ltie  cathoUc  religion  alone  is 
exercised  in  the  college ;  the  pupib  are  al- 
lowed to  go  on  Sundays  to  their  resjiective 
meetings,  but  on  every  other  day  they  hear 
prayers  read  with  the  catholics. 

'1  he  Bishop  of  Baltimore  told  us  last  year, 
that  be  liad  applied  to  Home,  in  order  that 
liis  immense  diocese,  which  includes  the 
whole  United  States,  should  be  divided.  I 
bave  just  been  told  that  he  has  received  ne- 
cessary authority  for  that  purpose ;  that  his 
aceof  Baltimore  is  erected  into  an  Archbishop- 
'  rick  i  that  he  is  at  liberty  to  appomt  as  many 
bishopa  as  he  pleases  ;  has  the  nomination  of 
diem,  and  may  determine  their  residence. 
By  this  means  the  cathoKc  church  in  Anic- 
lica  will  acquire  an  im^jortance,  which,  on 
the  whole,  must  prove  of  great  advantage, 
and  give  satisfaction  to  the  catholics,  and 
iaspirc  them  with  greater  confidence.  I 
know  that  Mr.  Malignon  is  designed  as  one 
of  the  new  bishop,  but  I  question  whether 
ke  will  be  prevailed  upon  to  accept  of  that 
£gnity :  besides  other  qualities  which  dis- 
tiuguish  apostolical  characters,  he  is  equally 
>fraid,  with  them,  of  being  entrusted  with 
cpisco|>al  responsibility. 

1  sent  you  comparative  returns^  with  the 
aid  of  which  you  might  form  an  idea  of  the 
amazing  improvement  of  the  population,  in- 
dustry, oommerce»  and  wealth,  of  the  country. 
I  have  mblaid  the,  notes  I  had  occasionally 
taken  down  to  furnish  you  widi  particular 
details  on  that  suWect,  which  prevents  my 
acquainting  you  witn  them  at  present.  The 
prosperity  ol  this  country  ia^  beyond  concep- 
tion ;  and  were  it  not  coupled  with  the  sad 
and  melancholy  symptoms,  which  the  poli- 
tical and  anti-reiigious  principles  exliibit,  the 
vpectacle  would  hk  no  less  delightful  than  it 
is  astonishing.  We  sec  continually  pouring 
upon  us  a  great  number  of  emigrants  from 
Ireland,  Scoilaifd,  Holland,  Germany,  and 
ibr  some  years  past  from  Switzerland.  Some 
Irish  excepted,  very  few  settle  in  the  North- 
ern States.  Those  of  New  York,  Pensylva- 
nia,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  are  the  refuse 
of  most  of  those  emigrants  :  the  Germans 
gent  tally  resort  to  Penisvlvanb,  and  a  small 
amnber  to  the  State  of  New  York.  A  great 
^ort  of  Pensylva&ia  is  inhabited  by  Ger- 


mans only.  There  they -retain  their  own  lan- 
guage and  manners,  and  are  the  most  iudus- 
trious  \  but  most  of  them,  and  indeed  nearlj 
all  the  other  emigrants,  espouse  the  demo- 
cratic party.  The  sjjirit  of  that  party  has 
sometimes  produced  amon^  the  Germans  an 
influence  injurious  to  religion,  by  fomenting 
dreadful  scliisms  over  exu;usi\e  and  populous 
parishes. 

I  recollect  that  you  enquired  into  the  phy- 
sical constitution  of  the  Americans.  In  tne 
north  they  arc  strong,  vigorous,  tall,  inured 
to  fatigue,  and  notwithstanding  their  clumsy 
awkward  api^earance,  they  are  very  active,  aiio 
amazingly  dextrous  when  employed  in  ordi- 
nary labours.  In  the  parts  wnere  a  number 
of  eraigranti  are  settled  in  a  bodv,  the  mea 
of  European  extraction  are  easily  known  ? . 
but,  where  they  are  not  so  numerous,  they 
intermix,  and  are  no  longer  to  be  distin** 
guished. 

As  I  have  never  visited  south  of  New- 
York,  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  obser* 
vations  applicable  to  the  physical  disposition 
of  tlie  inhabitants  of  the  States,  but  I  knovr 
tbat  their  energy  decreases  in  proportion  to 
the  latitude,  and  in  consequence  of  the  Eu- 
ropean nations  from  wliicn  the  inhabitanta 
originally  sprang. 

X  ou  had  also  enquired  about  the  h(»8ca* 
They  are  very  numerous  in  this  country, 
there  is  hardly  a  family  but  keeps  at  least  one» 
and  all  people  in  good  circumstances  dpve 
their  gig.  When  Uiey  have  more  than  one 
mile  to  go,  they  do  not  knoWwhat  it  is  ta 
walk.  Tne  horses  of  the  country,  that  is^ 
the  breed  from  those  that  ,were  formerly  im- 
ported, are  strong,  indefatigable,  and  require 
out  little  care.  They  are  pretty  -quick,  for 
a  very  ordinaiy  horse  will  draw  a  gig  at  th«i 
rate  of  6  or  6  miles  an'  hour,  and  30  or  40  a 
day  for  several  days  together ;  whereas  th« 
good  horses  will  travel  at  the  rate  of  8  or  9 
miles  an  hour  :  these,  by  the  bye,  are  never 
used  for  agricultuml  pursuits,  nor  for  the 
drawing  of  heavy  loaos  :  they  use  oxen  ia 
New  England  upon  those  occasions.  kiPen-* 
sylvania  and  Virginia  tliey  have  horses  of  the 
rlemish  breed  which  are  very  large  and  power- 
ful. Of  late  years  they  have  imported  fronk 
Europe,  and  especially  from  En^^d,  some 
very  fine  stallions,  so  that  the  number  of 
elegant  horses,  na)r,  of  race-horses,  daily  in- 
creases. The  Americans  grow  more  and  mora 
fond  of  copying  the  En^sh  ;  but  more  par«t 
ticularly  so  m  Uie  states  of  New  York  and  in 
the  south,  than  in  New  England,  where  the 
rapes  far  from  being  in  vogue  aie  protubited 
in  some  parts. 

Those  fine  horses  are  yery  dear,  and  require 
a  great  deal  of  carei  The  horses  that  ate 
.reared  in  this  country,  as  also  all  odier  ani- 
majs,  such  as  bulb,  oxen,  cows,  dogs,  &c^ 
&:c.  are  wonderfully   tame   and   uattftbl^ 


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PH 


This  pardcnkr  character  turprises  all  Euro- 
peans upon  their  arrival.  Little  children  or 
women  take  care  of  and  manage  them,  without 
accidents^  I  am  inclined  to  think  this  pro- 
ceeds from  the  climate,  and  the  gentle  manner 
in  which  they  are  treated. 

The  memoirs  that  I  had  written,  relative 
to  the  Indians,  and  \\4iich  had  sened  me  as 
matter  for  my  preceding  letters  which   have 
been  lost,  I  have  likewise  mislaid  ;  neither 
do  I  recollect  their  contents.    All  that  I  can 
observe  is,  that  in  general  either  death  or  mi- 
ction has  thinned  their  number.      They 
retire  in  proportion  a^  the  whites  advance, 
and  are  now  nearly  all  ^ne  as  far  as  the 
foontiers ;  there  only  remams  a  larg^  tribe  in 
the  interior  of  the  western  lands.  Immoderate 
drinking,   distress,  and  the  mixture  of  the 
Tioes  of  the  whites  with  those  of  the  Indians, 
hasten  the  dissolution  and  ruin  of  the  other 
tribes  that  are  surrounded  by  the  whites. 
Those  who   are   seen  wandering  o\'er  the 
States  on  the  borders  of  the  Atlantic  retain 
nothing  of  the  Indian,  except  features  and 
complexion,  but  in  every  otner  respect  they 
resemble    the    most    corrupt  and  degraded 
among  the  whites ;  thev  are  true  objects  of 
comnassion.    Part  of  tfie  remainder  of  the 
Six  Nations  is  eone  to  upper  Canada ;  the  rest 
live  in  the  noruiem  parts  of  the  State  of  New 
York ;    such  as  are  catholics  widely  differ 
from  their  ancestors,  and  no  longer  inspire 
the  same  interest.     I  have  always  wished  to 
•ee  Mnne  of  those  populous  tribes,  and  if  I 
•m  destined  to  reside  some  years  longer  in 
America,  I  intend  visiting  those  which  are  in 
the  vicinity  of  Niagara,  that  I  may  view  at 
the  same  time  that  great  curiosity  of   the 
new  world." 

F<M  €ii  H  ah  hotie  doctri  ! 

That  the  complaints  of  the  writer  of  the 
Ihregoing  letter  in  respect  to  the  dreadful  ef- 
fects of  strong  liquors  among  the  Indians,  are 
but  too  well  monded,  we  are  extremely  2rie\'- 
•d  !•  be  forced  to  admit.  A  more  faithful 
and  aflecting  picture  of  consequent  distresses, 
cannot  perhaps  be  delineated,  than  that  pre- 
sented by  an  Indian  speaker,  at  a  late  con- 
lierence  with  some  Protestant  Missionaries. — 
The  simple  patlios  of  natnrej  speaks  more  pow- 
erfully to  the  heart,  than  the  most  laboured 
compotitton  of  the  orator:  and  the  plain  good 
•etiae  expressed  in  nervous  terms,  which  dis- 
tinguish the  style  of  our  <*  red  brethren**  has 
oA«i  been  the  subject  of  our  admiration,  and 
h  entitled  to  our  unequivocal  applause* 

*'  Brothers  and  Friends, — Since  the  intro- 
duction among  iis  of  what  you  call  spiritu- 
ous liquors,  and  what  we  think  may  be  justly 
called  poison^  our  numbers  arc  greatly  dinii- 
Oisbed.  It  has  destroyed  a  great  part  of  your 
led  brethren. 
'  Vol.  I;   IIaI,  PwL  AW.  1806.] 


«•  This  liquor  which  they  introduce  into 
our  country,  is  more  to  be  feared  than  the  gun 
and  the  tomahawk. 

"  firotherB,*--When  our  young  men  hart 
been  out  hunting,  and  are  returned  home 
loaded  with  skins  and  furs  5  on  their  way,  if 
it  happens  that  they  come  where  some  ot  th^ 
whiskey  is  deposited,  the  white  man  who 
scll^  it,  tells  them  to  take  a  little  drink.  Some 
of  them  vrill  say,  *  No,  I  do  not  want  it,'— 
They  go  on  till  they  come  to  another  house^ 
where  thw  find  more  of  the  same  drink.  It 
is  there  offered  again  ;  they  refuse;  and  again, 
the  third  time  j  but,  finally,  the  fourm  or 
fifth  time,  one  accepts  of  it,  and  takes  a  drink ; 
and  getting  one,  he  wants  another  j  and  then 
a  third  and  fourth,  till  his  senses  have  left 
him  After  his  reason  comes  back  again  to 
him,  when  he  gets  up  and  finds  wherehc  is, 
he  asks  for  his  pejtry ;  the  answer  b,  *•  You 
have  drank  them.-—"  Where  is  my  gun  >*• 
'  It  is  gone.*— «'  Where  is  my  blanket?^'  « It 
IS  gone.*—"  Where  b  my  shirt  .-**  «  You  have 
sold  it  for  whiskey  !*  Now,  brothers,  figure 
to  yourselves  what  condition  this  man  must 
be  in.  He  has  a  family  at  home  j  a  wife  and 
children,  who  stand  in  need  of  the  profits  of 
his  hunting.  WTiat  must  be  their  wanu  when 
he  himself  IS  even  without  a  shirt!" 


PROPOSITA  -LITERARTa;        ^ 

.CORRECTIOir  OP  THE   ENGLISH   VBRSIOV   Of 
JOHN  XIX.  5.«^PROPOSED  BY  W.  O. 

As  I  conceive  it  to  be  an  ahnost  universal 
opinion  with  regard  to  thnslations  of  Scrip* 
ture,  that  wliere  the  sense  is  compleat  with- 
out  additions  or  curtailments,  the  original 
shouki  be  retained,  I  beg  leave  to  ask.  why 
the  word  PUaU  has  been  introduced  in  the 
following  text, — John  xix.  6.  ««  Thencame 
Jesus  forth  wearing  the  crown  of  thorns, 
and  the  purple  robe.  And  (Pilate)  saith  unto 
them,  •'  behold  the  man."  The  original,  lite- 
raUy  translated,  is  -a/irf  $aUh  to  them, — I  do 
think  that  reading  it  tlius  is  preferable  to  tho 
mode  adopted.  When  we  consider  that  Christ 
came  to  be  a  willing  sacrifice  for  sin,  and  that 
He,  without  exception,  evidenced  such  wil* 
lingness— nay,  took  mat  pains  to  convince 
his  followers  that  he  laid  down  his  life  spon* 
taneouilyj  and  that  no  man  took  it  feom 
him; — If,  tl>crefore,  he  shewed  such  willing- 
ness to  suffer  death,  why  should  he  be  robbed 
in  this  instance  of  the  merit  whidi  is  so  con- 
spicuous in  a  voluntary  exhibition  of  himself, 
in  his  humiliation  I  see  more  beauty  than 
I  can  express,  in  putting  the  words  *'  Behold 
the  man'*  into  the  mouth  of  the  Redeemer : 
at  least^  there  can  be  no  absurdity  in  it,  as  .'t 
stands  in  the  ori^nal,  why  therefore  change 
it?  In  submitting  this  remark,  I  aim  not  at 
criticism,  but  wish  for  iuforma'tion  01^  the 
subject  of  tliis  addition  to  the  original* 


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t»S 


^oEWieTioH  or  a  fassaoi  in  Taoitw*.     I 

PROPOSED  BY  F.  D.  »• 

The  w»ent  ritoatioh  of  Europe  Km  «yen 
an  additional  value  to  the  immortal  worki  of 
TAtitus.  Eren  the  thoughtless  Fienchmaii 
finds  a  doomy  consolation,  in  th*  fai^ft^ 

fifcture  of  the  military  despotism,  under  which  - 
e  groans  ;  and  secure  in  his  closet  mocks  the 
tyi-ant  in  his  historical  likeness. 

In  the  several  editions  and  translations  of 
this  author  we  meet  with  few  or  no  emen- 
dations J  although  in  my  humhle  opinion  the 
mutilated  state  of  the  MSS.  admits  of  many, 
Ohc  1  cannot  resist  submitting  to  you,  on  ao- 
count  of  its  extreme  simplicity,  and  the  won- 
derful improvement  it  produces  in  the  sense. 
It  \»  in  the  Annals,  lib.  iv.  cap.  53.    The 
usual  reading   is.    *'  At  Agr}ppma  peryicax 
ir»,  ct  morbo  corporis  implicata,  cum  viseret 
cAm  Caesar,  profusis  diu  ac  per  silentmm  la- 
crlmis,  mox  invidiam  et  preces  orditur.    Sub- 
▼eniret  solitundii,   darct  maritum,   habaem 
adhuc  juventam  sibi,     neque  ahud  prom 
gnam  ex  friatrimonio  solatium :    esse  in  ctvt- 
idle  Germanici  conjugem  ae  Hheros  «w  re- 
dpere  dignarctnrr     Such  "^^c  reading  of 
Beroald,  and  of  the  andent  MSS. ;   that  of 
Florence  has  dignarenlur.     This  pass^  has 
strangely  puzzled  all  commentators :    most  of 
diem  have  attempted  to  make  sonw  sense  of 
it,  by  adding  or  chan^ng  some  words.     Lip- 
aius  alone'  fiiiriy  gives  it  up. 

With  some  assistance  the  Florentine  MS. 
Is^usually  thus  translated :  "  That  a  rtrtu- 
ous  woman  could  have  no  comfort  but  in  ma- 
trimony ;  that  many  would  be  found  in  thte 
city  who  would  deign  to  receive  in  their  house 
the  wife  and  the  children  of  Gennanicus.- 
The  learned  Brothier,  the  last  commentator 
on  TacituA,  had  adopted  that  meaning,  boldly 
adding  the  word  qui.  Gevartius  protested, 
and  with  great  reason,  against  this  tame  sen- 
tenoe,  as  unworthy  the  proud  heart  of  Agnp- 
pina,  and  her  exalted  si^tion;  oor  do  I 
think  that  it  coincides  with  the  invidiam  et 
^  l»recef,v<rhich  Tacitus  announces  in  the  speedi 
of  Agrippina. 

i  have  ventured  to  think,  that  by  the  sim- 
ple transposition  of  a  colon,  the  sentence 
would  be  perfectly  clear,  and  truly  Cornelian. 
I  propose  to  read  thus:  Neque  aliud  probis 
guam  ex  matrimonio  solatium  esse :  in  civitate 
Germanici  conjugem  ac  Hheros  ejus  recipere 
iffg«<irr<«r.— Importing,  *'  that  a  virtuous 
woman  could  have  no  comfort  but  in  matri- 
mony :  that  he  would  deign  to  allow,  the  wife 
and  Uie  children  of  Germanicus  to  enjoy  the 
common  riglits  of  all  citiaens.**  (On  those 
rights  vide  Lex  PoppceaJ  ThU  sense  appeaw 
to  me  to  coincide  perfectly  with  the  invidiam 
€i  preces  orditur.  The  expression  recipere  in 
dhitate  b  frequently  used  m  the  sense  I  haire 
given  it :  and  the  nciptrt  fignttretw  it  en- 


tirely i^  the  style  of  Tacitus';  tvho  says  in  th^ 
Ann^  lib.  vi.  cap.  ^3,  consuUus  que  Ccesqr  an 
aepelirit  nneret,  non  eruhuit  pemnttere\ 

CORRECTIONS  IN  SHARB3PBARB'S 'Vfext; 
PROPOSBI)  BT*  T>  0, 

The  introductory  lines  to  tfaeCyndbelioe  of 
our  immortal  poet  wKikespeare,  have  beenaaiib* 
ject  of  consideration  andp^plexity  amoaig  hta 
editors ;  none  of  whom  nis  hitherto  redueed  it 
to  common  sense  and  expression.    Dr.  John- 
son  has  a  laboured  note  on  this  passadp,  in 
which  he  has  done  his  vtmost  -to  oSeit  a 
meaning.     Messrs.  Stee\-ens,  Tyrwhit^  &c. 
contributed  their  assistance  also^  but  .with 
what  success  may  safely  be  le(t  to  the  leader'a 
decision;    I  think  that  two  words  have  caus- 
ed all  this  confusion  by  an  accidental  chansa 
of  {^ace  with  cach'btfaer.  The  passage  usMaUf 
is  printed  ihus : 
You  do  not  meet  a  ftian ,  butfrawtis ;  oar  hl^dt 
No  more  obey  the  heavens,  than  o«r  comrtiirt. 
Still  seem  as  does  the  King's. 
It  is  agreed  on  all  bands,  that  ihe  lines  am 
mutilated }   to  restom  them  b  the  difiiculty. 
I 'propose  to  read  them  thus ; 
you  do  not  meet  a  man  but  frowns^   cox 

courtiers 
(Who)  no  more  dbey  the  heavens  dian  oor 

bloods^ 
Still  seem  as  does  the  King. 
The  speaker  means  to  say  that  *'  the  king  be« 
ing  touched  at  very  heart  the  courtiers  **  wear 
their  faces  to  the  bent  of  the  king*s  fooks,** 
as  he  aopears  sad  tlirou^  vexation^  so 
do  they  through  imitation ;  and  although  they 
will  not  conform  to  the  directions  of  heaven, 
yet  they  are  induced  by  policy  to  conform  to 
the  king*s  looks,  dioogh  *^  J^  at  h^rt  of 
the  thine  they  scowl  at**  That  t^  f^rastt 
.  btoad  or  aloods,  means  the  disobedient  prin* 
ciple  in  man,  needs  nq  prppf ;  so  one  saya 
«'  Marrii«e  binds,  and  2r/M<f  breaks.*' — the 
marriage  bond.  Sou  we  retid  of  ^  the  hot  con* 
dition  of  blood ;  and  when  Shylock  lament^ 
his  dau^ter  Jessica*s  ek>Dement,  he  speaks  of 
his  <<  flnh  undJbtood  reheiling^*  whkh  js  equi- 
vocally retorted  on  him,  **  out  upon  thee,  oki 
cairion  I  tebtls  It  at  these  years  r'* 

Another  cocrectioQ  of  the  tame  writer  oo» 
cars  to  meas  lequitite  in  the  Mcny  Wives  of 
Wifidsor,  where  Slender  is  dcseribuw  bis  cir- 
cumstances to  Aim  Pace,  **  I  keep  but  three^ 
men  and  a  boy  yet,  till  my  mother  be  dead ; 
hot  what  waoif^x  yet  I  Uve  like  a  poor  gen- 
tleman  bom.**  Now,  I  cannot  tnink  that 
however  the  poet  may  4<^ign  to  represent 
Slender  as  simple-witted,  he  v^mdd  make  him 
talk  nonsense,  and  break  the  rtiles  of  grammar. 
I  would  thereifpre  read,  "  but  what,  though  I 
live  poor,  yet  (loam)  a  j^ntleman  bom.**— 
lll€  idea  ^  descent  by  buth^  as  acommeR* 


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tsyj  Proceedings  of  the  Cotlege  ofBengdL 

^on,  is  per^ctly  in  cluuacter  for  Master 
Sleoder,  who  havix^  no  supc^-abundance  of 


[358 


^endenuuk-like  qoalides  to  testHv  his  dignit^^ 
endeavours  to  dernre  a  re6ccted  fustre  from  the 
«ccidental  cUcumstanoe  of  his  being  a  gentle- 
inan  by  rank : .  no  vinconimc^  refuge  i>f  weak 
minds.  To  ^!s  agrees  the  ag^Oation  of^ 
**  your  worship  "  bestowed  on  him  by  Ann 
P^;  andltis' after  proppsal  to  maihtain  his 
wnt  '*  like  a  gei^dewoman,  tinder  the  degree 
«•  of  a  squire." 


COLLEGE  OF  FORT  WILUAM. 
DiitribuHon  qf  Prizes  and  Honorwy  J?e- 
wards^   at  ike  6th  annual  Examinaiianf 
held  Jan.  1806.     [See  page  l6l.] 
HiVDOosTAiTEE.— ii|r«/  CUxts.     ],  Chris- 
tian, 1600  rupees  and  medal.    2  Dorin,  1000 
aid  medal.    3  Newnham,  medal.    4  Bird. 
-Second  Class,    5  Smyth.     6  Clark.    7 
Wright.    8Siddons.    9  hirry.     10  Monck- 
tflj^.     11  Hicketts.      13  Reveley.     13  Wil- 
liams.      14  Romney.     16  Gordon,  W.  B. 
l6  Bakenham.     1?  Walpole.     13  Maxwell. 
I^Ewer.   SO  Loch.    81  Chapman.    £2  Gar- 
diner.—T^i  Class.    S3  E|Us.    S4  Biown. 
S6Colvin.   seGlyn.   SyTytler.   S8  Mason. 

8  Dick.    30  Roberdeau.    31  Barwell.    3S 
unaj.    33  Dawes.    34  Eyre.    35  Warde, 
O.    38  Thomas.     37  Oakley.     38  Shum. 
^  Smith.    40  Mackenzie.    41  Inglis.    4S 
Eiiice.    43Cuthbert. 
.  AiABic*    Ewer,  1500  rupees  and  medaL     ^ 

Mahsatta.    Chapman,  medal  ^ 

Laws  akd  Reovlations.  l  Bird,  1000 
rupees  and  medal.  S  Ewer.  3  Dorin.  4 
Smyth.  .  5  Ncwnhara.    6  W.  B.  Goidon. 

^Pbrseak  Writiko.  1  Christian,  1000 
mpeei  Hmd  medaL  S  Gordon,  W.  B.  600 
and -medaL    3. Romney,  medal.. 

NAvlmWRmirf}.    l  Bird,  500  mpeet 
snd.meciEd.    S  Newnham,  medal. 
"  BtNOALBB  WRitiNG.     1  Romney,   500 
topees  and  medal.    S  Newnham,  medal. 

ftRSIAK. — Pirsl  Clas^.  1  Dorin,  1500 
rupees  and  medal.  S  Christian,  lOOO  and 
ssoedai.  3  Ewer,  medaL — Second  Class.  4 
Kewnlbm.  5  Bird.  6  Gbidon,  F.  D.  7 
Smyth.  8  Clark.  9  Romney.  lORicketts. 
11  Wright- 7%ir£i  Class.  IS  Monckton. 
f  3  Loch.  14Parr>%  15  Gordon,  W.  B.  16 
Brown.  17Ewing.  IsChipman.  1 9  Ellis, 
SO  Glyn.  SI  Walpole.  22  Roberdeau.  S3 
Maxwell.  S4  Revely.  S5  Pakenham. 
.  Bkvoalbb.— Jlfrf/  Class,  1  Christian,  1000 
fiipees  apdi  medal.  S  Parry,  500  and  medal. 
3^Newnham,  medal. — Second  Class.  4 
Williams.  5  Pakenham.  6'Siddons.  7 
Ch«4)man.  .8  Rickeits.  9Romhey.  10  Mo- 
ney.— Absent  from  the  examination,  Messrs. 
lather,   Lmdsay,    HalbedK  ^  W.    C. 

'  JStfOfLliji  CoufQSiriov.^Sssay  qf  First 


Term  ^  1 805.  Subject.  "  On  die  estaWish- 
ment  of  the  Britbh  empire  in  India.* 
1  W.  W.  Biid,  1000  rupees  and  medal. 
S  Richard  Walpok,  medal. 

JEssay  qf  Second  Term  ^  1 805,    Suhieei, 
' ...«  On  the  ultimate  improvemenl^  of  India 
;  in  the  course  of  ages,  under  the  influence  of 
Britbh  dominion,  in  learning  and  soience ; 
in 'manners,  morals,  and  religion-,"   Mr.  Wil- 
liam Dorin,  1000  rupees  and  medaL 

Essa^  of  ^'ourth  Term  of  1805  On  the. 
Reflations.  Subject. — **  On.th^  courtt  of 
civil  justice  established*  in  the  provinces  sub* 
ject  to  the  ebvempient  of  Fort  William.** 
Henry  Newnham^  1000  rupees  and  medals 
S  W.  B.  Gordon,  medal. 

EZAMIITATION  INTHeGrEEK  AKD  LaTIIT 

Ci'ASsics.  W.  Dorin,  hon.  reward  of  books* 
Published  by  order  of  the  council  df  the 
Colle^, — W.  HuHTBR,  Secretary. 

STunEMTS  LEAviNa  CoLLEOE,  ond  enters 
uig  on  Public  Service  in  March  I8O6,  classed, 
in  the  Order  of  relative  Proficiency. — First 
Class.  1  H.  G.Christian,  1st  in  Hindoo- 
stance,  1st  in  Bengalee,  Sd  in  Persian,  1st  in 
Persian  writing.  S  W.  Dorin,  Ist  in  Persian^ 
Sd  in  Hindoostanee,  3d  in  the  laws  and  re- 
flations, prices  in  English  composition,  and 
m  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics.  3  W.  £wer» 
proficient  in  Arabic,  third  in  Persian,  and" 
19th  in  Hindoostanee,  2d  in  the  laws  and  re- 
gulations, prize  in  English  composition. 
4H.  Newnham,  3d  in  Hindoostanee,  3d  in 
Bengalee,  4th  in  Persian,  2d  in  Nagree  writ- 
ing,, sd  in  Bengalee  writing,  prize  in  En«rlisli' 
composition,  and  for  his  essay  on  the  laws 
and  regulations.  5  E.  Parry,  Sd  in  Bengalee, 
9th  in  Hindoostanee,  and  14th  in  Persian. 
8  W.  W.  Bird,  4^  in  Hindoostonee,  5th  in 
Persian,  Ist  in  the  laws  and  regulations,  1st 
in  Nagree  writing,  prize  in  Elfish  composi- 
tion.—^^coiwi  Class.  7  M.  Ricketts,  10th 
in.  Persian,  11th  in  Hindoostanee,  and  8th 
in  Bengalee.  8  G.  J.  Siddons,  8tli  in  Hin- 
doostanee, 6th  in  Bengalee,  prize  in  English 
composition.  9  H.  A.  Williams,  4tn  in 
Bengalee,  13t]i  in  Hindoostanee.  10  T.  Pa- 
kenham, 5th  in  Bengalee,  l6thin  Hindoo* 
stanee,' and  S5d)  in  Persian.  11  C  Chapman^ 
proficient  in  Mahratta  language,  7th  in  Ben- 
galee, 18th  in  Persian,  and  S  1st  in  Hindoo* 
stance.  12  F.  D.  Gordon,  6th  in  Persian. 
13  P.  Monckton,  10th  in  Hindoostanee,  ISth 
in  Persian.  14  W.  B#  Gordon,  15th  in 
Hindoostanee,  and  15th  in  Persian,  Sd  in  Per* 
sian  writing,  prize  in  English  coinposition, 
and  for  his  essay  on  the  regulations.  15  A. 
Revely,  ISth  in  Hindoostanee,  and  S4th  in 
Persian.  16  R.  Walpole,  7th  in  Hindoosta- 
nee, and  SI  St  in  Persian,  prize  in  English 
(Composition.  17  W.  Loch,  13th  in  Persian, 
and  SOth  in  Hindoo^ance. 

18  C.  R.  Lindsay,  in  Sd  class  Persian  at  a 
former  examination.  10  W.  Lowther,  in  Sd 
tflass  Hindoostanee  at  a  former  mamitiation 

N  a 

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/, 


f\,l'Kt  ' 


Be^tStMhop^»PnmipUtrfiheSaenetf^Tui^tn»*rimini$.  [««» 

.....  -  _  AV«  1^       TlA<k«a«k 


Degrees  <tf  Honour  tcere  conferred  iht 
Jiky  (3d  March,  I8O6;,  on  the  folhwing 
Students ;  H.  G.  Christian,  Hmdowtanee. 
Persian  and  Beng^ce.  W.  Dorin,  Pcrs^ 
tod  Hindoostanee.  W.  Ewr,  Persian.  H. 
Kewnhani,  Bengalee.    E.  Parry,  Bengalee. 

Medals  of  Merit  awarded  at  the  Quarter^ 
lu  Examinations,  were  presented  to  the  fol- 
Mng  Students  :'^Laws  and  Regulattons. 
W.  Wilberforce  Bird,  Walter  Ewer. 

Persian  and  Hindoostanee  Languors. 
Wm.  Dorin,  N.  J.  Halhed,  W.  Fairlie 
Clark,  G.  J.  Romney,  Robt.  Brown,  and 
Henry  Ellis. 

Register  of  Degrees  qf  honour.  \B0\ 
William  Pearson  Elliott.  1802  Chas.  IJoyd, 
Jonathan  Henry  Loxett.  1803  Wm.  Butter- 
worth  Bayley,  Win.  Chaplin,  Richard  Thos. 
Goodwin,  Terrick  Hamilton,  Richard  Jen- 
kins, Wm.  Byam  Martin,  Edwd.  Wood. 
1804  Clotworthy  Goi^-an,  Hen.  Geo.  Keenc, 
Wm.  Oliver,  Thos,  Perry,  John  Romer, 
Geo.  Swinton,  John  Walker,  John  Wau- 
chope.  1805  Thos.  Chwholme  Scott,  Mont. 
Hen^  Tumbull,  Jos.  LitUecWe.  .'^^- J?** 
joribanks.  I8O6  Hugh  Geo.  Chnstian,  Wm. 
JDorin,  Waller  Ewer,  Hen.  Newnham,  tdw. 

Tnc  interest  which  we  feel  in  whatever  ton-* 
cems  our  IndianEmpire,  has  mduccd  us  to  take 
particular  pains  to  procure  from  thence  what- 
ever is  important  or  instructive.  We  trust  to 
be  able  in  consequence,  to  present  from  time  to 
time,  such  information  as  cannot  fell  of  being 
Acceptable  to  the  public  at  Ur«,  as  well  as  to 
those  who  have  friends  estabhshed  ib  that 

country.  ^______— .ii.1^^— — i-i—i^ 

Description    of   ak  l'f'^^?\^''.^f''K 
LATCH.    Im-ented  by  Mr.  John  AnUs,  of 
Fulneck,   near    Le«te.    From  vd.  xxm. 
p.  365  of  the  Transactions  of  Uie  Society  for 
5ie  Encouragement  of  Am,  Manufectures, 
and  C^mmCTce.    The  Sihrer  Medal  waa 
voted  to  Mr.  Antis  for  this  Invention. 
I  do  not  doubt  but  that  Ae  socie^  are  per- 
•uaded  of  the  necessity  of  having  a  door-latch 
Superior  to,  and  not  so  liable  to  be  out  of 
order  as  those  hitherto  in  xise,  m  the  door-locks 
ef  dining.nx)ms,  &c.    Some  nme  ago  I  made 
an  attempt  to  contrive  such  a  one,  which  1 
Sed  inti  a  small  box  by  itadf ;  I  have  now 
tried  it  for  some  years  in  my  own  houae,  dur- 
ing which  1  never  found  occasion  to  clean  or 
to  oil  it.    I  at  that  time  thou^t  there  wouW 
be  a  difficulty  to  introduce  it  into  a  mortwe 
Ipck,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  placethe  nobs 
and  the  key-hole  syrometncally.    Thatdift- 
cultv  I  have  now  overcome.         ^  . 

Mv  object  has  been  to  contrive  a  simple 
l^tch.  as  much  as  possible  without  friction, 
not  more  expensive  tVian  those  hitherto  m  use, 
and  capable  of  moving  smoothly  and  «jsily 
.widiout  the  necessity  of  cleaning  and  mlm^ 
•Llongaa  thi>  wtiui  wiU  laitoTwhick  Uil 


n^ade.    How  fiff  I  have  anooeaW,  1  kara  10 
the  decinon  of  the  society. 


a,  shews  the  hole  for  the  handle, 
which  moves  the  folfower  and  latch. 
I,  the  fc^ower  which  draws  back  the 
ktch  on  turning  the  handle  either  \yay . 
c,  thelatch.  d,  the  longitudinal  springs 
which  throws  out  the  catch  of  the 
latdi  when  the  hand  is  withdmwn.  e, 
the  tmaU  bolt,  to  secure  the  door  in-  _ 
temally.  /,  the  key-hole,  the  boh  of  the  teck 
of  which  b  not  shewn,  being  placed  above  th©^ 
key-hole. 


EARL   stanhope's  MUSICAL  TEMPERAMENT^ 

Lord  Stanhope  has  favoured  us  with  a  copy 
of  his  small  wprk  intituled :  "  Principle*  of 
«'  the  Science  of  tuning  Instruments  with 
"  fixed  Tones."    His  Lordship  begins  with 
an  explanation  of  the  theory  of  tempera- 
ment and  of  the  several  sptems  hitherto 
advanced  by  mathematicians  and  adopted  by 
musicians.    In  order  to  remedy  the  imperfeo- 
tion  of  those  instruments  with  fixed  tona 
which  have  no  smaller  interval  than  a  semir 
tone,  it  is  necessary  to  alter  the  concords,  and 
it  is  this  alteration  that  is  called  tempera- 
ment.   Rameau  had  said  that  were  the  oc- 
tave to  be  once  altered,  there  wouW  be  no 
more  fixed  principles  in  harmony  or  in  me- 
lody.   He  had  laid  it  down  as  a  rule  that  th« 
more  an  interval  was  perfect,  the  more  ita 
altemtion  displeased  the  ear;  for  that  reason, 
his  opinion  was  that  the  third  being  an  inter- 
val less  perfect  than  the  quint,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  m^e  the  quint  more  perfiect  than  the 
third,  and  to  make  the  octave  quite  perfect,  as 
the  least  deviation  in  that  interval  was  offensiva 
to  the  ear.    He  had  therefore  proposed  ai^ 
equal  temperament,  that  is  equal  deviation  in 
tlie  quints,  by  rendering  them  equally  flat* 
Formerly  the  four  first  quints  from  the  C. 
were  lessened,   and    then  the  others  weia 
sharpeiied  equally,  which  was  called  the  im- 
equal  temperament,  ,  «     , 

The  equal  temperament  Lord  Stanhopi^ 
'  very  much  disapproves.  "  According  to  that 
"  erroneous  system,"  says  his  Lordship, 
"  there  is  not  a  single  p£T/>c/  third,  nor  a. 
*'  single  p^^nourth,  nor  a  sin^eper/rr< 
"  quint  in  the  whole  instrument"  Ha 
thinks  that  an  equal  dc\-iation  in  die  con» 
c«ids  dciltrop  that  'difference  qf  cAaroc^rr; 
which  ought  to  exist,  in  a  well  tuned  instru- 
ment, between  the  different  keys,  and  to  a 
pleasing  and  orderly  variety  substitutes  only  a 
dull  monotony  He  reproves  aho  the  me- 
i  (hod  of  tbos^  who  throw  the  whok  altera* 


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fsn 


ikm  on  one  or  two  keys  only*  ind  blamei 
«till  more  thcMe  who  alter  the  octave.  He 
haft  invented  a  new  temperament^  to  which 
be  bat  given  his  name,  and  which  makes  the 
quints  and  fourths  nearly  perfect,  and  affects 
inly  the  thirds.  Two  of  mose  are  even  quite 
peilect,  they  are  C.  E.  and  6.  B.  six  of 
the  remaining  ten  thirds  are  sharper  than  per- 
fecty  and  each  of  them  b  of  the  exact  value 
of  what  he  calls  a  hi-equal  third.  The  re- 
naaining  four  thirds  are  sharper  likewise  than 
perfect*  but  less  so  than  the  preceding  six ; 
and  each  of  them  is,  in  respect  to  sharpness, 
iniermediate  between  the  other  two  descrip- 
tions. Of  these  four  last,  two  are  nearer  to  a 
biHpQual  third  than  to  a  perfect  one. 

Tnis  new  mode,  excellent  for  transposition 
and  for  modulation,  has  been  tried  with  suc- 
cess in  presence  of  about  seventy  of  the  first 
professional  persons  of  both  sexes,  and  of  the 
ablest  connoisseurs  in  £n^and,who  have  given 
it  their  decided  approbation. 

Lord  Stanhope  has  also  contrived  a  new 
tuning  instrument,  which  consists  of  thirteen 
•lips  of  plate  glass,  each  of  which  is  exactly 
six  inches  long  by  two  inches  in  breadth. 
They  are  tunra,  by  varying  the  thickness, 
one  to  C,  another  to  U.,  &c.  The  thick- 
ness of  the  slip  which  yields  the  sound  of  the 
middle  C.  b  anout  9-lOOths  of  an  inch,  and 
the  thickness  of  the  dip  which  yields  the 
sound  of  the  first  treble  C.  b  about  1 8-  lOOths. 
These  two  Cs  are  the  two  extremes.  Each 
«Iip  yields  a  sound  perfectly  pure.  By  nieans 
of  tnis  simple  apparatus,  pitched  to  the  new 
Stanhope  temperament^  any  person,  with 
some  care  and  a  moderate  ear,  can  tune  an 
instrument  perfectly,  and  better  than  those 
who  employ  the  modes  hitherto  known. 

We  cannot  but  applaud  all  exertions  the 
object  of  which  is  to  improve  that  pert  of 
the  science  of  Music  on  which  the  best  effects 
of  harmony  depend ;  and  our  praises  are  spe- 
cially due  to  those  enlightened  and  steady 
amateurs,  who,  like  Lord  Stanhope,  are  not 
deterred  in  their  labours  by  the  difficulties 
which  that  science  ofiers,  and  the  expense 
which  new  experiments  are  necessarily  at- 
tended with.  As  to  hb  new  system  of  devia- 
tion in  the  consonances,  we  caimot  rightly 
estimate  iu  merit  unless  the  practical  effect 
of  it  be  justified  by  experience ;  but  as  Lord 
Stanhope's  mode  affects  ooly  the  interval 
whidi  IS  naturally  the  less  periect,  we  should 
think,  iu  theory,  that  hb  temperament  must 
be  at  least  as  good  as  any  other,  since  when 
the  best  part  oftheciuints  and  fourths  are  per- 
fect, the  tMt  supplies  whatever  imperfection 
them  may  be  in  the  other  imervab.  From 
•Of  own  expertenoe,  we  can  confirm  what 
lyAlembertsays:  '*  Lb(entoavoiceaccom- 
**  paftied  bj  difierent  inatniments ;  although 
**  me  temperament  of  the  voice  and  that  of 
•  y  each  of'  those  instruments  difiets  severally, 
«<  jetyottwiUaotbaaffeGUdby  tbckJAdof 


*'  dash  that  ought  to  result  froin  it,  because 
'*  the  ear  supposes  those  intervals  perfect  of 
"  which  it  docs  not  detect  the  deviation." 

The  copy  under  our  inspection  does  very 
j^reat  honor  to  the  preto  which  produced  it ; 
It  b  the  iron  printing  press  of  the  second  con- 
struction invented  by  Earl  Stanhope.  In  our 
opinion  thb  b  one  of  the  most  uniformly  ex- 
cellent specimens  of  printing  that  we  have 
ever  seen. 

ON  THE  8TATB  OF  CIVILISATION  OF  THE 
RUSSIAN  PEOPLE,  IN.  RELATION  TO  RB* 
LI6I0N    AND    RELIGIOUS     INSTRUCTION. 

From  Letters  written  in  March  and  Aprils 

I8O6,  by  a  well  infbrmed  German,  who 

has  long  resided  in  Russia. 
The  multitude  amon^  the  Russians  b,  h\ 
r^rd  to  mental  culture,  m  the  lowest  degree 
of^egriidation ;  the  labourer,  the  peasant,  die 
mechanic,  the  soldier,  can  neither  read  nor 
write.  It  wouM  be  too  fiivourable  if  we  cal- 
culated that,  one  in  a  thousand  of  these 
classes  could  read.  Catharine  II,  indeed. 
fouiMled  schoob  for  the  people  in  the  several 
metropolitan  cities,  where  readine  and  writ- 
ing are  taught  gratis:  but  very  lew  partici« 
pated  in  these  advantages,  and  those  on^ 
town-people.  In  Moscow  {Mttskwa,  india 
Russian  orthography)  where  the  population 
b  400,000,  th«K  schools  had  only  1000 
scholan.  The  scholastic  .  establisnments 
which  have  been  instituted  in  thb  reign  art 
not  properly  calculated  for  the  lower  classes ; 
and  probably  not  only  thb  generation,  but 
several  succeeding  generations  will  pass  away 
ere  the  Russian  peasant  will  be  in  such  a  situa^ ' 
tion,  that  ability  to  read  will  become  necessary 
for  hb  children. 

The  Greek  church,,  ho^-cver,  has  provided 
that  her  members  shall  not  remain  wholly  un- 
acquainted with  the  bible.  In  the  daily  - 
church  service,  which  la^ts  many  hours,  be« 
sides  the  liturgies,  which  are  read,  lectures 
are  delivered  on  various  parts  of  the  old  and 
new  testament,  especially  on  the  psalms,  the 
gospels,  and  epbtles,  so  that  these  three  di« 
visions  of  Holy  Writ  are  read  through  more 
than  once  in  a  year,  and  therefore  me  con- 
stant attendants  at  church  are  suificienUy,  and 
often  astonishingly  well  accjuainted  with  them. 
Nevertheless,  the  number  of  these  constant 
attendants  at  church  b  but  small.  Hie 
church  translation  which  has  been  introduced, 
b  in  the  Sclavonian  tongue,  hut  not  in  tlie 
proper  dialect  of  the  country.  On  account  of 
Its  so  frequent  use  in  the  church  service,  ;hb 
language  is  understood  by  most  who  attend 
church  regubrly,  biit  not  by  all.  A  transla- 
tion in  the  common  dialect' of  the  counri}  is 
much  to  be  desired.  But  this  would  nor  oaly 
meet  with  many  difficulties  on  the  |)art  o{'th« 
translator,  in  relation  to  the  langua^  itself, 
but  still  greater  and  more  essential  oh  the  part 
of  the  lower  classesof  the  people.  The  ne^tt- 
N  3 

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tary  rerkioii  of  iKe  manj  orthqgiaphlcal  cr- 
rocB,  in  ibc  MSS.  used  m  the  17th  centuiyy 
which  were  so  gross  as  completely  to  pervert 
the  meaning,  almou^  their  use  had  been  ap- 
pointed by  the  I^tnarch  Nicon»  oocasionQd 
•a  is  well  known,  a  schism  which  issued  in 
the  sect  of  Separatists,  galled  Raskolmki, 
(Schismatics)  or,  as  they  call  themselves, 
Staroviertzy  (old  believers)  which  to  the  pre- 
sent moment  is  troubiesomfi  to  the  church, 
imd  to  the  state.  To  avoid  such  breaches  in 
liiture,  a  law  has  been  passed  by  which  no 
bible  or  any  part  of  a  bible,  and  especially,  no 
book  used  m  the  church  is  allowed  to  be  print- 
ed, except  under  the  immediate  inspection  of 
the  highest  spiritual  tribunal,  the  holy  direct^ 
ing  Synod,  and  at  their  press;  with  ecle^iati- 
calletters,  in  imitation  oT  manuscript. . 

No  Qreek  bibles  are  found  in  Huss^,  be- 
fause  among  a  hundred  clergymen  not  one 
understands  Greek.  The  few  Greek  testa- 
ments which  are  used  in  some  schools,  are 
procured  from  Leipzig.  In  the  l6th;centuiy 
a  Russian  bible  was  printed  in  Pobnd,  which 
however  has  never  been  acknowledge  as 
canonical  in  that  country.  Copies  of  this 
work  are  now  great  rarities.  In  the  nod- 
dle of  the  I8th  centurv,  a  superb  edition  of 
the  bible  appeared  in  tblio;  of  which  a  copy 
906t  Jt5.  Towards  the  dose  of  that  century, 
two  editions  of  it  appeared  at  Kiew  (one  m 
3  octavo  volumes,  price  ^  £2^  another  in  3 
folio  volumes) .  These  editions  might  amount 
to  5  or  6,000  copttes..  Now,  as  it  is  supposed 
that  Russia  contains  '40  millions  of  innabi- 
tants,,  it  may  hence  appear  how  scarce  bibles 
must  be  among  them.  Tracts  of  100  wersts 
and  more  are  known  where  a  copy  is  consi- 
dered as  a  rarity.  In  a  peasant's  ramily  noi^ 
is  found ;  and  very  seldom  in  that  of  a  noble- 
man, ot  merchant.  Even  among  the  deigy 
there  is  a  great  want  of  this  sacred  book ;  and 
no  desire  is  expressed  to  possess  it.  Those 
who  cannot  read,  call  themselves,  aiui  often 
with  lamentation,  blind.  Others  satisfy 
themselves  with  hearing  the  extracts  from  the 
bible  read  daily,  or  on  feast  da^^.  But  in 
Reneral  little  religious  ind'mation  is  found  in 
Kussia,  owins  to  the  total  want  of  religious 
education.  No  one,  from  the  noble  to  the 
peasant,  receives  any  other  reli^ous  instruc- 
tion, than  the  abovementioiied  nearing  of  the 
lituigy  and  lectures  in  the  churches.  And  it 
would  be  very  difficult  to  remove  this  incon- 
venience. 

Ten  years  ago  a  very  important  religious 
aodety,  undertook  the  distribution  of  Tfiti- 
feious  writings,  and  as  they  could  not  inter- 
fere  with  the  books  used  in  the  churdi,  they 
attempted  to  circulate  edifyinff  tracts  gruiis. 
But  the  sodety  was  suppressed,  as  suspect^ 
^f  political  views.  Besides  these  editions  of 
the  bible,  there  are  books  of  psalms,  gpspels, 
and  episdes,  in  difierent  <iditions,  of  all  1 
eizesf  andat  difieieot,  and  \xry  low pricv i  I 


intended  chiefly  for  ^  u^i  of  the  ^ur^. 
But  those  who  desire  it  may  pro\ide  them- 
selves with  bibles,  in  Petersburgh,  Kiew, 
Moskwa,  (although  not  at  all  times)  at  r^- 
lar  fixed  orices,  from  the  book  wardiouses  of 
the  synoa.  It  is  easiest  to  procure  psalm 
^ka;  tliey  being  the  mosjl  cunent. 

Since  the  year  1 766,  German  colonics  hate 
been  established,  in  the  government  of  Sa- 
ratow  on  the  ^yolga.   There  are  thirteen  pip- 
testant    parishes;  ^t  which    are   stationed 
Lutheratiand  Cdvinistic  ministers,  wjiohare 
been  sent  from  Germany  and  Switzerland. 
Fromtlic  present  high  price  of  the  necessari^ 
of  life,  they  have  mycn  difficulty  to  nialo- 
tain  their  families*.     The   Unitas  frctruM 
(Moravians)  provide  bibles  printed  at  Halle, 
for  their  establishment  in  Sarepta.    They  »• 
cdve  from  Gennany,  yearly,  100  bibles,  fs 
many  testaments,  alx>ut  50  psalters,  tQ8ptl^r 
with    250,  or   300    books   of  other  Fuk^. 
They  have  no  printing  press,  and  the  expcn^ 
of  printing  in  ^lo&kwf  (which  if  the  nearest 
printiiig  pUce  in  the  country,)  01   at  Peteo- 
buiffh,  is  greater  than  that  of  procuring  the 
books  in  L^pzig.    The  expense  of  paper  and 
printing  in  the  former  places  is  v^iy  higb ; 
for  example,  an  edition  of  the  feast  psalms  of 
the  Moravians  published  in  Moskwa  of  5  to 
600  copies  cost,  in  Sarepta,  18  to  20  rouWc?; 
each  copy  t>eing  2  octavo  leaves.    Among  the 
colonies  on  the  Wolga,  there  are  maiiy  pro- 
testant  families  who  have  no  bible,  but  most 
have  a  New  Testament.    Th*  great  distan^ 
at  which  the  German  colonbts  are  from  th^ 
country,  greatly  increases  the  difficulty  of 
procuring  nooks  of  all  jtinds.    The  exp^njit 
of  carriage,  packam,  commission?,  and  tdls, 
double  the  original  cost  at  Leipzig  on  each 
book.  For  exaniple :  a  Bible  printed  in  HalTet 
which  coats  in  tetter  press  12  gro6che^,  (18 
pence)  anclas  much  for  binding,  costs*  at  the 
colonies  on  the  Wolg^,  about  3  roubles  (a 
rouble  about  2s.  6d.J  and  from'3  to  20  copies 
according  to  the  binding ;  which  will  only  bt 
of  comn)on  leather^  coTqured,  black,  or  mar- 
bled, with  red  edges:  l?ut  in  black  c6rdo^» 
with  gold  ecfees  wid  lettered!,  th«?  same  bible 
in  largp  octavo  costs  5  Rubles:  and  if  boui^d 
in  Sarepta,  still  more;    therefore,  they  aje 
generally  ordered  bound.    The  Moravians  m 
Sarepta  ha^e  made  many  attcfhpts  to  »pre^ 
the  Christian  religion  amopg  the  neig^iboiir- 
ing  Calmucka;  but  hidxerto  without  much 
effect.    4-  translation  has  likewise  b^en  iw* 
of  se\-eral  extracts  from  the  bible  info  J^®j  J* 
muck  Im^gu^ge,  which  has  not  been  printed. 

The  empiie  of  Russia  b  ao  «xt<enai^^^ 
many  things  mav  be  true^of  some,  parts,  ybi^ 
cannot  prc^eriy  be  applied  to  others,  ik^w^ 
geeat  townS)  for  instance,  a  love  of  ^^^^^ 
may  prevail  by  very  mudi  mott  than  tt  M 
twenty  years  ago,  as  stated  in  p.  14**  y«*  *^ 
teis  and  boQks  may  not  bate  reai^icd  the  «o«4^ 
^  diatricu.r-Caa  ttic  Bibk  SodeOrifaMf 


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S«MB  Of  COMMOMS  RBLATIHO  T4>  THX 
I^KSSeftTATIOlfor  TRSTURNPIKB  ROADS 
A9D  HIGH  WATS   OP  THE  KINGDOM. 

Ilbefirst  Eeponfrom  the  Comnytleeof  the 
HoiM^hie.the  House  of  Commons  appoiDtr 
oi  tE».  consider^  actftrtgudiog  the  use  of 
broad  wheels,  and  other  .matten  TeUting  to 
tile  presibrvation  of  fhe  turnpike  roads  and 
hij^ways  of  thb  kidg^om,  contained  various 
obsefvations  on  the  evasions  of  the  law  as  it 
then  Biood^  which  were  practised  by  drivers  of 
•tigexoaehesi  So  ^e  imauneiit  danger  of  the 
lives;  limbs;  and  properties  of  his  Majcsty^s 
subjects.  As  the  recommendations  of  this 
C>>aupaiitee  have  been. adopted  as  the' basis  of 
^  Act  of  Parliament,  and  published  iii  all 
Hcw^apen^  .^*»  .  wpe  shall  not  here  repeat 
them. 

The  second  Report  demoastratea  the  great 
tttortton  paid  by  the  Conunittee  to  the  tub- 
jcet  g^ven  than  in  dnurge ;  and  as  it  will  most 
prblMEbly  lead  to  considerable  aherations  in 
die  Illations  of  the  highways  and  roads, 
ire  fhall  absuact  the  prindpa^  points  of  th^ 
^e{MMrt  itsfilf,  with  the  most  important  obser* 
latiom  in  ^  appcadi](  which  aceompapes  it 

Your  committee  have  alrody  communi- 
eated  to  the  house  some  information  regardfaig 
the  sul^ect  which  they  were  instructed  to 
eoB^der,  naknely,  '« The  rej^ulations  as  to  the 
••  nuinberof  otitside  passengers  to  be  coiivey— 
'<  ed  in  stage  coaches  ;*' — They  now  beg 
leave  to  report  pn  the  two*  other  pomts  recom- 
mend to  thjeir  attention,  1.  the  systeni  that 
eught  to  be  adopted  for  the  greater  case  of 
dra\jgkt  in  eaffiages  ;  and,  $.  the  be^t  meaiis 
#f  preservinfl  the  tumj[]|ike  roads  and  highways 
ef  the  lingjom. 

- .       Me  convfi^aufie  ^  goodt. 

%im  «f  4iiaa|^tr  must  principally,  depend 
M.  twa  innxuDstanM*  1.  the  gsnenl  natuie 
•£t|M  q9rria«9^euseof>  aaii,  9v4e  oon* 
muckioD  ^  the  wheils. 

CAaaiAC^Bf,— -A  variety  of  carnages  has  been 
adonled  in  diment  countries,  from  thesledgs 
iDtne.waggQO  vfi4^  wheels  rolling  a  siirfaee 
«l'l$ip£hesc»cb» flagged  by  from. 8  to- 10, 
^  fpmk  \%\ifiitm,  and  <;pnveying,  aocood- 
tng  to  the  Im  90W  in  foice, ,  8  -toas.  .i^ 

^Wmgn^  ^H^  the  largest  scde  may  oer** 
tainljr  be  ^eonomical  to  the  pioprieior,\more 
«peaial)3{  ^heve  the  wagcsof  menare  hi^, 
M  ooe  tnifiy.  |mBton,'WKh.aa  assistant  at  m* 
ferior  wages,  cui  manan  a  number  of  hpraes» 
and  eoDvey»  wt^  the  liifie  nnunber  of  bosses 


UHmmHiH 


bttsleiuu  in  pfoppD* 


tion  to  the  expense,  that  cui  be  eerried  on 
the  public  roads  in  any  other  manner,  (single 
horse  carts^  where  two  or  three  can  be  ooa* 
ducted  by  one  person,  as  is  practised  in  Scot- 
land,  akme  excepted) ;  and,  if  there  were 
no  objections  to  the  use  of  wamoiis,  on  ae» 
count  of  the  destruction  which  mey  occasion 
to  the  roads  (the  reparation  of  which  b  attend- 
ed with  so  heavy  an  expense  to  the  public)^ 
the  use  of  them  wouM  be  deserving  of  cup 
counigement,  more  apecially  in  a  commercid 
country,  where  it  is  important  that  goods 
should  be  conveyed  at  as  modeptte  an  expense 
as  possible.  But  your  committee  are  ted  tp 
beTieve,  (nun  the  information  which  thef 
have  acquired,  that  there  are  scarcely  any  maf 
terii^  of  which  our  roads  are  formed,  that , 
can  bear  the  pressure  of  such  enormouf 
weights  as  these  wamons  are  now  allowed  by 
law  to  carry :  in  aodition  to  wliich  it  may  bf 
stated,  that  the  form  of  their  wheels  or  roller^ 
whose  fellies  are  16  inches  broiEid,  and,  aa 
now  constructed,  of  a  conical  shape,  b  parr 
ticularly  ii\jurtous  to  the  roads. 

Machines  with  two  wheels,  for  conveying 
gpods  and  other  articles,  are  )cnown  under  the 
general  name  of  carts  or  cars.  Of  these,  sick 
gk  horse  carts  are  in  many  cases  to  be  pre^ 
ferred;  for,  though  they  cannot  be  adopted 
wit]^  equal  advantaac  wKere  roads  are  crowded 
with  carriages,  and  each  cart  must  have  a 
dbtinet  person  to  attend  it,  yet  where  one 
[«r9on  can  take  the  chaine  of  two  or  three 
siof^e  horse  carts,  ivhich  is  the  case  in  pomt 
parts  of  the  united  kingdom,  there  are  tm 
means  by  ^hich  a  great -quantity  of  goods  caa 
be  conveyed  at  so  srnall  an  expense. 

Carts  with  two  horMs  abreast  have  faeea 
tried  in  some  countries ;  but  those  in  use  are 
said  to  be  injurious  to  the  roads,  from  the 
enprmotts  weights  th^  convey  on  narrow 
wheek.  It  has  also  been  suggested,  that 
carts  with  diree  horses  abreast  miaht  be  ad* 
vants^gcous*  If  they  were  irestrict^to  wheels 
whose  tire  were  of  a  breadth  proportionate  to 
the  wei^ts  thef  were  allowed  to  carry,  ao4 
of  a  cylindrical  form,  the  value  of  thb  spet 
cies  ofcart  would  be  particularly  ielt  in  huly 
countries,  i¥>t  only  as  all  the  hones  could  ba 
more  easily  managed  by  the  driver,  so  as  t^ 
oblige  them  to  act  with  all  their  force  to* 
gether  in  dn^ng  the  machine  up  hill,  but 
mey  would  aKo  be  equally  employed  in  re* 
sjsting,  the  weight  of  the  carriage  m  the  des* 
ceni.  This  kind  of  machine,  if  it  ansveif 
the  expectatioBi  formed  of  i^  mi^t  be  of 
oo^sidmUe  service  in  hb  M^eaty*s  ordnanoi 
arid  military  departments. 
.  On  the  whole,  the  paoper  foraa  of  ear* 
riages  foj^  the  conve3ance  oi  goods,  in  differ** 
ept  circumstaiioes,  b  a  subject  which  sttfl 
^equixffs  further  inveati^tion,  and  aocurafii 
expetim^ts,  hefoite  tbs  prifldples  tfaiopeof  cail 
Ik iulfy  ascertained. 

N4  '       ^ 


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Wheels.— Mr.  Curambg,  in  an  essay  on 
that  subject,  has  compered  and  contrasted  the 
fnroperties  of  the  cylinder  and  of  the  cone, 
ana  from  them  has  demonstrated  the  effect 
which  broad  wheels,  of  the  conical  and  of 
the  cylindrical  shape,  roust  bave  on  the  roads, 
and  on  the  labour  of  cattle ;  that  wh^ls  of  a 
coiiical  shape  have  a  constant  tendency  to  im- 
pair, and  those  of  a  cylindrical  shape  to  im- 
prove tbem.  By  a  most  ingenious  and  well 
adapted  apparatus,  he  has  exhibited  to  us  ex- 
periments pnnine,  that  there  is  k  resistance 
lrom,tbe  partial  dragging  at  die  periphery  of 
eveiy  wheel  that  is  of  a  conical  shape ;  that 
it  grmds  the  hardest  materials,  and  leaves  the 
turface  of  the  roads  in  a  state  to  imbibe  water, 
and  adds  considerably  to  the  labour  of  the 
cattle;  and  that  this  resistance,  so  injurious 
to  the  roads,  and  to  the  cattle,  is  increased,  by 
increasing  the  breadth  of  the  conical  wheel. 

That  the  cylindrical  wheel,  by  its  progres- 
sive dead  pressure,  consolidates  and  unites  the 
materials,  and  leaves  the  surface  smooth, 
close,  and  impenetrable  to  water ;  and  that 
«n  a  regular,  well-formed,  clean  road,  the 
resistance  to  the  progress  of  the  cylindrical 
wheel  is  not  increased  by  increasing  the 
,  breadth ;  and  that  the  cylinorical  ^hape  is  the 
l^est  possible,  it  being  the  only  form  of  the 
rim  tnat  can  have  an  equal  velocity  of  all  the 
parts  of  its  periphery. 

And  that  from  evny  circumstance,  the  cy- 
lindrical wheel  is  preferable  to  the  conical,  m 
•very  state  of  the  roads ;  and  in  whatever  state 
they  may  be,  the  cylindrical  improves,  and 
the  conical  impain  them. 

The  Spokes— are  the  radii  of  the  wheel, 
And  connect  the  nave  with  the  rim  or  iellies. 

When  the  spokes  stand  square,  or  at  right 
tngles,  to  the  axis,  they  derive  no  other  ad- 
Vantage  from  that  position  than  the  actual 
firength  of  the  timber  of  which  they  are  made 
and  are  calculated  only  to  bear  a  perpendicular 
pressure.  When  the  spokes  stand  oblique,  it 
gives  the  wheel  a  concave  appearance  on  the 
aide  that  is  furtheit  from  the  carriage,  which  is 
called  dishing;  and  the  dishing  gi\-es  to  the 
wheel  in  some  positions,  much  additional 
strength,  from  the  affinity  which  it  has  to  an 
trch.  It  is  possible,  that  the  dishing  of  the 
wheel  was  a  consequence  of  the  bending  of  the 
axis ;  and  it  being  found  that  the  dishing  of 
wheels  was  attended  with  other  advantages  be- 
sides strength,  they  have  been  universaUy  pre- 
ferred. 

The  narrower  the  rim  of  a  wheel,  the  more 
damage  it  does  the  roads ;  and  if  cylindrical, 
the  broader  it  is,  consistently  with  other  cir- 
cumstances, the  more  it  improv^  them.  It 
seems  deserving  of  consideration,  whether  the 
wheels  of  stage  coaches,  &c.  ought  not  to  be 
made  broader  than  at  present,  considering  the 
very  great. weighta   which  they   frequently 


If  Ih^  double  weight  elf  the  b^h  wbcd  in 
driving  up  hill  ho  oompared  wim  the  ditm- 
imtion  of  the  friction  on  the  axis,  it  will  be 
found  on  a  gjcnera]  average  to  exceed  out  of  all 
comparison.  From  ^hich  consideration,  it 
would  seem  that  wheels  of  a  moderate  heidit 
ought  to  be  preferred,  unless  wheTi  perticuiar 
drcumstanoes  may  recommend  the  higher 
wheeL 

It  appears,  on  the  whole,  that  there. re» 
main  stiU  so  many  doubtful  points  to  be  ascer- 
tained, on  the  subject  of  wheels,  thatitwoukl 
be  desirable  to  institute  a  complete  set  of  ex- 
periments, for  the  purpofie  of  fixing  the  prin- 
ciples on  which  they  ousdit  to  be  constructed. 
^  Toese  experiments  should  include  each  of  the 
'  various ,  particulars  above  alluded  to,  and 
ought  to  oe  tried,  not  in  a  cursofy  manner* 
but  for  a  considerable  period  of  time,  in  situa- 
tions best  calculated  to  produce  results  which 
can  be  depended  on  for  their  aociua^  and 
universality.  > 

Preservation  of  ike  Rdadi. 

It  must  be  obvious  that,  notwithstanding 
any  improvements  which  may  be  made  in  the 
general  construction  or  mooc  of  conducting 
our  carria^,  or  in  the  form  and  proportion 
of  their  different  parts,  and  more  es|)eciany  of 
the  wheels ;  howoer  accurately  all  these  may- 
be contrived,  according  to  true  mechanical 
principles ;  vet  if  equal  care  and  attention  it 
not  paid  to.  the  original  formation,  and,  what 
is  perhaps  of  equal  importance,  to  the  cxm* 
stant  preser\-ation  of  the  roads,  all  tlie  pru-^ 
dence  of  the  economical  carrier,  all  the  inge- 
nuity and  skill  of  the  mechanic^  are  of  little 
avail. 

The  man  of  curiosity  who  travels  for  hit 
pleasure;  the  man  of  business  who  traversea 
the  country  in  pursuit  of  his  affairs;  thos^ 
whose  occupation  it  is  to  supply  one  part  o^  ■ 
the  kingdom  with  the  produce  of  the  other,  . 
or  to  convey  from  the  interior  to  the  sea  porta 
the  articles  of  our  industry  for  foreign  con- 
sumption ;  and  those  who  are  to  be  supplied 
hy  these  means  with  the  necessaries  or  luxu- 
ries of  life ;  are  equally  disappointed  in  their  , 
hopes,  and  where  they  look  tor  pleasore,  ae^  ' 
curity,  economy,  and  expedition,  they  havef 
to  encounter  fatigue  and  danger,  expence  and 
delay.    Next  to  the  general  influence  of  the 
seasons  and  of  tie  weather  (upon  which  we 
so  much  depend  for  the  re^^ular  supply  of  our 
wants,  and  for  a  ^great  portion  ot  our  com- 
forts) there  is  pcrhaplj  no  circumstance  more 
intesesting  to  men  in  a  civilized  state,  thaa* 
the  perfection  of  the  means  of  interior  com- 
munication ;  and  it  is  deservedly  our  boast, 
that  more  attention  has,  upon'  the  whole,' 
been  already  paid  to  this  important  object,  in 
this  country,  than  almost  in  anv  other  part  of 
the  world.  '  ^ 

The  best  mode<«  of  fhrming  roads  are  now 
indeed  pretty  well  uadent<^^  mid  ^Arrvs^ 


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ia^ «ttCtttion  in  motl  jpkrU of  ihe  kiD^dom; 
^«t  some  icgalatioat  appesr  vtill  to  be  wan^ 
ing  for  tbeic  di»e  prtservtiioii  and  aiaiMge* 
menu 

The  tot  relates  to  «he  improvemeDfta  \f  hich 
nndKt  be  made  in  the  genml  laws  legardin; 
hi^wsi]^  and  tumfukcs*  Your  Committee 
are  decidedly  of  o|Mnion,  that  these  laws  re* 
fjnire  to  be  re-oonsidered  j  and  perliaus  it 
woQ&d  be  mo9t  advisable,  thov^h  k  wenki  be 
-an  aiduotM  task^  to  icjieal  the  former  law8» 
and  to  form  the  whole  mto  one  regjular  di^t, 
which,  firoin  the  experienee  of  so  many  years 
«inee  thie  laws  were  first  enacted,  may  be  cou- 
aiderably  amended  and  improved. 

The  idea  of  conveying  goods  and  carriaee^ 
••n  railwap  is  likely  to  pravatl,  the  more  ttie 
mil^eci  is  considered.  In  many  cases  railwayB 
are  certainly  preferable  even  to  canals ;  and 
wherever  they  can  be  adopted,  they  are  un- 
4|Qe0tionably  better  caloriam  Uian  the  com- 
CDon  roads,  for  the  conveyance  of  goods,  more 
especially  those  of  a  heavy  nature.  An  idea 
hAtoceurred,  of  forming  what  may  be  called 
atone  railways.  . 

The  direction  and  the  forming  of  roads  are 
alao  points  virhich  merit  the  attention  of  Par- 
liament As  to  the  first  particular,  it  is  well 
knovm  that  the  roads  in  former  times  were  not 
conducUKl  in  the  manner  the  best  calculated 
lor  tlie  travelling  of  carriages  heavily  laden. 
Their  course  was  fretjucntly  carried  up  steep 
ascents,  to  gain  the  open  countty  and  avoid 
tlie  valltes,  because  the  roods  through  the 
latter  coukt  not  easily  be  made  passable  in  the 
wet  seasons  of  the  year,  without  a  labour  and 
expence  which  it  was  perhaps  then  thought 
4innecessary  to  incur,  when  nnisteveu  of  the 
heavy  articles  of  trade  were  carried  on  the 
l>acki  of  horses.  Your  Committee  are  of 
opinion,  duit,  by  examining  the  lines  of  the 
present  roads,  much  imprm-ement  miglit  be 
ejected.  Any  such  alterations  must  necessa- 
rily occasion  expencc,  and  may  be  liable  to 
aome  objections  j  at  the  same  time  it  is  well 
worth  the  trial,  and  the  first  attempt  might  be 
made  on  the  great  line  of  road  between  Lon- 
don and  Edinburgh,  by  which  the  ca|ntak  of 
the  two  kinojdoms  would  be  more  closely  con- 
nected ;  and  if  ^e  advantages  were  found  to 
be  considerable,  the  same  plan  might  after- 
^nuds  be  extended  to  other  lines. 

Hie  points  they  have  alluded  to  in  the  re- 
port are  of  such  infinite  consequence  to  the 
comeniehce,    the  comfort,    the  commercial 

Erosperity,  and  the  personal  securiw  of  their 
ilovr  subjects,  that  they  will  feel  peculiar 
satisfaction,  if  any  suggestions,  which  it  has 
hetn  in  their  power  to  collect,  shall  at  all  con- 
Hftnde  «o  wen  impbnattt  purposes. 

The  present  laws  ^respecting  the  turnpikes 
are  the  13  Geo.  3.  ch.  M  ;  14  Geo.  3.  ch.  14, 

r,  57.  M  J  ifiGeo.  3.  ch.  39,  44;  1?  Geo. 
ch.  1^9  IB  Geo.  3r  €h.29,  5$'f  9\  Gep* 


3.  ch.  00  5  26  Geo.  3.^^?.  Hie  fit*  m 
generalj  the  rest  are  acta  for  repealing  and 
anMidinglhe original  law^  The  wholece^- 
tainly  requires  various  alterations  and  ita^ 
piorements. 

From  the  Appendix  we  learn  that  upwam 
of  j^lOO  per  mile,  vm  estpended  in  repairr 
ingthe  Portsmouth  road  in  1805.  i 

The  Appendix  to  this  Report,  with  explar 
natory  figures,  will  be  given  m  ourAexi. 

Thfc  attention  paid  by  our  legislature  to  oui 
public  highways  cannot  but  be  pleasing  to 
every  one  who  considers  the  importance  «€ 
those  mcnns  of  communication,  ind  tht 
immense  and  increasing  traffic  which  is 
conducted  upon  them :  we  could,  at  the  samt 
time,  be  .glad  to  direct  the  attention  of  tfafe 
considerate  to  dM  sUteof  thebeasuof  drat^it 
and  burthen ;  to  whose  toil  and  activity  i«i 
are  infinitely  behoklen.  Humanity  unitii 
with  policy  in  recommending  thb  enquiry^ 
and  we  wish  for  the  erperimeiiiai  remarkaitf 
practical  men  on  the  subject.  By  vwjy*, 
howe\-er,  of  shewing  that  we  do  not  dMNt 
theory,  we  insert  the  following  thou^ta  of  an 
ingenious  foreigner,  who  se^ns  to  bai% 
investigalted  this  matter  fVom  very  kndablk 
motKes. — ^His  principles  are  open  to  invesCV» 
gation  as  well  as  those  .of  other  writers :  ant 
we  think  that  some  of  th^m  are  liable  1* 
exceptions:  at  least,  until  they  have  been 
further  elucidated. 

Ott  THE  PROORESSIVB  MOTION  09  AMXMAL% 
AND  THE  MEANS  OF   CONVBTANCB.      FfOflA 

'Annahg  des  Arts^  No,  71-     The  Ghe» 
valier  Fossomhroni  is  member  of  the  losti- 
tut  at  Bologna,    of   the  academy  at  St; 
Petersburgh,  &c.  &c. 
From  the  days  of  Aristotle  to  the  present 
time,  authors  wno  have  written  on  the  motion 
of  quadrupeds,  and  especially  on  that  of  horsesi, 
liave  entertained  different  opinions,  says  M* 
de  Fossombroni,  respecting  the  disposition  of 
their  feet  while  in  progress.    Some  think  that 
the  horse  raises  his  feet  alternately  in  a  diago- 
nal direction  ^  others,  that  he  lifts  up  the  two 
on  the  same  side.  (\ .)  Some  are  of  Opinion  that 
the  disposition  changes  with  correspoiuling 
changes  in  the  mode  of  the  animaVs  progression. 
The  author  of  the  present  work  sliews,  by  a 

(1.)  Artists  and  anatomists  for  a  longtiroa 
have  been  engaged  in  writing  pro  and  con. 
Paolo  Uccdlo,  represented  in  the  Metropditan 
church  of  Flotence,  a  warrior  (I  think 
Castruccio-Gistracani)  mounted  on  a  bone, 
whose  two  feet  are  raised  on  the  same  side; 
while  Jean  Bologna  constantly  represented  his 
horses  with  the  feet  of  their  difiereni  sides 
lifted  up.  Thb  last  action  is  more  pleasing 
to  the  eye«  and  the  masses  aaem  to  be  nuvn 
coUeiM. 


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!«• 


^en  littqfk  ngnMft^»  amkgoui  io  the  ^na^ 
eiplit  of  pkin  pomeliy,  tlii!t  betk  KMttoo* 
iMiy  tekepkiMiii^prtgrntof  ^uadniptdt. 
If  wt  fix  the  four  angolArpointi^f  ^roctangk^ 
4Mtuied  to  advance  one  after  the 'Other,  vm^ 
CQD^hton  that  one  o#  the'aaterior  points  shall 
■iw»yt  ppccede  one  of  the  postenor  ones,  or 
9ice  vir$At  k  is  impostihle  tnat,  in  the  mo- 
iMiged  esecatioii  of  that  movemcnti  they 
A»M  not  so  eonbtQe  is  to  be  altemirtely 
ooQetimes  in  a  diagonal,  and  sometimes  in  a 
fWilUei  direction,  in  like  maonerit  happens, 
wboo  a  horse  walks,  if  w'c  observe  thp 
IpovaBent  of  the  hind  legs,  that  we  m^y 
peicAivo  that  the  fore  leg  on  the  same  siite 
9»0¥U  next  I  and  if  the  ooiie  first  steps  oiH 
the  font  fi)ot^  the  hind  foot,  which  is  diagonal 
mth  reject  to  it,  succeeds* 

Si^biequent  to  this  remark,  M.  de  Fossomr 
Wdm  ioTestigfttet  the  differences  which  mav 
Mtibetuwcn  the  method  oi  conveying  gooi^ 
Wfon  hones*  baekt,  or  in  caru*  Th^.usefirf 
pttetpohit  which  th^  author  has  published  o» 
HHtof  tbeproviaots  of  Etrmia,  odled  Im  Voi 
S  dsoiMt  have enablfd htm  looolleet  aneai 
MPather  of&cts  in  pMof  thattha  smleswlbich 
wrry  burthens  on  their  backs,  arr  .captihle 
«f  iOnieeduring,  ten  or  twelve y.fais,  especially 
i»  mouBtaiuous  oountrict  ^  (^.)  w^^  those 
Mvlea  that  draw  carta  are  un6t  for  labour  after 
iKtf  ^^can.  In  foot,  in  this  latter  occupation, 
iJirnli  have  a  gmior  nundber  of  muscka  in 
action  at  one  time,  and  their  lungp  become 
fttiffued  on  account  .of  their  more  frequently 
SttWiQi  kitalh.  Qbaervatioo  teacKtt  us 
lilither,  that  the  drculatiDBof  thr  blood  is 
afljielerated  in  pwpovtion  to  the  intensity  of 
the  aftma  of  the  muscles,  and.  that  when 
the  ooalt  of  the  vessels  are  violentl;^  contracted, 
the  rapidity  ot  the  circidating  fluids  is  greatly 
lOcanMcd.    9ut  the  eicifencies  of  commerce 

(:?.)  It  is  important  to  pay  attention  to  the 
hei^t  of  the  intended  load,  and  to  the  particu* 
lar  dii^ribution  of  the  weight,  before  you  load 
the  animal  $  neither  is  the  form  of  the  pack- 
aaddle  to  be  overk)oked.  To  foad  the  kneeling 
camel  with  (acility,  it  is  customaiv  among 
the  Arabs  to  raise  uie  exteiior  bmncnes  of  the 
pack-saddle  to  a  (^eat  height,  and,  of  course, 
the  load.  As  the  animal  moves  in  his  paces 
one  may  see  the  masses  of  lading  alternately 
thakioE  backwards  and  forwards,  which  is  of 
great  ifijury  tp  |he  aoiaMl,  without  any 
^vanti^  in  point  of  service.  This  inconve* 
oienoe  is  ootiio  semarkahlein  quadrupeds  that 
«se  lower  on  their  le^.  It  is  advisable,  there-^ 
foce^  io  make  the  pac^-saddle  in  such  aman- 
ner  that  the  load  be  aa  dose  as  poisibla  to.  the 
Wy  of  the  an'uoal,  and  that  the  common 
^ntre  of  gnvitv  ooio^ci^e  with  that  of  tho 
quadruped  on  an  iioriaooul  (lane.  H^/ww^^- 
Vie  pack-aaddle  or  pannier  must  nei^er 
impede  the  breathing  of  the  animal,  qoi  the 
•ptionof  hismustki. 


loquiat  iho  convvj^vnot  of  a  gmt  ifoaktity 
of  gOQ^aand  commoditiea  in  a  g^vetf  spadfc  Jt 
time,  and  the  lost  of  the  aniasals  it  not  placed  * 
in  comrpetition  with  the  advantages  remtiii(|^ 
fvood  |hoep(«dier  tsansit. 

Aa  animal,  when  walking,  inoevantlr 
vibrates  ftom  right  to  left  tike  a  ptednhimV 
through  the  necessity  of  preserving  the  oent#o 
of  gntvity  perpendioular  with  the  hose  linct.' 
This  oentve  of  gravi^,  then,  dascfibea  m 
doublecurve  f  the  form  of  which  tho  antlMr 
has  detomiined  by  analytical  arnoMnt*    Hto  ^ 

XtioBs  assign  an  exact  valuation  c^  tke 
ntageposs^sad  by  an  animal  that  ebvatai 
or  removes  the  woigbt  by  drawing,  and  wltla* 
the  aid  of  a  machior,  -  m  eoinnarisbn  nfitla 
another  that  beats  a  simihrwei^thy  imm^  ' 
diato  contact ;  (3.)  an4  althoogh  theae 
veasonion  evince- the  indi^utaible  skoation  «f 
the  vm^felidi^  to  ihc  aniaud  whidi  diitM^ 
yet  they  do  notpvoKC,  as  SQpBie  haire  suppoao4» 
thattheaiiimaiaetaexchitively  incoosfi^piOBOO  ' 
of  his  own  ip«ighi$  for  the  load  draws  hj 
hones  in  a  canriags  may  grotly  waaedL 
including  the  weight  of  the  carria^,  that  dt 
the  horses,  which  is  evkiently  owing  to  the 
power  of  the  wheel,  or  of  any  other  psircib«s# 
that  might  be  uae^  (4.) 

■y m        IP    I    ■   III   I     11      I    im»m^*m-m 

(3.)  A  very  essential  okyeot«  which  ia 
^9iost  ever  oqglecied  with  it^gtad  to  oan% 
waggons,  and  other  vehicles  intended  to  coo^ 
vey  articles  of  merchandize,  is  die  necessity  oT 
hiuring.  the  centat  of  gfavity  of  the  vohick 
and  the  load  €oinci4ent  with  that  of  the  horat 
in  the  sliafti.  In  the  present  dtstribution  dT 
the  load,  a  portiop  of  the  eflbit  is  destined  to 
funaioM  that  iqipede  the drawine.  Fashion^ 
however,  has  iu^ily  removed  that  defect  i* 

Kivate  carriages.  It  would  be  very  easy,  an4 
r  no  means  espeoaive  toj^aee  th&  soantUa^ 
above  the  vdoAioe  and  the  shafts  below  it^' 
and  to  fottan  the  vhole  by  meansof  pint  anj 
proper  coins:  aocQiding  to  this  method  it 
would  ha  aaoee  «uw  to  totd  the  cart,  virfak^ 
would  not  be  so  liaole  to  overset.  This  low^ 
ering,  however » of  the  bottom  mmt  have  its 
hounds,  aooording  as  the  vehicle  mi^  hetubi 
joot  tQ.dflep  nits  in  bad  loads,  or  in  crotsiag. 
fords  and  brooks.  The  elevation  of  thir 
ctntie  of  giav4^  u  pt^udicial  to  the  ammtl 
no  less  than  iooonssstont  with  the  pfeiervatM 
of  the  wheds  and  loads.  Ptethapt  it  woiild 
be  proper  for  the  legislature  to  interfoo),  and 
to  prescribe  particularproportiant  which  woukl 
be  as  inte(esfin&  inmy.opbion«  aspKv^ni^ 
ingthe  cuts  ana  delving|i  occasioned  bytlif 
follies  heiz^  too  narrowy  whea  the  cact  \§ 
heavily  loaae4. 

(4.)  ItisnaoticttloobtarveauttjKiMtir 
aemted  CQnsec|nenoe  could  l^  dadnfied'^om 
thifsaphoritm.  .Thua,  in  fiiaiig  tho  dbpteair 
siopaof  thflfc  machmes  attention  miiitbepaid> 
I.  To  theeauats  wliicn  imjpede  the  picgK^ 
of  thewheelty*  jt.  Totheptocipgof  thecen* 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


pmrjt^  tf  Bfi0Mi  4s^*  JUMt^fllf^M,  ^ 


9f^ 

H*  4imioii*fWu,  B«tt  pwisidcniig  1^ 
&tigue  which  aHecto  the  animal  when  loaaea, 
phi^rvc9,  1^  the  repuU  pf  Acven^  weptific  ^ 
leacarchei,  "  that  in  oider  to  present  apipia]8 
*«  that  cariy  weights  mw  l«vcl  grQund  equally 
' '  wiUi  thojie  rSaX  go  up  hills  or  mountains, 
^  il  13  UMtiapensable  that  the^^  Ahoplid  l)oth 
•'  dmy  and  draw  at  the  same  Ume.**  —  It,  is 
prideiu  that  the  value  of  this  estimation 
incicsses  oi  decreases  acopi4ing  to  the  slope. 
From  thence  pnxeed^  the  necessity  pf  loading 
more  Ifockwards  ihe  horses  that  ^  up  hilC 
jmich  method  is  not  very  itx^uiious  m  descend* 
iBg,  provided  it  be  not  carried  to  eicpess.  M. 
ide^  Iu»sombroni  estimates  the  e&rts  of  the 
animal*  when  drawing  up  hill,  as  being  eqiul 
to  those  he  nuist  exert  to  keep  ^  cart  at^ufy 
frhea  gping  down  hiU. 

tre  of  gravi^  as  mentioned  in  the  prece- 
4ipg  note.  The  l^slature  having  determined 
the  width  of  the  felUes  of  wheel^  has 
ijie^Uy  contributed  to  improvements  in  the 
buifing  of  earts»  &«•  i  Wt  alaw  for  regula- 
^ng  the  diameter  of  the  wheels  according  to 
ihe  wei^t  of  the  load,  would  be  equally 
conducive  to  the  preservation  of  the  anmials, 
and  to  the  conyemency  of  the  carmen  or  wag* 
goners. 


Pif  C^I^TIOXr  0>  PVBHOS  ATEES,  MOMTI- 
TlDBO>  THB  RZVBR  PLATA,  ^NO  THE 
|VB|GHBOURHOOD^  WITH !  THEIR  INH^BI- 
TAHT8,   PRODOCTlbwa,   COMMERCE,  &C. 

The  late  oonmiest  of  Buenos  Ay  res  by  the 
British  aims,  swh  its  probable  coxisequences, 
has  excited  in  the  public  mind,  a  strong  de- 
file for  better  acquaintance  with  the  natuie, 
|kK9dijwtipjDs,  ana  general  character  of  that 
eountiy.  We  are  happy,  therefore,  in  pre- 
aanting  to  oi^  readers  nfrom  the  Spanish  tltii' 
VfiTsai  Travelitr]  what  we  believe  to  he 
the  latest  communications  published  in  Ma- 
4n4  on  that  subject,  especially  as  there  isfeveiy 
xeiuon  to  dej^end  on  their  f^^tfienticity.  For 
this  translation,  urith  various  other  favours, 
we  are  oblised  to  a  f zknd  of  the  highest  zes- 
peot^hiU^.  - 

'^  Buenos  AyrfR  standi  cm  th^  western  b^ 
of  thegreatrhterPla^-  Tbj?  climate  is  the 
ijnost  favourable  in  the  ^orld.  .  The  ivlio|e 
iarntaiy  of  the  pre^t  pjvemment  Was  for- 
mpAy  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Viceroy 
pf  Peru.  In  177S»  it  was  detad\ed  fioin  this 
government,  hy  which  it  has  gained  consi- 
S^iab^  >  but  particularly  by  a  royal  ordinance 
of  the  same  year,  thataeeuu^  the  trade  of 
4hbspvemmentt9.be  free.  In  179l»  Spanish 
AS  weU  as  fidreign  merchants,  obtained  per- 
miasios  Ip  import  J^fii^neif  alsp  iron,  mam^* 
^lOuc^  atyi  implements  of  husbandry  ^  and 
|Q9^(|apkifia»  of  fn^ts.    Tlius  agrioul. 


tnie  and  poimla^R  weie  lutoomg^M  «nt 

accordu^  they  bave  ponsideiaMy  fticveasi4» 
From  the  same  causes,  Jn  a  shpit  dmlZ 
Buenos  Ayres,  on  account  pf  its  ^'>ftfjt|fBvm 
fertility,  mfiy  be  considered  as  the  grani^  qf  ' 
Spain  and  America.  Another  oromsmee  <if 
April  iff,  ^7^^  aUowad  |he  cxpqitiitioii  of 
saIt>ronsions,  and  tallow  fixe  of  duty. 

These  qrdinaqces  relieved  infimftty  9sd 
commerce  from  their  most  jilting  fettin^  a^ 
the  prospeii^  of  the  oountiy  I9cii^«nhiu% 
mcrease.  for,  in  these  psuts,  nat«te  ^^ 
rgmrw  not  to  be  impeded,  ^  she  wil 
effect  the  rest.  The  pnyvinoe  has^naaMetiw 
extent  of  the  mpst  fertile  fields;  which  an 
intersected  in  every  directioj^  by  ii^pnwwu-ahl^ 
rivers  and  streams,  that  M  ii^to  the  Plata, 
llie  numbers  of  cattl^  honca»  ih^,  inl 
pigs,  amount  to  millions.  S4t  is^£d  ia 
abundance,  and  theie  arepleni^  of  baiboin 
azid  creeks,  where  small  vesselseaa  be  loidei 
with  salt  provisions,  an4  carry  thep  |o  Tith# 
places.  The  rivers  |^at^  T^uragiM*  md 
Parana,  with  other  sn^all  streams,  ^Sa^bt 
most  desirable  advantages:  aB4.theiiarbon 
of  Buenos  Ay«is,  Monte-Vidbwu  MeidonadcL 
and  the  ^  of  Burr^gan,  ar^  spMiausand 
secure.  The  whale  aiid  wolf-fiab  ^«*^ftfT 
are  very  lucrative,  and  the  chftce  m  the  in. 
terior  of  the  countiy  is  no  l«is  piofit^ile. 
For  the  tigers  [properly,  the  jatoiai^l  mm 
no  less  prized  for  tfieir  beautifof  sSSnT  ikgR 
the  ostriches  are  for  their  feathaa.  f^^^ 
districts  where  the  missionaries  leside,  oottOB. 
hemp,  and  flax,  are  cultivated  j  and  tl^  pro* 
vince  is  not  eniirel)r  destitute  of  aoMmmea, 
for  gold  is  found  in  the  nejghbeurbood  elf 
Maldonado  and  San  I^is,  ^btm  ^OO  leam» 
from  the  capital.  *^^ 

We  mav  judge  of  (he  immpst  ]|Mdr  «f 
cattle  by  the  number  of  skins  annualb^  ex- 
ported to  Spam.  In  1792,  325,600  hidae 
were  exported  from  this  pFOvinee:  without 
rwjkonms;  those  sent  to  fte  9ra»ls  in  €z« 
change  for  skves.  What  are  consumed  in 
the  country,,  and  what  are  spoOed  in  the 
warehouses,  are  likewise  excluiW. 

The  most  correct  idea  of  the  prosperity  ^ 
trade  of  theproymee  o^y  be  deduced  *om 
the  number  of  vessels  entered  inwaids  end 
cleared  outwards,  with  their  cai^oes. 

In  179$,  there  arrived  35  ships  fmm  CWia. 
«fioni  Barcelona  Mahii,  and  Al^uexl 
OfiomCofunna:;  5  from&itander;  I  fioni 
Vigo;  and  another  from  Gijon.  Thevahie 
of  these  oaigoes,  consisting  of  national  pfo- 
ductioDs,  smounted  to  l,?oa,866  Amen^ 
piastres.  The  talue  of  the  foreign  goods,,  on 
bpaid the ^me ships,  amoontedto  1.148,078 
Piastres,  On  the  contrary,  fifi^^pesseb  sailed 
for  C^;  10  for  Bamakma.  Malawi,  and 
AlicfMit:  UibrCWnaj  aiid^for&tan. 
4«vTli^  cirrMd  die  vafoi  of  l,4«^,7W 
fimmui^m^^mcmmi^biL   Tim 


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mj 


Diswtipiioh  d/BuMos  Ay  res,  Mmtt^fidof,  fstc.  {SjV 


iiltei  exported  ammmted  to  2,656,304  piat* 
trcs,  and  1«076»877  piastres  hi  produce. 
The  export  articles  ooosbted  ot 
874>^  untanned  hades ; 
43,752  horse  skins} 
24,436  fine  skins ; 
^'.  .  46,800  arrobs    (26  !b.    each)    of  refuse 
tallow  ; 
771  arrobs  of  Vicunna  camel-sheep's  • 

vrool; 
291  arrobs  of  guanaco  ditto;  and 
t>264  arfobsofordinaiy  wodi 
11,890  goose-win^; 
461,000  ox-horm; 
•  3,223  cwt.  of  oopper  j 
40  do.  of  tin; 
f,549  tanned  hides; 

222  dozen  of  prepared  sheq>-skiiia; 
«,r2g  cwt.  of  beef;  and 
186  Cwt.  of  pork. 
Two  vessels  arrived  irom  the  HaTannah. 
■They  wew  laden  with 

22,?50  arrobs  of  sugar  \ 
S39  casks  of  brandy; 
2 1 2  barrels  of  honey ; 
t58  arrobs  of  cocoa; 
1,864  arrobs  of  white  wax ; 
760  raras  (1    yard  each)    of  Acana 
^  wood. 

.    -Total  takie  123,662  piastres. 
**    la  return  there  sailed  from  the  Havannah 
94  Yessels,  carrying 

t4,060  piastres  in  gold  ; 
6fl,060  c%vt.  of  beef; 
13,600  arrobs  of  tallow; 

'262  dozen  of  prepared  sheep-skins ; 
'  323  fine  skins ; 
190  arhibs  of  wool  5 
280  gDOse-wings; 
'  TVrtal  piastres  160,110. 

Two  ships   from  )ima  and   Guayaquil 
twooght 

10,975  arrobs  of  sugar  J 

200  pieces  of  rock-salt  \ 
1,472  arrobs  of  cocoa  ; 
*       •*  8I6  arrobs  of  rice; 

378  lbs.  of  cinnamon} 
990  lbs.  of  indigo  i 
Total  piastres  60,164* 
To  Lima  were  carried 
£,094  hatchets  i 

St38  sbves; 
1,680  arrobs  of  tallow; 
640  lbs.  of  thread} 
42  dozen  pair  of  silk  stockin^i  \  a&d 
120  common  hats. 
Total  exporu  67,160  piastres^ 
Durinff  the  same  year  (1796)  four  Spanish 
and  five  toreign  ships  brought  1360  negroes  to 
Buenos  Ayres.    On  the  contrary  nine  Spa> 
Bish,  and  two  kmax  ^ps,  emptoyed  in  the 
slave  trade  saiiad  tram  theooe.    The  vklue 
Ihcy  e^cportod  amounted  to  1^8S0piBiliei, 


and  in  natimial  pfoduoc  and  gobdi  to  S4,7(9 

piastres 

Bat  it  appears,  that  latteri^y,  owing  to  tha 
war  and  to  the  insecurity  of  trade,  cticuiii* 
stances  cons^erably  chansed  fi>r  the  worse. 
This  is  evident  from  the  ^lanish  **  Meicai^-- 
tile  Courier**  ^ich  contains  a  letter  from 
Buenos- Ayres,  Oct.  31,  1798 ;  stating,  that 
in  the  capital,,  as  well  as  in  Montevkleo^ 
there  were  about  3  millions  of  hides^  which 
could  not  be  exported,  on  account  of  liability 
to  capture.  Many  Emropean  gooda  weie  en- 
tirely wanting,  or  had  nsen  to  an  exorbitant 
price.  There  was  a  particular  scarcity  of  £a« 
ropcan  doth.  The  deficiency  was  supplied 
by  woollen  stuf&,  either  manufiifrtuied  in  the 
country,  or  imported  ftom  Pern.  'Theaa 
stuffs  were  much  prized,  and  about  a  million 
of  ells  were  imported  into  Buenos- Ayres.  The 
most  approved  come  from  the  country  of  the 
Chiquitos  and  Moxoa.  Brandy  and  Spanish 
liquors  were  not  to  be  procured  at  any  price. 
Since  that  period  tlie  scarcity  must  Imve  in* 
creased;  yet  the  inhabitants  endeavoor  to 
obvbte  it  6y  an  augmentation  of  interior  in- 
dustry., Tnus  in  Fact  the  proxince  will  be 
ultimately  the  gainer,  and  be  incluced  to  ac* 
quire  a  knowledge  and  exercise  of  its  own 
proper  strength. 

Thus  much  of  the  province  in  general :  of 
particular  parts  the  work  contains  Uie  fi^ow* 
nig  information. 

Montevideo  is  the  most  considerable  har- 
bour in  the  Vicerayship,  and  at  the^saise 
time  the  most  advantageously  situated.  **  Xksa 
Bruno  deZabala  was  the  first  who  settled  here 
in  1731,  with  fourteen  or  fiAeen  familiea 
from  Pahna,  one  of  the  Canaries.  Prori* 
stons  are  plentiful  and  cheap.  As  on  one 
hand  the  means  of  subsistence  afe  easily  pro* 
cured,  so  on  the  other,  the  common  people 
are  inclined  to  indolence.  Hence  has  arisen 
a  vagabond  tribe  called  ganderios  pwanderersj^ 
The^  Inre  like  gypsies,  except  stealing.  They 
are  either  natives  of  Montevideo,  or  from  tha 
neighbouring  villages.  They  are  badly  clothed ; 
a  coarse  shirt,  and  still  coarser  coat  are  their 
whole  attire.  These  and  -the  lumitara  of 
their  horaes  serve  them  for  bedding,  the  sad- 
dle supplviag  the  place  of  a  pillow,  l^cj 
wander  acxmt  with  a  small  guitar,  and  sing 
songs  either  of  their  own  composing,  or 
what  they  hear  from  others.  Lore  it 
generally  the  sul^jeot.  Thus  they  trav^ 
through  the  country,  and  endeavour  to  amoaa 
the  fanners,  who,  in  return  maintain  them 
during  their  stay,  and  provide  ihtm  whh 
horses  when  they  have  lost  their  own.  This 
liberali^  ought  not  to  appear  ttranga^  for 
horses  are  scarody  of  any  Talue.  Iney  ro^ 
wild  in  the  immeasurable  plains,  and  belong 
to  any  one  who  catches  them.  They  are  taken 
in  anareS)  which  aie  immcdialtly  inwtk  1^ 


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Ihtcrlpttm  ^SximuhJjfm,  Uma$^fUt^,Ve. 


»» 


fedicr,  and  the  aniaui  it  ibonm  oo  the 
gimuid. 

Tbe  gatukriot  generally  beg^  tli^  pere- 
fii^imtiQiiB  in  parties  of  rour,  six,  or  more. 
lliey  aic  so  unconcerned  about  xncans  ok  sut^ 
«istence»  that  th^  only  movide  themselves 
uith  a  knife,  and  a  cord  with  some  balls  made 
tisX  to  the  end  of  it.  llicse  are  sufficient  to 
wapcky  all  their  wants.  If  th^  are  oppreswd 
by  nnnger,  they  lay  snares  to  catch  a  wild 
cow  or  young  steer.  They  then  throw  the 
animal  4own,  bind  its  lep,  aiid  cut  out  a 
pieec  of  the  flank,  before  it  b  dead,  slice  it, 
and  lay  it  on  the  fire ;  when  it  is  half  broiled, 
they  eat  it  without  any  further  prqiaiation. 
Jf  uiey  happen  acddentally  to  carry  any  thing 
wi^  them,  salt  u  the  ody  ingredient  for 
cookins.  Others  kill  an  ox,  merely  for  the; 
iakc  Qieating  the  meat  from  the  ribs.  Othen, 
on  the  contrary,  covet  only  the  tongue,  which 
they  broil  in  the  embers.  The  rest  of  the 
animal  is  left  fLP'^  ^  carnivorous  birds  and 
wild  beasts.  Inere  are  others,  agsiin,  who 
^ly  tokc  the  marrow-bones,  which  they 
clear  (rotn  the  meat,  and  hold  them  over  the 
fire  till  the  marrow  begins  to  melt  The 
manner  of  dressina  a  eow  among  these  peo- 
ple is  ux)st  remaixable.  All  the  entrails  are 
taken  out,  (hen  the  taHow  and  (at  is  col- 
lected and  laid  into  the  carcase.  Dry  cow- 
dung  is  prepared  and  lighted,  and  held  oyer 
the  &t  till  It  inflames  and  incorporates  with 
the  meat  and  bones.  To  this  end  the  carcase 
b  closed  as  well  as  possible,  so  that  the  smoke 
issues  from  the  mouth  and  limbs.  Thus  it 
bums  a  whole  ni^t,  or  a  considerable  part  of 
the  day.  When  ready,  the  company  sits 
down  around  the  iihimal,  and  eaoi  person 
'  cuts  a  slice  where  he  likes,  which  u  eaten 
without  salt  or  bread.  The  rest  remains  on 
the  ground,  except  any  one  takes  a  piece  for 
a  pexaon  which  he  is  particularly  fond  of. 

.  There  are  two  roads  from  Montevideo  to 
Buenos- Ayres,  one  by  land  as  far  as  el  Real 
de  San  Cailos.    In  ory  seasons  this  is  the 


but  in  wet  weather  the  smallest 
fltreams  aie  sq  swelled,  tliat  they  cannot  be 
|iasBcd  without  danger,  if  at  au.  At  San 
Carios  there  are  plenty  of  boats  to  cross  the 
fbta  which  is  thore  ten  leagues  broad  ;  thev 
cany  orders fromgovemment,  and  all  kinds 
of  pfovisioni.  The  common  way  is  by  the 
river,  as  there  are  always  boats  at  Monte- 
video. In  fiivourabla  weather  the  passage, 
%hich  b  forty  leagues,  may  be  made  in  ii4 
hours.  But  It  may  hanpen  that  it  is  not 
Buide  in  14  days,  when  the  wind  is  contjary. 

About  30  years  ago  Buenos- Ayres,  on  ac- 
count of  its  rank  andiroportance,  was  reckon- 
ed the  fourth  city  in  the  viceroyship  of  Peru. 
For  at  that  time,  Lima,  Cuzco,  and  Sant- 
Ufp  in  Chili,  hdd  priority.  Since  that  pe- 
xiod  ciicumstanccs  nate  cnangod  reiy  much 


In  our  days  Lima  only  can  be  considered  aa 
more  important;  and  the  time  may  com* 
when  Buenos- Ayres  will  hold  an  equal  rank 
with  Lima.  Since  it  has  been  erected  into  ^ 
separate  viceroyship,  and  trade  and  agricul- 
ture  have  teen  jpromoted,  Buenos  -  Ayrea 
has  increased  considerably,  and  enlarges  cveij 
day.  Formerly  there  were  no  countiy  houses, 
and  no  good  fruit-trees  except  peaches.  Ac 
present  \vedo  not  find  any  person  of  middling 
rank,  who  does  not  raise  adl  kinds  of  fruity, 
vegetables,  and  flowers.  The  houses  in  ge- 
neral are  not  very  high,  yet  thcj-  are  light,  and 
mostly  well  built.  And  the  interior  opu* 
lence  does  not  disgrace  the  exterior  appear* 
ance^ 

Men  and  women  dress  in  the  Spani^ 
fashion,  for  all  the  modes  are  carried  from 
the  mother  counti^-  Only  they  dress  m 
some  places  more  than  in  others.  The  wo« 
men  of  Buenos- Ayr^  are  reckoned  the  most 
beautiful  and  pleasing  in  America;  and 
though  they  do  not  rival  the  ladies  of  Lima 
in  elegance,  yet  their  manner  of  dressing  ia. 
not  less  attractive,  and  is  reckoned  more  taste* 
fill. 

Until  1747,  there  was  no  post  estahtished 
in  Buenos-Ayres  or  in  any  jpart  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Tucuman,  notwitlistanding  the  giesft 
trade  carried  op  with  the  nei^hbcMrtng  pio* 
vinces.  Each  merchant  was  obli^  to  seol 
his  letters  by  a  messenger,  at  his  own  ex- 
pence.  The  nei^bours  availed  themseKei 
of  such  opportunities,  and  endeavoured  to 
promote  their  correspondence ;  or,  what  wm 
mostly  the  case,  every  traveller  was  loaded 
with  letters  aixl  commissions,  by  which  cer- 
tainly the  intercourse  was  npt  particularly  ao- 
oelerated,  for  these  passengers  travel  as  Ur 
as  Jujin  or  MeiKloza  in  a  two  wheeled  car* 
riage.     In  1748,  posts  were  established* 

Buenos- Ayres  is  well  supplied  with  evaf 
variety  of  provision.  Meat  of  all  kinds,  es« 
pectally,  is  so  plentiful,  that  it  is  oflen  ct%-eai 
away  to  the  poor.  The  river  virater  is  tnick^ 
but  soon  settles  when  kept  in  large  earthen^ 
or  wooden  vessels.  Fish  also  is  in  great  abuB* 
dance. 

No  snow  falb  within  the  ^urisdictkm  of 
Buenos- Ay  res,  or  in  the  pnn  ince  of  Tucu- 
man;  the  river  is  sometimes  co\-ered  with  a 
thin  coating  of  ice,  which  is  carefully  collect* 
ed  for  cooling  liquon. 

The  climate  is  verv  healthy :  this  is  proved 
by  the  proportion  of^ births  to  deaths  -,  henct 
it  well  deserves  its  name.  Yet  in  June,  July, 
Au^st  and  September,  fogs  rise  01^  the  water 
which  oppress  the  lungs.  And  the  stronz 
winds  that  blow  from  tlie  Pampas,  (callea 
thereforePamperos),  are  very  distressing,  owii)| 
to  their  violence. 

)f\  hoever  wishes  to*  travel  from  thence  to 
Peru  (abciat  yOO  kaguet)  has  ma^y  thin^  ta 


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<WJ 


IhUripffoik  ofSiUftoi  Aytii,  M>n(e^fUeo,  t^a 


wSCkt  01^  ttivL  llittcn  to  pwK'iwi  a^aftl^.  Tnis 
ft  tni^  portictilailY  in  regftrd  to  the  Indiana 
1^0  inhabit  the  FanipaU^  fi>r  diey  attack  tra- 
^Uen  in  laig^  bodies^  and  do  them  great  in^ 
Jhtfy.  iThese  Indians^  as  weU  as^  other  wild 
IdEet^  set  watched  to  obsme  the  strengdi  and 
Aomber  of  the  travellers,  and  to  conceal  their 
4am.  The  spies  are  unarmed,  and  place 
Aemiidvet  as  if  theV  were  abandoned  by  their 
dwn  party.  The  slug^hness  of  thesfi  Pam- 
f»  beotf^  aU  description.  H^nc^  they  in- 
crease Uttle.  and  hopes  are  entertained  that 
Ae  noe  will  be  esdtinct  in  a  short  tittie.  *Biey 
tie  treacherous  and  cowardly;  and  thongh 
ftey  handle  the  lance  weH  on  hotseback,  ;^t 
Aey  cannot  hold  out  in  a  contest.  Their  vie- 
Ames  over  the  Spaniardt  are  therefbue  rare. 
iHicy  only  conquer  when  they  can  surprise 
Aeif  enemies  by  ambuscade,  or  when  they 
%|fitt  fifteen  to  one  against  Europeans.** 

Mlm  Montevided  hasb^en  in  aH  probability 
Ibe  ot^et  of  an  attempt  by  our  brave  soldiers 
iodsailort^  we  shall  annex  the  account  dv^ 
4f  this  town  and  it^  vi(^ity,  by  the  Rev. 
William  Giegooy,  one  of  the,  missionaries 
iaptared  in  the  Utiflf.  -  We  hav^  every  reason 
1ft  be  satisfied  of  its  correctness,  and  authen^ 
tffeity,  having  had  a  knowkdjge  of  the  writer, 
and  bavins  steen  some  parts  of  his  loumak 
fclMS. 

TvRitey,  Mai^  12, 1799. 

tally  in  the  morning  we  entered  Rio  dks  la 
Mata;  to  the  south  noland  oouM  poesiMy  be 
l^scover^,  this  liver  is  so  very  extensive.  Two 
tii^  rocks  now  appeared  in  sight.  Within 
two  honn  «ve  peiceived  the  high  monntain  of 
Monte-Video.  It  is  vety  lofty,  and  hay  a 
staff  on  the  summit,  on  whidi  a  flag  is  hoist- 
ed when  any  ^hip  appears  in  sight. 

Wcdnesd^r,  ^ay  1st.  Mr.  Turner,  Mr. 
Bowghtoo  |M  I>  went  this  momiog  to  sur- 
vey tne  high  mountain  of  Movtb-Vidbo. 
We  rode  on  tery  pleasandy  over  hiHs,  and 
neglected  land,*  havrogat  times  to-«coss  a  fe^v 
brooks,  which  nearly  made  our  tiorses  swim, 
till  we  arrived  at  the  bottom'  where  Uiere  is  a 
guard  house  with  Spanish  troops.  After  some 
^nquifiet  lliey'stenied  to  suppose  us  either 
Frenchmen  or  North  Americans,  and  on  our 
informniB  them  that  we  wished  to  ascend  the 
iaount,  oiey  directed  us  to  the  best  way,  and 
pointing  to  a  magazine  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mik  distant/  told  us  that  we  must  not  00  by 
that  way  or  near  it.  We  p|:oceeded  as  ordered 
aadibund  this  road  the  most  practicable.  We 
•OOOp  howevaiv  were  compelled  to  dismount, 
and  dimbed  to  the  top,  where,  standing  by 
tti0  flag-staff»  we  enjoyod  a  most  extei^ire 
pRWpeet  as  the  day  was  uncommonly  clear.    ^,. 

Ope^^eiy  side  vtt  beheld  a  horizon  without 
Wondiy  while  the  la^-  was  transported  from 
iMontain  to  mountain,. resting  at  intervals 
W  tb«  iilig^  occ^  which  can  hate  he 


^ 


ttadcd  to  a  TaA  Ibtent.  tlrf  inWgihatiott 
seemed  to  command  the  whok  globe,  whill^ 
mir  windering  «'es  survelvfil  the  town,  the 
river,  and  shippmg,  whicn  appeared  little  id 
theviewficomthche^tofotirsitua^n,  but 
were  in  a  morfient  directed  to  tfa>  vast  chaind 
6f  land  and  rivers,  which  ran  into  the  fit- 
thomless  deep,  or  in  the  river  La  Hata. 

Rio  OB  LA  pLATA.-^'niis  river,  if  it  maV 
be  n>  called,  seemed  tO  me  like  die  ocean,  at 
ik)  land  could  be  seen,  and  from  thi  best  in-l 
fbrmation  I  tould  obtain,  is  iSty  or  vnstf 
leagues  broad.  TheEnijlisb  bank,  so  called, 
neat  the  entrance,  is  noted  for  having  beert 
fatal  to  9e\'eral  ships.  I  have  before  noticed 
two  rocks  whicli  we  first  discovered,  and 
vmhln  a  few  milei  of  Monte  Video  runs  a 
rfioal  a  considerable  way  out  into  the  river, 
an*soAn«f  sand  banks  he  firther  tjp,  which 
render  the  passage  rather  unsafb.  B^des  an 
infinite  munber  of  smdl  rivers,  it  abounds 
witli  lakes,  some  of  which  we  ccndd  perceivd 
frorti  the  monnt,  I  suppose  between  thirty 
and  forty  miles  dbtant,  which  can  into  tm 
country  and  watered  its  plains. 

About  thirty  leagues  up  die  river  on  drt 
ftorth  side,  lie  xht  town  and  harbour  of  Monte 
Video,  formed  By  a  point  of  land*  ortbHsh^ 
flio^ntain  opposite. 

The  harbour  is  so  compact  by  nature  thai 
H  forms  an  exceQent  bay  for  ships  of  aiw  di- 
mension, whidh  may  here  safely  ride'  at  an* 
chor.  In  appearance  near  the  town,  to  my 
Tiew,  it  sccmtd  to  rcsembte  a  pan  of  thd 
river  Medway,  aboVe  his  Majesbr^s  dock-yard' 
att  Chatham,  only  considerably  broader,  ^d 
the  shores  being  rocky,  both  they  and  th^ 
yi'ater  were  much  clearer.  At  the  cntrancd 
h  a  fort,  which  -commands  the  harbour,  bat 
of  hiconsiderable  force,  opposite  to  whidi  ia 
the  hirfi  mountaih.  - 

It  abounds  with  excellent  fish ;  dlecat-fisli 
are  immeiotis,  some  two  foet  long  ;  a  fish 
like  a^perch,  smehs,  and  othen,  the  names 
of  which  I  did  not  understand.  I  nw  no 
shefl-fish  at  this  place  except  a  few  musBeia 
near  a  rock,  e»^ingly  smaH,  and  not  wortk 
eating.  It  is  said  that  this  river  annmdlr 
overflows  its  bonks.  AV  hen  die  wind  blew 
from  the  south  it  rose  six  or  seven  foet,  but 
when  it  blew ,  from  the  north  or  west  it  im« 
mediately  fell. 

Toww  OF  Momrm  Video.— -This  makes 
a  most  flattering  appearance  from  a  view  of 
it  in  the  harbour,  for  as  it  rises  from  ^e  shott 
its  ascent  jdves  it  a  very  respectable  look.  Tha 
landing  place  n  composed  of  bige  stones 
rpudhly  put  together,  on  whidi  stands  a  sen- 
tinel on  guard,  and  at  a  smatt  d^tance  |t 
guard-house  with  sokliex^  and  a  custom- 
house with  officers,  who  inspect  whatever  is 
brought  on  shore.  The  houses  are  built  of 
iaij^  stones  and  liricks,  only  one  story  hkh» 
4  few  cxce|)t^^  their  jooft-aie  flat/  andiba 


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vttfl} 


rttf  irtconsideialite.     Mahufiictoijtfs  1 


Mneiii  At  fipor»  •fdicte-iKe  hcmse  h4ooTed» 
tkoi^  some  have  only  earthj.  and^  (ke.  best 
Iwt  tokks^  The  governor's  resr&nceV^Mrbich 
it  the  exC^t  of  a* Targe  square  y^xd^ipd  re- 
•embles  a  range  of  tiveiy  stables  m  Eivgland,^ 
Is  of  this  confitroction : '  some  have  windows, 
bat  few  any  ^tss,  and  these  bear  a  ^roi^  te- 
tembUnce  to  a  prison,  others  have'  none. 
Those  at  the  comer  of  a  street  have  two  doors* 
cfte  c^  which  b  shot  on  that  side  w^ere  the 
sun  shines  in  the  morning,  and  ooencd  In  die  ,  ^ 
afiienMon.  Some  few  houses  belon^ng  to  ilrew  nr 
pedpk  «C  distincn<m  are  two  and  fhrce  stories, 
mgn,  with  a  balcony  in  front.  None,  how-. 
eVer,  that  1  cojald  perceive,  either  in  town  or 
country  have  chimnice.     Mo^  kindle  their 


informed-  are  prohibftbd,  Ibr  'tht  puffMe  ot 
keeping  them  in  a  state  of' depennmee  dpo^ 
Old  Spain.  Some  few  mechanics,  bowei-^r^ 
hie  to  be  {bund.  Taylors  and  shoccfilteia 
fbmi  the  most  numerous  bo(fy  of  meb,  wIm 
are  engaged  in  regular  emplovment.  Thei^ 
are  one  or  two  biacksmith^s  shops,  ia  whkli 
ehdrcod  is  u^,  and  die  workmen,  fhoMll 
excefidhighr  slow,  can  finish  their  wodttofel 
rsbly  welf.  The-  crreumstance  chit  chkiv 
[uy  attention  in  one  of  these  shops  w«^ 
to  see  the  master  nearly  as  dean'ss  iif  be  hul 
hetn  in  a  miltiher's  snop.  BuIloek^S  hide^ 
.  Jallow,  dried  tongues,  kopitrds'  tigfers',  lioss'^ 
^and  Other  skins;   the  <mig  PSsraguSy,   taA 


fite  eitner  in  the  yavd,  which  is  brought  into^  salt-dried  beef,  are  aU  orttdes  of  expotiiOioii ; 

^ .1-^  -u^ ^._ '. . 1 J    ._  ^  ij^jjtg  ^  treasures  of  Peru  broughrdowa  iht 

river^  and  shipncd  for  Old  Spain,  with  odietf 
coihmodities  or  tHe  country.  No  sl^  eam$ 
regularly  to  this  port,  and  only  three  or  (bitf 
make  an  annual  voya^  to  £urope,  and  dor* 
ing  the  war  even  this  small  nuii^ber  has  de- 
creased. Clothina  of  every  descripiiofl,  titd. 
eveiy  artide  of  household  utensils  are  tt- 
cessivclv  dear,  and  though  the  houses  ue 
uncomfortable  in  many  respects  the  ttntlg 
vmhigh. 

Ata*  Soil,  PftoDtJCE.— The  air  of  this 
amntiy  is  temperate  and  exceedingly  salutaiy^ 
thoT%h  at  mid-day  the  sun  b  v&y  powefAa  s 
some  of  the  Brethren  experieoced  this  in  t 
manner  Which  caused  tnem  excessive  P^iti  • 
having  but  one  shift  each,  when  they  ootoiit 
into  the  coontry  near  some  water,  they  put 
them  on  for  the  purpose  of  washing,  whcii 
not  aware  of  the  smiV  scorchin^f  beams,  th« 
skin  wa^  jpeeled  off  their  backs  durine  the 
interval.   ^  ® 

For  ten  mfles  from  the  town  it  is  hillr, 
but  fmm  that  it  runs  several  hundred  mifea 
one  conlmued  leVel,  Nothing  can  exceed 
the  fcrtilitv  of  the  soil,  or  the  beautiful  ver- 
dure which  overepreads  the  whole  face  of  the 
country.  The  soil,  without  manure,  will 
produce  vegetables,  almost,  if  not  of  evtff 
description  in  EurOpe;  Iftdian  and  European 
ccmi,  apples,  pears,  peaches,  nectarines,  figs, 
melons,  water-mdbns,  cucumberb,  onions, 
cabbapjes,  lettuces,  Cayenne  pepper,  &t.  &c 
grow  in  great  plenty;  and  some  cherr>'  and 
walnut  utes  which  had  been  broiteht  from 
Europe  thrived  well.  The  hcdgeslw  com- 
poswl  of  excellent  quinces,  some  fourteen 
inches  in  drcumfercnce :  and  if  a  proper  de- 
pee  of  attention  was  paid  to  cultivatioa,  it  it 
impossible  to  say  to  what  extent  the  produce 
-mighl  be  carried.  The  valuable  herbT  Para- 
guay and  ananas,  &c.  appeared  to  grow  W- 
tanepusly.  ; 

-  This  distriet  diflbs  from  oAcr  iwts  of 
South  America,  with  respect  to  woodfor  the 
puipose  of  fnd,  of  which  there  is  but  little, 
and  tfat  gr^test  jialt  of  it  is  bm^t  (torn  ib^e 


the  room  wh^  the  weather  is  wet  or  cold,  in 
fife-pms^.or  have  small  fire-holes  built  in  an 
ctat-Douse  adjacent.  The  shops  make  but  a 
sorry  anbearance,  as 'scarcely  any  have  a  win- 
dow. Those  ^'ithout  the  gate  are  distihguish- 
^  by  a  small  vane  or  Has,  where  every  arti- 
cle of^  snstenanee  is  sold,  the  landlord  of 
#hich  b  at  once  iimkee^r  and  grocer. 

The  streets  run  straight,  and  cross  each 
ahet  at  right  angles,  but,  with  one  or  two 
cxeepdons,  they  arc  bj  farthe  worst  for  tra-' 
ladling  that  imaj^oation  can  conceive  ;  for 
lleing  composed  of  rock-stones  and  sand,  tbe. 
^  faurge  cavities  make  it  very  disa^ceable  both 
Ibr  man  and  beast,  especisdly  In  fainy  weather. 

As  the  inhabitants  in  general  ride,  they 
flay  Httle  attention  to  the  improvement  of 
tkeir  roads.  Strange  as  it  may  seem,  it  is  a 
.Act,  thai  to  fill  op  a  hole  they  nave  killed  one 
«f  the  team  to  assist  the  wheel  in  passing  over. 

The  town  abounds  with  rats  and  JRies, 
which  axe  a  prodigious  plague  to  all  but  the 
&lhabitant«,  and  evcn^  to  them  in  some  de- 
gree. The  rats  that  have  been  killed  lay  co- 
piously strewed  at  morning  in  the  streets,  and 
tt>  keep  off. the  jflies  in  the  day  they  liave  large 
bimdles  of  ostridi  fteithers.  Near  the  top  oT 
the  town  is  a  market-place,  about  three  hun- 
ched ^nls  square,  whither  abundance  of 
fruit  IS  brooght,  which  although  so  plentiful 
th  the  cxmntrv  is  dear  in  the  town,  as  the  sel- 
ler puts  a  high  value  on  his  trouble  of  car- 
riage. On  the  west  a  large  church  is  building 
in  a  superiorstyle,  which  can  be  discerned  at 
a  j;reat  distance. 

At  the  extremities  of  this  town  diey  are 
enlarging  and  strengthenirut  the  fortification, 
which  is  composed  of  excellent  stone. 

The  town,  as  also  the  mountain  opposite, 
forming  a  peiiinsala,  is  bounded  by  the  river, 
except  on  that  part  which  leads  into  the 
eountry>  and  is  inclosed  by  a  fort-wall  and 
gate,  at  which  a  guard  of  troops  is  placed 
with  an  officer  of  inspection,  and  every  evcn- 
aftgat  eight  o'clock  the  gates  are  shut. 

Tradb  avd  Commercb. — Of  these  I  can 
my  but  Uttk,  as  to  aU  appcaraoce  th^  are 


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Deteripikn  of  Buenos  Jj^ris,  Jlfoni&^Fideo,  tsFu 


fiycr  St  ^cia.  Fartficr  up  in  tlw  vicinity 
oi  Buenos  Ayretj,  within  three  miles  of  the 
ffcore,  there  is  abundance  of  large,  gjood  tim- 
ber, well  aJaptcd  both  for  building  ships  and 
hduses.  Near  the  town  is  a  large  qiiarry  of 
ttones,  in  which  a  number  of  the  natives  are 
Employed :  and  in  different  directions,  about 
«ix  feet  from  the  surface,  b  a  ridge  of  alabas- 
ter, but  it  is  not  used.  Mushrooms  grow 
spontaneously  in  the  plains,  but  are  ne\  er 
eaten  by  the  inhabitants^  being  considered 
tt  noxious. 

'Animals.— The  animals  of  this  country 
we  numerous,  particularly  oxen,  horses, 
iifeep,  hogs,  mules,  dogs,  lions,  tigers,  leo- 
pards, wohes,  bcavei?,  seals,  ermines,  hom- 
ed beetles,  serpents,  adders,  &c.— Of  the  fea- 
thered kind,  they  have  geese,  ducks,  pigeons, 
partridges,  ostriches,  a  variety  of  birtis  of 
b^utiml  species,  and  all  manner  of  wild 
fowl. 

Horses  are  Innumerable,  lively,  and  beau- 
dful;  they  arc  only  fit  for  the  saddle,  and 
are  admirable  for  their  make  as  well  as  for 
theif  swiftness,  and  the  inhabitants  are  proud 
of  their  long  manes  and  tails.  They  liw  en- 
to'tely  in  the  pastiues,  and  are  frequently  used 
tiiroughout  the  day  without  receiving  food  or 
water,  yet  even  in  these  circumsunces  they 
jefused  com.  They  are  not  only  good  but 
dieap.  EN'en  in  the  nei^bourhood  of  the 
town,  where  they  are  comparatively  dear, 
one  at  ten  dollars  can  scarcely  be  excelled 
throughout  England.  They  arc  so  trained  as 
to  regard  no  regular  road,  and  quite  the  re- 
Terse  of  the  English  horses,  when  about  to 
ascend  an  hill,  set  off  at  a  gallop. 

Oxen  are  as  large  in  general  as  those  in 
England,  though,  as  tliere  is  not  the  least 
attention  paid  to  them,  they  do  not  become 
so  fat,  but  finer  creatures  I  scarce  ever  saw. 
To  pick  out  qne  from  a  herd  consisting  of 
leveral  hundreds,  not  far  from  town,  I  have 
been  asked  two  dollars  ;  but  a  few  miles  far- 
ther up  the  country,  four  for  the  same  mo- 
ney :  and  twelve  miles,  two  for  half  a  crown. 
Beef,  in  consequence  is  cheap.  I  have 
bought  as  capital  a  piece  as  ex-er  I  partook  of, 
intluding  the  sirloin,  which  1  suppose  midit 
wfeigh  about;  60lbs.  for  about  34d.  Engfish 
mbney.  On  my  once  informing  one  of  the 
dealers  iu  Cattle*  that  a  bullock  in  England 
cost  five  pounds,  he  stood  amazed,  and  b^n 
to  pride  himself  ou  hb  own  country.  The 
owner  of  the  Brethren's  house  was  one  who 
killed  a  number  almost  daily,  and  as  often 
fent  a  quarter  for  our  friends,  as  most  kill 
chiefly  for  the  hides  and  tallow ;  and  1  have 
teen  some  hundred  carcases  lying  in  the 
iBelds,  which,  after  bcin^  skinned  were  left 
for  the  dogs,  ho©,  and  birds  of  prey,  which 
tvvarm  in  these  places  in  vast  numbers.  Far- 
ther inland,  bullocks  are  killed  only  for  the 
sake  of  the  tongues,  whick  m  the  otoly  part 
*ey«a.      •' 


1:984 


Mules  are  vety  ^oodf  which  ther  use  in 
their  watering  carts,  and  are  nluch  larger 
than  in  common.  Hogs  are  abo  numerous 
and  excellent.  They  live  on  grass,  fruit, 
beef,  &c.  Whether  great  or  small,  their 
price  is  about  half  a  crown  per  head,  llie 
sheep  in  this  country  ha\'e  four  horns,  but 
are  not  so  fat  a&  the  English  ;  the  meat,  how- 
e\-er,  is  very  white  and  sweet.  At  market  m 
sheep  will  cost  3s.  QA,  but  in  the  country 
from  20  to  30  per  dollar.  Fowls  are  exces* 
sively  dear,  the  same  value  as  an  ox. 

Wild  beasts  are  numerous  and  large,  lions, 
tygen,  leopards,  &c.  the  natives  hunt  them 
and  bring  their  skins  to  town  for  sale,  hun- 
dreds of  which  I  have  seen.  Some  of  the 
natives,  who  catch  them  when  yOung,  keep 
them  at  the  door  of  their  huts  like  dogs. 
Among  some  skins  brought  to  to^'u  by  t^ 
hunters  I  purchased  one,  which  measurea 
ei^t  feet  in  length  exclusive  of  the  tail.  Os- 
triches are  also  mrge  aud  in  great  numbers.—* 
Tliey  will  cover  an  hill ;  but  little  notice  it 
taken  of  them  ^  the  only  use  which  I  ever 
saw  made  of  their  feathers  was^  as  broom  to 
sweep  away  the  flies.  Partridges  are  innu- 
merable, and  parroouets  abound.  As  manj 
of  the  carcases  of  tne  bullocks  were  left  ia 
the  fields,  a  vast  number  of  birds^  like  sea- 
gulls, would  come  down  together,  after  the 
butchers  had  left  the  ground,  arid  cover  i^ 
quarter  of  a  mile  of  land,  so  that  it  scarcely 
could  be  seen.  The  birds  nests  appeared  to 
be  airiously  constructed,  some  ot  which  I 
took  for  the  pun:otie  of  inspection :  they 
were  built  around  branches  new  the  stem  of 
the  tree,  of  different  materials,  such  as  mud» 
&c.  as  bis  as  a  large  cocoa-nut ;  in  tlie  most 
concealed  part  is  the  entrance,  which  runs, 
round  the  tabric  like  a  periwinkle,  till  at  the 
bottom  is  a  feathered  nest,  much  like  those 
in  England.  It  is  difficult  to  procure  either 
young  or  eggp  from  such  a  building,  and  it 
was  some  time  before  I  was  able  fVuly  to  in- 
spect the  whole. 

Dogs  are  numerous,  of  different  species* 
disagreeable  and  dangerous.  Most  huts  oa 
the  outside  of  the  town  keep  from  eight  to 
twelve  of  these  animals,  which  are  exceed- 
ingly troublesome  to  all  passengers,  and  w^ill 
surround  horse  and  man.  The  other  species 
'are  wliat  the  inhabitants  call  fire-dogs;  these 
are  not  so  laroe,  have  no  hair,  and  their  skin 
feels  more  like  the  human ;  they  are  used  bj 
these  people  in  the  cool  weather  to  sleep  at 
their  feet  to  keep  them  warm.  They  had  a 
disagreeable  appearance.  The  abundance  of 
heads,  entraib,  feet,  &:c.  left  at  the  different 
places  of  slau^ter,  afford  plenty  of  provi- 
sion for  these  numerous  creatures,  which  so 
rapidly  increase  that  the  governor  orders  the 
soldiers  for  a  number  of  days,  twice  every 
year,  to  kill  all  tliey  meet,  when  thousandt 
are  slain. 

The  SpaDiard^iiere  Uve  ia  opulence  and  ia» 


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Description  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Monte- Fideo,  l^c. 


[580 


violence,  most  servile  work  being  executed  by 
ne^^roes  and  natives,  and  few  &milies  of  any 
hote  having  less  than  six  or  more  negroes  to 
fttlend  upon  them.  There  appeared  to  be  a 
fl^xture  of  eOeminacy  and  austerity  in  their 
disposition :  at  one  moment  they  manifest 
Aat  feeling  svnMWrthy  which  is  sufficient  to 
afieet  the  befiokier ;  at  another  they  seem  to 
be  capable  of  alarming  a  stranger. 

Tfa^  heat  of  the  sun  may  occasion  some 
small  diflference  between  the  complexion  of 
the  Spaniards  here  and  ip  Europe :  they  are 
dark,  but  a  few  of  the  ladies  are  fair.  The 
troops  wear  long  black  whiskers,  and  make 
but  an  indifferent  ap|)earance.  The  gentle- 
men differ  but  little  lu  their  dress  from  Euro-^ 
Cms,  wear  cloaks,  and  without  them  in 
ndon  would  be  taken  for  livery  sen-ants. 
The  dress  of  the  ladies  dif!ers  more :  they 
wear  no  caps,  but  their  longhair  is, tied  ail 
round  in  a  nuuch  at  the  top,  and  some  have 
elegant  circular  combs:  they  nse  no  gown, 
but  a  short  jacket,  which  covers  the  top  of 
thdr  petticoat  or  other  apparel ;  and  shoes 
singularly  high:  they  co\er  the  head,  and 
nearly  the  Bice,  with  a  hood,  which  comes 
mund  over  the  shoulders,  and  being  black, 
when  they  go  to  mass,  with  their  beads  «nd 
crucifixeson  their  arms,  I  have  taken  them 
at  a  distance  for  a  company  of  friars.  Tlie 
eliildren  of  both  sexes  arc  dressed,  to  one  of  a 
month  old,  as  nearly  as  possible  in  the  same 
stile,  are  put  into  breeches  before  the  month, 
and  when  it  is  possible  to  collect  the  hair  either 
in  a  bunch  or  tie,  it  is  done,  and  i)0wdcred  ; 
nay,  in  town,  little  creatures  that  can  scarcely 
run  alone,  and  others  in  their  muChers*  amis 
are  dressed  in  this  manner. 

It  is  the  universal  custom  immediately 
after  dinner  for  both  ladies  and  gentlemen  to 
retire  to  bed,  and  they  would  be  as  much 
disappointed  if  prevented  from  doing  so  as  we 
would  for  want  of  a  night's  rest.  The  cu- 
rious manner  in  which  the  bdies  drink  their 
tea,  which  they  call  nmtiec,  rather  surprised 
us :  this  lierb,  Paraguay,  so  generally  wsvd,  is 
put  into  a  cup,  commonly  the  shell  of  a  pome- 
granate, the  stem  of  which  is  turned  to  fomi 
a  handle  ;  in  this  the  tea  is  put,  both  the  leaf 
and  pieces  of  the  stem,  they  then  pour  hot 
water  upon  it»  and  draw  the  liauid  through  a 
tube,  \vhich  is  made  either  of^  reed,  tin,  or 
stiver,  and  while  partaking  of  it  look  as  if 
they  were  smoaking  a  oipe.  Its  taste  is  bit- 
ter,' and  few  of  us  had  much  relish  for  it. 
Some  of  the  chief  people  have  pots  of  silver, 
which  look  very  well ;  this  drink  is  more  uni- 
versally used  tlian  perhaps  any  other  by  peo- 
ple of 'every  description,  and  the  ladies,  con- 
lent  with  water,  can  scarcely  be  prevailed  to 
taste  spirits  or  wine,  some  of  which  they 
have;  the  wine,  both  red  and  ^hite,  is  of 
their  own  manufacturing,  but  the  spirits  are 
imported  from  the  Braxils. 

Vol.  I.  [Lit.  Fan.  Nw.  1906.} 


Natives. — ^Thc  natives  of  Paraguay  differ 
from  the  Spaniards  both  in  person  and  dress : 
their  complexion  is  of  an  olive  hue  and  rather 
darker  than  the  other,    lliey  are  of  a  mid* 
die  stature  and  well  made.  We  flat  faces, 
and  jet  bbck  lon^  stout  hair.    They  seem  in 
general  to  be  a  cjuiet  though  robust  people,  yet 
bome  few  exhibit  a  disposition  qmte  the  re* 
verse.    Their  dress  is  an  oblons  gprment»  lik« 
a  striped  rus,  about  a^-ard  wide,  with  a  hole 
in  the  middle  to  admit  the  head,  it  hangs  doun 
before  and  behind,  with  ^e  sides  open,  fall* , 
ing  loose  as  low  as  the  knees,  and  leaving  th# 
arms  unrestrained.   Their  «tocking^  and  boots 
are  made  of  skiiM,  flayed  from  the  legs  of 
horses  and  oxen,  which  in  shape  are  exactly 
the  same  as  when  taken  from  the  beast,  as 
they  never  cut  or  alter  them,    lli^r  shoes 
are  merely  a  piece  of  stout  skin  turned  up, 
with  holes,  and  tied  with  slips  of  the  same : 
they  wear  drawers  over    a   short  petticoat, 
which  at  the  knee  forms  a  fringe  :  those;  near 
town  have  jackets  which  they  wear  under  the 
oblong  cloth,  and  the  head  is  coxered  with  o, 
small  hat,  tied  under  the  chin,  which  they 
loosen  when  they  salute  each  other.    Their 
huts  are  the  rougti  branches  of  trees  tied  to* 
gcther  with  pieces  of  the  skins  of  beasts,  the 
roof  is  covered  with  long  grass,  rushes,  and 
weeds.     Four  sticks  tied  at  each  comer,  with 
a  bullock^s  hick,  make  their  bed,  hung  up 
in  the  hut.    Round  some  of  these  huts  a  . 
wall  is  erected  about  foiur  feet  high,  entirely 
built  of  bullock's  heads,  one  above  the  otlier* 
with  the  horns,    as  cut  from  the  animal*s 
neck.     These  men  are  healthy,  and  exceed* 
ingly  alert,  especially  on  horseback,  to  which 
they  are  traintxl  from  their  childhood.     Their 
food  chiefly  consists  of  beef,  fruit,  uud  water. 

Both  Spaniards  and  natives  alvvap  carry 
long  knives  at  their  sidcr  and  even  children 
are  indulged  in  the  same  liberty*,  to  which 
they  apply  for  defence  as  natiuiUy  as  one 
would  in  England  lift  his  hand  to  return  ano- 
ther a  blow  ou  the  face. 

Their  manner  of  catching  bullocks  to  kiU^ 
is  remarkable :  if  it  b  but  one  they  want, 
they  ride  afttr  him  over  the  plains  till  he  is 
caught ;  but  if  more  than  one,  they  at  dif- 
fcreiit  places  have  pinful^ls,  into  which  tluy 
drive  a  number.  When  ready  to  begin,  two 
men  mount  their  horses,  with  acatch-rope  100 
yards  in  lenzth,  having  a  long  noose  at  one 
end,  while  the  other  is  fastened  to  a  ring  in 
the  saddle ;  one  now  rides  in  auiong  tlie  oxen, 
throws  the  rope  around  the  horns  of  that 
which  he  chooses  and  ^llops  out.  The  crea-  % 
ture  hnding  himself  entangled,  genemlly  runs 
to  the  extremity  that  the  rope  will  admit, 
and  the  horK  dmws  him  near  a  suiuible  place. 
The  other  native  is  now  ready  to  watch  the 
opportunity  of  the  prancing  of  tlie  beast,  and 
after  swinging  the  rope  si'x-eral  times  mex  his 
head,  thiol's  it  with  a  d«xterity  peculiar  u^ 
O 


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[388 


..  these  men,  and  catches  him  round  the  hind 
■  leg.  Both  horses  now  draw  the  rope  tight  in 
^  two  opposite  directions,  and  they  are  k>  train- 
^  ed  to  tnis  exercise  as,  to  stand  nrm,  that  the 
bullock  cannot  move.  Another  man  who  is 
standing  by  with  a  large  knife,  now  advances 
.  ^o  the  animal,  which,  if  he  supposes  not  to 
.  be  steady,  he  cuts  the  ham-strinss  of  the  hind 
^  kg  that  is  not  secured,  upon  which  the  bul- 
%  lock  immediately  falls,  when   his  throat  is 

cut  right  across,  and  he  is  soon  dead.- 
,  _    By   the  same^  method  they,  catch  horses 
.in  the  fields  3  robbers  also  catch  a  man  by  means 
4of.  this  rope,,  when  he  can  be  drawn  n^om  hb 
horse,  and  rendered  incapable  of  resistance. 

Speaking  of  his  garden  at  a  little  distance 
.  from  the  town,  Mr.  G.  says, 

Th^fruitfulncss  of  the  garden  and  orchard 
was  beyond    descriptiorC.     Thousands,    and 
.  tens  of  thousands  of  apples,  peaches,  necta- 
rines,   lay  perishing  under  the  trees,  while 
they  were  so  loaded  that  few  can  form  any 

*  idea  of  >  the  profusion :  perhaps  it  is'  not  equal- 
ed in  the  whole  globe ;  it  is  impossible  how- 
ever that  it  should  be  excelled,  as  some  trees 
appeared  like  a  solid  mass  of  fruit,  with  large 
hranch69  broken  down  to  the  earth,  unable  to 
support  their  burden.  Great  abundance  of 
figs  also,  with  most  of  those  vegetables  which 
grow  in  Europe,  was  here  to  be  found,  as 
cabbages>  lettuce,  turnips,  radishes,  cucum- 
bers, onions,  French  beans,  &o. 

A  number  of  apple  trees  made  a  curious 
appearance,  as  they  were  loaded  with   fruit 

*  and  bloom  at  the  same  time.     At  the  bot- 

*  tom  of  the  orchard  was  a  small  river,  with 
good  water,  and  abimdance  of  small  fish. 

.He  describes  the  Spanish  inhabitants  as  not 
unfavourable  to  the  English:  as  hospitable, 
generous,  considerate,  and  though  strongly 
attached  to  their  own  religion,  yet  they  oflfer- 
td  to  connive  at  Protestantism,  in  order  to  en- 
gage tlie  sen- ices  of  the  English.  On  the 
wpole  his  account  of  them  is  very  favourable. 
We  understand  that  a  copy  of  this  work  is  not 
to  be  procured. 

The  city  of  Cordova  mentioned  in  the 

'I^ndon  Gazette,  [see  page  193]  to  which 
the  Spanish  viceroy  nas  retired,  and  to  which 

.he  was  carrying  tne  treasure,  is  above  four 

.  Kund  red  m  i  tes  W .  of  Buenos- Ay  res  1 1  is  the 
eecof  a  Bishop,  and  has  several  fine  Con- 

'rents  in  it..    Tne  inhabitants  trade  chiefly  to 
Peru  and  Chili,  and  receive  silver  in  return  j 
the  laity  are  rich,  the  clergy  still  richer, 
0 .     Above  Buenos- Ayres  on  the  River  la  Plata, 
is  a  cataract  which  impetles  the  navigation. 

San  Sacramento,  is  a  town  ooposite 
Buenos  Ayres;  about (5O miles  above  Monte 
Video :  it  was  founded  by  the  Portuguese,  but 
ceded  to  Spain,  in  1778. 

Santa  Ve,  is  a  town  of  middle  size, 
a^ut  240  miles  from  Buenos  Ayre«« 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Liter  ART  Panorama. 

OPiRA   OE    LONDRBS. 

Un  nouveau  ballet  h^roique  Tamerlan  et 
Bajazet  a  eu  le  plus  grand  succ^  k  TOp^ra  de 
Londres,  appel^  par  excellence  le  tli^trc  du 
Roi,  King*s  Theatre.  Les  journalist es  Tont 
lou^  comme  ils  louent  tout  ce  qui  a  le  bonheur 
d'amuser  le  public  opulent  qui  fr^uente  ce 
th^Atre,  c'e&t-a-dire,  sans  mesure  et  sans  re- 
striction. L*un  d*eux  cependant,  dans  son 
z^le  pour  la  ddcence  publiquc,  assez  ouverte- 
ment  viol^e  k  la  seconde  repr^ntation  de  ce 
ballet,  nous  fait  connoltre  une  particularity 
des  moeurs  Angloisesqui  nc  laissera  pas  d'^ton- 
ner  nos  lectcurs.  *'  Nous  apprenons,  dit-U, 
**  que,  par  r usage  de  quelques  abound  qui 
•*  envoient  vendre  leurs  lilUts  en  boutique  au 
**  plus  haut  enchtrisscur,  les  loges  dequel- 
**  ques  dames  de  la  plus  grande  distinction  ont 
"  et^  souilM'-s  par  la  presence  de  femuies  per- 
**  dues  ( profligate  women)  qui,  avec  uae 
"  bande  (a  gongj  de  leurs  suivans  et  les  bil- 
**  lets  a  la  main,  en  ont  demand^  et  obtenu  la 
**  possession."  Qui  croiroit  que  des  gens  as- 
sez riches  pour  souscrire  k  un  spectacle,  oh.  les 
moindres  places  couient  12  francs,  seroient 
assez  int^ress^s  rour  faire  de  leurs  billets  un 
pareil  trafic  ?  Qui  le  croiroit,  surtout  k  Pa- 
ris, Oil  il  n'est  ps  de  pauvre  auteur  travaillant 
pour  la  Gaicf^  ou  VAmhigU'Comique,  qui  ne 
cl^daignat  un  pareil  lucre  et  qui  ne  fasse  pre- 
sent de  ses  billets,  quoiqu'il  puisse  les  r^arder 
comme  une  prtie  de  son  salaire?  On  fait- 
commerce  dc  tout  k  Londres,  nous  dira-t-on; 
nous  le  Savons  bien ;  mais  ce  nouveau  trait 
"  caract^ristique  de  I'esprit  mercantile  qui  y 
regne  ne  nous  en  a  pas  paru  moins  remarqua- 
ble  ni  moins  digne  a^tre  conserve. — Archives 
LilUraires  de  VEtirope,  No,  axviii :  Gazette 
Litttraire,  p.  ai. 

Presuming  that  you.  Sir,  like  myself,  ave 
jealous  for  tne  honor  of  the  British  nation, 
and  a>ncluding  from  the  appearance  of  the 
first  number,  that  your  work  is  more  likely 
than  any  other  to  be  read  by  the  patrons  of 
public  amusements,  and  tlie  polite  arts  in  ge- 
neral, 1  beg  leave  to  call  your  attention  to  the 
above  extract;  and  to  the  disposition  vvhich 
it  manifests  in  foreigners  to  judge  of  our  pub- 
lic character,  from  similar  occurrences. 

When  a  nation  which  is  considered  as  opu- 
lent and  enlightened,  patronizes  an  institu- 
tion of  whatever  kind,  its  character  is  more 
or  less  implicated  in  the  manner  of  conducting 
that  institution.  Whether  the  establishment 
be  strictly  speaking  national,  or  whether  the 
management  of  it  be  in  certain  individuals, 
who  are  understood  to  exert  their  best  endea- 
vours to  gratify  the  public,  makes  little  dif- 
ference ;  tlie  national  taste  is  equally  liable  to 
exceptions,  and  praise  or  blame  are  equally 
due  to  the  parties  concerned,  though  under 
di.lcrcnt  denominations. 

Foreiaincrs  are  under  the  necessity  of 
estimating  our  national  manners  from  vhat 

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[«flO 


they  observe  in  public.  They  must  judae  of 
the  wealth  and  splendour  of  the  city  of  Ijon- 
don,  not  from  the  cash  hoarded  in  our  Ban- 
kers* repositories,  in  tile  strong  room  at  the 
National  Bank,  or  in  the  Treasury  at  tHe 
East-India  House,  but  by  what  they  see  pub- 
licly exposed  in  our  streets  at  the  sliQp- win- 
dows or  our  dealers  and  tradesmen,  and  the 
innumerable  warehouses  of  valuables  from  aU 
fnrtsbf  the  earth,  which  display  their  attrac- 
tions to  fiiscinate  the  eye.  They  must  judge  of 
<mr  general  manners,  not  by  the  privacies  of 
domestic  life,  but  by  those  obvious  and  open 
incidents  which  all  may  notice,  and  which 
every  man  of  observation  will  appreciate. 

As  places  of  the  most  public  resort,  we 
know  that  foreigners  frequent  our  theatres, 
and  from  the  remarks  for  which  those  assem- 
blies afford  them  opportuitien,  they  judge,  de- 
termine, and  report,  on  the  British  national 
character.  It  is  natural  that  whoever  wishes 
well  to  the  reputation  of  his  native  country, 
should  suffer  extreme  mortification  in  being 
obliged  to  admit  the  force  of  those  censures 
of  which  sensible  observers  »are  not  sparing, 
as  to-  what  passes  in  such  places.  iV'hen 
they  affirm  *•  I  saw,"  *«  I  heard,'*  what  can 
a  modest  Briton  answer  ?— But,  it  may  be 
said,  these  censures  are  not  applicable  to  such 
theatres  as  arc  patronized  by  our  superior 
classes  :  where  the  nobles  of  our  land,  with 
their  families,  including  young  person^  of 
both  sexes,  are  in  the  habit  of  attending, 
where  the  individuals  who  frequent  them, 
being  persons  of  great  dignity  and  power,  by 
a  word  speaking,  by  promoting  a  rival  inte- 
rest, or  l>v  merely  sus|)ending  their  fax-ours, 
mifl^t  produce  serious  consequences.  In  such 
institutions  there  can  be  no  reason  to  com- 
plain of  outraged  decorum,  or  inattention  to 
public  morab.  The  compnny  is  select ;  for 
all  arc  subscribers  of  the  hfa;hest  class,  and 
of  the  highest  spirit,  who  would  not  suffer 
th?ir  names  toapix^r  in  the  same  list  as  U  de- 
graded by  names  of  dubious  character,  still 
less  if  polluted  by  names  whose  characters  are 
by  no  means  dubious.  It  is  fbr  this  rea- 
wn  I  beg  you,  Sir,  to  give  the  Opera  the  very 
first  place  in  your  animadversions.  It  is  noto- 
rious, that  the  subscription  prices  are  enor- 
mous. It  is  notorious,  that  onlv  in  the  box 
which  any  Lady  lias  appropriated  to  herself, 
can  she  venture  to  trust  herself  and  her 
family.  It  is  notorious,  that  other  jmrts  of 
the  house,  [and  one  especially]  are  occu- 
pied by  a  class  of  visitants  not  proper  to 
be  named.  1 1  is  notorious  that  persons  of  (h is 
description  do  at  times  penetrate  into  the  pri- 
vate boxes  of  some  of  our  n*")blest  fkniilics. 
Here  I  stop !  fbr  the  inferetice  most  cer- 
tainly is,  among  spectators  who  are  not  ho- 
nnuivd  by  ))erbonul  acquaintance  with  the 
ladies  whom  they  presume  tliey  see  in  their 
ol^oes,  that  niy  Lady  such  an  one,  the 
Couutess  4  hejT  Grace,  crhei  daughters 


as  the  case  mny  be,  indulged  certain    liber- 
ties,  of  practised  certain  airs  ^hich    mis- 
became her  rank.    These  circumstinccs  are 
neither  fictitious  nor  uncommon  ;  and  they 
loudly  call  on  the  Nobility  of  Britain  to  stipu- 
late expressly  with  the  Afanagerof  the  Opera 
House  for  tfie  effectual  preser\'ation  of  public 
decorum,  and  to  say  in  plain  terms,  that  **  no 
further  subscription  is  to  be  ex|)ccted,  till  it 
shall  have  been  pro>cd,  that  every  possible 
means  has  been  resorted  to  for  removing  the 
nuisance  complained  of:  not  resorted  to  by 
way  of  blind,  or  co>'er,  but  with  the  energy 
of  authority,   and  with  a  determination  to 
persist  till  the  object  be. accomplished."     It  is 
a  pity  that  a  few  of  ouf  noblemen,  as  well  as 
their  ladies,  will   not  take  this  matter  into 
their  active  consideration ;    that^  we  micrht 
neier  amiin  meet  with  sarcasms  such  as  tnat 
which  1  have  pointed  out.     It  is  not  my  in- 
tention  to  arraign,    at    this    time,  the    in- 
terior management  of  this  theatre :    but  it 
may  be  no  more  than  fair  to  state  for   tlie 
information    of   tliose    whom   it    concerns, 
that   I   have  seen    a    paper,   in  which    the 
general    conduct    of   the    Opera    was    very 
severely    criticized.      The    writer    goes    so 
far  as  to  say  that  the  manaeer  has  fulfilled  but 
few  of  the*  terms  on  whicn  he  holds  his  li- 
cence, that  he  wants  the  liberal  and  dignified 
spirit  which  is  necessary  to  conduct  the  un- 
dertaking,   that    persons  of  distinction  and 
fashion  ^rc  universally  dissatisfied,  insomuch 
that  a  patent  has  actually  been  obtained  for 
the  establishment  of  a  private  theatre  among 
the  nobility,  to  which  only  correct  characters 
should   be  admitted. — I  must  congratulate  a 
spirit  which  thus  protests  by  deeds  as  well  ;s 
words,  against  the  admission  of  iniproprieiic* 
into  its  amusements,    and    exerts   itself   to  . 
counteract  evils  which  ere  long  would  other- 
wise become  irreiiicdiablc  :  but,  should   this 
spirit  prevail,  though  all    v/ho  wish  well  to 
Britain  would  hail  it  as  the  omen  of  future 
prosperity,  yet  it  may  be  asked,  what  will 
then  be  the 'state  and  character  of  the  King's 
Tlieatre*     It  will  be  said  of  that^  as   it  is 
now  of  others,  **  Who  frequents  it?  Nobody, 
•*  who  docs  not  rhusc  to  mingle  with   ■■    ■  ■> 
•*  and  to  be  included  accordingly.'* 

The  Opera  season  not  beine:  commenc- 
ed, the  manager  has  it  in  his  |)ower  to 
take  advantage  of  these  hints  thus  publicly 
addressed  to  him,  as  well  as  of  others,  which 
1  doubt  not  reach  him  privately,  before  the  ~ 
muliipUri.y  of  affairs  absorbs  his  whole  time, 
hefore  he  sidicits  the  annual  favours  of  his 
subscribers,  before  any  previous  arrangements 
can  be  pkadcd  in  bar  to  his  efibrts,  or  as  im- 
pediments t(^uccc«3,  and  trTore  he  fcfli  him- 
self bound  by  ini{>erious  necessity  to  submit 
to  what  he  may  ttow  adopt  \\  ith  a  ver>  p;f:o'l 
grace.  The  tune  is  not  distant  when  he  will 
hear  further  on  this  subject,  and  sentiments 
deliveitd  in  more  digntfibd  tcrmS|  aitd  lu 

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301] 


Consideraiiom  en  the  Character. of  Lord  Thurlow. 


^fft 


a  more  energetic  manner  than  my  fecV)le  pen 
is  capable  of  expressing.  Nevertheless,  as  a 
woia  to  the  wise  seldom  fails  inlireiy  of  its 
intention,  sq  1  hciV;  what  I  have  stated  will 
be  perused  by  the  manager  with  attention  and 
•complacency,  and  by  the  public  as  an  instance 
ar.d  an  assurance,  that  tnere  is  rising  a  spirit 
of  obsen-aii;)!!  and  investigation  on  subjects 
which  may  with  propriety  be  considered  as 
national,  though  we  know  that,  strictly 
speaking,  they  are  rather  articles  of  private 
adventure  and  emolument,  tlian  of  public 
establishment  and  direction. 

I  am.  Sir,  yours,  &c. 

A  Man  ofPashion. 


COSrSiiiERATIONS    ON  THE  CHARACTER  OF 
LORD  THURLOW. 

For  some  account  of  hb  Life,  vide  page  215. 

The  accidents  of  life  are  in  no  profession 
more  influential  than  in  that  of  the  law. 
Talents  may  labour  without  obtaining  distinc- 
tion during  many  years ;  yet,  at  last,  some  for- 
tunate event  may  demonstrate  that  their  pos- 
sessor is  not  a  mere  dolt  who  had  been  so  long 
onlv  plodding,  but  a  man  of  capacity,  whose 
abilities  were  unable,  without  assistance,  to 
start  into  day.  On  the  contrary',  we  know 
others,  whose  first  appearance  has  been  so 
ftivourable,  that  opinion  has  marked  them 
for  dicitinction,  and  they  have  .done  little  more 
ix)  succeeding  life,  than  maintain  that  pro- 
gress towanls  celebrity  which  was  then  so 
happily  commencecL  The  talents  of  a  lawyer 
arc  not  confined  to  the  knowledge  of  nis 
profession :  this  is  necessary,  but  it  is  not  all. 
The  most  critical  acquaintance  with  black 
letter  books,  Bracton  and  Fleta,  or  Lyttle- 
ton  and  Coke,  unless  accompanied  by  mani- 
fest zeal  for  the  interest  of  a  client,  mdustr)* 
to  overcome  obstacles,  and  ingenuity  to  com- 
bine all  advantages  and  defeat  all  om.o.>ition, 
will  ef/ert  but  litlle  at  the  bar.  It  is  curi- 
ous to  ()b^r\e  by  what  diflferent  methods 
counsel  affect  to  ot^tain  celebrity.  Some  by 
adopting  a  persuasive  manner  unlock  the 
heart  of  a  witness,  and  by  a  gentleness  of 
tone  soothe  information  out  of  iiim,  which 
otherwise  would  have  been  withheld ;  others 
by  bluster,  terror,  and  storm,  think  they  in- 
duce the  most  stubborn  to  bend,  and  that 
by  these  means  they  obtain  their  wishes, 
where  less  decisive  efforts  would  have  failed. 
The  character  which  we  are  now  to  consider 
has  uniformly  been  repkonMl  am«ug  iliose  of 
the  latter  dcscjriptiop^ 

Edward  Lord  Thurlow,  was  son  of  a  re- 
spectable clergvrnan  at  Ashfield,  in  Suffolk, 
iroi|i  which  place  hjc  afterwards  took  his 
title.  Nafrpw  circumstances  prevented  his 
father  from  bestowing  on  his  education  all 
tli^  aiteutio:^  bcfpujd  |^ve  washed.    Ho  did. 


however,  all  in  his  power,  and  foicsaw  tiiet 
his  son  Edward  would  **  fi^ht  his  way  ih  the 
world."  With  this  intention  he  was  sent, 
to  Cambridge,  where  his  studies  were  pre* 
paratory  to  liis  pursuit  of  the  law  as  a  pro- 
fession. He  vvas  in  person  laijge  and  robust; 
of  a  strong  mind,  veteutive  memory,  vehe- 
ment passions,  and  so  much  addicted'  in  eariy 
life  to  pleasure,  thr  bottle,  and  gallantry* 
that  only  those  who  knew  him  intiaiatea^ 
could  calculate-  on  his  real  powers.  He 
would  lounge  away  hour  after  hour  and  day 
after  day  at  Nando*s  coffee-house,  apparently 
without  reflection ;  but  we  beUcve  wo  arc 
correct  in  stating,  that  be  laboured  mghtltf  io . 
tlie  study  of  his  profession,  while  he  seemed 
to  procure  his  knowledge  nobody  knew  how  i 
in  trutli,  the  labour  it  dost  him  was  exces- 
sive.' The  cause  which  ascertained  Mr.  Thur- 
low *s  future  rank,  was  the  famous  Doudas 
cause,  in  which  he  had  occasion  for  all  nU  • 
firmness,  diligence,  and  activity:  and  we 
have  been  repeatedly  informed,  that  the  fr^* 
ccssity  of  exertion  on  this  occasion  was  ther 
making  of  Tlmrlow.  It  will  be  recollected 
that  the  counsel  were  the  most  eminent  of  the 
English  bar ;  and  not  to  be  unequal  to  Yorke, 
Wedderburn,  Dunning,  &c.  required  every  . 
attention,  and  the  whole  mind  of  our  rising 
lawyer.  Emulation,  then,  not  to  call  it  ri- 
valship,  stimubted  Thurlow,  who,  had  he 
had  less  conspicuous  coadjutors,  or  adversa- 
ries, would  have  been  content  with  less  dis- 
tinction ;  but  being  determined  to  equal 
others,  he  in  fact,  surpassed  himself.  It  was 
understood  that  he  was  the  marked  opponent 
of  Wedderbum  5  and  that  he  was  never  better 
pleased  than  when  retained  on  the  contrary 
side.  Mr.  Thurlow  was  made  King*s  Coun- 
sel in  I7O2,  Solicitor  General  in  1770,  and 
Attorney  General  in  1771.  The  feeble  ad- 
ministration of  which  Lord  North  was  the 
head,  required  some  partizans  caj^ble,  by 
their  efirontery,  of  opposing  the  Opposition ; 
and  two  they  certainly  boasted ;  Mr.  Dun* 
das,  afterwards  Lord  Melville;  and  Thurlow,  ^ 
These  would  speak  for  Mini^ry  when  Minis- 
try would  not  speak  for  themselres ;  and  when 
wit  or  argument  had  struck  others  dumb  with 
dismay,  these  continued  to  harai^^  undis- 
mayed. In  1778  he  arrived  at  the  highest 
honours  of  his  profession,  being  created  a 
peer,  by  the  title  of  Lord  Thurlow  of  Ash- 
field, in  Suflblk;  and  Lord  High  Chancellor 
of  England.  It  was  shrewdly  suspected  that 
he  did  not  always  in  his  heart,  or  in  the  Ca- 
binet, approve  of  eveiy  step  takexi  by  the 
lan^id  statesmen  which  then  mana^  our 
affairs :  and  some  have  thought,  that  he  re^ 
tailed  the  reasonings  of  others,  though  in  his 
own  manner ;  yet  distinguished  by  sulBcient  ^ 
marks  of  resiioeness,  from  the  genuine  eina<* ' 
nations  of  his  own  mind.  He  did  what  he 
did,  nuher  because  be  CQuf/i  out  4o  bet^, 


Digitized 


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393] 


Considerations  VH  the  Character  of  Lord.  Thurhw, 


[394 


than  because  he  was  convinced  that  this  was 
(h«  very  best  that  ought  to  be  done.  On  the 
•dmtssion  of  Mr.  Pit  to  power.  Lord  Thur- 
low  was  understood  to  be  consulted  by  him 
aknost  in  the  character  of  tutors  but  the 
vouth  who,  unfledged  financier  as  he  was, 
boTSt  away  from  the  toils  of  th**  Marquis  of 
Lansdowne,  was  not  likely  to  le  lon^  under 
tutors^  At  length  they  ojicnly  differed : 
Lord  Thurlow  Iwd  unwarily  promised  to 
Mr.  Pitt,  the  next  presentation  of  ihe  Mas- 
tership of  the  Rolls :  but  when  Pep|»er  Arden 
vas  named  to  be  that  Master,  he^^ndeavoured 
nil  in  his  power  to  thwart  the  appointment, 
and  finding  it  impossible.his  ill-humour  mani- 
fested itself  more  and  more,  till  at  length  a 
separation  ensued.  His  Lordship  retired  to 
pnvate  life  in  1792,  and  gradually  declining 
in  strength  as  age  advanced,  he  diet!  at  Bright- 
on, OB  Friday  September  13,  1806,  aged  71* 

The  public  life  of  Lord  Thurlow  divides 
into  the  lawyer  and  the  statesman :  but  his 
oersonal  character  predominates  in  both. 
\Vhcn  pleading;  in  the  Douglas  cause,  he 
gave  so  much  offence  to  Mr.  Andrew  Stuart, 
a  gentleman  of  high  talents  and  honour,  and 
ajprincipal  agent  tor  the  Duke  of  Hamilton, 
(Thurlow  was  for  his  opponent,  Douglas) 
that  Mr.  Stuart  thought  proper  to  call  him 
to  account  ThurloAv  vindicated  his  conduct 
as  being  merely  professional ;  on  which,  re- 
port says*  Mr.  Stuart  asked  whether  calling 
nim  '*' scoundrel**  would  tempt  him  to  wave 
pTofesKional  protection  t  The  answer  being  in 
the  Affirmative,  the  offence  was  given,  and 
a  hostile  interview  took  place,  but  without 
serious  conseauences.  Many  were  his  allu- 
sions to  his  adversary  in  the  continuation  of 
the  trial,  not  all  of  which  did  him  honour. 

The  most  popular  period  of  his  life  was 
dunng  the  debates  on  the  Regency.  In  this 
hirbuTent  and  critical  period,  when  stiffness 
and  inflesubilit^  were  virtues  of  the  very  tirst 
order.  Lord  lliurlow,  who  possessed  these 
virtues  in  their  highest  degree,  was  precisely 
what  his  situation  required.  He  was  the 
very  Aiax  of  bis  party,  and  retired,  as  did 
that  sullen  Greek, 
*X2<  i  or  if^Tof  apsfiXff  titv  iSm<raro  iraiia^ 

Ke/f c(  T  tlfff^v  $a&f  ^((Pf   ol  ie  n  'jrathi 
T J^rnaif  fo^aXoia^    pin  is  ri  ynvmaurur 
Sts^ji  t  c{ifXa0'^ay,    fTsi  r    iMopi^o'aTo 

but  returned  again  to  the  charge,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  famous  exclama- 
tion concerning  hb  Majesty,  "  When  I  for^ 
1^  my  King,  may  God  foraet  me!**  Detrac- 
tion, however,  has  said,  that  he  had  tliat 
▼cry  morning  recehred  a  private  hint  of  the 
■lore  ^n  possibility  that  his  Majesty  would 
woover.  We  know  that  detraction  never  re- 
•tnini  henelf  to  truths  and  wi^  have  no  rea- 


son to  infer,  that,  .on  this  occasion,  she  der 
parted  from  her  general  character. 

ButthereJs  one  event  in  his  life  which 
detraction  never  dared  to  impeach  ;  we  mean 
his  extremely  handsome  attention  to  Dr. 
Johnson,  who,  wishing  to  travel  abroad  for 
his  health,  had  applied  for  an  addition  to  his 
pension.  The  reasons  which  induced  a  re- 
fusal, have  no  claim  to  a  place  in  this  ar- 
ticle ;  but  it  was  greatly  to  Lord  Thurlow's 
honour  that  he  softened  the  denial  all  in 
his  power.  The  following  is  one  of  his  let- 
ters on  this  occasion  : — 

**  To  James  Boswell,  E.«q. 

"  Sir,  I  should  have  answered  your  letter 
inmiediately ;  if  (liemg  much  engaged  when 
I  received  it)  I  had  not  put  it  in  \uy  pocket, 
and  forgot  to  open  it  till  this  mommg. 

**  I  am  much  obliged  to  you  for  the  sug- 
gestion ;  and  I  will  adopt  and  press  it  as  fJDir 
as  I  can.  The  best  aigument,  I  am  sure, 
and  I  hope  it  is  not  likely  to  fail,  is  Dr.  John- 
son's merit. — ^But  it  will  be  necessary,  if  I 
should  be  so  unfortunate  as  to  miss  seeing 
you,  to  converse  with  Sir  Joshua  on  the  sum 
It  will  be  proper  to  ask — in  short,  upon  the 
means  of  settmg  him  out.  It  would  be  a 
reflection  on  us  all,  if  such  a  man  shoidd 
perish  for  want  of  the  means  to  take  care  of 
his  health.     Your's,    &c. ^Thurlow." 

Johnsori  wished  for  jUikK),  i.  e.  the  dou- 
blinjrof  his  pension  for  one  year,  for  which 
sum  I^rd  Thurlow  gave  Johnson  leave  to  draw 
on  his  banker  j  taking  the  nominal  security  of 
his  pension. 

His  Lordship  never  was  married ;  but, 
while  a  lounger  at  Nando's,  formed  a  con- 
nection with  the  bar-maid,  whom  he  took 
from  that  station  to  his  own  house.  Report 
speaks  favourably  of  her  conduct.  He  had 
several  dauzhters  by  her;  but  during  his 
Chancellorship  his  title  was  secured  to  the 
heirs  of  his  brother  who  died  Bishop  of  Dur- 
ham. Accordingly  it  is  now  inherited  by  his 
nephew;  o   :     k     ■<    ^    -/ '  '    ;  -^ 

We  must  also  report  to  his  praise  that  he 
never  suftercd  his  private  attachment  to  in- 
terfere with  his  public  duties.  A  person  in 
the  law,  who  held  a  certain  post  under  big- 
Lordship,  applied  through  his  I/)rdship'i 
housekeeper,  for  an  olBce  of  superior  im- 
portance,  but  was  severely  repulsed,  and  pu- 
nished by  election  from  the  office  he  ht  Id ; 
with  many  threats  of  vengeance  to  the  utter- 
most on  whoever  appliedfiiJ/><'c//y  for  favours; 
Thi»  illicit  oonnecHon  subjecirtl  his  Lord- 
ship to  a  libel,  which  he  d'nr?d  not  confr>. 
vert,  and  in  which  tiie  modest  defence  of  for- 
nication ••  de  bene  ej^e,"  put  into  his  moiiih, 
was  thought  to  be  a  passable  instance  of  ri- 
dicule. 

Lonl  Thurlow  had  ricco^tomed  himself  so 
strongly  to  a  vulgar  habit  of  profane  swearing, 
that  he  was  scarcely  able  to  suspend  it.    if 

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ConstJerations  en  the  Characltr  of  Mr.  Pox. 


i:39« 


he  did  not  s>vear  in  tlie  House  of  Lords, 
while  Chancellor,  he  swore  on  the  stairs  and 
in  the  lobby  :  if  he  did  not  swear  while  at 
church,  he  could  hardly  restrain  himself  in 
the  porch :  and  this  mental  cacoethes  was  so 
inveterate,  that  his  brother,  the  bishop,  at 
length  relinquished  all  hepes  of  a  cure.  His 
Jiordshin  was  also  libelled  for  lliis  bad  habit 
in  the  Probationary  Odesj  as  whoe\er  has 
read  them  cannot  fail  of  recollecting. 

As  a  Chancellor,  we  believe,  that  Lord 
*rhurlow*s  decrees  gave  as  much  satisfaction 
as  can  generally  be  expected :  he  was  indeed, 
not  a  noviciate  in  the  composition  of  decrees 
before  he  ascended  the  bench,  if  rumour  may 
be  credited  -,  and  an  allusion  which  fell  from 
him  in  answer  to  Lonl  Bathurst,  occasioned 
by  his  project  on  the-  subject  of  tythes, 
^ve  countenance  to  this  insinuation.  Whe- 
ther the  time  he,  took  **  to  consider,'*  always 
met  with  the  approbation  of  the  parties  to  a 
«uit,  we  arc  not  able  to  alRrm. 

There  are  no  qualities  of  the  mind  but  may 
be  useful  in  their  proper  places ;  and  in  cer- 
tain conjunctions  of  circumstimces,  they  may 
be  extremely  important :  there  are  no  minds 
80  elevated  but  they  may  be  degraded  by  bad 
habits.  These  principles  are  not  only  found- 
ed in  nature,  but  are  justified  by  the'instance 
!)efore  u?.  We  should  be  glad  that  his  suc- 
cessors might  consider  some  things  in  Lord 
Thuriow  as  exemplary;  others  we  heartily 
wish  them  skill>  Virtue,  and  perseverance,  to 
Avoid. 


CONSIDERATIONS   ON  THE    CHARACTER 
OF  MR.    FOX. 

Y'  (See  pages  215  and  2I()0 

*^  TttAT  mingled  good  and  evil  which  per- 
vades all  the  principled  and  events  of  this 
world,  confounds  the  reasonings  of  the  most 
considerate  and  perplexes  the  desires  of  the 
most  sagacious.  The  dull  monotony  of  com- 
mon-place sensations,  which  indicates  rather 
£he  ahsence  of  want  of  feeling,  than  tlie 
lively  activiu'  of  vigorous  seniiment  may 
wear  away  fife  •  with  little  occasion  of  self*- 
reproach,  but  with  still  less  of  self  gratula- 
tion :  it  is  like  the  relaxed  wire  of  an  instru- 
ment, which  though  struck  by  a  master's 
hand,  and  thou^  it  may  be  seen  to  vibrate, 
yiekb  no  perceptible  note  :  it  is  like  the  stag- 
nant pond  whose  waters  however  impelled  pre- 
nerve  their  dead  level,  and  having  no  outlet  in- 
dicate no  tendency  but  that  of  re«z;aining  their 
,  equilibrium  in  the  shortest  time  ix)ssible.. 
W  ho  wishes  to  resemble  such  characters  ? 

But  the  opposite  extreme  has  d(sad\'antages 
^uallv  dangerous.  A  mind  easily  agitated, 
a  rapi^  and  lively  conception,  a  creative  fancy, 
a  vigorous  intellect,  an  extensive  comprehen- 
sion of  objects,  a  just  appreciation  of  tneir  ex- 
cellencici;  whatever  constitutes  genius,  what- 
titr  uvuiifeftfi  tastc^  whether  it  dazzle  in  the 


blaze  of  elocution,  or  astonish  In  the  diun-' 
der  of  rhetoric,  alas,  it  is  accompanied  by 
passions  so  violent,  and  propensities  so  over-^ 
oearing,  that  like  a  wire  dver  stretched,  the 
slightest  vibration  snaps  it :  like  a  cataract,  it 
rushes  with  accumuhting  velocity  adown  that 
precipice  whence  it  falls  into  the  fathomless 
gulph  below. 

The  province  of  Edncation  is,  to  correct  the 
imperfections  of  nature,  to  impart  a  modest 
confidence  to  the  timid,,  by  a  conviction 
of  competent  ability :  but  to  check  the  sallies 
of  the  vehement,  and  to  restrain  the  advances 
of  the  forward :  to  prevent  passion  from  get- 
ting the  start  of  reason,  and  to  gain  time 
for  attention  to  the  gentle  admonition* 
of  prudence.  It  is  the  placid  Minerva^ 
who  descends  from  heaven  to  restrain  the 
violent  Achilles ;  . 

While  half  unsheath'd  appears  the  glittering  blade |' 
She  whispers  soft,  his  vengeance  lo  controul. 
And  calm  the  rising  tempest  of  his  soul* 

What  then  is  the  situation  of  that  youth 
who  deriving  from  nature  intellectual  power* 
of  no  ordinary  description,  with  all  that 
eagerness  of  temper  which  accompanies  them, 
has  never  been  benefited  by  the  soot'iiog  les- 
sons of  education,  but  in^amed  by  parental 
indulgence ;  never  taught  to  pause,  and  by 
pausing  to  detect  and  abandon  error,  but  im- 
j>elled  by  native  impetuosity,  and  flattering 
himself  that  all  is  well,  he  boldly  persevere? 
till  the  brink  of  the  precipice  sinks  beneatli 
his  feet. 

And  when  he  falls,  he  falU  like  Lucifer^ 
Never  to  hope  again. 

Tlie  errors  of  genius  are  notorious  ad  well  as 
kuncntable,  and  e\'er  will  the  superficial  in*, 
spector  wish,  and  repeat  his  wishes,  for  a 
combination  of  the  virtues  attendant  on  men« 
tal  powers  t)f  the  first  order-^^— without  their 
vices.  It  is  otherwise  ordainbo:  va- 
rious c^^uses  may  promote  one  and  restraii\ 
the  other,  but  an  entire  separation  is  not  to  be 
expected,  till 

Earth  repossesses  what  to  man  she  gave, 
And  the  free  spirit  mounts  on  wings  ot  fire. 

Charles  James  Fox  was  the  second  son  o^ 
Henry  Fox,  afterwards  Lord  Holland; 
He  was  bom  Jan.  13,  O.  S.,  1749.  His 
father  early  discovered  in  him  striking  token* 
of  genius  and  abilities,  and  being  himselT 
in  Otlice,  his  son  was  gradually  initiated  into 
the  management  of  business,  and  saw  at 
It^ast  the  routine  of  it,  in  his  boybh  days# 
There  are  not  wanting  those  who  a^rm  that 
he  read  his  father's  dispatches,  at  the  samtf 
period  as  he  amused  himself  with  spinning 
his  top ;  and  that,  on  one  occasion,  af^er 
having  perused  a  very  long  letter  written  with 
Lord  Holland*s  own  hand,  he  discovered- 
I  his  opinion  of  its  contents  by  cqmmitting  it 
^  IQ.  tlie  lire !~  His  father,  wiio.oeYer  oontn^ 


Digitized  by  ^OOQIC 


^97) 


Considerations  on  the  Character  cf  Mr.  For, 


[39» 


dieted  him,  and  possibly  too  was  sensible  of  |   he  placed  in  the  very  post  of  honour,  in  the 


dieted  him,  and  possibly  too  was  sensible  oi  i    ne  piacea  m  me  very  jws 
the  justness  of  the  verdict,  patiently  wrote  ;    very  pathw^ay  of  anibiuon.     At  *  time  pf  life. 
—  "     *  when  others  are  supposed  to  have  acquired  . 

barely  •  wisdom  » nough  to  goyem  themselves. . 
he  was  understood  to  poss^ess  sufficient   to 
govern  the  nation.     Afii  he  meant  that  his  : 
governing  spirit  should  be  k<K>\vn  :  unused  to  - 


another.  Lord  Holland  was  esteemed  a  saga- 
cious character  ;  but,  of  what  advantage  was 
parental  sagacity,  if  it  never  controuled  the  ex- 
centrictties  of  those  to  whom  its  admonitions 
were  due  ?  Tutors  and  governors  indeed  were 
called  into  attendance,  but  self-government 
was  an  accomplishment  which  ypun^  Fox 
never  learned.  Whatever  could  be  purchased 
from  hirelings  was  purchased ;  but  how  small 
a  proportion  of  the  complete  gendeman  can 
hireling  instruction  communicate  ? 

The  temper  of  Charles  was  forwan),  pre- 
dominant,   vehement ;    at  the  same  time  it 
was  open.    Candid,    and  manlv.     He  was 
thought  qualified  to  take  the  lead,  and  the 
loui  he  readily   took.     His  opinion  was  ex- 
pected,   and  ne  frankly  gave    his  opinion. 
All  were  supposed  to  notice  him,   and  he 
dashed  into  notice,  ex  animo.    He  was  educa- 
ted at  Wesminister  and  at  Eton,  where  he  ob- 
tained  distinction :  his  studies  were  not  se- 
vere :  his  happy  genius,  and  retentive  memory, 
enabled  him  to  acquire  advantages  for  which 
others  are  beholden  to  labour.     From  Eton 
he  went  to  Oxford,  where  his  stay  was  not 
long:    from  whence,  his    &ther,  impatient 
to  behold  him  a  man  of  consequence,  sent 
him  over  Europe,  to  make  what  was  called 
the  Grand  Xour.     There  can  be  no  doubt,- 
but  many  advantages  attended  that  rational 
inieroourse    with    continental    courts,     and 
foreign  statesmen,  which  was  offered  by  the 
Grand  Tour.      It  afforded  many  opportunities 
of  -ebservation,  it  admitted  those  who  were 
capable  of  profiting  by  the  privilege  to  an  in- 
sist into  tne  characters  of  men,  and  they 
Were  usually  men  of  ability,  whose  manner 
of  discharging  the  duties  of  their  important 
employments,  was  well  calculated  to  impress 
ana  improve  tlie  youthful  mind^    But  it  also 
albrdeci  opportunities  of  the   most  flagrant 
licentiousness,  and  being  performed  at  that 
period  of  life,  when  the  blood  boils  in  the 
veins  of  j^outh :  it  became  the  means  by  which 
many  thoughtless  English  heirs  were  ruined 
in  body,  mind,  and  outward  estate.     Among 
this  number  was  Charles    Fox,    who   had 
disencumbered  himself  of  his  patrimony  before 
he  had  attained  the  age  of  manhood.    Pre- 
cocious in  every  thing,  a  fribble  to  excess  in 
ibess,  and  appearance,  an  adventurer  with- 
out reserve,  at  dice  and  cards ;  always  a  leader, 
and  usually  a  loser  too»    The  last  bill  drawn 
on  Lord  Holland>  by  his  sons,  was  from  Na- 
ples, for  a  debt  of  honour,  value  ^36,000. 
Nor  could  they  stir  till  this  was  paid. 

Returned  to  England,  Mr.  Fox  was,  when 
under  twen^  one  years  of  age,  admitted  into 
the  House  ot  Commons,  as  representative  for 
the  borough  oi  Midhurst.  Tne  expectations 
formed  from  his  talents  caused  this  irre- 
IMilarity    to  be  overlooked ;    and  thus    was 


meet  rebuffs,    he   thundered  at   ^hose  who  • 
opposed  him,  stood  forward  as  the  champion  ' 
of  Ministry,  vindicated  the  famous  election ' 
of  Col.  Lvttrell  for  Middlesex,  and  derided 
Johnny  AVilkes  and  his  partisans,  witli^all 
the    powers   of  lungs,    laughter,  and    elo- 
quence.    Never  will  the  excess  in  vvhich  he  . 
indulged  himself,  never  will  the  appellation 
**  scum  of  the  earth,**  whicli  he  liberally 
bestowed  on  the  Freeholders  of  Middlesex,  •. 
be  forgotten..    In  return,  he  was  told,  that . 
the  scum    would  ever  be    uppermost,    that 
the'**  Young  Cub,"  was  not  yet  Old  Re^mard, 
and  that  Fjench  Taylors  never  made  English 
Statesmen,     His    family   interest,    and   hia  t 
personal  talent^  procured  him  a  seat  at  the 
board  of  Admiralty  j  he  was  here  a  junior,  . 
but  being  d^ied  the   influence  of  a  senior, 
he  resigned  in    disgust  i  he    was    a    second 
time  appointed,    but  wa^  now  removed  to 
the  Treasury,  where  he  differed  in  opinion 
with  the  Premier,  and  wa^  dismissed.    He 
could  not  preside,  and  he  would  not  submit,  • 
but  being  restive  his  oame  was  om'Utedy  in  . 
Lord  North's  phrase,  from  a  new  commission 
for  managing  that  department  of  state.     He 
was  now  about  25  years  of  age :  extremely 
corpulentin  person :  notorious  tor  his  amours, 
addicted  to  the  extremes  of  what  was  called 
fashion ;  and  he  even  disgraced    the  honest 
plainness  of  the  English  character  by  the  . 
coxcombry  of  wearing  red  heels  to  his  shoes, 
with  every  other  mark  of  the  petit  mctitre: 
Bien  poudr^,  bien  frisc,  tout  k  fait  un  Marquis! 
His  time  was  devoted  to  the  gaming-table'; 
he  played  at  the  clubs,  till  credit  was  ba-' 
nished,  and  rcadtf  money  was  enacted  to  be 
indtsptnsible.     His  connections  were  exten- 
sive among  the  monej'-lendino;  jc^Ts  j    and ' 
when   the  old  arts  of  obtaining  were   ex- ' 
hausted,  his  ingenuity  ?n  devising  new,  was ' 
the     admiration    of    his    associates.      Ever 
forward,  the  leader,   the  head,  the  i)recursor 
of  his  compnions,  he  was  distinguished  no 
less  by  the  intrepidity  of  his  career,  than  by 
the  superiority  of  his  intellect. 

But  the  superiority  of  his  intellect  did  not' 
always  secure  Mr.  Fox  from  beina  a  dupe  to 
the  arts  of  others ;  report  atlachccf  to  him  the 
incident  of  having  designed  to  repair  his  ruin- 
ed fortunes,  by  marriage  with  a  West-Indian 
lady  of  immense  value !  pointed  out  to  him 
by  a  kind  lady-guardian,  but,  unluckily,  net 
visible  to  day  !  His  benevolent  introdu^trest 
hoped  for  better  fortune  on  the  morrow ;  on 
.  the  morrow  he  was  again  at  his  post,  **  to-' 
**  monow  and  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow*  ,'* 
04 


Digitized  Wy  CjOOQ  IC 


399] 


ConstAtratinns  on  Ihe  ChGraclerqf  Kir,  Fox. 


t^OO 


5^ 


but,  an  unwelcome  infltmmation  iu  the c^cs ! 
rendered  an  interview  impossible.  Tliis  de- 
lusion was  at  lenj^h  dissipated  by  the  oiHcers 
of  justice  rccognizins  an  old  acquaintance  in 
the  lady  who  was  visible,  and  who,  it  after- 
wards appeared,  under  the  sanction  of  in- 
timacy among  the  nobility,  '<  witness  a  cer- 
'*  tain  chariot  which  might  be  seen  in  at- 
"  tendance,  day  after  day,  for  hours  toge- 
•*  ther,  at  her  residence,*'  had  advertised 
••  Places  at  Court,  to  be  disposed  of.'*  A  scene 
in  a  comedy  of  Footc*s  commemorates  this 
Lncident. 

Being  dismissed  from  the  treasury*,  Mr. 
Fox  entered  the  lists  of  opposition  ;  and  here 
he  soon  was  leader.  His  talents  were  of  the 
first  order  in  debate ;  he  excelled  ocry  speaker 
in  discovering  the  weaknesses  of  his  antago- 
nist's ari^ments.  He  could  set  the  minister's 
propositions  in  so  many  different  lij^hts,  ^ra- 
luaily  deprive  them  of  what  reasonings  they 
might  justly  claim  :  supply  them  with  suopo- 
siiitious  arguments,  connite  these,  ana  so 
thoroughly  embarrass  the  whole,  that  the  mi- 
nister coiild  scarcely  recognize  his  own  off- 
spring, sH-addled  as  it  was  in  the  envelopes 
with  which  Mr.  Fox  had  disguised  it.  It 
was  now  that  among  the  opponents  of  the 
American  war,  Mr.  Vox  acquired  popularity  j 
«nd  he  deser\ed  it,  if  unwearied  efforts,  unH- 
mited  rehemence  of  debate,  and  a  manly 
soundness  of  judgment,  could  deserve  it :  but 
he  passed  many  years  in  attack  before  the  for^ 
tress  of  gjovemment  submitted  to  the  besiegers. 
I^rd  North  ^vas,  certainly,  not  the  minister 
required  by  the  times  in  wnich  it  was  his  lot 
to  conduct  the  state :  yet  the  violence  of  M  r. 
Fox  rendered  it  unsafe  for  Lord  North  to  re- 
•ign,  and  he  held  his  situation,  not  so  nmch 
to  despite  his  antagonist  as  to  secure  himself. 
But  the  defences  of  ministry  were  gradually 
weakened,  till  at  length  the  opposition  be- 
cn;ne  the  stronger  party,  and  the  leaders  of 
the  outs  burst  into  the  Cabinet.  Mr.  Fox 
was  now  ap))ointed  Secretary  of  State,  and 
found  the  advantage  of  an  early  acquaintance 
with  business :  he  conducted  the  affairs  of  his 
office  with  dignity  and  dispatch.  The  death 
•f  the  Marqu»  of  Rockingham  was  a  mean 
of  dissolving  this  ministry,  and  the  reins  of 
sco^emnient  were  committed  to  L^rd  Shel- 
t)ume,  aftenvards  Marquis  of  Lansdowne. 
Mr  Fox  went  out;  but  quickly  forming  the 
famous  coalition  with  Lord  North,  w*l)ose 
principles  he  had  formerly  reprobated  with- 
out modesty  or  reservation,  and  whose  head 
he  had  repeatedly  threatened  in  the  most  op- 
probrious terms,  he  aoain  rose  to  power.  But 
the  spWt  of  the  British  nation  w^as  offended  ; 
this  union  of  parties,  formerly  so  embittered 
against  each  other,  was  thought  to  be  imnatu- 
ra| ;  and  the  opinion,  or  mther^  the  feeling 
of  the  people  abhorred  the  connection.  Sen- 
sible that  he  was  not  now  the  man  of  the  peo- 


ple, neither  was  he  truly  the  man  of  tlie 
king,  he  meditated  a  continuation  in  power 
independent  of  both  peQ|>le  and  king,  and 
such,  it  is  probable,  would  have  been  tlie  issxm 
had  his  famous  iodia  bill  become  a  law  :  the 
additional    oatninage  which  that   included, 
would  have  been  tlie  impregnable  bulwark  of 
his  permanence.     We  urelend  not  to  know  in 
what  light  he  described  this  bill  to  his  Majes* 
ty ;  but  it  is  certain  that  otlier  of  his  Majes- 
ty*8  friends  described  it  very  differently,  and 
the  bill  was  stifled  in  the  House  of  i^rds  in  a 
manner  entirely  unusial.     In  the  event,  the:^ 
Kin»  threw  himself  on  his  people,  his  people 
supported  dicir  king;    and  the  parliaiment, 
then   governed   by    ^Ir,   Fox,    wa»  almost 
wholly  rcno\atcd.     Mr*  Fox  and  his  fellow 
minbters  having  resigned  of  course,  he  re- 
sumed his  station  at  the  head  of  tlie  opposi- 
tion.    Here  he  did  many  essential  senioes  to 
his  country ;  some  pro|)Ositions  he  caused  to 
be  new  modified :  some  few  he  happily  set 
aside,  and  many  a  hint  which  induced  cau- 
tion, if  nothing  more,  did  Mr.   Pitt  receive 
from  his  acute  dincrimination.     On  the  ques- 
tion of  the  regency,  the  opinion  of  the  pub^ 
lie  was  with  Mr.  Pitt:  and  the  doctrines  of 
Mr.  Fox  were   not  popular  in  the  nation. 
Mr.  Fox  varied  them  once  or  twice,  by  which 
he  lost  time ;  and   ne\'er  was  any  man  more 
completely  a  dupe  to  his  o^-n  artifice,  than  he 
was  in  proposing  a  re-cxnmination  of   the 
Royal  Patient  by  the  consulting  physicians. 
The   loss  of  this  opportunity  was  the  loes  of 
the  whole  object ;  time  was  gained;  the  Rovat 
Patient  recmered,  to  the  infinite  ioy  of  bb 
subjects,  whose  steady  conduct  during;   the 
painful  !ntcr\'a]  ought  never  t^  be  mentioned 
without  apnbuse,  and  tothe  disappointment, 
so  far  as  their  admission  to  power   was  in 
cjuestion,  of  Mr.  Fox  and  his  friends  who  had 
indul<j;t*d  ex))ectatioRs. 

Mr.  Fox<lisplayed  his  good  opinion  of  the 
French  revolution  without  reserve,  in  its  ear* 
liest  stages  :  lie  even  ventured  to  predict  glori- 
ous events  as  arismg  from  it :  but  events  dis- 
credited his  predictions,  and  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  he  felt  much  regret  at  the  charac- 
ter which  that  sanguinary  convulsion  after- 
wards assumed.  His  quarrel  with  Mr.  Burke, 
in  consequence  of  his  separation  from  tliat  po- 
litical father,  must,  unquestionably,  have^ 
been  painful;  for  Mr.  I^ox,  tliongh  ambi* 
tious,  hikd  not  suffered  ambition  to  destroy  the 
sentiments  uf  friendship.  Mr.  B.  maintain- 
ed a  hauteur  which  affected  a  superiority  over 
his  friend,  and  effecmally  precluded  tl)eir  re- 
conciliation. Mr.  FoK,  took  occasion  after 
a  long  contest  with  Mr.  Pitt,  as  he  said, 
fruitlessly,  to  secede  from  liis  place  in  the 
House :  this  step  has  been  loudly  blamed : 
certainly  it  shewed  that  he  Uiougbt  little  of 
tlie  importance  attached  to  a  member  of  the 
JFUtenagemotc  of  the  country,  wherein  t» 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


401] 


Poetry, — Retrospection, 


[403 


individual  can  tell  what  importance  may  arise 
•at  o(  his  advice  and  opinion.  But  this  seces- 
sion was  precisely  in  cnamcter  for  a  man  who 
ifiected  tlK*  power  of  a  Dictator,  and  because 
be  could  not  dictate  would  not  condescend  to 
advise.  Whether  Mr.  Fox  might  have  come 
into  office  when  Mr.  Pitt  went  out,  and  the 
present  Lord  Sidmouth  became  minister,  or 
at  fluy  time  since,  we  cannot  affirm.  Perhaps 
the  terms  thit  were  offered  were  unfit  for  his 
acceptance :  perhaps  he  could  not  consistently 
with  hb  veracity  and  honour  accept  them  ; 
he  that  as  it  might,  his  way  to  power  was  not 
clear  till  death  had  deprived  the  country  of 
Mr.  Pitt's  services:  when  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  recommending  a  ministerial  arrange- 
ment, included  Mr.  Fox.  He  held  the  place 
of  Secretary  of  State  for  a  few  montlis,  and 
was  barely  settled  in  office  when  he  died. 

In  estimating  the  character  of  a  minister, 
the  good  he  has  done  must  guide  our  o}>inion, 
but  the  character  of  an  oppositionist  nmst  be 
estimated  by  the  evil  he  has  prevented  :  always 
ptmided  that  the  measures  pursued  to  effect 
that  pre\'ention  be  legal  and  commendable. 
How  far  thb  proviso  applies  to  the  mission  of 
Mr.  Adair  into  Russia  for  the  purpose  of 
counteracting  Mr.  Pitfs  negociations  there, 
we  cannot  tell.  The  whole  of  the  facts  in 
that  case  arc  not  before  the  public.  We  have 
alreidy  stated  that  the  advantages  which  the 
nation  in  a  domestic  point  oi  view  derived 
from  the  opposition  of  Mr.  Fox,  were  eon- 
sidendde ;  and  the  liberal  principles  which  he 
professed  in  religion,  in  trade,  Sec.  procured 
nim  many  adherents.  Nor  was  he  destitute 
of  friends  j  and  when  his  circumstances  were 
ledticed  beyond  recovery,  a  number  of  tJic?c 
ejected  an  nnsaleable  annuity  on  his  life, 
which  rendered  his  latter  days  comfortable. 

Mr.  Fox  \\*as  allied  by  birth,  or  by  con- 
nection, with  many  of  our  noblest  fainilies : 
Inithb  character  was  formed  by  himself,  and 
by  circumstances.  His  father  had  been  an 
opponent  of  William  Pitt,  afterwards  Lord 
Chatham,  and  thb  opposition  descended  to 
their  sons. 

Each  of  the  fathers,  too,  had  trained  up  his 
<on  with  unlimited  attention  and  expense,  had 
infused  the  principles  of  ambition  in  their 
strongest  vforms  into  his  youthful  mind,  had 
prepared  him  for  the  high  station  he  was  ex- 
pected to  occupy,  and  thus  neither  could 
oear  a  rival.  Jut  Ccesar  eutt  nuilus  was  the 
potto  which-  each  might  have  adopted ; — 
out  Mr.  Fox  was  not  destined  to  be  Cfaesar. 
.  Had  Lord  Holland  been  a  popular  character 
instead  of  being  branded  and  petitioned  against 
f  a  "public  defaulter j"  had  his  son  been 
jntrodoccd  much  later  into  public  life,  had 
pe  tempered  his  vivacity  by  sober  reflection, 
instead  of  heating  his  blooii  by  liquors,  and 
"tt  mind  by  the  chances  of  the'  dice ;  had  he 
taken  hb  due  station  at  first,  instead  of  insist- 


ing on  guiding  affairs  before  he  was  well 
acq uain.ted  •  with  them»  and  had  he  waited 
till  experience  had  qualified  him  in  the  eves 
of  others  as  well  as  in  his  own,  Mr.  Fox, 
MUST  have  been  the  first  man  in  the  state* 
and  probably  would  have  shone  in  the  pages 
of  our  history,  with  a  steady  illumination  of 
glory,  not  unequal  to  that  of  our  most  ho- 
noured statesmen. 

Those  talents  would  have  been  developed 
in  the  man,  which  could  only  be  budding  in 
tlie  youth  :  and  who  was  bound  to  submit  to 
embrio  abilities  ?  If  ever  there  was  a  charac- 
ter tlirown  awav  in  early  life,  by  being  pre- 
maturely ur^jierf  into  publicity,  Charles  Fox 
was  that  character :  if^ever  the  most  valuable 
gifts  of  nature  wene  rendered 'una>^ing  by 
notorious  dissipation,  and  want  of  UKuals, 
they  were  those  bestowed  on  Charles  Fq%.i 
if  ever  any  ambition  was  constantly  delud- 
ed by  hope,  but  hope,  e\'ancscent  and  fleet- 
ing, it  was  the  ambition  of  ^is  eminent 
statesman :  he  was  permitted  to  touch  autho- 
rity, but  not  to  grasp  it :  he  wore  it  for  an 
instant,  but  could  not  call  it  his  own ;  and 
when,  apparently,  he  mijfht  have  continued 
to  enjoy  it,  he  was  seated  in  office,  ncA  tif. 
give  importance  to  his  fife,  but  dignity  to  his 
death :  his  friends  were  called  to  lamfiit 
his  loss,  while  his  country,  looking  wistfully 
around  for  the  senrlccs  he  had  jjcrformed, ' 
rested  her  hopes  on  those  which  she  gave  liin^. 
credit  for  the  abifit}^  of  performing. 


POETRY. 

RETROSPECTION  AND  RECOLLECTION  : 
By  Henry  Francis  GrnfiiUf  Esj, 

RRTRO;«Fr.CTION. 

GoNR  by  Ss  the  time  when  the  sun's  closing  ligljt 
Witnessed  childhood  still  eager  on  frolic  and 
play; 
And  *ere  Morning's  beam  had  salyted  the  sigfa^ 

Forsaking  repose  to  retrace  pleasure's  way. 
Gone  by  is  ihe  time,  when,  no  more  pleased  with 
toys, 
Manhood  soared  on  the  pinions  of  &ncy  and 
hope; 
Expectation  still  pointing  to  unposjtessed  joys. 

And  confidence  scorning  with  wisdom  to  co|^. 
And  ah  !  too,  gone  by  is  the  exquisite  grief 
Which  invaded  my  bosom  as  truth  met  rar 
view. 
When,  first  umJeceheJ,  I  renounced  the  belief 
That  love  was  ne'er  £utblcss»  or  friendship  uo*^ 
true. 

But  what  still  remains,  and  will  never  go  by^ 
Even  though  winter's  frost  pours  her  ice  ui  mf 
veins, 

Is  the  feeling  which  constantly  rroistens  my  eye> 
As  I  turn  with  disgust  from  humaoity's   aias* 


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Poetry, — tlecollection — The  Mammoih. 


t404 


Aft  I  view  in  repentance  shame's  feverish  glow, 

A$  I  hear  ineffectual  labour  repine, 
M  I  sec  talent  silently  nourish  its  woe> 

And  mis'ry»  despairing,  ite  last  hope  resign ; 
This  ne'er  will  go  by  ;  no,  this  ne'er  will  decay ; 
This  feeling  God  gave  when  he  first  ga^e  me 
breath: 
And  when  time  shall  make  other  sensations  its 
prey, 
IXii  shall  cheer,  though  it  hasten,  my  passage 
to  death. 


BECOLLBCTiON. — TO    hVCYt, 
Dear  Lucy,  unthinking  improvident  maid, 

"WUither  tends  this  delirium  that  leads  us  astray  ? 
Utbus  fond  indulgence  on  thy  part  repaid? 
And  oij  mine— am  I  pleasing  thee,  but  to  be- 
tray? 
Kot  thee  do  I  blame  ;  trifling,  idle,  and  vain, 
}/[j  experience  1  placed  'gainst  thine  innocent 
youth  ; 
To  Passion's  wild  wish  gave  an  unbridled  rein, 
And  stole  on  the  treasure  allotted  to  truth. 
The  rose  of  thy  morn  blooms  now.  fragrant  and 
lair ; 
Shall  1  tear  and  scatter  its  leaves  to  the  gale. 
Or  tenderly  watch  o*tr  the  flow'ret  with  care. 

And  bid  it  still  bloom,  and  embellish  the  vale  ? 
tiitiu  caiist  never  be  mine  j— shall  1  blemish  thy 
name. 
And  snatch  fleeting  rapture  unsanction'd  and 
base. 
Unfeeling  consign  thee  to  sorrow  and  shame. 

And  leave  to  thine  age  guilty  days  to  retrace  ? 
To  thine  age— when,  alas !  on  thy  couch  thou 
Shalt  lie. 
Pain  and  sickness  embittering  life's  final  close  j 
Shall  /  through  remembrance  givt  birth  \o  the 
sigh, 
"Which  will  rob  of  repentance  its  look'd-for  re- 
pose? 
Ko,  never :  still  pure,  still  reproachless,  remain  ; 
fife  thy  youth  and  thine  age  from  remorse  ever 
free: 
lie  thy  blush  of  tweet  innocenca  still  without 
stain; 
And  be  still  priiM  by  others,  as  well  as  by  me. 

THE     MAMMOTH. 
Soon  as  the  deluge  ceas'd  to  pour 
The  flood  of  death  from  shore  to  shore, 

A»d  verdure  smiVd  again ; 
Hatch'd  amidst  elemental  strife, 
1  sought  the  upper  realms  of  life. 

The  tyrant  of  the  plain* 
On  India's  shores  my  dwelling  lay  ; 
Gigantic,  as  i  roam'd  for  prey. 

All  nature  took  to  flight  1 
At  my  approach  the  lofty  wooda 
Submissive  bow'd,  the  trembling  floods 

Drew  backvrard  with  aff^right. 


Creation  felt  a  general  shock . 

The  screaming  Eagle  sought  the  rock> 

The  Elephant  was  slain ; 
Affrighted,  Men  to  caves  retreat, 
Tygers  and  Leopards  lick'd  my  feet, 

And  own'd  my  lordly  reign. 

Thus  many  moons  ray  course  I  ran^ 
The  general  foe  of  beast  and  man,' 

Till  on  one  fatal  day. 
The  Lion  led  the  bestial  train. 
And  I,  alas !   was  quickly  slain. 

As  gorgd  with  food  I  lay. 

With  lightning's  speed  the  rumour  spread, 
*«  Rejoice!  Rejoice!  the  Mammoth's  dead, 

Resounds  from  shore  to  shore. 
Pomona,  Ceres,  thrive  again. 
And  laughing  join  the  choral  strain, 

**  'The  Mammoth  is  no  moie." 

In  earth's  deep  caverns  long  imraur'd. 
My  skeleton  from  view  secur'd, 

in  dull  oblivion  lay ; 
Till  late,  with  industry  and  toil, 
A  youth  subdu'd  the  stubborn  soil. 

And  dragg'd  me  forth  to  day. 

In  London  late  my  form  was  shown. 
And  while  the  crowd  o'er  every  bone 

Inclin'd  the  curious  head ; 
In  wonder  lost  my  form   they  ey'd. 
And  pleas'd  in  fancied  safety  cried, 

**  Thank  Hcav'n,  the  monster's  dead  I** 

Oh  mortals,  blind  to  future  ill. 
My  race  yet  lives,  it  prospers  still  ( 

Nay — start  not  with  surprise : 
Behold,  from  Corsica's  •small  islej 
Twin-bom  in  cruelty  and  guile,- 

A  second  Mammoth  rise  \ 

He  seeks,  on  fortune's  billows  horup 
A  land  by  revolution  torn, 

A  prey  to  civil  hate ; 
And,  seizing  on  a  lucky  time. 
Of  Gallic  frenzy,  Gallic  crime, 

Assumes  the  regal  state. 

Batav'ian  freedom  floats  in  air, 
The  patriot  Swiss,  in  deep  despair^ 

Deserts  his  native  landj 
While  haughty  Spain  her  monarch  sees 
Submissive  wait,  on  bended  knees. 
The  tyrant's  dread  command. 

All  Europe  o'er  the  giant  stalks ; 
Whole  nations  tremble  as  he  walkt^ 

But  see !  to  check  his  sway. 
Again  appears  the  Northern  B<^, 
The  Prussian  Eagle  soars  in  air. 

And  pounces  on  her  prey. 

Yet,  ah !  a  storm  begins  to  low'r  | 
Sadate  with  cruelty  and  pow'r, 

At  ease  the  monster  lies : 
Lion  of  Briuin,  led  by  you. 
If  Europe's  sons  the  fight  renew^ 

A  second  Mammoth  dies. 


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Ohervanda  extema.-^Ameflca.'^Iknmari.— Prance. 


iAxA 


OBSERVANDA  EXTERNA. 

AMERICA. 

Literature  in  Louisiana, 
Since  Louisiana  is  become  a  part  of  the 
United  States,  two  literary  Societies  have 
been  formed  there;  one  at  New-Orleans, 
which  publishes  monthly  a  journal  intended 
to  render  the  country  better  known  ;  the  other 
at  Natchcs,  on  the  river  Mississippi. 

DENMARK. 

Travels  in  Greenland. 
Coonsellor  Gieseke  of  Copenhagen,    has 
obtained  leave  from  the  Kin^  of  Denmark  to 
make  a  geographical  and  mmeralogtcal  jour- 
key  in  Greenland. 

Ingemtity  in  Gaol. 

*  A  native  of  Liege,  called  Beaumont,  en- 
dowed with  a  particular  inventive  genius, 
died  latelv  in  the  gaol  of  Copenhagen,  where 
he  had  been  confined  for  having  abused  his 
abilities,  by  counterfeiting  bank  notes.  While 
in  prison,  'with  the  assistance  of  government 
ami  money  supplied  by  a  Dane,  a  man  of 
wealth,  he  had  succeeded  in  making  straw- 
paper,  which  is  equal  in  polish  and  solidity 
to  any  paper  known.     He  nad  also  imagined 

"  for  tlie  jjaper  currency  a  water-  mark,  which 
eould  not  be  imitated.  His  inventions  are 
Hire  of  surviving  their  author.  His  partner 
will  continue  manufacturings  the  straw-paper 
according  to  his  new  process;  and  his  widow 
has  been  in\ited  to  Vienna,  where  she  will 
receive  a  liberal  premium  for  the  secret  of  the 
water-mark.  She  has  likewise  inherited  three 
or  four  other  secrets  which  she  intends  selling 
In  various  parts  of  Europe. 

FRANCE. 

Galvanic  Barometer. 
By  means  of  the  successful  combination  of 
the  ^lecuom^tre  with  gold  leaves,  and  that 
"with  scre:ws,  Mr.  Marechaux  has  contrived 
•n  instrument  well  calculated  to  indicate  the 
amallett  quantities  of  electricity  and  of  gal- 
vanism. Professor  Veau  de  Lannai  is  of 
opinion,  that  the  observations  made  with 
this  histrument  are  more  exact  than  those 
made  with  the  barometer,  to  fbretcl  rain, 
tnd  in  general  the  variations  in  the  state  of 
the  atmosphere. 

Galvanism* 
The  pile  of  Volta  has  been  considered  in 
Juiotheriigl'.t,  and  experienced  modifications 
in  its  construction.  Mr.  Marechaux  has 
formed  a  new  pile  with  new  plates  of  tin  and 
brass,  separated  by  litde  dry  scraps  of  blotting 
taper.  Silk  twist  is  placed  instead  of  the 
^ass  tub^  of  the  common  apparatus,  by 
Which  the  pile  is  suspended  on  a  hook.  This 
pile,  thus  constructed,  gives  very  sensible 
efiect  to  the  electro  micrometer  of  the  same 
Author.  Mr.  Marechaux  thinks  that  with 
the  aid  of  tlii»  apparatiu  b»  has  bvcaable  to 


observe  that  the  electric  tension  of  the  pile  in* 
creases  and  decreases  in  ratio  of  the  electric 
state  of  the  air,  and  that  the  force  of  its  ac- 
tion increases  in  proportion  as  the  atmospheric 
is  surcharged  with  vapour. 

A  new  apparatus,  designed  under  the  nam« 
of  the  galvanic  chain,  has  been  constructed  by 
Mr.  Struve.  This  chain  is  composed  of  se» 
veral  double  cones,  one  being  oi  brass,  th« 
other  of  zinc,  sodered  together  at  their  basis,. 
At  the  point  of  each  of  these  cones  is  annexe4 
a  ring  which  serves  to  combine  a  less  or  greater 
quantity  of  those  double  cones.  Between  t\m 
latter  are  placed  cotton  and  pieces  of  lineoa, 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  extremities  ara 
in  contact  with  the  brass  and  the  zinc.  Thia 
chain  thus  disposed  and  moistened  with  muria^ 
of  soda,  produces  an  immediate  effect.  Ac^ 
cording  to  the  author  it  is  less  oxidable  than 
the  common  apparatus,  and  the  activity  of 
it  is  treble. 

Portraits  of  learned  men  at  Grenokle. 
The  Society  of  Sciences  at  Grenoble,  hav« 
resolved  to  proaire  pictures  of  all  the  distin- 
guished characters  in  the  department  of  Is^re, 
and  to  place  these  portraits  in  their  assembly 
room. 

Hurricanes f  how  caused. 
A  phenomenon  has  occurred    this  yeaf. 
which  conduces  to  the  explanation  of  nur-. 
ricanes.    On  the  4th  of  July  was  experienced 
at  Bellfort,  one  of  those  extraordinary  hurV 
ricanes  so  rare  in  Europe,  which  overthro^#. 
trees,    and  sweep  away  che  roofs  of  houses. 
Hitherto,  I  had  thou^t  it  impossible  to  dis- 
cover the  cause,  but  m  my  journey  to  Lyont 
kn  idea  came  across  my  mmd,  which  may  bQ 
confirmed.     The  notes  of  Mr.  Molet,  a  learn- 
ed professor  of  natural   history,    recorded  a^ 
thunder  storm,  at  Lyons,  on  the  sanie  day. 
Asl  passed  through  Sens,  I  saw  Mr.  Soulas, 
w*ho  told  me  that  the  wind  had  shifted^  from, 
north  to  south.     The  newspapers   informed' 
U8,  that  on  the  same  day  there  was  a  violent 
storm  in  London.     It  strikes  me,  then,  that 
a  mass  of  electric  clouds  of  100  miles  or  mor^ 
in  extent,  the  detonation  of  which  caused  aa 
immense  vacuity,  may  have  forced  the  air  to. 
fill  up  the  chasm  so  occasioned,  with  extraor- 
dinary violence.     1  was  confirmed  in  this  con- 
jecture, Jan.  11,  1806.     Extraordinary  thun- 
der storms  at  Brest,   Rouen,    Chatires,  and 
Ypres,  occasioned  storms  and  hurricanes  that 
have  blown  down  chimnep  j*  also  at  Nancy, 
Besanyon,  Bourdeaux,  and  Dijpn.     Peals  of 
thunder  ate  very  uncommon  in  tl'at  seasoh  of 
the  year ;  but  the  south  wind  haJ  madie  the 
temperature  wann ;    the  air  was  extremely 
humid,  the  clouds  were  low  enough  to  druw 
sparks  from  the  earth  on  a  space  of  50  Or  (.a 
miles.     There  have  even  been  earthquakes. 

The  hurricanes  ot  the  Lie  c'.e  Franct  an  I 
of  the  West  Indies,  being  nuich  inoiys  vio* 
lent,  must  suggest  the  idcu  of  storiny 

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Ohservanda  txte?na, — tranci. — Gtrmanv. 


[406 


^  greater  extent,  to  which  may  be  added 
%hmpools  and  eruptions  under  waler« 
^  ^  Mis^on  to  China, 

M.  Portalis,  miuistcr  for  public  worship, 
desirous  of  sending  missionaries  *  to  China,  has 
concerted  his^lan  with  M.  Brunet,  the  su- 
tenor  of  Saint-Lazare.  They  hope  to  set  off 
this  yeir ;  and  a  skilful  astronomer  is  already 
preparing  his  instruments.  The  manuscripts 
lehtive  to  China,  which  M.  Berlin  had  col- 
lected, are  in  the  possession  of  one  of  his  se- 
cretaries, who  offenj  to  sell  them  togpveni- 
ment  M.  Billion  and  M.  Alarie  of  the 
fHeign  missions  have  already  been  in  China, 
and  understand  the  langnage  of  the  country, 
•o  that  all  hopes  are  not  lost  of  that  branch 
•f  learning  bemg  brought  into  favour  again 
in  Fiance. 

History  of  Physic, 

It  is  known  that  L'Histoire  de  la  Midccincy 
Vy  Le  Ckrc,  wa<k  not  printed  in  France. 
It  n  become  very  scarce,  and  is  only  to  be 
ibund  in  a  few  libraries :  on  account  of  its  im- 

ranee,  we  regret  it  is  not  more  public. 
Amoureux,  desirous  of  doing  service  to 
]Kmog  practitioners,  is  preparing  a  new  edi- 
tion, wnich  will  be  embellished  with  such  re- 
marks and  pbtes,  as  will  make  it  in  some 
measure  classical.  He  likewise  intends  pub- 
Rshtng  in  continuation  of  that  work,  a  new 
edition  of  Freind's  History  of  Pliysic,  with 
plates,  and  observations,  appropriate  to  the 
present  times. 

Notice  on  the  existence  of  phosphate  ofvuag- 
nesia  in  hones, 

M.  FourcToy  obser\'e8,  as  extremely  singu- 
lar, that  this  salt  which  is  yielded  by  the 
bones  of  animals,  does  not  ejtist  in  those  of 
the  human  species  ;  whereas  it  exists  in  hu- 
man nrine;  but  not  in  that  of  the  brute 
creation.  It  proceeds  from  the  nature  of  their 
aliments,  suck  as  vetches,  oab,  and  com  in 
general. 

Spider  tamed, 

TheAbW  d'Olivet,  author  of  the  Life  of 
Pelisfon,  inserted  in  the  History  of  the 
French  Academy ,  has  taken  care  not  to  for- 
p»t  a  passage,  the  translation  of  which  we 
nope  will  be  acceptable  to  our  readers. 

•*  Confined  at  that  time  in  a  solitary  place, 
•*  where  the  light  of  day  only  penetrated 
**  through  a  mere  slit,  having  no  otlier  scr- 
**  vantand  companion  than  a  stupid  and  dull 
"  clown,  a  basque,  who  was  continually 
**  plaving  on  the  bag-pipes, — Pelisson  stu- 
**  diei  by  what  means  to  secure  himself 
*'  against  an  enemy,  which  a  good  conscience 
**  alone  cannot  al%vays  repel ;  I  mean  the 
**  attacks  of  unemployed  imiagination,  which, 

*  Missionaries  of  religious  character  and 
political  principles  united  most  liktly  ;  a  mere 
pretext  to  pro^igate  the  re\'olutionary  doctrine, 
and  to  revive  French  influence  at  Pekin. 


**  when  OQce  it  exceeds  proper  limits  be- 
**  comes  the  most  cruel  torture  of  a  recluee 
'*  iiulividual.  He  adopted  the  following 
•*  stratagem.  Perceiving  a  spider  spinning 
"  her  web  at  the  spiracle  mentioned  above  : 
**  he  undertook  to  tame  her,  and  to  effect  this 
"  he  [Jaced  some  flies  on  the  edge  of  the. 
**  opening,  while  the  basque  was  playing  on 
**  his  ^vourite  bag-pipe.  The  spider  by  dc- 
*'  grees  accustomed  herself  to  distinguisli  the 
*'  sound  of  that  instrument,  and  to  run  from 
**  her  hole  to  seize  her  prey  :  thus,  by  means 
*'  of  ahvavs  calling  her  out  with  the  same 
**  tune,  and  placing  the  flics  nearer  and  near- 
"  er  his  own  scat,  after  several  months'  cx- 
"  ercise,  he  succeeded  in  training  the  spider 
"  so  well,  that  she  would  start  at  the  first 
'•  signal,  to  seize  a  fly  at  the  farthest  end  of 
•*  the  room,  and  even  on  the  knees  of  the 
**  prisoner." 

We  have  heard  of  a  prisoner  confined  in 
the  Bastilc,  who  retained  his  senses,  contrary 
to  expectation,  by  playing  daily  so  many 
games  at  push-pin,  he  having  unknown  to  his 
keepers,  secreted  a  battalion  or  two  of  these 
hostile  implements.  The  device  of  M.  P.  is 
more  interesting  to  us,  as  we  learn  from  it, 
that  the  spider,  though  among  the  most  qtiar* 
relsome  of  insects,  yet  is  capable  of  being 
rendered  familiar  by  the  reason  and  perseve- 
rance of  man. 

GERMANY. 

Grecian  Theatricals  restored^ 
On  a  priv'ate  theatre  of  Leipsick,  a  pretty 
successful  attempt  bar.  lately  Ijeen  made  to  imi- 
tate the  manner  m  which  tne  Greeks  perform- 
ed their  tragedies.  The  piece  chosen  was  the 
Polyidos^  a  subject  which  no  one  had  e\  cr 
presumed  to  introduce  on  the  stage,  although. 
It  had  appeared  in  print.  The  Polyidos  is  a 
tolerably  good  imitation  of  the  composition  of 
the  ancient  Greek  tragedies.  It  contains 
chorusses  in  anapxstic  verse,  the  dialogue  is 
written  in  iambics.  The  author,  after  th« 
example  of  Sophocles,  whom  he  seems  to 
have  taken  for  his  model,,  superintended  the 
representation  himself,  and  performed  the 
principal  character,  'fhe  chorus  being  that 
part  of  the  tragic  drama  of  antiquity  which 
IS  least  known  to  the  moderns,  the  greatest 
attention  was  directed  to  its  execution.  The 
actors  had  sixteen  rehearsals.  The  perfor- 
mance obtained  (we  are  told)  universal  appro- 
bation, even  from  those  spectators  who  were 
the  least  favourably  disposed.  The  reeular 
pacings  of  the  chorus  were  no  less  scrupu  Unis- 
ly  attended  to ;  the  steps  either  forward,  or 
backward,  were  a  constant  imitation  of  the 
movements  indicated  by  the  strophe  and  anti- 
strophe.  These  novelti^,  altogether,  occa- 
sioned as  much  entertainment  as  surprise. 
The  amateurs  of  Leipsick  do  not  intend  to  s^op  • 
here ;  thej'  propose  getting  up  other  tragedies 
of  the  same  kind,  which  the  author  ot  P<>* 


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O^strvania  externa.-'-Geniitmy. 


[4» 


IpdbB  and  oilier  literary  men  have  promised  to 
wrre:  they  mean  to  improve  their  geaiures, 
and  10  penorm  in  the  open  field  on  a  stage 
erected  in  Woerlits  park}  and  if  they  can 
fucoeed  better  than  has  hitherto  been  done, 
in  finding  out  the  musical  accompaniment 
which  contributed  to  the  brilliancy  of  Greek 
tragedv,  they  flott^  themselves  of  invitbg 
the  pubHe  on  soine  future  day,  to  the  represen- 
tation of  a  genuine  Greek  drama.  Whatever 
encomia  may  be  bestowed  on  amateurs  for  em- 
ptying their  leisure  hours  in  a  manner  calcu- 
lated to  throw  light  on  this  still  very  obscure 
part  of  the  literature  and  arts  of  antiquity  ^ 
It  would  not  answer  to  a  company  of  players, 
who  live  upon  the  money  they  receive  at  the 
^oor. 

State  of  the  Trade  in  Books. 
The  booksellers  of  Germany  experience  a 
critical  stagnation  in  their  line  ot  business, 
pgtftly  owing  to-the  diiiorders  of  the  war,  and 
jjartly  to  the  too  great  multiplicity  of  publica- 
tions  during  the  last  years.  Fifteen  houses 
apfieared  insolvent  at  line  fair  of  September, 
1805,  and  it  was  apprehended  that  fihy  othen 
would  come  empty-handed  atEaster  1  8(K3.  From 
the  intelligepce  we  have  received  concerning 
the  publicationai  produced  at  Easter,  the  cata- 
logue contained  3,077  articles,  among  which 
there  were  257  of  divinity;  231  of  jurispru- 
dence including  political  economy  ^  (56  of 
philosophy ;  177  on  education ;  5Q  on  natural 
nistoiyj  88  on  mathematics;  and  77  on  geo- 
graphy and  relations  of  travels.  . 

The  last  Michael oias  (air  at  Leipsick  has 
been  less  abundan tin  literary  productions  than 
those  of  the  preceding  years.  The  catalogue 
of  new  Dublications,  wnich  lost  year  amount- 
t6  to  I,D40)  did  not  exceed  645.  This  deiicien- 
cy  has  been  attributed  to  various  causes ;  such 
is,  a  short  summer,  the  high  price  of  provi* 
sbns,  and  the  prevailing  custom  of  the  Ger- 
man booksellers  and  authors  to  prefer  the 
Easter  fair  to  that  of  Michaelnias.  The 
Easter  £ur  exhibited  upwards  of  4,000  new 
articles,  which  makes  the  whole  productions 
of  die  year,  4,645,  whereas  in  France  they 
only  recKon  1,150,  and  in  England  90O.  The 
works  contained  in  the  catalogue  of  the 
Midudmas  fair,  were, 

PhikMophy  and  Morality,  3i. 

Instruction  and  Education,  79. 

Belles  Letters,  29. 

The  Rne  Arts,  15. 

Ancient  and  Modem  Languages,  6%. 

Divinity,  Sermons,  &c.,  88. 

Law,  55. 

Physic  and  SuroeYy,  Src,  93. 

Miithemarical  Scienoes,  30. 

Natund  History,  &c„  45. 

Hand  Economy,  Gardeninff,  &c..  49. 

Domestic  Economy,  Ule^Arts,  kc,  50, 

Coquneme,  Uf 


Political  Economy,  21. 

History,  31. 

Biography,  I9. 

Literary  Histoiy,  6. 

Geography  and  Topography,  28. 

Travel?,  16, 

Statistics,  5. 

Periodical  Works,  21. 

NoveU,  Anecdotes  and  Fugitive  Pieces,  G3«' 

Almanacks,  61. 

Genealog)-,  and  Chronok)gy,  2. 

Free  Masonry,  4. 

For  the  uie  of  Ladies,  3. 

Among  the  works  on    Divinity,   are  3f 
prayer  books,  and  coHections  of  sermons. 
New  Process  to  IVhiten  Straw. 

M.  Fisher,  of  Vientia,  has  discovered  a 
new  process  to  whiten  straw.  Instead  of  co- 
vering it  with  sulphur  in  the  sto\*e,  as  was 
practised  formerly,  hedre3scs  it  in  niuiiatie 
acid  saturated  with  (;ot-ash.  The  straw  tnuj 
prepared  ne^er  turns  veliow,  and  is  of  a  most 
shining  white ;  it  acquires  besides  great  flexi- 
bility. 

Monument  to  the  Memory  iff  Kepler. 

Amon^  a  great  number  of  publicatioiis^ 
vfiiich  daily  appear  in  Ratisbon  on  German 
afiairs ;  we  have  noticed  a  plan,  published 
Febroaiy  1,  I8O6,  by  Count  Sternberg, 
MM.  Von  Pleffen,  Von  Rheden,  &c.  and 
communicated  to  all  the  ministers  at  the 
diet ;  to  invite  tliem  to  concur  in  the  erecrion 
of  a  monument,  to  the  meraor}^^  of  the  astnn 
nomcr  Kepler,  who  died,  and  is  buried  in 
Ratisbon.  The  cost  of  this  monument. is 
estimated  at  a  probable  expense  of  5000 
florins. 

Surgery  and  Midief/hy  establishment. 

The  Kmff  of  Prussia  has  granted  to  the 
university  of  Halle,  a  fund  of  2,600  crowns 
for  the  establishment  of  an  institute  of  smv 
j^cry  and  midwifery.  MM.  Loder  and  Fro- 
riep,  are  placed  at  the  bead  of  the  establish- 
ment. 

Astronomical  Instruments. 

The  Emperor  of  Austria  has  sranted  to  the 
observatory  of  Osen,  a  sum  of  70OO. florins 
to  purchase  astronomical  instruments. 
Libraries* 
All  the  libraries  belonging  to  the  convents 
of  Augsburgh,  have  been  united  to  the  pub- 
lic town  library. 

Dnke  of  Saxc^Gotha*s  Observatory. 
The  Observatory  of  Sceberg,  near  CK>tha, 
erected  at  the  expense  of  the  kte  Duke,  de- 
ceased in  1804,  and  which  this  prince  consi- 
dered as  the  only  momiment  which  could 
worthily  transmit  his  name  to  posterity,  has 
been  shut  up  and  abandoiKd  in  less  than  two 
years  after  his  death. 

Greek  School  in  Transyhama. 
A  school  of  modem  Greek  has  been  esta- 
blished at  Crr.nstart,  in  Transyh-ania.     It  is 
co^iposed  of  four  and  thirty  schdars,  who 


Digitized 


by  Google 


411] 


Clsfrvanda  exiema.-^HollanJ, 


(4Vi 


tre  taught  writing,  lurithmetic,  and  ancient 
Greek,  by  the  grammar  of  Constantinus 
Lascaris.  The  professors  are  Greek  monks, 
fiom  Mount  Atnos. 

HOLLAND. 

Literature, 

In  a  periodical  work,  entitled  the  Sincere, 
We  read  an  interesting  review  of  the  literary 
productions  that  have  appeared  in  Holland  in 
the  course  of  1803.  Tnese  productions  are 
Tery  numerous  if  we  include  translations. 
Divinity  is  the  subject  which  has  furnished 
the  greatest  number  of  original  works.  They 
leckon  113,  besides  eight  journals  that  treat 

cially  of  theologicaltopics :  the  most  sin- 

r  is  a  weekly  paper,  which  contains  onl^ 
rtations  on  the  Bible,  and  has  a  consi- 
derable number  of  subscribers. 
.  Four  societies  are  now  engaged  in  litera- 
ture and  poetry,  viz.  1,  that  o\  Felix  Meri- 
tis'y  2,  the  Ma^schappv,  or  Society  of 
Dutch  language  andDutcn  poetry;  3,  the 
Society  Tot  Nutt,  or  of  the  public  good ; 
and,  4,  a  Society  qf  the  Lovers  qf  Poetry, 

Physio,  and  natural  history,  continue  to 
be  cultivated  with  sreat  zeal  in  Holland ; 
where  many  learned  men  have  already  ac- 
quired extensive  fame  in  those  branches.  In 
1805  no  less  than  114  works  were  published 
treating  of  those  sciences.  They  make  ho- 
nourable mention  of,  among  other  journals, 
^e  Goneetkundig  Magazin  (the  Magazine 
of  the  Art  of  Healing),  and  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Society  of  Harlem. 

The  Dutch  .poets  are  not  endowed  with  less 
facility  in  translating  than  in  composing. 
Fifty-ciffht  dramas,  trag^es,  or  comedies,  are 
tmong  the  new  works. 

Wc  may  judge  how  far  a  taste  for  litera- 
ture prevails,  by  the  speculation  of  a  company 
of  merchants,  in  Amsterdam,  who  have  lately 
established  an  office  for  the  arts  and  sciences. 
The  founders  very  properly  admit  productions 
from  every  country  5  they  have  it  m  contem- 
plation to  establish  «  central  point,  for  nation- 
al and  forcien  literature ;  they  have  a  large 
Collection  of  works  in  Dutch,  French,  Eng- 
lish, German  and  Italian.  Another  singula- 
rity of  the  dty  of  Amsterdam  must  not  pass 
unnoticed.  A  company  of  German  Jews, 
under  the  French  denomination  of  Industrie 
fSf  Rccrtation,  for^ne  and  twenty  years  have 
been  performing  comic  operas  with  success ; 
and  yet  only  a  single  piece  is  mentioned  as 
having  been  originally  composed  for  this  com- 
pany, which  is  intituled  Mardoch^c,  ou  ics 
Jui/s  sauvh.  Even  of  this  tlie  music  is  se^ 
lected  from  several  well-known  operas,  Jews 
also  perform,  not  altogether  unsuccessfully, 
in  the  chorusics  of  the  Opera  Buffa, 

Valuahle,  edihle,  and  exotic  Plants,  • 

Tlie  Batavian  Society  of  Sciences  esta- 
blished at  Harlem,  has  proposed  the  follow- 


ing questions :  the  tiAie  for  answering  them 
is  not  limited. 

*«  Which  are  the  indigenous  pbnts  whose 
virtues  have  continued  unknown,  but  which 
might  be  of  great  utili^f  in  our  dispensary, 
and  replace  exotic  remedies  ? " 

The  memorials  are  to  state  not  only  the 
virtues  and  advantages  of  those  indigenoua 
remedies,  afVer  authorities  from  abroad,  but 
also  proofs,  and  obser\'ations,  origiually  made 
in  Holland. 

**  What  are  the  indigenous  plants,  not  yet 
in  use,  but  which,  at  a  low  price,  might 
serve  for  food  ;  and  what  nutritive  exotic 
plants,  reared  in  other  countries,  might  be 
imported'  and  cultivated  in  this  country  for 
the  same  purpose?" 

'  •*  What  are  the  indigenous  plants  in  use, 
which  after  certain  experiments,  mi^ht  fur- 
nish good  colours,  and  the  preparation  and 
use  of  which  mi^t  be  introduced  to  advant* 
age?  what  exotic  plants  might  be  cultivated 
in  the  less  fertile  lands  of  the  republic,  and 
furnish  colours  ?" 

Port  of  Amsterdam. 

Considering  the  actual  state  of  the  Ye 
through  the  whole  extent  of  the  city  of  Am- 
sterdam, t.  e.  behind  what  is  culled  the  Laag, 
along  the  Groote  Waal,  Hannekes-Broen* 
i^Tial,  the  wet  docks  of  the  State,  and  those 
of  the  East-India  Company ;  likewise  along 
the  whole  bason,  at  the  soqth  of  the  exterior 
piles,  there  is  not  only  a  considerable  accu- 
mulation of  mud,  but  the  Ye  seems  to  be 
threatened  with  being  chojjLed  up,  insomuch, 
that  in  order  to  prevent  the  navigation  from 
being  internipted,  it  is  requisite  to  remo\*e  the 
mud  by  very  costly  mechanical  means,  such 
as  mills,  and  by  employing  a  great  nmubcr 
of  labourers.  As  thi^  accumulation  of  mud 
increases  instead  of  lessening  since  1778, 
when  heads  were  made  at  the  east  and  west 
of  Nieivendam,  and  the  ancient  quay  was 
re-estal)lished  along  the  Zickenwater,  it  is  in- 
quired, 

•*  To  what  causes  mvrX  this  accelerated 
accumulation  of  mud  be  ascribed?  and  by 
what  means  could  this  troublesome  and  pre- 
judicial accession  be  removed,  or  prevented  ? 
How  would  it  he  possible  to  present  the  mud 
from  such  depositions  in  the  same  places  after 
it  has  been  removed  ?*' 

The  author  of  the  memorial  to  which  the 
medal  will  be  adjudged,  may  also  expect  a  re<* 
ward  of  at  least  10,000  florins,  in  case  the 
Regency  of  Amsterdam  should  decree  tlie 
execution  of  his  plan,  and  the  experience  of 
ten  years  demonstrate  the  success  of  it  an- 
swerably  to  the  expectation  of  the  donors^ 
Should  tlie  successful  autlior  die  during  the 
intenal,  his  hciri  will  he  cutltled  to  th^ 
above  levvard* 


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%fl3l 


Olservanda  extema,'^Iceland,  Italy y  Lapland,  Russia. 


C414 


ICELAND. 

New  City. 
The  government  of  Denmark  has  ordered 
a  regular  cit]r  to  be  built  in  Iceland,  to  be 
called  Reykine;  it  is  situated, on  the  sea 
.  coast,  and  will  be  a  free  port.  A  Latin 
school  has  been  established  there,  and  is  al- 
ready in  a  state  of  great  activity. 

,     ITALY. 

History  of  Bells.^^Rome, 
The  Abb^  Cancellicri»  although  ill,  is  go- 
ing to  publish  a  work  relative  to  bells,  where- 
in he  has  inserted  a  long  letter,  written  by 
Father  Ponyardto  M.  do  Saint- Vincens, 
on  the  history  of  bells  and  steeples.  The 
Abb^  Cancellieri  has  writtenthis  dissertation 
on  the  occasion  of  two  bells  having  been 
christened,  which  are  to  be  placed  within  the 
tower  of  the  capitol.  One  of  these,  of  an 
enormous  size,    is  intended  to  replace  that 

•  which  was  broken  in  the  time  of  the  late 
Roman  Republic.     It  had  been  taken  from 

•  the  inhabitants  of  Viterbo  by  the  Romans, 
in  a  battle  foudit  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
It  was  called  tne  Pautazina  di  Viterho,  and 
sen'cd  to  call  the  magistrates  together,  or  in 
case  of  alarm.  When  this  bell  was  taken, 
it  was  customary  to  carry  the  bell  of  the  com- 
mune with  the  army,  placed  on  a  chariot ; 
where  it  dirccietl  the  movements  of  the  troops. 
It  was  reckoned  an  act  of  uncommon  valour 
to  take  eidier  the  enemy's  bell,  or  the  chains 
belonging  to  the  town  gates.  The  chains  of 
the  gates  of  Viterbo,  taken  by  the  Romans 
in  the  aforeraid  battle,  arc  still  fixed  to  the 
bow  of  Saint-Vito,  near  St.  Martin-dcs- 
Monts. 

Anfiquittes.'--R<Mne. 
.  The  Abb^  Fea  is  going  to  publish  at  Rome 
a  new  edition  of  the  work  of  the  celebrated 
French  architect  Antoine  Desgodetz  who'd ied 
in  1728.  It  is  well  known  to  contain  the 
dimensions  of  the  principal  ancient  monu- 
ments, '  and  is  become  very  scarce.  The 
architect  Valadicr  is  commissioned  by  the 
pontifical  chamber  to  superintend  the  techni- 
cal part  of  the  work  j  and  tlie  Abbd  Fea  is 
to  enrich  it  with  commentaries  of  great  eru- 
^dition.  The  better  to  verify  the  measures 
taken  by  Desgodetz  it  is  intended  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  late  diggings  whicii  have  been 
made  at  Rome,  around  the  ancient  monu- 
ments, from  which  are  already  derived  im- 
portant discoveries,  with  respect  to  the  Pan- 
.tbeon,  and  the  Coliseum. 

This  work  of  Desgodetz  has  been  copied 
in  English  by  J.  Taylor,  Holborn. 

It  IS  somewhat  surprising  that,  out  of  the 
immensity  of  bricks  which  are  taken  away 
from  the  Coliseum,  in  consequence  of  re- 
searches continued  with  great  spirit  by  tlic 
Abb^  Guattani,  not  one  bears  a  suigle  letter, 
or  imprcs«5ion.  This  observation  corroborates 
ihat  of  the  late  Cardinal  Borgia,  that  tlie 


custom  of  sigiilating  bricks  was  not  prior  to 
the  reign  of  Adrian. 

LAPLAND. 

North    Cape. 

Colonel  Skioeljebrand,  who  seven  yean 
ago  undertook  a  voyage  to  North  Cape,,  with 
an  Italian  named  Acerbi,  and  who  published 
a  folio  description  of  that  country  in  French, 
with  plates  after  his  own  drawings,  has  Jatdr 
published  a  new  edition  of  this  work  in  one 
volume  8vo.  He  has  only  retained  three  en- 
graying;  namely,  a  map  of  the  couptiy, 
which  is  very  little  known,  from  Torneo  Co 
North  Cape  j  a  View  of  Torneo  by  the  mid- 
night moon ;  and  a  View  of  Nortn  Cape  by 
the  midnight  sun.  This  work  does  not  coo- 
tain  the  same  details,  neither  is  it  Written  in 
so  brilliant  a  style,  as  that  of  Mr.  Acerbi, 
published  in  three  volumes,  4to.  in  English* 
1804;  but  it  is  more  entitled  to  credit,  Mr. 
Skioeljebrand  being  the  principal  during  the 
voyage,  and  bavins  l^des  the  advantage 
over  Mr.  Acerbi  ot  previous  acquaintance 
with  the  languages  of  the  different  countries 
they  visited. 

From  the  merit  of  those  publications  br 
Colonel  Skioeljebrand  whicU  we  have  in- 
spected, we  doubt  not  but  tlie  wprk  men- 
tioned above,  is  well  deserving  of  public  p^ 
tronagc :  it  has  not  yet  reached  us. 

RUSSIA. 

Universky  qf  Dorpat,  iri  Livonia, 
The  following  account  of  this  university  it 
an  extract  of  a  letter  from  Mr.  Paeschumann, 
professor  there,  which  he  has  inserted  in  the 
literary  journal  of  Halle.  V^lien  this  new 
university  was  established,  April  23,  1802^ 
its  annual  revenue  was  fixed  at  56,000  roubles. 
In  the  instrument  of  its  foundation,  granted 
by  the  Emperor,  December  1 2th  of  that 
year,  tliis  sum  was  increased  to  120,000  rou- 
dIcs  ;  and  the  general  superintendance  of  the 
establishments  for  public  instruction  in  four 
provinces  having  soon  after  been  committed 
to  the  care  of  this  university,  the  govern- 
ment assigned  to  the  commission  of  instruc- 
tion 6000  roubles  per  annum,  for  the  tra- 
velling expenses  of  the  inspeciora  of  these 
schools,  &c.  Sec. 

It  was  stated  in  the  first  paragraph  of  the 
act,  that  this  sum  of  126,000  roubles  shouW 
be  drawn  from  the  public  treasury,  till  such 
time  as  the  univerbity  had  taken  possession 
of  the  lands  allotted  to  it.  However  it  has 
been  ascertained,  that  the  produce  of  tliose 
lands  had  been  valued  loo  highly  in  the  act  of 
foundation,  so  that  the  nett  receipt  would 
have  fallen  very  (at  short  of  the  expcndiiurc. 
Thus  situated  the  professors  applied  for  a.'^ist- 
ance,  and  have  been  promised  by  the  Govern- 
ment a  suliicicot  extent  of  cultivated  land  lo 
realise  the  annual  sum  of  126,000  roubles. 
In  order  that  the  proft's.^ors^  should  not  la«JC 
tlieir  time  in  collecting  thio  revenue,  a  com* 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


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Ohervania  exterHa.-^Russia,  Spain. 


t^\6 


tnismon  was  immediately  appointed  for  admi- 
nistering the  pecuniary  concerns  of  this  In- 
stitution, the  osents  of  which  are  to  receive 
their  salary  at  the  public  treasury,  Go\'em- 
ment  had  allowed, to  the  university  a  sum  of 
I20/)00  roubles  for  construction  and  repairs 
of  buildings ;  which  was  far  from  being  suffi- 
cient. The  amphitheatre  for  anatomy,  placed 
on  a  small  eminence,  in  a  pleasant  airy  situa- 
*tton,  surrounded  with  rtew  plantations,  and 
the  library,  for  which  part  of  the  old  cathe- 
dral church  (a  very  fine  monument  of  archi- 
tecture of  the  middle  age)  was  intended,  were 
already  finished,  and  the  construction  of  the 
main  edrAce  was  begun ;  but  unforeseen  diffi- 
culties required  a  greater  capital,  and  the  Em- 
peror granted  an  additional  sum  of  264,000 
roubles :  so  that  thd  total  amount  for  building 
alone  comes  to  384,000  roubles,  which  are 
to  be  paid  to  the  adminbtration  in  the  course 
6f  three  yean. 

There  is  e\'efy  occasion  to  be  satisfied  with 
the  success  of  the  arrangements  of  the  schools 
in  the  four  provinces  under  the  direction  of 
the  university,  namely,  Livonia,  Courland, 
Fionia,  and  Esthonia.  Attention  has  hi- 
therto been  chiefly  directed  towards  orpniz- 
ing  the  gymnasia,  and  schools  of  the  district. 
These  two  kinds  of  establishment  are  espe- 
cially destined  for  the  instruction  of  youths 
intended  for  commerce,  the  arts  or  trade,  and 
as  preparatory  schools  for  those  who  arc  sub- 
sequently to  pursue  the  study  of  literature. 
The  parochial  schools,  where  the  first  ele- 
ments of  education  are  taught,  begin  also  to 
be  organized.  Every  town,  however  small, 
will  cont2un  two  of  these  schools,  one  for 
children  of  each  sex,  to  be  supported  by  the 
funds  of  tliii  establishment  for  public  instruc- 
tion. Similar  schools  are  instituted  in  the 
country.  But,  as  the  most  essential  jx)int  is 
to  procure  able  teachers,  the  object  at  present 
in  view  is  to  form  in  the  district  of  the  uni- 
versity, five  seminaries  for  qualifying  school- 
masters for  the  country,  under  the  direct  su- 
perintendance  of  the  inspector  of  thc^  district 
in  which  they  may  be  placed.  The  Empenir 
of  Russia  has  granted  42,000  roubles  pr  an- 
num for  the  support  of  those  five  semmaries, 
which  will  continue  in  full  activity  for  three 
years.  In  each  seminary  will  be  two  pro- 
fessors ;  the  chief  professor  is  to  have  1000, 
and  the  second  600  rouble^s  per  ann.  besides 
lodgings  and  fire.  It  i*  exuecied  tliat  some 
of  the  pupils  educated  at  the  university  will 
be  found  qualified  for  some  of  these  situa- 
tion$. 

The  seminary  for  children  is  imder  the  su- 
perintendance  of  three  directors,  namely,  the 
professor  of  philosophy,  the  professor  of  his- 
tory, and  the  professor  of  ancient  classical 
history;  and  it.  is  intended  to  form  able 
teachers  for  every  kind  of  scholastic  establish- 
ment.   £adi  pupil  ia  to  continue  two  years 


in  the  house*  and  \s  obliged  to  attend  all  the 
lessons,  and  to  perform  such  exercises  as  the 
directors  prescrit>c.  In  order  that  the  di&er« 
ent  lessons  should  form  a  regular  coarse  b£ 
lectures  on  the  various  pkrts  of  knowlec^e 
which  ate  comprehended  in  classic^  educa- 
tion, sevenil  other  professors  discourse  on  the 
different  sciences.  Besides  the  lejoons  of  the 
professors  there  are  practical  exercises :  a  cer- 
tain number  of  children  from  the  public 
fchools  are  called  to  tlje  seminar}',  and  iii- 
siracted  by  the  other  pupils,  in  order  to  qua- 
lify themselves  to  teach,  and  to  acquire  a 
proper  method  of  teaching.  Each  9tudem» 
while  in  the  seminar}',  receives  300  roubles 
yearly,  and  engages  to  accept  of  a  situation 
as  professor  in  one  of  the  public  schools, 
when  appointed,  and  to  fill  it  for  at  leasl^  ten 
years. 

Imperial  LaiWi  Spmhary  suppressed. 
In  February  last  the  Imperial  Seminary  for 
the  reception  of  ymmg  ladies,  founded  by'  the 
Empress  Elizabeth,  on  the  same  model  as  the 
convent  of  Saint-C'yr  in  France,  and  amply 
endowed  by  Calhcnne  II.,  was  suppressed  l^ 
virtue  of  a  ukase.  The  Emperor  Alexandct, 
in  the  preamble  of  his  edict,  declares,  that 
those  funds  would  be  used  to  greater  advan- 
tage, -if  tliey  were  applied  to  the  education 
iiiHl  traininj;  of  those  youths  who  are  intend- 
ed tn  scrxe  their  countrw  The  education  of 
a  female  beinp  chiefly  limited  to  the  manage- 
ment of  family  affairs,  she  will  socmer  oc- 
made  acquainted  with  domestic  concerns  in 
her  father's  house,  than  in  a  sumptuous 
school,  where  it  is  attempted,  but  in  vain, 
to  teach  them  the  rudiments  of  sciences,  the 
knowluclgc  of  w  hich  Nature  does  not  allow 
tiicm  to  acquire. 

College  in  Georgia. 
V  The  Emperor  Alexander  has  just  founded 
a  College  at  Teflis^  in  Georgia.  An  ecclesi- 
astic of  that  coimtr}-  is  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  establishment,  who  is  a  man  of  great  U- 
tcrary  knowledge,  and  understands  the  Rus- 
sian language.  Translations  into  tlie  Geor- 
gian tongue  of  several  useful  works  are  al- 
ready begun  ;  and  in  return,  translations  into 
the  Russian  language  of  the  work  of  the  ce- 
lebrated Georgian  poet,  Hussawell,  and  of  a 
renowned  novel  writer  named  Sergei  Tmog- 
well,  are  expected. 

SPAIN.    • 

Silk  Manufacture. 
The  Government  pf  Spain  is  anxiously  caw 
dea^*ouring  to  encourage  tlie  manufacture  of 
silk,  which  has  been  -  neglected  for  some 
time  in  the  kingdom  of  V'alencb.  The 
CEcononucal  Society  of  that  city,  agreeably 
to  the  desire  of  the  King,  has  lately  promis^ 
ed  a  reward  of  1500  reals,  payalile  at  the 
latter  end  of  the  }'ear,  to  that  commune 
which  sliall  have  used  most  successfully  in  the 
spinning  warehouses,  tlie  ic^s  of  V'aucansoa, 


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4i7l 


Ohservdnda  txtema.-^Bpcun,  Tdrldij,  Turkey. 


tili-' 


H-hich  tlioQgh  K^^atly  commended,  are  only 
'  tised  in  one  of  the  manufactories  of  the  king- 
dom. The  same  Society  likewise  encourages, 
bv  means  of  premiums,  the  fabrication  of 
Count  Rurofora's  economical  stoves,  which 
wvc  three  fifths  of  the  fuel  consumed  by 
o^ier  constructions.  Some  of  these  econo- 
mical stoves  hare  been  made  at  Madrid,  by 
an  able  artisan,  Don  Julian  Rodriguez,  and 
serve  us  patterns. 

Liierature, 

A  Plan  of  the  City  of  Jerusalem,  and  its 
Environs,  as  they  were  at  the  time  of  J.  C. 
is  recently  publisned  at  Madrid.  It  includes 
representations  of  the  edifices  and  places 
mentioned  in  Scripture ;  the  walls,  gates. 
And  squares  of  that  famous  city  ;*  particularly 
the  road  along  whic^  the  Saviour  of  the 
World  was  conducted  from  the  Garden  of 
Olives  to  Mount  Calvary.  To  the  above  is 
added,  as  a  supplement,  the  recent  excursion 
of  a  Spaniard,  who  if5ives  an  account  of  the 
present  sanctuaries  ot  Palestine. 

It  would  be  wrong  to  imagine,  as  some  do 
Who  know  but  little  of  the  state  of  Spain, 
that  hardly  any  works  except  on  religion  are 
printed  in  that  country.  The  work  above 
mentioned  is  interesting  in  manyotlier  re» 
spects.  Another,  pubhshed  at  the  same 
time,  will  find  readers  in  foreign  countries ; 
it  is  an  accurate  Description  of  the  Islands 
of  St.  Domingo,  Tortola,  Jamaica,  their 
productions,  &c.  with  the  history  of  the 
-wars  that  have  taken  place  on  their  acconnt 
between  Spain  and  the  Pirates,  &c.  &c. 

We  believe  Spain  is  the  only  European 
country  which  of  late  years  has  maintained 
any  intercourse  with  Jerusalem :  the  Spanish 
Sovereign,  not  many  years  ago,  liberated  the 
monastery  in  this  citv  from  a  heavy  arrear 
of  debt  due  to  the  Turks,  &c. 

Great  part  of  the  new  publications  in  Spain 
relate  to  devotion :  one  of  them  cannot  but 
e«cite  attention,  were  it  only  on  account  of 
its  tide:  "The  Excellence  of  Evangelical 
Viripnity,  tcnether  with  a  short"  apology  for 
Christian  philosophy,  in  reply  to  the  phib- 
sophersoftheage.** 

Medals,  Coins,  Monuments. 
Don  Joan  de  Erro  Azspiroz  has  iust  pub- 
lished in  Madrid  an  "  Alfabero  de  la  lingua 
pfimitiva  de  Espana,**  with  elucidations  from 
the  most  ancient  medals,  coins,  and  monu- 
ments of  the  Spaniards. 

Pop%UaHoH  and  Institutions, 
A  Spanish  work  ha:s  been  published  at  Ve- 
nice,  on  ^e  increase  of  population  in  Spain ; 
wherein  are  proposed  means  of  preserving  the 
lives  of  5000  individuals  who  die  yearly  in 
oipban-hospitak,  ^Is,  '^c.  The  author  is 
Don  Alb.  oe  Megnipo^  Spanish  and  Etrurian 
Cdnsul  at  Venice.  Ihe  book  is  verv  iute- 
listing,  but  the  reading  of  it  neoessarilv  pro-  I 
V4l.  I.    lUt.  Pan.  Nov.  1806.]'  ' 


duces  the  most  gloomy  reflection^.  *  It  nii;5ht 
.serve  as  a  history  ef  tne  calamities  **  which 
flesh  is  heir  to.  The.  average  number  of  or- 
phans that  die  in  the  hospitals  of  Spain 
amount,  annually,  to  21,000,  which  i^  in 
the  proportion  o\  75  in  100  of  tl^>6e  ad- 
mitt^. 

Burying  Grounds. 
The  measure  so  much  recommended  by 
the  Spanish  government,  of  placing  the  bu» 
rying  grounds  without  the  towns,  continues  • 
to  be  adopted  in  diflerent  parts  of  Spain. 
Puebla  de  Moiitalvan,  an  obscure  towt^,  has 
lately  displayed  distinguished  zeal  in  an.in» 
stance  of  this  kind.  The  double  inscription 
which  appears  at- the  entrance  of  its  ground, 
is  well  calculated  to  attract  observation.  It 
seems  to  ofler  a  model  of  laconic  expressioa 
in  the  literary  style : 

La  piedaa  v  la  ifigilanciade  la  Iglesid 

I  del  gobierno :  j 

Al  reposo  de  los  muertas  y  hid 
Concei-vacioa  de  los  vivos.    Anno  130^.' 

The  piety  and  the  vinlance 
Of  the  Church  and  of  the  UoveriMnent ; 

To  the  repose  of  the  dead. 
And  the  preservation  of  the  living.     1800: 

TARTART. 

Discovert/  of  a  City. 
In  die  island  of  Taman,  in  the  Black  Sei^ 
the  foundations  of  an  ancient  city,  which 
must  have  been  very  larse  although  not 
mentioned  in  history,  were  lately  discovered : 
it  is  said  that  a  similar  discovery  has  beea 
made  in  a  district  of  Siberia. ' 

TURKEY. 

Arabian   Wbrks   printed   at  Scutarii    near 
Constantinople. 

The  Grand  Signior^s  press  established  at 
Scutari,  under  the  dir^tion  of  Abdorrhaman 
Efl'endi,  has  published  the  following  works. 

1.  Commentary  on  a  book  with  this  title, 
(in  Arabic),  "Revelation  of  Mysteries,** 
267  pagcs^  in  small  4to.  The  editor  says  ia 
his  introduction,  that  the  author  is  tha 
Scheik  Mohammed  Bareva )  that  he  has  pub- 
lished this  work  for  the  use  of  his  two  sons ; 
and  that  its  tide  (in  Arabic)  was  **The 
Fruits  of  Reflection."  This  work  was  finish- 
ed in  the  month  of  Ramadan,  in  the  year  of 
the  Hegira  1085  (7th  April,  l674),  and  the 
reimprcssion  in  the  montn  of  Shawal,  in  the 
yeari2l9  (April  1804). 

S.  Commentary  on  the  Book  of  the  Hum* 
dred  Regents,  88  pages,  small  4to.  Printed 
in  the  vear  1220  (1st  April,  W05.) 

3.  An  Arabic  Grammar,  from  Ynib  Awa^ 
mel,  completed  in  the  month  of  Rabia,  in 
the  year  1 144  (July  1731),  and  printed  in  the 
month  of  Moharrem  1220.  118pages»  ia 
small  4to. 

The  «'  Books  of  Euclid«**  in  the  Aabi« 
Un^uage,  with  the  Commentaries  of  Natif* 
eddm,  will  shortly  folk»w« 
P 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


ii9] 


Avalanche  of  a  Mount<nn-top  in  Swtizerland, 


t*20 


AtALANCRK    or 


A    MOUNTAIV-TOP 
£C11LA!<D. 


IN     SWIT- 


Tif  fiftovfht^  •dcttrrfnei  iSf    in  Its  nature,  so  ne- 

ittmely  interesting  to  hwnan'ityy  and  f  pyiloto^ 

mho,   that  ve  have  thmgkt  it  our  duty  to  gi've  m 

nmplete  Tip(t    of  the  tuhjtct,  hj  ann^ing  the 

latest  Authentit    details   from   pubticaiiom  sanC' 

lioned  by  the  government  of  Switzerland, 

^erncy  Sfp*,  7. — ^Wc  received  information,  two 

4a5rs  since  of  a  dreadful  accident  which  has  dcs- 

froyed'  several  Tillage^  in  the  canton  of  Schwitz, 

situate  between  the  lakes  of  Zug  and  Lauwertz. 

MM  Frcudenreich  and  Schlatter,  directors  of 

the  mines,  set  out  yesterday  evenmg,  by  order  of 

l^overnment,  to  give  aid.    The  felloyring  arc  the 

details  of  this  disaster,  the  most  dreadful  recorded 

iu  the  annals  of  Switzerland. 

On  Tuesday,  the  ad  of  September,  at  five  in 
the  evening,  thcKnippenbuhl  Rock,  which  form- 
ed the  summit  of  mount  Rosembcrg,  was  on 
a  fudden  detached  from  its  station,  and  at  the 
time  time  part  of  the  mountain,  of  several  feet 
fin  thfckness,  on  the  western  sMe,  and  about 
380  feet  in  thickness  on  the  cast-side,  gave  way 
ind  fell  into  the  valley  which  separates  the  lake 
of  Zug  from  that  of  Laowertz,  overwhelming  the 
^holc  of  the  villages  of  Goldan,  Rhoeihan,  Bu- 
singeni  Hurloch,  three  pans  of  that  of  Lauwertz, 
and  somt  houses  in  the  village  of  Stein.  The  fall 
•f  one  part  of  the  mountain  into  the  lake  of  Lau- 
werts,  about  afouith  part  of  which  is  filled  up, 
caused  such  ao  agitation  in  the  waters  of  the  lake, 
that  they  overthrew  a  number  of  houses,  chapels. 
mHls,  Ac.  along  the  southern  shore  of  the  lake  ; 
amongst  others  the  mill  of  Lauwcrtz,  where  fif- 
tetn  persons  were  killed  and  buried  in  the  ruins 
df  the  buildings,  all  the  parts  of  which  were  dis- 
persed with  such  violence  that  the  foundation* 
only  remains.  This  mill  was  situated  50  or  60  foct 
above  the  level  of  the  lake. 

,Thc  waves  also  beat  against  the  village  of  See- 
?eh,  situate  at  the  extremity  of  the  lake,  and 
destroyed  some  houses.  Tw»  persons  were  killed. 
In  the  villages  which  were  overwhelmed,  not  an 
individual  escaped.  Upvirards  of  l,ooo  ^>ersoifs 
have  been  victims  of  thte  disaster.  A  society  of 
traveller!,  thirteen,  in  number,  were  on  the  road 
from  Arth  to  Schwitz :  nine  who  vralkcd  first  pe 
rished;  the  other  tour,  who  were  about  (orty 
paces  distant,  escaped.  Those  who  were  killed 
were,  M.  M.  Rodolph  Jenner,  of  Brcstcnberg ; 
Colonel  Victor  Steigner,  of  Herat ;  Charles  May, 
©f  Ruth  ;  Doctor  tudwig,  of  Arhon,  in  Thur- 
rovia  ;  Mademoiselle  Dicsbach,  of  Bcrthoud ; 
lladame  Diesbach,  of  Wattcvillc ;  Madame 
Frankhauser,  of  Berthoud  ;  and  two  Guides,  of 
Arth.    five  minutes  sufficed  to  complete  this  di- 

At  Schwitz,  some  persons  heard  the  noise,  and 
•aw  at  a  distance  the  vapour  which  covered  the 
place  where  the  accident  happened,  and  which  was 
eacrled  towards  Zug,  on  the  opposite  side,  wah  a 
•trong  sulphureous  smell.  The  CaJling  of  the 
mountain  extended  from  Ihe  summit  to  the  oppo. 
•ife  side,  beyond  the  Lake,  a  distant*  of  three 
leagues  from  i»orth  to  south,  and  a  league  and  a 
quarter  from  west  to  east.  There  it  nothing  now 
to  be  seen  but  melancholy  ruins,  through  the 
wbok  of  that  Mimuy  whick  pce^enced  tht  i icbest 


communes  in  the  canton  of  Schwitz,  inhabited 
by  a  brave  and  faithful  people.  Only  thirty  pet- 
sons  remain  out  of  this  interesting  population- 
Several  circumstances  attending  this  event  arc- 
very  rcmarlcable.  Enormous  masses  of  rock  were 
carried  through  the  air  to  protrrgtons  distances. 
The  rocks,  in  falling,  drew  with  them  immense 
masses  of  rarth,  of  from  tcii  to  eighty  fcct  in  thick- 
ness ;  and  numbers  of  these  masses,  together 
with  laige  blocks  of  flint  stone,  were  thrown  on> 
the  opposite  shcyc,  to  the  height  of  from  eighty , 
to  one  hundred  feet.  One  can  scarcely  believe 
one*»  eyes  when  one  sees  ihese  phenomena.  Evc- 
r}'  instant  one  sees  houses,  some  forced  on  one 
side,  others  cut  in  two  and  separated  at  great 
distances,  and  others  carried  more  than  a  quarter 
of  a  league  from  their  foundations. 

The  Lake  of  I^uwertz  has  lost  about  a  quarter 
of  its  extent,  but  its  recovered  part  is  filted  at  pre- 
sent by  the  waters  of  several  brooks,  which  no, 
longer  flow.  That  rich  plain,  which  was  so 
beautiful,  now  presents  a  mountain  of  near  lOO 
feet  in  height,  ol  a  league  and  a  half  in  lengthy 
and  as  much  in  breadth. 

Mount  Rosemberg  bears  E.  N.  E.  from  Arth. 
It  is  its  western  part  which  has  fallen  do  *u  ;  that 
which  was  on  the  side  ol  Arih,  alter  descending 
direct  towards  its  base,  was  suddrnly  thrown  to 
the  east,  and  thus  Arth,  2ug,  and  all  that  sid# 
of  the  Lake  were  saved.  The  thickness  of  the 
mas?  carried  down,  apj)eared  to  be  two  feet  on 
the  western  side,  and  upwards  of  150  on  the  east 
side.  The  Knippenbuhl  seemed  to  have  announ- 
ced this  misfortune  so  early  as  the  3rear  1774* 
when  it  detachetl  itself  irom  the  mass  of  th«  ■ 
mountain.  The  Isle  of  Schwanau,  elevated  on  a 
rock,  in  thi  middle  of  the  Lake,  experienced  also 
some  damage,  particurloly  its  church.  The  good 
Hermit  was  fortunately  at  Ensiddkn.  The  \ou% 
ruad  of  ibe  Lake  is  broken  in  a  thousand  places. 
Succours  have  been  sent  with  the  greatest 
promptifude.  Six  hundred  workmen  from  Zu^ 
and  Schwitz  have  gone  to  the  banks  of  the  Lake 
of  Lauwcrtz,  particularly  to  the  moufb  of  the 
Sccven.  This  small  river  was  so  obstructed  by 
rinns  of  all  descriptions,  woods,  trees,  houses,  &c^ 
that  without  prompt  assistance,  Ibe-  calety  oS 
all  ihe  houses  below  Scbwkx  to  Bronneny  vnmlil 
have  been  menaced. 

One  man  had  the  good  fortune  to  withdraw 
in  time  under  ground,  with  his  servant  and  a 
child,  which  he  held  iu  his  arms.  In  one  house  . 
near  Arth  is  still  living,  a  poor  man,  who  ha4 
both  his  thighs  broken.  During  the  search  which 
ha&  already  been  made  twenty  persons  were  dis* 
covered  dead  at  the  entrance  of  the  village  of  Gol* 
dau,  men,  women  and  children,  s6mc  limving 
their  arms,  others  their  heads,  others  their  legs 
separated  from  their  bodies,  and  the  bodies  somei 
cut  in  half.  V^e  have  coasted  along  the  foot  of  ' 
Riga,  where  the  greatest  part  of  those  who  sur- 
vived this  catastrophe  took  refeg^,  alas !  not  mottt 
than  thirty.  An  old  man  whom  wd  met,  said 
to  us,  *'  I  had  ttons,  daughters,  and  a  great 
number  of  grand  children.  I  had  a  witc  and 
other  relations.  I  alone  remain."  A  little  girl 
said,  "  I  have  no  longer  father  o\  mother*'  bTi>- 
ihers  or  sistcn."  A  woman  had  lost  her  mothe^j 
husband,  brothers,  sisters.^  and  five  children.  - 
The  villages  of  GoldiO  and  Eothen^  consistinf 


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421] 


CapUtreof^ftve  Frtnch  Frigates,  " 


[421 


of  lis  buo^est  that  of  Busingen,  of  isO,  and 
that  of  Hazlocb,  have  tocaUf  disappeared.  Of 
Lauwertz,  which  lost  25  houses,  there  remaio 
ten  buildUi^  all  much  damaged.  Stein  has 
lost  two  houses  and  several  stdbles,  which  were 
in  great  numbers  in  all  these  villages. 

P.  S.  X^'cnty  years  since  General  Pfyffer  pre- 
dict this  catastrophtr,  from  (he  kuow!ccl.i<:  which 
he  ha.'  of  thtr  nature  of  ihe  mountain.  A  profes- 
sor ofSchwitz  aid  that  above  Spleufiuc  was  a 
?ea  of  water,  which  had  un^lcrminei  the  rock 
for  several  years,  and  that  bclo^  tiiere  was  a  ca- 
vern of  great  depth,  where  the  waters,  were  en- 
gulphed.  The  quantity  of  water  which  has  fallen 
d  J  ring  the  preceding  years,  has  hastened  this 
cmtastrophe,  and  the  rains  of  some  weeks  past 
have  decided  it. 

The  'o^cs  occasioned  by  this  dread 'u1  avalanche 
of  stone  as  reported  to  (lovernment,  amounts  to 
159,705  francs  and  is  by  no  means  exaggerated. 
The  foibwing  is  an  Account  of  all  the  co  nmuues 
damaged,  with  an  estimation  of  their  losses.— 
Daltenwyl  55,333  fr.  3  b.  3  r  ;  Ober-Rikcohach 
18",'56(J  fr  6  b.  0  r. ;  We  fenchiessen  30,169  ft. 
0  b.  0  r. ;  Oberbween  and  Zumligcn  i>2,004  fr. ; 
Un-erbwecn,  0,000  fr.  0  b.  0  r. ;  Enneumoos 
4,300 fir. ;  Steinzand  Stansstad  20  000  it.Ch  Or. 
Total  150,705  fr.  o  b.  7  r. 

Berne,  ai  Sept.  A  smal*  pamphlet  has  been 
published  which  contains ;  1st  an  oflUdal  report 
nom  the  senators  Frendenreick  and  Beys,  relative 
to  the  misfortunes  of  the  Canton  of  Schwitz :  ad. 
ff  Mr.  Schlatter^  director  of  the  'mines,  on  the 
same  subject ;  3d  an  accoimt  of  the  curate  of 
laawertz,  who  saw  the  fell  of  Spizenbirel.  Wc 
thail  extract  from  these  different  narratives  what 
appean  to  be  the  latest  information. 

It  it  impossible,  say  Messrs.  Prendenrdck  and 
Bey,  to  ofdcutaue  the  extent  and  consequence  of 
i^is  ■Mforttmc  $  the  damage  amooms  to  many 
miUtoos.  The  moat  unfortunate  circumstanct  is 
the  probable  extension  of  the  disaster ;  particu- 
larly on  the  side  of  Anh.  A  mast  of  stones  siai- 
mtd  on  die  top  of  the  rook  which  is  removed,  and 
m  wood.whidi  hat  already  quitted  its  place,  ap- 
|icar  ready  to  fiill.  Among  tile  fallen  ruins  is  li 
contklorabte  quantity  of  water,  which  at  present 
fcnnt  m«w«mp,  but  Wing  conttamly  aogmented 
by  the  rivnlett,  will  work  itself  a  way,  and  the 
dreadful  couMqncncM -are  incalculable. 

The  unfortunate  Cantdli  of  Schwitz  cannot 
prcveni  these  disatten ;  the  'eovtfrnment  and  the 
people  anxiously  wait  the  event  The  report  that 
•everal  workmen  had  lost  their  Ihes,  it  unfound- 
ed. 9&0  men  are  continually  engaged  in  cutting 
a  puttage  for  the  water ;  in  cutting  a  road  on  the 
Rigi,  to  open  m  communication  between  Schwitz 
and  Anh ;  in  collecting  the  ruiiks  of  the  houses ; 
In  aearching  for  the  bodies  of  the  sufferers,  and 
horying  tbem ;  and  in  general  in  aflbrding  assis- 
tance wherevir  wanted. 

M.  Schlatter  observcc,  that  m  considerable  mass 
of  rock,  and  part  of  a  focest,  which  is  moved  1 50 
paces  from  its  original  situation,  still  threatens  to 
fiUl.  The  first  heavy  rain  will  probably  bring  it 
4own,  or  perhaps  the  melong  of  the  snow  in  the 
spring. 

The  curate  of  Lauweertx  rebates  a  remarkable  m- 
ckknt  ot  a  woman  and  child,  found  ahve  and  un- 
hurt under  the  ru>nsv  where  they  had  remained  a 
W^gki^ihi:  they  sa/,  they  heard  otha  psrsonty 


buried  as  thev  were,  weep  and  groan.  This  ren- 
ders pr<^ble  (he  idea  of  a  traveller  who  visited 
the  plac  two  days  after  the  disaster,  that  some  of 
the  unfortunate  suffereni  might  be  extricated 
a'ive.  It  alto  appears,  that  the  mountain  has  not 
htUen  vertically,  but  sliding  on  an  inclined  plane^ 
bore  away  in  its  prolonged  descent,  a  great  many 
houses,  and  the  earth  on  which  thry  stood,  much 
below  their  foundations.  Many  undoubtedly  were 
crunched  by  the  enormous  mass  which  over- 
whel  ned  them ;  others,  which  tht-  mountain  af-. 
terwards  reached,  wou  d  experience  less  pressuref 
some,  at  the  outskirts  of  the  vilLges,  were,  per- 
haps, mostly  covered,  or  thcir'upper  parts  deraoi 
lished.  It  is  therefore  possible,  that  in  some 
ground  floor,  there  may  be  found  persons  surviv- 
ing this  disaster. 


EXTRACT  OP  LOltDOir  GAZETTE. 
Admiralty  OJict,  October  4,  1800. 

Litter  frwn  Rear  Admiral  Sir  Ti0mat  Umis  f 
Sir  CharUt  Ctfon^  Bart.f  datrj  Cattopmt,  «/  Sem^ 
Sept.  39t  leoO. — Sir ;  I  have  to  inform  you  with 
my  falling  in  with  the  French  frigate  le  Pre&ideiUv 
of  44  guns,  830  men,  comoundcd  by  Mon« 
sieor  Collier  Labrosse,  on  the  a  7  th  instant*  in  lat. 
47  deg.  17  min.  N.  long.  0  deg.  53  min.  W.  and 
after  a  chace  of  seventeen  hours,  she  struck  to  his- 
Miyesty's  squadron  uiuler  my  command.  The  Prc-^ 
sident  is  one  of  the  frigates  that  sailed  from  France, 
with  theRegulus,  Sybiile,  andSorveiliante  cjrvct* 
te;  separated  in  a  eale  of  wind  on  the  :>Oih  of  Au- 
gust, m  lat  3it  deg  30  min.  N  and  long.  >5  de^. . 
W.  I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c. 

^Signed)         Tho.  Loo  is. 
Str  Cktrlm  CotMrn,  Bart»  Cfc»  ^c. 

Letter  from    Str  Samuel    Haod,  K,   B    to    Str 
Charles  Cfottom,  Bart,  dated  Cetitaur,  at  Sea,  'l6th , 
Sept.   1800. — Sir;  yesterday  morning,  about  one 
o'clock,  I  had  the  good  fortune  of  falling  in  with  a 
squadron  ot  the  enemy,  standing  to  the  West- 
ward ;  the  squadron  under  my  orders  beini*  then 
on  the  larboard  tack>  strexhing  in  for  Chaffeion' 
Light  house,  six  or  seven  leai^ies  from  us,  the 
Revenge  to  windward,  and  the  Monarch  to  lee-  , 
ward,  on  the  look  out,  the  latter  ship  first  mak- 
ing the  signal  for  an  enemy,  when  I  soon  disco* 
vered  seven  sail  to  leeward  of  me,  and  consider- 
ing them,  in  part,  line  of  battle  ships,  the  signal 
was  made  to  form  the  line,  and  shortly  after  I  ob- . 
served  them  bearing  up,  making  all  sail,  and 
running  to  the  S.  S.  W.  The  signal  was  instantly 
made  for  a  general  chase,  and  the  >lonarch,  from 
her  position  and  good  sailing,  was  enabled  to 
keep  nearly  within  gunshot,  a  mi  e  and  a  half,  or 
little  more,  a  head  of  the  Centaur,  and  the  Mars 
on  the  starboard  bow     At  day  li^ht  we  made  ■ 
them  out  five  large  French  frigates,  and  two  cor- 
vettes, one  of  which  bearing  a  broad  pendant ;  •*% 
five  the  Monarch  firt-d  a  few  cha«e  shot ;  snd  at 
six  the  weathermo^t  frigate  hauled   more  to  the  . 
Westward,  in  pursuit  of  which  i  di<patch«d  the 
Mars ;  and  one  frigate,  with  the  two  corvettes, 
edged  away  to  the  Soudi  East,  the  remajni'>x 
tbiee  frigates  keeping  in  close  order,  indicatitig 
the  intention  of  supporting  each    othr-.    Ar  a 
quarter  past  ten  the  Monarch  opened  her  star* 
board  guns  on  the  enemy,  when  a  h^vy  c<cnno* 
nadm^  commenoedy  and  hy  the  «nemy*s  nanaftr* ' 
^  i 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


423] 


Capture  tfjivt  Prench  PHgates,  isfe. 


t424 


inent  of  t.  miming  Rght,  th^  sue  ceded,  in  some 
ioeasare,  in  crtpplWig  the  Monarch's  Mib  and 
iHgging  before  the  Centaur  could  get  up.  At  elc- 
ircn  wc  got  within  fair  range  of  tv^,  and  opened 
our  fire  from  the  larboard  guns,  whikt  the  Mo- 
narch kept  engaging  the  third  ship,  and  about 
noon  one  of  the  tvfo  frigates  struck,  as  did  the  one 
opposed  to  the  Monarch  shonly  after.  It  was 
just  before  this  I  received  a  severe  wound  in  my 
right  arm,  (eince  amputated,  and  doing  well  I 
hope),  which  obliged  mc  to  Icavt  the  deck  ;  the 
Mars  previous  to  this,  had  succeeded  in  captur- 
ing her  chase,  and  with  her  prize,  hauled  towards 
the  Centaur,  In  chlce  of,  and  firing  at  the  French 
Commodore's  ship,  and  at  three  assisted  in  cap- 
turing her.'^Thosc  ships  of  the  enemy  made  an 
obstinate  resistance,  but  the  resuk  was,  as  may 
well  be  supposed,  attended  with  much  slaughter, 
being  crowded  with  troops,  out  of  Rochefort  the 
.  evening  before. — 1  caimot  add  too  much. praise  to 
Capt.  Lee,  of  the  Monarch,  for  his  gallant  and 
dffieer-like  conduct,  but  1  am  sorry  to  find  Kis 
loss  has  been  rather  severe,  the  swell  of  the  sea 
preventing,  at  times,  the  opening  of  the  lower 
licck  ports— To  Capt.  Lukin,  of  the  Mars,  1  fed 
thankful,  for  his  steady  conduct  and  attention  ; 
and,  I  have  also  to  express  my  satisfaction  at  the 
endeavours  of  Capis.  BoyJes,  King,  Sir  John 
Gore,  and  Ma*efield,  in  getting  op  with  the  enemy, 
although  they  could  not  succeed.  The  Revenge, 
from  being  well  to  windward,  became  considera- 
bly a-stern  after  bearing  up-— To  Lieut.  Case, 
First  of  the  Centaur,  1  have  to  add  my  approbation 
of  his  judicious  conduct,  before  and  after  my  leav- 
ing the  deck ;  and  I  also  feel  much  pleased  at 
the -steady  eaertion?  of  all  my  OflScers,  Seamen 
and  Marines.- 1  inclose  herevriA,  &  return  of 
Killed  and  Wounded,  and  I  also  annex  a  List 
of  the  enemy's  Ships  captured,  and  will  make  a 
f  ,*tum  of  their  loss  as  soon  as  possible.  I  have 
cnc  honour  to  be,  &c.  oam.  Hood. 

Total — 9  killed  and  32  wounded.  Ofiicers  kil- 
led and  wounded.  (7«rttf«r.— Captain  Sir  Samuel 
Hood,  K.  B  wounded.  Monarch— ^t.  Bigden, 
Midshipman,  killed  j  Lieutenant  Anderson,  Mr. 
'  Duffy,  Boatswain,  and  Mr.  Geary,  Midshipman, 
wounded.  ^igned)         Samuel  Hood. 

Enemy's  ships  captured-  La  Oloirf,  of  40 
f^na,  M.  Soleil,  Capitaine  de  vaisseau,  carrying 
a  broad  pendant.  V Indefatigable ^  of  44  guns, 
M.  Girardiers,  Capitaine  de  vaisseau.  La  Ml 
nerve,  of  44  guos,  quite  new,  M.  Colet,  Capi- 
Uine  de  frigate.  UArmiele^  of  44  guns,  two 
years  old,  M.  Langlois,  Capitaine  de  FY^ptc. 

Remarkable  fine  ships,  of  large  dimensions, 
mountiiog  28  French  18  pounders  on  their  main 
decks :  so  pounder  carronades  on  their  quarter 
deck,  and  forecastles,  and  about  050  men  (in- 
cluding troops)^  in  each  ship,  full  of  scores, 
arras,  ammunition,  and  provisions,  fire— La 
Themis  of  44  guns,  old,  escaped— Le  Sylph,  of 
*  1^  guns,  new,  escaped.— La  Lynx,  of  lo  guns, 
new,  escaped. 

Letter  from  dpt.  ThUhesse,  oftht  Sheldrake  Sloop 
'  to   Rear  Admiral  Sir  J.  Suumarex,  Bart,  dated 

St,  Aubint  Bajt  Jerujf,  October  15,  1800. 

Sir — I  havp  the  honour  to  inform  you,  for  the 
fiformation  of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the 
Admiralty,  that  his  Majesty's  ship  Constance,  in 
•ompaoy  with  the  Slieldrakc^   Strenuous^  and 


Britannia  hired  cutter*  weighedon  the  13th  ins- 
tant, at  six  A.  M.  ffyjta  the  anchorage  at  Cbansey, 
with  the  tide  at  ebb,  and  a  light  breeze  at  S.  E. ; 
on  standing  in  to  reconnoitre  St.  Maloes  a  sail 
was  discovered  oif  Cape  Frehel ;  to  which  the 
squadron  gave  chace,  employing  their  sweeps 
nearly  the  whole  way ;  it  was  soon  discovered  by 
her  manoeuvres,  that  the  chase  vras  ap  enemy^ 
who  about  noon  succeeded  in  getting  into  Bouchc 
D'r^rkie,  hauling  close  in  with  the  rocks,  and 
carrying  out  bow  and  quarter  springs,  and  other- 
wise preparing  for  an  obstinate  defence^  covered 
by  a  strong  battery  of  guns  on  the  hill,  as  well  as 
field-pieces  and  musketry  employed  by  the  troop* 
brought  down  for  that  purpose ;  in  this  state  thej 
watted  to  receive  us ;  their  determined  appear- 
ance only  increased  the  ardour  of  the  brave  Cap- 
tain Burrowes  (who,  I  am  sorry  to  add,  fe  1  glo- 
riously by  a  grape  shot  in  the  heat  of  the  action) . 
The  Sheldrake,  by  superior  sailing,  had  the  good 
fortune  to  lead  into  action,  followed  by  the  Stre- 
nuous, the  squadron  being  anchored  within  pis- 
tol-shot of  the  enetpy,  with  springs  on  their  ca- 
bles ;  at  two  P.  M.  a  most  spirited  fire  commcn*. 
ced  #n  both  sides,  which  was  supported  with 
great  gallantry  and  obstinacy  on  the  part  of  th« 
enemy  s^ip,  till  four  P.  M.  when  it  pleased  God 
to  give  us  the  victory.  I  sent  my  First  Lieutenant 
to  take  possession  of  her,  and  the  British  colours 
were  immediately  hoisted.  She  proves  to  be  the 
Salamander,  a  French  frigate-built  ship,  moun- 
ted with  twenty  six  long  13  and  18  pounders» 
and  manned,  by  tbeirown  account,  with  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  men,  and  was  commanded  by  a 
Lieutenant  de  Vaisseau,  who  was  killed  in  the 
action  ;  she  was  bound  from  St.  Maloes  to  Brest, 
vfith  ship  timber* 

His  Majesty's  ship  Constance  having  takep  the 
ground,and  the  prize  also  a-ground«  every  exarCion 
was  used  to  get  both  ships  off;  bat  1  am  sarry 
to  add,  without  success :  the  fire  of  the  cannon 
and  musketry  from  the  shore  becomiDg  now  8» 
galling  and  tremendous,  that  the  people  couid 
not  shew  themselves  on  deck :  the  Coimance 
having  cut  both  cables  during  the  action,  and  th« 
wharps  which  had  been  run  out  ^  heave  Iwr  off 
shot  away ;  at  the  roomeat  of  her  flogning  she 
drifted  with  the  wind  on  shore,  farther,  em  ttao 
rocks, which  obliged  the  Officcn  and  citwta  aban- 
don her,  without  firin^her,  the  decks  being  filled 
with  wounded  j  observing,  however,  aa  the  tide 
rose  &he  began  to  float,  I  was  induced,  great  aa 
the  risk  was,  to  make  another^  attempt  to  savt  her 
which  also  proved  ur^uccessful,  those  employed 
on  the  service  being  either  killed  or  made  priio- 
ners.  Night  now  closing  in  on  ^,  it  becamb  iie« 
ccssary  to  coKult  the  safety  of  the  Sheldrake  and 
Strenuous  (the  latter  with  her  forctop-iBaat  dio« 
away),  at  break  of  day  I  stood  in  to  see  if  «I3^ 
thing  further  could  be  done,  and  was  hapf^  (0 
observe  the  Coaatance  was  high  aad  dry  on  ihm 
rocks  under  the  battery,  andiying  keel  up  a  per* 
feet  wreck  ;  thepri^e  which  had  not  drifted  ae 
far  in,  I  succeeded  m  totally  desteoykig  by  fire  at 
low  water.  1  haVe  saved  about  100  oC  tlie  Ot&a 
ccrs  and  crew  of  the  Constance  i  of  those  mise- 
ing,  I  hope  most  are  made  priAmers,  though  I 
fear  some  may  have  fallen  in  the  «otpd  auccopi 
to  rcco\'er  I  lis  Majesty's  ship. 

The  btftenteddttth  of  wff  itdpteM  Ifkodi 


Digitized  by  ^OOQIC 


405} 


Vaivernty  Promoium,  ftfc. 


Capcain  Boirowes  (who,  had  be  lived,  would 
^  have  given  their  Lordships  a  n^re  clear  and  de- 
uikd  account  tbaa  I  am  able  to  do  of  this  affair, 
leaves  roe  the  duty  of  bearing  testiminy  to  the 
determined  courage,  cookess,  and  ardour  (dis-> 
played  by  every  Officer  and  man  in  the  squadron. 
I  must  particularly  mention  the  assistance  I  re- 
ceived from  my  First  Lieutenant  Richard  Kcvern, 
a  most  meritorious  and  old  Officer,  whom  I  pre- 
sume to  recommend  to  (heir  Lordships'  favoura- 
ble notice.  I  must  also  bear  testimony  to4he  zeal 
and  braveiy  of  Lieutenant  Nugent,  commanding 
the  Strenuous  gun-brig,  who  on  this,  as  well  as 
former  occasions,  has  ever  shewn  himself  a  gal- 
lant and  zealous  Officer.  Lieutenant  William 
Lawrence,  my  Sccoi^d  Lieutenant,  to  whom  I 
committed  the  service  of  destroying  the  prize, 
performed  it  very  much  to  his  own  credit  and 
ray  satistection.  I  am  sorry  to  state  that  Mr. 
Heniy  Fraser,  Master  of  the  Sheldrake,  who  vo- 
lunteered in  thie  most  gallant  maimer  to  accom- 
pany Mr.  Richards,  First  Lieutenant  [of  the 
Cooiscrace,  in*  the  second  attempt  to  save  the  ship, 
are  amongst  the  missing. — 1  herewith  have  the 
honour  to  inclose  as  correct  a  List  of  the  Killed 
andWounded  as,  from  circumstances,  I  have  been 
able  to  obtain  ;  as  also  a  List  of  Prisoners  saved 
from  the  prize.  I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c. 
-  (Signed)  John  Thick nbssb. 
P.  S.  As  Lieutenimt  Lawrence  saw  about  thir- 
ty killed  lying  on  the  Salamander's  decks  I  con- 
ceive the  slaughter  on  board  her  must  have  been 
very  great  Numbers  of  her  crew  escaped  in 
boats,  and  by  swimming  to  the  shore,  on  her 
striking.  (Signed)         JotfN  Thicknesse. 

Lui  ofEJlUi  mttd  fVotmded  m  bo^rd  Bis  Majesty s 
81^  ComtMMMf  SJUldrmkt,   mnd  S/rttmous,   in 
aetfm  mi  the  1 3/i  htsfOMt, 
Constance. — Ki/M,   Capt.    Burrowes;    Ben. 
Leviaton,  Serjeant  of  Marines;  W.  Bunbridge,  J. 
Chartotte,  E.  Ryan,  seamen  j  J.  M'lreson,  Quar- 
ter-Master ^  R.  Robinson,   Boatswain's    Mate; 
i.  GtUfoid,  Quaiter-Master;  J.  Wilson  (a),  Quar- 
ter-Master. 

Shet  dead  vf  their  fFomiids. — L.  Coglan,  Seaman ; 
T.  M' Andrew,  Marine;  J.  Pktterson,  Quarter- 
Master  ;  J.  Giles,  Marine. 

Slightly  v>0m$deJ* — Mr.  Richards,  First  Lieute- 
nant;  J.  Navy,  J.  Clark,  T.  Howe,  T.  Little, 
P  Murrow,  E.  Trout,  J.  Flynn,  S.  Breasur,  R. 
Wallas,  Seamen. 

Badlj  vmmded.  D.  M'Cawley,  Boatswain  ;  W. 
Morton,  Marioe. 

H'ls  Majesty's  Sloop  Sheldrake.-^Zi/^i,  J. 
BfowB,  SoMiian*— ^fWfWA/,  E.  Hunt  and  J.  Cul- 
bctt.  Seamen.  His  Msycsty's  Gun  brig  Stre- 
nuous.—None  killed —/fWWA/,  R  Bond,  Mid- 
ikipnum,  slightly ;  J.  Butteniley,  Marine,  severe- 
ly ;  H.  Howard,  Scanlan,  J.  Bale,  Quatier- 
Master,  mnd  J.  Hawkins,  Marine,  slightly. 

KiUtdmtd  mmtded  m  hfird  the  SaUmatUer,-^ 
Rilled  not  known.— Wounded  (now  on  board  the 
Sheldrake)  nine,  two  since  dead. 

The  London  Gazette  of  Oct.  4,  contains  two 
Orders  of  Council,  of  the  1st  instant ;— One,  for 
epCoun^ng  the  trade  to  Buenos  Ayres,  and  con- 
firming the  Order  ot  Council  issued  on  the  I7& 
ultr-Tbe  ocbei  for  adding  all  sorts  of  live  stock  to 
the  attides  permitted  to  bf  imported  into  the 
)Vfst  Indi^  bliodi. 


C4aB 


rtOUOTIONt. 

FROM  THE  LQNIXW  qAZETTB. 

Sept.  as.  The  King  has  been  pleased,  by  war- ' 
rant,  under  his  Royal  Signet  and  Sign  "Manual,  to 
give  and  grant  unto  Major-Gen.  Sir  John  Stuart, 
Knight  (whom  his  Majesty  has  nominated  to  b# 
one  of  the  Knights  Companions  of  the  Most  Ho- 
nourable Military  Order  of  the  Bathj,  his  Royal 
licence  and  permission  to  accept  the  title  of  Count 
of  Maida,ia  Calabria,  conferred  upon  him  by  fcf- 
dinand  the  Fourth,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Sept.  27.    His  Majesty  havbig  been  pleased  to 
appoint  the    Right   Hoiiourable  Charles    Grey^^ 


sworn  one  of  his  Majesty's  Principal  Secretaries  of 
Stare  accordingly. 

Sept.  3a  The  King  has  been  pleased  to  con- 
stitute and  appoint  the  Right  Honourable  George 
Tiemey,  the  Right  Honourable  George  John 
Earl  Spencer,  Knight  of  the  Most  Noble  Order  of 
the  Garter ;  the  Right  Hon.  Wm.  Windham ;  the 
Right  Hon.  Charles  Grey,  (commonly  called  Vis- 
count Howick),  his  Majes^*^  three  Principal  Se- 
cretaries of  State;  the  Right  Hon-  WUlian| 
Windham,  Baron  Grenville,  First  Commissionec 
of  his  Majesty's  Treasury ;  the  Right  Hon.  Henry 
Petty,  fcommonly  called  Lord  Henry  Petty), 
Chancellor  and  Under  Treasurer  of  his  Majesty'$ 
Exchequer;  the  Right  Hon.  George  Howard, 
(commonly  called  Viscount  Morpeth)  ;  the  Right 
Hon.  John  Hiley  Addington;  die  Right  Hon. 
John  Sullivan,  and  the  Right  Hon.  John  Joshua 
Earl  of  Carysfort,  Knight  of  the  Illustrious  Order 
of  St.  Patrick,  to  be  his  Majesty's  Commissioner^ 
for  the  Management  of  the  Aflkirs  of  India. 

Oct.  n.  His  Majesty  m  Council  was  this  da^ 
pleased  to  declare  Henry  Viscoum  Sidmouth,  Lord 
President  of  his  Majesty's  Most  Honourable  Privy 
Council,  and  his  Lordship  took  his  place  at  \Ym 
Board  accordingly. 

Oct.  18.  The  King  has  been  pleased  to  order 
a  Cong^  d'Elire  to  pass  the  Great  Seal,  eropowcrr 
Ing  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  the  Cathedfa! 
Church  of  St.  Asaph  to  elect  a  Bbhop  to  that 
See,  void  by  the  death  of  the  Right  Reverend  Fa- 
ther in  God  Doctor  Samuel  Horslcy,  late  Bishop 
thereof;  and  his  Majesty  has  also  been  pleased  to 
recommend  the  Right  Reverend  Fatficr  in  God> 
Doctor  William  Cleaver,  Bishop  of  Bangor,  to  b^ 
by  them  elected  Bishop  of  the  ^id  See  of  St. 
Asaph. 

Treasmj  Chamhers,  fThitehall,   Oct,  17,  1786. 
The  Lords  Commissioneis  of  his    Majesty's 
Treasury  have  been    pleased   to  appoint  John 
Lewis  Mallett,  Esq.  to  be  Secretary  to  the  Com- 
missionen  for. Auditing  the  Public  Accounts. 

UNIVESSITY    PKOMOTIOKS. 

Oxford,  Oct.  11,  1906.— Wednesday  last  the 
Rev.  Henry  Richards,  D.D.  Rector  of  Excicr  Col- 
lege, having  been  nominated  by  his  Grace  th^ 
Diukeof  Pordand,.  Chancellor  of  the  University, 
was,  m  fiiU  convocation,  invested  with  the  offic« 
of  Vice-Chancel  tor  for  the  year  ensuing. 

The  Rev.  Michael  Mar  low,  D.p.  President  of 

St.  John's  College ;  the  Rev.  Whittington  Lan* 

doi^  D.D.  Pitrvott  Of  WorcMCbr  Coll^;  dn 

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Bev.  John  Parsont,  D.D.  MMter  of  SaUicl  Col- 
lege ;  and  the  Rev.  David  Hughes,  U  D.  Prii  ci- 
pti  of  Jesus  College^  were  nominated  Pro-Vice- 
Chanc^llors. 

Thursday  the  Rev.  W.  T.  Williams,  M.A.  of 
Cor|)u<i  Christ!  Co 'lege,  was  admitted  Fellow  of 
that  Society. 

"  Oct.  10. — ^Thc  first  day  of  Michaelmas  Term, 
the  Rev.  Joshua  Robinson,  Student  in  Law,  of  St. 
S'l^ry  Hall,  was  admitted  Bachelor  of  Law.  Mr. 
William  Burge>  of  Wadham  College,  was  admit- 
ted Bachelor  of  Arts. 

*   The  ea<tuing  week  is  fixed  for  the  visitation  of 
Evading  School.     Archbishop    Laud    appointed 
three  visitors,  the  Vice- Chancellor  of  the  Univcr 
•ity  of  Oxford,  the  President  of  St.  John's,  and ' 
the  Warden  of  All  Soul's  Co  Irges.    This  cere- 
mony takes  place  every  third  jear.    The  Arch 
bishop  left  a  sum  of  money  to  the  Corporation  of 
Reading,   to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  Visitors, 
who  are  likewise  to  audit  the  accounts  of  all  the 
benefactions  of    the  Archbishop   to  that  town. 
Among  these  is  a  part  of  the  salary  oi  the  master 
of  the  scht)ol,  and  we  find  in  Mr.  Coates*s  History 
of  Reading,   that  the  visitors  had  ejccrcised  fhe 
power  of  ordering  the  salaiy  to  be  withheld  fiom 
the  nriasier,  on  the  charge  of  neglect  of  duty. 

Since  the  time  of  Archbishop  Laud,  it  has  been 
li^ual  for  the  scholars  of  that  seminary  to  perform 
plays,  or  recite  speeches  before  the  visitors,  who 
are  always  accompanied  by  the  members  of  the 
corporation  of  Reading, 

Cambridge,  Oct,  6* — ^Thc  Rev.  John  Henry 
henouard,  A.M.  one  of  the  Senior  Fellows  of 
Trinity  CpUegc,  is  chosen  Vice- Master  of  that  So- 
ciety, on  the  lesignation  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Davies. 

Messrs.  Peter  Paul  Dobree,  John  Powell,  John 
Clarkson,  and  Wilkinson  Matthewx,  Bachelors  of 
Arts,  of  Trinity  College,  were  on  Wednesday 
elected  Fellows  of  that  Society. 

The  Rev.  Philip  Duval  Aufrcre  is  instituted  to 
the  vicarage  of  Bacton  in  Norfolk,  on  the  presen- 
tation pf  thchon.  John  Woodhoyse. 

The  Rev.  William  Wright  Willcocks  is  institu- 
ted to  the  vicarage  of  Barney,  in  Norfolk^  on  the 
presentation  of  Sir  John  AstUy,  Bart<i 

'The  Rev.  Richard  Gooch  is  instituted  to  the 
rectory  of  Frostenden  in  Suffolk,  on  the  presenta- 
tion ot  Sirlliomas  Gooch  Bart. ' 

The  King  has  b'een  pleased  to  grant  to  the  Rev 
Joseph  Alien,  A.M.  clerk,  and  Feilow  of  Trinity 
College,  the  place  and  dignity  of  a  Caponry  or 
Prebend  of  the  ColIcgi;ite  Church  of  ^t.  Peter, 
Westminster,  void  by  the  death  of  Dr.  William 
Cole,  late  one  of  the  Prebendaries  thereof. 

Htf  Ro)^!  Highness  the  Prince  ^f  Wales  has 
beon  pleased  to  appomt  the  Rev.  ^^omas  Ham 
nond  Foxcroft,  A.M.  la'te'  of  St.  Peter's  College, 
rector  of  BeMichamp  Rood«ng,  in  the  County  of 
Essex,  and  vicar  of  Stoke  Gifford,  iri  the  county 
ot  Gloucester,  to  be  orie  of  his  chapl^jn^  in  ordi- 
nary. 

BANKRKJTTt, 

pcpt.  as,    George  Hmvln,  Liverpool,  mcreliMit. 

^Hmiit:!  Strutt,  Dowgaie-hiil  bixuit  baker. 
RoU-crt  Lcwi«  and  James  Darvcll.  Holbom,  oiefrers, 
J6tin  UndcthtU.  Barbican,  stnwhat-maoufacturcr, 
iLich^Ttl  Puitiin,  tancastct,  dealer, 
j^iclwird  Aklriilge,  Briatol,  twifiC-spbiucr* 


<)ept.  97 .    Ann  nSTAng.  !:rist«fl,  baberda«lMr« 
.  Francis  Olivei,  Tottenham  Niftb  Crew,  grocer. 
Joseph  Brairge.  of  Gir  ton.  Nottingham  shire,  dealcf. 
Claudius  Chcrvet  and  James  Fleicber,  tatc  of  \\  albrooka 

Loodoo. 
James  Clark,  of  Houndiditch.  cock  and  |)ra8a-foirodeT. 
Sept.  SO.    Aike  Halbert  and  Gtoige  Haibert,  Newcastle. 

upoii.T)-ne,  drapers. 
Tedmar  Bauck,  Quecn-strect,  Cheapsidc,  fugai-rchncr. 
Henr>  Richard  Bowen.  Bath.  Cbiiuman, 
Thomas  Jac4cson,  Liverpool,  hatter. 
Ramoei  Botti^mley,  SaKord,  J.ancasbtre,  liquoTTmercnant 
John  Stubbs,  Bristol,  bou9e<carp«otcr. 
Ocr.  4.    Charles  Jones,  Liverpool,  merchant.        .^^.^^ 
Tliomas  Norman,  Shenstood,  StaftordNhire,  in»keeper« 
Jcase  Parker,  Bd|Q^>oston,  Warwickahirc,  ropc-makcr. 
John  Smith.  Wooldale,  Yorkshire.  ^  .    , 

WilUm  Storey,  Elias  Smallwood,  and  James  Scboiea, 

Manchester,  calico-printer*.  . 

William  HoUowar,  Durslev,  and  Tbomaa  Greening,  Cam, 

Cloucesterfhire,  clothiers.  __  ^.^. 

Jimcs  Amndel  Rowe,  raul*s-conrt,  Huggin-UBe,  woo«- 

•treet,  lineu-draper. 
Jol.ii  DibWe,  Great  Marv-le-bone.*trcct,che«einongeT, 
David  Stevenson,  Straucf,  bwir-makcr.  ^^ 

Thomas  Davis,  Dul^e-street,  Grosvenor-tquare,  apotae* 

car}'. 
Oct.   II.    Wm.    Purber  and  Robert   Furbcr,    Hanham, 

Glf.uceaterebhre,    »u4  John    turber.   Baih,    tallow* 

chandlers. 
Ralph  Kirk,  of  Wheelock.  Cheahir*.  eottftn-«pm»CT. 
William  Altham,  Tokenhousc-yard,  broker, 
John  DeaVin,  Manchester,  manufacturer. 
Lawrence  Ha\  den.  Cheltenham,  linen  draper. 
John  Carnns'ton,  Manchester,  hardwareman. 
Robert  Poole,  Ratclifle  Highway,  linen-draper. 
John  Armstrong,  Hitih-strcet,  Southwark,  unen-drapcr. 
Joseph  Dean,  watline-street  wholesale  lioen.dnipciw   ' 
James  Geddca,  Cleveland-street,   Pttzroy<4quare,  flour* 

dealer. 
John  Thompson,   Hand-court,   Upper' Thaincs-«tTeet» 

wholesale  stationer. 
John  Le^is  Pastcnr,  Stoney-Btratfocd,  Buckini^haniahirc^ 

grot  cr. 
Alfred  Aibma,  Chester-place,    Lambeth,  titrbcr-mei'* 

chant.  * 

Thomas  Greening.  Cam,  Gloucestershire,  dothicr. 
James  Jackson,  Kichnnond,  Yorkshirc,^occr. 
Ihomas  Home,  Bishop's  Caatfc,  Salop,  mercer. 
George   Mather  and  Jamca  Untchipapn,  Ma^chcater, 

joiners. 
Gcorue  Sidgreares,  Preston,  Lancashire,  ^tton  maan- 

tactnrer. 

Oct.  iR.    Joseph  Hofcr,  Foole,  Doraetahire,  llMCB-dniper. 
Itichatd  Vrilictta  and  Jd«cph  Jones,  |f«ak:bester,  nvu^ 

factitrers. 
Richard  Willctts,  Salford,  Lancaster,  manulacttmrr, 
Jjme»  Lilly,  Staley  Brfdgc,  Lancashire,  cottOD*apinacr. 
James  Knowles,  Gwyndu,  Anglesey,  innkeeper. 
Charles  Swain,  of  Birminidiam,  tobacconist. 
John  Bqwlcr,  of  Biihop's  Wearmouth,  Dorham,  batter. 
Simony  Mctz,  of  St.  Maiy  Axe,  merchant. 
Charles  M  Hardy,  William  Simon.  Arrowsmith  Middle* 

ton,  ard  James  Lythgoo,  of  Hverpool,  tofxacconists.  * 
William  Pnrbick,  of  Gloucester,  linen  draper. 
Getirt'C  Blackbumc,  of  I^TKlon,  inaurance-broteer. 
Wil  jam  Clarke,  ot  Wapping  High-street,  butcher. 
Williatn  BArrowr  Arnoia,  Koth^bithe,   carver  and  rie- 

tuallcr.  ' 

DIVIDBIIDS. 

Sept.  23.  Luke  Gherrit^.  Stepney,  cow  keeper.  Z>avid 
Olovrr.  Gutter  lane,  merchant.  Gct)i»e  ^chardson. 
pough-squarc.  furrier.  Stephen  Newton  CbiaweU,  Ware^ 
ha|n,SutfoIk.  shopkeeper.  George  Browne,  OW  City 
Chambers,  Bhhop»g,ntc-»tTect.  metchant.  Stephen  Faulk- 
ner, Lin  Dillon,  andJchn  Kartell,  Boltoa-eB-le->loon.LaB. 
ca9hir«»  c».tton-«plnncr8.  Wm.  M'Kinlay,  Liverpooiriinen 
draper.    John  Lewin,  Gosport,  dealer.  r*^,nm^ 

Sifpt.  -2-^  ^De&fge  'fcobinMir  *n(i  JoUi,  Rohiii^n,  Paict^ 
noMerrr^i,  bnnk*t'ljtr^.  Jf»cph  pirtrliick,  KiclllUmuiitteri. 
miilCT.  l»lia  WalleTis  itK  Mjujjt^ti,  Lie,  Wortctitr  virl 
liii-iJii;r.  JoiCi>ii  Stevens,  t:TJir*T,tiid,  liutjndriiJtr  ebi;Tla 
Tli4fltcr,  the  ycJlingcr,  Grc^t  V*rmftaTM.  n»  Tfnik,  m  nii- 
iruu,  Wi1it«rn  Briclk^  nf  I  u.llinii^,  ^dDfi',  mcrrrr  Ttwv 
m a ^  FJwari ia ,  of  U  ribtienlui t,  Wun  ff>itJr ^h it?,  vb "t  k<ftTrr 

iTid  \\  iii].im  Hteiity  LmiiiiTir,  f^l^  Cteen  Leiiice  laup  mcrl 
chtEiiis*  ^f'bu  WkiM»^  U»brr,Brj>riinc.f^ref  D'Uiim:  Clerk* 
eBrtell,  truMtialkr.  Kiibtn  u^lUs  nrkmg  ^tr^ct  tffbo.& 
•ale  Uncn  dr^iiirr.  J^utcs  Mi^^rcrrai^ii,  luc  of  eyclknhurf 
wafctiouseTn*!].  WiHi^m  KenilnU,^  iite  of  Main:  hi  tier 
ItTf^et,  MmiIil heater ^tiiurt',  Niiii4tr.    BcutamiEt  o-^kr   f\U 

QHJUthi    ftlCfcbA^t.      11i&#lEl41  Bet  MS  f  .itlOCt,  JJU^  Ui«iiiiVb% 


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Banhmpts,  Dividends,  (^c. 


[4S0 


SoiTcr,  nrpenter.  John  Hcve«.  I.tnca»tcr.  dver.  WHlitm 
l^<ne\,Clcob«rv  Mcrtimcr,  ihropshiTi;,  timlwr  mcrciinitt. 
John  Johnson,  Dog  row,  Bctluwl  Grecu.  hor«c  tickler. 
Edward  ^"rowood  ud  Samuel  TUodey,  Poultry,  Scoicb 
fsctors. 

«epf .  so,  Wm.  Skinner,  BMt'Une.  Greenwich,  ▼u;t«*l* 
|er.  Wm.  Hodoson,  StratMl,  »Utioncr.  Jiiinct  Younp 
.  toathnmpton,  lihcn  dnpw.  Cbarles  Emttcrsbury,  Wap- 
f  luc  Hi  jh-fttreet,  tbip  chandler.  SceY^itn  Dexter,  Belpur, 
Pei%)-khire,  dealer.  John  Hawtiwrnc,  ju«.  Wirksworth, 
X>crbyBhire,  linen  draper.  John  Ru»her,  KeaOing,  ho$ier. 
TboinwWUUft,  Bath,  carpenter.  John  Carller  andWil- 
liam  Wilkinson,  Stockpqft,  Cheshire,  mitf  Itn  mannfactu- 
ttn.  Jauc  Vickcrs  Bath,  miliiisr.  Barnet  Hole,  Pj ins- 
wick,  Olouceatersliire,  clothier.  William  Btrth,  Chester, 
lioen  draper.     SAmucl  Nichols,  jun.  Bath,  uphobtcrcr. 

Oct.  4.  John  Campbell,  Rpirorth,  Linco'nshirc,  mercer. 
John  Smally,  wniiam  Blison.  and  Robert  Walmsle}*, 
Blackhum,  Lancashire,  cotton  manufacturers.  William 
Henry  Ravenscntft,  Michael  Edvin  Fell,  and  Jameti  Bn- 
ttriaie,  Manchester,  dealers  in  cotton  yam.  John  Nutter, 
Blackmao  street.  Borough,  cheesemonger.  John  Dra\ton 
CarahaHon,  Rnrrc>',  victualler.  Thomas  True,  Stamford. 
Lincoln,  draper.  Thomas  Hart,  Bristol,  merchant.  James 
White,  Newuham,  f  jloucester,  patten-ring-makcr.  John 
Hvres,  of  Sun-street,  Bishipagatc  street,  tallov  chandler. 
L\-diaandWiliiam  Woods,  of  Hampstcad,  Middlesex,  car- 
ycotert.     John  M'Carty,  of  Liverpool,  merchaut. 

Oct.  7.  HfivMTd  Bpicer,  Walden,  Bssex,  malster.  beo. 
H^yes,  John-street,  merchant.  Richard  Jones,  Ty»e-«tn*ct 
Finsburv»quarf .  confectioner.  Charles  Brist ow,  Newgate 
street,  linen-draper.  William  Devrdney,  FIcct-strcet.  jew- 
eller. Duncau  Maclaurin,  Watling-strect,  warehouseman. 
James  DawMm.  Coptball-butldluqs,  waiehnuneman.  J('hn 
Green  tuid  James  Laocsborough,  ManchCitcr,  liaberd^ier» 
James  Taylor,  Neu-ton  Moor.  Lancashire,  cotion-spinncr. 
John  Baxter,  Harwich,  linep-draper.  William  Randall, 
»cn.  Manningtrce,  EsiCic,  innkeeper.  John  ^totherd. 
Codinjuby.  Lincolnshire, common-* »re"Acr.  John  I.ecsand 
•inroeTl-ees,  HaVifax,  Yorkshire,  merchant^.  Mark  Fur- 
ni»»,  John  Whlre,  and  Robert  Rtyring,  Shcificld,  sih  er-pla- 
ters.  Robert  Whitehead,  Sheincld,  com-fnctcr.  Richard 
Walford,  Chester,  porter  brewer.  Samm^  storr,  Wifbcch 
St,  Peter's  l5te  of  Ely,  plumber.  WtlUam  Fancr,  S.-Iford, 
Lancashire,  plumber, 

Oct.  11.  Johanna  Hcmpcl,  King's  Road,  Chel- 
sea, potter.  James  Arbouin,  Hart  street.  Crutch, 
ed  friars,  wme-mcrchant,  George  French.  Great 
^ttfheapt  broker.  John  French  Burfce,  Cannon 
street,  ship  owner.  James  Lyon.  Savage  Gardens 
mercbaot.  William  Angus,  Rochester,  Rent,  li- 
nen draper.  wiUiam  Puwell,  Broad  stieet,  St. 
Giles,  linen-draper.  Richard  Corlcss,  Blackburn, 
Lancashire,  cotton  manufacturer.  Jame*  Bennett 
iod  Thomas  Bennett,  Htintiagdoo,  drapers.  WiU 
liam  Mason,  Huntingdon,  grocer.  Thomas  Do- 
lion  Thomas,  Portsea,  stationer.  William  Uum- 
phrys  the  elder,  and  William  Humphrys  the 
younger,  Old  Fish-street,  grocers.  John  Jackson 
Oxford  street,  Imcn-drapcr.  Fortcscue  Bate  Vigo- 
lane.  Golden-square,  print-seller.  Richard  Flint, 
Rothcrhara,  Yorkshire,  liquor-merchant  Thomas 
True,  Ute  of  Sumford,  Lincolnshire,  draper. 
Richard  Bame<,  Durham,  mercer,  Wdliam 
I^yne,  Great  Carter-lane,  Doctors*  Commons, 
dnigigist. 

Oct.  14.  John  Boyes,  Portsmourh,  mercer. 
John  Clarke,  Gainsborough,  Lincolnshire,  grocer. 
Samuel  Fcrrand  Waddin»;ton  York-street,  South- 
wark,  banker.  John  TuHock,  jun.  Savage  gar- 
dens, broker,  lliomas  Woodcroft.  and  John 
Woodcroft,  Sheffield  Moor,  Yorkshire,  comb  ma- 
nufacturers. John  Gillatt,  Joseph  Hawksworth, 
and  William  GiUatt,  Sheffield,  common  brewers. 
Robert  Morris,  Wigan,  Lancashire,  cotion-maiiu* 
iaciurer. 

Oct.  18.  John  Morley,  Scwardstonc, '  Kssex, 
milter.  John  Thomas  Webttter,  Hi.^h-street,  Bo- 
rough, hosier.  David  Glover,  Gutter-lane,  mer- 
chant. Thomas  Simpson,  Wm.  Tuylerson,  John 
SiodersoB)  and  Joseph  Gi^n^cr,  Stt^JceUey,  York-. 


shire^  bankers.  James  Doxoii,  Manchester,  deal- 
er. Joseph  Wood,  Ashion- under- Lyne,  Lancas- 
ter, cotton-spinner.  Frederick  J udin,  Hation  gar- 
den, mctchant.  Thomas  Martiu,  Co  eman-stroet 
and  John  Henry  Ford,  Coleman-sueet,  buildings, 
wool- brokers.  John  Alexander,  of  South  Lam- 
beth, Surrey,  ooal-merchaot.  John  Robert  An- 
derson of  Throgmorton-sireet,  merchant.  John 
Goodbody,  late  of  Abingdon,  Berkshire,  breeches 
maker.  John  Horth,  Norwich,  upholsterer.  Jos* 
Fcatherstoae,  of  Tunbridge,  Kent,  shopkeeper, 
CERTIFICATES. 

Sept.  23.  Christopher  Wild,  Manchester,  vic- 
tualler. Ann  Kenney,  Bristol,  milliner.  John 
Parkwith,  King-street,  Hammersmith,  butcher. 
John  Arden  and  John  Barker  Ardcn,  York,  wiue^ 
merchants. 

Sept.  27.  John  Shaw,  of  Fore-street,  Cripple- 
gate,  cheesemongec.  John  Gamson,  of  Kingsland 
road,  flaadresser.  James  Yeotnans,  TUnworth, 
Staffordshire,  clothier.  William  Dean,  Naw- 
brough,  Lancashire,  common-brewer.  Richard 
Wilson,  Bread-street,  Ixindoo,  uoarchant. 

Sept.  30.  Daniel  Eckenstein,  College,  hill,  mef- 
chant.  William  Turner  and  John  Turner,  Lane- 
end,  Staffordshire^  potters.  George  Dunnuui, 
Whitecrosi  street,  brewer.  Dtmcau  Madaucius 
Watling-streci,  warehouseman. 

Oct.  4.  Worral  Palmer,  Holbeach.  Littcoln* 
shire,  draper,  iulwaid  Crosby,  Liverpool,  mv 
chant. 

Oct.  7.  Richard  Hanison,  Hulton-lanc«end«, 
Lincashire,  innkeeper.  VTiUiam  Stevenson* 
Qiiccn-strcct,  Pimlico,  merchant.  Samuel  Free- 
man, Old  Compton-street,  carpenter. 

Oct.  II.  James  Burfitt,  Mere,  Wiltshire, 
cheese-factor,  'l^omas  Hall,  of  Frotne  Sclwooil, 
Somersetshire,  clothier.  John  Villers,  of  the  City 
of  Coventry,  wine  and  liquor-merchant.  David 
Glover,  Gutier-lane,  merchant. 

Oct.  It.  Joseph  Henson,  Stepney  Causewaty 
merchant.  4.  M*Dermoit,  Red  Lion  street,  bout h- 
wark,  hop  artd  seed  factor.  T.  Kemp,  Knarosbo- 
rough,  Yorkshire,  ff ax-dresser.  S.  Sierens  Mon- 
mouth, barge  owner.  J..  Wei's  and  T.  Smith* 
Lcadenhall-strect,  hatters.  Paiker  Chiffney«  Kinf 
street,  Co  vent-garden,  patent  soap  manulac  ur<  r. 
Roger  Lan^shaw,  Chester,  Liverpool,  liucn-v 
draper. 

BANKRUPTCIES  SUPFRSEDED. 

Sept.  27.  John  Bennet,  James  Bennet,  and 
George  Benaet,  Bcdminster,  Somasct,  wooU 
staplers. 

William  Critchley,  Manchester,  calico-printer. 

Oct.  7.  John  Bridge  and  Heniy  Kcaie,  Lifcr* 
pool,  merchants. 

Oct.  1 1 .    John  Bricfge,  Liverpool,  merchant. 

Oct.  14.  Thomas  Nott,  Ledbury,  Hereford- 
shire, money  scrivener. 


*»•  Mc  expect  Jrom  our  corretpondcni  at 
Iltiml'urgh,  a  more  particular  and  authentic 
accotml  of  the  murder  ^'Af.  P«/w#,  the  book^ 
seller  of  Nuremberg,  than  has  yet  appeared^ 
H'ejlattcr  ourselves  that  it  will  certainly  ot' 
rive  in  time  for  our  trtxt  number.  For  the  lead'' 
ing  events  vide  our  Adt>erliiement, 


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4n3 


Obituary. — Miss  CkolmondeUyt  Bishop  Ihrseley,  M.  Cels. 


[43» 


OBITUARY. 

Oct  2.— The  PriDOCss  of  Wales's  cmruige 
was  overturned  near  Leatherhead,  in  Surrey, 
by  which  accident  Miss  Cholmondeley,  one 
pf  the  Maids  of  Honour  to  her  Ro\*al  High- 
ness, lost  her  life :  and  on  Saturday  an  inquest 
was  held  on  the  body  at  the  Swan  Inn,  I.,ea- 
therhead,  before  C.  Jemmet,  Esq.  Coroner 
for  Surrey.  Mr.  Jardine  dejxjsed,  that  about 
four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  Thursday,  as 
he  was  standing  at  his  father's  door,  he  heard 
a  npisc  of  horses  and  a  carriage,  driving  very 
fast  from  the  turnpike  towards  where  he  stood, 
but  a  comer  house  intercepted  his  sight.  He 
soon  after  saw  a  landau  and  four  coming  up» 
and  as  it  turned  a  very  acute  angle  of  the 
road,  just  leading  into  tlie  town,  the  carriage 
was  overturned  by  the  declivity  of  the  road, 
close  to  a  great  tree.  He  ran  towards  the  car- 
riage, and  found  the  persons  in  it  were  the 
Princess  of  Wales,-  Lady  Shedield,  and  Miss 
Cholmondeley.  Miss  Cholmondeley  was  ta- 
ken to  the  Swan  Inn,  as  he  believed  alive  at 
the  time^  but  she  expired  in  a  few  minutes 
afterwards.  The  landau  was  broken  to  pi()ces. 
The  verdict  ^^'as — Accidtntal  Death. 

Her  Royal  Highness  received  no  further  in- 
vnry  than  a  slight  cut  upon  her  nose,  and  a 
bruise  upon  one  of  her  arpis.  Lady  Sheffield 
most'  providentially  escaped  without  the 
smallest  personal  mjury.  Miss  C.  is  the 
dauchter  of  a  Clergyman,  and  cousin  to  Earl 
Choimohdeley. '  After  the  inquest,  the  body 
of  this  unfortunate  lady  was  removed  to  town 
for  interment.  Miss  Cholmondely  was  in 
wie  43d  year  of  her  age.— Several  shocking 
accidents  have  happened  where  the  above  took 
blabc:  among  the  number  was  the  late  Arch- 
pishop  of  Tviarbonne's  carriage,  which  was 
overturned  and  broken  to  pieces.  His  Grace, 
in  consequence  of  the  accident,  was  confined 
many  months.  Also  the  Rev.  Doctor  Rogers's 
carriage,  of  Mickleham,  which  met  a  simi- 
lar fate.  To  stages  and  carts  there  have  been 
accidents  without  number.  The  tree  ought 
certainly  to  be  cut  down. 

October  4,  died  at  his  lodgings^  on  the 
/  ^ayilion  P&rade,  Brighton,  the  celebrated 
,.  Doctor  Horsley,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  ■  His 
lordship  Was.  seized*  a  few  days  before,  with 
ft  bowel  complaint,  which  baffled  all  medical 
skill,  and  deprived  the  world  of  one  of  its 
brightest  luminaries  in  Migion  and  learning, 
as  a  Theologian,  a  Mathematician,  and  a 
profound  Classic.  He  was  many  years  Rector 
of  St.  Mary's,  Newington,  the  first  parish 
to  which  ne  was  promoted,  and  which 
preferment  he  held  long  after  his  episcopal 
elevation.  His  lordship's  first  ^  seat  oh  the 
Reverend  Bench,  (for  which' he  was,'  in  a 
great  d^rec,  indebted  to  his  noble  friend  the 
lite  JiOrdThurlow),  was  in  1788,  as  Bishop 
of  St.  David*6.    In  IJQh  ^^  ^^  translated 


to  the  See  of  Rochester,  with  which  he  bel^ 
the  Deanery  of  Westminster,  and  in  1802 
elevated,  on  the  demise  of  the  Hon.  Dr.  . 
Bagot,  to  the  more  lucrative  Bbhopric  of 
St.  Asaph.  No  man  of  the  a^,  |>erhap6, 
possessed  more  of  what  is  generally  under- 
stood by  the  idea  of  recondite  learning,  or  waa 
more  profoundly  versed  in  Classical  Chrono- 
logy. He  edited  and  illustrated  some  of  the 
most  important  of  Sii^saac  Newton's  Works^ 
and  he  was  himself  the  auth.^  of  8e\'eral 
esteemed  Mathematical  and  Theological  pro- 
ductions. Asa  Senator,  he  was  oeservedly 
considered  in  the  first  class ;  there  were  few 
important  discussions  in  the  House  of  Lordst 
especially  when  the  topics  referred  io«  the 
HierarcHial  Establishments  of  the  country,  , 
that  stupendous  event  tbeFrench  Re^-olutiony  of 
the  Afncan  Slavc-Trade,  of  which  he  was  a 
s\*stematic  opponent — in  which  his  lordship 
(fid  not  participate.  The  Heveread  Prelate 
was  many  years  a  leading  Member  of  the 
Royal  Society  ;  but  withdrew  £rom  il,  as  ha4 
been  said,  in  consequence  of  a  certain  high 
appointment  taking  place,  of  which  he  dis- 
approved. His  concluding  words  on  retiring 
were — **  I  quit  that  Temple  where  Philoso- 
phy once  presided,  apd  whe^  Newton  wa%. 
her  officiaung  Minister  1" 

FRANCE. 

Madame  Maria-Th^rese  Reboul,*  wife  to 
Mr.  Vieu  the  Senator,  died  on  the  Sdth  of 
February  last,  in  the  70th  year  of  her  agp.» 
She  was  received  a  Member  of  the  Bov-al 
Academy  in  1737-  She  excelled  in  painting 
butterflies,  and  birds.  Her  works  are  very- 
scarce,  as  most  of  them  are  in  the  cabinet  of 
the  Emperor  of  Russia. 

Botany  has  just  lost  one  of  those  diatio^v 
guishcd  characters  that  cultivated  its  various 
branches  with  most  zeal  and  success,  in  the ' 
person  of  Mr.  Cels,  member  of  the  first  class 
of  the  Institute,  and  of  the  commission  ap^ 
pointed  to  prepare  a  rur^  code.  He  died  15th 
Alay,  at  pc^it  Mont-Rouge.  His  gardea' 
contains  a  'very  numerous  collection  of  the 
scarcest  plants,  and  the  most  difficult  to  rear 
in  our  cliutate.  Soipe  of  them  were,  the  only, 
specimens  in  France.  Mr.  Cels  vras  buried 
in  the  evening  of  the  l6th  in  theburynff* 
sFound  of  Mont-Rouge.  A  great  number  oT  ' 
nis  colleagues  of  tl^e  Institute  attended  the 
funeral.  Subsequent  to  the  ceremony  the 
Rector  pronouno^d  *an  oration  in  praise  of 
his  parishioner.  After  the  coffin  had  beeu 
deposited  in  the  grave,  M.  Cuvie^,  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  the  class  of  which  Mr.  Cels  had 
been  a  member,  delivered  a  ve|y  pathetic 
oration  on  the  loss  which  the  li^stitute  had 
sustamed.  Mr.  Silvester  de  Sacy,  member  of 
the  Agricultural  Society^  r^d  a  discourse  of 
sopie  length  on  the  personal  merits  of  his  col-^ 
league  and  the  services  whick  he  had  rendered 
to  agricidtuie. 


i 


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LUerary  ProspecHvt.-^Oreat  BriHan. 


[494 


LTTERAIIY  PROSPECTIVE. 

OREAT-BtlTIAN. 

Thb  late  Mr.  Pirie,  of  Newbui^h,  left  in 
readiness  for  the  press,  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Hebrew  ^DOts,  pointing  out  their  ^ncral  in- 
^uence  on  all  known  languages  3  it  is  expected 
to  appear  in  a  short  time.     Also 

Bnef  Heads  of  Sermons^  hy  ^e  same  au- 
thor. 

A  new  work  is  commenced  at  Perth,  in- 
litlcd  the  Picture  of  Scotland  j  it  is  a  digested 
account  of  that  kin^ora  on  a  new  plan,  in 
which  the  country  is  divided  into  tours,  and 
the  reader  or  traveller  has  a  distincl  view  of 
his  road,  without  being  obli^  to  turn  from 
one  county  to  another.  It  will  be  illustrated 
by  a  map  and  some  views, 

Mr.  Davis,  author  of  Travels  in  America, 
has  nearly  ready  for  publication,  in  one 
rohime  octavo,  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Chat- 
ferton,  the  poet.     / 

An  entire  edition,  in  '4  octavo  volumes,  of 
tfie  Literary,  Moral,  and  Medical  works  of 
the  late  Dr.  Percival,  is  in  the  press ;  to 
which  will  be  prefixed.  Memoirs  of  his  Life 
^d  Writings,  &c.  by  his  Son. 

Dr.  Hamilton,  of  Halesworth,  will  short- 
ly publish,  a  popular  Treatise  on  the  Cause 
ana  Prevention  of  Gout. 

John  Williams,  Esq.  has  nearly  ready  for 
publication,  an  octavo  volume,  on  the  Cli- 
mate of  Great  Britain }  containing  an  inquiry 
into  the  changes  it  has  undergone,  particular- 

S  within  the  last  fifty  years,  accounting  for 
e  increasing  humidity,  and  consequent 
cloudiness  and  coldness  of  our  springs  and 
summers,  with  their  effects  on  the  animal  and 
vegetable  economy ;  includmg  various  experi- 
ments to  ascertain  the  causes  of  such  changes, 
arrest  their  progress,  and  counteract  their  ef- 
fects; interspersed  with  numerous  facts  and 
observations,  illustrative  of  the  process  in 
vegetation,  and  the  connection  between  the 
phaenomena  of  the  weather,  and  the  produc- 
tions of  the  soil. 

Mr.  Samuel  Young  is  preparing  for  the 
press  a  Dissertation  on  the  Advantages  of  the 
Adheswe  Strap,  shewing  the  abuses  of  the 
Jtgature  in  the  stitching  of  wounds. 

Robert  Hooper,  M.  D.  and  F.  L.  S.  is  en- 
oaged  on  the  Phyucians*  vade  mecum:  to 
torni  a  neat  pocket  volume. 

Robert  Jackson,  M.  D.  will  publish  Re- 
marks on  the  Medical  Reports  of  the  late  Dr. 
J.  Currie,  on  the  effects  of  water  in  the 
cure  of  Fever;  containing  a  statement  of 
hcts,  respecting  Dr.  Japkspn's  management 
cf  coId-Mithing,  Ike. 

Mr.  Charks  Bell  is  engaged  \p,  The  Ele- 
menu  of  Operative  Surgery ;  containing,  un- 
der the  head  of  each  operation,  1.  a  concise 
view  of  the  appearances  and  svmptoms  of  the 
disease,  which  indicate  the  necessity  of 
opcratioBS   9.   %  detail'  of  the  manner  of 


operating,  and  the  circumstances  which,  iT 
unexpected,  might  give  embarrassment;  3. 
the  consequences  of  the  operation,  and  the 
danger  in  the  progress  of  the  cure.  Wit^ 
some  occasional  discussions  founded  on  the 
natural  structure  and  the  appearances  of  thp 
parts  in  the  dissection  of  unfortunate  cases. 

An  edition  of  the  genuine  works  of  Wil^ 
liam  Hogarth,  is  proposed,  including  126 
plates,  engraved  by  Mr.  Cook  j  accompanied 
with  Biographical  Anecdotes,  a  Chrono]^-. 
cal  Catalogue  and  Commentary,  by  Johii 
Nichols,  F.  S.  A.  Edinburgh  and  Perth,  and 
the  late  Geoige  Steevens,  Esq.  F.  R.  S.  an4 
F.  S.  A :  to  form  two  4to  volumes. 

The  seeond  volume  of  Manning's  Surrey^ 
is  in  the  press. 

John  Vetch,  M.  D.  assistant  Suigeon  t^ 
the  67th  foot,  will  publish  an  accciunt  of  the 
Opthalmia,  which  has  appeared  in  England 
since  the  return  of  the  Egyptian  exi)edition  ; 
containing  an  examination  of  the  means  bj 
which  the  disease  is  communicated ;  the  ex- 
tent to  which  it  is  influenced  by  dimate  an4 
situation;  its  symptoms,  conscxjuences,  an4 
treatment :  with  a  coloured  repre^entatioii 
of  its  external  appearances. 

The  Rev.  W.  Woods,  of  Leeds,  is  enmgr 
ed  on  a  work  intituled  Zoography,  or  thii 
Beauties  of  Nature,  displayed  in  beasts,  bii5s, 
fishes,  insects,  shells,  plants, .  minerals,  and 
fossils. 

The  Rev.  David  Bogue,  of  Gosport,  and 
Rev.  James  Bennett,  of  Rumsey,  are  pre* 
uirinfl;  a  history  of  the  Dissenters,  from  th^ 
Revolution,  to  be  published  by  subscriptionf 
in  4  volumes  successively.  •   '     ' 

Dr.  Cogan  is  preparing  for  the  press  aa 
Ethical  Treatise  on  the  Passions,  founded  oi» 
the  principles  advanced  in  his  Philosophi- 
cal Treatise.  The  .first  part,  which  is  ex- 
pected to  appear  in  the  ensuing  winter,  wilf 
consist  of  three  disquisitions:  o^  the  agency 
of  the  passions  in  the  pursuit  of  well-being ; 
on  the  mtellectual  powers  as  directories  in  m« 
pursuit ;  and  on  the  nature  and  sources  of  tha^ 
well-being  of  which  the  human  species  is 
susceptible. 

John  Pytche,  Esn.  who  has  beeit  maaaf 
years  employed  on  a  Dictioaaiy  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language,  has  now  t^  nrst  nuoiber  ol 
that  work  in  the  prtss. 

Two  vohimes  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Beloe'f 
Anecdotes  of  Literature  and  scaioe  Books,  am 
expected  to  appear  next  month. 

Mr.  I^ipp,  veterinary  tui^geon  of  the  234 
light  diagoons,  has  in  the  press  a  work  in 
4to,  on  the  leading  characteristics  of  the 
Diseases  of  Horses;  it  contains  the  result  of 
his  observations  in  Km  own  immediate  practice. 

Dr.  Jones,  master  of  the  Kentish  Town 
academy,  proposes  to  'publish  by  subscription 
aieUelxuMBberof  the  most  admired  Orations 


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Literal^  Prospt€iive.''^Gfeat  Britain,  America^  France. 


c«# 


of  Cicero,  translated  into  English,  from  the 
best  Latin  editions. 

Mr.  Cuthbertson  ot  Poland  Street,  has  in 
the  press  a  work  on  Practical  Electricity  and 
Cxalvanism,  bein^  a  translation  of  the  most 
interesting  experiments,  contained  in  a  trea- 
tise published  by  him  during  his  late  residence 
in  HoHand,  with  the  addition  of  such  as  ha\e 
since  been  invented. 

In  the  press — More  Miseries;  being  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  •*  Miseries  of  Human  Life" 
with  a  curious  frontispiece.  By  Sir  Fretiul 
Murmur,  Kt. 

Mr.  Dallas  has  a  new  romance  in  tlie  press, 
inti tied  the  Knights. 

Mr.  Barclay's  new  work  on  the  Muscles, 
is  expected  shortly. 

Mr.  Burns  (of  Glasgow)  has  a  practical 
work  on  Hcmoirhagc,  in  the  press. 

There  is  now  in  the  press  a  History  of  Ja^ 
maica,  written  by  a  gentleman  sometime  re- 
sident in  that  island.  In  order  to  give  a 
complete  view  of  the  present  state  of  this 
valuable  colony,  the  autlior  has  written  -sepa- 
Kite  dissertations  on  the  climate  and  soil,  to- 
pography, laws,  trade,  natural  and  commer- 
cial productions,  state  of  the  negroes,  and 
proposals  for  the  amelioration  of  Ineir  condi- 
tion \  diseases  of  Europeans  and  Negroes, 
and  die  customs,  manners,  and  dispof.itions 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Jamaica  :  forming  an 
accurate  estimate  of  the  condition'and  valu- 
able nature  of  this  flourishing  colony, 

Mr.  Boosey  intends  speedily  to  publish,  for 
the  use  of  students  of  the  Spanish  language, 
a  work  under  the  title  of  La  Floresta  Espa- 
nola,  being  extracts  in  prose,  from  the  works 
of  celebrated  Spanish  writers,  ancient  and 
modem.  The  mteniion  of  this  performance 
is  to  combine  instruction  with  amusement ; 
and  he  flatters  himself  from  the  care  that 
will  be  taken  in  the  selection  of  the  mate- 
riab,  that  his  publication  will  meet  with  en- 
couragement from  the  admirers  of  Castilian 
literature. 

In  the  press,  a  work  entitled  the  Cor§ican, 
or  the  Universal  Banditto,  an  historical  dra- 
ma, in  fi\-e  acts,  exhibiting  the  characters, 
moral  and  political,  of  the  principal  person- 
am throughout  the  Revolution  of  France ; 
with  their  portraits  reduced  from  the  origi- 
nal oil-paintmgB  in  the  Museum  at  Peiris. 

NEW     EDITIOKti. 

The  second  edition  of  Dr.  Neilson's  Greek 
Exercises  and  Key,  printed  at  the  Clarendon 
press,  will  appear m  a  short  time. 

A  ncvi'  edition  of  Leland's  Life  of  Philip 
King  of  Macedon,  is  just  ready  for  publica- 
tion. 

An  edition  of  Grotius  dc  Veritate,  with 
numerous  corrections  of  th«  text,  may  be  ex* 
peeled  from  the  Clarendon  press. 

A  new  edition  of  Clarendon^s  History  of 
4he  Rebellion^  in  6  vo{s.  ^o.  atnl  anoiUer 


edition  in  4to,  are  passing  throii|^  the  same 
press. 

A  new  edition  of  Colonel  Stedman's  ac- 
count of  Surinam,  will  soon  appear. 

The  second  edition  of  the  Miniature,  a 
collection  of  essays,  on  the  most  interesting 
subjects,  on  the  plan  of  the  **  Microcosm,** 
by  the  gentlemen  of  Eton  College,  is  in  the 
press.     2  vols.,  small  8vo. 

Dr.  W,  Heberden  will  speedily  publish » 
the  third  edition  corrected,  of  his  Commen- 
taries on  the  History  and  Cure  of  Disea&es, 
)  vol.  8vo,  Also,  tiie  second  edition  of  thu 
same  work  in  Latin,  1  vol.  8v6. 

The  third  edition  of  Montgomery's  PoeizM* 
will  ajipear  in  November. 

The  second  edition  of  Clarkson's  Account 
of  Quakers  is  nearly  ready  for  publication. 

Dr.  Robert  Anderson  has  nearly  completed 
the  third  edition  of  the  Miscellaneous  works 
of  Tobias  Smollett,  M.  D-  with  Memoirs  of 
his  Life  and  Writings, 

Mr,  Lawrence  has  nearly  ready  for  piiblK 
cation  the  fifth  edition  of  his  New  Farmer's 
Calendar,  which  will  contain  his  obserx'ations 
during  se\eral  seasons,  for  ascertaining  th^ 
cause  of  those  maladies  to  which  corn  anti 
otlier  vegetables,  are  liable  from  changes  of 
weather. 

A  new  edition  in  (juarto  of  Dr.  John^bn's 
English  Dictionary,  is  expected  to  appear  im-< 
mediately. 

In  the'  press — Ori^al  Poems,  on  \-arioua 
occasions,  by  a  Lady,  revised  and  corrected 
by  Wm.  Cowper,  Esq, 

A  new  and  much  cnlai^ed  edition,  being 
the  third,  of  the  British  1  ourists,  including 
the  most  celebrated  recent  tpurs  ui  the  British- 
islands  ;  by  Dr.  Mavor, 

The  same  author  has  just  complete4  at 
press,  a  new  and  improved  edition  of  Hplmes*a 
Rhetoric,  which  has  long  been  out  of  print. 

A  new  edition  of  Dr.  Valpy's  Greek^Gram* 
mar,  with  corrections  and  considerable  im- 
provements, will  be  sent  to  (iress  towards  the 
close  of  this  year.  \ 

In  a  fc^  days  will  be  published  a  ncv^  edi«i 

tion  with  improvements.  The  Ambulator; 

or,  a  Pocket  Companion  in  a  Tour  round 

London  in  the  circuit  of  twenty-fi^e  miles. 

AMERICA. 

Messrs.  Stansbnry,  Ronalds,  Osbom  ami 
Hopkins,  of  New  York,  have  in  the  presa 
an  edition  of  Walker's  Critical  and  Pronounn. 
cing  Dictionary,  and  Exposition  of  the  Eng- 
lish language.     1  vol.  8vo. 

The  Kev.  William  Price  and  Joseph  Jonet 
of  Wilmington,  Delaware,  have  issued  pro-, 
posals  for  publishing  by  subscription,  in  4 
vols.  4to.  Dr.  John  Gill's  Doctrinal  and. 
Practical  Exposition  of  the  New  Testament. 

FRAirCB. 

.    M.  LacreicUc  has  in  tlie  piess,  an  Hi^Uvi. 
rical  Detail  of  the  Frepch  Revolution. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


M.  Toulongeon  is  expecied  to  publish  a 
Hisioxy  of  France  from  the  year  1789- 

0£RMANY.  ' 

A  GfcRMAS  translation  of  the  new  edition 

,  «f  Tiraboechi*s  History  of  Italian  Literature, 

which  is  not  yet  published,  is  expected  in 

(jtnnaiWt^  as  soon  as  the  ori^naJ  can  be 

fiOGUFed,  translated  and  printed 

ITALY. 

Tiiab08chi*s  Historv  of  Italian  Literature 
b  to  be  reprinted  at  Fionmce.  This  edition 
vijl  be  augmented  by  a  supplement^  which 
Mrill  continue  the  history  to  tne  present  time. 
The  author  left  at  his  decease  a  considerable 
number  of  MSS.  which  are  in  possession  of 
die  editors:  this,  with  several  other  fortu- 
nate circumstances,  has  encouraged  them  to 
iMidenake  the  diificult  enterprize. 


lAtercary  Bktrospect.-^Ammca, 


t43i 


FINE  ARTS. 
,  >lr.  Bowyer,  Historic  Gallery,  Pall  Mall, 
intends  to  pubfish  a  splendid  whole  length 
Portrait  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Pitt, 
iirom  the  celebrated  picture  painted  for  the 
Corporation  of  the  Trinity-House.  Size  of 
^  print  24  1  half  inches  by  17.  No  mon^- 
to  be  paid  till  the  print  is  delivered ;  but  it 
ip  requested  that  those  who  would  wish  to 
%ecuie  the  finest  impressions  will  give  imme- 
di^  intimatkm  to  Mr.  Bowyer,  that  their 
oaiiKS  vuiy  ^  entered  accordingly.  Proofs 
3  gi}ineas,  prints  1  guinea  and  a  naif. 

IjlJr.  Bowyer  also  promises  a  whole  length 
pbrtrait  of  the  late  Lord. Nelson ;  it  will  be 
engraved  by  Mr.  Bromley,  of  the  same  size 
and  price  as  (he  portrait  of  Mr.  Pitt. 

lyi^.  M.  Hau^ton's  Series  of  Engravings 
from  Milton,  Shakespeare,  and  Dante,  after 
paintings  by  Mr.  Fuseli  is  forwarding  as  ex- 
pcduiously  as  t}ie  work  will  admit. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Forster,  A.  M.  has  an- 
nounoed  his  intention  of  publishing  a  splen- 
dki  work,  to  be  entitled,  The  British  Gal- 
lery of  Emiravings,  from  the  pictures  of  the 
FlemiBh,  Italian,  French,  Dutch  and  £ng« 
lish  schools,  now  in  the  possession  of  his  Ma- 
jesty, and  the  noblemen  and  gentlemen  of 
the' united  kingdom ;  with  some  account  of 
each  picture,  and  a  life  of  the  artist  Also 
a  Sl^ort  History  of  the  ^x\^  of  Painting  and 
Siupraviiis,  includirjc  their  rise  and  proffress 
,  in  y reat  Britain,  llbe  work  will  be  publish- 
fd  in  number^  containing  four  pla^s  each, 
as  frequently  as  a  pioper  attention  to^  excel- 
lence will  permit,  U  will  be  in  imperial 
folio,. and  the  plates  will  vary  according  to 
the  nature  and'  fullness  of  the  subjects :  the 
Ingest  12  inches  by  g :  the  smallest  6  inches 
oy  4.  Evdry  pfole  will  be  finbhed  in  the 
yerv  beat  stiie,  in  the  line  maimer,  by  artists 
of  the  finst  dimities  in  thb  country.  Mr 
Forster  has  already  obtained  permission  to 
have  engravings  made  from  the  pictures  in 
m  sevend  GoUectioiia  of  his  Ms^estj^ ;  of  the 


Dukes  of  Bedford  and  Devonshire ;  of  the 

Marquisses  of  Stafibrd  and  Thomond ;  of  the 
Earls  of  Suilblk,  Dartmouth,  Dysart,  Cow-  . 
per,  Warwick,  Egremont,  Grosvenor,  and 
Carlisle ;  of  L(Mrds  Yarborough  and  Radstock  ; 
of  Sir  G.  Beaumont,  Sir  Francis,  Baring, 
Messrs.  Coke,  Coxe,  Hibbeit,  Henry  Yio^ 
Thomas  Hope,  ar^d  West.  Several  picture^ 
have  been  some  time  in  hand,  and  the  first 
and  second  numbers  are  promised  in  the 
course  of  the  winter,  by  Mr.  W.  Miller  oC 
Albemarle-street,  The  letter-press  will  be 
in  the  English  and  French  loi^uages. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Chalons,  animalpamter  to  the 
Duke  of  York,  proixjees  to  puuish  a  portrait 
of  Major  Topham  s  celebrated  grey-hound 
Snow-ball,  and  a  likeness  of  the  old  groom 
who  trained  him,  in  metzotinto,  bv  Ward. 

M.  Manskirch,  who  was  empioyed  for 
some  time  by  Messn.  Boydells*,  in  making 
designs  on  the  river  Tham&^,  has  been  lately 
engaged  in  delineating  the  sceiicry  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine.  A  series  of  these  Vi^ws 
will  be  published  by  Mr.  Ackermann 

Mr.  Ackermann  has  issued  proposals  for 
publishing  by  subscription,  two  Views  in 
the  City  of  Dublin,  aucr  drawings  by  Mr. 
T.  S.  Roberts.  The  first,  a  South  View  on 
the  River  Liffy,  taken  from  the  Cail  Quarry, 
or  Fruit  Market ;  the  second,  A  V  iew  of 
College  Gfcen,  Westmort»land-«trcet,  part  of 
Sackville-street,  and  Carlisle  Bridge,  takea 
from  the  Provost's.  House,  Grafton-street. 
They  will  be  ready  for  deliveiy  about  Christ- 
mas.    Size  3d  by  C8  inches. 


LITERARY  RETROSPECT. 

AMERICA. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  periodical  works, 
now  publishing  \n  North  America :  although 
imperfect,  it  will  convey  some  idea  of  tie 
increasing  hterary  prosperity  of  that  coun- 
try J  many  of  them  have  been  commenced  in 
the  course*  of  the  last  and  present  year. 

The  Literary  Miscellany,  quarterly.  Cam* 
bridge,  100  pages,  8vo.  price  50  cents. 

The  Literary  Ma^zine  and  American  Re- 
gister, monthly,  at  Philadelphia^ 

The  Mathematical  Correspotident,  New 
York,  by  T.  and  J".  Swords  24  pages  12mo. 
184  cents. 

The  Monthly  Anthology  and  Boston  Re- 
view, contain! ns^  Sketches  and  Reports  of 
Philosophy,  Religion,  History,  Arts,  and 
Manners.    Boston,  50  pages  8vo.  37i  ccnti. 

The  Medical  Repository,  quarterly.  New 
York. 

Collections  of  the  Htitorical  Society,  puS- 
lished  at  Boston,  generally  an  annual  vo- 
lume. 

Transactions  of  the  American  Pliilo6ophi«> 
cal  Socie^. 

Memoirs  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciehces, 


Digitized 


by  Google 


4S93  Literary  Retrospect, 

The  Polyanthos  by  J.  T.  Buckingham. 
Boston,  monthiy,  with  plates. 

The  Medical  and  Agricultural  Register, 
inonthlv,  iGpagesSvo.  1  dollar  per  annum. 

At  Cliarlestnwn,  South  Carolina,  a  new 
periodical  publication  has  been  conmienced  by 
Mr.  S.  C.  Carpenter,  entitled,  The  Monthly 
Register  and  Review  of  the  United  States. 
<)  dollars  per  ann. 

The  following  are  Religious  works,  and  the 
profits  are  devoted  to  Missionaiy  purposes. 

The  Connecticut  Evangelical  Magazine,  at 
Hartford,  monthly ;  40 pages  8vo.  12i  ceats. 

The  Massachusett's  Missionary  Magazine, 
lit  Boston,  monthly,  40  pages  8vo.  12^  cents. 

The  Piscataqua  Evangelical  Magazine, 
at  Portwnouth,  in  2  months,  40  pages  8vo. 
12^  cents. 

The  Assembly^  Missionary  Magazme, 
pc  Evangelical  Intelligencer.  Philadelphia, 
xnonthly,  60  pagps  8vo  2b  cents.  With 
portraits.  , 

The  Massachusetts  Baptist  Missionary  Ma- 
gazine, occasionally,  at  Boston,  12*  cents. 

The  Chri  .ian*8  Magazine.  New  York, 
quarterly,  120  pages  8vo.  37i  cents. 

The  Christian  JVIonitor.  ouarteriy,  Boston. 

The  Panoplist,  conducted  by  an  Association 
of  Friends  to  Evangelical  Truth.  Boston. 

A  Committee  of  the  North  Consociation  of 
Hartford  county,  has  published  An  Abridg- 
ment of  Henry  on  Praver,  consisting  of  a 
judicious  collection  of  Scriptures,  proper  to 
the  several  ^parts  of  that  duty,  with  an  essay 
OQ  the  nature  and  duty  of  prayer  5  with  forms 
of  prayer  annexed,  50  cents. 
'  At  Hartford,  Abel  Flint,  A.  M.  ha«  com- 
piled from  various  authors,  and  pubUshed  a 
System  of  Geometry  and  Trigonometry,  in- 
Siding  a  treatise  on  Surveying }— on  cakula- 
Un%  the  area  of  a  Field,  a? ithmeticallv^  with- 
out the  necessity  of  plotting  it  j— and  several 
liBatli«»a*?cd  tables  for  solving  questions  in 
rrrigonometry  and  surveying,  with  an  expla- 
nation of  the  manner  of  using  thein.  • 

Mr.  Robert  Monro  has  published  at  New 
York,  A  Description  of  the  Genessee  cottn- 
iry  in  the  state  of  New  York,  describing  its 
Situation,  dimensions,  civil  divisions,  soil, 
piinerals,  pioduce,  lakts  wid  rivers,  numu- 
factutes,  population,  &c.  An  appendix  conr 
tains  a  description  of  the  military  lands. 
'  At  Salem,  Massachusetts  has  been  oublish- 
ed.  The  Salem  Collection  of  Classical  Sacred 
^usic,  selected  from  the  works  of  the  most 
ftDUAent  composers ;  a  short  introduction  to 
P^mody  is  prefixed. 

FRANCS. 

The  Travels  of  Mr.  W.  Ho^  in  India, 
have  lately  been  translated  into  French,  by 
M.  L.  Lan^,  Member  ol  the  Institute, 
i^nd  accompanied  by  geographical,  historical, 
ynd  political  notes. 

Sir  Joshua  Reynold's  works  have  been 
^raniiatcd  into  French^  with  his  life  prefixed. 


r^France^-^Germany, 


[440 


GBRMAVT. 

At  Elwangen,  a  very  oonstdeimble  libtar^r 
has  been  formed  by  uniting  the  collection  m 
several  suppressed  Convents.  It  is  said  to 
contain  tviro  hundred  very  •ancient  pardi- 
ment  MSS. 

M.  de  Pallhaosen,  has  submitted  to  the 
inspection  of  the  Academy  of-  Sciences  at 
Munich,  a  specimen  of  bis  new  Stereography. 
This  specimen  consisted  of  a  versified  history 
of  the  invention  ofprintiii^,  written  by  him- 
self, and  dedicatea  to  the  Shade  of  Gut* 
tenberg:  but  M.  de  P.  shines  more  as  a 
typcmapher  than  as  a  poet.  '  •' 

'  M.-  C.  F.,Weise  the  celebrated  German 
poet  left  a  considerable  quantity  of  materia]» 
for  his  own  biog^phy,  including  a  great 
number  of  letters  from  distinguished  literatr 
of  Germany ;  these  materials  have  been  ar- 
ranged by  his  relation  Mr.  Frisch,  and  form 
an  interesting  work  (Seilbst  biographic  \ 
Leipzic  8vo.  pp.  320,  vols.  1  rxd  16  gr.) 

*A  work  entitled.  The  Discoveries  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  as  (ar  as  relating  t» 
Gre6graphy  and  a  knowledge  of  different  peo- 
ple, extracted  from  the  best  modem  Toyages* 
16  commenced  at  Erfort  by  M.  T.  Hoejrthcr  j* 
the  first  vohune  just  puolished  contains  an 
account'  of  the  Island  of  Ceylon,  extracted 
from  Capt.  Percival ;  with  the  English  Am*^ 
bassador's  Traveb  to  Candia  in  1800,  abo*. 
an  accoimt  of  the  mode  of  life  and  the  cus* 
toms  of  the  Calmuck*8  from  Burgman.  Die 
Entdekuvg^ri'  des  neuntehnten  Jahrkundertt^ 
Vol.  1.  8vo.  pp.  280,  18  p.  • 

Two  German  translations  of  M.  Leroy*a 
Maternal  Medicine,  or  mode  of  bringing  up, 
and  preserving  the  health  of  children,  have 
been  published  -,  one  by  M.  C.  F.  Birsch  al 
Bareuth  (Hygtem  ah  Mutter ;  3  vols.  8vo< 
1  rxd.  12  gr.)  the  other  by  Dr.  F.  Fischer  at 
Hildbourghausen  (Hulkunde  ftkr  MCitter  9vo. 
1  rxd.  18*^.)  , 

M.  G.  L.  Bauer  has  published  at  Nurem- 
berg, the  second  volume  of  his  History  of  tho^ 
Jews,  (Ilandlmch  der  GcsekiclUe  der  he^ 
braeischefi  Nation,  9vo.  pp.  440  pf .  8  flor.)     • 

At  Nuremberg,  the  bookseller  Fravenhdy 
has  pubhshed  the  first  number  of  tifteaeoond 
volnme  of  the  Dactyli§tk€ea  Stoschianat  oP 
Collection  of  Gems  of  the  Baran  de  Sloach, 
now  ill  the  Royal  MuaeiUta  of  Prussia.  The 
engravings  are  elucidated  by  the  weH-knowa 
dettrriptions'of  Winckelmann,  with  addition** 
al  ob9ei:vatiDni  by  M.  Schlichtogroll.  Whtn 
the  first  volume  appeared  in  1797>  thtf 
editor  intended  to  eng^ve  only  the  more  n* 
Buurkable  gems  of  the  eolleetion ;  he  now^ 
however,  intends  to  publish  the  whole.^^Thia 
first  number  contittt  of  19  pkites  and  dO^pagetf 
of  letter  nron,  4to.  pr.  9  fr.  per  number.  -     ; 

M.  H.  Nystens  Galvanic  Experiments  oi¥ 
the  Mosdfs  of  the  Human  Species,  and-t>i^ 
vnxm  blooded  Animals*  -  has  been  tiaodaW^ 
into   German,    by  M.  F,-Dofemcr,-  anq 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


441] 


Literary  Retrospect. -^Germany ,f^HoUand. —Italy. 


[ui 


published  at  Fubingen  (Neue  Galvaniscke 
Fersucke.) 

IVf .  J.  G.  link  has  published  at  Leipiic, 
in  2  Tols.  a  work  on  Animal  History  and 
Physiology »  tlie  first  Tolame  rdates  to  die 
general  physiology  of  animals,  their  exterior 
anatomy,  powers  and  conformation :  the  se- 
cond volume  includes  their  particular  physio- 
logy and  relates  to  their  interior  conformation, 
and  the  structure  and  functions  of  the  intes- 
tines {Fersttch  einer  Gesckickte  und  Pltysio- 
logic,  2  cols.  SCO,  2  rxd.  12gr. 

The  first  volume  of  theTransactiorta  of  the 
Sodety  for  the  advancement  of  the  Natural 
History  and  Industry  of  Silesia,  in  2  parts, 
published  by  Renqu  at  Italic  and  of  Mr. 
Herrman  at  Breslau. 

M.  J«  B.  Siebold,  jun.  has  commenced  at 
Kuremberp;  a  new  periodical  work  dedicated 
Id  the  advancement  of  chirur^ical  knowledge 
and  intended  to  nodce  every  circumstance  re- 
lative to  the  theory,  practice,  history  and 
literature  of  surgery ;  it  is  illustrated  wiiji 
pbtes  C Chiron;  vol.  I.  Nos.  1.  2.  8vo.  5 
pbtes,  Seidel,  3  flor.  24  kr.) 

The  same  author  superintends  a  medical 
work,  of  which  the  first  volume  has  lately 
appeared  at  Rudolstadt ;  it  consists  of  a  se- 
lection of  observations  and  experiments  illus- 
trated by  engraving^ :  the  volume  is  dinded 
into  three  sections,  Ist  Memoirs  communi- 
cated to  the  pditor ;  2d  a  continuation  of  M. 
Siebold,  senr.  Chirurgical  Journal ;  the  3d 
is  appropriated  to  memoirs  and  observations 
by  the  editor  (Sammburg  seltencr  Beohack- 
turgen  etc,  vol.  I.  pp.  280,  3  pUUcsy  1  rxd. 
12  gr.) 

The  volume  of  Memwrs  for  1805,.  pub- 
lished by  the  Academy  of  the  useful  Sciences, 
established  at  Erford,  contains  essays  on  the 
following  subjects:  Ist  on  Electric  Pish,  by 
M.  A.  Se  Heum  boldt :  2d  on  the  Oxid  of 
Antimony,  by'  F.  Bucholz  :  3d  on  the  Exis- 
tence of  Azote  in  the  acetic  acid,  by  F. 
Tromsdorf:  4th  on  some  kinds  of  Veronica, 
bittt  tittle  known  in  the  South  of  Germany, 
by  Bemardi :  5th  on  some  species  of  Fungi» 
by  Habule. 

M.  J.  T.  Maier  has  published  at  Gottin- 
gen,  a  work  on  the  Elements  of  Astronomy : 
the  first  diviiion  treats  of  the  motions  of  tne 
cdestial  bodies ;  the  second  includes  the 
theoiy  <^  the  Earth,  and  the  third  relates  to 
Meteorology  (Lekrhuch  Hhcr  die  physische 
Jstronomie  8vo.  pp.  340.  9  plates.) 

At  LeipzJLC,  a  new  periodical  publication 
oi&  ag^icuuufral  affairs  has  just  commenced, 
comprising  a  selection  of  Observadofis,  Expe- 
nrnents  and  Notices  relating  to  Rural  and 
Dcxnestic   Economy  (Oikodomische  M^e, 

The  Journal  fOr  Fahricks,  Journal  of 
if  anofastaresi  Gommerce  aod  Fathioos  £br 


180(),  published  at  Leipaic,  contains  ^  fol- 
lowing articles;  1.  on  the  situation  of  the 
commerce  of  HambuiKb,  in  the  oiondis  of 
November  and  December  t80(s  by  M,  Ha- 
genbruck ;  2.  account  of  the  commeroe  and 
nianu&ctures  of  the  department  of  the  Lower 
Pyrenees ;  3.  on  making  public  the  nKxlesof 
operation  employed  in  mannfactories ;  4.  on 
the  course  ot  exchange  between  Leipzic  and 
liondon,  via  Vienna  and  Augsbourgh  by  M. 
Wagner  ;  5.  account  of  ihe  colony  of  Deme- 
rara ;  6,  on  the  Andre  Rospino  •  burning 
lens  J  7.  on  the  Cocoa  Nut  tree  5  8.  descrip- 
tion of  a  new  Pendulum. 

UOLZ^AKD. 

M.  Kinker  has  translated  M.  Rflymond*s 
drama,  •*  the  Templairs,"  into  Dutch,  it 
has  been  highly  approved,  and  500  eoptca 
have  been  sold  in  one  month,  although  ii 
had  not  been  represented. 

M.  Loosjes,  a  dramatic  writer,  has  pub* 
lished  two  new  works ;  one  entitled,  Johir 
de  Witt,  presents  the  principal  circumstances 
of  that  celebrated  character's  life,  in  the  shopo 
of  a  dramatic  novel ;  the  other  production  is 
a  dialogue  under  the  name  of  a  Voyage  to 
Catwyk. 

Mr.  C.  F.  Cramer  has  published  at  Am- 
sterdam, three  volumes  of  a  translation  of 
Miss  Baillie*s  plays. 

Two  new  periodical  publications  have  been 
commenced  this  year,  which,  altliough  not 
exclusively  devoted  to  literature,  pay  more 
particular  attention  to  it,  tlian  any  other 
publication  of  the  country.  One  is  entitled 
The  Review  of  Reviews,  the  other,  The 
Star  •  the  latter  is  remarkable  for  its  severity,- 

It  has  been  observed  l^  one  of  our  foreign 
correspondents,  that  since  Holland  hm  he*- 
come  a  French  kingdom,  th/tir  lively  mastera 
have  done  all  in  their  power  to  introduce 
French  manners,  taste,  and  sentiments  in 
every  institution,  as  well  of  science,  of  art,  of 
poetry,  and  of  public  amusement,  as  in  the 
official  departments  of  the  state ;  whether  diis 
plan  wiH  succeed  is  uncertain ;  because  Ae 
natund  slowness  of  the  Dntch,  is,  at  the  pre^ 
sent  moment  consideiably  augmented  by  tho^ 
reluctance  which  tliat  people  feels  to  aoialga* 
mate  with  their  domineering  rodets, 

ITALr. 

The  Tenvplars  a  celebrated  dramatic  peco' 
by  M.  Raymond  which  attracted  so  much  at- 
tention at  Paris,  has  been  translated  into 
Italian,  by  Sig.  Franco  Salfi,  of  Milan, 
author  of  several  succesafiil  scenic  pmductions ; 
it  has  been  twice  represented  at  Milan  with 
great  applause. 

At  Florence  is  eon^aienced  a  work  intitled 
Bihliotheca  pUeevole  ed  instruttiv^.  The 
Amusing  and  Instructive  Library  j  it  eon* 
sists  of  a  translation  of  the  best  -  English, 
Fruich>  and  Geibun  oo^^«n4  tomanot*. 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


fRICt  th   MEAT> 

Jteithfiel<f,.per  stone  of  81b.  to  sink  the  offal. 
Beef.      MuttoD.    Vcd.       Pork.     Lunb. 
^U76    Bs.  Od.  5f.  ^'  Sf-  Otf-  5^-  4^  5(.  6tf; 
Oct.:i50     5^54     60     50 
10    4  10     54     54     68     54 
^7    50     54     60     60     5    0. 
Newgate  and  Leadeohall,  by  the  carcase* 
^t.36    44      46485450 
OcL    340     44506446 
104048506450 
17    44      48606050 

St.  Jamef*.*  MThitcchapel.* 

^  Hay*  Straw.  Hm,-.  Straw. 

$q>t.  26  ^^4  18  0  jfa    3  6  ;e4  id  0  £2    8  0 

Oct  3    41O0    a  110    500    260 

10     4160      2  110     500      280 
17      4180      1^)10'    4180      2  10  0 


raiCE  or  hops. 

Bags. 

Pockets. 

Kent 

£A  iotoje5  5 

Rent  £4  i5toj^6    0 

Sossei 

.44        50 

Sussex   4  10        5    5 

C^sex 

3  16        5  5 

Farn.      8    8        9  id 

PHICE   OP    LEj^THKR.*' 

Btmsy  50  to  56ib.  each    — -    —    —    *—  25*^* 

Dressing  Hides  «-.—.    —    w  19J. 

Crop  Hides  for  cutting     —    —    —    — »  23 

.  Plat  Ordinary  —    —    —    —    —  i8| 

Calf  Skins,  30  to  4olb.  per  dozen,  per  lb.  42 

Ditto      50  to  70  —    —    —    —    —  42 

Tallow,*  Ix)ndon  average  per  stopc 

c(  81b.  3<.  ^d. 

Soap,  yellow,  76*.;  mottled,  86*.;  curd,  90*. 

Candles,  per  dozen,  ioj.  ^\  moulds,  l  u,  6(L 


COALS    IN   THE    RIVER. 

Sunderland. 
Sept.  29    05.  Od,  to  45S'  ^ 
Ocu     6   47  9        48    0 
13   44  0        47    6 


20  44  0        47    6 


Newcastle. 
43*.  3d,  to  52j.  6d. 
45    6        55   0 
45    6        55    0 
48    9       56   0 


Delivered  Rt  12*.  per  chaldron  advance. 


Sept.  25 

Oct.     2 

9 

16 


PRICE    OP    BREAD. 

PfeckLoaf.    Half  Peck, 


Quartern. 
U,  Id, 
1      1* 
1     1* 
I     1 

Those  marked  thus  •,.  arc  taken  at  the  highest 
price  of  the  market.  


is  id. 

4  5 

4  5 

4  4 


08.  2d. 
2  2| 
2  2i 
2    ? 


lo^DON  WBtKLT  IttrVRHf   OT  WIfSA/r.. 

Sept.  so  9830  qnartett.    Avenge  77#.  (]f|^ 

27  5970 80    4# 

Oct.     4  6300     —    —    —    —  76    6j 

11  8605 '"  —  74    5 

PLOCR. 

^ept  2$  153^2  sacks.     Average   69s.  Jd.    * 

6ct.     3  8345    —    ^ 74    2 

10  8629    J^    —    —    —  72    4f 

«_ —  ■     r     .  a 

METEORCrtXDGlCAL  TABLE* 


je 

1        .      1 

If 

Height 
I  Barom 
Inches. 

eoitS 

'^ 

*^ 

0 

Sep* 

ai 

60 

67 

55 

30,19 

23 

55 

69 

55 

29>99 

S3 

50 

65 

54 

,09 

•14 

54 

57 

47 

30.10 

•J  5 

47 

60 

57 

,22 

SO 

44 

04 

52 

,24 

27 

50 

04 

54 

,20 

2» 

55 

63 

58 

,12 

8J) 

50 

58 

55 

29,88 

30 

50 

63 

50 

,96 

Oct 

1 

44 

59 

51 

3o,02 

s 

40 

Oo 

55 

29,98 

3 

55 

CO 

56 

,61 

4 

56 

64 

55 

,76 

5 

50 

60 

56 

30,02 

6 

57 

64 

51 

,18 

7 

40 

59 

55 

,34 

8 

55 

59 

54 

,28 

0 

55 

62 

54 

,20 

10 

54 

59 

53 

,10 

11 

55 

60 

54 

,05 

12 

52 

58 

46 

,02 

13 

45 

39 

53 

29>85 

14 

55 

fi2 

54 

,70 

16 

51 

59 

55 

,76 

10 

53 

55 

50 

,74 

17 

40 

54 

47 

,74 

18 

42 

54 

43 

,50 

10 

47 

56 

42 

,56 

SO 

42 

54 

50 

,60 

c  t  8 
>sj3  be 


2*      Cloudy 
41       Pirr 
Cloudy 
Qoud/ 
Fair 
Fair 
Fait 
F^ir 
Rain 
Fair 


27 
30 
6 
14 
25 
42 
15 
47 
36 
25 
35 
29 
25 
21 
20 
18 
24 
38 
S7 
10 


Fair 

Fair 

Rain 

Showery 

Fair 

Fair 

Cloudy 

Cloudy 

Clofudy 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Fair 

Fair 

Showery 

Fair 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Fkir 

Fair 

Showerv 


COURSE  OF  EXCHANGE. 


4msterdam 
Ditto  at  sight 
^ttcrdam.cf, 
Hamburgh 
Altona       — 
Paris  — 

Ditto  2  us. 
Bordeaux  — 
Cadiz  — 
Madrid  — 
Bilboa  — 
%  Leghorn  — 
N*plw  .— 
Genoa  — 
Venice,  n.  C. 
Lisbon  — 
■Oporto  .  — 
Dublim  -^^ 
Cork,        ^ 


Sept.  26. 
36-9— »u- 
36-0 

n-9-2u, 
34-1— 2i  u. 
34-2— 2i  tt. 
24-2  liv. 
24-10 
24 

38i  cfTcct 
38ieficct 

?8 
51 

44 

47  !«▼•  pic. 

57  ditto 

6l| 

U4 


Oaober3. 
36-7—2  u. 
35-10 
11-8—2  u. 
34— ^  u. 
34-1—24  u. 
24-0  liv. 
24-4 
24 

38i  effect,     , 
38i  eficci. 
38 

44 

47  liv.  pic. 
55diMo 
611 
61* 


October  10. 
36-7—2  u. 
35-10 
ll-a-2  u. 
34— 2§  u. 
34-1— 21^  u. 
24-0  liv. 
24-4 
24 

38|  effect. 
38i  effect. 
38^ 
Sli 
44 

47  liv*  pic. 
55  ditto 
61* 
6lf 
I2i 
I3i" 


t  October  I7. 

135-1 1— 2  u. 

35-2 

11-5-^  u. 

33-5—2  u. 

33-6—2  u. 

24-0  liv. 

24-4 

24 

38J  effect. 

38iefiiea. 

3H 

51§ 

44 

47  liv.  pic. 

55  ditto 

6U 


PRICES  OF  BULUON. 


I   Ul       I 


^_^Tt O 

^   «^  O    I  tAtA 

a,^>»     00 


Uu^l       t 


llssiii^ 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


XoKDON  pRBuiUMs  OP  Insxjrancs,  2lst  Octobbh^  180fi!. 


To  Bengal*  out  and  home *.  ,,. 12  gs, 

Madras  and  China,  out  and  home  1^^'« 

Bengal  .or  China 7gi. 

2>^ncganibia   l^^g*- 

Madeira 6  gs,  ret.  3 

Windward  and  Leewanl  Islands  ...8  gs.  ret.  4 

Jamaica .' .^ 8  gs.  ret.  4 

South  Whide-Bshery  and  back    SO  gs. 

United  States  of  America 2  gs. 

Smyrna,  Constantin.  Meditcr.   ?    ,  i^  .  ^ 

Ni^,  Genoa, Leghorn,  Naples   S    ^^^^•'^^^•Q 

Lisbon  and  Oporto r,....5  gs.  ret.  2i 

firemen  and  Hambro* 3  gs. 

Baltic*  Lebaw,  and  Petersburgh 4gs. 

Carron,  Leith,  Perth,  and  Aberdeen 2  gs. 

GlaMpw 2^  gs. 

J)ublin,Cork,Waterford,and  Ncwry  \  gr 

Belfast  and  Lcmdonderry    J      *  ^*' 

Ltmertck    5  gs.  ret.  2 

Portsmouth l\g. 

Poole,  Exeter,  Dartm.  Pljmi.  Falm.    ..2  gs. 

BristcA,  Chester,  and  Liverpool ,.  2  gs. 

Yarmouth,  Lynn,  H  ull  and  Newcastle    1  i  g. 

London,  Brisioiy  and  Liverpool. 
A£nca»  and  thence  to  Place  Sale  in  /    ^^  ^ 

West-India  or  America S        o** 

Bristol  to  Dublin,  Waterford,  and  Cork,  llg. 

Bristol,  Liverpool,  Dublin,  and  Cork. 
Madeira , Oss.  ret.  3 


Windw.  and  Leeward  Isl. 6  gf.  ret.  4 

Jamaica 8^.  ret.  4 

United  States  of*  America  2gs, 

Canada » ^^^« 

Mediterranean    » 18  gs.  ret.  9 

Lisbon  and  Oporto d^*.  ret.^ 

Poole  ^  Dartmoutk-^Excier  ^  Plymouth 

Newfoundland 8gy.'Tet.  4 

Dublin  to  Liverpool  and  Chester 20x. 

Boston,  New- York,  and  Philadelphia  ..ogs. 
Nctrjoundland to 3sanuai,y/ .  &L.  Isl.  1^^^-. 

Mediterranean ^5gs. 

Portugal  1*^*'  ret.i 

Batf  of  Honduras  to  Charles-Town,  /    - - 

Philadelphia,  and  New- York    ...J     "^' 

England  or  Ireland  26  gSm 

Jamaica  to  Lond.  Brist.  Dubl.  Li>'erp.  12  g$. 

ff^itidicard  and'  Leewajrd  Islands. 
London,  Bristol,  Dublin,  and/ ,^  .  ^ 

IJverpool ....r"**'*^* 

Islands  to  New- York  or  Philadelphia,  15  gs. 
Africa  to  Windward  and  Leeward  \ 

Islands  or  America /  *^^^'" 

East-Indies  to  I^)ndon    15  gx. 

St.  Helena  to  ijondoa ^  g*-  ret.  4 

C(7«at/fl /o  London ^0  gs.  ret.  $ 

Bailie  to  Liverpool,  Cork,  and  Dublin..  4  gs^ 
'  liigtt  and  Prussian  Ports  to  London    . .  .6  gs. 


Current  Paicbs  OF  Mbrch.\kdize,  21st  October,  18(X>. 


1    8 


American  pot-ash,percwt.;^2     1  0  toi.3    2    0 

Ditto      pearl     2  10  0  3  18    0 

Barilla    1   I9  0  2 

Brandy,  Coniac    ...•gal.    0  1?  0  0 

Ditto  Spanish    ••  ...     0  15  6  0 

Camphire,  refined. ...  lb.    056  0 

Ditto       unrefinedjcwt.  20    0  0  22 

Cochineal,  garbled....  lb.     14  0  1 

Ditto      East-India    ..033  0 

€offiee,fine cwt.    7  10  0  8 

Ditto  ordinary    5    5  0  6 

Cotton-wool,  Surinam,  lb.    0    1  11  ,0 

Ditto         Jamaica    ..  .  0    1  5i  0 

Ditto         Smyrna. ...     0    1  3  0 

^     Ditto         East-India..     0     1  9  0 

Currants,  Zant  ....cwt.    3  15  0  3 

Doak,   Dantz piece     1  13  O  1 

Ditto  Petersburgh  . .  H.  22    0  0  24 

Ditto  StockhoUn    ....   39    0  0  4I 

Flax,      Riga. ton  66    0  0  68 

Ditto PetcTsborgh  ....   65    0  0  66 

GaHs,  Turkey cwt.    5    5  0  6 

Geneva,  Hollands  ..gal.    0  18  0  0 

Ditto    English 0    8  0  0 

Gum  Arabic,Turkcy,  cwt.    6    0  0  10 

Ditto  Sandrach  14    0  0  15 

Ditto  Tiagacanth  ....   I9  10  0  ar 

Hemp,  Riga ton  64    0  0  65 

Ditto  Pctefsbtifgh  ....   64    0  0  •  65 

Indigo,  Carracc lb.    0  12  6  0 

Ditto  East-India    Oil  0  0 

Ditto  Jamaica    ......     none 

Ifon,      British,  bars,  ton  18    0  0  I9    0 

lAtto  Swedish    25     0  0  26    0 

Ditto  Norway    24    0  0  25    0 

Difto  Archangel 25    0  0  26    0 

JLeid  in  pigs — fod.  30    0  0  — 

Ditto  red  um  36    0  0  37    Q 

Ditto  white                    54    0  0  55    0 

Lopri:od  cbipt"-             14    0  0  10    # 


Madder,  Dutch  crop,  cwt.jg4  5 

Mahogany ft.     0  1 

Oak  plank,  Dantz.  — last  11  0 

Ditto       American  ^-    ^  5 

Oil,    Lucca,— ^  gal.  jar  13  15 

Ditto  <ipermac»d  — ton  68  9 

Ditio  whale 28  0 

Ditto  Fkjrcnce,  |  chest    %  7 


-lb. 


Pitch,  SttJckhoJm 

Quicksilver    — 

Raisins,  bloom   -1 — cwt. 
Ditto  Malaga 

Rice,      Carolina  ''    ■ 
Ditto  East-India 

Rum,    Jamaica gal. 

Ditto  Leeward  I.   

Saltpetre,  East-India,  cwt. 

Shcllack-^^ '^ 

Thrown-siik,   Italian,  lb. 

Rawnsilk,         Ditto  — . 

Ditto  China 

Ditto  Bsng.  novi 

Ditto  organzine 

Tar,  Stockholm bar. 

Tin  in  blocks    »  cwt. 


Tobacco,  Maryl.   - 
Ditto    Virginia  - 

Whale-fins    

Red  port — 

Lisbon  ■ 

Madeira  — — . 
Sherry    . 

Mofintain 

Vidonia 

CalcavclU  , ^ 

Claret - 


6 

-lb.    0 

0 

-ton  20 


-pipe  66 

45 

70 

-butt  80 

n 


-ho?s.  69 

—pipe  84 

-bogs.  35 

cwt.    3 


0  14 

0  4 
4    8 

<4ione 

1  10    0 
uncertain 
036 

0  2 

3  2 

4  0 

1  12 

0  18 

1  17 
1  16 
1  11 
1  7 

6 
I 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Q 
0 
0 
0 

1 


0toje4  18 
0  02 
12    0 

10  15 
>4  0 
70  0 
31  10 
^    9 


9 
0 

0 
0 
0 
8 
0 
7 
0 

0 

0 

41 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


0  15 
Q  4 
5  10 


n   5 
2  10 

1  14 

2  0 
«   5 

I  18 
1^  8 


0 
0 
25 
98 
91 
123 
95 

§0 
76 
95 
98 


2  3a 


3 

a 
a 
0 

0 

Q 

a 
1 

8 
Q 
0 

• 
O 
0 

o 

0 
0 


T«  low,  English- 

Difto  Ruvtii,  white  —    2  16    0        3  I7    ^ 

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by  Google 


THE 


LITERARY  PANORAMA. 


For  DECEMBER,  1806. 


6epari  on  the  Arrangements  which  have 
Seen  adopted,  in  former  periods,  when 
Francs  tlireatened  the  invasion  of  Bri- 
tain or  Ireland,  to  frustrate  the  de- 
4-sign8  of  the  Enemj,  by  attacks  on  his 
foreign  possessions,  or  European  ports, 
by  annoying  his  coasts,  and  by  destroy- 
ing his  equipments.  Not  pubhshed. 
8vo.  pp.  203. 

J  tti8  Volume  it  a  continuation  of  the 
same  inquiries  into  the  state  papers  of  the 
kingdom,  preserved  in  the  public  offices, 
as  records,  which  we  have  explained  in  a 
former  number  of  our  work.     Nothing  is 
more  available  in  times  of  difficulty  than 
experience ;  but  experience,  restricted  to 
ioe  life  only,  is  short  and  defective,  com- 
pared with  the  instruction  afforded  by 
history.     Authentic  history  derived  from 
our'  ancestors,    is,    in    fact,  a    kind  of 
prolonged  experience.     Reports    of  the 
successes  or  failures  of  those  who  have 
conducted  great  enterprizes,  uith  the  rea- 
sons and  grounds  oj    their  proceedings, 
when  these  can  be  correctly  ascertained, 
are  the  best  possible  substitutes  for  perso- 
nal knowledge,  and  actual  participation  in 
events.     In  the  sciences  of  chemistry, 
^natural  philosophy,  the  experiments 
of  others  are  peimitted  to  guide  our  own, 
and  according  to  the  confidence  we  place 
in  the  skill  of  an  observer,  we  allow  his 
reasonings,  his  inferences  and  his  results 
to  direct  our  proceedings.     In  the  science 
of  navigation  we  benefit  by  the  courses 
which  other  vessels  have  steered)  or  if 
but  a  single  one  has  opened  a  new  track, 
we  bear  away  from  the  shoals  ihe  has 
marked,  and  avoid  those  rocks  of  which 
the  has  given  us  warning.  In  like  manner 
political  science  may  take  advantage  of 
the  measures  pursued  by  .sagacious  states- 
men in  former  periods.       Though  the 
human  micd  is  not  so  determinate  in  its 
operations  as  nature,  or  so  fixed  as  rocks^ 
Voirti.    \^.  f(m.  Hec.  lOOG.} 


yet  there  are  certain  general  prlticiplei 
from  which  it  rarely  departs.  The  sara6 
motives  which  ages  ago  influenced  the 
ambitious,  the  cruel,  or  the  rapacious; 
have  lost  nothing  of  their  power  on  mindl 
of  analogous  dispositions;  the  party  ii 
changed,  but  the  character  is  the  same: 
Vigilance  may  hope  now  as  much  as  everj 
to  detect  the  intrigues  of  ambition ;  forti- 
tude and  vigour  to  baffie  them  j  courage 
and  magnanimity  snccessfiilly  to  oppose 
them;  and  though  every  rational  mirij 
must  admit,  that  the  **  race  is  not  always 
*'  won  by  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  by  the 
"  strong,"  yet  swiftness  will  continue  to 
be  the  means  of  winning  races,  an4 
strength  the  means  of  winning  battles; 
while  cause  and  effect  continue  to  be  cor-i 
relative ;  so  long  also  will  the  exertions  of 
human  power  and  prowess  be  a  duty,  tat 
imperative  duty,  on  every  member  of  a 
community,  and  especially  on  every  ofllcef  ' 
of  government. 

It  might  be  inferred  frort  Certain  ex» 
pressions  in  Lord  Howard's  Ifetter'giVcnfn 
our  last,  that  Queen  Elizabeth  Was  iver^e' 
to  venturing  her  fleets  and  armies  on  the  ^ 
enemy's  coasts  :  but,  in  truth,  whatever' 
might  be  her  motives  for  a  temporaiy  • 
restraint  on  the  ardour  of  her  officers,  ^o 
such  timid,  and  eventually  ruinous,  prin- 
ciple,   influenced  her    general  conduct. 
Scarcely  had  the  return  of  the  Spanish  Ar- 
mada been  ascertained,  when  the  Queen 
determined  to  find  the  enemy  employment' 
at  home,  by  sending  an  armament  to  at- 
tack Portugal,  in  1589.    The  attempt  on 
Lisbon  failed,  but  a  magazine  of  navnl 
stores  was  destroyed  at  Corunna,  and  Vic^o 
was  bombarded  and  biirnt.     In  15<)1,  th^ 
Spanish  monarch  projected  another  Ar- 
mada J  and  in  defiance  of  his  preparations, 
the  Queen  sent  3000  men  iiito  Britanny, 
vmder  Sir  John  Norris,  and  4000  roons 
under  the  £aci  of  ftstextQ  meet  his  troopr  . 

a 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


451] 


Report  on  the  Arrangements  formerly  adopted. 


there.  And  indeed,  this  was  according 
to  the  policy  she  had  formerly  adopted : 
for  when  she  had  put  her  subjectrin  array 
to  resist  the  Spaniards,  in  case  the  Armack 
had  effected  a  landing  in  £n^nd»  she 
sent  Lord  Willoughby  with  a  squadron  to 
create  a  diversion  on  the  coasts  of  the 
enemy.  The  commission  given  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex  is  a  curiosity  which  we  could 
willingly  transcribe  5  but  other  subjects 
must  at  present  engage  our  attention. 
We  observe,  however,  that  it  vested  Es- 
sex with  absolute  power,  not  only  to  ex- 
ercise martial  law,  but,  by  himself,  or 
j^is  deputies,  to  judge  in  all  criminal  cases, 
cxplaini  nc  these  not  only  of  mili  tary  offences 
but  of  such  as  were  cognizable  by  the  crimi- 
nal courts  in  England.  Another  venr  re- 
markable particular,  is  the  power  of  con- 
ferring knighthood,  granting  arms,  and 
6ther  honorary  rewards,  '^prestita  nobili- 
**  taudi,  eisdemquc  meritorum  insignia,  id 
"  est,  arma  danda  et  assignandi,  aceisdem 
"  insignibus  ordine  equestri,  ac  militari 
**  decorandi,  et  assignandi ;  proutadofti- 
''  cium  capitanei  exercitus  generalis  perti- 
*'  net,  aut  fieri  juxta  more  Angliae  con- 
"  suevit/*  This  being,  no  doubt,  well 
known  in  the  army  under  his  command, 
would  inspirit  many  a  high  mettled  En- 
glishman who  went  out  plain  Mr.,  to  deeds 
of  military  achievement,  which  might  en- 
title him  to  return  home  honoured  with 
the  distinction  of  Esmiire,  Sir  Knight,  or 
Knight  Banneret.  We  shall  see,  how- 
ever, in  ter  Instructions,  ho^  cautiously 
she  guarded  the  power  she  had  delegated 
in  her  Commission ;  together  with  her  or- 
ders as  to  the  pay  of  the  soldiers ;  and  the 
religious  discipline  to  be  maintained  among 
her  troops.  This  was  indeed  rendered 
necessary,  by  the  consideration  that  her 
troops  were  sent  to  assist  French  protes- 
tants;  and,  that  such  solemnities  were 
well  adapted  to  detect  seditious  indmduals 
who  might  have  crept  in,  with  a  design  of 
serving  the  contrary  party. 

We  cannot  pass  without  remark  the 
extreme  frugality  which  distinguished 
every  part  of  this  sovereign's  conduct ; 
having  agreed  to  send  4000  men,  slie 
considjers  100  horsemen  as  equal  to  250 
foot;  ^nd  reckons  them  accordingly.  It 
is  probable,  that  the  expeuce  was  the  nde 
of  palculation  in  this  instance.  The  rea- 
der will  not  fail  also,  of  noticing  the  time 
tq  wt^ich  this  service  was  limited;  the 
]>ositive  insisting  on  punctual  payment 
Ibonthly^  pr  the  rec^tion  of  cautionary 


t45S 

towns,  &c.  which  strongly  be^qieak  the 
prevalence  of  English  considerations  in  the 
heart  of  this  politic  sovereign. 

Instructions  for  the  Earle  of  Essex  and  Ewe, 
Master  of  our  Horse,  and  Knigftt  of  our 
Noble  Order  of  the  Garter,  sent  by  us 
into  France,  with  certaine  Forces,  (f 
Horsemen  and  Footmen,  as  General  Cap' 
taine  of  the  same  Numbers. 

Whereas   the  French  King,  our  good 
Brother  had  made  very  earnest  recjuest  to  us, 
both  by  his  letters,  and  by  a  speciall  person 
of  his  counsell,  named  Monsier  de  Reaux, 
sent  hither  to  jovnc  with  his  embassador,  or 
resident,  to  yelr'le  to  him  a  further  ayde  of 
men,  to  the  number  of  4,000  footmen,  over 
and   besides  the  other  3,000  already  being 
under  the  charge  of  Sir  John  Norricc  in 
Brityane.     Although  we  ha\'e  great  cause  for 
the  strengthning  01  our  realme,  and  for  the 
defence  thereof,  against  the  same  cnnemyies, 
which  are  enncniys  both  to  the  said  Kin^ 
and  to  ourselves,  to  forbear  to  send  out  at 
this  time  any  mote  captains  and  experimented 
soldiers  forth  out  of  our  realme,  considering 
the  great  diminution  of  a  multitude  of  good 
valiant  captuns,    and    soldiers,    with  tnei^ 
furniture  of  arn^or  and  weapon,  which  hap- 
])ened  partly  by  death  ana  partly  by  other 
disorders,  being  of  the  company,  which  we 
sent  with  the    Lord  Willougfiby,    in   the 
somer  of  the  year  1 589,  now  not  fully  two 
years  past ;  yet  such  have  been  the  importune 
requests  of  the  said,  with  remonstrances  and 
declarations  of  what  im|)ortance  this  our  ayde 
may  be  to  him,  for  the  increase  of  his  estate 
and  dominion,  or  rather  for  the  suppression 
of  his  rebclls,  and  expulsion  of  his  forraine 
ennemyes,  as  for  the  love  and  regard  that  we 
have  to  the  said  King,  to  the  increasing  ot 
his  fortune,  and  to  estabhsh  him,  in  the  full 
possession  of  his  crowne,  we  have  yielded  to 
ghe,  and  send  into  Dieppe,  in  Normandy^ 
the  number  of  4,000  men,  aecompting  GOQ 
soldiers,  which  arc  alreatly  in  our  pay  with 
Sir  Roger  Williams,  to  be  part  thereof  5  of 
all  which  4,000  footmen,  with  such  number 
of  horsemen,  as  are  apjiointcd  to  accompany 
yon  thither,  we  have,  fjy  our  letters  paten ts» 
under  our  great  sealc  of  England,  made  you 
to  be  the  general  captain^    and  conductor, 
with  all  power,  belonging  to  such  a  general 
captain,  as  by  the  same  our  condition  more 
largely  appeareth.    And  for  the  manner  ant) 
forme  of  execution  of  the  said  commission* 
we  have  thought  mcete,  by  way  of  these  our 
instructions,  to  direct  you  how  you  shall  use 
your  authority,    in  sundry  things  properly 
appertaining  to  this  se^ice,  now  conunitte4 
unto  you. 

First.  At  vour  fiifst  acocsse  ^  Ae  ^rench 
King,  and  after  our  most  harN  comi^endit<^ 
tion3,'made  to  the  Kins,  witn  such,  leret 
rence^  onyourpart^  at.wdl  be  coi^TeskBti 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


45U] 


upon  thriaiened  Invasiant  of  Britain  and  Ireland. 


[454 


and  other  oomplements  of  honor  to  him'  done^ 
yon '  shall  let  him  understand,  that  he  hath 
good  caiue  to  accept  this  our  present  yelding 
to  his  request,  in  a  most  thankful  part,  con- 
f  idertng  what  gi«at  causes  we  have  for  the 
.  defence  of  ourself,  and  our  realme,  to  re- 
taync  at  home,  in  good  readiues,  all  the 
forces,  that  God  hath  given  us,  and  namely 
such  captains  and  leaders  of  experience,  in 
the  warres,  as  we  have  bin  contented,  te 
accompany  and  serve  under  you,  and 
therefore  ye  shall,  in  our  name,  require  him, 
that  such  service,  as  he  hath  to  employ  you, 
"with  these  our  forces  now  sent,  may  be  made 
probably  for  you,  that  the  abofle  of  you  and 
them  for  the  lime,  which  we  have  assented 
to,  which  is  oncly  for  two  months,  may  be 
profitable  to  him  ;  and  so  also  joy  netl  with  his 
ereat  forces,  as  the  enemves  may  not,  bv 
tne  excesse  of  their  numbers,  and  strength 
appears  ipanife«tly  superiors,  and  without 
any  profit  or  honour  to  the  Kins,  wast  of 
^or  people,  to  the  discomfort  of  our  realme, 
and  encrease  of  the  pride  of  the  common 
enemy. 

And  tliis  manner  of  speech  ye  shall  use  to 
the  King,  to  the  intents,  that  you  may  be 
speedily  enformcd,  of  the  purposes  intended 
by  him,  in  what  sort  you  and  your  forces 
shall  be  employed,  which  being  to  you 
knowne,  you  shall  impart  the  same  to  such 
principall  men,  as  for  their  worthiness  are 
pointed,  under  you,  to  be  the  senerall  officers 
Jbr  the  field,  and  with  good  advice  upon 
conference,  you  shall  afterwards  agree  to  ac- 
cept so  much  as  shall  seeme  convenient ;  and 
shall  in  honorable  and  discreet  manner,  take 
cxce[)lions  to  any  part  of  the  service  pro- 
pounded t0  you  as  snail  appear  inconvenient. 


ration,  discover  if  there  be  anie  un&ithful 
subject  gotten  into  tlieir  bands,  to  serve  as 
spyes,  or  to*  do  some  mischiefe  to  you,  or  to 
your  companies,  as  in  truth  wc^  haye  cause  to 
doubt,  that  some  lewd  subjects  may  intrude 
themselves  into  the  ser\ice  of  you,  for  some 
of  your  numbers. 

i>econdly.  We  doubt  not  but  you  will  have 
legard  in  all  vour  actions  to  preserve  your 
owne  estimatfon,  as  a  man  of  honorable 
calling  by  birth  and  of  speciall  reputation 
with  us,  that  you  may  letnrn  rather  with 
encrease  of  your  estimation  gotten  there,  in 
a  strange  land,  by  your  grave  and  honorable 
actions,  than  with  auy  diminution. 

l^istly.  We  do  recommend  to  your  care, 
the  good  ordering  of  all  our  |x^>le,  using 
them  all,  and  e\-ery  of  tliCm  in  their  degrees, 
so  as  they  may  both  love  you  and  obey  you, 
and  tliat  tliey  may  be  furnished,  as  well  as 
limes  and  places  may  ser\'c,  by  your  direc<* 
tion,  to  be  given  to  your  inferior  oliiccrs,  and 
the  captains  of  the  bauds,  with  convenient 
victuall,  and  lodging,  xmd  not  to  be  put  to 
anv  desperate  enterprize. 

Vou  are  further  to  consider,  by  perusing 
of  the  state  and  proportion  of^  your  alIow« 
ance,  of  the  wages  of  all  our  forces  now 
committed  to  vour  charge,  with  the  enter* 
tainment  of  all  officers,  both  for  the  field, 
and  for  the  conduct  of  the  bamls,  which  is 
to  be  delivered  to  vou  as  the  generall,  and  to 
the  treasurer,  or  his  deputy,  written  in  cer- 
tain schedules,  signed  by  our  counsell,  whidi 
we  will  not  to  be  altered,  but  every  penon 
to  be  paid  according  to  tlie  same  rate^  And 
thougii  the  private  soldier  is  not  to  jiave  his 
fidl  pay  weekly  (as  by  the  schedule  appeareth) 
yet  our  meaning  is,  that  the  particular  soU 


or  over  desperate,  to  the  manifest  overthrow  |  diers,  at  the  end  of  eveij-  month,  shall  upon 
of  our  people,  or  otherwise  not  honorable  to  ;  muster,  and  appearance  m  [^ersone,  receive  his 


yourself,  and  our  nation. 

The  authority  which  vou  have  by  our  com- 
mission, and  tne  credTt  that  you  'shall  have 
thereby,  is  such,  as  wq  doubt  not,  but  you 
will  have  so  great  regard  in  ordering  the  same, 
a<t  we  need  not  admonish  you  in  any  parti- 


full  pay,  according  to  his  ordinary  daily 
wages,  so  as  all  defalcatior^s  of  former  im« 
prcstes  of  money  or  victualls  be  excepted. 

You  shall  understand  that  the  numbers 
which  we  have  yelded  to  this  present  service 


^   _  ^__..      of  the  French,  are  to  your  charge  in  pay  of 

cidar  manner  withe  lengthe  of  speech,  but    4,000  fool  men,  whereof  the  600  which  are 


onely  to  remitt  you  to  these  few  heads  fol- 
lowmg. 

First,  And  above  all  thin<^  we  advise  you 
to  have  due  regard  to  serve  God  dayly,  both 
yourself  for  example,  and  to  direct' all  our 


tiicre,  umler  the  change  of  Sir  Roger  Wil- 
liams, are  to  be  accomptcd  part,  and  likewise 
a  l>and  of  150  that  are  directed  to  come  from 
the  Bricl  j  all  which  are  to  be  under  your 
rule.     And  where  you  have  tlie  number  of 


people  under  you  to  do  die  same,  at  all  times  ,  100  horsemen,  or  more,  they  are  to  be  ac 


and  places  usuall,  as  by  the  ojtler  and  rites  of 
the  Church  of  England,  you  and  your  ccmi- 
panv  ought  to  do,  if  they  were  at  home, 
within  our  realme,  where  places  and  times 
may  be  had  thereitatto  convenic(it.>  For  so  it 
h  meet  that  both  you  and  all  mir  sid^ects 
should  shew  themselves  obedient  rather  to  tlie 
forme  of  our  owne  lawes,  than  to  any  forme 
of  strangers  -,  and  besides  that  thereby  your 
fapmlns  $aA  oOigtn  shall,  bjr  good'obser- 


compted  in  our  pay  for  2.50  footmen,  as  a 
force  more  serviceable  for  many  respects,  and 
then  ^o  make  up  the  full  cuarec  of  4,000 
footmen,  besides  all  officers,  there  arc  to 
passe  out  of  our  realme  the  number  of  3, 150 
ncads  of  private  soldiers,  besides  in  every 
ban  8  officers,  whereof  we  do  make  to 
you  this  particular  declaration,  by  cause 
you  may  be  able  to  satisfye  the  King,  or  any 
of  his  coumell,  if  any  s|x:'ech  shoxddhemuvc4 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


46i] 


Bepert  m  the  ArrOfigtmenta  formerly  uhfitti. 


f4t9 


to  you,  how  we  arc  charged »  and  how  the 
King  isayded  with  4,000  men,  and  above. 

We  would  have  you  cause,  such  ordinances 
as  were  devised,  by  the  late  Earl  of  Leicester 
^  in  the  Low  Countries,  for  the  discipline  of 
the  army  there,  to  be  considei^,  and  to 
cause  an  extract  to  be  made  out  of  the  same, 
or  out  of  the  like,  that  have  been  published 
by  the  Duke  of  Parma,  selecting  so  many 
articles,  as  shalt  be  thought  meete,  for  the 
time  and  place,  where  you  shall  ser\e,  and 
for  the  companies,  whom  you  shall  governe. 

You  shall  also  be  informed  of  the  accord 
made  here  by  the  French  ambassador,  in  the 
behalf  of  the  French  King,  with  certaine  of 
our  counsel],  wherein  it  is  agreed,  that  we 
shall  not  continue  our  forces,  in  our  pay, 
above  two  months  frofn  the  time  of  their 
landing  whereof  you  shall  have  good  regard, 
so  as  if  you'bhould  not  have  good  assurance, 
in  deeds  besides  words,  to  have  a  full  weekely 
pay,  after  the  end  of  two  moneths,  of  some 
such  part  of*  6ur  forces  under  your  charge,  as 
upon  Knowiedg  from  you,  we  shall  consent 
unto,  you  shall  not  continew  them  any  longer, 
but  towards  the  end  of  two  monttis,  you 
shall  procure  safe  passage  to  retume,  both  for 
youi^elf,  and  such  of  our  troupes,  as  we 
shall  not  assent  to  leave  there,  notwithstand- 
ing any  entreaty,  without  ready  payment  to 
be  made,  and  that  to  be  weekly  performed, 
according  to  our  pay,  and  for  your  passage, 
you  shall  demaund  ayde  of  the  King's  ship- 
ping, according  to  the  accords. 

You  shall  consider  also,  that  in  the  same 
accord,  the  embassador  hath  covenanted,  for 
the  French  King,  that  there  shall  be  sent  a 
confirmation,  of  the  said  accord,  from  the. 
French  King,  afore  our  forces  shall  land, 
which  we  looke  to  be  performed ;  but  because 
the  embanking  and  transportation  cannot  be 
stayed  by  limitation  of  any  daies  certaine,  our 
meanhigis,  that  if  the  said  confirmation  shall 
not  be  brought  from  thence,  before  your  land- 
ing, or  that  it  shall  not  be  ready  there,  at 
your  landing,  you  shall  plainly  declare,  that 
you  may  not  march  into  the  country,  other- 
wise than  to  lo()g  yourself,  with  your  people 
in  safety,  until  the  said  confirmation  shall 
be  brought,  either  into  England,  or  toyour- 
selfe. 

You  arc  also  to  consider  upon  perusall  of 
the  said  accord,  that  it  is  agreed,  that  if 
Roan,  or  Newhaven,  or  either  of  them  shall 
be  won  for  the  French  King,  we  shall  have 
all  the  profits  of  the  customs  and  dewtics  pay- 
able to  the  King,  for  all  manner  of  merchan- 
dises, accustomed  to  be  paid  to  the  King, 
assured  to  us,  untill  we  shall  be  payed  for 
all  somes  of  money  dew  by  the  said  King  to 
us,  for  any  imprest  of  money,  victuall,  pow- 
der, municion,  or  any  other  thing,  since  the 
Kin^  coming  to  his  crowue,  the  execution 


whereof  you  shall,    when  time  shall  serv* 
thereto,  mrther  to  your  best. 

We  require  you  to  remember  to  give 
cliarge  from  time  lo  time,  to  alLthe  captaines, 
to  see  the  preservation  of  all  the  armor  and 
weapon,  wherewith  the  countries  have  fur-' 
nishcd  them  ;  that  the  same  (if  they  be  not 
lost  in  apparent  service)  may  be  returned  to 
the  countries,  which  if  vou  shall  procure  U> 
be  done  you  shall  gaine  both  praise,  and  love 
of  your  natucall  country,  which  hitherto  we 
have  not  seene  any  Gencrall  sent  out  of  our 
realme  to  have  so  regarded  as  was  convenient. 

As  for  the  keeping  of  the  numbers  fiill,  we 
hope  you  will  look  to,  and  correct  such  as 
shall  for  corruption  seeke  to  gain  from  us, 
and  weaken  your  force,  tending  both  to 
danger,  and  shame  of  the  nation. 

Where  we  have  added  a  clause  in  your  com- 
mission, giving  you  authority,  to  give  the  ho- 
nor of  knighthood  and  amies,  to  such  per- 
sons being  our  subjects,  and  serving  in  the 
army  committed  to  yow,  as  by  their  deserts, ' 
namely  by  their  actionia  in  batiayll,  or  fight, 
shall  m  your  discretion  be  found  worthy 
thereof,  we  having  found  by  some  former 
experience,  thalsondry  times,  in  forraine 
parts,  such  honor  hath  been  given  rarfier  of 
favor,  or  m^iaiion  by  friend&hip,  then  by 
desert  to  persons*  that  neither  in  battayk,  or 
fight  have  obsened  any  special  warhke  ac- 
tion. And  sometymes  the  same  honor  hath 
been  given  to  persons,  both  unable  by  living 
to  mamtaynethe  countenance  thereof,  and  to 
some  not  being  descended  in  blood  of  either 
noble  or  gentlemen ;  for  these  and  such  re- 
spects, and  to  avoyde  the  like  defaulte  in 
custributions  of  such  honor,  we  will  and 
charge  you,  notwithstanding  tlic  generality 
of  your  power  in  your  commission,  that  you 
do  not  bestow  the  degrees  of  the  honor  of 
knighthood,  or  of  armes,  upon  any  persons, 
not  deserving  th6  same,  or  be  of  such  mcane 
condition,  as  above  by  us  is  remembered. 
And  yet  at  your  returne,  if  any  singular  per- 
sons not  qualified  with  livelynood  or  blood,  , 
shall  for  any  notable  worthy  act  deserve  such 
honor,  though  there  be  other  lacks  above- 
mentioned,  we  will  ourselves  at  your  request, 
upon  your  retume,  reward  such  persons  with 
the  dignity,  which  their  deserts  shall  deserve.. 

Our  pleasure  is  that  when  vou  shal  be  ab- 
sent from  the  King,  and  sbail  have  occasion 
to  understand  his  mind,  in  any  thing  whereof 
you  shall  desire  answere,  you  shall  direct  the 
same  cause,  by  writing  or  message,  to  our 
embassador  there  resident,  as  a  person  most 
meete  to  n^tiate  any  loatler  that  may  con- 
cerne  our  service. 

The  reader  will  remark  the  charge  re- 
quiring the  preservation  of  "  all  the 
''  armor  and  weapon/*  I^ec4ua!e  the  «ami% 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


457]  ttp<m  thrMened  Invasions 

htA  been  ftmished  by  the  counties,  and 
fhejr  were  to  be  returned  to  the  counties; 
wiu  the  great  commendation  attached  to 
compliance  with  this  charge.  Does  not  this 
look,  as  if  the  Queen's  stores  were  in- 
competent to  furnish  on  a  sadden,  a  suf- 
ficient quantity  of  arms  for  this  not  very 
numerous  body?  What  wduld  our  arse- 
nals think  of  borrowing  musquets,  &c 
from  the  cotmtry  repositories,  because 
they  could  not  supply  an  army  of  4,000, 
or  of  7, 000  men  > 

We  should,  however,  recollect  thq  al- 
most recent  introduction  into  general  use 
of  military  accoutrements  dependingon  tbe 
power  of  gun-powder ;  that  not  a  great 
while  before  the  long-bow  was  the  Eng- 
lishman's favourite  weapon  :  that  it  was 
confirmed  hy  acts  of  parliament  3  that  the 
practice  of  archery  was  still  in  vogue ; 
and  that  a  certain  proportion  of  pike-men 
-was  constantly  attached  to  forces  carrying 
firelocks.  Accordingly  we  find  in  the 
certificate  for  the  county  of  Stafford,  and 
"  Darbye."  (Span.  Armada,  papers)  the 
proportion  was. 

Lances,  -        21 

Light-horses  «        59 

79        * 


of  Britain  dnd  Ireland. 


£458 


FOOTMBJr. 

Calevers, 

160 

Fikes,   •• 

60 

Bowe8> 

80 

Bills, 

80 

400 

And  in ''  the  directions  of  Sir  Thomas 
**  Ldghton,  Knight,  to  tbe  deputy  lieu- 
•*  tenants  ef  the  Coontie  of  Norfolk,  the 
•'  last  of  April,  I588,**  ISpanish  Ar- 
mada,  App.  p.  xlii,]  we  meet  with  a 
complaint  of  the  horsemen  and  footmen 
being  unarmed,  he  adds ;  "  also,  that 
"  you  do  use  your  speedie  meanes  to 
''  cause  some  store  of  musket  ts  to  be  got- 
"  ten,  that  there  may  bee,  y£  you  can 
"  procore  it,  45  musketts  to  everie  band 
*'  of  300  men.**— y/"  you  can  procure  ii  ! 
in  the  countie  of  Norfolk !  We  add  in 
confirmation  of  this  idea  the  report  of  an 
inspection  in  York,  wherein  out  of  1,1 15 
persons,  only  8  are  returned  as  '*  having 
^«  hac<i^iebutts  and  band  gonnes/'    : 


Ciiie  of  Vorke. 

The  certificate  of  Robert  Paycok,  Mayer  of 
the  saide  Citie ;  of  William  Fair&x,  Ro- 
bert Stapleton,  Knights,  John  North,  Ro- 
bert Ehvard,  Robert  Heckylton,  Peter  Ro- 
bynson,  John  Beane,  William  Holme,  Al- 
dermen of  the  saide  Citye }  Thomas  Stan- 
(kyyn  and  James  Symson,  Shiryfls  of  the 
saide  Citye ;  Commissioners  of  our  Sou'etgne 
Liord  the  Kyng,  allotyd  withyn  the  saide 
Citye,  Wapentake,  and  Liberties  of  the 
same,  o§  the  Vyewe  and  Musters,  taken  afore 
them,  the  last  day  of  February,  m  the  se- 
cond Yereof  the  Reign  of  our  said  Sovereigne  * 
Lord,  Edward  the  sext,  by  the  grace  of  God, 
Kyng  of  Englande,  France,  and  Ireland, 
Oefende'r  of  the  Fayth,  and  in  Einh  of  the 
Churche  of  Englonde,  the  supreme  Hed  j  by 
virtue  of  the  Kyng's  Com'ission  to  them  di* 
rected* 

Citie  of  Yorke,  with  the  Wapentake  of  the 

Aynstey  and  Liberties  of  the  same. 
The  nombre  of  Light    Horsemen    and 

Speremen  furnvsncd,  and  able  horses      8 
The  nombre  of  Archers,  having  hames 

and  horses       --.----*    55 
The  nombre  of  Archers,  having  h^mes 

and  no  horses  -    -    -    -    -    ■^'  -    -    53 
The  nombre  of  Arehers,  having  ^^^^^^. 

horse  nor  homes  -    -    -    -'^    *    >•  141 
The  nombre  of  Bylmen,  having  harncs 

and  horse  -    -    -    -    -    -  '  ^    -    -■  136 

The  nombre  of  Bylmen,.  having  hames 

and  no  horses      -    -    -    -    -.  •  -    -  199 
The  nombre  of  Bylmen,  having  nether 

horse  nor  hames       -    -    -.    -    -    -  453 
The  nombre  of  Persons  not  able,  having 

hamesse  and  horses  ------    14 

The  nombre  of  Persons  not  able,  having 

hamesse  and  no  horses    -----    34 
The    nombre   of  Persons,  having  able 

horses  and  no  harncs      ^    -    -    -    -     14 
The  nombre  of  able  horses,  with  hames 

for  demy  launce»      ------       I 

The  nombre  of  Gonners,  with  bacque- 

btttts  and  handgonnes    -----      8 

Total        -        l,\i§ 
(Signed) 
per  me,    Robert  Pacok,  MaiorEhof. 
per  me,    William  Favrfax, 
per  me,    Johanuem  Northe, 
per  me,    Roberte  Hykkdton, 
per  mc,     Peter  Robynson, 
per  me,    T.  Standevyn,  yicec^mUem 
Civitatis  Ebor. 
.    per  me,     James  Sympson,    P^icecom* 
Civiiaih  Ebor, 
In  1594  the  Ckron  prepared  9?  anna- 
ment  against  Brest,  then  an  po^f  *«*»on  ot.^ 
King  Henry's  enemies,  and  her  own.  The 

a  s 


Digitized 


by  Google 


4593 


Report  on  the  Jrranqementi  formerly  adopted, 


t4«(l 


place  was  taken,  but  the  British  Admiral^ 
Sii*  Martin  Frobislier,  lost  his  life. 

Thc't:!xpedition  against  Cadiz  in  1595 
IS  famous  in  our  history.  In  the  port 
"Were  fifty- nine  Spanish  ships,  many  of 
them  Liden  with  treasure,  and  nineteen 
or  twenty  gallies.  The  Duke  de  Medina 
Sidonia,  who  had  been  sent  Commander 
in  Chief  of  the  Armada  to  England,  had 
the  mortification  of  being  obliged  to  di- 
rect many  of  these  ships  to  be  burnt,  in 
-^rder  to  prevent  their  falling  Itito  the 
hands  of  tlie  P'nglish  :  who,  nevertheless, 
seized  oh  several  and  disburthened  them 
of  their  treasure. 

Many  other  expeditions  for  the  purpose 
of  meeting  the  enemy  on  his  own  ground, 
rather  than  on  English,  were  plamiedand 
executed.  What  we  have  referred  to  are 
0UjGQcient  to  vindicate  the  Queen  from  the 
accusation,  for  such  it  is,  of  following 
that  contracted  policy  which  limits  the 
exertions  of  this  kingdom  to  consider- 
ations of  local  defence  only.  The  suc- 
cessor of  Elizabeth  kept  on  good  terms 
with  Spain.  Charles  I.  attacked  Cadiz, 
but  the  po^^'ers  vested  in  the  commanders 
of  this  expedition,  unlike  those  of  the 
wise  Elizabeth,  were  equal,  and  perhaps, 
to  this  circumstance,  may  be  ascribed  its 
fiilure. 

The  secrecy  and  promptitude  of  Crom- 
well were  extremely  laudable  ^  and  his 
sagacity  in  foreseeing,  that  if  hut  fleet 
iailed  in  its  design  on  Hispaniola,  Ja- 
maica might  console  him  for  the  dis:)p- 
pointment,  was  truly  characteristic.  We 
could  have  been  glad  to  have  seen  what 
his  instructions  were,  but  theybave  not 
been  found. 

Spain  had  overstrainejl  Itself  in  attempt- 
ing to  subdue  England,  and  to  recover 
the  United  Provinces:  the  weakness  of 
this  predominating  grandee  of  Europe,  {ter* 
mitted  France  to  rise,  till,  by  land,  she 
became  a  leading  military  power  5  as  it 
permitted  the  augmentation  of  the  British 
naval  power,  which  with  that  of  Hol- 
land, became  supreme  on  the  ocean. 
Nevertheless,  France  contested  this  supre- 
XQ3CJ',  and  it  was  the  lot  of  Spain  thence- 
>iofth  to  hold  much  of  her  possessions  at  - 
tke  will  of  her  rivals,  and  between  friends 
and  foes  to  tremble  no  less  at  the  proffer- 
ed protection  of  the  one,  than  at  the  open 
tnmity  of-tfic«ther. 

This  appears  clearly  from  instructions 
given  to  Sir  George  Rooke^    in  l/Ol, 


which  we  insert ;  as  the  reader  will  recol* 
lect  a  late  event  of  precisely  the  same 
kind,  to  which  they  apply  with  perfect 
correspondence,  as  to  their  principle  j 
though  the  issue,  in  point  of  fact,  was 
different ;  as  the  Galleons  did  pot  sail  for 
Spain  tliis  year. 
Instructions  for  Sir  Gcorf^e  RoQ^e,  Knight  9, 

Admirui,  and  Cominauder  in  Chief  of  His 

Mojrsfy's  licet.     Given  al  HltMuiH  tke 

V2ih  day  of  Jh<;usI  17OI. 
Tlio.  Canuiar,  l>cvonshirc, 

N.  M'right,  <\  S.         Somerset^ 
Penjbrokc,  P.  Percey, 

Godulphin. 

His  Majesty,  u(x>n  a  serious  consideration 
of  the  late  proceedings  of  the  French  King» 
in  seizing  all  the  strons;  places  in  the  Spanibh 
Netherlands,  and  sending  his  armv  into  Italy, 
and  his  fleets  to  Cadiz,  and  the  West  Indies, 
and  from  several  concurrent  advices,  having 

i'ust  cause  to  apprehend  that  the  French 
ving  intends  to  seize  likewise,  upon  all  the 
cfiects  of  the  Spanish  flota,  expected  home 
in  a  short  tlnie,  the  better  to  enable  him  to 
carry  on  a  war.  For  preventing  ao  great  a 
mischief  to  I^Iis  Majesty's  subjects,  and  to  all 
Christendani,  we  have  thought  fit,  in  pur- 
suance of  the  directions  we  have  received 
from  His  Majesty,  to  give  you  the  following 
orders  and  instructions. 

I  St.  You  are  herebj  required,  and  directed, 
upon  openins  these  m^tructions,  to  sail  with 
the  fleet  under  your  command,  to  the  west- 
ward of  tJshant,  and  to  endeavour  to  get 
intelligence  whether  Mons.  Chateaurenaud 
be  sailed  flpin  Brest,  with  a  squadron  under 
his  command^  and  if  they  be  gone  from 
thence,  on  what  senice  they  9tt  designed. 

2.  You  are  to  make  a  detachment  of  so 
many  English  and  Dutch  ships,  as  will  make 
up  \  ice  Admiral  Benbow*s  squadron,  bound 
to  the  West  Indies,  to  the  number  of  thirty 
five  ships  of  the  line  oT  battle,  with  whicn 
you  are  to  send  Rear  Admiral  Munden,  and 
to  put  them  under  tlie  command  of  Vice 
Admiral  Benbow,  and  you  are  to  give  him 
the  following  instructions,  which  you  are  to 
enjoin  him  to  keep  secret,  and  not  to  impart 
to  any  person  wliatcver,  till  he  comes  to  hb 
station,  viz. 

That  he  make  the  best  of  his  way,  with 
the  joint  squadrons  under  his  command,  to 
the  latitude  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  taking  care 
not  to  fall  nearer  to  the  latul  than  a  hundred 
leagues  distance,  and  so  to  proceed  to  the 
WVstem  Islands,  one  of  which  he  b  to  make 
with  one  ship  only,  to  avoid  being  discovered  v 
and  from  thence  he  is  to  ply  away  to  thq 
westward,  in  the  fair  way  ana  course  of  the 
Spanish  flota,  exj^ectcd  home  from  the  West 
Indies,  and  upon  liis  meeting  with  them,  h« 
is  to  use  his  best  endeavours,  either  by  (air 
means,  or  by  force,  to  seize,  and  bring  th« 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


-•61] 


upon  threatened  Jhnvastons  t^  BrilaSn  and  Ireland. 


t40Sl 


^•aid  fiotft,  and  such  other  ships  as  shall  ap« 
pear  (at  their  protections  or  be  ia  company 
with  them,  to  some  port  in  England  ;  in 
c»ffder  to  whkh  he  is  .to  return  with  the  whole 

auadroo.  And  forasmuch  as  it  is  His 
lftjesty*s  intention,  that  the  efl'ects  of  the 
said  flota  de  entirely  and  safely  preserved,  for 
the  use  of  those  that  have  a  just  title  to  the 
•ame ;  he  is  to  take  particular  care,  tliat  the^ra 
be  DO  kind  of  ei^bezzlement,  and  to  endea- 
vour to  uQSsess  himself  of  the  invoices  of  the 
caigo  of  every  particular  ship^  which  said 
invoices  he^is  to  have  immediately  sealed  up, 
and  the  hatches  of  the  ships  spiked  ;  and  he 
is  to  keejp  the  said  invoices  safely  in  his  cus- 
tody, till  further  prders. 
.  And  in  ^ase  he  shall  meet  with  the 
Aota,  he  is  to  send  on  board,  the  Comr 
mander  in  Chief,  and  acquaint  him  that 
he, has  orders  to  carry  them  to  a  port  of 
safety,  and  that  it  is  His  Majesty's  r*«)lu- 
tion^  to  restore  to  every  body,  what  belongs 
to  them;  but  the  management  hereof  is  to 
be  left  to  his  discretion  so  as  that  it  may  not 
hinder  the  execution  of  the  service. 

He  is  not  to  impart  his  orders,  concerning 
the  flota  to  any  of  the  Coumianders  of  his 
tquddroo,  or  any  other  person,  until  such 
tiibe  as  it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  exe- 
cution of  the  service,  seeing  it  may  be  con- 
renient,  in  case  he  does  not  meet  with  the 
flota,  that  it  should  not  be  known  he  had 
any  such  orders. 

in  case  he  shall  meet  with  any  vessel  be- 
yoixJ,  or  near  the  Western  Islands,  he  shall 
detain  the  same  till  the  expedition  be  ovhc, 
lo  prevent  discovery. 

The  said  Vice  Admiral  Benbow  is  to  con- 
tinue to  cruize  in  the  station  before  men- 
tioned, in  the  usual  tract  of  the  said  flota, 
till  the  tentli  day  of  October  next,  unless  he 
shall  have  certam  information,  that  the  said 
flata  is  passed  by  to  the  eastward ;  in  which 
case  he  is  to  proceed  on  his  voyage  to  the 
West  Indies ;  and  Rear  Admiral  MuiKlen 
with  the  detached  ships,  b  to  return  home. 
And  in  case  he  has  reason  to  believe,  by  any 
advioe  he  receives,  that  they  are  not  yet  pass- 
ed to  the  eastward,  he  is  to  continue  on  the 
said  ser\'ice  for  so  long  a  time  as  he  shall 
judge  his  beer  will  carry  him  on  his  intended 
voyage  to  the  W^est  Indies,  aiKl  will  serve 
the  said  detached  squadron,  in  their  return  to 
EngUmd,  whither  he  is  to  order  Hear  Admi- 
ral Munden  to  retiurn,  with  the  said  squadron, 
and  himself  to  proceed  to  the  West  IiKlies 
according  to  hit  orders  from  the  Lords  Com- 
missioners of  the  Admiralty. 

In  case  Vice  Admiral  Benbow  attempts 
dke  floti,  whether  he  succeeds  or  not,  he  is  to 
leiul  one  of  the  ships  of  Hear  Admiral  Man- 
go's squadron  to  Newfoundland,  to  give  the 
Vicn  of  war  and  merchant  8hii)s  there,  notice 
that  there  are  great  apprvhtnsiohs  of  a  speedy 


breach  with  France  and  Spain,  and  to  ^md 
orders  to  the  men  of  war,  to  ooavoy  tba 
merchant  ships  home. 

3.  When  you  have  seen  the  sajd  squadron 
under  the  command  of  Vice  Admiral  Ben- 
bow clear  of  the  land,  in  case  yoU  ha\'e  any 
iiMelligcnce  that  Mons.  Chateaurenaud  is 
still  with  his  squadron  at  Brest,  you  are  ta 
dispose  yourself  with  the  remaining  part  of 
the  fleet,  in  such  manner  aar  may  seem  most 
probable  to  hinder  his  coming  out ',  but  yoa 
are  not  to  make  use  of  force  without  further 
order.  But  if  you  are  informed  that  Cha- 
teaurenaud is  sailed  with  the  said  squadron 
from  Brest,  you  are  then  to  repair  to  such 
stations,  in  the  soundings,  as  you  shall 
jud^  most  proper  fur  the  security  and  pro-i 
tection  of  the  several  trades  expected  hom« 
from  foreign  parts ;  and  you  are  to  continue 
on  this  or  tne  former  service,  for  so  long 
time,  as  you  shall  judge  ^idnseable,  with 
respect  to  the  season  of  the  year,  after  which 
)^u  are  to  repair  to  Torbay  or  Spithead,  and 
there  expect  further  orders,  taking  care  to 
leave  a  squadron  in  a  proper  station,  for  tha 
sen'ices  before  -  mentlonea  of  securing  tha 
commerce. 

These  instructions  with  a  change  of 
names,  merely,  might  almost  have  served 
on  a  late  occasion :  th^y  shew  that  when  war 
is  unavoidable,  and  is  only  postponed  by 
policy  on  one  side,  it  is  no  new  principla 
for  the  other  side  to  meet  the  subterft^ 
with  answerable  policy. 

Our  readers  will  accept  with  favour  tht» 
information  we  have  thus  laid  beibrt 
them,  on  a  subject  of  national  history^ 
we  know  too  well  what  is  due  to  our 
country  to  enter  minutely  iiito  every  thing 
this  vc^ume  contains  :  we  therefoie  con- 
clude this  article  with  a  general  remark, 
which  is  perfectly  in  unison  not  only  with 
the  dictates  of  experience,  but  with  tlia 
directions  of  the  supreme  authority,  at 
well  military  as  civil,  of  our  United  King- 
dom* 

The  waat  of  a  general  system  has  herr -(^ 
tofore  been  found  extremely  prejudicial  to 
our  operations ;  the  want  of  scieutiflc 
knowledge  still  more  so :  these  are  gra- 
dually diminishing  among  us.  The 
sciences  of  geography,  navigation,  natu- 
ral philosophy,  medicine,  and  others,  are 
now  well,  and  generally  understood  ;  so 
that  an  olBcer  of  any  standing  cannot  bo 
suddenly  ordered  to  a  country  of  which 
he  is  iolalii/  ignorant.  At  least,  this  \fe 
may  say,  that  if  any  officer  on  whom  a 
command  can  devolve  is  thus  ignorant,  bo- 
has  nobody  to  blame  fol-  It  but  Iximidf. 

04 

■    -         '  ^-      '    ■ 

Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


W«  tlfrotiify  recommend,  that  what- 
ever hoofs  of  leisure  are  permitted  by  the 
difties  of  officers,  whether  military  or  na- 
val, they  would  consider  Ihem  as  so  many 
Invaluable  opportunities  of  acquiring  ihat 
fciowkdge  (knowledge  is  power)  which, 
possibly,  future  opportunities  may  enable 
them  to  render  efiectual  in  saving  the 
lives  of  thousands ;  to  ensure  success  where 
others  would  droop  under  despondency ; 
iinl  to  do  themselves  and  their  country 
both  service  and  honour,  by  the  con- 
duct of  operations  committed  to  their 
charge. 


t4«4 


Third  Report  of  the  Committee  for  ma- 
naging the  Patriotic  Fund,  established 
at  Lloyd's  Coffee-house^  20th  July, 
1803. 

The  following  introdciction  to  this  vo- 
kme  describes  so  clearly  the  nature  of  the 
institution,  that  we  cannot  do  better  Ihan 
submit  it  to  our  readers. 

March  1st,  IB06* 
TheoommUtee for  managing  the  Patriotic 
Fund,  00  presenting  to  the  public  the  third 
report  of  their  proceeding,  remark,  with 
great  satisfaction,  that  the  confidence  in  Bri- 
fish  valour,  and  British  liberality,  which  they 
expressed  in  the  prefece  to  their  last  rcrjort, 
is  amply  j'tstified.  Trophies  of  prouder  fame, 
than  the  former  annals  even  ot  Britain  can 
koajtt,  liave  been  added  to  her  naval  renown ; 
and  her  giatitude  to  her  biave  defenders  has 
been  worthy  of  their  transcendent  achteve- 
ments. 

On  the  day  appointed  by  a  pious  and  re- 
vered Sovereign,  the  nation,  by  a  soleum  act 
of  homage,  devoutly  offered  up  their  thanks- 
givings to  that  Ahnighty  Pbwer,  "  wliose 
arm  alone  giveth  the  victory  :**  and  the  elo- 
quent zeal  of  the  ministers  of  religion  added 
a  new  impulse  to  patriotism,  which  has  been 
folt  by  every  dass  of  the  community,  and 
Qianifosted  in  contributions  of  luiexampled 
liberality  to  this  institution. 

In  proportion  as  tlie  gratuities  from  this 
fund  nave  been  more  extensively  diffused, 
obsenation  and  experience  have  more  strongly 
confirmed  their  beneficial  effects.  The  dis- 
tressed  widow,  the  destitute  orphan,  the  af- 
flicted relative,  have  found  rdie^  support,  or 
fibnsobtion.  The  soldier  and  sailor,  unfit 
for  active  service,  have  been  enabled  to  retire 
in  comfort  to  their  fonner  habits  and  connec* 
tions;  whilst  honorary  marks  of  distinction, 
thejust  reward  of  living  valour,  or  tribute  to 
departed  worth,  stimulate  the  gallant  mind 
to  new  fixcrtions*  and  excite  the  rising  gene 
latoon  to  emulate  the  heioism  of  their  fai 


Itepwrl  of  ike  PulrUiic  Pund. 

Imiutioos  of  this  plan  h4ini  been  attecapted 
by  the  enemy,  rather  desirous  of  iu  e£bctt 
tlian  actuated  by  its  principles.  A  sobsciip* 
tion  was  6pened  at  Madrid,  for  the  relief  of 
the  widows  and  orphans  of  those  who  had 
^leain  the  battle  of  Trafalgar ;  but  an  ex* 
hortation  soon  appeared  in  the  official  gazette 
of  the  Spanish  g(>\'emment,  engiafting  upoa 
it  a  plan  for  repairing  the  danuiges  sustatneii 
by  their  navy  on  that  memorable  day.  AfttOr 
the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  contributions  weiv 
levied  on  the  inhabiunts  of  Austria  and  Mo« 
cavia,  to  provide  gratuities  for  those  who  had 
been  wounded,  and  a  maintenance  for  Um 
widows  and  orphans  of  those  who  had  fidlen^ 
on  their  plains,  under  the  banners  of  theif 
invader.  These  specimens  of  Spanish  poiky, 
and  French  exaction,  present  a  striking  coiFi 
trast  to  the  offerings  ot  British  benevolence, 
which  have  spontaneously  flowed  into  diis 
fund. 

By  the  statement  of  the  receipt  and  expen« 
diture,  annexed  to  the  present  report,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  subscriptsons  and  dividends 
amount  to  338,6931.  lis.  8d.,  exclusive  of 
21, soot,  three  per  cent,  consols,  subscribed 
in  stock.  The  sums  received  hai'e  bem  regu^ 
larly  invested  in  government  securities,  beaiv» 
ing  interest,  excepting  only  so  much  as  has 
been  necessarily  reserved  to  answer  the  daily 
demands. 

The  sums,  paid  and  voted  amount  t» 
105,2761.  2s.  4d.  ;  by  which  relief  has  been 
afforded  to  2140  officers  and  privates  wounded 
or  disabled,  and  to^  570  widows,  orphans^ 
parents,  or  other  relatives  of  those  kiUed  in 
his  Majesty's  ser\  ice :  honorary  gratuities 
have  also  l>edn  conferred  in  153  instances  of 
successful  exertions  of  valor  or  merit. 

A  considemhle  number  of  claims^  arising 
from  various  actions,  are  still  expected  ;  par-^.. 
ticularly  from  the  relatives  of  more  than  400 
of  the  brave  men  who  fell  in  the*late  glorious 
engagements  off  Cape  Trafalgar  and  Fcrroi : 
the  cases  kid  before  the  Committee  continue 
to  become  more  numerous,  in  proportion  as 
the  mode  of  application,  and  the  certainty  of 
relief,  are  more  generally  known  and  uoiieiu 
stood. 

This  voluminous  report  will  shew  how 
much  additional  labour  has  lately  devolved, 
on  tlic  commhtee.  Thev  have,  however, 
cheerfully  devoted  a  consfdcrable  portion  <k 
their  time  to  the  various  duties  of  the.  great 
trust  they  have  undertaken;  satined  that 
thev  are  employed  honourably  to  themselves, 
and  usefolly  to  their  country,  whilst  promot- 
ing the  objects  of  this  institution. 

The  proceedings  of  the  comroittee  on 
the  various  cases  which  solicited  relief, 
are  given  in  their  order,  from  March  12, 
1805,  to  Febraary  28,  180(5. 

In  conformity  to  the  resolution  of  the  Utl^ 
I   inst.  the  committee  of  treasury  presentsd'ihe 


Digitized 


by  Google 


«te) 


foUowinp  ac^nt  of  ihe  funds  of  this  ibaiti- 
tution,  u)  this  time: 
!j4mouQt  subscribed  in  three  . 

per  cent,  consols     -    -  ^  Sfi,200    '0    0 


liicreased'  in  HttlkVl^^--^  aiMkion  of  g 

noble  number  of  subscriptions,  donation^ 
cottedtioiffi^  &c.  fromall^^itsoil^rilfiiB,  and 


.    Amount  qf  SuhsmpiiQfif  in  Mon^if,  rii?. 
For  the  gjBoeral  purposes  of 

this  institution    -    -    -     2il^^S9  ,-9    7 
Amount  contributed  after 
.  divine  service,  on  the  day 
.  of  thankiunving  for  the 

victory  otfTiaKdggir,  and 

other  dooAtions,   to  be 

Inclusively  appropriated 

to  the  wounJed,  apd  to 
*  t(>6  rdaUves  of  those  ^lU. 

kd^n  his  Majesty's  ser^ 

vijee      •--•..      104^831 
Jnieres^  fnmi   investments 

19  the  public  funds    -    -    ,  S2,340 


0,0 


^  ^338,693.11     8 

Vested  in  Public  Securitiei : 
M  21,S00  in  the  three  per  cent,  oqnsols,,  as 
beforestated 
178,800,  in  ditto,  cost      £  98,863  15    0 
U0,000,  ia4he  three  per 

cent,  reduced,  cost    -        83,125    0    0 

1^600,  long  annuities, 

cost       -    -    -.  -    - 

d0,00p^excbequer  bills, 

cost'     .    -    .    -    . 


40,000  .  0    0 


30,127  18     9 


•IVttd,  in  part  of  jf  106,«7e 

-  fiK4«f*vot^ingmtuitie9, 

anniiities,  and  honorary 

Kwatdi,  and  for  the  ex- 

pences  of  the  institution 

Cm  in  the  hands  of  Mess. 

tioldero  and  Co.      -    - 

Bills  of  excbangie  not  due 

Sttbscriptioos  yet  unpaid 


^5?,106  13    9 


69,416  11  11 


11,417    0 

15,273     0 

479  19 


je338,093  11     8 

Lloyd's,  28th  February,  1806. 

A  list  of  subscribers  to  the  general  pur- 
poses of  this  charity,  forms  a  considerable, 
and  truly  honourable  portion  of  this  vo- 
lume :  which  we  arc  happy  to  see  greatly 

•  The  difference  betvi^een  the  amotint 
Toted,  and  the  amount  actually  paid,  arises  from 
the  circumstance  of  many  of  the  ships  to 
whose  officers  and  crews  gratuities  are  due, 
being  on  foreign  stations;  and  from  the 
whole  of  the  annuities  granted  (estimated  in 
the  amount  voted  at  their  actual  value)  re- 
maining chargeable  an  the  long  annuities,  in- 
stead of  being  purchased  and  transferred  into 
the  najpies  of  the  parties. 


iroin  aliiK)st  dll  kinds  of  aecie^eti,  religious 
•andchil.  *We  eonfesB,  th^t  it  raises  in 
our ' minds  yer/  powerful  emotions  of  a 
"bleasing  and  grateful  nature.  .  Long  may 
jBritisR  sailors  ba.ve  such  sympathising  pa- 
trons. .th];oagl)out  the  land,  to  reward  their 
exploits,  ,ari4  to  compensate  (heir  privar 
tions;;  and  long  way  such  liberal  .patrons 
-have.  British  sailors  of  equal  eourage  and 
gallantry,  to  niani^sst  their  aeiwe  of  pofaiic 
Empathy,  hy  persevering  and  resohiU 
protection ! 

TAev HistoTi/  of  the  Town  of  Malmeslur^ 
and  of  its  ancient  Abbey,  the  remains 
of  which  magnificent  edifice  are  siuii 
Dsed  as  a  Parish  Church;  together  witb 
^    memoirs  of  eminent  nativea,  and  other 
distinguished  characters  wlio  were  con,- 
nect^d  with  the  Abbey  or  Towaj  tp 
..  which  is  added  an  Appendix.    By  (h^ 
.    kte  Rev.  J.  M.  Moffatt,  of  M^lme^- 
•  bury.     Tetbury,    Goodwyn  j    Biving* 
.  tons,   London.    8vo.  pp.  250.    firicti 
7s.  6d.  boards.     te05. 
Gbnbbal  His^ry  comprising,  the  faf^ 
af  kingdoms,  empires*  ami  e\tiensive.  reA 
gions  of  the  globe  U,  confessedly,  a  study 
mi^mely  Hateresting;  nor  is  it  leaa  in- 
structive.   It  opens  the  mind  tor  kno^»* 
ledge,  discovers  the  causes  of  things*  and 
•wnen  properly  improved  in  passingUu-oc^ 
the  mind  of  the  writer,  it  impresses  the 
mind  of  the  reader  with  great  advantage 
and  eftect.    History  is  a  relation  of  worjd- 
ly    vicissitudes :    and  the  history    of  )k 
city,  a  town,  or  even  a  sequestered  village 
demonstrates    the  same    truth,    as  th^t 
which'  we  learn  fi^om  events  ooi)net:ted 
with  more  extensive  commimities;    Th0 
work  befi^re  ui,  fiimishes  tm  additional 
instance  of  greatness  in  decay,  and  wa 
read  of  what  the  abbey  was,  with  sentl- 
raents  strongly  contrasted  by  those-  we 
feel  on  inspecting  its    present '  remains, 
which  are  barely  a  quarter  of  what  it  ond* 
included. 

The  name  of  the  town  is  derived  iJJr 
conjecture  from  a  variety  of  original  a|>- 
pellations,  and  antiquarfes  have  sh^wn 
their  skill  in  compounding -this  name 
fi*om  two,  when  one  would  not  serve 
their  turn.  We  are  surprized,  however, 
that  the  most  simple  has  been  hitherto 
overlooked,  and  that  the  folioiK  ing  pari(- 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


«73 


IBti&ry  of  the  Tfnun  rf  Malmeihitfif. 


t4« 


ipraph  has  aot  aflbrded  a  hint  on  the  sob- 
ject 

The  author  of  "  Eulogium  Hbtoritram** 
(as  quoted  bv  Camden)  reports*  that  Maimes- 
bary,  and  the  castles  of  Lacock  andTetbury, 
were  built  by  DunwalloMulmutius,  kingof  tne 
Britons,  anu  by  him  Malmesbury  waa  called 
Caer  Bladon ;  that  when  the  town  had  been 
destroyed  by  wars,  there  arose  out  of  its  rains 
a  castle,  as  hbtoriaiks  record ;  that  at  the  same 
time,  the  Saxon  pemr  kings  had  their  palace 
at  Caerdurburge,  (Brokenborough)  at  pre- 
tent  a  Tillage,  about  a  mile  from  Mahnra- 
bory.  It  apMTs,  that  the  ancient  name  of 
^e  rcver^  wnidi  flows  by  this  place,  was 
Bladon. 

Is  the  variation  difficult  from  Mulmu- 
tios,  taking  a\Vay  the  Latin  termination, 
Mulmnts,  to  Malmes  ?— the  term  dury 
raises  no  difficulty.  It  may  be  thought^ 
then,  that  as  Mulmuts  gave  no  name  to 
bis  new  building,  but  tlmt  of  the  ''  Castle 
on  the  river  Bladon,'*  the  people  might 
give  it  his  name,  •'  Mulmuts*  byng :" 
1.  e.  this  might  be  thtpqpuUtr  appeliation, 
which  has  survived  all  otjiers  imposed  at 
different  periods. 

Malmesbury  was  burnt  by  the  Danes  in 
678,  but  recovered  from  this  calamity  -, 
'•nd  heroically  assisted  King  Athelstan,  in 
939,  for  which  the  town  received  special 
&vours  m  a  new  charter. 

We  collect  from  the  register,  that  diere 
was  a  rojal  garrison  in  thb  pbce  in  l643. 

Tradition  has  preserNcd  the ibllowisg  anec- 
dote of  Kbg  Charles.  That  he  oassed 
throu^  Malmesbury  on  his  way  to  Ciren- 
toter,  and  spent  paurt  of  a  night  m  a  building 
called  '*  theBanqaeting-House,**on  theeastern 
^ide  of  the  town.  Having  received  intelli- 
gence that  a  detachment  of  the  parliamen-  - 
tary  forces  was  approaching,  the  King  in  the 
course  of  the  nignt  rode  to  Cirencester  be- 
hind Prince  Rupert:  Cirencester  had  been 
taken  by  that  Prince  not  long  before  thb  oc- 
currence. The  Prince,  apprized  of  the  Kmg's 
danger,  hastened  from  thence  to  Malmesbuiy 
to  rescue  him.  This  anecdote  partly  corres- 
ponds with  a  passage  in  the  life  of  Lord  Cla- 
xendon,  viz.  that  King  Charles,  in  1643, 
lodged  at  Malmesbury  one  ni^t. 

We  confess,  that  although  we  ex- 
pect to  find  in  this  Volume  the  history 
of  the  origin  of  a  roonastry,  we  did  not 
empect  to  Snidjthat  of  the  origin  of  the  mo- 
nastic life  i  but  the  writer,  it  seems,  had 
learning,  and  why  should  he  not  shew  it  ? 
The  following  is  a  more  particular  history 
erf  the  institution  of  this  abbey,  than  most 
fdrgioQs  booses  can  produce  as  their  origin. 
i  §90,  lleyldulph,  a  Scot,  a  man  of 


stagular  piety  andatrict  holiness  of  lile,  being 
persecuted  in  his  own  country,  left  it,  and 
travelled  from  place  to  place  uU  he  came  to 
Malmesbury,  tnen  called  Ingelbumc^  whidi 
had  been  a  town  of  note  for  many  ages,  and 
was  at  that  time  defended  by  a  castle.    Taken 
whh  the  pleasantness  of  the  spot»   he  ob- 
tained a  niece  of  ground  at  the  foot  of  the 
castle  hill,  where  he  raised  an  hennits^^ 
Bein^  a  learned  man,  he  established  a  school 
for  his  support.     In  process  of  time  he  col- 
lected a  number  of  persons  disposed  to  live 
under  regular  discipline,  and  built  a  small 
roonastry.   The  members  of  this  society  wer* 
so-indig^t,  that  with  much  difficulty  they 
procured  their  daily  sustenance.    After  long 
consultation  between  Meyldulph,  and  Ald-^ 
helm,  a  monk  of  the  same  place,  it  was  de- 
termined to  put  thb  religious  house  under 
episcopal  jurisdiction.    An  application   was 
made  to  Ludierios,  Bishop  of  Wincbctler, 
and  Primate  of  the  West<Saxons.    By  meant 
oi  this  prelate,  the  abbey  was  raised  from  a 
low  to  a  magnificent  estate.     It  is  probablQ 
that  Kenewaldi,  a  king  of  Wessex,  (over 
whom  Lutberius  had  great  influence)  and 
Etheldred,  kine  of  Mercia,  contributed  to- 
wards the  erection  of  tlie  edifice.    The  town 
of  Malmesbury,  which  belonged  to  Luthe- 
rius,  was  given  by  him  t^  the  abbey. 

The  deed  of  Lotherius  has  this  remark<« 
able  circumstance  attached  to  it^  that  it 
was  *'  done  in  public  by  the  side  of  t^ 
river  Bladon."     Sept.  8,  b75. 

What  was  the  humble  construction  and 
materials  of  the  original  monasteries  offing- 
land,  may  be  inferred  from  the  efforts  mado 
by  King  Edgar  for  their  re-construction. 

King  Edgar  gave  Escote  to  Malmesbury 
abbey,  and  it  is  supposed,  that  bv  him  the 
conventual  church  was  rebuilt.  Thb  is  pro-» 
bable  from  his  deed,  which  relates  to  the 
ejection  of  the  secular  priests  from  Malmes- 
bury, and  to  the  restoration  of  the  rmilars, 
in  which  he  expresses  himself  to  the  follow- 
ing elfect — **  That  having  often  attentively 
considered  what  return  he  should  make  to 
God  for  the  extmordinary  prosperity  he  en- 
joyed, he  came  to  this  resolution;  that  he 
would  restore  the  sacred  monasteries,  which 
being  composed  of  rotten  shingles  and  worm- 
eaten  boards,  divine  service  was  neglected  in 
them,  and  they  were  almost  deserted.  That 
having  expelled  the  illiterate  clerks,  who 
were  subject  to  no  rule  of  religious  discipline.^ 
he  bad  in  most  places  constituted  as  pastors^ 
persons  of  the  holy  order,  &c.  and  haa  issued 
gifts  from  his  treasnry  for  the  repairing  of  tha 
ruined  edifices.  Tnat  he  had  appointed 
^Ifric,  a  man  eminently  skilled  and  pra- 
tised  in  ecclesiastical  matters,  to  preside  over 
the  famous  sihbey  of  Malmesbury  And  that 
for  the  welfare  of  hb  soul,  and  for  the  ho- 
nour of  our  SMiour»  Mary  hb  mother,  no^ 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


^eg-i 


tlkerof  God,  and  alwitys  a  virgin ;  the  apos- 
tks  Prter  and  Paul,  aitd  AldUelm  the  holy 
bikbop, — he  had  re^klored  to  tiie  use  of  the 
mooastery  the  lands,  meadows,  aud  woods, 
which  ill  the  time  of  tlie  clerks  came  iiii- 
juiily  into  the  hands  of  illiiulnoih,  wmo 
had  been  convicted  of  the  fraud  by  his  wibc 
men  in  his  presence.*' 

William  the  Conqueror  became  a  benefac- 
tor to  MahuesburN-.  His  charter  contains 
heavy  anat^iemas  and  curses  against  thoii^  of 
whatever  degree  or  quality  wTiu  should  in- 
friu^  Of  diminish  the  samp,  and  a  blessing 
to  such  as  should  increase  or  improve  these 
cpfis.  But  it  is  well  known,  that  he  was  (nr 
froai  uniting  zeal  for  religion  with  justice 
and  humanity,  which  indeed  he  is  said  to 
have  bitterly  lamented  in  a  dying  hour. 

The  abbey,  which  was  tlius-  richly  en- 
dowed, was  Duilt  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  A 
very  stately  structure. 

XVilliam  of  Worcester,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI,  travelled  through  several  parts 
of  Hueland^  was  at  Malmcsbury,  and  mea- 
sorcd  this  church.  Tiiesc  were  the  dimen- 
aioTis,  according  to  his  maniiscript,  prc8er\-ed 
in  Bennet-college  librar}-,  in  tlie  University 
of  Cambridge : 

«*  The  Imgth  of  the  whole  church  of  the 
nwnastcry  of  St.  AUhclm  of  Alalmesbury, 
with  the  chotr,  contains  one  hundred  and 
seventy-two  of  my  steps,  and  its  breadth 
forty-two  steps. 

*<  'ilic  length  of  the  chapel  at  the  east  end, 
dedicated  to  the  blessed  Mar)*,  is  thirty-six 
Atcps ;  the  Irgadth  of  tlie  same  chq)el  four- 
teen steps. 

•*  Tlie  length  of  the  cloister  severy  way. 
£ach  side  of  the  cloisters  contains  about  six- 
ty-four steps. 

"  The  breadth  of  the  principal  nave  of 
fhe  church  beyond  the  wings  is  twenty-two 

Iceland,  who  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII 
visited  Alalmesbury,  speaking  of  the  abbey 
churchy  savs,  •'  It  is  a  riglit  magnificent 
thing;  had  two  steeples.  One  that  had  a 
mi^tie  high  p3^mis,  and  felle  daungerously* 
til  hominum  memoria,  (in  the  memonr  of 
inan)  and  sins  was  not  rc-edihed ;  it  stone  in 
the  middle  of  the  transcptum  of  thechirch, 
and  was  a  marke  to  al  the  countrie  aboute. 
The  other  yet  stondeth,  a  great  square  toure 
at  the  west  endc  of  the  chirch." 

*  The  number  of  monks  who  resided  in  this 
abbey»  of  course  varied  at  different  periods. 

•  Tne  role  observed  in  it  was  that  of  St.  Be- 
neciict. 

At  the  dissolotion  of  monasteries^  in 
1535,  the  abbot  of  Malmesbury  was  one 
of  those  who  peaceably  resigned  their 
cbarge«  Amidst  the  geireral  devastation 
mtS^v9d  by  relijpous  buUdiugt,  Malmes- 


History  of  the  Town  of  Malmeslury,  [470 

bury  *'  abbey  chirch,"  ssjs  Leiand,  "  was 
made  a  paroclie  church  ;'*  of  this  Mr. 
Stump,  a  rich  clothier,  **  was  the  chef 
causer  and  contributer.** 

Not  above  one  fourth  t)f  the  original 
building  is  now  standing ;  but  the  remains 
oiler  materials  for  learned  remark,  and 
some  of  the  sculpture  is  good.  Addison 
pronounced  the  porch  to  be  the  most  com- 
pete work  of  the  kind  he  had  ever  seen. 

We  next  meet  with  *'  some  account  of 
the  different  modes  of  architecture  used  in 
religious  edifices,  from  the  time  that  th« 
Saxons  embraced  Christianity:"  whh  a 
few  previous  thoughts  on  the  architecture 
of  the  Romans ;  of  which,  in  our  opinion^ 
much  might  have  been  spared.  This  is 
followed  by  descriptions  of  antiquities  in 
and  near  Malmesbury.  The  market  crost 
is  as  remarkable  as  any. 

Dismissing  the  religious  institutions  of 
the  place,  the  writer,  in  his  sixth  section. 
attends  to  ttie  temporalities  of  Malmes- 
bury:  and  we  learn,  that  the  borough  is 
among  the  most  ancient  in  the  kingdom^ 
and  dates  its  incorporation  from  £dwani 
the  Elder,  about  ()  1 6.  The  charter  was 
confirmed  by  Athelstan  in  939. 

Tlie  burj;e8ses  of  Malmesbury,  in  early 
times,  seem  to  have  risen  into  considerable 
importance,  as  a  trading  company.  We  find 
that  they  had  a  Merchatt^s'  Guild,  under  tho 
goveninient  of  an  aldennan  and  two  stewards. 
The  Register  Book  of  tlie  conventof  Malmos- 
bury  contains  several  deeds  and  conveyances 
bctNvcen  tlie  abbot  and  convent,  and  the 
members  of  this  guild  ;  from  whence  it  far- 
ther appenrs,  that  there  was  a  pretty  close 
connexion  between  tiie  monaster)-  and  the 
corporation. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  reforma- 
tion docs  not  appear  to  have  met  with  ant 
material  opposiuon  at  Malmesbury. 

Mo  alterations  seem  to  have  taken  place  la 
the  state  of  tlic  corporation  during  the  reigns 
of  ILuward  VI.  and  Queen  Mary,  In  the 
following  reign,  the  burge^ses  we're  prol  aMy 
I>oi<t3sed  of  considerable  proj>eriy  and  interest, 
derived  from  a  successful  application  to  the 
woollen  manufacture.  It  has  been  disco- 
verefl,  that  in  Queen  Elizabedi*s  time,  a  con- 
siderable addition  was  made  to  tlie  landed  ' 
possessions  of  this  body  corporate  :  in  all  pro- 
bability, the  most  iniportant  acquisitiQn  of 
land  which  it  could  boast  of,  since  the  dona« 
tion  of  it^  great  benefactor.  King  Athelstan. 

This  ancient  corporation  has  imdoubtcdly 
undergone  considerable  alterations  in  it^  in- 
ternal polity  bince  its  fin>t  eilablishment  | 
notwithstanding  which  there  are  st)!}  »ome 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


4fl] 


Popular  Bullads  xmd  Songt,  fioni  TradiHm,  bfc. 


im 


customs  remainiiig,  whkh  point  to  tho«e  days 
of  yore,  when  s^niboiic  ceremonies  super- 
•eded,  parchment  conveyances. — The  memoiy 
of  their  great  benefactor.  King  Athelstan,  is 
also  still  kept  up  by  an  annual  feast  which 
bears  his  name,  wnen  the  capital  burgesses 
tod  their  families  are  entertained  at  the  ex- 
pence  of  the  corporation. 

Malmesbury  has  always  been  noted  as 
a  clothing  town. 

Leland  is  the  earliest  author  who  gives 
any  particular  information  relative  to  the  state 
of  trade  in  this  town.  He  informs  us  that 
tvhen  he  visited  Malmesbury,  (towards  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century)  every  cor- 
ner of  the  vast  houses  of  olHce  which  had 
belonged  to  the  abbey  were  full  of  looms  to 
Weave  cloth  in,  that  it  was  intended  to  make 
a  street  or  two  for  clothier?,  in  the  hack  va- 
cant ground  of  the  abbey;  and  that  about 
three  thousand  cloths  were  annually  made  in 
this  place.  Camden  says,  that  m  Queen 
£lizi^th*s  reiga,  Malm^bury  was  in  good 
repute  on  account  of  the  clothing  trade. 

But  this  manufacture  was  discontinued 
about  1750.  It  is^  however,  resumed 
vithin  these  ten  or  twelve  years,  and  fur- 
pishes  employment  to  great  numbers  of 
the  lower  classes,  llie  other  manufac* 
Cures  are,  at  present,  brewing,  tanning, 
lace-making,  gardening,  dressing  of  lea- 
dier,  making  of  gloves,  parchment,  gluej 
8cc.  Very  few  buildings  for  purposes  of 
charity.  The  poor's  rate  in  1664  was 
£\%  7  25  in  1801,  ^4005  in  I8O6, 
greatly  increased. 

We  are  afterwards  presented  with  a  list 
of  the  abbots  of  Malmesbury,  and  much 
iniscellaneous  information.  1  he  last  sec- 
tion contains  biographical  notices  of  emi- 
nent persons  connected  with  the  town. 

It  appears,  that  the  author  of  this  com- 
jl^ilatiou  had  not  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
it  published:  but,  having  prepared  the 
miaterids,  while  they  were  at  the  press  he 
died.  We  presume  that  the  editor  is  his 
•on }  and  think  he  has,  in  publishing 
this  volume,  very  properly  discharged  a 
part  of  hjs  filial  duty.  He  appears,  how- 
ever, to  have  kept  back  sonie  articles, 
which  he  proposes  to  comprise  in  a  sup- 
pleoient.  This  detention  we  think  ill- 
judged,  as  these  authorities  would  proba- 
bly have  completed  a  work,  which  now 
Ivas  the  air  of  containing  too  much  research 
for  general  readers,  yet  not  enough  for 
antiquaries. 

Our  wishes  are  extremely  favourable  to 
authentic  history  of  every  kind,  and  to 
the  topographical  histor>'  of  our  own 
coantry  especially.    We  know  the  labour 


it  requires  in  preparation ;  tho  constant 
anxiety  it  produces  that  nothing  surrepti^ 
ous  may  degrade  its  execution ;  the  local 
reputation  of  the  place,  as  well  as  the  per- 
sonal reputation  of  the  author,  is  com- 
mitted in  such  an  undertaking ;  and  after 
every  exertion  has  been  made,  some  omis- 
sions will  be  discovered  and  blamed,  with 
reason  or  without.  Captious  critics  may 
spy  out  defects  -,  readers  for  amusement 
may  complain,  of  redundancies;  those 
whose  taste  is  gratified  by  elegant  writing, 
only,  may  affect  disgust  wi&  the  stile; 
while  a  limited  circulation  is  all  which  an 
author  hopes  for  from  his  subject,  and 
his  expected  reward  can  bear  no  propor- 
tion to  his-  past  labour.  It  is  true,  that  ia 
undertakings  of  this  kind 

The  labour  we  delight  in  physicks  pain ; 
and  the  enjoyments  of  the  antiquary  be* 
fore  he  appears  in  public,  have  been  a 
species  of  reward  exclusively  his  own. 

No  blame  of  any  kind  attached  to  Mr. 
Moffat  for  the  size  in  which  he  has  choseii 
to  print  5  but  we  wish  that  this  matteif 
were  determined  by  an  established  conven- 
tion among  writers  3  as  we  confess,  that 
the  shelves  of  our  library,  under  the  titl« 
''  Topography,"  have  rather  a  heteroge- 
neous app^rance :  they  contain  books  of 
all  dimensions,  from  the  noble  royal  (qoar- 
to  and  octavo)  to  the  demy,  twelves,  and 
even  eighteens.  How  much  more  pleasant 
would  the  prospect  have  been,  were  this 
branch  of  English  history  printed  unifom>- 
ly,  suppose  in  8vo.  demy. 

Several  plates  are  attached  to  this  vo- 
lume, representing  sundry  antiquities.  A 
good  plan  of  the  abbey,  and  of  the  town-, 
would  have  formed  a  very  desirable  ad- 
dition. 

Popular  Ballads  and  Songs,  from  Tradio 
tion.  Manuscripts,  and  scarce  Editions; 
with  Translations  of  similar  Pieces  from 
the  ancient  Danish  Language,  and  a 
few  Originals  by  the  Editor.  By  Rot 
bert  Jamieson,  A.M.  F.A.S.  2  Vols. 
8vo.  pp.  772.  Price  2 Is.  Edinburgh, 
ConstaJ)le ;  London,  Cadell  and  Davies, 
I8O6. ' 

Ballads,  which,  have  retained  popu- 
larity among  a  considerable  body  ^  of 
people,  and  have  been  handed  down 
by  oral  communication  from  seniors  to 
juniors,  generatioa  after  generation,  roaji 
reasonably  be  supposed  to  inculcate  sentl-* 
ments,  interesting  by  their  sympathy  with 
the  general  principles  of  the  humai\  mind. 
Or,  may  we  attiibute  their  preservation  to 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


473] 


Popular  Ballads  and  Songs,  from  TratBHon,  tfc. 


l^H 


their  accurateMeacription  of  events  and  of 
usages  in  ages  past,  to  their  powers  of 
rousing  curiosity,  or  of  gratifying  inquiry. 
They  bteonae,  however,  froni  their  anti- 
quity, independent  of  other  considerations, 
valuable^  as  delineations  of  life  and  man- 
ners J  and  could  we  be  certain  that  tlie 
best  of  the  kind  were  preserved  to  our 
time,  we  might  also  consider  them  as 
specimens  of  that  degree  of  merit  which 
commanded  the  attention  and  applause  of 
our  predecessors.  But  we  have  no  reason 
to  conclude  that  the  learner  intreated  to 
be  taught  only  the  most  excellent,  or  that 
the  tutor,  if  he  possessed  the  power  of  dis^ 
crimination,  exerted  it  effectually  in  fa 
vour  of  the  pupil :  he  taught  others  to 
retain  what  he  himself  had  been  in  ihe 
habit  of  retaining;  what  he  had  received, 
that  he  delivered ;  his  stores  could  not  be 
very  copious ;  aftd  the  question  of  compa- 
rative merit,  if  it  ever  occurred  to  his 
mind,  bad  little  room  for  exercise.  Not 
Ihe  sober  judgment  of  a  critic,  but  the  ap* 
plause  of  a  multitude  was  inevitably  the 
criterion  of  excellence  ;  and  that  which 
was  most  firequently  called  for  by  the  au- 
ditors, would  most  likely  become  favou- 
fite  with  the  performer  also :  certainly  he 
would  enjoy  mosl  satisfaction  himself  in  that 
Hrhich  gave  the  most  satisfaction  to  others 

The  artificial  arrangement  of  poetr)'  is 
of  infinite  assistance  to  the  memory  ;  ad-  \ 
diHon  is  almost  impossible,  especially 
when  rhythmical  measures  are  combined 
with  music ;  omission  is  less  perceptible, 
but  probably  not  frecjuent.  When  histo- 
rical fact  was  the  subject  of  a  ballad,  truth 
wa»  in  danger  chiefly  from  the  licences 
of  poetry,  which,  always  depicting  an  ad- 
versary to  his  disadvantage,  and  deriving 
aid  from  amplification,  hyperbole,  com- 
parison, and  exclamation,  combined  the 
iury  of  poetic  rapture  with  description  of 
the  original  event  ,•  nor  would  the  mens 
divinior  fail  to  magnify  these  chiefs  to 
whom  it  was  partial :  it  would  exalt  a 
commander  to  a  hero,  a  hero  to  a  demi- 
god; and  we  have  every  reason  to  con- 
clude, that  this  progress  not  infrequently 
terminated,  after  a  lapse  of  ages,  in  esta- 
blished deification,  and  national  worship. 

But,  where  the  nation  was  not  con- 
cerned, a  clan  or  a  family  took  literofly 
what  poetry  transmitted  as  descriptive 
of  its  progeuit6rs  5  and  holding  now,  by 
their  valour,  those  fields  which  e\ery  na- 
tive views  with  a  natural  partiality,  the 


mind  contemplated,  through  a  highly  fa- 
vourable mist,  the  character,  the  exploits^ 
the  bravery,  every  excellence  of  those 
ancestors  for  whom  it  had  imbibed  a  vene- 
ration by  meansof  tradition,  and  song,  in-ad- 
dition  to  that  affection  which  it  derived  from 
the  common  ftelings  of  nature.  As  few,  if 
any,  of  the  ballads  before  us  relate  histo- 
cal  events  of  public  concern,  we  shalj 
pursue  these  thoughts  no  further.  ,  They 
contribute  to  explain  the  interest  which 
attended  the  transmission  of  similar  com- 
positions by  means  of  recital ;  but  it  U 
extremely  crbdible,  that  as  a  more  eftec- 
tual  mode  of  preserving  this  kind  of  me- 
moranda prevails,  the  employment  of  thd 
memory  for  this  purpose  will  be  gradually, 
but  efl'ectually,  superseded. 

A  moralist  who  should  view  these  com- 
positions as  pictures  of  antient  manners, 
would  behold  the  same  passions  infiaming 
the  human  breast  in  ages  past,  as  in. the 
present,  and  the  same  inflictions  awaiting 
to  punish  their  excesses.  He  would  see 
youthful  lovers  contracting  engngementf 
in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  their  parents; 
and  connections  that  should  have  softened 
rival  families  into  complacency,  become 
occasions  of  atrocious  guilt.  He  would 
see  jealousy,  whether  justly  or  unjustly 
founded,  seldom  appeased  without  sacri^ 
ficing  a  victim  to  its  rage ;  and  where  tho 
unhappy  subject  of  its  suspicions  has  vio- 
liied  a  plighted  troth,  he  will  not  wonder 
at  tilose  extremes  to  which  this  passion 
transports  the  harassed  mind  The  law  is 
usually  taken  by  the  sufferer  into  his  own 
hand,  and  he  executes  vengeance,  rather 
tlian  punishment,  not  in  the  name  of  his 
country,  but  of  hiirself  and  his  house. 
Rival  lovers,  the  struggles  between  affec- 
tion and  covetousness,  the  hard  heart  of 
beauty,  subjects  which  at  this  day  employ 
the  poet,  formerly  employed  the  minstrel. 
We  find,  moreover,  that  then,  as  now, 
beauty  drove  lovers  to  extremities,  re- 
lented barely  in  time,  and  that  after  a- 
swain  had  made  up  his  mind  to  **  rid 
himself  from  all  care/'  by  the  friendly 
help  of  a  tree. 

His  PhiUis  by  chance  stcxxl  close  in  a  ba^h. 

And  as  the  clowne  did  sprawle,  she  streight  to 
him  did  rush : 

She  cut  in  two  the  rope.  ■ ' 
convinced,  no  doubt,  by  his  dcpair  of  hH 
unfeigned  affection,    and  determined  to 
return  it,  by  proposing  a  noose  of  a  gentler 
description. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


475]  Popular  Ballads  and  Songs,  /rom  Tradition,  isfc. 


[476 


Wc  think  that  both  *'  tales/'  and  tunes 
'*  of  other  times'*  have  their  value,  and  ac- 
knowledge our  obligations  to  Mr.  Jamie- 
son  for  preserving  some  antiqqiues  \i'hich 
are  new  to  us  in  this  collection  j  and  lor  bet- 
ter readings  of  various  others,  or  more  com- 
plete and  perfect  copies,  than  we  former- 
ly possessed.  As  our  readers  may  not  be 
cieeply  "  smit  with  tlie  love  of  antiquarian 
•*  k>re/*  or  versed  in 

An  snch  reading  as  was  nev^r  read, 
we  shall  particularize  the  eontents  of  these 
folanies  bot  cnrsor'dy..  The  first  part  is 
tiagic;  and  each  poem  of  any  conse- 
qoeiice  b  introduced  by  a  learned  pro- 
emhiin,  sevend  are  also  follovi'ed  by 
notea :  this  part  contains  twenty-nine  sub- 
jects»  The  second  part  is  humourous,  and 
comprizes  thirteen  subjects;  with  fi\'e^ 
loags.  In  this  division  we  have  Lidgate*s 
••  London  Lick-penny  :'*  wherein  he  de- 
■cribeSy  having  no  money,  how  little  he 
could  get  fofc  love,  in  London.  Since  his 
days,  London  is  greatly  enlarged:  but, 
Vfe  belicTe,  if  the  old  bard  were  to  traverse 
the  metropolis  now,  as  formerly  he  did, 
lie  might  meet  with  as  many  kind  offers 
of  fides,  and  greater  variety  of  wares  to 
be  sold,  yet  he  would  retain  the  burden 
of  his  ditty, 

**  For  lackc  of  money,  I  could  not  spcde." 
His  description  of  the  businesses  then 
cairied  on  io  various  parts  of  the  city,  dif- 
lers  greatly  from  what  a  modem  perambu- 
lator would  observe.  The  third  division 
of  Mr.  Jamieson*8  work  is  miscellaneous ; 
with  bongs,  selected  fiom  both  sides  of 
the  Twe^  t  this  occupies  the  second  vo- 
lume. 

There  is  something  amusing  as  well  as 
terrible  in  the  stories  of  the  Mer-men, 
who  seized  damsels  on  their  native  shore, 
and  carried  them  to  i2»lands  where  they 
bad  no  communication  with  home  for 
many  years.  We  know  that  this  savpge 
ctistom  subsisted  between  Greece  and 
yisia ;  and  we  find  it  equally  prevalent  be- 
tween the  shores  of  Scotland  and  Nor- 
Hvay.  Some  of  these,  of  the  female  sex, 
(mermaids)  as  Prophetesses  rivalled  Cas- 
sandra. Bot  it  appears,  pretty  clearly, 
that  all  Mer-men  were  not  conjurers  ^  for 
we  are  told  that 

IVwlEll^D.Iilfe,(K.Viscr,p.  l6l)theKing 
of  Iceland's  daughter,  was  stolen  away  fiom 
her  mother.  A  ship  wan  built,  and  in  it  sails 
Vming  Roland,  who  lauds  on  a  green  island 
where  was  a  castle,  in  which  he  finds  his  sis- 
jlcr*    She  lells  hiip,  if  he  had  a  hundred  and  a 


thousand  lives,  ihey  will  all  be  lost  when  the 
^f  erman  Rosiuer  comes  m.  Young  Koland 
hides  himself  in  a  comer. 

Rosmer  liarae  frae  Zealand  cauKS, 

And  he  took  on  to  bann  ; 
'•  I  smell  fro'  well,  by  m^  right  hand. 

That  here  is  a  Gtrlstian  man  T  . 
*'  There  flew  a  craw  out  o*er  the  house^ 

Wi'  a  mans  le^  in  his  mouth  j 
He  coost  it  in,  and  7  coost  it  out 

As  fiist  as  c*er  I  couth." 
Btit  wilyly  she  can  Roomer  n-in. 

And  clapping  him  tmderlie : 
*'  It*8  here  is  come  mv  sisters  son. 

Gin  I  lose  bun,  fU  die  r 
**  It's  here  is  come,  my  sisters  son, 

Frae  haith  our  fadiers  land : 
My  lord,  IVe  gi*en  him  fiiidi  and  troths 

That  ye  will  not  him  bann.**  ' 
•"  And  is  become,  thy  sisters  son, 

Frae  thy  fathers  land  to  thee? 
Then  I  will  swear  my  highest  aidi. 

He's  droe  nac  slcaiih  frae  me." 

Rosmer,  accordingly,  treats  Roland  with 
a  kindness,  which  though  clumsy  is  hearty^ 
and  Ellen  obtains  a  reprieve  for  the  youth 
by  reminding  Rosmer,  that  "  he  has  not 
small  fingers,  to  clap  so  little  a  child.*- 
After  this,  Fllen  discovers  s^-mptoms 
which  manifest  her  too  great  intimac/ 
with  Roland :  she  persu^fe  the  Merman 
to  dismiss  their  visitor  with  a  chest  of  gold  5 
in  this  chest  she  secretes  herself;  and  Ros- 
mer carries  the  whole  to  land.  After- 
wards, on  discovering  how  he  had  been 
deluded,  "  his  tears  flowed,  like  a  stream 
down  his  cheeks'*  and  he  became  *^  a 
whinstane  gray."  The  basis  of  this  story  . 
is  probably  true:  and  the  Merman  was 
nothing  more  than  the  head  of  a  clan,  or 
of  an  island,  perhaps  among  the  Orkileys, 
who  carried  ofl  a  female  prize  from  Ice- 
land ',  but  she  quitted  him  at  a  subsequent 
opportunity. 

We  have  sometimes  been  surprised  at 

the  lively  strains  in  which  the  power  and 

qualities  of  beer  were  formerly  sung.  The 

liquor  must  have  been  superior  to  what 

now  bears  this  name,  or  the  abilities  of 

the  poets  of  those  days  were  more  easily 

called  into  exercise.     Rowe  says,  indeed. 

Your  ancient  venerable  song  cnditers, 

Soar'd  many  a  pitch  above  our  modem  wriicrs ; 

With  rou^h  majestic  force  they  touch'dthe  hearty 

An<i  strength  and  nature  made  amends  for  ait. , 

Whether  this  be  correct  or  not,  Mr.  Ja- 
micson  favours  us  with^veral  copies  of  our 
old  friends  S'u*  John  Barleycorn,  SIrAlbna 
Mault,  and  others,  to  which  we  may  safely 
appeal  in  support  of  our  suggestioa. 


Digit 


zed  by  google 


477]  Popular  Ballads  and  Songs,  from  Tradiium,  ifc. 

Tbattbe  same  complaints  pf^iW  for- 
merlj,  as  of  late.  In  r^rd  to  the  decay  of 
hospitality,  the  hardships  of  the  times,  and 
the  extravagances  practised  in  the  upper 
classes  of  life,  needs  no  proof  to  tbo^e 
vho  are  familiar  with  our  ancient  chrpni- 
des:  but,  as  merry  a  one  as  we  have  met 
with,  is  selected  by  our  author  \  and  be- 
cause it  describes  a  Christmas  time,  we 
transcribe  it,  for  comparison  with  the  same 
merry  period,  of  the  year  1806. 


im 


A  CHRISTMAS  CARHOL.-^y  Gw|fc  WUker,^ 

So  now  is  come  our  loyfulst  foast  j 

Let  every  man  be  jolly; 
fach  loom  widi  ivy  leaves  is  diest« 

And  every  post  with  holly. 
Though  «me  churbat  oar  mirth  repute. 
Round  your  foieheads  garlands  tvriue  j 
Drown  sorrow  in  a  cup  of  wine 

Aiglet  us  all  be  merry. 

Kow  all  our  neighbours  chhnnies  smoke. 
And  Chrisunas  blocks  are  burning; 

Tlicn'  o\ens  they  with  bak'd  meat  choke. 
And  all  their  spits  arc  turning. 

Without  the  <k)or  let  sorrow  lye ; 

AtmI  if  for  coW  it  hap  to  die. 

We'll  buryH  in  a  Christmas  pic. 
And  evermoit  be  merry. 

Now  every  bd  iswond'rous  trim. 
And  IK>  man  minds  his  labour; 

Our  lasses  have  provided  them 
A  bag-pipe  and  a  tabor ; 

Young  men  and  maids,  and  girls  and  boys, 

Give  hfe  to  one  anothers  joys; 

And  you  anon  shall  by  their  noise 
terceivc  that  they  are  mcnry. 

JUnk  misers  now  do  sparing  shun; 

Their  hall  of  music  soupdeth ; 
And  dogs  thence  with  whole  shouklers  run. 

So  all  things  there  aboundeth. 
The  country  foEs,  themselves  advance. 
With  crowdy-muttoni  out  of  France ; 
And  Jack  shall  pipe,  and  Jyll  shall  dance. 

And  all  the  town  be  merry, 

Ned  Squash  hath  fetcht  his  bands  fiom  pawn. 

And  all  his  best  apparel; 
Brisk  Nell  hath  bought  a  ruff  of  lawn 

With  dropping  of  the  banel. 
And  those  that  haidly  all  the  year. 
Had  bread  to  eat,  or  rags  to  vv-ear. 
Will  have  bodi  ck)thes  and  damty  tiM«, 
iVndaU  the  day  bo  merry, 

— 

♦  For  accounts  ofthis  very  voluminous,  and 

~   yery  unequal  writer  see  \*  Atkenm^  P^Z^ 

!;,>  thefteliquesbf  Antknt  E««l«b  Poet«y, 

^d  Mr.  Ellis's  very  ^^^  Je»^l?^^|^T 

5^  «*S{)eci«nieniof  cariyE»«J»»po«>«» 


Now  podrmen  to  the  justice* 

With  capons  make  their  errants; 
And  if  thcv  hap  to  foil  of  these. 

They  plague  them  with  their  warranb  t 
But  now  they  feed  them  with  good  cheer. 
And  what  they  want,  they  take  in  beer. 
For  Christmas  comes  but  once  a  year. 
And  then  they  shall  be  merry. 


Good  fiurmers  iathe  country  nurae 
The  poor,  that  else  were  undone; 

Some  landlords  spend  their  money  wocse^ 
On  lust  and  pride  at  London. 

THere  die  roysters  they  do  play, 

Drtband  diet  their  lands  awav. 

Which  may  be  ours  another  day. 
And  thercfore  let*s  be  meny* 

The  client  now  hb  suit  forbears. 

The  prisoner's  heart  b  eased  ; 
The  debtor  drinks  away  hb  cares. 

And  tor  the  time  b  pleased. 
Thou^  others  purses  bo  more  fet. 
Why  should  we  pine,  or  grieve  at  that? 
Hang  somrnl  care  will  kill  J\cat, 

And  therefore  let's  be  merry. 

Hark  how  the  wags  abroad  do  call, 

l^h  other  forth  to  rambling ; 
AiKmyoull see  them  in  the  hall. 

For  nuts  and  apples  scrambling. 
Hark!  how  the  roofe  with  laughter  sound. 
Anon  thev'll  think  the  house  goes  round. 
For  they  the  cellars  depth  have  found. 

And  there  they  will  be  merry. 

The  wenches  with  their  wassel  bowb 

About  the  streets  are  singing ; 
The  boys  are  come  to  catch  the  owb. 

The  wiM  mure  in  it  bringing. 
Our  kitchen  boy  hath  broke  hb  box. 
And  to  tlie  deahng  of  the  ox. 
Our  honest  neighbours  come  by  flocks. 

And  here  they  will  be  merry. 

Now  kings  and  queens  poor  sheep  cotes  hare. 

And  mute  with  every  body ; 
The  honest  now  may  pby  the  knave. 

And  wise  men  phy  the  noddy. 
Some  youths  will  now  a  mumming  go. 
Some  others  play  at  Rowland-bo, 
And  twenty  other  game  boys  mo, 

BiBcause  they  will  be  merry. 

Ihen  wherefore  in  these  merry  daies. 

Should  we,  I  pray,  be  duller? 
No,  let  us  sing  some  rouijdelayes. 
To  make  our  mirth  the  fuller. 
And,  whilst  thus  inspired  we  sing. 
Let  all  the  strecto  with  echoes  rmg. 
Woods  and  hilb,  and  every  thing. 
Bear  witness  we  are  merry. 
We  were  in  great  hopes  of  findlnjf  In 
this  collection,  a  number  of  those  artlert 
expresiiyns  of  s^tUnent  which  though 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


hardly  poetry;  yet  are  poetical.*  The 
songs  of  the  women  when  grinding  their 
corn,  when  trampling  [talking]  theif  neu' 
linen,  when  chnrning,wlien  washing,  and 
at  bther  domestic  labours,  are  specific, 
characteristic,  and  local : '  they  describe 
sentiments,  and  display  manners :  but 
they  are  little  known  in  the  South *i  and 
in  the  North  they  are  declining. ,  \Ve 
doubt  not,  that  the  hay-harvest,  the  corn- 
harvest,  tlireshing  time,  add  other  periods 
in  the  rural  calender,  had  their  carrolj^as 


.^i. 


t4St 


well  as  Christmas.  The  "  boatie  row«,'* 
p.  352,  is  an  instance  of  what  we  n^eaD, 
though  of  a  diffisrent  kind  from  those 
mentioned;  and  among  the  poems  for 
which  we  are  beholden  to  the  muse-in- 
spired i?ditor,  are  the  ^addan  carrol,  and 
the  Dey's  song.  Antient  sorigs  on  the 
tame  subjects  would  certainly  interest  ds 
greatly,  as  erer  will  those  eflusions  which 
bespeak  the  simple  manners  of  rural  lile. 

THE   DEY*S    SANG. 

This  is  intended  as  a  specimen  of  that  kind 
of  unpremcdiUed  song  for  which  the  Scotish 
highlandcrs  are  remarkable.  It  may  be  ob- 
served, that,  in  this  piece  all  the  stanzas  have 
a  relation  to  each  other,  as  b^i^  supi)0sed  (o 
l>e  s«ng  by  an  individual,  and  confined 
entirely  to  one  subject;  whereas,  in  .the 
foregpfng,  ^the  Graddan]  (as  in  the  Gaelic 
Luineag,  ol  the  manner  of  which  it  is  an 
imitation),  all  the  stanzas  are  perfectiy 
independent  of  each  other ;  so,  that  in  any 
part  of  the  song,  the  singers  may  digress  at 
pleasure,  laying  hold  of  the  circumstances  of 
the  moment,  or  introducing,  as  they  com- 
monly do,  any  {>erson  that  happens  to  be 
present,  into  their  extemporary  effusions, 
without  its  appearing  in  the  least  forced  or 
onnatiind. 

The  supposed  scene  of  this  song  being 
peculiar  and  characteristic,  it  will  be  proper 
to  ^ive  some  account  of  it,  in  order  that  the 
nature  and  tendency  of  the  piece  luaybe  the 
better  understood. 

On  a  very  hot  day,  in  the  beginning  of 
autimin,  the  author  whan  a  stripling,  was 
trax'cUinc  a-foot  over  the  mountain  of  Lo- 
diaber,  worn  Fort  Augustus  to  Inverness ; 
and  when  he  came  to  the  house  where  he 
was  to  have  breakfasted,  there  was  no  peiam 
at  home,  nor  was  there  any  place  where 
refreshment  wns  to  be  had,  nearer  than  Duris, 
which  is  eighteen  mites  from  Fort  Augustus, 
With  this  disagreeable  prospect,  he  pro- 
ceeded about  three  miles  mrther,  and  turned 
a^de  to  the  first  cottage  he  saw,  where  he 
found  ,a  hale-looking,  lively,  tidy,  little, 
middle-aged  woman,  spinning  wool,  with 
a  pot  on  the  fire,  and  some  greens  ready  tb^ 
be  ^ut  into  it.    She  undeislood  no  Knghsh^ 


and  his  Gaaljc  was  than  by  no  means  good ; 
although  he  spoke    it    well  enou^  to  be 
mtclligible.    She  informed  him  tha^  she  had 
nothing  in  the  house  that  could  be  eaten, 
except  cheese,  a  little  sour  cream,  and  some 
whisky.     On   being  asked,  rather  sharply^ 
how  she  could  dress  the  greens  withobt  meal, 
she  good^hnmottredly  told  him,  that  ther« 
was  plenty  of  meal  m  die  croft,  pointing  to 
some  unroapod  barley  that  stood  dead-ripe  and  - 
dry  bcfofe  the  door;   and  if  he  could  wait 
half  an  hour,  he  shouki  have  brose  and  but- 
ter, bread  and  cheese,    bread  and  milk,   or 
any  tbmg  that  he  chose.    To  this  ha  most 
readily  consented,  as  well  on  account  of  the 
singularity  of  the  proposal,  as  of  the  fteccisity 
of  the  time;  and  the  good  dame  set  with  alj 
possible  expedition  about  her  arduous  under* 
taking.— Slie  first  of  all  brought  him  some 
cream  in  a  bottle,  telling  him,  "  He  that 
will  not  work,  neither  *shall  he  cat ;"  if  he 
wished  for  butter,  he  must  shake  that  bottle 
with  all  his  might,    and  sing  to  it  like  a 
mavis  all  the  whUe  j  for  unless  he  sung  to  it, 
no  butter  would  come.    She  then  went  to 
the  croft  j  cut  down  some  barley ;  burnt  the 
straw  to  dry  the   grain  j    rubbed   the  grain 
between  her  huids,  and  threw  it  up  before, 
the  wind,   to  separate  it   from  the  ashes: 
ground  it  upon,  a  quera,  or  handmill ;  siftec} 
It ',    made  a  banjMc  of  the  meal  j    set  it  up 
to  bake  before  the  fire  5  w^ent  to  her  cow, 
that  was  rejxwing  during  the   heat  of  th6 
day,  and  eating  some  outside  cabbage-leavea 
**  ayont  the  hallan,"  singing  like  a  lark  all  the 
while,  varying  the  strain  according  to   the 
employment  to  which  it  was  adapted,     jn 
the  meanwhile  a  hen  cackled  under  the  eavea 
of  the  cottage ;  two  new-laid  eggs  were  im-* 
mediately  plunged  into  the  boiling  kait-poi; 
and  in    less  tlian  half  an  hour,   the  pcwr^ 
starving,  faint,  and  way-worn  minstrel,  with 
wonder  and  delight,  sat  down  to  a  repast  tha^ 
under  such  circumstances,  would  have  been 
a  feast  for  a  Prince.* 

The  pey's  Sang  is  supposed  to  resemble 
that  wliich  the  hospitable  matron  sung  *'  ea> 
tempore,**  while  she  was  milking  Hawkie, 
Like  most  songs  of  the  same  kind,  it  has  a 
burden,  tending  to  soothe  the  cow,  and  keep 
her  quiet ;  there  beiug  generally  in  these 
thin^  one  fine  for  sound,  and  one  for  sense, 

THE  dey's  SAVQ.^By  thc  Editor, 
Pbroo,  pbroo !  roy  bonny  cow, 

(Pbfoo,  hawkie!  bo,  hawkie) 
Ye  ken  the  hand  that's  kend  to  you, 

Sae  let  the  drappie  go,  hawkie. 


•  This  instanoe  of  saluUry  dexterity  in, 
speedily  administering  to  the  wants  ot  the 
hungry  txaveller,  in  a  bleak  and  thinly  peo, 
plied  oo^nlapy,  will    be.  found  mentioned  in 
SirFfiederick£d€n*«  ''State  of  the  PootO* 


Digit 


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mi 


Tkt  Worh  o/  Lmds  XIK 


{482 


Yoar  CBiifie*«  sleepin  in  th&pcn^ 

(Pbroo,  hawkie !  ho  hawki« !) 
Ilc'l]  soon  win  to  the  pat  again, 
Sae  let  the  drappie  go,  hawkie. 
Pbroo,  pbroo,  &c. 
'The  stranger  is  come  here  the  day, 
(Pbroo,  hawkie!  ho,  hawkie  I) 
We*ii  send  him  singin  on  hit  way, 
Sae  let  the  drappie  go,  hawkie. 
Pbroo,  pbroo,  &c. 
•  *rhc  flay  is  roeeth,  and  weary  he, 

(Pbroo,  hawkie!  ho,  hawkie!) 
^  VThile  cozie  in  the  bield,  were  ye  | 
Sae  let  the  drappie  go,  hawkie. 
Pbroo,  pbrop,  &c. 
Ji€i*]\  \Aem  you  bouk  when  far  awa 
(Pbroo,  hawkie !  ho,  hawkie !) 
And  soaff  und  raff  ye  ay  sail  ha' 
Sae  let  the  drappie  go,  hawkie. 
Pbroo,  pbroo,  &c. 
Sic  bennison  will  sain  ye  still 

(Pbroo,  hawkie!  ho,  hawkie!) 
Frae  cantrip  elf  and  quarter-ell  •, 
Sae  let  the  drappie  go,  hawkie. 
Pbroo,  pbroo,  &c. 

Thii  Bucolic  may  seem  shockiag  to 
A  pastoral  ppet  who  lives  in  Cbeaptide, 
but  it  has  more  of  nature  in  it  than  ht  is 
likely  to  behold  without  change  of  resi- 
dence. We  conclude  by  observing,  that, 
Mr  Jaroieson,  with  sundry  northern  barda 
whose  efiiisions  we  h*ave  lately  perused, 
convince  us  that  Scotland  may  yet  boast 
her  poets,  possessed  of  talents  not  unequal 
tp  those  of  former  ages,  whose  produc- 
tioQs  this  £^itor,  Mr.  Walter  Scott,  and 
others,  have  assiduously  employed  (hem- 
telves  in  recovering  and  recording  for  the 
amusement  and  advantage  of  future  ge- 
aerations. 

If  wc  inclined  to  do  more  than  "  hesi- 
^  tate  dislike,*'  wc  might  ask  whether 
the  same  informatk^n  might  not  have 
been  given  to  the  public  in  a  single  vo* 
lame,  and  at  lew  expense  ?  but  as  '*  wire- 
wove  cream -cdoured  paper,  and  hot- 
pretsed ,"  seems  by  the  law  of  custom,  to 
Ibrra  an  iategral  part  of  a  modem  publi- 
cation, we  s^l  glance  at  it,  without  en- 
hrging  our  censure  at  present. 

From  reasons  of  which  we  regret  the 
effect,  though  the  cnuse  is  unknown  to 
us,  we  understand  by  his  Editor  that 
Mr.  Jamieson  has  retired  from  his  na- 
tive country,  and  settled  in  a  foreign 
land :  we  should  hope  that  wherever  he 
Xesides  bis  muse  will  not  be  indolent. 

You  I.    ilM.Pan.  Dec.  1806.] 


CEuvres  de  Lmus  XIF.  The  Worits  of 
Louis  XIV.  ^g  of  France,  &c.  6 
vols.  8vo.  Treuttel  and  Wurtz,  Paris 
and  Strasbuvgh.  P^ce  jf3.  Dulau 
London,  1806. 

The  title  of  this  publication  sufficiently 
points  out  its  historical  importance;  to 
establish  it,  we  need  only  to  ascertain, 
that  these  volumes  are  the  genuine  pro- 
duction of  t^e  royal  author  whose  name 
they  bear. 

From  the  advertisement  of  the  editor, 
we  learn,  that  the  materials  of  this  col- 
lection are  partly  manuscripts  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Louis  XIV.  which  had  beea 
already  noticed  by  Voltaire,  and  by  Mr. 
MiUot.    They  were  delivered  by  Louis,  a 
year    before  his  death,    to  the  Marshal 
Duke  de  Noallles ;  and  by  him  deposited, 
bound  in  three  vds.  folio,  in  the  King's 
library,   in   174^,  with  a  certificate  bj 
himself   of  their   authenticity.      These 
three  volumes  contain  documents  relative 
to  the  campaigns  of  Louis  XI V.,    and 
sevefal  other  writings,  to  which  that  Kinj^ 
gave  the  title  of  Detached  pieces :  suca 
are:  1.  Reflections  on  the /r<u^  of  King 
(literally,  matter  de  RmJ .-  2d.  A  memo* 
rial  of  instmctions  given  to  Philip  V.  when 
going  to  Spain  :  3d.  Drafted  a  proclama^ 
tion  by  Louis  XIV.  to  demand  assistance 
of  his  subjects  :  4th.  Agenda;  or  short 
notes,  containing  hints  of  various  plan# 
connected  with  the  events  of  the  yearf 
1666,  and  1700. 

The  memoirs,  or  instructions,  for  the 
Dauphin,  are  not  in  the  King's  band- 
writing;  but  the  three  different  copies 
firom  which  they  have  been  completed, 
leave  no  doubt  as  to  their  being  his  pro- 
duction. It  has  been  ascertain^  that  they 
werfe  all  written  by  Pelisson,  who,  as  it  is 
well  known,  was  employed  by  the  King, 
to  write  ^confidentially  under  him.  Th6 
style  and  train  of  ideas  form  an  intrinaic 
proof  not  to  be  mistaken  $  and  the  man- 
ner in  which  these  manuscripts  have  be- 
come public,  removes  all  doubts.  The 
iirst  of  these  copies  was  given  by  Louis 
XIV.  himself,  to  the  same  Duke  de  Noail- 
les  with  the  other  papers  before-mention- 
ed, and  by  him  lodged  in  the  Royal 
Library  in  1758,  as  appears  by  the  certifi- 
cate of  the  librarian.  It  is  by  no  means 
complete;  yet  from  this  manuscript^  b 
hasty  and  incorrect  editioit  of  the  Memoirs 
of  Louis  XIV.  in  two  voium«a  8vo.  has 


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been  published,  in  the  beginning  of  this 
year. 

The  second  copy  was  found  among  the 
papers  of  a  Mr.  Souchai,  who  gave  a 
complete  edition  of  the  works  of  Pelisson. 
It  is  in  Pelisson's  hand-writing,  like'the 
former ;  and  was  a  present  from  the  libra- 
rian, who  received  the  first  from  the  Duke 
de  Noailles. 

The  other  copy  was  dven  in  1786,  by 
Louis  XVI.  to  GenerarGrimoard,  among 
several  other  papers  of  the  same  nature, 
with  directions  to  arrange  the  whole  for 
the  instruction  of  his  children.  We  pur- 
pose reserving  for  the  conclusion  of  this 
article  our  reflections  on  the  works  and 
character  of  Louis  XIV. ;  but  we  cannot 
resist  placing  here  the  opinion  entertained 
of  both,  by  his  ill-fated  successor. 

When  Louis  XVI,  says  M.  Grimoerd, 
(advertisement  to  Vol.  111.)  ordered  me  to 
prepare  an  edition  of  the  Memoirs  of  Louis 
Jf/F,  he  tojd  me,  that  notwithstanding  the 
resj)cct  due  to  his  memory,  I  was  not  to  dis- 
semble either  his  faults,  or  his  imperfections  ; 
that,  for  instance,  he  had  conceived  an  exag- 
gerated idea  of  true  greatness,  which  made 
him  continually  assume  a  stately  deportment, 
little  short  of  tnealrical  representation ;  that, 
on  the  other  hai)d,  continual  flattery  had  ren- 
dered him  vain ;  that  this  vanity  appeared  too 
frequently  in  his  writings  j  and  particularly 
in  nis  military  memoirs^  and  that,  as  the 
work  he  intrusted  to  me,  was  intended  for  the 
education  of  his  children,  and  that  mankind, 
especially  in  a  tender  age,  had,  unfortunately 
a  stronger  propensity  to  follow  evil,  than  good 
examples,  he  would  feel  obliged  to  me, 
(thef^e  were  the  King's  expressions)  to  place 
in  their  proper  light,  those  foibles  of  Louis 
XIV;  thereby  pointing  out  how  much  great- 
er he  would  have  been  in  reality,  and  how 
much  more  respectable  in  tlie  eyes  of  poste- 
,  rity,  if  scorning  pride,  which  produces  only  ri- 
dicule and  humiliation,  he  had  better  known 
the  distinction  between  inflated  pomp  and 
that  noble,  simple  and  dignified  greatness,  so 
necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  sovereign 
power. 

The  fate  of  Louis  XVI.  demonstrates 
that  these  sentiments  are  more  amiable 
than  useful  in  a  King  of  France.  Louis 
XIV.  understood  the  nation  he  had  to 
govera  better  than  his  moie  virtuous  de- 
scendant 3  bis  dazzling  qualities,  many  of 
them  immoral  and  pernicious,  secnred 
their  blind  obedience.  We  need  not  ex- 
patiate here  on  the  dreadful  consequences 
which  followed  the  less  politic,  ihotigh 
more  honourable  conduct  of  the  last  mo- 
narch. 


The  Worlts  of  Louis  XlK  [4€f4 

The  collection  before  us,  is  divided  into 
five  parts :  the  first,  under  the  title  of 
Mernoires  liisloriques,  given  by  the  editor 
to  the  memoirs  for  the  instruction  of  th« 
Dauphin,  contains  the  most  remarkable 
events  of  Louis  XlV.'s  reign,  from  l66l 
to  1668>  with  appropriate  reflexions,  ft)r 
the  use  of  his  son.     The  second  is  com- 
posed of  Alemoires   historiques  et  mili* 
laires  -,  it  is  a  connected  series  of  rela- 
tions, with  proper  documents,  of  Louis 
XIV/s  campaigns,  from  I667  to  1694. 
Select  letters  to  various  persons  form  the 
third.    The  fourth  includes  an  inconsi- 
derable number  of  literary  productions, 
entitled  to  notice  only  from  the  character 
of  their  author.    The  fifth  and  last  part 
does  not  properly  belong  to  the  King; 
the  editor  in  consequence  has  entitled  it, 
Additions  to  the  H^orks  of  Louis  XIV:  it 
contains  historical  documents,  some  never 
published  before,  others  but  little  known, 
at  least  in  France,  of  which  a  part  is 
translated  from  Dalrymple's  Memoirs,^  a 
work  well  known   among  os,   but  not 
better  than  it  deserves  to  be. 

In  considering  the  various  topics  con- 
tained   in    this   collection,  we    shall  of 
course  pay  particular  attention  to  those 
transactions  which  concern  this  country  ; 
fi>llowing  the  chain  of  events,  rather  than 
•the  order  of  their  distribution  in  the  vo- 
lumes. We  may  also  add,  that  setting  nati- 
onalit}'  aside,  they  certainly  form  tlie  most 
interesting  part  of  the  work,  and  fiilly  justi- 
fy, as  far  as  the}'  go,  Dalrymple's  represen- 
tations. Never  did  the  Roman  senate  more 
despotically  dispose  of  its  tributary  kings, 
and  its  creatures,  than  Louis  XIV.  disposed 
of  Charles  II.  King  of  England,  from  1668, 
to  his  death  in  1684.     No  moral  senti- 
ment had  sufficient  power  to  repress  in 
him  that  unfortunate  propensity  to  vena- 
lity, which  derived  a  constant  stimulut 
from  the  baseness  of  his  manners.     He 
was,  notwithstanding,   kept  for   a  time 
within  certain  bounds,  by  the  influence 
of  his  chancellor,  the  respectable  Claren* 
don,  whom  France,  not  expecting  to  se-. 
duce,  endeavoured  to  ruin  with  his  mas- 
ter.    The  disgrace  of  this  minister  left 
Charles  surrounded  only  by  profligate  pa- 
rasites,   and  free  to  obey  the  infSamous 
dictates  of  his    greedy    passions.       At 
first  he  seems  to  have  followed  the  usual 
tactics    of   those    parliamentary  orators, 
who,  by  a  bold  and  dir^t  attack,  attempt 


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495] 


The  Works  of  LouU  XIK 


[4i« 


to  appear  at  the  same  time  dangerous  ^od 
usenii  to  those  whom  they  invite  to  bid 
for  thetn.  By  his  treaty  with  the  Dutch, 
Charles  gave  Louis  to  understand  that  he 
must  be  feared,  or  be  bought,  but  at  the 
same  instant  he  demands  an  explanation  5 
apprehensions  vanish,  and  I^uis  hastens 
to  meet  him  half  way.  From  that  mo- 
ment we  behold  the  French  monarch  en- 
tangling the  English  King  in  his  toils, 
tampering  with  him  incessantly,  and 
d^teroasly  making  the  most  of  his  bar- 
gain. Purse  in  hand,  Louis  dictates  such 
treaties  as  suit  his  ambitious  views:  Louis 
dictates,  Charles  subscribes.  No  less  than 
eight  such  treaties  occur;  secret,  nego- 
ciated  by  women,  by  ministers  of  diffe- 
rent factions,  by  catholics,  by  protestants  5 
some  genuine,  others  only  ostensible; 
some  written  in  Charles's  own  hand,  for 
aecority  5  others  too  dangerous  to  be  en- 
trusted to  paper,  but  confided  to  verbal 
conventions  known  only  to  the  parties. 
The  conferences,  correspondence,  side- 
steps, and  manoeuvres  by  which  those  un- 
lawfiil  conventions  were  effected,  exceed 
whatever  can  be  found  in  history. 

What  a  strange  pair  of  chaiacters  do 
these  two  Kings  present!  Incessantly 
tormented  by  the  distresses  and  cupidity 
which  attend  a  prodigal,  one  exerts  all  his 
powers  to  convert  whatever  he  possesses 
intomdney;  his  personal  character,  poli- 
tical and  religious,  the  laws  and  institu- 
tions of  his  country,  the  liberty  and  ex- 
istence of  his  allies  the  Hollanders,  the 
spoils  of  Spain,  the  fate  of  Europe;  after 
he  had  parted  with  Dunkirk,  it  is  said, 
that  he  even  attempted  to'  derive  a  profit 
from  his  empty  title  as  King  of  France ! 
For  a  few  millions  of  livres,  argent  comp- 
iant,  he  covenants  to  declare  himself  a 
catholic  ;  he  concurs  in  the  destruction  of 
a  country  wherein  he  had  repeatedly  found 
an  asylum ;  he  promotes  the  extension  of 
an  unjust  power,  already  too  extensive; 
and,  in  spite  of  his  convictions  to  the 
contrary,  he  becomes  himself  the  slave, 
and  would  have  reduced  his  ^country  to 
alavery,  to  a  monarch  whose  ambition  he 
could  not  but  dread,  and  whose  tyranny 
he  could  not  but  feel,  had  not  his  soul 
been  rendered  callous  by  the  urgency  of 
bis  necessities. 

Forced  by  the  indignation  of  Europe 
.and  of  his  country  to  renounce  his  first 
alliance,  he  devises  pretexts  to  retain  the 
profits  of  it;  he  attempts  to  cajole  his 


associate  by  offers  of  service ;  he  endea- 
vours to  actuate  his  fears ;  threatens  tq 
call  a  parliament;  receives  cash,  and  en- 
gages to  govern  without  a  parliaments 
he  wants  a  fixed  salary,  and  obtains  it  I 
A  King  of  England  receives  a  fixetl  salary 
from  a  King  of  France !  His  people  detect 
the  engagement,  and  oblige  him  to  break 
it ;  he  pretends  a  mistake  in  the  ac- 
counts, affects  to  be  angry,  tlireatens,  is 
pacified,  renews  his  negociations,  and  de- 
grades himself  by  a  third  alliance ; — and 
this,  while  the  rest  of  Europe  is  resisting 
the  inordinate  concupiscence  of  the  com- 
mon oppressor.  The  taking  of  I^uxem- 
bourg  by  Louis,  was  a  million  of  livres 
hush-money  to  Charles  ; — even  the  fac- 
tions of  his  kingdom,  the  dissatisfac- 
tion of  his  people,  the  dangers,  real  or 
imaginary,  which  he  foresaw  or  pre- 
tended, were  all  converted  by  him  to  mo- 
tives of  pecuniary  advantage  ! 

But  in  this  strange  traffic,  the  part  acted 
by  Louis  is  no  less  extraordinary.  Re- 
joicing in  the  vicious  habits  which  held 
Charles  enslaved,  he  adds  fue)  to  his  pas- 
sions, selects  the  most  beautifiil  woman 
of  his  kingdom  to  gratify  his  wishes  ;  and 
the  Most  Christian  King  even  makes  a 
settlement  on  the  issue  to  which  tJiis  il- 
licit connection  may  give  birth  !  He  en- 
thralls his  friend  in  a  treaty,  which  to  pub- 
lish would  ensure  his  ruin;  then  threat- 
ens him  with  the  publication,  to  make 
him  feel  his  dependency.  He  pensions 
the  King,  pensions  the  courtiers,  pensions 
the  factions  which  opposed  the  court ;  he 
threatens  the  court  with  the  vehemence 
of  the  factions;  the  guilty  court  shrinks 
from  the  too  hazardous  ordeal.  The  very 
man  whom  he  had  employed  to  pay 
Charles  for  declaring  himself  a  catholic, 
is  the  very  man  who  urges  him  to  exile 
his  brother  for. a  similar  declaratiqn.  Th^ 
support  of  the  catholic  party  had  been  the 
pretence  of  both  Charles  and  Louis  in 
their  mutual  engagements ;  yet  the  Test,  ' 
that  mortal  blow  to  the  English  catholics, 
is  the  work  of  a  cabal  excited  by  the 
pious  monarch,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
church  of  Rome  i  At  one  time  money 
is  lavished  to  enable  Charles  to  govern 
without  a  parliament ;  at  another  it  is  dis- 
tributed among  the  popular  parties  to  rouse 
the  passions  of  the  parliament  agaiusS 
their  soverei^.  The  Priace  wtio  had 
urged  the  duty  of  disregarding  the  British 
constitution^   and  .of  astuming  i|bsolat« 

113 


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tiTi 


The  fyitrh  6j  Lcm»  Xtlr. 


C4M 


monarcby>  agitates  the  three  kingdoma 
with  resistance  to  authority,  and  excitea 
the  Presbyterians  of  Scotland,  the  Catho- 
des of  Ireland,  the  Whigs  of  London,  and 
even  the  remnant  of  Cromwell*s  a^e- 
rents,  the  exiled  republicans,  to  opposi- 
tion, fierce  opposition !  When  Louis, 
had,  by  dint  of  money,  obtained  the 
junction  oi  Charles  against  the  Dutch, 
m  a  most  secret  treaty,  he  immediately 
acquaints  hi» ,  enemies  with  this  new 
compact,  and  they  hasten  to  render  it  use- 
less, by  signing  the  peace  of  Nimeguen. 
Afterwards,  when  the  friendship  of 
Charles  became  useless,  through  the  re- 
monstrances of  his  subjects,  who  detested 
the  alliance }  when  Charles  was  obliged 
to  suspend  his  intercourse  and  abandon 
his  friendship,  Louis  sought  revenge  in 
rendering  his  former  intimate  infamous, 
and  caused  to  be  secretly  printed  at  Paris, 
a  detailed  account  of  his  most  guilty  and 
private  transactions  j  of  the  treaty  of  Do- 
ver, that  polluted,  but  prolific,  source  of 
10  many  shamefiil  bargains,  and  so  many 
disgraceful  engagements! 

This  nefarious  trafiSc  is  but  too  fully 
proved  by  the  documents  published  by 
balrymple,  and  by  others  in  the  present 
collection.  We  shall  give  in  Louis's  own 
words  the  history  of  the  part  he  took  in 
the  marriage  of  Charles  IL  and  his  own 
statement  of  his  motives  on  that  occasion. 

1661.  "  1  could  not  doubt  but  that  the 
Spaniards  had  been  the  first  to  infringe,  in  a 
tnouaand  ways,*  llie  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  ; 
and  I  would  have  thought  myself  Writing  in 
torcper  attention  for  the  welfare  of  my' realms, 
kftd  I,  by  keeping  it  more  scrupulously  than 
themselves,  alto\Ted  them  the  libertv  of  con- 
quering Port  u^l  ;  for  they  would  t!>en  ha\x: 
attacked  me  with  their  united .  force,  i^ard- 
less  of  the  tntnauillity  of  Kurope,  to  oblige 
mc  to  restore  wha^  1  had  acouired  by  that 
treaty.  The  clauses  by  which  I  was  pre* 
vented  (Vom  assisting  that  yet  tottering  power, 
were  so  extraordinary,  ana  so  numerous,  ^at 
it  was  evidently  never  expected  that  I  would 
execute  them ;  and  I  thought  myself  bound 
no  farther  by  them,  than  to  aftbrd  assistance 
to  that  countiy  only*  in  eases  of  necessity* 
with  reserve,  and  nvraeratioD,  which  might 
be  done  the  easier  throuch  the  medium  and 
under  the  name  of  the  King  of  Eo^and,  if 

•  We  learn  by  a  letter  from  Pelisson,  that 
the  King  eomphune^  of  six  and  twenty  ard- 
ides  of  that  trcMy  being  left  utTfulfilled,  but  he 
ouot«»nooe  of  these  infractiooii  whkh  proves 
dMt  tbiy  wcm  bi^sUglit, 


he  was  once  biodier-in-laiv  to  the  King  <C 
Portugal.* 

**\  aooofding^y  neglected  nothing  Id  liriiig 
about  that  marriage ;  and,  as  money  it  ki  ge- 
neral Tery  powerful  in  that  court,  as  Eog* 
lish  ministers  had  been  often  sosoeeted  of 
being  in  the  pay  of  Spain,  and  as  cnaacelloc 
Hyde,  a  very  aole  man  for  managins  the  in- 
terior afiyrs  of  that  kingdom,  seemed  to  haTe 
a  great  influence  over  me  Kin^  I  opened  A 
very  secret  n^ociation  with  him,  unknowii 
even  to  my  ambassador  in  England.  I  sent 
over  to  him  a  very  cle\er  man,t  under  pre- 
tence of  purchasing  lead  for  my  buildings^ 
and  I  gave  him  a  credit  of  500,000  hvres, 
(about  40,0001.  sterling  from  the  Talue  of 
silver  in  that  time)  which  he  offered  to  that 
minister,  in  return  for  his  friendship  only. 
But  that  chancellor  refu^  my  offers;  and 
in  so  doing  he  had  the  greater  merit,  as  he 
owned  to  my  envoy,  that  he  was  himself  fa- 
vourable to  that  marriage,  ^  as  being  advanta- 
geous to  the  King  his  master,  to  whom  h* 
afterwards  privately  introduced  him. 

"  The  Spaniards,  on  the  other  hand» 
were  proposing  to  the  King  of  England  th^ 
Princess  of  Parma,  with  a  portion  equal  to 
that  of  an  Infanta  of  Spain ;  and  when  I 
had  effected  the  rejection  of  this  proposition, 
they  ofi'ered  him  the  daughter  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  with  the  same  advantages;  re- 
gardless of  dieir  boasted  zeal  for  the  ^ith, 
and  not  considering,  that  to  give  a  pmtestant 
queen  to  that  countty,  was  depnvinff  th« 
catholics  of  the  only  consolation^  and  the 
only  support,  they  couW  expect. 

*'  But  I  managed  things  in  such  a  wa7> 
that  this  proposition  was  rejected  like  t&e 
first ;  and  even  accelerated  the  conclusion  of 
what  I  had  wished  for,  with  Portugal,  and 
its  Infanta.** 

In  order  to  connect  two  transactions  of 
great  importance  between  Louis  XIV. 
and  Charles  II.  we  shall  here  insert  the 
particulars  of  the  sale  of  Dunkirk,  al- 
though of  the  year  following,  1662.  We 
have  never  seen  it  so  fully  detailed  5  and 
Cromwell's  first  negociations  for  the 
acquisition  of  that  place  seem  to  have 
been  utterly  unknown  to  political  wri- 
ters. This  extract  may,  at  the  samli 
time,  sen'e  as  a  specimen  of  the  st}'le  and 
composition  of  this  famous  monarch. 

....."  Few  pec^le  have  known  hf 
what  chain  of  events  this  considerable  place 

*  This  marriage  was  agreed  upon  that  vear» 
but  the  ceremony  was  not  perfonncd  till 
some  time  afbrwards. 

^  t  La  Bu3tide  de  la  Croix,  employed  before 
in  negQciationswith  Cromwell.  This  affair  was 
afterwards  managed  and  concluded  by  Count 

d'Eitnidfs,  Fkexftd  amhaiMnlor  %  l^op^mt 


Digitized  bvV^LUJ 


mi 


Tht  mrh  ^  Louu  XJK 


iigo 


jpmtd  into  the  hands  of  the.  Bngliah,  cbiring 
the  ministry  of  cardinal  Mazarin.  We  must 
ffi  back  for  this  to  the  times  of  my  minority, 
au4  to  those  troubles  which  twice  compeilid 
that  minister  to  leave  the  kingdom. 

*'  Cromwell,  from  his  genius,  from  the 
oicomstances  and  misfortunes  of  bb  country, 
had  imbibed  notions  hi  above  his  birth. 
At  fixst  a  subaltern  ofiker  in  the  rebellious 
army  of    the   Rurliament,   then  a  general, 
and  afterwanls  Protector  of  the  Common- 
wealth,   secretly  wbhing  for   the    title   of 
JCing  while  he  openly  refused  it  in  public ; 
elevated  by  those  successes  which  had  crown* 
«d  all    his  enterprises,  he  deemed  nothing, 
however  gieat,  above  his  pretensions,  either 
in  his  island  or  out  of  it.    The  multiplicity 
of  his  afiOurs  at  home,  did.  not  prevent  him 
firocn  considering  the  troubles  of  mv  kin^om 
as  a  favourable  opportunity  for  obtainmg  a 
looting  in  Fmnce,  oy  means  of  some  consi- 
4mUe  establishment,    w^idi  would  be  to 
his  advantage,  whether  the  kingly  power  was 
Anally   s^i3ed    in  his  person,   and    in   his 
posterity,   or  whether   the  caprices  of   die 
peopVr*  and  of  fortune,  which  had  raised  him 
m  high,  should  in  return  occasion  hb  down- 
mi.    He  knew  in  what  manner  almost  all  the   . 
f^oven^ors  of  towns  treated  Cardinal  Mazarin : 
and  that  there  was  hardly  any  other  fidelity 
among  my  subjects,  than  what  was  purchased 
hf  money,  or  by  marks  of  honour  according 
to  the  price  each  individual  set  iipon  himBeltT 
Ha  setii  the  colonel  of  his  suards  to  Count 
IXEstraMdes,  gc>venK>r  of  Dunkirk,  to  induce 
him  to  take  into  his  ooosideratioD  the  Piesent 
atateof  thingi ;  and,  to  avail  himself  of  it  for 
his  own  advantage,  he  offered  him  as  high  as 
two  auUioos  (of  livres)   to  be  paid  either  in 
Amsterdam,  or  in  Venice,  if  he  wouki  de- 
liver him  the  town;  promising,  at  the  same 
tine,,  never  10  make  p^ice  with  France  with- 
out obtaiaiii^  for  htm  whatever  dignities  and 
empkjrments  he  might  expect.    He  added, 
that  the  aiairs  of  the  Cardinal  hb  benefactor, 
wfaa  had  given  him  that  command,    virere 
kiettievably  lost ;  that  these  viras  no  likelihood 
that  thb  minbter   could  ever  by  hb  owh 
forces  feassumc  the  mi.nbtry,  or  even  return 
into  the  ooofitry,  as  a  price  had  been  scton  his 
head:   that  be  oouU  not  alone  aiToid  him 
^fffi^tyl  assbtance,  however  he  might  retain 
poMession  of  Dunkirk,  b\U  that  he  would 
•Kaie  in  his  downfall.    Thafr^  »f,  however,  he 
was    determined  to    canr.to  extremes  his 
afiection  and  fab  gralituSe  towards  him,*  he 
should  seize  thb  occasion  of  senring  him,  by 
J^^f^f;nff  uae  of,  perhaps,  the  only  wtiy  his 
flood  wrtune  had  still  reserved  for  him ;  that 
hemig^t  at  all  events,,  on  condition  of  ^ur- 
faodortnc  DimkirlTto  the£odiah,  offer  the 
two    mUlions  to  the  Caidinal,    with   such 
assbtanoe  in  troops,  as  would  be  necessary  to 
«st2U>li^    him  in   France ;    thai  he  wouki 
ibus  highly  reeommend  himself  to  tliat  mioi- 


ster  from  whom  he  might  expect  any  things 
if  once  more  broti^t  into  power. 

The  conduct  of  D'Estrades   was  highly 
praise- worthy  j    for,    after  compelling    thu 
envoy    to  make  his    propositions  before   a 
council  of  war,  and  afterwards  to  sign  them» 
he  sent  him  back  to   Cromwell  with  hb 
answer :  he  complained  In  it,  of  having  been 
thought  capable  of  such  a  brefeieh  of  trust,  as 
that  of  surrendering  the  town  upon  any  orders 
but  mine ;  that  aUne  could  do,  was  to  propose 
to  myself  the  condition  of  the  two  millions, 
with  a  dose  alliance  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, by  which  the  Protector,  should  bind 
himself   to    attack    the  Spaniards   by    sea 
and  by  land ;  to  fumbh  me  %vith  10,000 
foot,  and  2,000  horse,  to  assist  me  in  making 
war  against  them  in  Flanden  |  to  keep  thrity 
men  of   war  on  the  coast,    during  the  six 
summer  months,  and  fifteen  in  winter,  to 
crufze  at  sea  ^  and  to  act  together  according 
tQ[ihe  plan  which  might  be  iointly  agreed  upon. 
Cromwell    accepted    these    proposititons, 
which    were  immediately  sent   to   me    by 
D*£stFEtdes,  at  Poictiers,  where  I  then  was : 
I  received  them  two  days   only,  after  the 
return  of  Cardinal  Mazarin.    Tnb  minbter 
considered  them  as  being  \ery  advantageous  ^ 
for  .his  maxim  was,  to  provide,  at  any  rate, 
for  presefH  exigencies;  well  convinced  that 
the  remedy  to  future  evib  would  be  found  in 
futurity  itself. 

But  the  keeper  of  the  seals,  Chateauneuf, 
whom  the  troubles  had  caused  to  be  rein- 
stated, prevailed  in  the  council,  with  the 
Queen  my  mother,  and  procured  the  ab- 
solute rejection  of  these  terms.  Cromvirell* 
on  that  very  day  he  received  thb  answer^ 
signed  a  treaty  with  the  Spaniards,  and  fur- 
nished them  with  10,000  men,  and  25  men 
of  war,  for  the  siege  of  Dunkirk  aiui  C^ra- 
velines  i  which  were,  in  consequ«ioe,  taken 
from  me  the  same  year ;  one  at  the  end  of 
May,  the  other  on  the  22d  of  September,, 
but  both  were  retained  by  the  Spaniards. 

My  authority  being  however  stren^hened 
in  the  country,  and  factions  which  had 
been  long  fomented,  being  dissipated,  the 
Spaniards  were  a  short  time  after  hardly  abia 
to  rcsbt  the  efforts  of  my  arms  in  Flanders* 
Cromwell,  who  had  joined  them  only  for 
Uiat  particular  enterprise,  and  who  ever  since 
had  greatly  risen' in  Europe,  both  in  power 
and  in  consideration,  saw  his  friendship  ' 
courted  at  the  same  time  by  them  and  by  me. 
Th^  saw  in  him  their  last  and  only  resource^ 
to  retrieve  their  affairs  in  Flanders  $  and  I 
considered  him  as  the  only  possible  obstacle 
to  the  progress  of  mine ;  at  a  time  when  the 
conquest  of  the  whole  of  diese  provinces 
anpoBued  to  me  almost  certain,  unless  I 
ODtained  my  own  terms  of  peace.  Cromwell, 
who  had  ikever  lost  si^t  or  his  pbn  to  obtain 
a  considerable  post  on  thb  side  of  the  sea, 
was  still  un>vitUng  to  support  either  party 
R3 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  1€ 


-I9i1 


The  Works  of  Louis  XIF. 


t45» 


but  on  that  condition ;  he  \^  at  the  same 
time  proposing  to  the  Spaniards,  to  join  them 
in  the  war,  and  to  take  Calais,  provided  it 
should  be  delivered  to  him,  which  proposal 
they  were  ready  to  accept  with  pleasure  j  and 
offering  to  me  on  the  same  terms  to  besiege 
Dunkirk,  but  when  taken  to  keep  it  in  his  own 
hands. 

Cardinal  Mazarin,  who  was  no  stranger  to 
this  proposal,  and  who  had  formerly  approved 
of  it,  wnen  Dunkirk  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
French,  was  of  course,  strongly  inclined  to  it 
now ;  and  tliough  I  was  at  first  averse,  I  at 
last  gave  up  the  point ;  not  only  because  I 
greatly  valued  his  advice,  but  also  from  the 
cssenfial  advantage  I  saw  in  it  for  the  war  in 
Flanders ;  and  from  the  imperious  necessi^ 
of  choosing  the  smaller  of  two  evils.  And, 
indeed,  since  the  English  were  to  obtain 
footing  in  France,  there  was  no  great  difficulty 
in  determining  whether  it  was  preferable  to 
have  them  as  friends,  or  as  foes  ;  and  to  run 
'  the  risk  of  losing  Calais,  part  of  my  posses- 
sions, or  to  promifcc,  them  Dunkirk,  which 
did  not  belong  to  me. 

It  was  then,  in  virtue  of  this  agreement, 
that  after  having  retaken  Dunkirk,  1  de- 
livered it  to  the  English,  and  it  is  not  to  be 
doubted,  but  that  their  alliance  with  me  was 
the  li  tl  blow,  which  prevented  Spain  from 
beine  able  to  defend  herself;  and  wnich  pro- 
cured a  peace  so  glorious,  and  so  advantageous 
for  me." 

I  own  however,  that  the  detention  of  the  town 
in  the  hands  of  the  English,  gave  me  a  good 
deal  of  uneasiness*  1  thought,  that  the  ca- 
tholic religion  was  interested  in  the  circum- 
stance ;  I  recollected,  that  they  were  the  ancient 
and  inveterate  foes  of  France,  Which  had 
been  saved  from  them  only  by  a  miracle. 
That  their  fir^t  establishment  in  Normandy, 
bad  cost  us  a  hundred  years  of  war,  and  the 
second  in  Guienne  three"  hundred  ;  during  all 
-which  time,  war  was  always  waging  in  the 
centre,  and  at  the  expense  of  the  kingdom^ 
to  such  a  degree,  tliat  we  thought  ourselves 
happv,  VI  hen  we  conld  make  peace,  and  send 
the  rtnglish  honie  with  hrge  sums  of  money 
for  the  damage  the^^  hr.d  committed ;  and  this 
they  had  been  brought  to  consider  as  a  fixed 
revenue,  or  a  settled  tribute.  I  knew  very 
well  that  times  were  changed ;  but  I  knew 
also  that  they  mi§cht  change  again  ;  and  I  was 
hurt  at  the  very  idea,  that  my  most  remote 
successors  might  reproach  me  one  day  with 
having  been  the  cause  of  such 'great  evils, 
shouUf  they  e\cr  Le  exposed  to  them.  Without 
extending  conjectures  so  far  into  fViturity,  I 
knew  what  ei  oinious  s»ums  the  town  of  Ca- 
lais, the  last  they  had  possessed,  had  cost 
France,  by   the  wasteful   incursions  of  the 

Sarriion,  and  by  the  facility  it  had  afforded  to 
escenis.     I  knew,   that  this  post,    or  any 
other  in  the  kin^om,  in  their  nands,  would 


always  be  a  ready  asylum  for  the  rebclliotii  j 
would  afford  that  nation  the  means  of  esta- 
blishing intelligences  in|  the  whole  country : 
and  particularly  among  those  naturally  con- 
nected with  them,  by  the  common  interest 
of  religion. 

In  giving  up  Dunkirk,   I  did  not  ^rhapt 

?iurchase  too  deariy  the  advantages  I  reaped 
rom  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees ;  but,  tnat 
once  obtained,  it  is  certain  I  could  not  make 
too  great  sacriBces  to  recover  that  town.  On 
this  I  was,  indeed,  already  determined  ;  but 
it  did  not  then  appear  an  easy  undertaking. 

Howex'er,  as  the  first  step  towards  any  en- 
terprise is,  to  think  it  possible ;  so  early  aa 
thejr-ear  l66l,  when  1  again  sent  D'Estradcs 
to  Endand,  I  gave  him  a  most  express  charge^ 
carefdly  to  study  whatever  might  conduce  to 
this  purpose,  and  to  make  it  his  maio  busi- 
ness. 

The  King  of  EngUnd,  recently  re-esta- 
blished on  bis  throne,  was  in  the  greatest 
want  of  money  to  maintain  himself.  1  knew 
by  the  state  of  his  revenue,  and  of  his  eoc- 
penditure,  that  there  was  an  irremediable  cjc- 
Hciency  of  two  or  three  millions  of  liv^;et 
yearly ;  for  the  essential  defect  in  the  consti- 
tution of  that  monarchy,  is,  that  the  Prince 
cannot  raise  extraonlitiary  supplies  without 
Pariiameht ;  nor  can  he  keep  his  Parliament 
assembled,  without  greatly  lessening  his  au- 
thority, as  the  example  of  the  last  King  had 
abundantly  proVed. 

Hyde;  the  Chancelk)r,  had  always  been 
sufficiently  well  disposed  towards  France :  at 
this  time  he  felt  his  credit  with  the  King 
daily  lessening,  though  it  was  hot  yet  per- 
ceived :  he  saw  in  the  kingdom  a  powerful 
cabal,  hostile  to  him ;  which  reducea  bim  the 
more  to  the  necessity  of  seeking  friends  and 
protectoris  in  foreign  courts :  nom  all  these 
^nsiderations  combined,  he  was  inclined  to 
oblige  me,  Whenever  my  interests  and  those 
of  the  King  his  master  could  coincide. 

D^EstracKs,  in  execution  of  my  orders,  and 
dexterously  availins  himself  of  the'  free  and 
familiar  accete  he  always  had  to  the  Prince, 
easily  introduced  the  subject  of  Dunkirk  in 
their  private  corirersations.  The  Kibg»  who 
theii  used  to  saj  that  he  intended  making  it 
his  chief  mihtary  establbbment,  willingly 
discoursed  with  him  on  that  subject,  as  te  a 
man  who  might  nve  him  useful  ufformatipn, 
he  havine  been  along  time  Igovemor  of  that 
town.  As  to  DtEstrades,  he  used  to  approve 
every  thing  proposed,  remarking  only  some 
inconveniencies  in  the  situation ;  and  above 
alk  the  vast  sums  necessary  to  expend  in  gar- 
risoning that  town,  and  keeping  it  in  repair ; 
insomiich,  that  Cardinal  Mazarin,  who  knew 
it  from  experience,  had  often  doubted  whe- 
ther it  were  advantageous  for  France  to  pos- 
sess. Dunkirk,  hadii  been  possible.  The 
King  answered  to  this^  that  he  might  veir 


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Nahtral  History  <if  Sweden. 


[^ 


et  rid  of  thai  expense,  "whenever  he 
►  as  the  Spaniards  were  actually  ofl'er- 
inghim  large  sums  if  he  would  part  with  it. 
D^trades  always  advised  him  to  accept  their 
offers ',  till,  at  last,  the  King,  more  ur^ntly 
pressed  for  money  than  we  supposed,  said,  of 
nis  own  accord,  that  if  be  was  to  sell  it,  he 
had  rather  deal  with  us  than  with  them. 

Thus  began  that  negociation,  which  gave 
me  infinite  satisfaction ;  and  thoush  his  de- 
mands amounted  to  five  millions  of  livres,  a 
8um»  no  doubt,  considerable,  and  which 
was  to  be  paid  in  a  very  short  time,  I  did 
not  think  proper  to  give  nim  time  to  cool  on 
the  subjecC  as  the  improving  situation  of  my 
finances  enabled  me  to  make  even  greater  sa- 
crifices for  so  important  an  object.  We, 
however,  finally  agreed  on  four  millions, 
payable  in  three  years,  for  the  town  and 
stores,  j^unsy  stones,  bricks  and  wood.  I 
even  gamed  500,000  livres  on  thb  bargain, 
without  the  English  knowing  any  uiing 
about  it :  for,  as  uiey  could  not  suppose  from 
the  bad  state  in  which  my  finances  nad  been 
ao  lately,  that  I  could  pay  them  such  a  large 
•urn,  immediately  as  they  wanted  it,  they 
eagerly  accepted  a  proposition  mode  to  them 

S'  a  banker,  to  pay  it  in  ready  money,  on 
eir  allowing  500,000  livres  discount.  This 
banl^  was  in  fact  a  man  whom  1  ))layed  off 
for  the  purpose,  and  who,  paying  with  my 
money»  received  no  profit  by  the  transaction. 

The  importance  ot  this  acquisition  kept  me 
in  a  continual  state  of  uneasiness,  till  every 
thing  was  finally  settled,  and  not  without 
good  grounds ;  for  this  afiair,  which  had  been 
viry  secret  at  first,  having  gradually  trans- 
p^ed,  the  city  of  London,  which  cot  infor- 
mation of  it,  sent  to  the  King  a  deputation 
of  its  principal  magistrates,  the  mayor  and 
aldermen,  to  offer  him  whatever  sum  of  mo- 
ney he  wanted,  on  condition  of  his  retaining 
punkirk.  Of  two  messengers,  whom  D'Es- 
trades  had  dispatched  by  different  ways,  with 
two  copies  of  the  treaty,  for  my  ratification, 
one  was  stopped  on  his  passage  to  Calais,  by 
orders  of  the  King  of  England ;  the  other  had 
already  arrived  in  France,  by  way  of  Dieppe. 
D'Estrades  in  the  mean  time  represented  to 
the  King,  that  the  question  was  not  npw 
^mply  whether  J  should  have  Dunkirk,  but 
whether  he  should  break  off  with  me  for  ever, 
by  not  keeping  his  word.  So  that  whatever 
deference  he  was  obliged  to  shew  to  the  wishes 
of  his  subjects,  he  at  last  Lrousht  them  to 
suffer  what  they  had  determined  to  oppose, 
by  representing  it  to  them  as  a  thing  already 
concluded,  and  past  remedy. 

In  a  future  number  we  shall  see  this 
mighty  monarch,  the  terrific  meteor  of 
his  day,  under  other  and  equally  interest- 
ipg  cbaraqters* 


Suensk  Zdologi  elier  Svenska  Djurent 
Hisioria  med  iltuminerade  Figurer, 
Swedish  Zoology,  or  the  natural  His- 
tory of  Sweden,  with  coloiu'ed  engra- 
vings. 

This  is  a  periodical  work  begun,  this 
year.  It  is  published  every  three  months 
at  Stockholm,  and  is  intended  to  connpristt 
the  whole  of  animated  nature,  from  the 
Elk  to  the  insect,  including  also  birds  and 
fishes,  and  whatever  is  native  in  Sweden  i 
with  coloured  plates,  l^  Captain  J.  W. 
Palmstruck,  Knight  of  the  Order  of  th#> 
Sword.  The  descriptions  are  by  C. 
Quensel*,  M  D.  professor  in  chemistry 
and  natural  history  at  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Cadets  in  Stockholm,  &c.  &c. 

Each  number,  price  one  rixdollar,  con  - 
tains  animals  of  different  classes;  but 
they  are  printed  separately,  and  tnay  af« 
terwards  be  arranged  in  whatever  order 
the  purchaser  pleases,  when  formed  into 
volumes.  Of  worms  and  insects,  such 
only  are  intended  to  be  given  as  are  ne* 
cessary  to  be  known,  either  from  their 
importance  in  economy,  and  medicine, 
or  from  their  suitability  to  convey  general 
ideas  of  the  science.  Six  numbers  make 
a  volume  j  and  at  the  close  of  every  se- 
cond volume  will  be  found  two  indexes, 
one  systematic,  the  other  alphabetic. 

According  to  Linnsus*s  Fauna  Svecica, 
there  are  found  in  Sweden  22o6  animak : 
of  these  53  are  such  as  give  sock  to  their 
young — mammalia:  221  birds;  26  am- 
phibia (from  which  are  now  deducted  1 1 
as  belonging  to  the  class  of  fishes) :  'fj 
fishes;  1^1  insects,  and  iQS  worms. 
Among  these  classes^  that  of  insects  is 
most  considerably  augmented  since  the 
time  of  Linnxus,  and  that  of  amphibia 
the  least. 

Dr.  Quensel,  after  the  propernameol 
the  animal,  places  the  Latin  and  Swedish 
names :  then  the  Finnish,  French,  Ger- 
man, and  English,  if  it  have  a  name  in 
those  languages  j  then  follow  the  leading 
and  general  classical  characteristics  of  the 
animal,  with  references  to  different  au- 
thors ;  lastly  a  more  immediate  and  spe* 
cial  description. 

The  work  opens  with  the  noblest  ani- 
mal of  Sweden— the  Elk  ;  which  for  iu 

*  We  are  extremely  sorry   to  report  the 
death  of  this  truly  learned  man,  of  whom 
his  country  is  deprived  at  an  early  period  € 
life— about  thirty-four  or  thirty-five. 

K4 


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^9*]  Nich^al  mtory  bf  Sweitki 

size,  beautifhl  horni,  majestic  altitude/ 
swiftness,  and  gentleness,  surpasses  all 
the  rest  By  way  of  specimen,  we  shall 
translate  some  parts  of  this  description  > 
others  we  shall  rather  abstract  than  trans- 
late. We  presume,  nevertheless,  that  it 
is  the  most  complete  and  authentic  ac- 
count of  this  animal  in  our  language :  we 
areobKged  for  it  to -a  highly  respected 
friend  of  our  work,  to  whom  the  Swedidi 
language  is  native. 

Elg-Hjort. 

Cervus,  Alces.  Elg.^ln  Finnish,  HUtL-^Ih 
French,  Elan.  OrignaL-^ln  Englith, 
Elk,  MoQie-Deer.^Jn  German,  Elen, 
Ellend. 


The  male  only  has  homs  ;  those  of  a  fidl- 
grown  subject  are  flat  and  broad,  inclining 
more  to  the  sides  of  the  neck  than  rising 
upwards  :  a  very  broad  palm  forms  the  chief 
body  of  the  hora,  and  spreads  from  a  very 
short  cylindrical  basis ;  the  extremities  drvided 
into  fingers,  or  digitated;  beneath  the  throat 
descends  a  protuberance  or  knob,  soft,  and 
wholly  covered  with  very  long  hairs.  The 
lexMle  has  neither  homs  nor  knob. 

The  elk  is,  when  full  grown,  commonly 
six  feet  two  inches  high,  measured  at  the 
shoulders,  not  including  a  risine  hump  in 
Ithispart,  which  is  covered  with  hair  six  or 
8e\'en  inches  long,  fomiing  a  mane.  Mea- 
sured at  the  loins,  he  is  only  six  feet  high. 
The  neck  is  one  foot  eleven  inches  long; 
the  head  two  feet  six  inches.  We  have, 
however,  met  with  elks  as  high  as  eight 
feet;  and  the  weight  of  one  of  Siis 
size  b  not  less  than  1 229  pounds.  Pen- 
nant says,  that  he  had  seen  a  pair  of  elk- 
hems  32  inches  in  length,  and  weighing  56 
lbs.  The  hu^p  of  the  female  is  much  lower, 
and  she  has  a  shorter  and  lighter  mane.  She 
is  lower,  shorter^  thicker,  and,  weaker ;  and 
has  neither  homs,  nor  throat-protuberance. 
This  knob  m  the  male  begins  to  swell  after 
three  or  four  months,  and  may  then  be  felt, 
like  a  bean,  under  ^e  anterior  part  of  the 
throat,  at  the  basis  ot  the  bwer  jaw.  Tliis 
swelling  increases  with  age,  and  is  an  elon- 
gation of  the  skin  in  this  part,  between  four 
and  five  inches  in  length,  of  a  conic  shape ; 
it  decreases  in  old  elks.  The  colour  of  the 
animal  is  a  brownish  dark  grey  on  his  upper 
j>art^,  lighter  undtmcath.  We  m^y  further 
observe,  that  the  hairs  are  ash-grey,  but  their 
tips  are  dark  brown ;  '  the  tail,  which  is 
aliout  two  inches  long,  is  dark  above,  but 
,  white  underneath.  The  a^  of  the  animal, 
and  the  season  of  tlie  year,  produce  some 
difference  in  his  general  colour  and  appear- 
ance. The  young  ones  are  of  a  lighter  brown. 
The  belter  food  the  animal  can  procure,  the 
sooner  he  sheds  his  coat,  which  generally 
happens  in  Febnmry  or  March.  A  caif 
born  in  May,  sheds' his  coat  for  the  finst 


t*»s 

time  in  August,  and   (his  sMdbcn  eccupic^ 
eight  days.    The  hdsui  of  the  dk  is  iaiie  | 
the  upper  lip  hangs  two  or  three  inches  befort 
the  lower ;  it  presents  a  considcmble  breadth^ 
and. terminates  suddenly  alniost,  as  if  square : 
it  is  partially  doven,  has  sometHoes  a  sqtiam 
white  sp6t  on  it,  and  is  capable  of  being 
elevated  by  its  own  strong  mUsdes,  particu* 
lariy  when  the  animal  is  intent  on  eating 
herbs  that  grow  low  on  the  ground.    On  his 
nose  he  has  a  number  of  noire  two  tncliea 
fona,  not  unlike  the  whiskers  of  some  ani* 
mals     Both  the  upper  and  the  lower  jaw 
has  six  grinding  teeth :  those  in  the  lowet 
jaw   are   sharp  and  pointed,  but    those  in 
the   upf|er  jaw  are   even   and   flat.      The 
tcKigue  is  soft  and  tender;  the  nostrils  are 
wide,    five    or    six.  inches    apart ;    and  as 
the    olfiu^tory    nerves  are    also    very    brge, 
it    might    bt    supposed  that '  the    sense   of 
smell  dhonid  be  extitmely  acute ;  but  sports* 
men  assure  us,  that  the  elk  lather  discover^ 
the  approach  ci*  an  enemy  bv  the  exoellenoa 
of  his  hearing,  and  by  a  quick  sight,  niihef 
than  by  his  scent.    The  Sbund  he  utters  is 
lam6ntmg ;  in  very  youn^  ones  it  resembiel 
the   cry  oif  young  puppies;  in   Aose  of  % 
year  old  it  may  be  compared  to  the  soveaking 
of  those  sroali  wooden  trumpets  which  amuse 
children,  yet  it  may  he  heard  at  the  dtstanc% 
of  a  mile  and  a  half.    The  eves  are  smaH» 
separate^  nine  or  ten  inches ;  tjicy  are  dark% 
and    have  a  black  iris.     The  ears,  wkicl| 
are  sometimes  one  foot  or  more  inlength,  i^ang 
down  on  the  sides  of  the  neck:  over  the  eyes 
is  a  little  hollow  or  pit,  as  in  a  liorse,  boi 
smaller.     The  horns  vary,  according  to  the 
age  of  the  animal,  as  well  as  to  their  own 
age:  strona  and  well-fed  elks  lose  them  il| 
Januaiy,   the   weaker  shed  there  later.     Ii| 
four  or    five  months  new  homs  shoot  one, 
and  are  complete  in  September.    The  hairy 
skin  or  velvet  with  which  they  are  ooveredy 
is  rubbed  off  by  the  animal  in  Au^st,  aeunSl 
some  tree.     In  the  young  ones,  immediatdy 
after  tlie  ninth  month,  small  hairy  swelhngs 
shew  themselves,  which  grow  to  the  length 
of  five  or  six  inches,  and  uecome  short  horns 
in  August ;  after  the  first  year  they  may  be 
a  foot  long,  but  geneaally   they  are  as  yet 
undivided,  and  cylindrical ;  in  the  thiid  year 
they  spread  into  branches,  and  afterwanb, 
yearly,  become  more  and  more  ^t,  and  the 
points  or  protuberances  on  the  extietnities 
increase  in  number  and  maguirude,  till  at  the 
age  of  six  years  they  have  attained  thek  full 
size  and  shape.    Young  elks   have  a  white 
tuft  of  long  hair  on  the  inner  side  of  the  leg 
at  the  knee.     The  hind  leg  has  its  chief  mo- 
tion in  the  hip,  or  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
thi^-botie,  as  the  knee-joint  in  not  veiy  free 
orplialie.. 

In  lu.rope,  th«  elk  b  at  presciit  found 
between  the  53d  and  i^th  d^fee  of  Kortk 
luiiiutio  J  in  Asia,  between  46^  and  61*^ ;  anc^ 
in  America^  from  44^  to  53°.    In  Sweden^ 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


mn 


thOwril  iSiUnf  tf  Smiar. 


t<9« 


Ihis  first  rati  anlma}'  Lb  liardly  found  lower 
aouth  than  in  the  province  of  Sodermanland, 
and,«eMom  more  northward  than  Helsing- 
land :  k  was  formerly  not  otily  more  com- 
mon, bnt  it  also  inhabited  the  more  southern 
jjrti  of  the  coimtry.  During  the  war  in , 
Finland >  in  1740»  several  hundredB  of  elks 
were  sold  from  Aland,  for  the  use  of  the 
l^rmy.  Beckstein  assures  us,  that  in  the  ele- 
v<enm  century  elks  w«re  found  jia  Tharingen, 
&c. 

Place3  where  the  elk  lives  undisturbed, 
Und  where  he  has  a  saiBcicncy  of  nourishing 
jCbod  and  \\*atcr,  are  called  (Elgstand)  fclk- 
stands  :  these  are  low  districts,  marshes  and 
bogs,  where  the  willow,  aspen,  alder,  sor- 
Ihis,  birch,  &c.  grow.  He  pulls  down  the 
branches,  or  tops  of  the  trees,  with  his  head 
aod  neok,  sometitnei  also  with  his  horito, 
"wfaik  he  bites  off  the  buds  and  leaves,  or 
ftriiis  off  the  hark  :  by  thU  means  the  hairs 
lonaer  his  iiecl;  arc  ofum  rubbeil  off,  and  the 
skin  b  even  galled  and  wounded.  But  his 
^vourixc  food  is  the  rein-deer  moss,  or  lichen, 
•which  abounds  in  Sweden. 

He  goes  oi|t  to  seek  hi>  food  as  well  in  the 
^fght  as  in  the  da)',  but  he  eats  principally 
it  morning  and  evenmg.  Iyi  those  woods 
where  cattle  are  sent  out  to  naature,  and 
^i^faere  people  are  in  the  nei^ilbou^nood  watch- 
ins  tkem,  he  leaves  his  stand  only  by  night, 
and  secretes  himself  during  day  in  lonely 
places  in  the  forest.  Wlien  he  is  satisfied, 
ne  rests,  and  chews  the  cud.  The  elk  can- 
fiot  be  without  water  in  the  summer,  and 
during  die  heat  of  the  sun  he  lays  himself 
down  iii  it,  also  to  avoid  being  stun^  by  the 
l^-fiy;  gnats,  or  wasps.  In  the  wmter  he 
^uenehes  his  thrrst  with  snow. 

During  summer,  several  of  them  live  toge- 
ther} and  after  the  bearing-titne,  or  when 
jdie  females  have  dropped  their  calves  in  the 
spring,  each  family  is  generally  found  toge- 
ther j  consisting  of  an  old  mother  elk,  two 
well-grown  elks,  which  in  the  smxseeding 
kutuHin  will  attain  their  maturity,  two 
cithers  which  are  younger,  and  the  two 
which  the  female  has  home  in  the  present 

E  never  more  than  15  or  90  are  seen  to- 
ENiring  the  time  when  the  sexes 
pany  each  other,  the  young  calves  dis- 
perse for  a  short  time,  aod  are  afterward 
(ou^t  by  iAit  mother. 

When  Ac  «lk  runs  hi  die  woods,  he 
ftretches  out  his  head  and  neck,  and  lavs 
aowi^  hi?  horns  close  to  the  sides  of  his  neck, 
that  thef  may  not  get  entangled  m  the 
tnam^es  of  the  trees.  His  gait  when  walk- 
ing seems  yath^r  toftenng ;  but  when  he  trots 
pn  full  speed,  he  Kreatly  exceeds  in  swiftoess 
a  horse  on  fuB  galjwp.  When  he  walks,  or 
yuns,  a  cracking  is  heard,  liki  that  in  the 
»cin-decr,  understood  to  proceed  freiB  the 
X(ajfptng  <lf  his  ^lopfii  tosethei.    |]a  ju»pt 


over  fences  from  six  to  eight  feet  hl^,  wltb- 
out  any  visible  effort. 

It  is  reported  that  elks  were  formerly  env- 
ploved  in  drawing  sledges  in  Vesterbotten, 
ancl  that  the  post  was  carried  by  them  ;  but 
Charles  IX.  forbad  the  use  of  tame  elks, 
because  criminab  might  escape  with  them  so 
easily.  But  whether  this  be  true,  or  whe- 
ther the  elk  is  substituted  for  the  rein -deer  ia 
tliese  reports,  I  dare  not  decide;  thou^  I 
consider  ihe  latter  as  more  probable.  It  if 
said,  that  die  elk  can  run  2X6  miles  ia 
twenty-four  hours ;  but  though,  according  to 
M.  af^Darelli*s  experiment,  a  young  elk  runt 
a  mile  and  a  half  m  seven  minutes,  it  is  not 
at  all  likely  that  he  could  continue  to  run  at 
that  rate  lor  any  length  of  time.  He  wanti 
often  to  rest,  and  to  chew  the  cud ;  he  ia 
lazy  by  nature,  and  soon  gets  tired  when  a 
little  old.  As  food,  tame  elks  prefer  breads 
or  even  fine  hay  5  but  thty  may  be  accus- 
tomed to  potatoes,  beer,  wine,  orandy,  aiM} 
even  tobacco. 

The  time  of  union  is  in  September.  Tha 
elk  then  grows  wild,  seeks  his  oompanioa 
every  where,  swin^  across  broad  lakes  and 
rivers,  and  is  sometimes  dangerous  to  attack* 
When  he  is  irritated,  he  ereots  and  stiffeof 
the  hairs  which  form  his  mane,  and  those 
which  grow  on  the  protuberance  under  his 
throat,  whereby  his  aspect  becomes  terrible. 
The  female  goes  nine  months,  and  generally 
brings  two  younglings  of  different  sexes ; 
sometimes  three;  the  first  time;  hovirever, 
she  generally  has  but  one,  and  the  same  wheo 
she  gets  old.  In  May  she  aeeks  solitude; 
she  brings  forth  her  young  sometimes  st^nd* 
ing,  sometimes  recliued,  and  licks  them  dry^ 
About  an  hour  afler  its  birth,  the  calfende^« 
voucs  to  rise  on  its  legs,  when  the  mother  assisti 
him  with  her  nose :  afler  a  couple  of  days 
the  young  follow  their  mother,  who  remains 
with  them  till  ^len.  When  they  get  bigger 
they  suck  on  their  knees,  or  lying  on  iKeir 
badcs. 

The  elk  defends  himself  not  so  mueh  with 
the  horns  as  with  the  feet :  be  will  often  to 
tfcctually  strike  with  his  fore  feet,  aod  kick 
with  his  hind  le^,  that  neither  wolf  nor 
bear  dare  attack  him,  particularly  if  one  of 
those  animals  meets  several  elks  io  company. 
— ^Thc  elk  seldom  exceeds  16  or  18  years  of 
age;  as  that  ume  of  life  the  front  teedi 
loosen,  and  he  dies  through  inability  to  pro- 
cure sufficient  food,  and  to  masucate  it  pro- 
perly. 

The  flesh  of  the  elk  is  of  difiesant  qualities 
ia  difiefvnt  seasons :  full  grown  males  are 
best  in  August;  the  femues  in  Oclobe? ; 
and  the  calves  in  June,  July,  and  August.— 
The  elk  is  easily  tamed.  M.  af  Dardli 
took  two  young  oiks  of  different  sexes,  for 
idle  purpose  of  experiment,  and  found  them 
tl|e  fitst  year  as  foncHing  and  fttmilitr  with 


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RepKm  on  Landscape  Gardemng. 


l$M 


him  a«  dogs ;  but  they  were  troublesome  and 
expensive  to  bring  up.  Goat's-milk  or  cow- 
inuk,  mixwi  with  adecoction  of  aspen-leaves. 
Is  their  best  food.  When  they  were  from 
five  to  six  days  <Ad,  thev  began  to  chew 
leaves  and  herbs,  and  after  a  fortnight  to 
eat  pease-shells,  &c.  and  to  chew  the  cud. 
The  male'  grew  in  this  time  4i  inches  in 
height.  Ai  the  ace  of  a  month,  both  obeyed 
"when  called.  Wnen  thcee  months  old,  tney 
consumed,  besides  grafts,  bread  and  leaves, 
four  gallons  of  milk  daily.  The  feipale  un- 
fortunately died  when  but  four  months  old. 
The  male  lived  till  he  was  nine  years  old ; 
was  broke  to  the  saddle,  and  used  to  draw  a 
riedge,  and  was  not  at  all  either  shy  or  an- 
gry. He  was  very  much  attacheci  to  his 
master,  and  could  distinguish  his  cloaths  bv 
the  smell.  When  only  two  years  and  a  half 
old,  his  height  was  6  feet  1^  inch. 
'  The  hide  of  the  elk,  when  tanned  and 
dressed,  is  of  considerable  value,  and  is  used 
for  many  purposes.  The  flesh  is  dark,  some- 
what coarse,  out  palatable,  if  the  animal  has 
been  killed  in  proper  season  ;  the  tongue  is  a 
delicacy,  as  is  also  the  marrow.  The  flesh 
is  used  salted,  dried,  and  smoaked.  Turn- 
ers adapt  the  bones  to  different  purposes,  as 
they  resemble  ivory.  The  horns  are  as  ser- 
Ticeable  as  those  of  the  rein-deer;  and 
Tin^  were  formerly  made  of  the  hoofs,  to 
which  report  attached  the  power  of  preserving 
iiom  the  cramp. 

The  author  has  added  some  other  ancient 
traditions  about  the  elk ;  and  at  the  close 
informs  us,  that  the  cngravinj;  represents 
that  animal,  which  his  Swedish  Majesty, 
in  the  spring  of  last  year,  sent  as  a  present  to 
the  now  King  of  Bavaria. 

As  this  work  advances,  we  shall  pre- 
sent translations  of  other  articles  which 
it  contains.  We  are  in  daily  expectation 
of  receiving  the  continuation  of  this  per- 
formance, of  the  Swedish  Botany,  and  of 
sundry  other  works  of  importance  and 
interest,  from  a  country,  whose  publica- 
tions are  much  less  known  among  us 
than  their  merit  entitles  them  to  be. 

Jn  Enquiry  into  the  Changes  of  Taste  in 
Landscape  Gardening,    To  which  are 
added,  some  Observations  on  its  llieo- 
XV  and  Practice,  including  a  Defence  of 
the  Art.     By  H    Repton,  Esq.,  8vo. 
pp.  180.,  price  58.    Taylor,  1806, 
Not  much  of  this  little  work  is  new, 
jt  being  composed  of  a  treatise  published 
by  the  author  in  1 7^4,  with  observations, 
and  additions  since  that  time;  particu- 
larly a  letter  addressed  to  Mr.  Price,  in  vin- 
dic^tipn   of' the  writer's  principles  and 


mode  of  execution,  which  has  been  print- 
ed before.  It  appears  to  us,  that  these 
gentlemen  do  not  always  affix  preci^y  tho 
same  ideas  to  the  same  words  :  and  that^ 
however  they  may  agree  in  extreme  cases, 
and  in  certain  extensive  principles,  yet  in 
the  direction  of  these  principles  to  speci- 
fic objects,  and  within  determinate  boun- 
daries, their  diflerences  are  not  reducible 
to  any  fixed  standard,  but  are  viewed  ainl 
estimated  by  each  party  according  to  his 
own  proper  taste  and  sentiment.  §o  it  al- 
ways will  be  in  cases  where  fancy  is  the 
predominating  power:  and  where  the 
mind's  eye,  prophetic  of  effects,  is  to  be 
pleased  and  satisfied  in  the  ideal  cootem- 
plation  of  a  subject  not  in  existence,  but 
visible  only  to  the  ihiagination  and  fancy.  ' 

This  diversity  of  taste  and  opinion  when 
not  unduly  indulged  isproductive  of  bene- 
fit, rather  than  injury  to  art  j  since  nothing 
sooner  degenerates  into  insipidity  than  fash- 
ion, especially  fashion  recommended  by  re- 
spectable names  j  which  is  seldom  long  be- 
fore it  becomes  nauseous  by  unmeaning 
imitation,  and  that  kind  of  perpetual  re- 
currence, which  at  length  issues  in  the 
very  inflexibility  of  despotic  dominion, 
and  treats  all  places  and  subjects  alike. 
Mr.  Repton  is  a  man  of  sense  and  obser- 
vation ;  his  reputation  is  deservedly  high, 
and  he  appears  to  stady  the  principles  of 
his  art,  with  diligence,  under  the  direction 
of  reflection  and  consideration:  we 
usually  find  his  reasonings  just,  and  his 
devices  ingenious. 

We  shall  insert  his  history  of  the  Art 
of  Landscape  Gardening,  as  the  subject 
may  be  new  to  some  of  our  readers. 

Fashion  has  had  its  fiill  influence  on  Gar- 
dening as  on  Architecture,  importing  models 
from  foreign  countries.  The  gardens  in  Eng-r 
land  have  at  one  time  imitated  those  of  Italy, 
and  at  another  those  of  Holland. 

The  Italian  style  of  gardens  consisted^  in 
ballastraded  terraces  of  masonry,  magnificent 
flights  pf  steps,  arcades,  and  ar3iitectu- 
ral  grottos,  lofty  clipped  hedges,  witti 
niches  and  recesses  enriched  by  sculpture. 
This  was  too  costly  for  general  use;  and 
where  it  was  adopted,  as  at  Nonsuch,  and 
some  other  palaces,  it  was  discovered  to  be  in- 
applicable to  the  climate  of  England  \  and  no 
traces  now  remain  of  it,  except  in  some  pie<f 
tures  of  Italian  artists.* 

I  ^ 

•  Some  mention  of  the  French  style  of 
gardening  may  here  be  expected  ^  but  as  this 
was  on(y  ^  cgnruption  of  tl^e  Italian  s^le,  and 


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Replon  wi  Landscape  Gardening, 


[501 


To  this  succeeded  the  Dutch  Garden,  jp- 
troduoed  by  King  WUliam  III.,  and  which 
Dfevaikd  in  this  country  for  half  a  century. 
\t  consisted  of  sloped  terraces  of  grass,  regu- 
lar sliapes  of  land  and  water  formed  by  art, 
and  quaintly  adqmed  with  trees  in  pots,  or 
planted  alternately,  and  clipped,  to  preserve 
the  most  perfect  regularity  of  shape.  These 
were  the  kind  pf  terraces,  and  not  those  of 
^le  grand  Italian  style,  which  Brown  destroy- 
ed, by  endeavoufing  to  restore  the  grouud  to 
its  ongioal  sh^pe. 

He  i^bseryed  that  oatuupe,  distorted  by  gseat 
labour  and  expense,  had  lost  its  power  of 
pleasinsc  with  the  loss  of  it^  novelty ;  and  that 
every  place  was  now  become  nearly  alike  He 
«aw  that  more  vs^ety  might  be  introduced  by 
copying  nature,  and  oy  assisting  her  operations, 
piider  nis  guidance  a  total  change  in  the  fash- 
ion of  gardens  took  place  ;  and  as  the  Dutch 
style  had  superseded  the  Italian,  so  the  Eng- 
lish garden  oeoune  the  universal  fashion.  Un- 
/der  the  great  leader.  Brown,  or  rather  those 
who  patron!^  his  discovery,  wc  were  taught 
|hat  nature  was  to  be  our  only  model.  He 
Jived  to  establish  a  fashion  in  gardening,  which 
might  have  been  expected  to  endure  as  long  as 
nature  should  exist. 

As  an  example  of  the  nature  of  this  art, 
and  the  necessity  of  looking  beforehand 
^o  what  may  be,  \ye  shall  give  Mr.  R/s 
account  of  his  intentions  in  the  laying  out 
of  Russell  Square.  It  appears  that  he  an- 
ticipates the  time  when  this  plau  shall  do 
him  credit :  we  hope  he  will  live  to  see 
the  complete  justiAcation  of  the  princi- 
ples on  which  jbe  has  con^posed  it. 

The  different  character  and  situation  ofRus- 
flcU  Square  may  (umish  another  example.  The 
ground  of  this  area  had  all  been  brought  to 
one  level  plain  at  too  great  an  expense  to  ad- 
mit of  its  being  altered ;  ^nd  the  great  size  of 
this  square  is  in  a  mourner  |ost  by  this  insipid 
shape. 

Equestrian  statues  have  usually  been  placed 
in  the  centre  of  public  squares,  but  in  one  of 
such  large  dimensions  no  common-sized  object 
could  be  sufficiently  distinguished  :  it  was 
therefore  very  judiciously  determined  (by  a 
committee)  to  place  the  fine  Statue  of  the  late 
Duke  of  Bedford,  now  preparing  by  the  in- 

.  genious  Mr.  Wesimacot,  on  one  side  of  the 
square  facing  Bloomsbury,  and  forming  an 
appropriate  perspective,  as  seen  through  the 

'  vista  of  the  streets  crossing  the  two  squares. 

,  was  never  g^erally  adopted  in  England,  it  is 
purposely  omitted ;  although  in  practice  I  have 
occasionally  availed  myself  of  its  more  massive 
^ellis,  boocages,  and  cabinets  de  verdure, 
IP  enliven  the  sotner)' of  a  flower  gvden. 


This  pedestrian  statue,  supported  by  a  group 
of  four  figures,  on  a  lofty  nedcstal,  will  be  of 
sufficient  magnitude  for  tne  breadth  of  the 
vista  ;  though  it  would  have  been  lost  in  the 
middle  of  so  large  a  square.  Muchdof  the 
eftect  of  this  splendid  ornament  will  depend 
on  its  back  ground;  for  althoua^  the  white 
pedestal  may  be  relieved  by  the  shrubs  imme- 
diately behind  it,  the  bronze  figur-:8  should  be 
seen  opposed  to  the  skv.  This  is  a  circum- 
stance which  I  hope  will  be  attend«l  to  in  the 
f\Uure  pruning  of  those  trees  in  llie  grove  be- 
hind it. 

^9  this  square  is  a  snbject  easily  referred  to, 
and  as  for  the  first  few  years  of  its  growth  it 
will  bel  liable  to  some  criticism,  because  few 
are  in  the  habit  of  anticipating  the  future  ef- 
fects of  plantation,  the  mtenuon  of  the  plan 
is  here  inserted. 

To  skreen  the  broad  ^vel-walk  from  the 
street,  a  compact  hedge  is  intended  to  be  kept 
dipt  to  about  six  feet  high:  this,  composed 
of  hornbeam  and  privet,  wul  become  almost 
as  impervious  as  a  hedge  of  laurels,  or  other 
eveigreens,  whidi  will  not  siKceed  in  a  Lon- 
don atmosphere.  Within  the  gravel- walk  is 
^a  broad  margin  of  grass,  on  whicn  the  chil- 
drt^  may  be  kept  always  in  sight  from  the 
•windows  of  the  nouses  immediately  opposite ; 
and  for  this  reason,  (founded  on  the  particular 
wishes  of  some  mothers)  the  lawn  is  less  cloth- 
ed with  plantation  than  it  might  have  been  on 
the  principle  of  beauty  only.  This  ciicular 
laMm,  or  zone  of  open  space,  surrounds  the 
central  area,  in  which  have  been  consulted  tlie 
future  effect  of  shade,  and  a  greater  d^ree  of 
privacy  or  seclusion. 

The  outline  of  this  area  is  forma!  by  a  walk 
under  two  rows  of  lime  trees,  regularly  plant-* 
ed  at  equal  distances,  not  in  a  perfect  circle, 
but  finishing  towards  the  statue  in  two  straight 
lines  directed  to  the  angle  of  the  p^estal.  It 
is  possible  that  some  fanciful  advocates  for  na- 
tural gardcnii^  will  object  to  this  disposition 
of  the  trees  as  too  formal ;  and  they  will  be 
further  shocked  at  my  expressing  a  wish  that 
the  arch  formed  by  tnese  trees  over  the  walk 
shoidd  be  cut  and  trimmed  so  as  to  become  a 
perfect  artificial  shade,  forming  a  cloistcr-like 
walk  composed  of  trees.  For  this  purpose  the 
suckers  or  sprays  from  the  stems  should  be  en- 
couraged, to  make  the  interior  perfectly  se- 
cluded. In  the  due  attention  to  the  traming 
and  trimming  such  trees  by  art  consists  the 
difference  between  a  garden  and  a  park  or  fo- 
rest ;  and  no  one  will,  I  trust,  contend  that  a 
public  square  should  affect  to  imitate  the  latter. 

The  area  inclosed  within  these  lime  trees 
may  be  more  varied ;  and  as  it  will  consist  of 
four  distinct  compartments,  that  nearest  the 
statue  is  proposed  to  be  shaded  by  a  ■  gnwc  of 
various  trees,  scattered  with  less  regularity, 
while  the  other  three  may  be  enriched  with 
flowers  and  shrubo  each  disposed  in  a  di&rent 


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Selections  Jrom  ike  Wbrh  of  MttdatM  de  Genlis, 


[504 


manner  to  Lodulge  the  various  tastes  for  regu- 
lar or  irr^idar  gardens  ;  yet  always  bearing  in 
sniiKl  liwit  the  trees  should  not  be  suffereu  to 
lisetoo  hi^  in  the  line  immediately  behind 
the  statue. 

As  from  the  great  extent  of  Russell  Sauare 
It  is  advisable  to  provide  soihe  seats  for  shade 
«r  shelter,  a  reposoir  is  proposed  in  the  centre, 
with  four  low  seats,  covered  with  slate  or  can- 
rsi9^  toslielter  from  rain,  and  four  open  seats 
to  be  covered  with  cUmbing  plants,  trained  on 
^en  lattice,  to  defend  from  the  sun :  these 
seats  surround  a  small  court-yard,  to  be  kept 
locked,  in  -which  may  be  sheds  for  gardeners* 
tools,  and  other  usefol  pur|)ose8. 

A  few  years  hence,  when  the  present 
patdies  of  shrubs  shall  have  become  thickets, 
— when  the  present  meagre  rows  of  tree*  shall 
hare  become  an  umbrageous  avenue, — ^and  tiie 
children  now  in  their  nurses'  arms  shall  have 
IfCGome  tlie  parents  or  grandsires  of  future  ge- 
neration^,— ibis  square  may  serve  to  record, 
Ihat  the  Art  of  Lwidscapc  Gardening  in  the 
l»eginningof  the  nineteentli  century  was  not 
directed  by  whim  or  caprice,  but  founded  on 
a  due  conside|-ation  of  utility  as  well  as  beau- 
ty, without  a  bigottcd  adherence  to  forms  and 
lines,  whether  straight,  or  crooked,  or  scr- 
]>cntine. 

ji  New  Pocket  Atlas  and  Geography  of 
England  and  Wales ,  illustrated  with 
fifty-five  copper  plates,  shewing  all  the 
great  poet  roads  with  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages situated  thereon,  also  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  An-,  Soil,  -Productions  and 
Manufactories,  as  well  as  the  number 
of  Hundreds,  Cities,  Boroughs,  Mar- 
ket-tovMis,  Parishes,  Houses,  and  In- 
habitants. By  John  LufTman,  Geog. 
podcetsize,  price  7s.  6d.  plain,  10s.  6d. 
coloured.  Lackington  aud  Co.  London. 
1806. 

This  title  fully  describes  the  contents  of 
the  work.  The  author  assures  us  that  he 
has  consuked  the  best  authorities.  On 
examining  the  pages  of  the  woilc  itself, 
we  find  them  composed  of,  a  plate  printed 
by  way  Qi  head  piece,  at  the  top  of  the 
page  ;  and  letter  press  description  below 
It.  We  must  confess,  that  the  plates  are 
in  our  opiolon,  too  small  j  they  too  much 
ftserable  watch  papers;  nor  can  we,  with^ 
out  recourse  to  our  very  best  spectacles, 
f^istinguish  their  contents.  They  might 
I  a ve  been  twice  as  large,  and  more  dis- 
tort, on  the  same  page,  had  a  little  dex- 
terity been  employed  in  managing  the  let- 
ter press.  They  are  neatly  executed ;  but 
are  on  diiferent  scales.  Tliere  is  a  gene- 
ral imp,  not  iIl-thou£ht,  at  the  eud. 


Selections  from  the  Worhs  of  Madame  da 
Gen  lis-,  consisting  principally  of  prc» 
cepts,  maxims,  and  reflections,  moral, 
religious,  and  sentimental.  Crowa  8vo. 
pp.  215,  with  a  Life  of  Mad.  dc  G.  pp* 
17'  Price  5s.  bds.  Cundee,  London, 
1800. 

It  is  not  always  that  works  of  tmagioa- 
tion  which  pass  uncensured  in  France, 
are  admitted  into  good  company  in  £lng- 
land :  the  ideas  of  the  two  nations  on  the 
morals  and  the  delicacies  of  life,  are  ofu^n 
contradictory  5  and  their  customs,  founded, 
on  those  ideas,  are  opposite  of  course. 
Very    seldom   can  we  recommend    the 
tvhcle  of  a  French  tale,  without  excep- 
tion,  however  we  may  approve,  or  even 
admire,  individual  parts  of  it.    We  per* 
ceive,  therefore,  an  advantage  in  forming 
selections    from  the   works  of  popular 
French  authors  :  in  which  those  passages 
which  are  excellent  may  be  combined, 
while  tliose  which  are  censurable  may  1)6 
omitted.    It  is  true,  that  such  fragments 
jnust  always  be  very  defective ;  t^ey  to» 
tally  forego  the  connection,  the  progress, 
the  termination,  and  unquestionably  the 
interest  of  a  story  ^  they  therefore,  muat 
not  be  considered  as  even  attonptmg  to 
do  justice   to  the  skill    of  the  original 
author,  or  to  present  any  adequate  evi- 
dence of  his  merit.    They  must  "be  ac- 
cepted as,  what  they  profess  to  be.  Se- 
lections only  :  and  if  judiciously  executed 
they  have,  at  feast,  the  merit  of  amusing 
without  tiring  the  reader. 

With  respect  to  the  work  belbre  us,  it 
appears  to  be  well  executed;  we  have  not 
olwerved  in  it  any  thitig  deserving  of 
blame ;  but  believe  it  is  a  fair  selection 
from  Uie  works  of  Mad.  de  6.  Those 
who  are  pleased  with  the  French  manner 
of  thinking,  and  style  of  writing,  will  be 
gratified  by  adding  this  neatly  printed 
volume  to  their  libraries.  As  a  specunen 
we  quote  the  following  article  on  tiavel-f 
ling,  and  the  naanner  of  writing  travels. 
We  could  be  glad  if  some  of  our  modem 
tourists  would  follow  the  advice  of  this 
lively  and  sensible  French  female. 

A  traveller  is  always  interesting  when  ho 
b  neither  self-sufficient  nor  loquacious.  The 
veracity  of  great  talkers  is  justly  questioned. 
A  traveller  who  takes  delight  in  relating  his 
adventures,  lays  himself  open  to  ^^reat  sus* 

ron ;  and  as  he  cannot  excite  curiosity  but 
inspiring  confidence,  he  can  attain  this 
tw»-ibld  object  only  by  dispkyiog  simplicity. 


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Sachariahtklms*' Trails fr^m  SitenoS'Jyrft. 


Csotf 


nbdesqr*  Old  feienre.  Yottn^  moD  Id  pani'-^ 
cular,  shotJd  not  speak  of  their  trarels  unless 
when  tbey  are  asked.  People  take  delight  in 
asking  quesdoiifs  of  travellers,  and  listen  with 
pkaiure  to  their  answers  j  hut  they  think 
them  exceedingly  tiresome  when  they  b^gin 
telling  of  their  own  accord  long  stories^  con- 
cerning which  noboffy  made  any  enquiry. — 
La  Bruyh'9  the  Lets, 

The  manner  of  writing  travels  ought  to  be 
pure  and  ek^giqit,  but  likewise  simple,  con- 
cise and  serious.  A  style  that  is  neither 
epigrammatic^  too  florid,  or  impassioned, 
ihimd  be  shnnncd  by  travellers  as  vi^llas 
historians :  because  both  ought  to  inspire 
confidence,  and  scrupulous  impartiality,  ac- 
curacy and  fidelity  are  reqmred  of  them. 
Brilliant  talents  may  embellish  theie  indis* 
pensahle  qualities,  but  cannot  make  amends 
tor  the  want\>f  them.  Enthusiasm  isalv\^ys 
Justly  suspected :  it  constitutes  the  principal 
ment  of  an  ode^  of  a  poem  or  an  oration  ) 
but  tt  is  only  misplaced  in  travels.  A  person 
wishes  1o  appear  an  universal  genius;  and  in 
A  pamphlet  of  two  hondred  pages  disptays 
erudition  were  none  was  wanted;  consie- 
miently  he  is  but  a  pedant.  He  strives  to  be 
eloquent  and  profound  in  writing;  a  letter, 
instead^of  which  he  is  obscure,  diiluse,  and 
perplexed.  If  he  writes  his  story,  he  is 
Anxious  to  exhibit  at  one  and  the  same  time 
the  gravity  aiid  great  ideas  of  a  statesman, 
with  the  gracefhlness,  ease  and  delicacy  of  a 
wit,  and  he  is  superficial,  inconsistent ;  be 
writes  without  disceminent  and  without 
dignity.  Finally,  the  writer  of  travels  pre- 
tends to  display  philosophy,  fire,  energy, 
lively  Sensibiliw^  poetic  talents:  and  tie 
composes  a  ludicrous  and  insipid  romance, 
destitute  of  imagination,  plan  or  interest. 
Let  us  fiurly  admit  that  it  is  high  time  to 
rMicnch  from  works  of  this  kind  the  extacics 
on  lofty  mountains,  the  religious  horrors  in 
the  recQSics  of  vast  forests,  the  prose  idyls  on 
l»eads  and  verdure,  the  emphatic  d^Krrip- 
tiocis  of  ioQ\i%,  of  precipices,  of  grottoes,  of 
cascades,  and  especially  those  lone  details 
written  with  such  complacency,  of  all  the 
tnivcller*s  sensations,— *dctaib,  which  compose 
%rhole  volumes  and  merely  inform  you  that 
the  author  was  afraid  on  a'  certain  occasion ; 
that  on  such  a  day  he  was  struck  with 
admiration,  or  deeply  moved ;  that  another 
time  he  fell  into  a  tneosing  melancholy ;  and 
other  particulars  ot  no  higher  importance. 
Ware  all  these  little  confidential  communica- 
tions suppressed,  travels  would  be  neither  less 
instructive  nor  less  entertaining.  Renounce 
ttHBti  all  this  nwMtntic  common-place;  be 
judicious,  accorate,  an  attentive  observer, 
and  if  you  can  write  well,  you  will  obtain 
eminence  as  a  traveller. — Ihii. 

Never  appear  astonished  at  customs  which 
4iff<ir  ftoA   d^H  of  your  Bfttivc  oeuBtiy< 


This  astonishment  has  all  the  anpeSarance  of 
censure;  and  besides,  it  does  little  honour  to 
the  understanding.  Can  you  expect  to  finil 
at  Moscow,  the  customs  Common  at  Rome? 

Travellers  are  continually  talking  of  b^ 
tional  character,  and  imagine  theinsekes 
acouainted  with  the  chaiactor  of  ^1  thit 
individuals  of  a  nation,  when  they  Invc 
studied  that  of  the  inhabitants^  a  town  or 
a  province.  This  is  a  great  error,  The« 
may  exist  a  national  spirit,  as  for  instance,  ia 
England ;  there  may  be  a  national  character 
in  states  as  limited  as  the  little  republics  of 
Lucca  and  St.  Marino ;  but  there  is  no  na- 
tional character  in  the  countries  divided  m» 
extensive  provinces.  A  Nonnah,  a  Oogcoii* 
the  native  of  Champagne  and  of  Anv«?«^e^ 
are  Ftenchmen,  and  yet  they  have  all  vert 
diH*erent  characters.  The  more  the  limils  i 
an  empire  are  extended  by  cooquest,  the 
more  striking  this  diversity  becomes. — /bii. 

Before  people  set  out  on  their  travels  i« 
foreign  countries,  they  ought  to  be  vrell 
acquainted  with  their  own,  and  to  be  able  to 
draw  comparisons.  This  method  of  prbceod- 
ing  is  certainly  the  most  natural,  and  thit 
has  undoubtedly  caused  it  to  appear  lete 
brilliant. — Ibid, 

Travels Jrem  Buenos  jiyres,  by  Potest,  \^ 
Limn,  with  notes  by  the  translator,  con- 
taiuiiig  topographical  descriptioas  of 
the  Spanish  possessions  in  S.  Araeriou 
By  Anthony  Zachanah  Helms,  former- 
ly  director  of  the  mines  near  Cracow, 
&c.  12mo.  pp.  300.  London,  Phihps 
1806. 

These  travels  took  place  so  far  back  as 
the  year  1789,  since  which  period  w« 
have  reason  to  suppose  that  these  couo* 
tries  have  eiperienced  very  considerablo 
changes.  The  government  of  Buenos 
Ayres  (vide  Panorama,  p.  374)  having 
been  greitly  favoured  by  royal  edicts,  «n. 
der  Which  its  trade  has  been  extensiveir  ^ 
augmented,  has  lately  received  coqsidws 
able  accessions  of  popalationi  part  o( 
which  it  appears  consisted  of  eipjgiaDtsi 
from  the  neighbouring  goverQments.  M, 
Helms  was  a  tnitier,  ai^d  these  papers  do 
credit  to  his  observation,  and  skill  in  his 
profession  :  but  they  testify  at  the  samo 
time  the  difScultief  he  had  to  stmgglQ 
against,  in  his  attempts  (for  he  did  not 
succeed)  to  effect  improvemeQts»  among 
the  Spanish  superintendants  and  work- 
men at  the  mines.  The  public  board  by 
which  these  works  are  governed,  is  ac« 
cosed  of  ignorance  in  metatiung^;  the 
viceroy  is  accttied  o£  supineiMss^  to  ut 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


ion 


Zachanah  itelnii'  Traveti  from  Suenos^Jyrei. 


il5M 


nothing  worse,  and  individuals  are  ac- 
cused of  barbarism,  and  of  counteracting 
"with  all  their  might  the  royal  commission- 
ers, by  secret  cabals  dnd  the  basest  ca- 
lumnies« 

There  is,  then>  no  superabundance  of 
general  information  communicated  by  M. 
Helms  :  incidentally  he  drops  a  remark, 
or  observatioh,  which  isentided  to  notice 
by  reason  of  the  paucity  of  travellers, 
who  have  described  this  country  ;  but  he 
does  not  profess  to  overpass  the  boun- 
daries of  th^  science  which  he  under- 
stood; and,  if  we  desire  to  obtain  a 
knowledge  of  the  inhabitants,  or  of  the 
productions  of  S.  America,  (mines  ex- 
ocepted)  this  is  not  the  work  in  which  to 
seek  it  The  editor  has  felt  this  deficien- 
cy so  sensibly,  that  he  has  added  all  in  his 
power  to  the  value  of  the  volume  by  wdy 
of  appendix ;  and  to  this  appendix  he  has 
also  added  miscellaneous  facts.  We  must 
do  him  the  justice  to  say,  that  his  labours 
are,  in  our  opinion,  more  amusing  than 
the  reports  of  the  author,  and  that  to 
those  who  have  not  seen  later  Spanish  au- 
thorities, they  may  convey  some,  though 
irregular,  ideas  of  the  people  and  the 
provinces  to  which  they  refer. 

The  notion  of  wealth  is  so  strongly  en- 
trenched in  the  imagination  of  some  in- 
considerates,  that  they  think  nothing  toe 
much  to  endure  for  its  acquisition  :  the 
curt  sacra  fames  acts  on  the  principle  of 
nil  mortalibus  arduum,  and  since  our  ac- 
quisition of  an  establishment  in  S.  Ameri- 
ca, we  may  apply  to  the  instant  mercan- 
tile speculations  of  our  commercial  men, 
the  words  of  Juvenal : — 

*— --vertict  classis,  quocunquc  vocftrit 
6pe9  lucri  *,  ncc  Caqrathium,  Gaetulanque  tantum 

/Bquora  transiliet :   ted  longe  Calpe  rdictA 

Others  extending  their  views  further, 
think  nothing  done  till  we  possess  the 
Mines  of  Peru  alsoj  let  us  see  now,  what 
numerous  felicities  surround  them.  M. 
H.  informs  us  that. 

The  mines  of  Guantajaya,  might  yield  a 
sreater  quantity  of  silver,  if  they  were  not 
tituated  in  the  dry  burning  sandy  desert  en 
the  ^  shore.  Fresh  water  must  be  fetched 
from  a  distance  of  from  t\\enty  to  thirty 
miles ;  and  a  common  drinking-glass  full,  is 
sometimes  sold  at  the  rate  of  a  piastre,  p. 
103. 

Towards  Potosi  they  are  entirely  destitute 
of  woods;  and  on  the  hi^  shelves  and  de- 
clivities nothing  erows  but  patches  of  green 
^ngy  iaoss,«— brushwood  and 'charcoal  for 


fuel,  must  therefore  be  brought  ffom  adis^ 
tance  of  thirty  to  sixty  miles,  and  larger  trees 
fit  for  bililding  ereii  from  Tucuman,  being 
dragged  across  the  motintains  by  the  hands  of 
men.  A  beam  of  timber  sixteen  inched 
square  and  thirty-four  feet  in  length,  costs  at 
Potosi,  two  hundred  pounds,     p.  41. 

No  European,  nor  even  the  negroes,  are 
robust  enough,  for  one  year  only,  to  resist 
the  effects'  of  the  climate,  and  support  the 
fatigues  of  working  the  mines,  in  the  moiin^ 
tainoUs  regions.  In  the  mountains  Or  mine 
country  the  negroes  like  the  Europeans,  canv 
not  endure  the  daily  alternations  of  heat  and 
cold ;  but  become  sfckly,  and  soon  die  an  un« 
timely  death.     35. 

To  the  Indians  we  arc  in  fact  indebted  for 
all  the  gold  and  silver  brouoht  from  every 
part  of  Spanish  America.  Yet  to  these  gooci 
and  patient  subjects  their  haughty  master* 
leave,  as  a  reward  of  their  toil,  scarcely  a 
sufficient  pittance  to  enable  them  to  procure 
a  scanty  meal  of  potatoes  and  maize  boiled  in- 
water,    p.  17 

It  appears  that  Europeans  are  usually 
visited  with  a  hectic  fever,  in  the  course 
of  two  or  three  months ;  and  M.  Helms 
himself,  quitted  the  country,  as  too  inju- 
nous  to  his  health  to  permit  his  longer 
stay. 

We  are  favoured  with  a  few  very  con- 
cise descriptions  of  the  inhabitants  of 
these  regions,  in  different  places  of  this 
Journal :  this  subject  seems  to  have  inte« 
rested  the  writer  less  than  the  state  of  the 
roads,  and  the  distances  from  town  to 
town. 

We  learo  from  our  author,  that  the  wild 
Indians  dread  fire-arms :  that  their  weapon  is 
a  sling,  or  rope,  of  six  ells  in  length,  with 
an  angular  stone,  or  piece  of  lead  fastened  to 

the  end  of  it with  which  weapon,  we  le* 

collect,  Orellana  and  nine  fellow  warriors  ■ 
cleared  the  deck  of  Admiral  Pizarro*8  own 
ship,  from  Spaniards,  as  may  be  seen  in  An* 
son's  Voya^. — ^Fhe  wild  Indians  have  no  in« 
tercourse  with  the  civilized  Indians,  or  with 
the  Spaniards,  but  mortally  hate  them  both. 

The  Creole  is  lazy,  licentious,  indelicate, 
h3rpocrItical,  fanatical,  tyrannical,  yet  is 
himself  enslaved  by  his  mi^atto  and  black 
females,  who  rule  nim  with  despotic  sway. 

The  converted  Indians,  who  are  styled 
FideUs,  in  contradistinction  to  the  savages, 
whom  they  call  Barbaras,  Ir^fidelet,  Bravot, 
are  very  obedient,  patient,  docile,  timid  aiKi 
suspicious.  In  their  intercourse  among 
themselves,  they  give  strong  proofs  of  huma- 
nity and  a  love  of  Justice.  Their  colour 
resembles  dark  bronze  ;  they  have  an  agree- 
able physiognomy,  and  muscular  limbs  :  they 
are  01  a  middlestature,  and  tndowcd  with  aa 


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Zttchanah  Helms*  Travels  from  Buenos  Ayrtsi 


t^W 


cxcetteat  undentanding,  but  are  pensive  and 
melancholy. 

Several  of  the  Mine»  of  Potoii  are 
drowned  by  water  \  and  till  that  is  drain- 
ed away  they  cannot  be  worked.  A  moan- 
tain  near  La  Paz  contains  so  much  gold, 
that  when,  about  eighty  years  ago,  a  pro- 
jecting part  of  it  tumbled  down,  they  se- 
vered from  the  stone  lumps  of  pure  gold 
weighing  from  two  to  fifty  pounds. 

M.  Helms  further  observes,  that,  so  much 
do  rich  ores  abound  in  some  places,  that  if 
worked  with  a  moderate  industry  and  know- 
ledge of  metallurgy,  they  might  yield  con- 
siderably more  than  the  quantity  necessary  for 
the  supply  of  the  whole  world :  and  it  is, 
perhaps,  a  fortunate  circumstance,  that  the 
igaotance  of  the  miners,  and  the  oppressive 
measures  of  the  Spanish  government,  iiave 
prevented  more  from  being  drawn  from  this 
mexhaustible  source  tlian  nas  actually  been 
obtained,  and  from  general  experience  appears 
to  be  required,  as  a  circulating  medium  in  com- 
merce :  otherwise,  g^ld  and  silver  must  long 
agd  have  been  depreciated  to  an  inconvenient 
degree, 

M.  Helm  assures  us,  that  a  thick  stra- 
tum of  red  arsenic,  was  by  some  ignorant 
snperinte^dant  taken  for  cinnabar,  and 
some  hundreds  of  the  workmen  perished 
in  the  operation  of  smelting  it. 

While  such  inconveniencies  are  atten- 
dant on  those  subterranean  riches,  which 
unthinking  mankind  by  general  conventi- 
on, have  agreed  to  call  wealth  j  we  cannot 
but  congratulate  our  country,  that  honest 
industry  is  the  wealth  of  Britain;  and 
that  the  gold  and  silver  of  Peru  are  sure 
to  find  t^eir  way  to  this  island,  in  ex- 
change for  the  manufactures  which  our 
labour  produces.  Spain  is  not  enriched 
by  her  mines,  not  invigorated  as  a  nation, 
nor  elevated  among  the  powers  of  Eu- 
rope: on  the  contrary,  metallic  wealth 
has  rained  her  natural  resources,  has  ener- 
vated that  strength  of  which  she  was  once 
in  possession,  and  has  given  such  a  bias 
to  the  inclinations  of  her  population,  that 
the  with  difficulty  preserves  herself  from 
that  submission  to  a  foreign  power,  which 
urged  a  few  degrees  further,  becomes  a 
gtate  of  vassalage  not  to  be  distinguished 
from  slavery 

We  have  already  hinted  at  the  supple- 
mentary collections  of  the  Editor,  in 
.  which  he  has  endeavoured  to  supply  the 
barrenness  of  his  author,  as  to  accounts  of 
the  people,  the  animals,  and  other  pro- 
ductions of  these  climates ;  without  tliis 
accession. 


would  iiave  been  thought  scarcely  desenr-* 
ing  of  publication,  as  a  work ;  though  it 
might  have  been  abstracted  into  a  good 
article  for  a  magazine.  Bat,  an  active 
book-maker  is  never  at  a  loss  y  and  if  the 
original  writer  it  too  concise,  or  too  in- 
considerable, ak>ne,  he  may  nevertheleai 
form  a  volume,  with  proper  Addenda  aod 
Corrigenda  derived  from  the  laboiun  of 
others. 

Ensayo  Hydrogrofico  do  Piemonte,  £s^c.— • 
A  Hydrographic  Essay  on  Piedmont,  by 
Jose  Theresio  Richelotti,  formerly  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics  in  the  University 
of  Turin.    Translated  (from  the  Italian 
into    the    Portuguese    Language)    by 
Francisco  Fu|-tado  de  Mendon^a ;  and 
dedicated  to  His  Royal  Highness  the 
Prince  of  Brasil,  Regent  of  Portugal. 
Royal  quarto,  pp.  135.    Rome,  1803, 
From  the  nature  of  its  situation,  at  the 
lower  parts  of  a  vast  chain  of  mountains, 
as  its  name  implies.  Piedmont  possesses 
every  facility  for  irrigating  whatever  le- 
vels, or  plains,  or  vallies  may  be  inter- 
spersed throughout  its  surface.  The  moun- 
tains furnish  rivers,  varying  in  their  de- 
grees of  rapidity,  according  to  the  decli- 
vity of  the  steeps  along  which  they  de- 
scend ',  and  according  to  the  direction  of 
their  courses,     whether  more  direct  or 
winding,  whether  shorter  or  longer }  and 
whether  their  streams  be  more  copious 
and  abundant  in  water,  or  deficient  and 
insignificaut. 

In  a  country  of  such  diversity  of  levels, 
and  where  human  skill  could  easily  and 
certainly  obtain  an  absolute  command 
over  the  descending  current,  it  was  natu- 
ral that  the  effects  of  water  in  fertilizinj[ 
the  soil,  and  encreasing  the  quantity  ana 
value  of  its  productions,  should  not  only 
be  observed,  and  a  participation  in  them 
be  generally  desired,  but  tliat  the  prin-^ 
ciples  and  the  practice  of  this  art  should 
engage  the  attention  of  the  judicious,  till 
at  length  it  was  reduced  to  the  principles 
of  a  science,  and  was  studied  with  all 
the  advantages  of  scientific  pofitulata,  unitt. 
ed  to  those  of  daijy  cx.])cneiicc,  and  pi  ac» 
tical  demonstration. 

It  is  true  enough,  that,  for  ordinary 
purposes,  the  eye  is  no  bad  jud^e  of  the 
diflfejences  between  relative  Jieights ;  yet 
we  must  admit,  that  a  mathematical  de- 
termination of  levels  has  much  more  ac« 
V  1.^  r,  ,  1  ^^^'^^y  ^an  csi^inaates  by  the  eye.  Amopg 
the  Journey   of  M.    Helms  I  a  chaiu  of  mountains,  and  the  various  li' 

•  Digitized  by  ^OOgie 


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itichelofd's  ifyJrQgraphic  Msstttf  0i  Pi^mut^ 


iti* 


hiQar  or  ditsim'dar  elevations  with  whidi 
tliey  abound,  these  decepttcms  whereby 
0ax  nadmd  organs  of  risipti  are  deluded, 
would  oocur  with  peculiar  force  aad  fre* 
queocj,  and  would  eaibamuf  the  moit 
diligent  inspector,  who  should  depend  oh 
the  powers  of  sight.  But  the  effectual 
and  orderly  distribution  of  a  current  of 
Vater,  tolandsofdifierent  levels,  cannot 
t>e  established  without  a  correct  know** 
ledge  of  the  differences,  however  slight 
in  appearance,  between  those  levels,  and 
consequently  of  the  proper  precedency 
and  succession  in  which  fields,  &c.  may 
be  placed  with  respect  to  their  reception 
of  tne  beneficent  stream.  Professor  Ri- 
cheiotti,  therefore,  in  composing  his  ori- 
^nal  of  the  work  before  us,  was  honour- 
ably engaged  in  the  service  of  his  country, 
which  might  eventually  derive  much  be- 
nefit from  his  kboun  5  and  as  Portugal 
has  many  vallies  amone  her  mountains, 
not  unlike  those  which  form  the  riches  of 
Piedmont,  the  translation  of  this  perform- 
ance into  the  Portuguese  language  was  like- 
ly to  benefit  this  latter  country  in  an  emi- 
lient  degree*  For  this  reason  we  regard 
the  work  before  us  as  an  extremely  ho- 
nourable instanceof  Lusltanian  patriotiimi, 
especially  in  the  exalted  character  under 
wnoae  patronage  it  was  efiected,  and  we 
doubt  not  but  it  has  been  usefiil  in  those 
provinces  to  which  its  contents  are  of  the 
greatest  importance. 

It  opens  with  an  account  of  the  origin 
of  the  rivers  and  torrents  of  Piedmont, 
and  of  the  materials  which  compose  their 
beds.  This  chapter  illustrates  the  distinc- 
tions which  the  inhabitants  ascribe  to  va- 
rious parts  of  the  Alps :  as  the  great  Alps, 
the  maritime  Alps,  &c.  j  it  offers  also 
descriptions  of  these  mountains,  their  geo- 
logical characters,  &c.  The  second  chap- 
ter describes  the  nature  and  qualities  of 
|)ie  rivers  and  streams  of  Piedmont ;  the 
third  describes  their  courses,  with  those 
of  the  rivulets,  .an4  of  the  canals  of  irri- 
gation. This  is  succeeded  by  rofleclious 
on  the  improvements  of  which  this  branch 
of  agriculture  is  capable,  and  the  piore 
extensive  benefits  to  which  these  rivulets 
and  canals  are  competent.  The  usages 
and  laws  that  ought  to  govern  these  esta- 
blishments is  an  important  subject  of  in- 
quiry,  and  is  entered  into  by  our  author 
at  some  length.  Hiis  forms  the  fifth  and 
^  chapter  of  the  work.  It  is,  however, 
mooeeded  by  Addenda^  firqm  which  we 


learn  the  rdative  pqmlation  of'  th«  pn>s 
vinces  of  Piedmont,  those  irrigated,  aini 
those  not  irrigated;  but  as  the  enume^ 
radon  was  made  so  long  ago  as  177^,  we 
shall  not  extract  it,  because  we  are  mo- 
rally certain,  that  late  events  to  Which 
that  country  has  been  subject,  have  totally- 
abrogated  whatever  inferehces  might  h& 
drawn  from  those  statements.  A  num- 
ber of  tiotes  (24)  are  added,  and  an  in-« 
dex  concludes  the  volume.  Four  large 
plates,  containing  six  representations  o^ 
the  rivters,  streams,  and  various  currents 
of  Piedmont,  with  the  situations  of  thek 
sluices,  and  examples  of  the  manner  of 
admitting  their  waters  on  to  tha  lands« 
add  greatly  to  the  value  and  interest  oF 
this  performance. 

We  have  already  commended  the  pB« 
triotic  intention  of  rendering  this  work 
useful  to  Portugal.  We  are  not  award 
that  much  of  it  is  applicable  to  the 
present  state  of  our  own  country.  Our 
opportunities  of  irrigation  are  not  general  j 
and  the  frequency  of  rain  in  this  island 
distinguishes  it  greatly  from  those  hotter 
climates,  where  the  seasons  of  rain  are 
more  certain,  and  the  interval  between 
those  seasons  is  so  scorching,  that  human 
desires  are  almost  limited  to  the  possas-' 
si  on  of  cool  shades  and  refreshing  streams^ 
Our  summers  are  not  so  fervid,  our  plaina 
are  more  extensive,  our  mountains  are 
neither  so  high,  nor  so  clQsely  adjoining 
to  our  levels;  and  only  here  and  there 
can  a  stream  be  diverted  from  its  course, 
without  injiiry  to  some  mill,  or  other 
establishment,  which  would  speedily 
complain  of  any  diminution  of  water. 

Our  geographers  may,  however,  tak» 
a  hint  fi'om  this  work,  and  add  to  th^ 
value  of  their  maps,  by  paying  more  at- 
tention than  they  have  hitherto  done  to 
marking  the  elevations  of  mountains,  and 
the  levels  of  those  rivulets  which  flow 
fVom  their  sid2s.  It  is  true,  that  our  best 
artists  endeavour  to  describe  in  their  oiaps 
the  face  of  the  country  they  represent; 
but  it  is  also  true,  that  till  very  lately 
there  was  scarcely  an  English  niajp  extant, 
from  which  the  highest  part  of'^thc  ex- 
tent it  included  could  be  euessed  at ;  and 
perhaps  we  are  indebted  for  those  im-* 
provements  which  have  lately  taken  place 
to  the  necessity  of  ascertaining  levels  for 
the  direction,  not  of  canaU  for  irrigation* 
but  of  those  ifor  navigation — ^the  watei: 
highways  of  our  ^rer*v^dant  iibai4f 


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fiS]    60ti4es's  pUpM^iUn^  UffAy  inio 


d   Dispassionmte  Inauky   into   the  hesh 
Means  of  Nmtumal  Safety.    By  John 

>    Bowles,  Esq.  Svq.  pp.  115.  price  3s. 
fetchard,  London.    180(5. 

This  pamphlet  y^a  written  imtne^ 
(liatelj  aner  the  Austrian  Emperor  had 
deceived  from  Bonaparte  that  humiliation, 
whidi  history  will  record  with  trepidatbn, 
to  the  surprise  of  future  generations.  Late 
inteOigenoe  from  the  continent,  induces 
US  to  isfer,  that  the  ad^ce  it  contains  will 
be  thou^t  DO  less  applicable  to  the  pre- 
ieat  moment,  than  it  was  to  that  when 
the  author  wrote.  It  amiears  to  us  to 
dontain  diatter  enough  for  half  a  dozen 
pamphlets  t  atid  had  some  of  the  subjects 
ft  discusses  been  treated  scfparately,  the 
"  design  of  the  auttor  might  have  been, 
in  dl  probability,  more  effectually  .an- 
swered. 

Mr.  B.  is  a  toitleman  whbse  patriot- 
isiii  U  sd  utrell  known,  together  with  his 
▼igoor  in  discussing  those  subjects  on 
which  he  has  hitherto  engaged  the  public 
attention,  that  to  attempt  to  characterize 
his  style  and  mannei',  is  superfluous :  we 
may,  however,  be  permitted  to  hint,  that 
It  is  ill  described  by,  the  word  "  Dispas- 
aionate,;*  and  that  the  word  ''earnest" 
would  have  suited  it  better. 

We  agree  with  our  author  that  religion 
is  the  bans  of  morality,  and  morality  the 
basis  of  national  prosperity :  that  when 
Prance  banished  religion,  it  became  a  hell 
npott  earth,  and  might  have  served  as  a 
specimen  of  the  infernal  regions,  had  it, 
like  them,  possessed  in  itself  that  per- 
petuity which 

Makes  a  hell  of  hell,  a  heaven  of  heaven. 

We  agree  too,  that,  the  French  nobility  first 
lost  their  character,  and  then  themselves  : 
that  they  t^ere  too  frivolous,  too  sensual, 
too  immoral,  to  deliver  themselves,  or  to 
promote  deliverance  if  offered  by  others 
—they  had  no  vigour  of  mind,  by  which 
to  direct  the  fate  of  their  country,  or  its 
king :  no  fixed  principles  to  which  they 
mi^t  bring,  as  to  a  test,  the  insidious  pro- 
p09;tions  of  those  execrable  wretches  who 
•crupled  neither  delusion  nor  violence,  in 
unexampled  degrees,  provided  they  could 
Carry  into  execution  counsels  whose  pri- 

K  object  was  blood,  and  whose  last 
ering  was  after  destruction. 

VpL.  L   IfAt.  Pan.  Dec.  iSOff.] 


ihe  ten  Means  o/JfoAtnal  Sqfeh/.      ISU 

We  i^^ree,  moreover,  that  a  public  re* 
fiurmatioa  of  manners  among  us  is^ 

<*  A  codsummttion  devoutly  to  be  wished : '' 
that  every  indecency  of  a  public  batufe  is 
attended  with  disgrace  and  danger  5  and 
that  the  duty  of  autliority  ir  expressly^ 
and  explicitly,  to  prohibit  whatever  is  of- 
fensive }  to  "  take  care  that  the  common- 
wealth receive  no  injury,"  whether  from 
lurking  brutes  in  human  shape,  who  would 
prey  on  its  vitals,  or  from  foreign  ene- 
mies, whose  open  hostility  is  attended 
with  efifects  incomparably  less  detri- 
mental. 

In  many  other  particulars  also,  undoubt- 
edly we  agree  with  our  author ;  but  wo 
shall  confine  our  considerations  to  those 
which  appear  to  us  most  proper  to  be 
at  this  juncture  of  time  enforced  on  the 
public. 

The  first,  (and  we  think  Mr.  B.  should 
have  placed  it  first)  is  the  reference  of 
events  to  the  Sqpbbmb  Power  5  which  is 
surprised  by  no  sudden  turn  of  circum- 
stances, nor  sufters  any  human  saga- 
city to  thwart  that  wisdom  which  ruleth 
over  all. 

Mr.  B.  observes  that,  the  events  which,  dar- 
ing the  last  fifteen  years,  have  croudi^  the 
history  of  the  European  world,  are  of  so  asto- 
nishing a  nature,  or  so  awful  a  magnitude,  and 
of  so  portentous  an  aspect ;  their  accomplish* 
mentnas so  completely  violated  all  probability, 
and  baffled  all  odculation ;  they  are,  in  shorty 
so  remote  from  the  ordinary  and  natural  courae 
of  human  af&irs :  that  the  reflecting  mind  is 
utterly  at  a  loss  to  account  for  them  on  any 
other  supposition,  than  tliat  they  have  been 
brought  about  by  the  special  and  extraordi- 
nary interposition  of  the  Almighty  Ruler  of 
the  universe.  That  He  who  created  all 
things  by  the  vw>rd  of  His  power,  can  make 
them  oonduce  to  the  purposes  of  His  will,  ia 
a  proposition  which  no  one,  it  is  presumed, 
will  dispute.  That  this  Almighty  Being, 
besides  exerting  a  constantly  over-nding  in« 
flutnce,  whereby  he  renders  even  the  pas* 
sions  and  the  crimes  of  men  subseivient  to 
His  great  designs,  •  docs  sometimes  interfere, 
in  a  special  airid  extnordinaty  manner,  uid 
by  a  more  direct,  though^  for  die  time,  aa 
invisible  agency,  in  the  a£irs  of  the  workl, 
is  a  truth  which  cannot  be  controverted. 

If  the  tremendous  convulsions  by  which 


*  See  this  truth  admirably  illustrated  ii^ 
Mrs.  More*8e3Mellent  work,  entitled,   Bjfi^ 
towards  forming  the  Character  oi  p^  yi^tm^ 
Princess^  c)iat^tcrs  3d  and  39.  ' 

S 


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*155     B(yu4es*)s  l>Upcbsionak  Tfii[uiry'hiioHhe  lett  Mearts  ofKhtumal  Stfety.     O^flv 


Europe  has  'been  'so  long  aji^tated,  be,  as 
tbeir  extraotfdlnaty  natofe  and  awfid  tenden- 
cy  afiford  si^ch  abundant  reason  to  conclude, 
the  effect  of  tlie  Divine  displeasure,  it  cannot 
tfe  dtftcult  to  find  the  canse  of  that  displca- 
sutf ,  in  the  progress  of  infidelity,  impiety 
aikI  vice,  especialty  during  the  pchod  ot  the 
last  fifty  years-  Whoever  eontcmplates  the 
great  apostycy  ^ieh  has  taken  place  in  the 
very  heart  of  Christendom  —  an  apostacy 
which  Extends  itself  even  to  the  professors  of 
tjieology  in  the  principal  universities  of  the 
North  of  Europe ;  whoever  reflects  on  fhe 
immoral  systems  which,  under  the  naitie  of 
philosbphy,  "have  been  widdy  disseminated, 
with  most  alarming  effect,  for  the  purpose  of 
enidicathu^  from  the  human  mind  c^^ty  sen- 
timent of  religion,  every  prniciple  of  virtue, 
and  every  feeling  of  nature  j  whoever  consi- 
ders tlie  licentious  an4  profligate  state  of 
morals  in  which  the  European  continent, 
especially,  is  plunced,  mfght  well  tremble, 
lest  the  wrath  of  heaven  should  be.  speedily 
manifested,  in  signal  vengeance.  Hie  most 
mtihy  and  depraved  of  tlie  continental  nations 
■as  been  selected  as  the  scourge  of  the  rest. 
*l^b distinction,  however,  denotes  no  favour 
to  •profligate  France,  which,  even  in  the 
miost  oi  its  successes,  has  already  expe- 
rienced sufferings,  hitherto  unequalled  by 
those  of  any  other  nation,  But  its  agency  is 
not  eitpired- — its  woA  is  not  accomplished. 
It,  therefore,  though  itself  enslaved — though 
pressed  down  by  tne'galling  yoke  of  a  fero- 
^ous  usurper — ^:joes  on  conquering,  and,  per- 
haps, still  to  conquer;  Kttle  thinking,  that 
the  vciy  triumphs  m  which  it  glories,  nesides 
rivetting  its  own  chains,  may  ultimately 
prcn-^c  the  means  of  still  sev'eref  punishment 
to  itself,  than  any  which  it  has  been  the 
Instmment  of  inflicting  on  neighbouring 
countries.  ^ 

r'^       Instead,  therefore,  of  attributing  our  es- 
"'caix!  from  the  caluniities  whlbh  ha^-c  befallen 
other   nations,  to  anv  distinguishing  merits 
of  our  oTvu,  let  us  ratlier  consider  tliose  cala- 
tiiitics  as  a  merciful  warning  to  us.    p.  p. 

Another  consideration  Is,  the  duty  of  ex- 
f  iCising  our  foi  titude.     Rtany  persons  can 


can  anticipate  no  secure  leinilnatlun  of  ^ic 
contest :  but'  unless  We  resobteSy  Kiaitttai^ 
that  contest  until  it  be  ftemreht  terminated ; 
until  a  atate  of  peace*  instead  t>f  bdiMr  at- 
tended with  an  increase  of  danger,  will  be 
less  perilous  than  a  state  of  war;  until.  In 
short,  far  brighter  pfospeets  open  upon-m; 
desolation,  such  as  has  not  been  hitherto 
known,  at  least  in  modern  times>  most  be 
our  lot.  In  such  a  situation,  the  danger  to 
which  we  arc  most  exposed,  is  that  of  being, 
at  length,  wearied  out  and  disheartened,  on 
finding,  year  after  year,  that  notwithstand« 
ing  all  our  exertions,  and  all  6ur  suocet9es» 
we  cannot  catch  any  distinet  views,  how* 
ever  distant,  of  a  state  of  national  repoae  and 
safety.  On  this  subject  I  have  alrcidy,  on 
another  occasion,  presumed  to  warn'  my 
countrymen ;  and  the  case  will  justify  a  re- 
petition of  the  warning,  tliat,  *♦  unless  it 
shall  please  providence  to  give  a  great  and 
sudden  turn  to  public  affairs,  other  virtues 
mtfst  be  called  into  exercise,  besides  thoie 
which  are  now  admirably  displayed  by  ftrft 
country.  If  we  would  ultimately  preserve 
our  native  land  from  slavery ;  if,  looking  be- 
yond the  dangers  of  the  moment,  we  would 
secure  that  national  independence,  for  which 
the  British  people,  like  one  man,  have  ruUw 
ed  into  the  field  to  meet  the  insulting  foe ; 
if  we  would  place  our  wives  and  children 
beyond  the  reach  of  horrors,  the  very  con*> 
tcmplation  of  which  freezes  our  blood,  but 
against  which  our  drawn  swotds  are  notr 
their  only  protection ;  if,  in  short.  We  wooUl 
bequeath  to  our  descendants  any  other  portion 
than  the  most  degrading  subjection,  iukI  th« 
most  bitter  wretchedness;  to  that  pitriotic 
spirit,  to  that  martial  aidour^  which  will 
render  the  history  of  the  present  moment 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  in  the  recoils  of 
this  country,  we  must  take  care  to  superadd 
the  less  splendid,  but  not  less  indispensable, 
virtues,  ot  patience,  pcrsevertmee,  and  ybir- 
titude,  Wc  must  not  suffer  ourselves  to  be 
wearifd  out  by  any  length  of  contest ;  we 
must  not  be  disheartened  by  any  faihire  of 
efforts ;  we  most  not  be  induced,   by  ai^y 

^>v..a.„s^v V.V,.     .,^„^  ,,v..ov,^,.-^     teni|)oniry  or  partial  success,    to  leka  our 

•tand  an  onset  ^^ell :  but  iiot  all  can  exert  -  «^^r^'0"«  /«r  permanent  security ;  and  what. 


endurance  to  the  end.     Oil  thi*  subject 
Mr.  B;  thus  expresses  himself. 

Tliere  is  yet  another  danger  o^ainst  which. 
we  rtiost  be  on  our  guard,  and  from  wliich, 
unless  we'  meet  it  with  extraordinary  reso- 
lution, we  have  much  more  to  apprehend 
than  from  cither 'prenviture,pflff/rV<i/ion,  or 
acnial  invasion.  The  present  is,  indeed,  a 
•  4ay  of  trkdi  of  severer  trial,  whetiicr  >ve 
consider  its- probable  duration,  or  xJjfii^  dark 
clouds  with  which  it  is  overspread,  than  this 
country  has  e\*er  experienced.  We  can  as 
jet  didcoxer  no  end  of  our  difTicultics— ^ve 


after  so  long  an  enioymeiit  of  prosperity, 
may  be  more  diffirult  than  ^11  the  rest,  we 
niljst  resolve  cheerfully  to  submit  to  whatever 
privations  so  sexerc  a  struggle  for  all  that  H 
dear  to  us  inaj-  render  necessary.  We  must, 
in  short,  obuiin  that  firmness  and  self-com- 
mand, which  alone  can  enable  us  to  encoun- 
ter tlime  difhcuhics,  and  to  endure  those 
disappointments,  which  it  may  be* our  lot  to 
experience,  before  we  can  again  enjoy  the 
sweets  of  rc})Obe  •." 

•  A  view* or  the  moral  stite  6f  society  tBt 
the  dose  of  the  i^th  ccnimy. 


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The  AUxtninai, 


S«JJ» 


^  There  is  one  auaHty  in  particular,  the  cul- 
tivation of  whicn  \^  of  such  importance  in  a 
contest  like  the  present,  that  it  ought  not  to 
))e  passed  over  without  distinct  notice.  I- 
Inean  a  disposition  to  Internal  harmony,  con- 
cord, and  co-operation.  We  should  cherish 
every  disposition,  feeling  and  bahit,  which 
are  favourable  (6  their  grow4h  and  vigour  5 
remembering  that  whatever  is  adverse  to  their 
improvement  tends  to  endanger  the  security 
of  all  that  isdear  and  valuable  in  social  life. 

We  confess  these  ideas  are  rather 
gloomy :  present  trouble,  ^ture  trouble, 
perpetual  trouble!  onr  author  does  not 
'*  prophesy  smootli  things,"  however  : 
yet  ^  indulge  a  hope,  that  he,  as  well 
as  ourselves,  will  live  to  see  some  of  those 
dark  clouds  dispersed,  on  which  he.  now 
bends  his  anxious  eye,  and  in  which  his 
imaginttion  discovers  the  violence  of  fu* 
tare  hurricanes,  the  widely  spreading  de- 
vastttions  of  irresistible  tornadoes ! 

A  third  particular  in  which  we  agree 
with  Mr.  B.,  is,  a  strong  conviction  of 
the  power  of  good  example  9  and  this  re- 
medy for  our  nloral  diseases  is  of  a  nature 
so  feasant,  and  adapted  to  counteract 
evils  so  numerous,  that  we  recommend  it 
without  the  smallest  hesitation.  Like 
Shakespeare's  Mercy, 

—It  is  twice  blessed ; 

It  blesses  htm  that  gives,  and  him  that  takes, 

and  no  man  ever  did  good  to  any  other 
person  by  this  means,  without  doing 
abundantly  more  to  himself. 

The  most  general  and  obvious  of  those 
means,  is  the  powerfully  attractive  force  of 
eood  example,  which  has  an  invariable  ten- 
dency to  excite  men  to  the  love  and  practice 
of  virtue*  The  desire  of  happiness,  which  is 
^e  univenal  principle  of  action  in  the  human 
breast»  impels  mankind  to  esteem  those  who 
evidently  contribute  to  the  general  felicity. 
Now  the  connection  between  virtue  and  ha|>- 

Siness  is  so  manifest,  and  the  former  tends  so 
ireclly  and  so  invariably  to  promote  the  lat- 
ter, both  in  uidi\iduars  and  communities, 
that  none  but  the  most  abandoned  can  with- 
hold their  admiration  from  the  truly  virtuous 
character ;  whik  the  captivating  model  dis- 
j^syed  by  such  a  character  is  wonderfully 
ealculatea,  by  means  of  the  fascinating  cbarm 
of  imitation,  not  only  to  reclaim  the  vicious, 
|mt  also  to  animate  and  assist  the  virtuous  in 
ibeir  struGgles  with  temptation.  If  such  be 
the  beneficial  tendency  of  good  example, 
ifvhat  imperious  motives  are  suggested  by  the 
present  awfnl  state  of  the  world,  to  induce 
^erj*  one,  who  considers  himself  unlisted  in 
the  cause  of  virtue,  to  be  more  thaa  ordi- 


narily attentive  to  hU  deportment }  It  oug^  t 
not  to  satisfy  him  that  his  conduct  b  correct, 
that  it  is  free  from  every  thing  which  can  have 
an  injurious  teodeoqr ;  he  ought  to  eiidea«% 
your,  to  the  utmost  of  his  jpower,  to  vender- 
it  exemplary,  that  it  may  have  ^Uie  ^ect  of 
alluring  others  to  the  practice  of  c\<;ry  reli- 
gious and  moral  duty.  But,  for  that  nur* 
p'ise,  he  must  be  careful  not  to  forget  uiat^ 
without  humility  and  meekness,  the  bright- 
est examples,  though  they  excite  admiration » 
will  ever  fail  to  produce  imitation.  These 
qualities  are«  indeed,  the  v€«y  kcy-stoiie  of 
virtue,  without  whioh,  besiaes  being  alto- 

§  ether  defective  as  a  model,  it  must.also  be 
evoid  of  strength  and  stability;  insomvcn 
that  the  good,  when  destitute  of  such  Qua- 
lities, (if,  indeed,  goodness  can  exist  with- 
out them)  not  only  lose  all  their  influence 
upon  the  bad,  but  are  destitute  of  coheltnce 
and  harmony  amohg  themselves  ;  nay,  they 
are  even  repulsive  to  one  another,  and,  00a- 
sequently,  incapable  o^  mtitaat  co-opmti9a 
in  the  cause  which,  indivi^uaMy*  they  a»» 
deavour  to  serve. 


We  admit,  also,  without  reserve^  the 
right  of  admonition  in  those  who  can  ap^ 
peal  with  decorous  modesty,  to  their  own 
deportment :  and  when  benevolence  jbai 
condescended  to  precede  e&hortatloiis  an^ 
counsels,  we  believe,  the  heart  is  moist 
open  to  receive  them  with  attention,  wft 
might  justly  say,  with  aflfectioB.  Ye^ 
sir,  much  good  has  been  done>  much  ia 
still  doing,  by  the  kindness  of  superion 
to  inferiors,  throughout  this  kingdom  | 
displayed,  not  in  ostentation,  nor  even  im 
broad  day-liglit,  but  with  a  privacy  whick 
eludes  observation,  with  a  eentleness which 
descends  as  silently  as  the  fleecy  snow 
from  heaven,  with  a  chearfulness  which 
exhilarates  the  giver  no  less  than  the 
recejver,  with  a  disinterestedness  which 
awaits,  its  reward  when  the  last  echo  of 
human  applause  shall  have  ceased  its  vL* 
bration — But,  it  shall  be  rewarded  :  in 
what  manner,  we  leave  to  the  gracious 
disposer  of  all  events )  and  we  appeal  to 
our  highly  favoured  firitain  in  proof  that 
hitherto  our  security  has  kept  pace  writh 
our  benevolence,  private  and  national. 


The  Alexandriad.  Being  an  humble  at- 
tempt to  ennnoerate  in  rhyme  some  of 
tbose  acts  which  distinguish  the  reiga 
of  the  Emperor  Alexander.  Royal  4to. 
pp.  24.  Ptice  2s.  ed.  Westley,  London, 
1805. 
A  poem  in  praise  of  a  cro^^ned  headi 

will  always  be  liabk  to  su^icion  of  flat- 


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itke  jtetandriadi 


itTO- 


tcrjr :  tvtn  tfuth  ilsfclf,  wear»  somewhat 
l^a  different  :^}pearanc!e>  than  if  it  were 
addressed  to  a  priTate  indiridual.    When 
|mblic  measures  are  commended  in  an 
^peror,  an  Englishman  is  apt  to  enquire^ 
what  might  have  been  said  against  them 
by  Opposition  ? — when  private  virtues  are 
celebrated,  the  authorities  of  the  writer, 
^nd  his  means  of  information,  are  seldom 
admitted  to  pass  without  en^juiry.    Such 
is  the  unavoidable  drawback  on  poems 
addressed  to  princes :  independent  of  every 
^nsion   to    tiie  words  fet  or   reward. 
^    We  are  so  far  prejudiced  in  fevour  of 
the  £mperor  Alexander,  as  to  believe  that 
Ike  disCnarges  the  arduous  duties  of  that 
exalted  station  In  which  his  birtli  has 
flaced  him,  with  the  most  upright  inten- 
lioiis,  with  great  readiness,  consideration, 
and  irmness  i  with,  every  ab'dity  for  «>- 
fernment  which  God  and  nature,  andnis 
country  have  bestowed  on  him  :  and  that 
the  general  wd^re  of  his  extensive  do- 
oiinions  is  the  object  of  his  heart,  as  it  is 
of  bis  office.    Without,  therefore,  deviat- 
ing into  the  enquiry  whether  this  Empe- 
vor  combines  whatever  is  excellent  in  die 
characters  of  Atrides,  Achilles,  Nestor, 
Ulysses,  and  Eneas,  (p.  2)  or  whether  the 
Smprest  blends  the  diarms  of  Cytherea*s 
goddess  with  those  of  Minerva,  Suada, 
Alccsta,  Hesperia,  and  Helen,  (p.  13)  we 
shall  commend  the  notes  as  containing  in- 
formation and  learning  5  and  shall  pre- 
sent a  specimen  of  the  poetry,  in  order 
that  the  poet  may  ^)eak  for  himself. 

As  when  the  sun  first  bursting  into  light, 
With  plicid  smiles,  dispels  the  gloom  of  ni^t, 
A  gentle  fire  sb'mes  mildly  round  hb  head. 
And  rosy  blushes  the  pale  clouds  o'erspread  ; 
Yrt  e'er  the  god  his  sultry  course  pursues. 
He  bathes  his  tresses  in  ambrosial  dews. 
So  here,  blessM  promise  of  a  genial  day, 
A  pensive  lustre  tin^fd  die  rising  ray ; 
AiEXis'  grief  empearl'd  th'  ethereal  gleam, 
Temper'd  its  fire,  and  digniiyd  its  beam. 

WhUe  thus  the  son,  by  gentle  nature  tnov'd. 
Mourns  o'er  the  parent  whom  he  fondly  lov'd. 
The  Monarch's  soul  a  thousand  duties  share. 
Mankind  hb  Dwnily !— the  world  hb  care !  • 
Mercy  with  sweet  enrichment  fiom  hb  miod 
Kow  mounts,  seraphic,  on  the  searchmg  wind : 


*  The  first  acts  of  Alexander's  reign  realised 
the  expectations  of  the  world,  and  exhibited  the 
betievolence  of  hb  nature  in  the  most  impicssive 
'manner.  Hb  accession  to  the  throne  was  an- 
Qonnced^iuly  on  the  i^th  March,  isoi.  On  the 
4iy  foUowiiig>  he  wetu  to  the  senatCi  and  re- 


} 


Now  throui^h  the  dungeoh'sgtteih^  sdrAwbteslts  ^ 
Now  from  the  languid  limb  the  fetter  shakes  | 
Now  wings  her  flight  o'er  cold  Siberia's  plains^ 
Cheers  the  poor  exUe,  and  dbsoUes  hb  chains  ^  ' 
Inspires  new  bting  with  Promethean  breath. 
And  sweetly  shines  amidst  the  waste  of  death,  p^  ^ 

See  the  blythc  peasant  rais'dto  man's  estate. 
With  growing  thought,  and  new-bom  pride  elate. 
With  willing  labour  tilb  the  grateful  soil. 
Secure  to  reap  the  produce  of  hb  toil. 
Sweet  liberty  descends  to  ner?e  his  armf, [charms 
Aiul  through  hb  waking  soul  breathes  all  bcv 
Hb  ca»es,  hb  fears,  hb  sorrows  she  beguiles, 
And  decks  e'en  poverty  in  cheerful  smiles. 
See,  where  be  views  with  ardent,  doubling  cf  es. 
And  awkward  gniti^de  and  glad  siirprbe^ 
About  him  shoot  unhop'd  feUcicks  t 
While  from  a  mass,  so  late  but  breathing  eartb. 
Love  and  allegiance  burst  at  once  to  birth*  p.  7. 

Science,t  late  fainting  .'midst  the  savage  gore. 
Which  stained  and  delug'd  poor  Italia's  shore, 
Aflrighted  fled  the  ruthless  shock  of  war, 
Inspir'd  and  guided  by  the  northern  star. 
On  AiSxAUDxa's  royal  breast  recUnes,  [shines  ^ 
And  cherbh'd  there,    with    mild  enforcement 
Bright  round  hb  thiooe  her  ample  wings  expand. 
And  scatter  blessings  o*ci  a  grateful  land. 
'Midstn  Dorpat's gloom  she  sheds  a  genial  ray^' 
And  pours  throughCh4irkoff*s  wild,  the  mental day^ 
Neglected  Wilnat  gladdens  at  the  sight. 
And  proudly  glows  with  renovated  light ; 
A  city's  wealth  here  feeds  the  sacred  flame. 
And  here  Odessa  swelUto  Nioolaefs  ferae,  p.  19* 

stored  its  authority.  He  suppressed  the  state  in* 
qubition  which  had  been  guilty  of  the  greatest 
tyranny  and  injustice-^ie  gave  liberty  to  the  state 
prisoners  arbitrarily  confined  in  the  several  for- 
tresses— recalled  the  exiles— abolished  the  insult- 
ing ordinances  about  dress,  allowing  every  one 
to  deck  his  person  agreeable  to  hb  fancy ;  and 
exonerated  the  inhabitants  of  the  capital  from  the 
troublesome  duty  of  alighting  from  their  earriagca^ 
at  the  approach  of  any  of  the  imperial  family. 
He  dismissed  from  bffice  many  persons  undeserr* 
ing  the  stations  they  filled,  and  corrected  nume* 
rous  abuses  which  had  crept  into  the  military  as 
well  as  the  civil  department.— In  short,  be  <|id 
every  thing  that  the  most  comprehensive  judg- 
ment, or  the  most  virtuous  heart  could  suggests— 
Amongst  other  ukases  which  were  issued  on  the 
day  succeeding  his  accession,  was  oiic  for  te* 
vivifwand  confiiitiing  all  the  regulations  of  tba 
late  Empress  Catherine  for  the  cncoiknigeiBcat  of 
UMlttstry  and  commerce. 

f  Alexander  has  invited  men  of  genius  from 
every  country  to  settle  m  hb  dominions,  aaA 
afforded  them  the  most  liberal  protection. 

%  Vide  Panorama,  p.  414,  415. 

H  His  Majesty  has  revived  the  univernty  of 
Wiioa,  and  has  granted  105,000  roiibUs  In  attvcr 
annually  for  its  supporu 


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iMl] 


De  Roue's  PJtymlagiculJUmelUnies. 


^tm 


MtHanges  de  Pkysiofogie,  de  Physhtie  et 
de  Cktmie,  ^c.  t^c.    Misoeiiatiies  of 
PhisioIogy»  Natural  Philosophj,  Che- 
mistrj,  &c.    By  Claude  Boucher  De 
Ratte,  &c.  With  this  modest  epigraph. 
Ex^,  monninentum  mre  pcreniosy 
Re^alique  stra  pyraroidum  altius. 
Faria,  2  vol.  8vo,  pp.     Price  l(Js.  1806, 
Dulau  and  Co. 
A  strange   production   this,    which 
leaves  far  behind  it,  the  labours  of  all  for- 
mer  phjTsidogists !    The    ingenious    re- 
searches of  those  gentlemen  on  the  human 
frame,  went  no  farther^  than  to  ascertain 
Che  nature  and  functions  of  our  organs, 
the  causes  and  effects  of  their  irritability 
and  sensibility,  and  the   reciprocal  in- 
fluence they  exert  on  each  other,  and  on 
the  general  system  in  the  same  individual. 
"But  our  author  scorns  such  contracted  li- 
mits, and  sturdily  maintains,  that  by  the 
S3rmpathetic  connexion  which  exists  be- 
tween the  corresponding  organs  of  differ- 
ent individuals,  we  may,  actually,  be  af- 
fected with  every  sensation  of  another, 
rven  at  a  great  distance,  and  in  spite  of 
our  reluctance  to  submit  to  it.    He  then 
proceeds  to  apply  his  doctrine  to  eacl>  par* 
tknilar  organ. 

He  affirms,  for  instance,  that  by  stead « 
fastly  fixing  an  object,  he  has  made  it  vi- 
sible to  people  fiir  away  from  it,  and 
completely  out  of  sight  of  it.  The 
sense  of  smelling,  and  that  of  tasting  may 
likewise,  we  learn,  be  gratified  by  /;rojrv ; 
although  the  person  who  is  to  feast  on  the 
second-hand  sensation,  is  himself  beyond 
the  reach  of  the  efAdvia.  Our  author  in* 
sists  that  this  is  no  fiction,  as  some  igno- 
rant people  grossly  and  arrc^antly  affirm  5 
however  he  restricts  the  distance  of  sjrm- 
pathetic  enjoyment  to  300  feet :  but  then, 
nls  only  indispensible  requisite  is,  inten- 
sity of  thought,  and  profound  meditation 
on  the  subject  to  be  enjoyed.  He  ob- 
serves, very  judiciously,  that  men  of  let- 
ters possess  this  requisite  in  perfection ; 
sad  chears  us  with  the  prospect  of  our  par- 
ticipation in  a  Guildhall  dinner,  notwith- 
standing the  formidable  battalions  of  por- 
ters and  beadles,  which  blockade  the  ave- 
nues. Perhaps,  as  M  Claude  Roucher  de 
Ratte  did  not  write  for  Englishmen,  he 
had  in  idea  the  savoury  haui  gout  which 
emanates  from  certain  French  dishes  of 
extensive  celebrity :  and  these  we  confess 
we  give  him  leave  ex  animo  to  station  im- 
iQ0Y€2it>ly  at  the  most  extreme  distance 


admitted  bv  his  1iypothesif»  or  to  doubio 
the  interval,  if  he  please :  but,  if  the  ques- 
tion concern  good  roast  beef,  we  beg  leave 
to  acquaint  him  that  our  blunt  feelings 
can  never  be  brought  to  enjoy  the  iUstani 
flavour,  no,  nor  gratification  bv  proxy,  nor 
second-hand  festivity.  Nothing  but  ati 
absolute  approximation  and  relish  will  s»* 
tisfythe  characteristic  cravings  of  a  Bri- 
tish appetite.    A  sirloin distant  300 

feet !  No,  Sir,  one  hundredth  part  of  the 
distance  is  a  misery :  and  we  confidently 
make  our  appeal  to  the  approaching  festi* 
vLties  of  Christmas,  when  our  readers  will 
enjoy  repeated  opportunities  of  resolving 
this  question  by  experiment.    Q,.  E.  D. 

He  proceeds  afterwards  to  unfold  a  still 
more  marveUous  discoveryj  of  which  wo 
have  seen  only  the  forerunners,  and  which 
is  to  carry  his  name  to  the  most  distant 
climes  and  generations.  We  shall  giv<^  it 
in  his  own  words : 

* '  I  have  discovered  thai  we  may  know  the 
thoughts  of  another  person,  asid  transmii 
our  own^  without  the  assistance  of  words, 
without  any  motion  of  the  lips,  unthoui 
any  ^igns,  and  without  seeing  one  another. 

"  When  we  want  toknow  a  truth,  which 
we  suspect  is  carefully  concealed  from  us, 
we  have  only  to  press  with  our  fingers  the 
cartilaginous  part  of  the  first  false  ribs, 
near  the  heart,  towards  the  sternum,  and 
then,  put  a  categorical  question  to  the 
pcFson  from  whom  we  expect  informa- 
tion, at  the  distance  requisite  in  all  sympa- 
thetic phenomena  (from  30  to  300  l^t). 
It  is  not  necessary  that  the  Question  should 
be  expressed  by  word  of  mouth;  the 
thought  alone  mentally  uttered  is  suffi- 
cient.  Nor  is  it  necessary  that  the  two 
persons  should  see  each  other. 

"  If  the  requisite  conditions  have  been 
fulfilled,  the  person  who  is  thus  interpel- 
led,  will,  if  the  conjecture  be  right,  expe- 
rience in  the  region  of  the  heart,  a  kind 
of  pricking,  like  the  stinging  of  ants, 
which,  by  a  sympathetic  affection,  will  be 
transmitted  to  the  other.  In  the  contrary 
case  neither  will  feel  any  thing  !** 

This  wonderful  discovery  is  indeed  lia- 
ble to  some  inconveniencies }  the  more 
so,  as  our  author  assures  us,  for  which  we 
give  him  credit,  that  it  ts  within  the  reach 
of  any  old  weman  j  and  requires  only  ar-* 
tention,  a  little  practice,  and  a  proper- 
tionable  quantum  of  faith.  We  may,  for 
instance,  in  spite  of  ourselves,  have  the 
ideasof  others  insensibly  inoculated  uite 
S3 


Digitized 


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*I33 


De  RaM$  Miscellanies. 


[52-* 


-<Hir  min(k.  Bat,  says  our  author,  tho^e 
iotruders  arc  easily  distinguished  from 
Ihe  genuine  offspring.  And  to  prevent 
inquisitive  impertinents  from  prying  into 
oar  very  souls,  we  have  nothing  more  to 
-do  than  to  put  our  hand,  (either  right  or 
left,)  on  the  occiput,  while  we  are 
thinking. 

Moralists  tell  us,  and  philosophers  agree 
witli  them,  that  every  good  has  its  evil : 
«ven  this  invaluable  discovery  itself,  appears 
by  the  confession  of  its  parent  to  be  at- 
tenc^cd  by  evils  of  moment  and  magnitude, 
lor,  notwithstanding  all  his  precautions, 
our  unfortunate  author  has  suffered  most 
severely  from  his  own  discovery.  His 
thoughts  have  been  stolen  from  hii«, 
half  formed,  which  has  induced  him  to 
hurry  the  printing  of  them,  in  their  pre- 
sent undigested  state.  '  Nor  is  this  all :  his 
personal  cogitations  have  been  maliciously 
disturbed,  by  the  unwarrantable  introduc- 
tion of  other  people's  thoughts,  into  his 
brains;  mobs  dt  a  distance  and  out  of  his 
sight  have  surrounded  his  study,  compres- 
sing their  occiputs',  and  tearing  their  hair, 
in  order  to  contuse  his  ideas;  wounds 
have  been  inflicted  on  the  hearts  of  dead 
animals,  that  he  might  feel  the  sympathe- 
tic anguish  5  nay,  and  shooting  pains  have 
been  inflicted  on  his  head,  exactly  in  the 
places  from  whence  sprout  the  horns  in 
Animals,  for  purposes  the  very  reverse  of 
benevolent !  Practice  has,  at  last,  enabled 
him  to  guard,  in  some  measure,  against 
these  persecutions,  but  the  waggish  au- 
thors of  them  are  the  objects  of  his  most 
bitter  execrations.  And  very  deservedly, 
ibr  most  surely  there  would  be  no  living  in 
peace  in  this  world,  if  every  man  who 
chooses  may  by  pressing  his  fingers  on  the 
cartilaginous  part  9f  the  first  false  ribs,  pat 
categorical  questions  and  receive  categorical 
answers,  before  we  have  time  to  defend 
our  occiputs:  a  cunning  fellow  who  has 
filled  both  the  hands  of  his  adversary,  with 
loaves  and  fishes,  for  instance,  may  con- 
trive eflfectually  to  pump  the  truth  out  of 
him  before  he  lets  go  his  hold. 

His  discovery  is,  nevertheless,  as  we 
may  well  suppose,  the  most  sublime  and 
the  most  useful  which  ever  blessed  man- 
Jcind.  At  the  end  of  the  first  volume,  in 
which  it  is  fully  detailed,  he  seriously  pro- 
poses new  legislative  measures,  which  are 
to  have  no  other  basis.  For  instance,  to 
bring  to  justice  a  debtor  against  whom  the 
creditor  has  no  proof*,  and  who  denies 


his.  debt ;  to  receive  the  last  instroctioAS 
of  a  dying  man  who  has  lost  the  use  of  his 
si^eecb,  &c.  He  proposes  also  to  make  use  o£ 
this  discdv^-y  for  the  administration  of  po- 
lice, for  the  erection  of  a  new  kind  of  syrei- 
patiietic  telegraphs,  and  for  the  better  ob- 
taining the  truth  in  auricular  confession. 

We  arc  afraid,  however,  that  these  laws 
would  be  absolutely  superfluous!  for  if 
we  could  suppose  (a  case  indeed  not  pro- 
perly supposeable)  tliat  a  statesman  should 
say  one  thing  and  mean  another;  or  that  a 
pious  confessor,  by  mere  inadvertence, 
should  approximate  nearer  than  sympa- 
thetic distance  (30  to  300  feet)  of  his  fair 
penitent,  how  easily  might  either  exclaim 
against  the  ideas  which  had  been  infused 
into  him,  by  some  malignant  but  invisible 
daemon,  whether  human  or  spiritual,  be- 
fore he  had  del'ended  himself  by  clapping 
eitlier  hand  on  his  occiput :  and  what  are 
the  true  principles  of  justice  in  cases  of 
such  extraneous  infusions,  our  author  has 
not  condescended  to  inform  us. 

The  second  volume  contains  essays  on 
electricity,  in  gaivaaismj  and  on  the  mag- 
netic fluid. 

The  expectations  of  our  readers  cannot 
have  been  much  raided  by  the  specimen 
we  have  given  them  of  the  author's  so- 
briety of  thought  5  not  that  he  is  quite  so 
preposterous  in  his  ideas  on  physics  and 
chemistry,  as  on  physiology :  yet  his  new 
views  on  these  subjects  are  mostly  either 
wild  combinations  of  received  theories,  or 
new  colourings  given  to  abandoned  sys- 
tems. Such  is,  for  instance^  the  supposed 
existence  of  the  principle  of  sulphur, 
which  he  represents  as  a  modification  of 
hydrogene,  and  as  the  universal  principle 
of  combustion,  in  fact  the  phlogiston  of 
Macquer,  Kirwan,  &c.  Such  is  his  pre- 
tended explanation  of  the  positive  and  ne- 
gative electricity  of  Franklin,  and  others  j 
instead  of  which,  he  adopts  the  appella- 
tion of  resinous  and  vitreous,  given  by 
Grey,  Boyle,  &c.  and  more  recently  by 
Haiiy.  He  then  discovers  that  resinous 
substances  are  rendered  by/riction  capa* 
ble  of  absorbing  a  greater  quantity  of  elec« 
trical  fluid;  that  they  do  not  prodnce  ne- 
gative electricity,  but  a  privation  of  posi-* 
tive  electricity,  in  bodies  brought  into  con- 
tact with  them;  or  within  their  atmos- 
phere. The  want  of  method  and  of  per- 
spicuity so  remarkable  in  this  compilation^ 
would  not  have  deterred  us  fi-om  attempt-* 
ing  to  follow  oiir  author,  coujd  ^  tukV^ 


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Lessef^Tyaveb 


saiiooal^  ^spaded  to  gather  some  useful 
infbfmatiou  by  our  labour.  But  whatever 
appears  new  ip  his  assertions  is.  vhotiy  un- 
aopported  by  experiment  Nothiog,  per- 
haps has  more  contributed  to  reiard  the 
progress  of  real  science  than  such  uo- 
flfaecked  ebuUtions  o£  £uicy;  and  so  con- 
vmced  are  we  of  this,  that  we  pref<;r  to 
the  most  briUlant  but  unsupported  system 
of -the  most  ingenious  man»  ^ie  simple, 
hot  well  ascertained  experiment  cdf  the 
humblest  chymist. 

But  we  musi  not  part  with  M.  Bouchtr 
in  so  formal  a  mannei*;   not,  at  leaht, 
without  tt^kiag  him  for  his  kindness. 
He  has  been  imwilling  that  any  of  the 
good  things  be  ha*  ever  said  should  escape 
us.    And  he  has  accordingly  pretixed  at 
the  beginning  of  his  wor)(  a  n>ost  rai^ting 
•peech,  publicly  delivered  on  the  glorious 
IBlk  of  Brumairc,    His  amenity  has  also 
led  him  besides  to  intersperse  delightful 
axtracu  irom  one  of  his  brother's  poem^, 
ior  though,  says  he,  in  one  place,  Racine 
has  written  on  the  same  subject,  yet  it  is 
y»tty  natural  that  I  should  quote  my  own 
brother.    Thit  reminds  U9  of  s^  anecdote 
of  the  French  poet,  Piron,  whose  conduct, 
like  his'muse,  was  under  no  remarkable 
restraint.     He  was   onqe  ^brought,    for 
•mne  midnight  exploit,  before  the  divi- 
'  BiQBai  commissary  of  police,  who,  with 
the  stem  face  of  qffice  asked  him  the  usual 
questions^  his  name,  his  profession,  &c. 
which  he  no  sooner  knew,  than  assuming 
a  most  benignant  countenance,  "  Come,** 
aays  he,  ••  we  are  all  friend*  here  j  I  have 
a  brother  who  is  a  poet  also.*'    "That 
may  very  well  be,"  answered  the  cynic 
Piron>  "  for  I  have  also  a  brother,  who  is. 
a  most  confounded  blockhead.*' 

M.  RouQher's  brother  was  one  of  the 
party  present  at  M.  de  Cazotte's  prophe- 
cy.—See  pages  67  and  333 — but  more  of 
him  herealter. 

i/Suagt  sn  lUlie  it  em  Sidle,  ^c.  Travels 

m  Italy  and  Sicily  in  1801-1802,  by  M. 

Creu^e  de  Lesser,  Paris,    Didot,   8vo. 

1 8Q&  Price  8s.  pp  372.  Dulau  and  Co. 
.  A  hasty  journey  over  a  beaten  track, 
wtitten  aifter  a  lapse  of  time,  with  the 
avowed  Fatention  of  contradicting  all  for- 
ager trafellers.  Indeed,  we  should  have  dis- 
missed this  work  without  ceremony,  but 
that  it  furnishes  us  with  an  occasion  of  cau* 
Cioninj^  our  leaders  against  the  systematical 
deceptions  of  modem   French  writers. 

We  have  been  long  actus  .omed  to  con- 


ii  itaiy  nttdf  Sidfy.  ^^0 

^ider  French  vanity  as  a  harmless  national 
infirmity,  Ibr  which  every  allowance  ^as 
.  to  be  nguide ;  but  our  author  thinks  the 
chief  defect  in  the  character  of  his  coun- 
trymen is,  ^Q  muck  modesty  !  We  how- 
ever, can  no  longer  smile  at  extravagant 
pretensions,  which  in  forced  by  arms  an^ 
upheld  by  fraud,  threaten  the  liberties  of 
all  other  nations,  as  a  devoted  race  of  in- 
ferior bjeiogs.    This,  incredible  as  it  may 
seem,  is  at  present  the  constant  theme  of 
French  writers  ^  and  not  a  publication  ap- 
pears, in  which  the  idea  is  not  directly  or 
indirectly  conveyed.     It  has  even  been 
roupc^y  asserted,  that  whenever  the  French 
invade  a  country,  they  are  only  re-entering 
into  possession  of  their  own  legitimate 
property.     M.    Greuxi  de  Les.ser,   as  ^ 
courtier,  wrote  for  no  other  purpose,  bi^ 
to  contribute  his  share  of  support  to  thi^ 
arrogant  system  5  for  which  he  is  proba- 
bly ere  now  rewarded.  He  contemptuous- 
ly looks  down  on  the  unfortunate  Italians, 
as  a  race  hardly  worthy  of  being  his  mas- 
ter's slaves.     The  country  itself  is  not 
more  favourably  treated :  and  delightful 
Italy,  b  pronounced  to  be  scarcely  habit- 
able for  a  Frenchman.  Even  Sicily  which 
our  traveller  hardly  saw,  loses  with  hira 
her  ancient  reputation,  and  her  fruitfxil 
plains  are  compared  to  tlie  dreary  wastes 
(landesj  of  Britanny  \ 

It  was  natural  to  expect  that  in  a  French 
work  of  this  description,  Britain  should 
come  in  for  a  more  than  ordinary  sharb 
of  abuse,  however  irrelevant  to  the  sub- 
ject, and  many  pages  of  this  volume  are, 
accordingly,  devoted  to  that  favourite  to- 
pic. Even  our  fair  country-women  could 
not  escape  tlie  illiberal  malevolence  of  the 
writer,  but  share  the  fate  of  the  Venus  of 
Titian,  the  Aurora  of  Guido,  and  the  God- 
desses of  the  Carrachi.  We  give  the  fol- 
lowing passage  as  a  specimen  of  modern 
Frenm  gallantry, 

'*  I  have  never  seen  women,  who  could 
less  pretend  to  beauty  than  the  Italian'; 
except  the  five  hundred  English  ladies, 
who  came  to  Paris,  after  the  peace  of 
Amiens,  with  such  a  remarkable  confi- 
dence, to  make  us  admire  their  faces,  and 
what  is  still  worse  their  fashions.  This  is 
a  new  chapter  to  add  to  the  deceptions  6£ 
travellers,  who  for  a  century  past,  have 
agreed  with  novel-writers  in  representing 
the  English  women  as  the  fairest  of  the 
creation,  and  the  men  as.  the  wisest.  God 
knows,  how  we  have  succeeded  in  almoai 
S4 


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im 


every  thing  we  have  borrowed  from  them! 
At  to  the  women,  who  have  fondly  be- 
lieved a)l  that  has  been  said  in  their  praise, 
i(  would  be  too  hard,  perhaps,  to  undeceive 
thtm  entirely^  But  1  must  own^  that  since 
I  have,  with  my  own  eyes,  seen  so  many 
ot  them,  of  every  class  j  I  dare  not  read  a 
single  English  novel.  I  tremble  lest  the 
adorable  Ularissa  or  the  angelical  Amanda 
should  have  a  chalk  complexion,  bad 
teeth,  a  bending  shape,  a  strong  knit  frame 
and  a  most  enormous  fooc.  This  picture 
is  quite  different  from  that  usually  drawn 
of  English  women,  but  it  is  not  the  less 
true,  generally  speakipg.  I  take  aH  Paris 
to  witness  as  to  this,  and  we  had  much 
ado,  with  all  the  French  politeness,  to  pre- 
vent our  betraying  t^e  sensations  produced 
by  those  foreigners.  I  will  not  speak  of 
their  dress,  which  like  their  carriage,  is 
the  reverse  of  any  thing  graceful,  and  the 
little  the  French  women  have  condescend- 
ed to  borrow  from  them,  they  have  been 
pbliged  to  alter,  correct^  and^  in  a  manner 
create  anew/* 

Our  ingenious  apd  discerning  gentle- 
roan  takes  care  on  the  other  hand,  to  in- 
form us  of  the  qualities  a  woman  must 
possess,  to  .obtain  his  approbation.  We 
will  not  ouarrel  with  him  on  the  indispeur 
sable  qualification  of  her  being  a  French 
womail.  and  a  Parisian.  But  we  sincerely 
congratulate  our  fair  country  womeQ  on 
their  being  strangers  to  the  iperetricious 
graces  with  wl^icb  he  has  decked  the  idol 
of  hit  £)inpy.  Censures  coming  from  a 
inan  whose  taste  apd  heart  appear  thus 
equally  vitiated,  are  praises  indeed  !  Who 
lirould  take  the  opinion  of  lil^idinous  satyrs, 
pa  the  modest  charms  of  ''  fair  pian*s 
train  ?** 

But  to  return  to  M.  de  Lesser.  It  may 
be  easily  supposed,  that,  by  way  of  com- 
pensation, the  French  receive  from  him  a 
tribute  of  praise,  fully  equal  to  the  load  of 
abpse  he  has  laid  on  other  nations.  To 
do  l)ip)  justice,  he  is,  on  this  head,  nn- 
commouiy  diligent  in  availing  himself  of 
e\'ery  opportunity.  Flattery  springs  up  at 
every  step  he  takes,  and  no  French  agent 
in  Italy  but  is  a  model  of  all  virtues,  an4a 
t^ri^ht  example  to  th^  debased  inhabitants: 

Tous  les  gens  qucrelleun,  jusqu'aoz  simples 

Au  dire  dc  <;hacan,  ^toiemdes  peti(s  saints. 
Among  other  instances,   a  wonderful 
escape  irma  shipwreck,  in  the  long  and 


periloiMi  navigatioii  fnm  Nqiles  to  8k%t 
gives  him  ttd'  occasion  too  £iir  to  be  un« 
improved  of  expatiathig  in  praife  of  two 
French  sea  officers,  wlMae  Mill  and  intre« 
piditv  effected  his  preiervatkm.  This  iia« 
turally  introduces  an  account  cf  thdf 
prowess  on  that  element,  against  English 
tars ;  but  our  readers  y;^  think  with  us, 
that  when  a  Frenchman  [is  ao  lost  to  truth 
and  justice,  as  to  give  the  palm  of  skill 
and  intrepidity  in  maiine  affiurs  to  his  own 
nation,  it  is  high  time  to. avail  ourselvea 
of  a  liberty  of  which  France  has  not  been 
able,  hitherto,  to  deprive  us,  that  of  cUh 
sing  the  work  and  dispoissin^  it  witl| 
scorn.  .,      - 

One  reflection,  however,*  we  mkyhe 
permitt^  \6  address  to  our  ladiesw  Thit 
Frenchman  speaks  the  sentiments  of  ma* 
ny  of  his  nation,  who,  while  in  company 
with  English  women,  afiect  to  admire 
English  ^uty;  but  we  know,  that  after 
they  ace  out  of  sij^t  and  hearing,  they  ri* 
diculethose  very  persons  and  pierfectiDna 
which  they  had  profisssed  to  admnrt*. 
There  is,  moreover,  a  bitterness  in  theiir 
ridicule,  proportionate  to  the  satis&ction 
they  had -pretended,  and  fully  coexten** 
sive  with  those  complhnents,  which  la 
expressions  o^a^^ted  ecstacy  they  had 
lavished  pn  the  sbbjects  of  their  praise  and 
peculation.  We  deny  not  that  Frahbe  ha« 
produced  men  of  honour  \  we  havelcnowa 
many:  but  they  were  never  equally  vo* 
luble  with  those  whose  interested  motives 
animated  their  loquacity ;  they  dealt  lest 
in  flattery,  but  more  in  truth :  and  if  thei( 
promises  were  ltii»  copious,  their  per« 
fbrmance  was  mpre  certain. 

■t      ,  ■       ■     .1     "  •         II  .,1 

Ifeujtf  ^ntdfkungen,  ksfc.    New  Disco* 

veries  on  the  Origin  and  Propagation  of 

Small-I^px  and  of  the  Vener^  Disease. 

By  Schaufus.     160  paged  in  8vo.  Leip. 

sic.  Feind.  H  gr. 

To  explain  the  origiq  cq;  the  age  o| 
smallpox,  the  author  quotes  a  passage  in 
the  travels  of  Sonnerat,  who  says,  *•  that 
'*  Mariatale,  mother  of  Vichnou  was  die 
*'  Goddpss  who  presided  pver  soiall  pox, 
'*  and  that  this  employn^eat  had  been  al- 
'*  ready  assigned  to  her,  pievious  to  the 
?*  eighth  incarnation  of  Vichnou,  when 
<<  the  coast  of  Malabar  was  still  covere4 
"  by  the  sea."  Hence  the  author  ^^feo, 
that  as  the  sea  rises  four  feet  in  every 
century,  smaU  pox  must  ha>'e  lieep  knowa 


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Ctentf$  NewGUles.^Uemoirs  of  the  Life  of  Dr.  Watts. 


Nd 


io  ^(ndit,  ncMPe  than  Cour  thomaod  yean 
'«gOr  According  to  iiUn^  India  has  been 
likiewi^e  the  parent  of  the  venereal  dis- 
order/which  he  sayi,  Was  brought  into 
Europe  by  the  Bohemians  in  the  fifteenth 
century.  The  proofii  of  these  twQ  asser- 
tions would  lead  U3  ^oo  ^^  and  we  refer 
the  curious  to  the  work  itself,  in  which 
ihey  will  also  find  coi^ectares  on  the 
Anadc  origin  of  American  nations. 

There  appears  to  be  a  contradiction 
in  OQX  author's  mode  of  calculation  \  for 
if  the.sea  still  riitty  the  coast  of  Malabar 
instead  of  ewurgmg,  most  be  immersed 
deeper  and  deeper. 

This  article  is  translated  from  a  foreign 
journal  i  and  we.suspectamistakeinthecri- 
tic  who  drew  up  the  report;  or  of  the  press. 

ffew  Globes,   Celestial  and  TerreUrial, 
made  by  J^  Carey,    Strand,  London. 
Prices  of  9  inches,  from  s£2.  l6s.  to 
jg4.  4s.  )2  inches  from  a£d.  13s.  6d 
tp  £5.  10s.  21  inches  from  sSg^  Qs   to 
^\6,\0»  according  to  their  fittings  up. 
Wx  have  been  induced,  not  less  by  oOr 
Inclination  than  by  our  duty,  to  inspect 
*  the  Globes  of  a  new  appearance,  lately 
published  by  Mr,  Carey.    Their  general 
'effect  is  very  neat  and  elegant :  but  we 
think   the   terrestrial    globe  rather    too 
JiTghly  tinted,  especially  the  water.    Pos- 
fibly  Mr.  Lowrie*8  new  manner  of  co- 
jouring  the  water  in  maps,  by  lines  drawn 
with  uiicoipmon  truth  and  beauty,  may 
}iave  give^i  some\phat  of  ^  toi^e  to  o«r 
geographers :  bi^t,  ^e  muft  confess,  that 
however  exquisite  may  be  his  execution, 
^e  employment  of  it  in  this  instance, 
jdoes  not  increase  our  satisfaction.  It  pro- 
duces a  too  powerful  opposition  between 
the  land  and  water,  and  too  strongly  dis- 
tinguishes what  already  wit^proper  ma- 
nagement, was  sufficiently  Jnstincr.    Mr. 
Carey*s  celestial  globe,  is  composed  on  the 
fame  principle  as  the  Astrariuro,  review* 
(sd  in  p.  7S.    The  stars  are  extren^ely  dis- 
tinct, ^4  ^*"^  relijyed  from  their  cum- 
bersome compauiQDs  are  more  intelligible 
to  the  eye  :  but  ouf  objection  still  recurs, 
that  the  History  of  the  Heavens  is  omit- 
ted by  tl^e  pon-iqsertion  of  the  constella- 
tion figures.  The  regions  they  occupy  are. 
Indeed,  m^rl;e4t^  s)ight division  lines; 
yet  we  thinly  occu}t  delineations  of  the 
objects  then[)se}ve9  might  have  been  in- 
troduced, without  any  disadvantage     The 
^  places  of  the  tt^^  appe^r  (q  mi  U)  t^  lau- 
*?lably  correct. 


Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  tf^itifigs  of 
Isaac  Watts,  D.  D.  with  extracts  from 
his  correspondence,  8vo.  pp.  177-  pric^ 
2s.  @d.  Williams  and  Co.  London,  I8O6L  , 

T^SJU  is  no  great  difficulty,  we  be- 
lieve, in  extracting  from  the  wo|rk#  of , 
such  a  man  as  Pr.  Watts :  not  a  line  of 
whose  productions  ^er  had  the  slightest 
tendency  to  do  h^rm.  '^  Few  men,*'  says 
Or.  Johpsoq, ''  have  lefl  behind  them  such 
purity  of  character,  or  sucl^  monum^ti 
of  laborious  piety.'*  ....  ^' .  He  is  at  least 
one  of  those  few  poets  with  whom  (even) 
youth  and  ignorance,  n^y  be  safely  pleas* 
ed;  and  happy  will  be  that  reader  whosa 
mind  \$  dispcNied  by  his  verses,  or  hit 
prose,  to  copy  his  benevolence  to  men« 
and  his  reverence  to  God.*'  After  thif 
opinion  of  our  eminent  q-itic,  ive  cannol 
but  commend  the  pamphlet  before  us :  yet 
we  should  at  all  times  prefer  a  complete 
work  of  the  Dr.'s  to  excerpts.  In  fact, 
we  have  never  seen  a  selection  which  sat> 
tisfied  ns  $  since  there  evidently  appean 
something  incongruous  in  mingling  veraet 
intended  for  the  lips  of  a  child,  with  Pin* 
darics  descriptive  of  the  loftiest  themes ; 
each  alone  is  commendable,  but  both  an» 
injured  by  association.  In  this  pamphlet^ 
the  life  is  eiven  more  at  large  than  usual  % 
and  it  may  be  read  with  advantage,  though 
we  do  not  perceive  much  that  is  new  in  it. 
We  learn  without  surprize,  that  the  Dtr* 
wished  to  have  corrected  some  things  in  hit 
hymqs  ;  we  wish  he  had  done  so ;  but,  if 
this  be  our  judgment  on  good  Dr.  Watts*a 
perfonnanoes,  whose  devotion  was  guided 
by  learning,  what  must  be  our  opinion  of 
those  imitatiojis,  which  since  his  day  havD 
deluged  certain  religious  interests?  mt>** 
ductions,  possessing  neither  the  Dr*t 
learning,  good  sense,  sobriety  of  thought, 
candour  of  manner,  poetical  talents,  (ndfr 
even  tolerable  rhimes,  the  lowest  branck 
of  poetry,^  to  recon^mcnd  them  I 

These  observation!  are  not  intended  fo^ 
the  present  pamphlet,  which  contains, 
besides  the  life,  only  letters  to  or  from  this 
illustrious  divine.  Among  them  we  694 
one  to  the  Dr.  from  Qibson,  Bishop  of 
London ;  and  one  from  the  Pr.  to  the 
Bishop ;  another  from  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  &c. 

The  portrait  prefixed  is  i|  pretty  perfor« 
mance,  and  we  believe,  is  authentic :  but 
why,  if  so,  was  not  the  place  where  it  if 
preser\'ed  mentioned,  tog<^th€f  with  th^ 
name  of  ^le  painter  4    . 


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5W} 


Tahle.  of  Vegeiahks  ctUlivaied  in  Europe. 


sn 


X^es    quatn    Fondateurs  des    Dynasties 

frarr^aises.    The  foijr  founders  of  the 

French  Dynasties  :  by  Dubroca.   1  yol. 

8vo.  8  fr.  common  paper,   13  fr.  50  c. 

fine  paper*    Dubroca  and  Fantin. 

The  aim  of  this  author  is  to  draw  a 

kind  of   parallel:    between  the  different 

changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the 

French  monarchy,  and  to  prove  that  they 

have  always  arisen  from  the  t>rinciple  of 

gratttnde,  as  displayed  towards  those  w)io 

have  rendered  great  service  to  the  state. 

It  comprises  a  history  of  the  establishment 

4>f  the  French  monarchy  by  Clovis:  the 

accession  of  the  royal  dynasties  of  Pepin 

and  Hugo  Capet ;  and  the  founding  of  the 

French  empire  by   Napoleon.     Jy>rtraits 

df  these   p^rsonageft,   with  an  engraved 

allegorical  frontispiece^  illustrate  and  em- 

bell^  the  work. 

JtiiSHoth^que  Hisiorifue.  The  Historic^ 
library  by  J.  F.  Nee  de  la  Bochellej  a 
work  adopted  in  the  libraries  of  the 
.  Lyceums.  1  vol.  8to.  JidauU,  Cifr. 
.  A  selection  of  the  n>ost  approved 
works  on  history,  geography,  chronology, 
politics,  and  the  law  of  nations,  cprnposeo 
in  French  or  transl^^ted  into  that  langu^e : 
it  is  accompanied  by  several  op'mions 
relative  to  the  principal  historians,  greek, 
bitm,  and  modern,  extracted  from  the 
writings  of  Lamotte  le  Vayer,  il*Argen- 
8on^  Renault  and  Mably. 

M^nioire  sur  le  Lin  de  Silirie:-^  Aq  essay 
on  Siberian  flax,  by  J.  B.  Buc'ho2&8vo. 
Mad.  Buc'hoz.  2fr.  gOc. 
Siberian  flax  is  stated  by  M.  Buc*hoz 
tp  be  far  superior  to  that  in  ordinary  use. 
This  work  contains  also  remarks  on  hemp, 
and  on  the  best  method  of  improving  it  in 
its  progress  through   the  hands  of    the 
l^otkman :    on  otlier  vegetable  produc- 
tions employed  in  manufactures,  on  such 
as  afford  tannin  -,  on  marine  productions 
from  which  xorfa  may  be  extracted  5  on  the 
cultivation  of  tliese  plants,  and  their  em- 
ployment In  various  modes. 

^Has  der  alten  Welt ;  Atlas  of  the  an- 
cient World,  in  12  maps,  drawn  by  U. 
Vieth,  arid  ej^plained  by  taWes  by  P. 
Funk,  2d  ecTition  revised  and  augmented. 
Weimar  irxd.  12gr. 
The  12  maps  9f  this  work  are  : 
1.  The  globe,  according  to  the  ideas 

of  Homer,  Dibnysius,  and  Eratosthenes. 

^^2.  Indijf'and  Persia,  with  that  part  of 

ypper  A^Uj  ,kxH)wil  V>  ttie  aQti«at8.<-« 


3.  A»a  Minor,  with  Syria  and  the  Bladk 
Sea.— ^.Palcatine.— 5.  Arabia  and  £g3rpt, 
—0.  Africa  as  known  to  the  ancients.— 
7.  Greece. — 8.  Italy.— 9,  Ancient  Rome, 
in  the  time  of  Aurelian. — 10.  Spain  and 
Gaul.— 11.  The  British  islands.  — 12. 
Grermany,  Bhetia,  Pannonia,  Dacia>  and 
Moesia. 

Reposkorium  fiir  die  GesckUktif,  Vt. 
Historical,  Statistical  and  FoKiticat  Ar- 
chives, by  F.  Luadar,  No.  1  of  Vol.  2. 
8vo.  pp.  laO.  Berlhi,  Frathlich.  12gr. 
The  two  following  interesting  memoirs 
compose  this  number.  1.  The  finances  of 
the  republic  of  the  Netherlands,  and  of 
the  province  of  Holland  in  particular,  an 
extract  from  an  unpublished  report  of  the 
committee  of  finances,  made  14th  De* 
cember,  1797«  According  to  this  report 
the  consolidated  debt  of  the  province  of 
Holland,  amounted,  Jan.  1,  1795,  to 
422,345ji955  fior\i>s:  the  ordinary  re* 
venues,  duripg  the  years  l788-:-l794*»  to 
15i77Sj952  florins  annually  3  the  extraor- 
dinary revenues  to  8,459,800  florins  5  the 
expenses  to  32,6l4>292  florins,  leaving  a 
deficit  of  more  than  8,000,000  florins. 
The  second  memoir  contains  a  surve^y  of 
the  progress  of  knowledge  in  Germany. 

Tajelder  Culturgewaechse  in  Europa,  A 
table  of  the  vegetables  cultivated  in  FU* 
rope,  arranged  according  to  the  geogra- 
phical order  of  the  climates,  by  C.  Rit« 
*  ter.  One  sheet,  folio,  and  a  map. 
Schnessfenthal,  Librar)'  of  the  Insti« 
tute.  8gr. 

This  table  commences  with  some  obser* 
vations  on  the  luxuriance  of  vegetation  as 
caused  by  the  increased  inteusity  of  heati 
founded  on  tlie  greater  or  less  abundance 
of  plants  produced  in  warm  or  cold  coun- 
tries. The  author  then  proceeds  to  notice 
the  gradation  and  difference  of  vegetation 
on  mountains  and  in  plains :  the  planta- 
tion or  diflusion  of  plants  by  means  of 
seed,  carried  by  the  winds  by  currents  ip 
the  sea,  and  by  other  means. 
He  arranges  the  vegetable  kingdom  into 

1  Com. 

2  Vegetables  cultivated  in  gardens. 

3  Fruit  trees. 

4  Plants  employed  in  comn^rce. ' 
The  degree  of  latitude  necessary  to  the 

production  of  each  is  noticed,  and  the 
map  annexed  to  the  table;  indicates  the 
geographical  and  physical  climatefj  witji^ 
iheir  principal  productioaiL 


Digit 


zed^y  Google 


5331 


?f 


jktMtnt  of  Persons  included  in  M.  de  Caxotte's  Pro^kecf.  [514 

English*.    Tkcy   were    aftcrwaids  roeeiv«d 
wiilj  great  indulgence,  and  reiuatated  ia  d^e 
college,  wluch  indulgence  they  very  ill  re- 
quited.    Upon  being  pressed  to  take  his  de- 
grees for  the  church, "-Chamfort  answered^ 
•*  1  never  will  be  a  priest ;  I   loo  much  love 
**  repose,  philosophy,  women,  honour,  and 
*«  true  glory."    He 'therefore  finally  quitted 
college,  and  was  reduced  to  the  most  abjeet 
distress,  subsisting  only  by  wfiling  for  a  few 
journalists,  and  seiuions  for  priests^  whom  be 
so  much  despised.    He  wrote  for  the  book- 
sellers, k  locabulaire  Frangoit;   and,  not- 
withstanding his  extreme  poverty,    foretotl 
that  he  should  become  a  member  of   the 
Royal  Academy,  and  be  received  with  plea- 
sure by  the  great,  **'whom  (said  he)  I  d«- 
««  spise,  but  who  will  make  mfy  fortune,  and 
*'  enable  me  to  live  en  phUotopfut^**  ^  In  1764, 
his  play,   entitkd   la  Jeunc  liuliemie,  ap- 
peared, and  W9A  \ve[\  received ;  bu^  liis  great 
irregularities  and  debauched  lite  deranged  hU 
health,  and  prevented  him  from  following 
up  this  good  fortime,  and  plunged  him  tnto 
a  state  of  extreme  misery.    He  now  became 
acr|uainted  with  the  Abb<^  Laroche,  who,  up- 
on ther  death  of  Helvetius,  recorrHnocnded  hurt 
to  Lord  HimtingcUm,  as  qualified  to  succeed 
him  in   accompanying  two  young  EnglisU- 
men  of  rank  in  a  tvf  o  years*  tour  thvou^  itul^. 
This  he  would  not  accept  of;  althou^  he 
was  ofiered  1600  pounds  for  his  trouble;  Lut 
findinz  his  heallh  reinstated,  he  preferred  a 
life  of  dissipation  to  a  situation  of  confine- 
ment, and  some  responsibility.     In  1770,  H& 
produced  his  Murcnand  de  Smyme,  whic^ 
had  great  success,  and  contributed  greatly  ta 
his  fame.     He  was  afterwards  placed  on  the 
pension  list  for  1200  livres,  as  assistant  writer 
to  tkt  Mercure.    He  first  became  acquainted 
witli  the  Duchess  de  Grammont,  at  Haire^^ 
where  his  deranged  state  of  health  obliged 
him  to  retire  for  the  benefit  of  the  waters  of 
that  celebrated  place.     She  introduced  him 
to  her  brother,   the  Due  dfe  Choiseuil,  a^ 
Chantelonp,  from  which  time  he  got  ea^ 
access  to  the  circles  of  the  great,  whose  ruin, 
was  his  constant  object.     In  1776,  he  pub- 
lished his  Dictionnaire  des  Th^itres,  and  hia. 
famous  tragedy  of  Mustapha  Was  performcti 
and  ushered  to  the  world  before  the  court  at 
t'ontainebleau ;  it  met  with  such  applauscg 
that  the  King  granted  him  another  pension^ 
and  the  present  Prince  of  Cond^  gave  him  &t^ 
appointment  in  his  household,,  which,  al- 
tliough  asinecuref,  yet  he  soon  relinquished 

♦  The  same,  we  believe,  who  traoslatcil 
Cil)ber*8  comedy  of  Love's  last  Shift,  by  the 
phrase  la  dernUre  Chemise  de  I* Amour, 

f  Grouvelle,  his  friend,  undertook  to  per* 
form  all  the  labour  of  the  situation;  the 
same  Grouvelle  that  read  the  sent^ce  of 
deatli  to  the  unfortunate  Ix»uis  XVI,  during; 
which  time  Sanierre,  the  ^brewer  (now  a 
bankrupt  and  a  vagab<md),  ws^'seen  to  si)iiic« 

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SOME  ACCOUKT  OF  THE  PERSON'S  INCLUDED 
IN  THE  PROPHECY  OF  M.  DK  CAZOTTE. 

[See  pttges  64  and  70,  Review  of  M.  de  la 
Harpe's  Works.] 

That  extraordinary  paper  which  M.  de  la 
Harpe  left  behind  him,  and  which  we  pre- 
sented to  the  public  by  an  accurate  translation 
in  our  first  number,  has  exciled  a  prevailing 
curiosity,  as  to  iu  history,  and  its  folfilnKint ; 
we  have  therefore  requested  from  a  gehtle- 
mftn,  every  way  competent  to  the  subject, 
such  further  information  as  may  assist  us  in 
forming  a  judgment  of  it  j  and  this  will  be 
faithfully  communicated  to  our  readers,  as 
opponaniqr  permits. 

M.  de  la  Harpe  does  not  name  the  place 
where  the  conversation  occurred ;  but,  from 
recollection  of  the  persons  then  in  high  life, ' 
and  a  combination  of  general  circumstances, 
there  is  no  doubt  of  its  liaving  been  at  the 
liouse  of  the  Dttke  de  Nivemoi?,  who  was  a 
member  of  the  Academy,  a  man  who  de- 
lighted in  the  convivial  parties  of  the  literati, 
and  had  regular  days  appointed  for  receiving 
ihem  at  his  table.  Tluit  he  was  **  a  man  of 
.the  highest  talenU,"  as  M.  de  la  Harpe  de- 
scribes him,  his  works  sufficiently  prove. 
The  liiled  part  of  the  company  agrees  with 
this  suggestion. 

As  the  narration  of  M,  de  la  Harpe  leaves 
the  character  of  M.  Cazotte  in  a   cousidc- 
lable  degree  of  obscurity,  and  as  the  events  of 
his  life  are  no  less  strikmg  than  those  which 
befell  his  companions,  we  shall  insert,  in  a 
future  Number,  so  much  of  his  history  as  is 
necessary  for  the  information  of  our  readers. 
It  is  clearly  understood,  that,  without  excep?^ 
tion,  the  subjects    of   these   remarks    \ 
atheists  ;  which  renders  the  confidence  they,I 
placed  in  prediction  so  much  tlie  more  re-, 
markable:  as,  where  blind  chance  prevails,^ 
en  what  principles  can  a  plan  of  events,  { 
which   is  clearly  implied  in  prediction,  bet 
either  supposed  or  supported  ? 


filBASTIBJr-ROCHrNICOLAS    CHAMPORT 

Was  bom  of  obscure  parents  at  Clermont 
in  Amcrgne ;  he  gave  very  early  proofs  of  at- 
tachment to  those  principles  which  hdVe  been 
the  cause  of  such  clreadful  calamities  to  man- 
kind, and  he  was  well  known  as  a  literary 
character  of  eminence  before  the  revolution, 
lie  was  educated  at  the  college  des  Grassint, 
4'rora  wlience  he  was  expelled  for  his  ill-con- 
duct, along -with  the  celebrated  Letoumeur» 
Ihe  tiaaslator  of  a  viiriety  of  wo^k^  from  the 


:-W3] 


jceouni  of  PersMS  included  in  M,  de  Caxoiie*$  Prophecy, 


f«3# 


lU)twithsUiiiding  tbe  Itipdncss  he  always  ex- 
perienced froui  that  Prince. 

On  the  death  of  M.  de  Sainte  Pdaye,  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy ; 
he  was  afterwards  patronized  by  the  Corate 
dc  Vaudreuil,  in  w-hose  hotel  he  had  apart- 
xnents.  .About  this  period  commenced 
hb  acquaintance  with  Mirabeau,  which  be- 
came so  intimate^  that  he  was  known  to 
have  assisted  him  in  many  of  his  famous 
speeches  ;  and  it  is  very  certain,  that  the  best 
^ssa^  in  Mirabeau*s  work  on  the  order  of 
Ciiiciunatu»»  printed  at  London,  were  writ* 
ten  by  Chamlort*,  ' 

When  the  revolution  commenced,  it  ab- 
sorbed all  his  thoughts  and  all  his  attention; 
he  baited  it,  hke  a  laTs  great  patriot  of  our 
own  country,  as  '<  the  most  stupeiKlous  mo- 
nument of.biunan  wisdom.**  He  therefore 
inixcd  with  the  people^  and  encouraged  them 
in  all  their  ej^cesses ;  it  was  his  sole  de- 
light ;  he  totally  absorbed  himself  in  it ;  nor 
could  France  boast  of  a  more  violent  and  ex- 
travagant partisan  for  the  republican  faction  ; 
•'  for,**  as  Mamiontd  justly  remarks,  *<  his 
^*  sour,  discontented,  and  petulant  humour 
'*  could  never  bear  superiority  of  rank  and 
**  fortune  j  they  ever  wounded  his  jealous 
**  pride.  He  ne^'er  pardoned  the  rich  and  the 
"  great  the  opulence  of  their  houses,  nor  the 
"  delicacies  of  their  tables,  both  of  which  he 
*'  was  alwavs  glad  to  partake  of,  and  woukl 
^'  privs^y  Batter  their  owners  in  the  noost 
"  tulson^  manner,  to  obtain  dieir  interest  in 
f  proenripg  him  pensions  from  the  court,  with 
''  which  he  was  never  contented,  <<  These  peo- 
^*  pie,**  said  he  toFlorian,  *«  ought  to  procure 
^<  me^  much  as  .20,000  livres  a  year  j  I  am 
*'  sure  I  deserve  that,  at  least/*  At  the  very 
inoment  he  was  partaking  their  bounties,  be 
n-as  planning  the  destructionf  of  tliem  and 
their  families,  as  the  following  conversation 
will  prove ;  in  which  will  be  seen,  that  the 
l^reat  paimi  Miiabeavij  as  well  as  himself, 
was  in  the  secret,  and  even  prqiarins  to  put 
in  execptiofi  the  prophetic  words  of  the  t//ti- 
fnin^  C(i90tte$  with  (his  difference,  Casotte 
saw  hb  own  fate,  while  Chamfort*s  yani^ 
)>lindoa  him  ffom  either  foreseeing,  or  even 
helieving  it  when  foretold  to  him. 

•*  As,"  says  Mannontel,  '*  X  knew  Cham- 
fort  was  the  confident  ^ad  bosom  friend  of 
Mirabeau,  I  determined  to  have  some  oonver- 

*  In  3  letter  of  Mirabeau  to  Chamfort, 
dated  from  London  in  1734,  we  find  the  fol- 
lowing passage :  *'  Oh,  mon  cher  et  di^e 
♦•  Chamfort,  je  sens  qu'cn  vous  perdant, 
«' je  penis  une  partie  de  mes  fofces^  on 
*'  m'^  ravi  mes  fteches.***— Relative  to  an 
anecdote  of  the  great  and  good  M'it^\^n, 
Our  readers  are  requested  to  explore  the  re- 
gisters of  th«^  Old  Bailey  about  thb  period. 

f  It  was  Chamfort  that  invented  tne  phrase, 
^frre  qux  ch&ieftux,  foiac  o^  ^kaumures. 


sation  with  him,  tbst  I  might  be  in  \ 
of  intelligpice  of  what  was  going  on  frpm 
tlie  fountain-head.  Accordingly,  about  three 
months  before  the  surprize  of  the  Bastile,  we 
being  accidentally  left  ahme  one  day  at  tbe 
Louvre,  (after  a  meeting  of  the  Academy  had 
been  held,)  entered  into  conversation,  and  the 
following^as  the  substaiure. 

C  Wnat,  then,  you  are  not  chosea  de* 
puty? 

AT.  No ;  and  I  console  myself  like  the  fbac 
in  the  fable— the  grapes  are  too  sour. 

C.  Indeed,  I  do  not  think  they  are  ripe 
enough  ;'-^your  mind  b  of  a  cast  too  soft  and 
flexible  for  what  is  necessary  to  be  done ;  you 
must  be  kept  for  another  legislature :  yon  are 
excellent  for  erecting,  but  good  for  nodiing 
for  destroi'ing. 

M,  Destroying! — You  alarm  me;  I 
thon^t  we  only  wanted  repairs! 

O.  True ;  but  repairs  often  entail  ruins ^ 
and,  to  be  free,  our  edifice  b  so  bad,  that  I 
should  not  be  surprized  if  it  were  found  ne^ 
oessary  to  destroy  it  entirely. 

M,  Destroy  it  entirely  ? 

C  A»y,  and  why  not?  Surely,  yon  would 
not  be  in  despair  it  you  weie  to  hear  no  moce 
of  enunences,  grandeirrs,  titles,  coats  of  arms» 
nobility,  high  and  low  clergy  ? 

A/.  Equality  is  nothing  more  than  a  chi- 
mera, which  ambition  presents  to  vanity ;  and 
the  nation  does  not  e^en  dream  of  what  yoa 
mention. 

C.  True;  but  do  yon  think  the  nation 
knovi^  what  it  wants  ? — ^It  is  a  large  flock, 
that  b  intent  only  upon  grazing,  and  with 
good  does  the  shepherds  may  1^  as  they 
like.  No,  my  friend,  neither  your  old  rew 
gime,  your  reli^n,  your  matmers,  nor  all 
your  antique  prejudices,  merit  that  we  shotdd 
pay  any  attention  to  them ;  the  whole  b  a 
disgrace  to  the  present  age,  and  must  give 
way  to  a  new  plan. 

Af.  Give  way! — What  b  to  become  of 
the  throne  and  the  altar  ? 

C.  l*hcy  must  both  fall  together;  and, 
believe  me,  the  difficulties  have  all  beea 
foreseen,  and  the  means  are  all^  ready: 
though  the  people  way  disapprove,  it  will  be 
only  timidly;  and  we"  have  plenqr  of  hearty 
fellows  ready,  who  have  nothmg  to  lose,  ana 
who  believe  |hey  perceive  every  thin^to  gain* 
to  keep  them  in  order.  To  raise  msurreo* 
tions,  we  have  money,  plots  of  scarcity,  fa- 
mine, eternal  alarms,  horrors,  and  the  mad* 
ness  of  terror  and  rage  to  keep  up  the  bust* 
uess.  Believe  me,  your  speaxers  in  the  tri- 
bune are  not  to  be  compared  to  our  Demoft- 
benes*8  at  half*a-crawn  a  head,  who  in  the 
public-houses,  or  the  public  squares,  in  the 
gardens,  and  on  the  quad's,  announce  ni<» 
vagea  of  all  kinds,  fires,  villages  destn^red, 
scenes  of  blood  and  massacre,  plots  for  be* 
sieging  and  starving  Paris ;  these  are  what  I 
caUeioq^ieut  nen.    We  have  already  tri^  tin 


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99J}  Atcoim  of  Perstms  included  to  M.  rfe  Oaoite^s  Praptieiffi  [53# 


experiment ;  and  you  would  be  Burprized  to 
know  at  how  little  expense  the  i>uke  of  Or- 
leans has  destroyed  tne  nmnufiactory  of  Re* 
Teillon.  Indeed,  Mirabeati  says  >'eiT  plea- 
Mndy,  that,  with  a  tlunisand  louis-dor,  we 
c<an  make  a  capital  sedition. 

M.  Thus  your  experiments  are  crimes,  and 
vour  militia  are  robbers. 

C  Yes,  and  it  must^be  so  j  for  the  advan- 
tage of  the  peo|>le  ia  re%^lutions  is  tor  have  no 
morals  at  all.  Mirabeau  says  rightly,  **  that 
none  of  our  old  virtues  virilJ  be  of  any  service 
to  us,  and  the  people  must  resign  them  all ; 
s(nd  thb  is  merely  what  is  necessary  for  the 
Rvolution.**  Mirabeau  knows  that  the  l>uke 
of  Orleans  is  a  coward,  and  that  to  depend 
«a  him  is  buikling  on  a  rotten  foundation ; 
but  he  is  popular :  he  hates  the  King ;  he 
detests  the  Queen.  As  for  leaders,  we  shall 
find  plenty  among  the  people,  when  they  have 
once  turned  rebels;  for  you  know  well 
enough  they  cannot  go  back,  when  their 
only  retreat 'is  the  scaBbld  behind  them. 
However,  I  see  my  hopes  alarm  you,  for 
you  do  not  seem  to  like  liberty  that  is  pur- 
^lased  with  gold  and  blood.  Do  you  expect  a 
ttvolution  to  DC  made  merely  with  rose-water? 
Here  finished  the  conversation,  and  Mar- 
montd  observes :  **  Le  malheureux  s*en  est 
**  poni  en  sVgorgeant  lui-m6pe,  lorsqu'il  a 
•*  eonnu  ses  erreurs.** — See  Marmontesl's 
M^moires  d'un  Pire.  pour  ser>ir  I^  rinstruo- 
Cion  de  ses  Enfans.     vol.  iv.  p.  75  to  85. 

He  belonged  to  the  Brissotine  faction,  and 
Boland  cot  him  appointed,  in  August  1792, 
natioiuil  librarian,  in  conjunction  with  Carra*, 
a  wretch  covered  with  crime.  .  He  enjoyed 
this  anpointment,  with  4000  livres  per  annum, 
until  his,  death.  When  the  reign  of  terror 
commenced,  which  he  had  been  so  instru- 
mental in  promoting,  he  began  to  perceive 
his  errors ;  and,  when  he  saw  the  walls 
covered  with  FratcmiU  oh  la  Mort,  he  said, 
*'  the  fraternity  of  these  fellows  is  that  of 
Cain  and  Abel."  Soon  after  the  fall  of  his 
part}*,  the  Girondistsf,  he  was  sent  to  prison, 
with  the  venerable  Barthelemy,  keeper  of 
^e  medals,  and  autlior  of  Les  Voyages  du 
jeune  Anacharsis.  Barthdemy^  was  libe- 
m  ...  ■   I  ■  w 

•  In  the  tribune  of  the  Jacobins,  Dec. 
1790,  this  man  declared  war  formally  against 
iht  Emperor  of  Germany,  demanding  50,000 
joen,  li  printinff-prcsses,  printers,  and  pa- 
per, and  he  would  revolutionize  all  Germany. 
He  was  guillotined. 

t  Twenty  two  members  of  the  convention, 
who  ware  ^llotined  bv  lU^bespierre.  Con- 
doreet,  Petion,  and  Roiaiid  escaped,  to  soStt 
moce  miserable  deaths. 

I  Thb  learned  and  verjr  respectable  man 
«ras  78  years  of  agt  when  ne  was  committed 
to  prison.  Sept  9,  1793.  We  must  defer 
mhax  we  have  to  xtlau  of  bia  tlK  a  further 


rated  the  next  day,  by  the  inde&tigable  ex- 
ertions of  die  amiable  Duchess  de  Choiseul> 
and  in  a  few  davs  after  ChahiforV  had  his 
prison  chan^,  oy  favour,  from  the  Madc- 
lonettes  10  his  own  house,  where  he  was  kept 
in  th^  custody  of  two  gensd'armes.  SoBircely, 
however,  liad  a  month  elapsed,  when,  ono* 
day  after  dinner,  his  guards  informed  him, 
that  they  had  received  orders  to  re-conduct 
him  to  prison.  Upon  which  he  obtained 
permission  to  go  into  his  bed^room  to  look« 
out  some  linen,  aiKl  instantly  locking  the 
dopr,  he  diargcd  a  pistol,  and  tried  to  put  an 
end  to  his  existence  by  blo\%'in^  out  his'  brains, 
but  in  the  hurry  he  missed  his  aim,  shot  off 
part  of  his  nose,  and  terribly  wounded  one 
^e.  Exasperated  at  finding  he  had  thus 
failed  in  his  project,  he  immediately  took  up 
his  razor,  and  endai\'ourcd  to  dispatch  him- 
self by  cutting  his  throat ;  but  owing  to  th«. 
extreme  agitation  of  his  mind,  after  varioua 
ineflfectual  attemuts,  in  which  he  rendered 
himself  a  most  shocking  spectacle,  he  a^in 
failed :  he  then  made  se\'eral  cuts,  in  vnin,  to 
force  a  passage  to  his  heart,  and  finally  at- 
tempted to  open  his  veins  that  he  might  bleed 
to  death,  in  which  he  did  not  succeed;  at 
leneth  beinac  cjuitc  overcome  with  weakness, 
he  fell  into  nis  chair,  where  he  remained  for 
some  time,  till  his  groans  and  the  blood  is- 
suing under  his  door  alarmed  the  people  who 
werewaitinff  for  him,  who  bvrst  open  hb 
room,  and  found  him  in  the  most  dreadful 
state  that  can  be  imagined.  Medical  assist- 
ance was  immediately  procured,  his  wounda 
were  dressed,  and  in  ab<>ut  three  weeks  he 
began  to  recover  rapidly,  and  was  enabled  to 

go  out  for  his  health^  but  always  attended 
V  one  gend'arme  at  least.  Upon 'being  com- 
plimented by  a  friend  on  his  escape  from  self- 
murder,  he  replied,  ••  Ah,  my  friend,  the 
"  horrors  which  I  daily  see  around  me  ai« 
"  most  persuade  me  to  attempt  it  again."  He 
removed  from'  the  national  library  shortly 
af^r  to  a  poor  lodging  in  nie  Chabanon, 
when  in  a  couple  of  months,  from  some  ne- 
glect in  not  attending  nronerly  to  his  situa- 
tion, he  fell  dangerously  ill,  and  though  he 
was  attended  by  the  celebrated  Default,  yet, 
he  lingered  till  April  1794.  when  he  expir* 
ed,  and  tvas  buned  en  pkilosftpAc,  without 
any  ceremony ;  no  priest  of  any  kind  beimj 
permitted  to  attend  him  to  the  erave  to  per- 
form the  funeral  rites.  His  works  were  col- 
lected and  published  in  1795,  in  4  volt.  8to. 

M.   BAILLT 

Was  a  celebrated  astronomer,  and  an  eIo> 
ant  writer;  he  v^ras  member  of  the  French 
Royal  Academy,  as  well  as  of^jvcral  other 
academies,  and  v<ras  author  ofPHistoire  dt 
rMtronomie,  and  Leitre^  ntr  tAtlantide, 
&c.  He  was  chosen  mayor  of  Pkris  Juty  1 6, 
1789,  on  the  assassination  of  M.  de  Flcf- 
sellas,  and  thf  next  day  raccivcd  Lo«U  JLVI 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


mi 


ArcoUni  of  Persons  included  in  M,  de  C&zotie^s  Pr&phecy^ 


t5» 


at  the  ilotd-dc-yille,  where  be  fyreaented 
bim  i^-ith  the  national  cockade,  eicdaimmg, 
•*  Hcnfy  IV  conqueied  hb  people — here  the 
•»  people  have  re-cononeredf  their  King." — 
He  was  elected  memoer,  of  the  commons 
,  (tiers^tai),  and  was  president  at  the  cde- 
Irated  sitting  of  the, ;>tt  rff»  ptfMJur.  At  this 
time  he  was  idolized  by  the  populace ;  hut 
toon  after  he  retired  from  the  mayoralty,  and 
b^inuing  to  perceive  the  fickleness  of  the 
people,  became  to  England,  and  resided  here 
a  short  time ;  he  then  returned  to  Paris,  where 
he  became  as  odious  as  he  had  formerly  been 
popular.  He  found  it  necessary  to  secrete 
nimself,  as  well  io  divert  his  mind  from  the 
liorrors  of  the  revolution  bv  study,  as  to  pre- 
icrve  hfa  life.  He  retired  to  Nielun,  from 
whence  he  was  dramed  to  Paris>  thrown  into 
the  prison  of  les  Madelonettes ;  shortly  af\er 
ke  was  moved  to  the  Conciergerie,  and  in- 
ibrmed  that  hb  death  was  resolved  on;  in- 
deed it  was  loudly  demanded  by  those  w^retcbes 
the  Jacobm  club  daily  paid  for  such  purpoees. 
He  was  soon  conducted  to  the  rexolutionary 
tribunal  in  the  Palais  de  Justice,  where  he 
gubmitted  to  interrogatories,  and  was  in- 
formed that  he  would  be  finally  judged  on  the 
monow.  He  was  then  rematKbd  to  prison, 
and,  it  b  said,  entertained  hopes  of  escaping 
from  the  fate  that  awaited  him,  which  we 
do  not  believe,  as  the  sequel  will. prove. 
Howex'cr,  he  was  early  in  the  morning  of  the 
liextdav  brought  up  for  judgment;  and,  after 
going  through  a  mock  tiial,  was  condemned 
to  death,  alSiough  |>erfectly  innocent  of  the 
charges  brought  against  h!m,  and,  what  is 
still  more  atrocious,  amidst  die  applauses  of 
the  spectators  !-^The  executioners  the  next 
day  proceeded  to  perform  their  sad  functions  ; 
they  cut  offhb  hair,  tied  hb  liands  behind 
kirn,  and  placing  him  in  the  fatal  enrt,  con- 
ducted him  slowly  to  the  Champ  de  Mars, 
about  two  miles  and  a  half  fro^i  the  prison. 
It  i»  hardly  possible  to  describe  what  he  suf- 
fered during  his  passage :  bo  was  surrounded 
by  a  legion  of  monsters,  who  abw^ed  him  in 
the  most  vulgar  and  ferocious  manner,  hurl- 
ing upon  him  the  most  dreadful  impicca- 
tioiw.  Tliev  spit  upon  him,  and  took  the 
red  flag  which  had  been  tied  to  the  cart, 
dmgged  it  in  the  mud  of  the  kennels,  tlien 
struck  him  in  the  face  with  violence,  so 
that  he  was  cwercd  with  mud.  antl  wounds 
in  such  a  manner  that  scarcely  any  of  his  ac- 
ouaintance  oould  recognise  Inm.  They  con- 
tmued  this  savage  airocit);  all  the  way  to 
execution,  sometimes  burning  a  flag  even  in 
his  face ;  and  during  the  whole  time  it  raiuefl 
very  hard,  smA  was  exceedingly  cekl.  At 
length  he  arrived  at  the  Chr.nip  de  Mars, 
when  they  made  him  descend  from  the  cart, 
and  obliged  him  to  walk  all  round  that  spa- 
'  cio«n  field  whilst  the  scf^flbld  was  erecting. 
Tlicy  thefi  ordered  the  guillotine  to  be  taken 
ttway  from  tlic  spot  where  it  had  been  placed, 


add  insisted  on  its  being  fixed  at  the  bottont 
of  the  Champ  de  Mars,  cl^se  to  the  Seine, 
in  the  middle  of  a  heap  of  excrement.  They 
also  forced  him  to  carry  part  of  the  scafibkL 
on  his  back,  in  peribrming  which  he  fell  oa 
the  ground,  quite  overcome,  and  fainted. 
On  recovering  he  beheld  the  monsters  re- 
joicing at  his  sufferings,  and  after  waiting  for 
some  thne  till  the  mochine  wasreadv,  he  was 
at  last  released  from  hb  miseries  by  the  guillo- 
tine. He  was  kept  three  hours  at  the  piaiJe  of 
execution,  and  though  he  frequently  be- 
souglit  his  murderers,  and  once  rather  sharp- 
ly, to  put  an  end  to  his  woes,  yet  he  never 
,  lost  si^ht  of  that  dignity  of  mind  which 
so,  eminently  characterizes,  conscious  inno- 
cence ;  for,  being  addressed  by  one  of  the 
spectators  with,  •*  Thou  trcmblest,  Bailly  P 
he  very  calmly  replied,  *'  No,  my  friend,  it 
«'  b  only  the  cold  r  (Non,  mon  ami,  c'est 
Icfroid!) 

It  is  but  justice  to  his  memory  tomention* 
that,  in  the  latter  period  of  hb  life,  he  ex- 
pressed ffreat  regret  for  his  former  conduct ; 
and,  on  Deing  examined  as' a  witness  on  the 
unfortunate  Queen*s  sham  trial,  he  protested 
against  the  accusations  she  was  charsed  with^ 
and  boldly  afhrmed  that  the  whole  was  a 
tissue  of  falsities  and  forgeries. 

During  his  imprisonment  he  wrote  a  Vin- 
dication of  himself  (rather  to  rescue  his  me- 
mory from  the  charges  than  to  operate  upon 
his  judges),  entitled.  Bat  lit/  h  ses  Conci- 
tot/ens,  and  although  it  was  printed,  yet  no- 
body at  that  time  dared  to  publish  it.  .  It  esta- 
blbned  his  innocence  beyond  all  doubt ;  and, 
upon  reading  it  to  one  of  his  fellow-pri- 
soners, the  btterwas  so  struck  with  it,  tnat 
he  said :  "  If  they  read  that,  they  cannot 
"  condemn  you.** — "  They  will  not  read  it,** 
replied  M.  Bailly ;  "  and  even  if  they  should^ 
"  the\-  will  still  condemn  me.  Hiey  want 
**  my  head,  and  they  will  have  it ; ,  nay,  I  do 
'*  really  think,  sucli  is  theic  cruelty  towards 
**  me, 'they  will  contrive  some  more  horrid 
**  kind  of  death  than  usual,  for  they  will  not 
*•  think  the  present  method  cruel  enough.**— 
Indeed,  a  long  time  prcnous  to  his  imprison- 
ment, he  had  been  prepossessed  that  he 
should  die  an  untimely  and  norrid  death,  also 
IT  IS  CKFTAiN  that  hr  had  been  forewarned 
irarticiilorly  orit  by  a  Hterary  man  y  and  this 
jjersuasion  secmS  to  have  issued  in  a  kind  of 
torpor,  indifference,  or  a  supinenc«s,  at  least, 
in  respect  to  the  making  of  those  exertions 
xrlnch  mip:]it  have  pnxluccd  anj^  considerable 
effect  in  his  fevour.     '    , 

The  very  peculiar  crrcumstances  attending' 
the  prophetic  conversations  of  M.  Cazotte^- 
have  induced  many  persons,  of  conside- 
ration, to  <«nqurre  now  he  came  by  his* 
knowledge.  We  have  therefore  to  rcqiust 
the  attention' of  rnir  readers  to  the  convcrsa-^ 
tioQ  between  Marmontel  and  Chamibrt^  sw* 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


mi 


Correspondence  Relaiwe  to  the  Itinerary  oj  Giraldui. 


IBAO. 


iieporttd  •above ;  thw»  it  appears^  vtMn  hdd  in 
April  1789— only  about  twelve  months  after 
thai  recoil  by  M.  de  la  Harpe,  and  evinces 
the  pievaleace  of  the  same  ideas  though  diffe- 
KDUy  expressed.  Chamfort  saw  in  general 
the  mischief  which  was  admitted,  we  might 
say  intended f  as  part  of  the  approaching  revo- 
lution: Cazotte  SSV7  more  personalty:  he 
saw  thesame  things  as  Chamfort :  the  uiler 
and unieeen^ destruction  of  vank,.honoun, 
dignities  of  every  description,  not  excluding 
the  highest;  but  whether  he  did  any  more 
than  apply  to  the  company  present  thoie  lead- 
iDf  principles  and  plans  into  which  he 
ffiight  even  then  have  penetrated,  we  cannot 
determine ;  neither  can  vre  determine  on  what 
jhithority  he  did  even  so  much :  but  we  ac- 
knowkage  our  conviction,  that  the  avowed 
opinions  of  Chamfort^  which  evidently  were 
not  his  own,  but  the  echo  of  those  of  others, 
contribute  essentially  to  authenticate  the  con- 
tend of  M.  de  la  Harpers  paper. 

We  also  beg  leave  to  impress  on  our  readers 
die  particukrs  of  the  conduct  and  behaviour 
of  M.  Bailly.  It  is  acknowledged  tliat  for 
-some  time  before  his  death  his  state  of  mind 
had  been  gloomy,  unsettled,  and  extremely 
desirous  of  privacy.  It  is  beyond  all  doubt, 
that  he  had  been  forewarned  of  his  ^te  by  a 
man  of  letter $,  a  man  associated  with  him-, 
self  in  the  same  great,  cause;  we  are  not  at 
pvesent  able  to  amrm  that  thb  literary  bn>- 
thef  wias  M.  Cazotte,  and  that  tlie  time  and 
place  was  th^t  alluded  to  by  M.  de  la  Harpe, 
out  from  every  ciicumstance  which  we  have 
been  able  to  collect,  the  impression  on  our 
minds  is,  that  such  was  theiuet;  titatM.. 
Bailly  received  the  first  hint  of  what  he  mi^ht 
exjpect  in  company  with  those  ijeaux  espnts, 
whose  eopvivial  hilarity  was  the  mean  of  re- 
vealing more  than  at  that  time  was  credible, 
thou^  events  afterwards -justified  the  predic- 
tions. 

In  the  codrsie  of'  our  researches  respect- 
ing the  'other  gentlemen  who  were  pre-.' 
sent  in  178B,  vre  /ipd  a  varieUr  of*  colla- 
teral fects,  which  though  trivial  in  them- 
aelves,  are  of  importance  when  associated 
and  grouped.  But  we  reserve  (he  further  con- 
,  tideration  of  this  sobjoct,  and  of  the  other 
persofis  mef^tioned  m  M.  de  •  k  Harpe's 
paper  to  a  future  ifmnbcr.    '^ '  ; 

CORRBSPOKDBlfOB    WITH    TBB    RBVIBWERS 
'  '  OP  fHE  LlTBRAItY  PANORAMA. 

In  this  pftrt  of  our"  work  we  shall  occasion- 

IDy  extract  ffem  die  hints  sent  by  otir  friends, 

•fijhatever  remarks,  or  additional  information, 

fhav'beof  ^se  to  our  readd^^:  and  we  the 

.  rather  im'ite  Correspomtence  of  this  nature, 

because  in  the  muluplicity  of  our  engagetnents 

.^   accident*  or  inadvertence  may  occasionally  sub- 

^  "  iect  iw  to  imputations,  to  which  nevertheless, 

atentiov)s^yhomt9tJy  plead  not  guilty. 


We  have  denended  on  the  iMiblic  newspa- 
pers for  tH-oor  tnree  articles  onty,  every  one  o£ 
which  has  been  accused  of  in'correctness. 

To  tie  Editor  of  tlie  Literary  Pavorama. 

Sir;— In  glancing  over  your  rennew  of  Sit 
R.*  C.  Hoare's  trsnsbition  of  the  *  Itinerary  of 
Giraldus,'  in  your  first  numbet,  I  have  just 
c^served  an  important  error,  which  I  think 
should  be  oorirected  with  the  first  opportun»« 
ty.  As  I  do  not  at  present  possess  Sir  Rich- 
ard's pubDcation,  I  cannot  now  ascertaiH 
whether  the  mistake  is  really  his,  as  it  ap- 
pei^  to  be  from  the  criticpie,  or  actually  tne 
reviewer's  as  I  rather  suspect ;  but  whicnever 
it  may  be,  it  should  not  be  suifered  to  stand 
uncontradicted.  Speaking  of  the  progress  of 
the  Roman  army  from  Deal  into  tne  interior 
of  the  isbnd,  it  is  observed  (p.  SO)  ^t  "  he 
(Sir  Richard')  supposes  that  Cscsar  had  a 
skirmish  with  the  Britons  at  Newington» 
near  London,  where  the  name  of  Key  Col, 
seems  to  be  a  modem  corruption  from  CtUr 
Coilis ;  and  where  the  Romans  wer»,^snr* 
prised  in  the  act  of  fortifying  their  caftip.** 
—Now  at  Newington,  rtearjLonden,  there 
is  no  such  name  as  Key  Col,  nor  amy  vestige 
of  a  camp,  either  Roman,  or  otherwise.  The 
Newington  meant  by  Sir  Richard,  is  in  Kent^ 
on  the  nigh  road  to  Canterbury,  just  beyond 
the  37th  mile  stone.  About  three  quarters 
of  a  mile  further  is  Key--Col  Hill  as  it  is  now 
called  ;  and  scarcely  a  mile  more  distant, 
and  still  on  the  main  road,  is  Key  Street ;  a 
corruption  from  Cair  Stratum.  On  the 
north  side  of  Key-Col  Hill,  is  Crock-Field, 
which  has  been  so  named  from .  the  very 
great  quantities  of  urns  and  other  Roman 
vessels  that  have  been  dug  up  here,  and  which 
according  to  Hasted,*  were  first  noticed  in 
print  by  the  learned  Casaubon,  in  tht  nole» 
to  his  own  translation  of  the  Emperor  Mar- 
cos Antot^inus's  Meditations.  Adjacent  td 
Crock-Fteld  is  a  lat^  artificial  mount,  with 
the  remains  of  a  broad  and  deep  ditoh  on  its 
south  and  west  sides.  In  the  contiguont 
woods  and  coppices  to  the  north  and  north* 
east,  arc  extensive  remains  of  trenches  atad 
ramparts ;  md  it  should  be  observed  itlso, 
that  the  ground  is  here  ccmslderably  moi« 
elevated  than  the  adjacent  oarls. .  Within 
*halfa  mile  from  Key-Col  ilill  on  the  south, 
is  ttnother  eminence  called  Standard  Hill, 
frtm  what  cause  is  unknown.  The  vicinify 
of  all  ihese  places  to  Watting  Street,  whiel) 
it'is  jjrobahie  was  a  British  way  before^ 
Poir.an  im-asion,  seems  strongly  to  opl'robo** 
rote  the  opinion  bf  Cdesar%  advancing  into  the 
interior  or  the  island  by  this  route. 

Oct.  22,  I8O6.  I'atn,  &c. 

Wilderness  Row,  E.  W.  BRATLtr. 

>  Hist  of  Keat,  Vol.  U.  P-  ml 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


Wt  ^onsMer  (ranelycs  as  extremely  obliged 
to  Mr.  Brayley  for  his  intended  kindness  in 
the  above  correction:  On  tuping  to  "Sir 
R.  C.  H.  vol.  I.  p.  \x3ixi.^  lines  8  and  9,  wc 
ft»d  the  words  *•  at  Newington,  near  Lon- 
don, &c.**  as,  in  bet,  transcribed  in  our  Re- 
view. In  a  note  to  this  page*  Sir  R.  has  re- 
peated Hasted*s  Informationy  respecting  Key" 
€ol  hiil,  Crockfield,  fstc.  referring  to  8vo. 
edit.  Vol.  VI.  p.  44.  And  in  his  ^lap 
he  marks  the  place  of  a  battle  about  39 
miles  from  London,  and  not  at  Newtng- 
Ion  near  London.  The  error  appears  to  have 
been  a  slip  of  the  pen  in  Sir  R.  It  is  not  no- 
lifced  in  the  •*  Corrections  "  to  his  volume^ 

To  the  JEdiiar  qf  the  Literary  Pavorama^ 
Our  correspondent  will  excnse  our  omitting 
the  introdoctoiy  pact  of  his  letter,  since 
that  containrAarrf  names :  but  ^ve  willing- 
hf  insert  the  argumentative  part  of  it^  since 
that  contains  hard  reasons. 

But,  as  your  reviewer^  2^ir>  has  not 
Aought  proper  to  suggest  any  argument  {n 
«ipposition  to  Mr.  Stono,  I  beg  leave  to  supply 
that  c/c/fc/;^or  such  I  must  be  allowed  to 
consider  it. 

The  people  of  the  Jews  expected,  and 
with  the  umiost  propriety,  that  Mcsgiah 
should  be,  1 .  of  the  tnbe  of  Judah ;  S.  of 
ih»  posterity  of  David  ;  3.  in  the  direct  line 
of  that  Prince ;  so  that,  had  he  eiyoyed  his 
«wn,  as  a  descendant  from  David,  Ins  risht 
to  the  throne  itself  was  unquestionable ; 
4v  horn  in  Davifts  town,  Bethlehem-Judah. 
Comp.  John  vii^  42.  Math.  xxii.  42.  45. 
Mark  xii.  35. 37.  I  should  he  glad  also  to 
9efer  your  readers  to  the  late  edition  of  Cal- 
MBT's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible :    FragmenU, 

Now,  it  happens,  that  no  other  parts  of 
the  Gospels  but  these  impugned  chapters 
|wove  this  ^ct ;  so  that  if  we  had  not  Uiese 
chapters,  whatever  we  mi^t  think  of  the 
person  nicknamed  "  Jesus  bom  at  Naca- 
•'  leth,**  "  Jesus  the  Nazarene,"  we  copld 
not  prove  that  we  received  as  the  MessiaJt, 
Jesus  bom  at  Bethlehem,  we  could  not  proxe 
that  this  person  traced  hb  descent  from  David, 
ttill  (est  m  the  immediate  line,  and  direct 
descent*  from  him  ;  we  could  not  even  prove 
that  he  was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah ;  all  which 
farticulais  are  absolutely  indispensable,  in 
aeteraiinii%  the  person  of  Messiah  x  because, 
we  readily  adout  so  much  of  Mr.  Stone^s 
^ncipW  as  to  accept  Jewish  prophe^^  for 
toe  criterion,  and  a  princi^^d  one  too,  of  the 
ttoth  of  Christianity. 

And  then.  Sir,  what  will  follow  ?— Hiat 
ike  Tews  in  rejecting  Jesus  bora  at  Nazareth, 
m  Messiah,  were  pmcctly  budable:  for  he 
w«i  defective  in  a  main  branch  of  that  evi- 
4m<x  which  was  necessary,  Jndispensably  ne- 
M8ary»  to  vindicate  bis  clain  to  this  title* 


SapposTng  mih  io  be  Sorb  ki  ftazaiHh,  h# 
was  n^'  of  Judah,  but  of  GaKHee :  he  wa^ 
not  of  Bellhlehem,  by  the  terms  of  the  affirm' 
mattdn :  he  was  not  descended  fVom  David^ 
or  at  feast,  there  eonld  be  no  proof  of  h :  fot 
how  should  th^'  towli  leoonls  6£  Bethleheni' 
dMcern  themselves  about  a  birth  at  Kazaieth  ^ 
£rgff:  he  coul,d  net  heMessiok: 

It  appears,  that  tlfAee  wh6  ^efe  unac- 
ouaintea  with  the  eariy  history  of  Jesus,  uni* 
tormly  considered  him  as  a  Galiltean :  Math, 
xxi*.  11.  Luke  xxiik  6.  it  seq,  J^hnvii.  41. 
They  also  unanimously  described  him  asf 
botn  (It  Ni^reth,  and  this  was  adrcumstance 
of  such  direct  opposition  to  a  justly  founded 
chan^cteTlsticmark  of  3fessiAh,  fhatwe  can-* 
not  but  arppfove  of  StAil^  Apposing  with  al^ 
his  might  the  prevalence  of  Jesus  bora  at 
Nazareth.  Indeed,  a  prominent  topic  of  di»-* 
eussibn  between  those  who  favoured  and  those 
whaopposed  Jesus,  was*-tbeplaceof  his  birth  :• 
and  unless  vfc  can  prove  negatively,  thal^ 
he  was  flot  bora  at  Ih^azareth,  or  in  UaHIlee, 
as  the  Jews  af&rin  \  and  positively,  that  h^ 
was  bora  fn  Judah,  and  in  Bethlehem,  of 
which  our  only  proof  Hes  in  these  to  be  ex- 
pkxled  chapters — then  we  have  ne  (complete) 
rational  evidence  to  produce,  nor  any  (deci-" 
si\'e)  reasons  tojustinr  us,  in  snpMling  ouK 
national  {iith ;  and  the  whole  of  uhrisiianity 
crambies  to  atoms  before  ouf  faces;  Soch  1^ 
the  iroportanoebf  the  introductory  chapters  to' 
the  Gospels  of  Mathew  and  Luke  :  so  nappi-* 
ly  and  learnedly  exploded  by  Mr.  Stone  I 
I  am.  Sir,  yoUrs,  Ace.    . 

' FlPELI^. 

7b  the  Editor  a/the  Litbrary  Panorama. 
'  Sir  :^— There  is  an  inaccuracy  observable  in 
your  theatrical  report,  in  the  second  number 
of  the  Panorama,  ^which,  as  it  may  have 
a  tendency  to  iniure,'  in  the  pubHc estimation, 
an  actor  of  acknowledged  merit  and  unob-* 
trusive  manneis,  I  beg  leave  to  correct.  It 
is  stated  **  Mr.  Mdvin  made  his  debut  in  the 
character  of  Walter  in  The  Children  in  tht 
JVoodr  This,  however,  is  not  the  feet. 
Mr.  Melvin  made  his  d^but  in  Gossamer  in 
'<  Laugh  when  you  Can,*'  and  Michael  in 
«<  The  Adopted  Child,**  and  was  lecdvcd  i» 
both  thoee  chamcters  with  the  greatest  ap- 
plause. He  has  since  assumed,  with  equal 
success,  the  characters  of  Walter,  Ahedneg^ 
in  "  The  Jew  and  the  Doctor,**  and  Bob 
Handy  in  **  Speed  the  PtoiK^.**  In  yoor 
critique  on  his  Walter,  his  faulu  only  are  no- 
ticed ;  how  fer  it  may  be  just  to  enumerala 
among  them  a  want  of  attention  to  oaturer 
those  who  have  seen  his  Michael  or  his  W^- 
ter,  can  best  determine. 

I  am.  Sir,  your  obedient  Servant, 
IJollorn,  G.  F.  C. 

Not.  I3M  I8O6.  . 

We  need  only  refor  this  seDtleman  to  wh^9 
he  has  already  petu^  00  arangoing  (ogu 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


>«3 


•?rhe  foUowihg  article  is  partly  abstracted  by  a 
scientific  (nend,  from  foreign  materials,  and 
partly  the  result  of  his  own  reflections  and 
experiments.  That  the  discoveries  made 
in  our  own  cgunt/y  do  not  appiea^  more 
piomioen^y  In  it,  may  be  attributed  to 
two  cau8«.  1 .  Our  desire  of  communicat- 
ing to  our  readers  intelligence  whicii  is 
new  :  2.  We  have  under  consideration  the 
propriety  of  composing  a  similar  abstract, 
wholly  restricted  to  the  discoveries  of  our 
own  nation :  of  which  more  on  a  proper 
occasion. 

^We  shall  \St  much  obliged  by  communica- 
tions of  well  authenticated  facts  on  scien- 
tific subjects :  and  beg  the  favour  of  our 
correspondents  on  such  subjects,  whatever 
signature  they  adopt,  to  indulge  us  pri- 
jvately  with  their  names. 

RETROSPECT  OF  THE  STATE  OP  ^dSKCB  FOR 
THE  YEAR  ENWNa  WJTH  THE  WINTER, 
lSQb-6. 

'  The  year  1805  wps  not  marked  by  any  of 
ihoee  brilliant  discovettes  which  illustrated 
Bome  preceding  years ;  it  has  not,  however, 
been  entirely  unproductive  to  science,  in  its 
slow  but  continued  progress.  Some  new 
FACTS  have  been  added  to  pur  fund  of  kuow- 
Jedge,  while  opinions,  more  or  less,  pro- 
baoie,  ax)d  ipgenious,  have  demonstrated  the 
inc^sant  and  the  sublime  exertions  of  the 
human  mind,  e\'cn  in  her  wandering^. 

ASTRONOMY. 

HeTKhell  continues  his  de^riptions  of  the 
Jieavenly  bodies,  which  he  discovers  by  the 
help  of  his  great  telescopes.  Such  is  tlie  im- 
.mensity  of  space,  in  which  they  roll  suspend- 
ed, that  the  light  of  some  of  them  is,  as  he 
y&fiirms,  two  millions  of  years  in  reaching  us. 

Yet  when  we  reflect  on  the  rapidity  with 
which  li^t  is  transmitted ;  and  that  the  sun's 
.beams  reach  us  In  eight  minutes,  frqm  a  dis- 
tauct  .of  pearly  IQO  xnillions  of  miles!  we 
are  appalled  at  the  enormous  distances  im- 
. plied  in  these  new  discoveries :  and  we  doubt 
the  power  of  man  in  ascertaining  intervals  so 
astonishing. 

Herschellhas  moreover  confirmed  from  ob- 
tsen^tions,  an  idea  which  analogy  had  already 
Siif^^tfid,  that  the  heavenly  bodies,  are  of 
.»  Oftture.not  unlike  that  of.  the  globe  we  in- 
habit. 

New  Cornels, 

Other  astronomers  have  been  employed  in 
rectifying  former  observations,  more  than 
in  making  new  ones;  two  new  comets  luve 
Jiowcver,  been  discovered. 

One,  very  small,  by  Bonvard,  Oct  20, 
1805. 

Another,  rery  small  also,  by  Pons,  at  Mar- 
•     Vol.  I.     [Li/.  Pan.  i>ec.  1806.] 


Reirospeci  of  thf  Stale  of  Science  jar  1805-9.  [54^ 

seilles,  Nov.  10,  1805.  These  make  tli« 
number  of  known  comets,  96. 
Orhit  of  Juno^ 
Burckart  has  attempted  to  determine  th$ 
principles  of  the  orbit  of  JcEho  \  the  planet 
discovered  by  Harding.  He  represents  it  by 
ai>  elfipsis,  whose  great  semi-axis  is  nearly 
equal  to  that  of  Ceres  and  Pallas ;  and  whose 
eccentricity  is  even  greater  than,  that  of  Mer- 
cury. But  further  obsen'ations  are  wanting 
to  establish  these  principles. 

Theory  of  SatelliUs. 
La  Place,  in  his  Vol.  JV.  of  Celestial 
Mechanics,  has  published  new  researches  oa 
the  satellites  of  Jupiter,  Saturn  and  the  peor- 
g:an.  Herschell  in  observing  Saturn  very 
carefully,  remarked  that  the  surface  of  this 
planet  was  not  a  regular  curve.  He  supposes 
that  the  attraction  of  the  ring  has  had  some 
influence  on  the  external  conformation  of  the 
body. 

Equinoxes,  Solstices,  and  Ohliquitt/  qf  /A# 
Eciipiic. 
Ddambre  has  made  some  obser\^tions  to 
ascertain  the  precise  moment  of  solstices  and 
equinoxes.  ^ 

Another  object  of  no  loss  importance  to 
astronomers,  the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic, 
has  also  attracted  his  attention.  The  result  of 
his  observations,  is,  that  on  an  average  of 
twelve  solstices,  winter  and  summer,  the 
middle  term  of  obliquity  for  the  beginning  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  is  23*^  27'  57".  His 
calculations  have  been  adopted  in  the  solar 
tables  printed  in  Paris  this  year. 

OEOORAPHT. 

The  English  lead  the  van  in  this  science 
as  well  as  in  astronomy.  Our  navigators  have 
sailed  round  New  Holland  5  the  whole  extent 
of  the  western  coast  of  North  America  has 
been  sur\-cyed  ;  while  British  travellers,  sent 
by  several  societies,  have  penetrated  into  the 
inter^oi  parts  of  Africa,  and  of  Asia.  Our 
readers  are  already  acquainted  with  Baijow's 
account  of  China ;  and  the  reports  of  those 
wi^o  have  visited  the  civilized  Hottentots  of 
South  Africa.  ' 

Two  Frenchmen,  Peron,  and  Le  Sueur, 
are  preparing  an  account  of  their  travels  in 
New  Holland,  Van  Diemen*s  Land,  and  the 
Indian  Archipelago. 

Humboldt  and  Bonpland  have  published 
the  first  number  of  their  interesting  travels  in 
America.         •  * 

Colonel  Lewis,  sentby  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  on  a  voyage  for  the  discovery 
of  the  sources  of  the  Alissoury,  took  his  de- 
parture, April  1,  18^4.  After  travelling  500 
leagues  up  that  river,  he  took  hp  hti  winter 
Quarters  in  lat.  47.  So  intense  was  the  cold, 
tnat  the  snow,  which  by  two  feet  deep  on  the 
cround,  yxz%  not  melted  till  the  end  of 
March.  "Hemet  with  several  Indian  natives 
by  whom  he  has  been,  in  general,  well  re* 

T 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


S4J1  Retrospect  of  the  State 

ceived ;  and  who  relieved  his  wints.  He 
left  that  place  at  the  beginning  of  spring  j  he 
learned  tnathe  was  then  200  (eagues  from  the 
great  Cataract,  that  200  leagues  more  would 
bring  him  to  high  mountains,  from  whence 
the  river  springs,  and  that  by  crossing  these 
moikitains  he  would  arrive  at  the  shores  of  the 
south  sea.  We  shall  if  this  mission  return 
successful,  know  all  that  part  of  America, 
the  coasts  of  which  have  been  so  ably  laid 
down  by  Vancouver. 

It  were  to  be  wished  that  other  travellers 
ivould  visit  the  neighbourhood  of  Hudson*8 
Bay,  and  Baffin's  Bay,  and  survey  the  most 
northern  parts  of  America  and  Greenland. 

Several  voyages  have  been  undertaken,  by 
order  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia.  The  return 
of  that  under  Captain  Krusenstem,  we  have 
noticed ;  and  shall  report  the  details  when 
they  are  published. 

NATURAL     HISTORY. 

This  branch  of  knowledge  is  cultivated 
tvith  unwearied  diligence  by  many  learned 
meo,  and  several  discoveries  liave  rewarded 
their  labours. 

ZOOLOGY. 

Man. 
We  shall  not,  however,  reckon  as  disco- 
veries those  announced  in  certain  dissertations 
on  that  variety  of  our  species,  which  under 
the  name  of  Boschimans  inhabits  the  cir- 
cumjacencies  to  the  extreme  setdements  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Accounts  of  tliat 
unfortunate  race,  have  only  led  us  to  wish, 
that  their  intolerable  hardships  may  be  alleviat- 
ed by  British  humanily,  without  caring,  or 
even  inquiring,  what,  indeed,  is  hard  to 
determine,  whether  they  formerly  had  a  nose 
like  our  own,  by  what  means  it  dwindled  to 
its  present  diminutive  shape,  or  how  they  are 
likely  to  improve  that  important  feature ;  for 
instance^  whether  by  the  use  of  a  handker- 
chief ?  to  all  which  most  interesting  questions 
Peron's  voyages  have  given  rise. 

Nor  do  we  give  an  entire  credit  to  his  too 
general  assertion,  that  man,  in  a  savage  state, 
IS  inferior  in  strength  to  man  in  a  state  of  ci- 
vilization ;  with  the  single  exception  of  the 
savages  of  North  America.  Tnis  may  be 
true  of  the  enfeebled  races  of  New  Holland, 
and  of  those  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  to 
which  miay  possibly  be  added  the  tribes  ob- 
served by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland  on  the 
banks  of  the  Orenoco,  Amazon,  and  Rio 
Negro:  bat  this  mtistbe  attributed  to  causes 
not  connected  with  the  savage  state ;  among 
Others  to  the  powerful  influence  of  climate. 
The  contrary  opinion  se^nii  to  be  nearer  the 
truth;  the  nordien  Barbarians,  who  breathed 
the  keen  air  of  their  native  forests,  proved 
superior  in  stature  and  in  strength  to  their  ci- 
vilized neidibours ;  nor  can  we  help  think- 
ing that  me  historical  monuments  of  their 
prowess,  deserve  more  credit  than  experiments 


af  Science  for  1805-6.* 


[549 


made  with  a  dynaniraeter.  (An  Instrument  to 
measure  the  relative  strength  of  man). 

Mammlfcrous  Animals. 
Many  valuable  acquisitiors  have  been  made 
in  this  branch  of  natural  histor\-.  Nearly  sixty 
new  species  have  been  brought  by  Peron  and 
Le  Sueur.  Humboldt  and  Bonpland  have  also 
brought  some  and  discovered  many  more ; 
they  observe,  from  the  numerous  varieties  of 
monkeys  which  they  have  seen  in  South 
Am'erica,  **  that  probably  we  do  not  know  as 
*'  yet  the  tenth  part  of  those  existing :  '*  but 
as  we  already  know  of  above  fifty  different 
species,  this  sup)X)sitiou  would  augment  the 
number  to  about  300. 

The  description  of  a  few  fresh-water  fishes 
of  America,  has  enriched  Icthyology.  The 
first  volume  of  a  general  history  of  insects 
has  been  published  in  Paris  by  Latreillc. 
The  continuation  of  Vaillant's  Illstoire  des 
Oiseaux  d'Afriquc,  and  his  2.3d  number  of 
Histoire  des  Perroquets,  are  the  only  things 
remarkable  in  Ornithology. 

Anatomy.  » 

Some  French  anatomists  pretend  to  have 
discovered  a  strange  lusus  natnree. 

Dupuytrem  has  given  an  account  of  a 
foetus  found  in  the  abdomen  of  a  boy.  From 
his  infancy  tlie  boy  complained  of  an  acute 
pain  in  the  left  side.  At  the  age  of  thirteen, 
a  considerable  and  painful  swelling  took 
place ;  a  fever  intervened,  and  he  voided  by 
stools  foetid  and  purulent  matter.  Soon  after 
he  voided,  in  tne  same  manner,  a  ball  of 
hair,  and  six  weeks  after,  he  died. 

Thebody  was  opened  by  MM.  Guerin  and 
Bertin  de  Mardelles .  who  discovered  a  bag 
attached  to  the  arch  at  the  colon  and  com- 
municating with  it ;  they  found  in  that  bag 
hairs,  and  a  mass  of  matter,  having  some  re- 
semblance to  a  human  foetus. 

On  dissecting  this  mass  they  discovered  the 
outlines  of  a  head,  of  a  spine,  some  traces  of 
the  spinal  medulla,  of  brains  and  of  other  or- 
gans ;  a  pelvis,  and  most  of  the  human  limbs 
half  formed.  A  short  umbilical  cord  was 
inserted  in  the  mesocolon  of  the  boy,  and 
contained  a  vein  and  an  artery,  whose  rami- 
fications extended  to  the  foetus. 

From  these  obser\ations  Dupuytrem  con- 
cludes, that  thb  foetus  was  a  twm  of  the  boy, 
that  it  fastened  itself  to  his  mesocolon,  froiH 
whence  it  drew  nourishment,  as  is  the  case 
in  all  extrauterine  conceptions.  The  foetus 
perished  only  at  the  death  of  the  boy. 

BOTANY. 

So  many  works  have  been  published  on  this 
head,  that  merely  to  notice  them,  wouki 
swell  thb  article  into  a  catalogue  j  Uiey  only 
contain  descriptions  of  plants  growing  m  par- 
ticular  districts. 

Koelet  has  ventured  a  new  system  on  the 
buds  and  ramifications  of  plants^  in'opposi* 


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S49]    *  Retrospect  oj  the  State  of  Science  for  1805-6. 


isso 


tion  to  Mi  of  Lhmoeus  and  Haks :  but  not 
equally  aatbfactoiy. 

"  Micropite. 
This  science  is  more  indebted  to  Tuipin, 
vrho  has  proved  that  aU  the  ovula  contained 
in  the  ovary  of  a  plant,  nave  a  small  hole  on 
one  side,  as  the  point  by  which  they  are 
£i5(ened  in  it,  and  which  he  calls  micropile 
{small  door].  Some  botanbts  had  already 
remarked  this  little  orifice ;  but  he  has  as  • 
certained  its  existence  in  all  ovula  and  that  it 
is  easily  seen  \n  most  seeds,  when  come  to 
ooaturily.  The  radicula  of  the  embryo  con- 
stantly points  towards  this  micropile  ;  from 
whence  the  author  concludes,  that  through 
this  opening  the  prolific  liauor  of  the  anthera 
is  introduced^  and  the  ovuium  impcegnated. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

We  arc  already  acquainted  with  a  great 
number  of  animals  and  of  plants,  but  much 
is  still  wanting  in  physiology ;  that  is  in 
the  knowl^ge  of  the  mechanism  of  their 
functions. 

Somt;  attempts  have  been  made  to  ascertain 
the  organ  of  voice  in  birds,  and  in  several  of 
the  mammiferous  classes. 

It  has  been  ascertained  by  Davy  that 
azote  was  absorbed  by  animals  m  respiration  j 
contrary  to  the  received  opinion,  which  re- 
presented that  gas  as  highly  detrimental. 
These  experiments  have  been  confirmed  by 
Pfaff.  Azote  is  even  absorbed  by  the  pores, 
as  Spailanzani  has  proved,  by  experiments  on 
animals  recently  killed.  Delametherie  has 
ascertained  that  it  is  also  absorbed  by  plants. 
(y  Ihe  cause  of  Death  in  drowned  Animals. 

It  was  believed  by  the  ancients  that  the 
cause  of  death  in  drowned  animals  was  the 
water  penetrating  into  the  lungs.  Experi- 
ments proved  the  faUacy  of  that  opinion  ;  it 
mta  then  pvet^ded  that  the  blood,  not  only 
lost  the  stimulus  necessary  to  excite  the  organs 
of  respiration,  but  that  it  even  had^  under 
these  circumstances  a  sedative  effect,  which 
deprived  the  nerves  of  their  irritability. 

To  ascertain  how  far  these  various  opinions 
might  be  founded,  Berg^r  has  made  a  num- 
ber of  experiments  on  diowned  animals, 
which  he  lias  compared  with  some,  sufib- 
cated  by  other  means :  the  result  is,  that  the 
cessation  of  irritability  is  pot  the  cause  of  death 
in  these  cases  j  since,  in  opening  the  bodies, 
the  several  or^ns  were  found  tO  retain  this 
principle:  but  the  small  quantity  ol  air  re- 
maining in  the  lungs,  contained  Uttle  or  no 
oxigeae.  By  following  those  jreseardies, 
Berger  has  ascertained  that  to  the  privation  of 
^is  fluid,  death  must  be  attributed  in  cases 
of  suffocation  or  drowning,  and  that  animals 
perish,  when  the  air  they  breathe  contains 
only  0,04  of  oxig^e.  The  atmospherical 
Jur  generally  contains  0»30  or  0,S1.— JAi^ 


may  he  worth  the  attention  of  the  Humane 
Society,  ^     .  .       , 

Some  researches  into  the  secretions  of  ani- 
mals, offer  nothing  very  interesting  or  very 
conclusive;  the  same  may  be  said  of  atr 
tempts  to  ascertain  the  several  functions  of 
plants,  which  have  been  perhaps  too  much 
assimilated  to  animal  functions,  though  they 
certainly  possess  a  great  degree  of  analogy ; 
this  analogy  has  even  induced  the  Academy 
of  Vilna  to  propose  as  a  prize  question,— 
What  is  the  cause  of  sickness  in  plants  ? 

MINERALOGY. 

This  science  seems  to  have  arrived  at  t 
point  which  admits  of  but  few  improve^ 
mcnts,  and  this  year's  labours  have  been 
more  creditable  to  mineralogists,  than  emi- 
nently useful. 

Of,Nicolanum, 

Richter  had  long  suspectetl,  that  the 
Nickel  mines  in  Saxony,  which  produce  co- 
balt, copper,  arsenic,  and  iron,  contained 
also  other  metallic  substances.  He  thinks 
he  has  at  last  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  new 
metal,  which  from  its  affinity  to  nickel  he 
calls  nicolanum.  But  the  characters  he  gives 
of  this  substance,  do  not  warrant  our  ad- 
mitting it  as  yet,  as  a  new  metal,  which 
ought  to  be  done  with  caution.  It  may  be 
nouiing  but  nickel  alloyed  with  some  otlier 
substance. 

Platina^ 

From  experiments  made  by  several  respecta^ 
ble  chymists,  on  this  metal,  it  seems  that  it 
is  composed  of  sundry  distinct  substances. 
No  less  than  five  have  been  reckoned,  but 
the  results  of  those  experiments  do  not  exactly  . 
tally  with  each  other,  and  we  must  waiir  for 
further  information. 

Native  Iron. 

The  existence  of  native  iron  is  no  longer 
doubted.  Proust  has  discovered  it  in  some 
ore  sent  to  him  from  Mexico,  by  Del  Rio. 
After  reducing  that  ore  to  powder,  he  found 
that  the  magnet  attracted  several  ferruginous 
particles,  which  he  took  at  first  for  black 
oxide  of  iron,  but  having  put  this  substanfcc 
into  sulphuric  acid  he  obtained  h)xlrogene 
gas,  as  pure  as  from  filings  of  iron. 

Twentj^-nine  different  mineralogic  sub- 
stances, mostly  little  known,  have  been 
submitted  to  chymical  analysis,  without 
offering  any  thing  very  remarkable,  cxcebt  a 
stone  from  Cinapecuaro  in  Mexico,  which 
on  being  examined  by  Vauguelih,  has  afforded 
the  first  instance  of  a  substance  of  this  kind, 
containing  at  the  same  time  potasse  and  soda. 

Lavas  have  also  been  ch)  mically  analysed, 
but  the  result  of  those  operations  we  rvWvt 
for  the  article  ol  Volcanoes. 

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 

Farther  researches  in  t;liii  bra^icli  of  mi* 
I    T  a 


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byG00gl( 


tit)  Setfospect  of  the  State  of  Science  for  ld05-fl. 

Ii'eralog^  hare  nad  the  usual  effect  of  all  deep 


lS9Z 


itudies,  that  of  **  sobering  the  brain."  It  is 
fco  longer  considered  as  the  only  requisite 
necessary  to  complete  a  mineralogist,  as 
tom«  enthusiasts  nad  asserted «  The  useful- 
ness of  its  coneomitant  assistance,  in  discover- 
ing the  ^nature  of  minerals,  is  not  denied  ; 
1)ut  its  insufficiency  alone,  is  also  ascertained. 
Ko  les^  than  28  metallie  substances  are  sup- 
posed to  adopt  in  their  crystallisation,  the 
■  cubital  dr  Mloedrieal  form,  and  many  are 
known  netci"  to  crystallise :  **  I  have,"  says 
•n  experienced  mineralogist^  *'  walked  900 
**  miles  on  foot,  with  a  hammer  in  my  hand, 
^*  breaking  ore  at  every  stej),  and  I  nave  not 
'*  found  t  single  crystallisation  ;**  how  would 
he  havt  known  the  nature  of  the  minerals  he 
met  with,  had  he  had  no  other  resource  than 

•  Thisdoes  not  in  the  least  diminish  the 
merit  of  Rom^  de  Lisle  and  Beij^ann,  the 
creators  of  that  science,  and  who  really  ga^-e 
it  no  more  importance  than  what  it  deserves. 
"The  exaggerations  of  their  too  fond  disciples 
are  only  removed  by  this  decision,  and  crys- 
tallography still  renuuns  a  useful  assistant,  but 
not  our  only  guide. 

OP  VOLCAKOBS. 

This  year  has  been  marked  by  terrible 
Otplosions  of  Volcanoes  in  Itady.  Vesuvius, 
tince  Its  last  explosion,  in  the  month  of 
August,  1804,  had  shewn  no  signs  of  fresh 
disturbances,  till  July  28,  when  a  commotion 
dhook  most  of  the  houses  in  Naples ;  its  centre 
seems  however  to  have  been  at  some  distance, 
in  the  county  of  Molina,  where  several  towns 
imd  villages  were  almost  entirely  destroyed ; 
and  30,000  of  rile  inhalntants  bst  tlieh* 
£ves. 

Soon  after  this,  Vesuvius  appeared  i^gi- 
tated  ;  at  last  on  August  12,  1805,  a  violent 
eruprion  ensued,  and  the  lava  took  its  direc- 
tion towards  the  tea,  with  incredible  velo- 
city. 

Many  celebrated  natiirsJists,  such  as  Hum- 
Ijoldt,  Buck,  the  Duke  Delia  Torre,  Guy- 
Lussac,  &c.  were  eye-witnesses,  and  have 
Doblished  accounts  of  it. 

**  We  ascended  Vesuvius,  says  Buck, 
July  28,  and  went  as  near  the  crater  as  possi- 
ble. It  appeared  quite  diflfcrent  from  what  I 
had  seen  it  in  17p^  It  was  a  chaos  of  hills 
«nd  valleys  intermixed  in  the  strangest  man- 
ner. We  perceived  a  kind  of  perpendicular 
wall,  nearly  600  feet  in  height  j  and  quite 
clojc  to  it  the  opening  of  the  furnace.  We 
ifelt  se^'eral  sUglit  commotions  followed  by 
eruptions  of  vapours  exceedingly  black  and 
dense.  Those  vapours  were  certainly  in  a 
fp'eat  measure  aqueous ;  but  their  smell  struck 
us  all  simnltaneously :  "it  smells  like  as- 
*'  phalios:**  we  exclaimed,  turning  to  each 
Mher,  "  this  smell  is  exactly  that  of  petro- 
**  Uum^     This  we   expeneooed  at  each 


successive  emission  of  these  vapours,  which 
were,  besides,  most  decidedly  acid.  One  or 
the  crevices  of  the  crater  was  covered  with  a 
coat  of  common  salt,  two  or  three  inches  in 
thickness.** 

•'  August  12,  the  eruption  took  places 
the  lata  rushed  forth  from  the  crater  with 
such  an  astonishing  rUpidttyj  that  in  fiv» 
hours  it  reaehed  the  sea,  a  distance  of  two 
leagues.**  They  saw  the  lava  run  without 
interruption  during  seven  days ;  it  i^'as  still 
running  when  they  left  the  place.  They  do 
not  know  at  what  period  it  stopped.  "  WTiat 
an  astonishing  mass  says  Buck  1  What 
force  could  have  hea^-ed  up  that  lava  tvirii 
such  a  regularity  I  and  for  such  a  length  of 
time!" 

This  lava  contained  muriate  of  copper 
like  that  of  1804  ;  and  ingjeneral,  all  volcanic 
matters  exposed  to  chemical  analysis,  have 
produced  a  considerable  quantity  of  soda^ 
nauriatic  acid,  and  even  common  salt,  qr  mu« 
riate  of  soda^ 

Humboldt  has  given  us  entirely  new  details, 
on  the  Volcanoes  of  America.  *«  The  Cor- 
dilli^n^  or  chaii^  of  the  Andes,"  says  he^ 
**  which  runs  from  the  streights  of  Magellan 
to  the  Northern  regions  opposite  Asia,  ai». 
extent  of  above  two  tliousand  leagues^ 
contains  above  fifty  Volcanoes,  still  bump- 
ing; a  very  small  number  of  which,  and 
those  of  a  less  altitude,  emit  melted  lavas. 
Near  Jurullo,  a  volcano  of  Mexico,  I  have 
seen  a  cone  of  Bosaltes  which  sprung  from 
the  earth,  Sept.  lb,  17^9,  and  is  now  259 
feet  abo\-e  the  le^•cl  of  the  plain.  The  vol- 
canic .summits  of  Guatimala  throw  up  a 
prodigious  quantity,  of  muriate  of  ammoniac, 
rhose  of  Popayan  and  the  ele\'ated  level  of 
Pasto,  emit  sulphuric  acid^  sulphur,  and  hy- 
dro^ne  gas  sulphurated.  The  Volcanoes  of 
Qmto,  throw  out  pumice  stone,  basaltes  and 
scoria  of  Porphyry. — ITiey  pour  enormous 
quantities  of  water  ;  of  clay,  mixed  with  coal> 
and  impregnated  with  sulphur.  But  as  far 
as  ancient  tradition  can  go,  they  hare  pro* 
duced  no  great  mass  of  melted  aud  fluid 
lava. 

The  height  of  these  volcanic  mountains  is 
five  times  more  considerable  than  that  of 
Vesuvius— they  are,'  besides,  even  pressed  on 
all  sides  by  other  mountains ;  and  to  these 
two  causes,  the  author  attributes  their  not 
Reeling  of  lavas;  "  for,*'  says  he,  «*  it  10 
♦'  easy  to  conceive,  that  if  the  volcanic  fire  ii 
'<  at  a  great  depth,  tlie  melted  lava  cannot 
"  rise  to  the  mout^  of  the  crater,  nor  make 
**  its  way  through  the  sides  of  the  au)ua« 
"  tain.** 

The    volcanoes  of  Peru,  present  another 
phenomenon  highly  remarkable  :  tliey  throw 
up  a  kind  of  6sh,   which  'Humboldt  calls 
Pimelodus  Cyclopum. ;   and  which  was  not ' 
known  beibrs.     These  fishes   are  thiowji 


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553^ 

••omctiines  through  the  crater,  sometimes 
through  lateral  crevices,  but  always  at  a 
hdght  of  12  or  1300  fathoms.  Mount  Im- 
baburu,  once  threw  up  such  a  quantity  of 
these  fiishes,  that  the  stench  occcasioned  con- 
ta^ous  disorders. 

^  JHumboldt  supposes,  that  these,  fishes  live 
in  lakes  in  the  interior  of  the  volcano. 

**  From  the  heights  of  mount  Purai^,  (a 
••  volcano  in  Popayan),  says,  Hiunboldt, 
•'  there  runs  a  rivuJet  so  saturated  with  sul- 
*'*phuric  acid,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the 
•'  countiy  call  it  Hio-Vinagrc,  Vinegar- 
-*  River. 

This  rivulet  falls  into  Rio^Ginca,  and  no 
fish  are  (bund  in  it,  till  four  leagues  bdow 
the  mouth  of  Rio-Vinagre. 

Of  the  Cattses  of  subterraneous    Fires. 

Prom  the  facts  contained  in  the  foregoing 
observations,  m^de  by  eje-witncsses,  well 
accustomed  to  observe;  we  may  conclude 
that: 

1st.  Many  volcanoes,  like  Vesuvius,  admit 
tea-water  intp  their  focus  j  as  the  sublimated 
marine  salt  iiulicates. 

Sd,  The  muriate  of  ammoniac  proves  the 
same  thing. 

3d.  The  muriate  of  copper,  pro\'es,  that 
that  there  are  also  in  Vesuvius,  mines  of 
copper,  or  more  probably  coppery  pyrites 
-which  contain  sulphur;  tor,  it  is  known, 
tliat  Vesuvius,  ana  Sol&terra,  abound  in 
sulphur  and  splphuric  acid. 

4th.  Vesuvius  contains  also  in  its  focus, 
asphaltos  and  petroleum  ;  or  ratlier  real  coal 
n^nes,  which  abound  in  those  substances. 

Spallanzani  had  already  found  petroleum  in 
the  la\'as  of  Lipari. 

5th.  The  volcanoes  of  Peru,  produce  like- 
wise, coal,  sulphur,  and  sulphuric  acid,  lliey 
also  produce  sal  ammoniac ;  their  lavas  con- 
tain soda  and  potasse. 

6th.  They  throw  up  fishes,  from  whence 
we  may  conclude  that  the  waters  of  subter- 
raneous lakes  make  their  way  sometimes  ^to 
these  volcanoes 

7th.  TTie  volcanoes  of  Peru  situated  in 
liigh  mountains ;  the  high  craters  of  Etna, 
and  of  tlie  Peak  of  Tenerin,  do  not  throw  up 
fluid  lavas,  because  tlie  depth  is  too  consider- 
able for  the  force  of  the  explosion  to  raise 
them  up  to  that  height. 

8th.  All  compact  lavas  arc  of  about  3000 
specific  weight,  and  they  contain  a  q'oan- 
tity  of  iron;  the  evident  conclusion  is,  that 
the  focus  of  volcanoes  which  vomit  lava, 
cannot  be  at  a  greater  depth  than  between 
two  and  three  tliousand  fathoms. 

FOSSILS. 

Collections  of  those  wrecks  of  unknown 
ages  are  every  where  making;  wliiqji  may 
{perhaps  enable  us  some  day  to  compose  a  re- 
gular system  of  knowledge,  from  the  present 
numerous  but  uoconnectcd  observations. 


f554 


Cuvier  has  found  in  the  Gfj-pscous  hills  near 
Paris,  fossil  bones  belonging  to  a  species  of 
Sarigue,  now  existing  only  in  America. 
Several  bones  of  an  unknown  animal  which 
has  received  the  name  of  Palcethorium,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  8  feet  long,  and  5  feet 
nigh,  have  been  found  in  many  parts  of 
France. 

Fossil  bones  supposed  to  have  belonged  to  ^ 
small  kind  of  Hippopotamus,  have  b^  dis- 
covered in  the  Val  d  Amo  in  Italy. 

Teeth  and  bones,  which,  after  roinote  ol> 
servation,  Cuvier  allots  to  that  species  of 
Hyena  now  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
have  been  dug  up  in  various  parts  of  Germany 
and  France. 

A  skidi  with  many  teeth,  preserved  in  th9 
cabinet  of  Stutgard,  belonged  Mso  to  tha( 
animal ;  it  was  found  in  1 700,  "near  Can^ 
stadt,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Necker. 

The  adjacent  hills  contain  ammonites,  be* 
lemnites,  reeds;  and  M.  Autenrieth  hasdis-    / 
covered  in  the  ndghbonrhpod  a  whole  prostrat* 
forest  of  palm  trees  two  feet  in  diameter. 

There  were  found  also,  elephants'  bones^ 
cart-loads  of  horses'  teeth,  rhinoceros*  teeth, 
and  some  vertebrse,  which  seem  to  have  be« 
longed  to  the  cetaceous  tribe. 

In  the  same  country,  tlie  bones  of  wolves 
and  hyenas,  have  been  discovered  mingled 
in  confusion ;  also  vertebrae,,  asserted  to  have 
belonged  to  a  bear  of  enormous  size. 

•*  What  ages  were  those,'*  exclaims  Cu- 
vier, **  when  the  Elephant  and  the  Hyena  of 
*'  the  Cape  lived  tocher  in  our  climates  in 
<<  forests  of  PEdm-trees,  and  associated  witl^ 
"  northern  bears  laiger  than  our  horses  ?'* 

G£OI.OGT, 

This  science  is,  properly  speaking,  the  wv» 
mantic  part  of  natural  history,  and  is  likely  to 
remaia  so ;  for,  to  whom  has  hb  who  creatc4 
this  globe  imparted  4he  secret  of  its  forma-> 
tion?  which  geologists  vainly  labour  to  dis- 
cover. From  a  few  known  tacts,  often  mis- 
represented, new  ^tems  are  daily  springing 
up  ;  each  baseless  bibric  is  erected  on  the  sit* 
of  its  predecessors,  soon  to  give  way  to  ano- 
ther Babel-like  construction :  Munium  tra* 
didit  eis  ad  disputandum,    - 

Error,  in  blind  agitation^  is  thus  inces- 
santly running  its  endless  circle,  and  ideas 
long  forgotten,  are  in  tljeir  turn  renewed; 
such  is,  for  instance,  this  notion  of  the  an- 
cients, that  all  great  globes,  suns,  planets, 
and  the  earth  itsdf,  were  only  particular 
species  of  animals :  which  h^s  been  revhcd  by 
I>esaudrais. 

Another  has  imagined  that  the  diflerent 
substances  which  compose  this  globe,  are  only 
modifications  of  animal  and  vejjctablc  matter, 
which  were  pre-existeiit.  It  nu^ht  be  asked. 
where  those  pre-existent  anfinulsand  plants 
could  possibly  be  stationed  - 

Others  have  recently  tlioughi,  with  Anaxi- 
T  3 


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[55(1 


menes,  that  air  is  the  principleof  the  universe, 
witliout  being  able  to  convert    those  who  • 
contend  for  the  primeval  fluidity  of  the  globe 
cither  i^eous  or  aqueous^  for  both  are  equally 
maintained. 

In  short,  those  geologists  i^ree  only  in  this, 
that  the  hypothesis  of  an  universal  revolution 
having  altered  the  face  of  the  globe^  is  un- 
supported by  sufficient  proofs. 

This,  indeed,  is  the  conclusion,  the  au- 
thors of  these  numerous  tlieories  of  the  earthy 
had  in  view  all  along.  Nature  has  been  ran- 
sacked this  century  past,  for  no  other  purpose 
but  to  find  in  its  inexplicable  operations  some 
seeming  contradiction  to  the  positive  word  of 
its  Author.  We  need  not  add,  that  sound  na- 
tural knowledge,  divested  of  philosophical  pre- 
judices, is  far  from  militating  against  the  ac- 
count of  the  flood  contained  in  Holy  Writ ; 
and  if  it  did,  we  should  still  exclaim 'with  one 
of  the  brightest  ornaments  of  Paganism, 
Sanctius  ac  reverentius  visum,  de  actis  De- 
orum,  credere,  quam  scire. 

PHYSICS. 

La  Place  has  imagined  a  new  method  of 
measuring  heights,  by  means  of  the  baro- 
meter i  but  it  is  not  yet  perfected. 

lie  has  also  read,  at  the  Institut,  Dec.  23, 
1805,  a  learned  treatise  on  the  theory  of  ike 
ascension  of  Jluids  in  capillary  tubes ;  in 
which  he  explains,  why  the  rise  of  fluids 
above  their  level,  in  tubes  of  the  same  matter, 
is  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  the  diameters  of 
these  tubes. 

La  Place  thmks  with  Hawksbee  and  many 
other  learned  naturalists,  that  cjpillary  ac- 
tion, like  refractive  force,  and  all  chvinical 
alHnilies,  is  felt  only  at  imperceptible  dis- 
tances. 

Humbolt  and  Guy  Lussac  have  discovered 
that  the  purity  of  atmospheric  air,  is  not 
liable  to  those  great  alterations  which  have 
usually  been  supposed. 

The  air  of  the  upper  part  of  a  French  play- 
house, when  fuir  of  company,  contained 
0,202  of  oxigene,  that  of  the  Pit  0,204. 
While  the  external  air  gave  only  0,210.  Se- 
guin  has  had  the  same  result  in  Hospitals. 
The  unwholesomeness  of  crowded  places  is 
therefore,  to  be  attributed  to  particular  emana- 
tions, like  pestilential  miasmata ;  and  not  .to 
the  want  of  oxi^j^ne.  Nevertheless,  ihe  ef- 
fect of  great  crowds  on  the  light  of  candle?, 
which  we  have  seen  almost  refuse  to  burn, 
can  hardly  be  attributed  to  the  ctlect  of  mias- 
mata 
The  production  .of  JVater  hy  the  inflammation 

cj  Hydrogene  andOxigefie,  hy  compression. 

It  is  now  ascertained  that  by  rapidly  com- 
pressing the  air  with  a  piston,  a  real  flame  is 
produced,  which  is  visible  when  a  glass  tube 
IS  employed,  and  which  is  cajxible  of  setting 
on  fire,  tinder  and  other  combustible  mat- 
ters. 


Biot  has  introduced  h^rdrogene  and  OKt^ene 
in  a  cylinder  of  this  kind,  and  by  rapidly 
compressing  those  gases  with  a  piston,  tbfBf 
have  be^n  inflamed  with  a  violent  explosion, 
and  have  produced  water,  as  is  usual  in  their 
joint  comoustioni 

An  ingenious  mechanic  at  Paris  has  con- 
structed a  tinder-box  on  this  principle ;  so  that 
now  the  compression  of  air  produces  both  file 
and  water.  • 


ELECTRICITY. 


An  anonymous  author  has  published  some 
new  and  very  curious  experiments  in  electricity.  , 

He  takes  a  hollow  metal  cylinder,  which  he 
calls  a  cartridge ;  one  of  the  plane  surfaces  is 
bored  with  a  small  hole ;  the  cylinder  is  thea 
filled  with  water,  and  a  leaden  wire,  intro- 
duced through  the  little  hole,  is  plunged  in 
the  water,  but  without  touching  the  cvlin* 
der.  A  communication  is  then  established 
between  the  exterior  surface  of  the  cylinder 
and  that  of  an  electrical  battery  already, 
charged,  which  is  dischaij;ed  into  tne  leaden 
wire.  The  following  curious  effects  are  the 
result. 

1st.  The  water  is  dashed  with  a  great  force. 

2d.  Cartridges  of  lead,  silver,  or  iron, 
were  all  bored  or  torn,  after  a  greater  or  lesser 
number  of  experiments. 

Sd.  Cartridges  of  mixed  metals,  stood  bet* 
ter  than  those  of  a  pure  one. 

4th.  Cartridges  of  very  pure  silver,  resiste4 
'but  little.  Some  were  torn  at  the  first  ex- 
plosion, others  at  the  third.    • 

5th.  Cartridges  of  iron,  almost  as  thick  as 
the  breech  of  a  musket,  also  burst.  The  ex- 
plosion produced  in  those  experiments,  is, 
consequently,  stronger  than  the  discharge  of 
a  muslvct  loaded  wiui  powder  and  ball. 

6th.  In  the  explosion  of  silver  cartridges,  a ' 
pretty  strong  smell  is  perceived,  which  be- 
comes  more  intense  as  the  metal  becomes  more 
distenderl,  and  is  nearer  being  torn.  This 
smell,  the  author  thinks,  is  owing  to  an  actual 
combustion  of  the  metal. 

These  ingenious  exjieriments  prove  that 
water  is  strongly  compressed  bv  the  electrical 
shock.  Berthollet  had  alrca<iy  shewn,  that 
the  electrical  s|>ark  acted  by  compression  on 
the  bodies  exposed  to  its  power. 

Biot,  availmg  himself  of  Berthollet's  idea, 
and  of  the  experiments  we  have  reported,  in 
which  air,  stronglv  and  rapidly  compressed, 
produces  a  flame,  has  drawn  this  conclusion, 
that  electrical  sparks  are  the  residt  of  com- 
pression. "It  is  impossible,"  says  he,  "that 
electricity  should  not  produce  light  from 
air,  since  we  can  obtain  flame  by  a  muph  les^ 
rapid  compre^ion  than  that  occasions.  We 
are  thus  led  to  regard  electrical  sparks  merely 
.  as  the  result  of  mechanic  pressure." 

On  this  h3rpothesis  we  should  consider  the 
electrical  spark  as  a  light,  which  the  pressure 
of  the  electrical  fluid  elicits  from  air. 


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Report  relating  to  tlte  Preservathn  of  fhe  Turi^e  Soadi. 


[558 


CHEMISTRY. 

The  pcTS6verin2  labours  of  chemists  have 
not  been  attended  with  many  useful  or  in- 
teresting discoveries. 

Some  progress  has  been  made  however, 
in  the  knowledge  of  several  combinations ;  as 
of  sulphur  with  alkali,  or  sulphur  with  me- 
tals, and  of  oxii^ne  with  metals.  But  much 
stilt  remains  to'  be  ascertiined.  For  instance, 
Aubuisson,  a  learned  miiiendogist,  has  disco- 
vered seven  distinct  degrees  of  oxidation  in 
iron ;  and  he  owns,  at  the  same  time,  that 
a  hundred  intermediary  degrees  could  be  dis- 
ticiguished  by  a  well  exercised  eye. 

tWchiani,  a  physician  of  Pisa,  pretends  to 
have  produced  muriatic  acid,  by  depriving 
nvater  of  part  of  its  oxigene.  It  would  fol- 
low that  this  acid  is  composed  of  oxigene 
and  hydrogene ;  which  the  author  represents 
by  the  algebraic  formula  of  unknown  quantities. 
Oxigene         x.        Hyirogene    .    y. 

He  makes  use  of  distilled  water,  which  on 
being  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  galvanic 
fluid,  emits  oxieene;  and  becomes  a  real 
muriatic  acid,  which  precipitates  the  nitric 
dissolution  of  silver. 

This  experiment  has  been  succesfully  re- 
peated by  several  learned  chymists  in  Italy. 
It  has  however  totally  failed  in  Paris,  although 
attempted  by  Biot,  Thenard^  Rifiaut^  and 
the  Galvanic  Society. 

EXTRACTS  PROM  THB  APPENDIX  OF  THE 
REPORTS  FROM  A  COMMITTEE  OF  THE 
HOUSE  OF  COMMONS,  RELATING  TO  THE 
PRESERVATION  OF  THE  TURNPIKE  ROADS 
AND  HIGHWAYS    OP  THIS    KINGDOM. 

(continued  from  page  370.^ 
The  waggons  of  Mr.  Russell,  of  Exeter, 
when  new,  with  the  tilt  and  tarpaulin,  weigh 
nearly  two  tons.  The  many  sharo  hills  they 
have  to  drag  down,  in  Dorset,  Devon,  and 
Cornwall,  render  it  necessary  to  make  his 
waggons  and  wheels  stouter  than  waggpns  are 
whS)  pass  on  roads  with  less  hills,  which  he 
has  been  informed  weigh  not  more  than 
horn  30  to  35  cwt.  each.  The  waggons  cost 
each  above  100  guineas.  They  vary  in  their 
locking,  accordmg  to  the  hei^t  of  the  fore 
.  wheels,  from  10  to  12  degrees  on  each  side. 
Mr.  Russell  has  always  considered  it  his  in- 
terest to  endeavour  to  preserve  the  roads  as 
much  as  possible,  being  satisfied  the  less  the 
roads  are  injured,  the  easier  is  the  draught 
for  his  horses. 

The  wheels  of  his  waggons  are  so  con- 
•troctcd,  as  to  do  the  least  possible  injury  to 
the  roads ;  as  the  centre  ot  the  felly  or  rim 
comes  first  into  contact  with  the  road,  no 
part  of  the  materials  are  divided  or  broken  in 
any  extraordinary  degree,  except  such  as  are 
not  sufficiently  hard  to  resist  tne  pressure  of 
the  load,  and  then  only  produdog  the  effect 
of  m  inverted  arch. 


General  Qu€ries,  on  the  Subjects  of  Roadt 
and  JVhecls  ;  with  some  Queries  regarding 
Conical  and  Cylindrical  Wheels  j  and  the 
Answers  of  Mr.  Russelland  Mr,  Camming, 

Su.  1st.  What,  in  Mr.  Russell's  opinion, 
e  best  form  of  roads  ? — Ans."  The  form 
of  a  road  is,  1  think,  not  very  material  to  a 
carrier,  so  that  the  surface  l>e  smooth  and 
hard ;  the  flat  road  perhaps  is  the  most  de- 
sirable, and  where  it-  can  be'  adopted  with 
advantage  is  best.  It  appears  to  me,  how- 
ever, tliat  such  a  road  must  be  far  from  ge- 
neral, on  account  of  the  v-ariety  of  situations, 
the  grand  object  being  to  have  the  road  hard 
and  smooth,  lb  that  end,  some  parts  must 
be  convex  or  barrelled,  some  inclined  to  the 
lef^,  some  inclined  to  the  right,  and  some 
waved,  which  must  require  great  judgment 
in  the  surveyor  to  manage  to  the  best  advan- 
tage. The  cnief  object  should  be  to  prevent 
the  rain  water  from  resting  on  the  road, 
which,  in  my  opinion,  is  b^t  accomplished 
with  a  convex  road.  See  Act  43  Geo.  Ill* 
cap.  122.  1803.  '*  For  more  effectually  rc- 
"  pairing  and  improving  the  se^'eral  roads 
**  leading  to  and  from  the  city  of  Exi^ter, 
*'  &c.  fitc."  In  consequence  of  the  clause 
in  page  30  of  the  said  Act,  the  roads  ^nder 
the  Lxeter  trust  have  been  very  much  ipi- 
proved ;  and  I  consider  that  clause  entitled  to 
consideration  for  a  general  Turnpike  Act. 

The  best  breadth  of  wheel  for  a  single- 
horse  cart,  may  be  either  for  the  preservation 
of  the  road  or  the  ease  of  the  horse ;  a  broad 
wheel' will  be  best  for  the  road,  and  a  nar- 
row one  for  the  ease  of  the  horse,  because  a 
rrarrow  wheel  is  lighter,  aiui  escapes  many 
obstacles  on  the  road,  which  a  broad  wheel 
must  pass  over;  on  the  whole,  the  best 
breadth  may  be  various,  aocording  to  the 
work  and  ground  to  be  passed  over. 

I  ordered  a  set  of  nine- inch  waggon  wheels 
to  be  made  cylindrical,  which,  on  trial  on 
the  roads,  I  found  to  require  two  horses  more 
to  draw  a  like  weight  with  such  wheek  than 
with  the  wheels  1  before  used  in  my  wag- 
gons. I  have  found  by  observation,  that 
when  the  roads  are  flat,  which  generally  is 
not  laany  yards  in  a  mile,  unless  tne  ground 
is  very  hard,  the  edges  of  the  cylindrical 
wheol  oreak  up  some  of  the  materiab  of  the 
roads ;  the  waggoner  declared,  that  the  draft 
was  so  much  increased  by  the  cylindrical 
wheels,  that  if  continued  to  b^  used  his  team 
would  be  soon  destroyed. 

Cylindrical  wheels  will  prove  very  injurious 
to  waggoners ;  for  many  of  the  streets  in  Lon- 
don, and  other  cities  and  towns,  are  so  very 
narrow,  that,  unless  wheels  are  made  what 
is  called  dished,  that  is,  wider  at  the  top 
than  at  the  bottom,  the  waggon  cannot  turn 
into  such  narrow  streets  j  nor  do  1  think  they 
can  avoid  carriage,  &c.  on  the  road,  as  weU 
L  as  the  {)resent  form  of  waggons. 

T4 


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&c. ;  these  to  be  equally  loadedy  and  each 
drawn  alternately  by  the  same  man,  wh«f 
would  be  a  better  judge  of  their  moi^ementt 
than  any  man  could  be  by  the  draught  of 
hones :  different  men  mi^t  try  the  different 
wheels,  and  give  their  opmions. 

If  6mr  wheels  should  be  thought  better,  the 
expense  of  four  more  wheels  would  be  added/ 
and  experiments  made  in  the  same  manner. 
After  these  experiments,  if  any  man  be 
dissatisfied,  let  him  try  them  himself. 

It  is  almost  needless  to  add,  that  if  some, 
and  the  most  considerable  carriers,  were  re- 
stricted from  carrying  great  we^hts^  they 
would  probably  throw  up  their  concerns. 
The  prtncipal  expenses  attending  the  carrying 
business  are  the  same  on  smaller  weights 
carried  as  on  larger  -,  and  if  any  carrier  wa* 
obliged  to  increase  the  number  of  his  wajg- 
gons,hisexpenses^%'Ould  increase  progressive^^ 
Probably,  Sir,  says  a  correspondent,  you 
may  have  obserted,  how  inadequate  the  re- 
vennes  arc  fre<juently^  to  the  expense  of  a 
good  r6ad,  and  the  statute  work  heavy  on  the 
farmers;  whilst  hitlers,  millers,  maltstersy 
brick-makers,  lime-kilns,  and  quarries,  whidk 
occasion  much  wear  to  the  roads,  contribute 
nothing.  Cannot  these  be  brought  into  some 
relative  tfoihparison  with  the  wore  of  the  ad*' 
jacent  farmers,  under  assessment,  or  other* 
wise,  of  the  commissioners  ? 

P.  S.  The  tythings  should  be  obliged  to 
compound  ;  because  it  oflen  happens  theie  are 
many  in  one  parish,  and  if  tney  do  not  ail 
compound,  and  any  part  of  theioad  is  out  of 
repaii^  the  parish  is  mdictable. ,  The  burden 
and  costs  lay  on  the  inhabitants  at  laige,  as 
well  on  those  who  have  paid  their  composi- 
tion, or  done  labour,  as  on  tnose  who  have  oeen 
negligent  and  impudent.  There  is  nothing, 
requires  amendment .  more  than  this  matter^ 
A  clause  should  be  added,  to  authorize  trus- 
tees to  stop  up  a  private  road  to  fields  and  gar- 
dens, to  which  there  are  less  than  ten  owuersj^ 
by  causing  a  gate  at  each  end  of  such  road : 
for  oftentimes  the  tolls  are  evaded  by  such 
passages,  &c.  &c.  I  do  not  mean  a  stop-gate 
to  take  toll,  but  to  oblige  the  proprietors  to 
keep  such  always  locked. 

It  would  not  be  amiss  to  insert  a  clause,  au- . 
thorizing  the  trustees  to  take  a  composition 
for  toll  uom  the  inhabitants  of  an  adioining 
hamlet,  where  are  less  than  ten  farm  nouses. 
Where  it  is  necessary  to  carry  tlie  water 
from  one  side  of  the  road  to  the  other,^com- 
pel  the  commissioners  to  makediains  under 
,the  Foad  $  at  present  they  are  cut  across,  and, 
all  oarriages  passing  over  them  are  liable  to  be 
very  much  injured,  and  sometimes  the  out- 
side passengers  are  thrown  o£f. 

By  the  69th  sect,  of  the  13th  Gko.  3,  c. 
78,  the  owner  of  every  waggon,  cart,  &c.  b 
to  have  his  name  and  place  of  abode  painted 
u|)onsome  conspicuous  part  tbereoij^  ux^i^% 


559] 

Qu.  10th.  Would  it  not  be  inoie  for  the 
piiblic  interest  to  have  the  same  wei^t  carried 
by  two  or  three  small  waggons,  on  a  proper 
cohstruetion,  instead  of  one  larpe  one? — ^Ans. 
The  effect  of  two  or  three  small  wagons  in- 
stead of  a  large  one,  fOr'the  public  mterest, 
,  cannot,  I  think, .  be  determined  without  ex- 
perience.    I  am  humbly  of  an  opinion,  that 
was  a  mile  or  two  of  ror.d  made  near  London, 
«n  which  no  wag^qs  but  those  w;ith  narrow 
wheels    (say  three-inch  tire)  were  to  pass, 
together   with   the  mail,    and   other   stage, 
coaches,  that  in  the  course  of  one  yearsudi 
road  would  be  completely  cut  up  and  rendered 
impassable,  while  we  common  turnpike  road, 
on  which  the  six  and  nine  inch  wheels  are 
used,  would  be  in  very  good  cpndition.     I 
think  the  coadies,  if  weighed  with  their  pas- 
aepgers,  lug^ae^,    &rc.  would    generally   be 
found  to  wei^  as  under-mentioned,  whicli 
carriages,  by  reason  of  the  velocity  of  their 
motion,  I  think  would  soon  render  all  the 
•turnpike  roads  impassable,  did  not  waggons, 
with  nine-inoh  wheeb,    daily  cltee  up  the 
tracks  made  by  the  coaches  1 
Mail,  and  other  coaches,  carrying  four  passen- 
gers, coachman,  guard,  ana  baggage  30  cwt. 
Do.      six  passengers  -----   36 
Do.      eight  do.  -    -    •      -    -    -    40 
Do;      ten  or  twehe  do.  -    -    -    -   S0to60 
IVlr,  Cum  mine  observes  that  when  the  road 
is  covered  with  a  Uiick  body  of  sludge,  its  re- 
sistance to  the  pr(M;ress  of  the  wheels  is  analo- 
gous  to    that  of  water  to  floating  vessels, 
-whose  fronts  or  prows  are  of  the  d^erent 
shapes  of  the  rims  of  the  wheels.    The  one, 
representing  the  cylindrical  wheel,  having  its 
front  or  prow  square,  protrudes  the  water  in 
which  it  sails,  accumulates  it  in  front,  and 
increases  the  resistance ;  but  the  vessel,  whose 
front  resembles  the  rounded  bottom  of  the 
wheel,    will  act   like  a  cutwater,  'and   by 
throwing  the  water  to  the  right  and  left,  pre- 
vent the  accumulation  at  the  front,  and  by 
that  means  diminish  the  resistance  to  its  pro- 
gress J  ai:^d  by  the  same  means  the  resistance 
to  the  cylindrical  wheel,  may  become  greater 
than  to  the  conical,  on  a  road  that  is  deeply 
cmered  with  thick   sludge :  but  it  must  not 
be  forgot,  that  the  property  of  the  c}lindr'ical 
wheclis  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  dust 
6r  sludge,  and  that  of  the  donical  wheel  is  to 
|>ulveri/e  the  hardest  materials  into  dust,  which 
when  ipiited  with  water,  becomes  sludge. 

Mr.Baiicroft  observes,  that  various  opmions 
arc  entertained  (cspecting  experiments  already 
made,  which  drise  frprti  those  with  the  ap- 
p;»ratus  and  op  the  toad  bfeln^  so  very  far  fVom 
similar ;  an  experiment  on  the  road  can  be 
the  only  convincing  proof  to  all. 

Such*  experiments  might  soon  be  made, 
and  without  ^u^h  expense.  The  least  cx- 
j>erjse  perhaps  Mould  be  to  have  two  trucks, 
one  with  c\ lindrical,  the  other  with  legal 
^uic4  wholU,  of  the  $amc  diameter,  &c.  I 


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I56i 


penalty  of  £5,  and  not  less  than  20«.  My 
sug2;cstien  i.^,  that  the  name  dnd  place  of 
abodd  f^hbuld  be  placed  either  On  both  sides, 
or  on  the  off  side,  and  not,  as  is  usual,  on 
the  near  side  of  every  such  Wa^igon,  &c. ; 
and  I  am  led  to  this  from  a  circumstance 
"which  happened  to  me' last  night.  Returning 
from  Wellwyn  in  a  single-horse  chaise  with  a 
friend,  I  overtook  a  waggon,  the  driver  of 
■which  was  fidir.g  ther-on,  wittiont  having 
anyconimand  of  the  horses.  I  insisted  upon 
his  (getting  dot^Ti,  and  informing  me  whose 
whggon  it  was ;  he  a[ot  down,  but  '•cfusfid  tt 
sdy  whose  waggon  itwa?,  and  mv  friend  got 
x>Qt  of  the  chaise  to  fcfi  round  to  the  near  side 
of  the  wagpon  to  see  the  name  of  tiie  owner, 
when  the  driver  ilo^d  his  horses  on,  and  it 
%vas  with  some  difficulty  my  friend  dduld  ef- 


fect his  purpose.     Now  had  the  name  been 
on   the  oti  side  of  the  waggon,  on  which 
side  I  was  obliged  to  pass  it,  no  difficulty  of 
this  soft  could  have  occurred. 
Kxtract  of  a  Letter  from  Henry  Matthews^ 

Esq,  to  the  CommiUee,  recommending SloM 

Waggon  JFays. 

In  numberless  places,  where  the  road  is 
not  Inclosed,  hundreds  of  acres  will  be  saved« 
which  are  now  cut  up  ahd  totally  laid  waste, 
by  turning  put  of  the  way  in  bud  Weather  to 
avoid  thi?  deep  ruts ;  add  to  this  the  immense 
ouantity  of  good  land  that  is  destroyed'  in 
Qigp"S  for  gravel,  a  very  small  portion  of 
wiuch  will  then  be  wanteu  (not  one  twelfth). 
Likewise,  ujion  a  general  adoption  of  this 
plan  th^re  will  be  a  saving  of  one  third  of 
all  draught  hofses  at  kast. 


PLAN  OF  THE  DOUBLE  WA&60N  WAYS. 


^^^ 


^  Kf^ 


S I  LA  Dtim     Foot  Patlw 


T^phnatioii, — ^IMdn  of  u.e  SioiKji ,  Some- 
thing conical,  to  be  formed  of  two  differ- 
ent sizes,  the  largest,  (A)  4  ft.  2  inch,  by 
11  inch,  on  the  surface,  ihe  base  4  ft.  hy 
1  ft  2  inch. ;  the  smaller  stone  (B)  on  the  sur- 
face, 1  ft.  i  inch,  by  7  inch.,  at  the  base, 
1  ft.  6  inch,  by  Q  inch. :  stones  to  be  of 
granite,  or  the  like,  cut  to  the  dimensions, 
Und  shaped  at  the  quarry :  no  i>art  need  be 
fvorked  particular,  except  the  ends. 

i'.  E»  ^Tt  ^wo  loiigj  stoiicsj,  with  the  key- 


stone between  them ;  shewing  the  manner  of 
tlicir  ilisertion.  into  each  other:  described  in 
ilic  plan  of  the  waggon-way  by  the  lineslnark- 
cd  A.  B. — G.  G.  Two  long  stones :  the  kc)* 
stone  l\  to  be  inserttxl  between  them,  a  long 
slone  also:  likewise  described  in  the  wag«)n- 
way  by  the  lines  .marked  C. — /).  the  wneol 
of  Mr.'Russeirs  improved  construction :  bound 
on  tl\e  outside  and  inside  rims  with  Russian 
iron,  i  of  an  inch  diick:  in  the  middle  wiia 
EiigUih  iron,  one  inch  thick* 


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Report  relatitfg  to  the  Preservation  of  the  Turnpike  Roads. 


ISM 


Method  of  using  and  combiualion. — ^Dig 
fouT   trenches^    at  5   ft.  distance  from   the 
centre  Une  of  each;  parallel  witli  each  other, 
in  a  perpendicular  dinciion  along  the  road  ; 
place  the  stones  for  the  surface,    to  be  level 
with  the  road  ;  on  the  sides  lam  in  common 
paving  stones,  some  of  them   projecting  oi>e 
inch  above  the  flat  ones,  to  keep  the  whceb 
from  sHdin«  off  their  proper    coune  j    the 
tpace    for  the    horses  between   to  be    well 
gravelled.     No  burthen  or  violence  can  pos- 
sibly disturb  the  solidity  of  this  wheelway  j 
the  greater  the  wci;^ht,  the  firmer  it  must  be ; 
upon  this  princiule,  it  will  not  be  partial  on 
one  stone,    without  equally  bearmg   upon 
three,    the    base    of  which  will   form   the 
strongest  of  all  foundations  which  is  a  double 
cross;    so  that  a  carriage  with  four  wheels 
will  always  bear  upon  twelve  stones;    and 
were  it  possible  for  such  carriage  to  hold  a 
hundred  ton,  it  could  not  injure  this  pavement. 
(Some  years  after  this  was  in  my  contempla- 
tion, 1  was  confirmed  in  my  persuasion  of  its 
answering,  by  seeing  Rotherhithc  in  Surrey, 
and  other  places  hear  the  water-side,  where, 
through  the  narrowness  of  the  streets,  the 
wheels  of  heavy  waggons  ruh  upon  each  curb 
stone  (there  none  of  this  caution  is  used)  and 
yet  the  stones  are  not  disturl^ed,  and  the  horses 
appear  to  be  at  rest  instead  of  lalwur  when 
they   gpt  the  wheels  upon  this  |)avement.) 
The  small  transverse,  or  inverted  key-stone, 
unites  the  whole  as  one,    avid  prevents  the 
large  stones  from  turning  over,  or  tippmg  lyp ; 
iJso  its  prfjjecting  two  inches  on  each  side 
,^t8  as  a   catch,  or  check  to  the  wheek, 
which  would  odier^ise,  sometimes,  in   re- 
gaming  the  wheelway  from  the  giravel,  grind 
upon  the  sides,  and  wear  away  the  stones, 
iw  we  frequently  see  on  the  curbs  in  London, 
except  the  rougn  side-stones  are  a  little  above 
the  fcvel.     It  may  be  thought  dangerous  for 
)iorses  to  have  smooth  stones,   in  the  middle 
l>f  streets  or  roads ;  but  when  it  is  considered, 
that  horses  have  no  business  on  these  stones 
(except  in  crossing  the  road)  and  it  b  but 
eleven  inches  wide,  which  is  not  so  much  as 
fome  of  the  common  paving  stones,  and  they 
having  a  convex  form  (and  equally  as  smooth) 
are  certainly  more  dangerous. 

To  have  a  road  oT  (JO  feet  broad  paved  with 
the  best  pebbles,  in  the  present  style  of 
paving,  100  yards  would  amount  to  j^  1,1 25. 
According  to  this  improved  plan,  100 
vatds  oi  a  single  road  will  amount  to  j^l20  ; 
ine  mile  i^2,l  12,  out  of  which  Government 
will  receive  duty  j^2  H  •  4*. 

4  lines,  or  rows,  which  is  a  double  road, 
jC240j  one  mile  ^'4,224,  out  of  which 
Ctovemmcnt  will  receive  duty  £422^  Ss, 

OBSERVATIONS. 

Whoever  has  been  at  Newcasllfc  on 
Tync,  we  bclic\  e  the  first,  but  not  the  only 
lIucc  wh«re  th«y  arc  used,   has    *cen  cast 


iron  railvi'ays  continued  for  many  miles,  on 
which  immense  weights  arc  drawn  with 
great  ease  by  a  single  horse.  It  is  not  un- 
common for  a  horse  to  draw  several  tons  of 
coal,  with  no  great  exertion,  on  a  level  j 
with  not  much  strain  of  muscular  strength^ 
when  drawing  up  hill ;  and  with  very  ready 
command  of  the  weight  when  descending- 
As  the  purpose  intended  appears  to  be  an- 
swered perfectly  by  tlvse  cast  iron  railways^ 
a  fair  comparibon  instituted  between  then* 
and  the  stone  railways,  pronosed  to  the 
committee,  could  not  fail  of  throwing  great 
light  on  the  subject. 

We  incline  to  think  that  the  forming 
**  rouqh  side  stones  a  little  above  the  level'* 
of  the  main  stone,  would  be  attended  with 
great  expense,  and  be  liable,  by  tlie  immense 
pressure  these  stones  would  sustain  when  ^ 
laden  waggon  was  drawn  over  them,  to  be 
sunk,  and  otl:erwise damaged.  They  would,  of 
course,  want  constant  attentioti  and  frequent 
repair.  The  main  stones  in  the  railway 
would  also  be  exposed  to  injury  at  their  joints, 
and  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  line  occu- 
pied by  any' one  joint,  would  be  its  liability 
to  be  'chipi>ed,  and  broker^ .  Instead  there- 
fore of  lengthening  the  joint,  by  suffering 
an  anp;le  of  any  kind  to  appear  on  its  surface, 
we  conceive  that  a  simple  mortice  and  tenon, 
in  the  middle  of  the  stone  on  a  principle  not 
milike  that  adopted  in  laying  the  water  pipes 
of  the  New  River  Comj)any,  would  be  the 
most  efficacious  mode  of  sccurmg  these  stones  ; 
always  obscning,  that  a  solid  bedding,  or  a 
proper  stone  of  any  kind,  for  bearing,  was 
laid  under  .each  joint,  so  as  to  take  the 
ends  of  the  two  main  stones  forming  the 
joint. 

fiut,  it  b  to  be  obser\'ed,  that  ca^  iron 
railways  would  want  no  raised  appendage 
along  their  sides,  but  would  form  tneir  own 
brim  in  the  casting ;  of  whatever  shape  might 
be  thought  most  proper  :  their  joinings,  too, 
mieht  lock  into  eacli  other,  by  any  Ibrm ; 
and,  at  that  perfection  to  which  tne  art  of 
castinz  is  now  arrived,  they  might  be  had  of 
any  thickness,  or  of  any  length,  as  diflbent 
places  might  require. 

The  expense  of  carriage  of  stones  to  places 
distant  from  quarries,  the  different  qualities  of 
these  stones,  as  to  hardness,  &c.  as  weQ  in 
respect  to  the  labour  of  working  them,  as  to 
their  resistance  and  duration,  all  require 
consideration.  From  these  variations  cast 
iron  is  exempt.  But  without  a  oomparativ^ 
estimate  nothing  further  can  be  added. 

A  principle  of  great  importance,  is,  that 
which  proposes  to  divest  the  present  roads  of 
their  curvatures,  (vide  p.  3C9)  and  to  render 
them  as  strait  as  possible.  It  is  e\idently 
impracticable  to,  lay  a  ruler  from  London  to 
Edinburgh,  and  to  form  a  road  of  that  de- 
bcriptioQ  between the^c  so  distant  capitals^  hut 


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[4« 


the  interval  between  two  towns,  the  most 
convenient  for  the  purpose,  should  be  chosen, 
and  this  being  reduced  as  neariy  as  possible  to 
a  line,  the  experiment  virould  serve  as  a  guide 
to  others.  Where  extensive  commons  and 
drean*  moors  intervene,  the  plan  would  find 
no  difficulty ;  but  where  the  road  passes 
o^er  mountains  or  hills,  at  this  time,  great 
practical  prudence  would  btf  requisite.  We 
should  recommend  not  only  the  making  of 
roads  strait,  but  also  the  keeping  them  on  a 
level,  as  much  as  possible :  because,  where 
any  strain  of  drausht  occure,  the  loss  of  time 
is  more  than  would  be  incurred  by  Boing  a 
little  way  round  :  besides  the  wear  of  norses, 
of  harness,  and  of  tackle,  as  well  in  going 
down  too  quickly,  as  in  dragging  up  too 
abwly. 

Tliose  who  have  travelled  in  France,  and 
in  some  parts  of  Italy,  will  perfectly  recollect 
the  effect  of  strait  roads  bordered  on  each 
side  with  trees  :  O  '  the  trial  of  patience 
produced  by  such  a  road  ten  miles  in  length ! 
and,  (J  the  horrid  pav4  which  be-jolted  to  a 
mummy  the  English  traveller  in  a  French 
post  chaise  1  That,  however,  may  be  a  good 
principle  used  with  discretion,  which  maydc- 
serve  exi^ration  if  practised  without  discretion. 
We  therefore  recommend  that  all  the  in«- 
fbrmation  which  can  be  procured,  be  carv»fully 
collected  and  well  understood  before  any 
serious  proceedings  be  had ;  lest  the  event 
should  prove  that  one  evil  is  only  exchanijed 
for  another,  and  tliat  a  greater  than  the  in- 
convenience which  it  has  displaced. 


EXTRACT  FROM  BEAUJOUR  S  PICTURE  OP 
THE  COMMERCE  OF  GREECE,  TO  WHICH 
IS  ADDED  POUQUEVILLE*8  TABLE  OF  THE 
PRODUCTIONS  OF  THE  MOREA. 

Greece  contains  6, 150  French  square  miles  -, 
of  which  Macedonia  comprizes  $000;  Epiiui, 
from  Drinonero  to  theOulph  of  Arta,  1700 ; 
and  southern  Greece  S,450.  The  population 
of  Macedonia  amounts  to  700,000  souls; 
about  350  to  a  square  mile.  The  coimtiy  of 
Zagora  is  the  most  populous,  viz.  6l3  to  a 
square  mile.  The  Morca  and  Epirus  are  the 
least  populated  of  the  Grecian  provinces. 
Thessalia  contains  300^000;  and  Epirus, 
which  b  as  larj^  ^^"r  reckons  no  more  tlian 
100,000.  ^tolia,  Pi)ocis,and  Boeotia,  scarcely 
contain  200,000  ;  and^  the  once  powerful  and 
flourishing  Attica,  by  a  melancholy  reverse  of 
circumstances,  has  sunk  ^owa  to  20,000. 
The  Morca,  on  a  superficies  of  1000  square 
miles,, scarcely  reckons  300,000.  According 
to  this  enumeration,  the  whole  population  of 
the  Grecian  provinces  amounts  to  about 
1,920,000  souls. 

Macedonia,  Thessalia,  and  the  eastern  part 
•f  Phods  and  Baotta  are  \xrv  fruitful.    The 


soil  of  Attica  is  at  present  only  fit  for  the 
olive  and  for  bariey.  The  Morea  is  capable 
•of  producing  all  kinds  of  fruits.  The  Tallies 
are  as  (^xxi  tor  growing  com,  as  the  heighti 
are  rich  in  pasturage.  Epirus,  being  very 
mountainous,  is  the  most  sterile.  Macedonm 
produces  more  than  all  the  other  provinces 
together.  Yet  industry  is  greater  in  one  coun- 
try, than  in  another.  In  Thessalia  it  is  at 
its  highest. 

Salonichi  lies  in  40*^  41'  10"  N.  lat.  and 
20°  28'  long,  from  the  Meridian  of  Paris.  It 
is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  Basha  of  three  ^ 
tails,  and  a  Mullah  of  the  first  rank.  All 
power  is  \'ested  in  the  Basha,  but  punishment 
for  certain  offences  proceeds  from  the  Judgment 
seat  of  the  Mullah.  The  territorial  revenues 
are  paid  in  kmd,  and  constitute  a  tenth  part  of 
the  produce ;  they  are  farmed  throughout  the 
Pashalik,  for  450  purses,  or  220,000  Turkish 
piastres.  The  other  duties  are  too  uncertain^ 
to  be  accurately  ascertained.  An  ox  pays  one 
piastre;  small  cattle  one  para  per  h^^  an 
ocqu^  of  wine  pays  t^vo  paras. 

The  Basha  receives  the  tenth  of  twenty  vil- 
lages assi^cd  to  bim;  which  he  lets  for 
70,000  piastres :  other  casual  rights  bring  him 
in  a  considerable  sum.  To  this  may  be  added 
100,000  piastres,  collected  annually  by  extor- 
tion ;  ana  when  the  Basha's  avarice  is  exces* 
sive,  this  may  be  doubled.  Mtistapha,  cousin 
to  the  Sultan,  allowed  his  wife  15,000  piastres 
per  month.  His  retinue  consisted  of  500  per- 
sons, and  150  horses.  He  drew  from  his  jhK 
shalik  an  annual  sum  of  360,000  piastres ^ 
and  yet  passed  for  a  disinterested  man. 

The  Karatsh,  or  poll-tax,  is  only  paid  hf 
Jews  and  Greeks.  The  former  have  agreedl 
to  pay  36,000  piastres;  the  latter  pay  5,000 
karatshs.  Now,  if  we  reckon  one  out  of  four, 
who  is  subject  to  the  tax,  the  nuniber  of 
Greeks  may  amount  to  from  15  to  20,00Q, 
In  the  citic^  children  under  eight  years  of  age 
are  exempt;  but  in  the  coimtiy  they  b^n  la 
pay  at  five  years  oM.  If  a  parent  endeavoufs 
to  deceive  the  collector,  the  child  loses  his 
head ;  and  a  Greek  may  always  reckon  that  he 
acts  wrong  in  every  instance.  ITie  coUecton 
liave  so  keen  an  eve  that  they  guess  at  a  ffian's 
situation  by  his  piWsiognomy.  No  Christian 
can  flatter  himselt  to  evade  their  vigilance. 
The  poll-tax  is  paid  in  proportion  to  a  peuon^s 
fortune. 

In  Salonichi  700d  Janissaries  may  ht 
raised :  from  this  the  author  infers  diat  fiom 
28  to  30,000  Turkish  subjects  are  reskient  in 
the  capital,  and  12,000  Jews;*  these,  with 
16,000  Greeks,  constitute  a  populatton  of 
60,000  souls.  VVe  must  likewise  add  2000, 
partly  Kun)ijean  mt'rchants,  or  Franks,  and 
jMrtly  Mamin$,  who  are  A«//"  Jews  and  ka{f 
Turks;  with  some  black  slaves,  and  the 
Tchia^hcnais,  or  Turkish  Gi^)6ic6, 


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BeaujifUr*s  Picture  of  the  Commerce  of  Greece* 


VTcights. 
A  Cantata  contains  forty-four  Ocqu&. 
The  Ocqu^  400  drams. 
IlieCantara  weighs  137  Freadi  pounds  802. 
Ilie  Ocqu^  3lbs.  2oz. 
The  Ell  or  pike  contains  25  indies. 

Monies 
Aie  either  foreign  or  Turkish.     A  silver  pias- 
tre weighs  six  drams,  and  is  worth  40  paras. 
A  para  is  about  a  halfpenny. 
Three  Aspers        -        *         -    sc     1  Para. 
Bechlik        .        -        -        -    =     6 
Onlouk        -        -        -        -    =  10 
YLrmUik        -        -        .       -    =  20 
Tzlote         -         -        -        .    ==  30 
The  new  Tzlote  or  piastre       -    =  40 
Alimichlik  -         -         -    =  60 

Tkilik         -         -        -        -    «=  80 
Yusluk  the  large  silver  coin     -    =s  100 

Foreign  coins  are  the  Spanish  dollar,  the 
Hungarian  dollar,  the  Venetian  ducat,  and  the 
JRagu^an  piastre. 

A  Foundoukli  sequin  weighs  1  drachm  it 
gold. 

The>'alueofgold  is  reckoned  by  carats  and 

meticals. 

16  Carats  -  •  •  =:  1  dradim. 
24  .  .  *  -  =  1  metical. 
Ametlcalofgpld  -  -  «  9  piastres. 
A  carat        do.        -  -    =    15  paras. 

A  drachm        -        -  .       -    c=    6  piastres. 

Large  sums  are  paid  in  parses,  each  contain- 
ing 500  piasures. 

Articles  of  exportation  are:  Cotton  from 
Salonichi;  tobacco  from  Macedonia  ^  com 
from  Macedonia  and  Albania;  honey,  from 
Mount  Hymettus;  olives  and  oil  from  Attica ; 
raisins  from  Corinth  j  Aly  Zary,  or  dyer's  red, 
from  Boeotia ;  kermes  from  Livadia  j  silk,  wax, 
opium,  gum-adragant,  cotton-yam,  morocco, 
Greek  female  dresses^  Turkey  carpets,  coarse 
cloths  from  Macedonifc,  and  doaks  fitom  Zago- 

Cotton  is  soW  by  the  /op;  each  top  weighs 
l)etwcen  7  ?nd  800  drachms.  TTie  dty  of  Seres 
is  the  common  market,  where  the  p««ants  as- 
a^ble  every  Sunday  in  winter.  The  sale  b 
concluded  without  the  buyer  seeing  his  pur- 
chase; but  three-fourths  of  the  purchase  mo- 
nev  must  be  immediately  deposited.  All  this 
is  arranged  without  a  broker,  widiout  security, 
and  witfeml  writing;  S^i  the  buyer  can  con- 
fidently rely  on  the  fulfilment  of  the  engage- 
ment. Should  any  differences  arise,  they  are 
decided  by  the  Bcv*  llie  annual  quantity  ga- 
thcred  in  the  Vale  of  Seres  is  reckoned  at 
70,000  bftUs.  Each  ball  contains  two  iengt, 
and  each  teng  consists  of  sixty  tops,  about  100 
o?qu&  of  clean  cotton.  The  price  vanes ;  but 
if  we  take  the  medium  value  at  li»0  aspers, 
Maccdoma  protluces  a  revenue  of  7,000,000 
DUKlrts,  annually.  30,000  balls  are  sent  to 
G«many;  1«,000  to  France;  4000  to  Ve- 
pi^;   1,500  to  X-e^om;  U^OO  to  Genoa. 


Two  cargoes  ave  sent  to  London,  and  one  i» 
An)stcrdam.  The  whole  export  amounts  to 
/>0,000  balls,  valued  at  5,000,000  piastres. 
Greece  alone  consumes  10,000  balls;  this 
arises  from  the  Turks  stuffing  their  matrasses, 
soulias,  and  coverlits  with  cotton;  and  be« 
-sides,  according  to  their  religion,  the  dead  ace 
buried  in  it.  Ilie  cotton  spun  may  aiuouBt 
to  20,600  balls  ;  half  of  it  is  dyed  red  in  Thea* 
saly,  and  sent  to  Germany,  Switzerland,  Po- 
bnd,  and  Russia,  under  the  name  of  Turkish 
yam. 

In  M. Beaujour*s  opinion,  nosoil  in  Eu- 
rope is  better  adapted  for  the  culture  of  tobacco 
than  that  of  Macedonia*  The  eighth  part  of 
the  land  in  tillage  is  used  for  this  purpose,  and 
twenty  thousand  families  derive  tneir  mainte- 
nance from  it.  About  100,000  balls  are  an-' 
nually  gathered ;  each  containing  100  ocqu^. 
The  oest  tobacco  is  produced  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Jenidge ;  the  ocqu^  of  this  sort  is  sold  ' 
from  70  to  80  aspers ;  the  inferior  qualit}'  from  , 
2b  to  40.  If  we  reckon  the  mean  price  of  the 
ocqu^  at  30  aspers,  the  annual  quantity  of  to- 
bacco grown  m  Macedonia  may  be  valued  at 
4,000,000  of  piastres.  What  is  very  singular 
with  regard  to  this  branch  of  trade  is,  that  nei- 
ther buyer  nor  seller,  but  the  collector  of  Salo- 
nidii,  fixes  the  price.  For  this  purpose  he 
visits  the  fair  at  Do^lia  every  year;  where  he 
meets  all  the  deputies  of  the  different  planta- 
tions pnd  hears  their  sentiments ;  but  he  writes 
the  price  with  his  own  hand  on  a  post  et:ccted 
in  tne  market-place.  With  regard  to  the  ex- 
portation, 40,000  balls  are  consumed  \rf  Euro- 
pean Turkey;  30,000  are  sent  to  Egypt; 
10,000  to  Barbary;  S0,000  to  Italy;  and  m 
short  time  ago  between  10  and  19,000  were 
carried  to  Eastern  Germany.  But  since  Hun- 
gary has  its  own  plantations,  which  consider- 
ably increase,  the  exports  to  Qermany  and  Italy 
have  declined. 

The  territory  of  Salonichi  delivers  annnaBy 
to  the  government  stores  120,000  outToii  of 
wheat;  (a  quik>t  weighs  22  ocqu^,) Volo  only 
80,000  ;  and  Orphano,  one  year  with  another, 
about  60,000.  These  260,000  quilots,  as  the 
tenth  part  whidi  belongs  to  the  Grand  Sig^tor, 
make  the  total  sum  of  the  annual  product 
3,120,000.  According  to  the  register  of  the 
Custom  House,  thirty  cargoes  of  wheat  go  to 
Constantinople;  40  to  otiier  Turkish  ports > 
and  1 0  may  veiy  well  be  exported  secretly  from 
theXjiulph  of  Cassandria  and  Zeitoun,  as  them 
are  iM>  Custom-house  officeis  there.  Each 
cargo  is  reckoned  at  10,000  quilots,  conae^^ 
quently  the  whole  exportation  ==  1,200,000. 

The  neatest  part  of  the  fine  and  best  wools 
comes  nom  Albania,  and  the  plains  of  Larissa, 
Between  4  and  500,000  ocqu^  of  tliem  are 
sent  toThessely;  200,000  oc^u^sare  manufac- 
tured in  Majaoa.  Macedonia  gains  annually 
by  the  wool-trade  about  270,000  piastres;  of 
this  ZQXS^  Venice  pi^  3^,001)  j  Alcona  2^^000^ 


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Beaujour's  Picture  of  the  Commerce  of  Greece. 


[570 


JLeghom  and  Genoa  60,000  j  and  Maweilks 
TsOyOOO,  The  English  andDutch  do  not  buy 
Oxoek  wool.  The  French  mix  it  with  the 
wool  of  Beam  and  Rousillon,  and  make  a  v-ery 
great  profit,  as  they  manufocture  it  into  cloths 
which  aie  exported  to  the  Levant. 

The  Frendi  and  English    arc   the    only 
Franks  in  Satenichi  who  are  an  organized  bo- 
dy.   The  En^ifii  trade  has  been  in  the  hands  j 
<jf  a  company  ever  since  1 6o6.     It  consists  of  i 
400  ^members;  and  each  Protestant  English- ' 
manr  who  jpa)-s  30  ^neas,  may  become  a 
member.    Thev  are  obliged  to  swear  not  to  , 
lend  their  name  to  any  foreigner,  and  not  to  ^ 
1»arter  any  goods  but  against  national  produce. 
All  payments  and  inveitments  in  hard  money 
are  prohibited ;  yet  they  are  allowed  to  transfer 
theff  capital  from  one  staple  to  another,  and 
'employ  it  as  they  plcaiv.    Whoever  is  not  a 
mciuber  of  the  company,  cannot  trade  to  tlie 
Levant,  or  he  pays  20  per  cent,  compensation. 

In  Salonichi  the  English  factory  maintainsf 
two  houses,  which  trade  in  cloths,  shalloons,  \ 
linen,  tin,  lead,  raw  and  wrought  iron,  watchr  j 
cs,  precious  stones,  and  some  colonial  produce,  i 
London  ck)ths,  as  they  are  called,  are  sold  to 
.the  \-akie of  about  15,200  piastres;  others  of  al 
better  quality,  on  the  contrary,  to  the  a^nount' 
^  72,500  piastres;  the  annual  Sak  of  shal-. 
loons  brings  in  180,000  piastres;  And  Indian  ; 
stuffs  100,000  piastres.  English  tin  is  in  p«at  { 
Kquest.  The  company  dispose  of  from  5  to ', 
^600  tons,  at  W  to  100  piastres  each:  the^ 
whole  consumption  amounts  to  the  value  of 
^8,666  piastres,  Lead  17,000,  and  iron,  raw 
at  well  as  wrought,  about  10,000. 

But  die  trade  in  watches  b  more  eowiider- 
able.    Thirty  dozen  are  sold  yearly  in  Saloni- 
chij  as  many  in  the  Morea;  300  dozen  m 
<:onstanUnople;  100  dozen  m  Smyrna;  150 
dozen  are  sent  to  Syria,  and  250  to  Egypt. 
Each  watch  fetches  'from  80  to  120  piastres. 
Taking  the  medium  at  100,  the  watch  tra^ 
mtodxMxa  annually  1,332, 000  oiastrcs;  of  which 
%6/)Q0  are  paid  in  Salonichi.    The  Engbsh 
wateh  makers  themselves  arc  astonished  at  the 
tmnvber  of  watches  sent  to  the  Levant;  and 
say  in  joke,  **  the  Turkish  cides  arc  paved  with 
them."    Nothing,  however,  b  more  natw^, 
than  that  watches  should  be  in  great  rwjvest  in 
a  country  where  there  are  neither  public  clocks 
nor  sun-dials,   and   where   jeli^n    enjoins 
prayer  five  times  a  day  at  parttcular  hours. 
Within  the  last  fifty  ycajs  the  watch  trade  has 
iecn  doubled.    The  most  considerable  share 
of  the  trade  with  the  Levant  b  carried  on  by 
Germany.     Goods  to  the  value  of  500,000 
piastres  are  exported  to  Gemianv,  of  which 
only  one-ihirf  are  in  exchange,  the  remainder 
b  paid  for  in  money. 

Gepnan  produce  sent  to  Turkey  never  ex- 
.ceeds  2,000,000  piastres.  It  consists  of  wool- 
len cloths  about  809,800;  white  stuflis  and  li- 
jncn  385,750;  glass  140,000;  porcekun  40,000; 


steel  ware  54,00p ;  copper  kitchen  utensib  and 
gildings  115,000  piastres.  The  whole  Ger- 
man trade  b  in  the  ha^ids  of  Greeks.  Viejina 
and  Salonichi  are  the  two  great  staples  of  it« 
Austria,  one  year  with  another,  coins  to  the 
value  of  6,000,000  of  florins  in  dollars  and  se- 
quins which  are  sent  to  Turkey.  M.  Beau- 
jour  pretendi  that  from  th^^ear  1741  to  1770, 
140  millions  of  florins  were  coined  solely  for 
the  Turkish  trade.  Since  that  time  to  1790, 
this  sum  must  have  increased  with  the  trade, 
which  our  author  reckons  at  two-fifths. 

The  Italian  thwle  with  Salonichi  amounts  to 
1,074,090  piastres;  the  Dutch  to  50.400;  thf 
Russian  to  900,000.  France  imported  goods 
to  the  \-alue  of  1 ,3 10,000  piastres.     Tne  ex- 

Cto  Greece  amount  to  l,ld3, 000* piastres, 
whole  export  trade  of  Greece  amounts  to 
nine  millions,  and  its  imports  in  goods  may  bo 
reckoned  at  five  millions.  The  English  and 
Russians  are  the  only  nations  who  pay  solely 
in  goods.  Greece  b  supposed  to  gain  ani^ualiy 
fiom  die  rest  of  Europe  tour  million  piastres. 


Marseilles  recei\xs  yearly,  either  directly,  or 
by  way  of  Italy,  five  or  six  -cargoes  of  oil :  01^ 
or  two  of  silk,  cotton,  dressed  leather,  ^'crmil- 
lion,  vallonea,  and  gall-nuts.  The  butter, 
wines,  cheeses,  fruits,  and  pulse,  b  exported 
oniy  to  Smyrna,  Constantinople,  or  the  islands 
of  the  Archipelago.  The  Beys  of  the  coun- 
try, and  the  natives,  conduct,  now,  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  oommerce;  and  the  Euro* 
pean  merchants  are  merely  brokers,  who  buy 
m  harvest,  to  sdl  when  the  market  rises.  Th« 
Greeks  are,  often,  more  than  a  m^itch  for  them 
in  thb  ttaific. 

Corinth,  from  whence  that  valuable  kind 
of  grape  which  we  call  Coriuths,  Currants  d«c 
rives  its  name,  cultivates  less  and  less  annually, 
of  thb  fruit. 

The  Mor^  b  peihaps  the  most  thickly  co- 
vered with  beautitul  andjproducj^vc  olive  tree^, 
of  any  country  upon  earth.  T»«  Kspect  of  the 
populace  for  these  trees  attributes  to  them  a 
kind  of  sanctity  when  they  are  loaded  vvith  , 
fruit:  to  cut  off  abrt^chfrgm  a  tree  in  thb 
state,  would  be  accounted  a  crinie  which  woukl 
subject  the  culprit  to  general  qenscR^.  Thb  b 
one  of  those  superstitions  fMinded  in  nature 
which  flourished  in  antient  times  as  well  as  in 
the  present:  iqi  the  orauons  of  Isocrates  we 
have  an  imperfect  copy  of  a  pleading  against  t^ 
person  for  nav^g  injured  an  olive  tree  whioli 
stood  at  the  extremity  of  his  prembes,  but 
without  them,  and  as  it  beloriged  to  nobody, 
was  deemed  sacred  to  Minerva :  public  utihty 
has  now  taicen  place  of  Minerva,  but  the  prin- 
ciple of  thepojwilar  persuasion  appears  to  ^ 
the  same.  The  oil  ot  the  Morea  lias  a  green- 
ish cast,  but  its  flavour  is  exquisite :  and  it  has 
no  smell.  At  Coron  is  prepared  a  consider,- 
able  (quantity  of  black  olives,  lor  exportation. 


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■HUH  I 


B  V  S  v>  7i 
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c-  2  .'  I  .2  2*5-5 
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573] 


Caie  of  Mr.  Sluarl,  Cure  vf  Consumption. 


tr^7^ 


To    THB   Editor    o^    thb    Literary 
Panorama. 

Billei-icatf,  Essex,  IQ//*  Oct,  IB06. 

Sir  ; — It  it  with  itmch  pleasure  tlwt  I  com- 
ply  with  your  request,  in  coainiunicating  ray 
case  arxi  cure  to  the  wodd,  through  your 
valuable  publication,  in  hoj^  that  the  bcnept 
I  have  received  may  becoute  general  ih  this 
country,  where  consumptions  arc  so  prevalent, 
and  so  fatal. 

In  consequence  of  toO  great  exenioas  nnd 
lati^iue  in  my  official  duty,  this  dreadful  com- 
plaint wss  brought  upon  me,  aiul  I  was  in  a 
very  dangerous  way  from  February  1805  ;  and 
for  some  time  jiast  without  even  the  least 
prospect  of  recovery ;  havmg  too  long  disre- 
■^aided  the  first  symptoms  of  attack, .  from 
tne  very  uncommon  success  I  had  experienced 
in  the  cure  of  pulmonary  complaints,  even 
oliDOst  in  their  last  stage,  for  more  tlian  30 
years  (being  a  physician"  myself),  and  the 
•aine  urgent  pressure  of  oihcial  duty  bearing 
abo  very  hard  upon  me  for  many  months 
after  I  "was  first  taken  ill ;  until  at  last  it 
obstinately  resisted  every  remedy,  and  1  had 
no  hopes  of  recovery,  cn  en  in  August  last. 

I  had  a  spasmodic  or  convulsive  cough  con- 
tinually, so  violent  as  to  cause  me  to  retch, 
and  bring  up  blood,  as  well  as  what  I  ale  or 
drank,  being  worse  in  the  night,  when  pro- 
fuse iKxrtumal  perspirations  reduced  me  to  ex- 
treme debility.  I  expectorated  or  spit  con- 
tinually from  my  lungs,  so  much,  a.s  to  be 
obliged  to  keep  a  bason  bs&ide  me  all  day, 
and  two  during  the  night,  and  always  mixed 
Mrith  blood.  The  pain  in  my  breast  was  so 
severe,  constantly  day  and  night,  that  human 
nature  couki  hardly  endure  it,  exacdy  like  an 
iron  hand  grasping  my  heart  as  hard  as  possi- 
-ble,  which  has  often  caused  me  to  faint  with 
torturing  pain,  aiKl  this  was  always  upon  me 
more  or  lees  severe.  1  had  no  appetite  to  any 
food,  and  what  1  took  was  forced,  to  support 
nature,  and  made  me  quite  sick  and  ready  to 
letch  always  a^rwaids. 

Last  year  I  subsisted  entirely  on  boiled 
potatoes,  withoiu  butter  or  salt,  and  nothing 
else  whatever  except  3  dry  biscuits  and  a  bason 
of  tea  morning  and  evening,  in  order  to 
subdue  the  hectic  fe\'er  that  undermined  my 
constitution ;  this  I  continued  for  5  months, 
until  my  most  worthy  and  ever*  respected 
friend  Dr.  Reynolds  concurred  with  me  in 
opinion,  that  1  might  make  use  of  »ome 
li^t  animal  food.  I  had  consequently  en- 
tirely lost  my  strength,  and  there  was  not  an 
ounce  of  muscular  flesh  upon  my  whole 
body.  In  every  position,  either  lying  down, 
sitting  standing,  or  walkings,  1  was  uneasy  and 
in  pam,  there  being  no  f)esh  to  cover  my 
bones,  and  no  fat  to  prevent  the  viscera  in  a 
'iccumbent  poHurt  from  th«  picesore  of  the  1 


n\n  v.ithin  the  thorax  or  breast.  No  drink 
of  anv  kind,  not  even  water  iv^reed  with  mc, 
and  1  consequently  drank  nothing.  Such 
was  my  deplorable  condition,  that  I  nCTcr 
Imd  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  cessation  from 
pain,  night  or  day,  for  nearly  two  years  pa>t» 
and  to  Uiat  extreme  degree,  that  even  the 
pain  of  the  largest  blisters  I  considered  as 
nothing ;  and  ray  whole  strength  wascntii^ely 
gone,  being  scarcely  able  to  walk. 

All  these  alarming  symptom**,  which  had 
so  long  and  obstinately  resisted  the  utmal  reu^e* 
dies  in  such  cases,  *  were  first  ameliorated, 
then  relieved,  and  at  last  finally  cured  and 
completely  removed  by  a  large  and  plendful 
use  of  rij)e  currants  :  viz.  the  white  Antweip 
currant,  then  the  white  ami  red  mixed,  and 
lastly  the  red  only.  1  ate  them  at  night  just 
before  I  slept,  in  the  morning  as  soon  as  I 
awoke,  after  breakfast,  dinner,  and  tea,  tm 
the  quantity  of  3  and  4  pints  a  day. 

I  lost  my  cough  j  mv  spitting  ceased  ;  my 
appetite  returned-;  and  1  could  cat  plentifully 
of  any  food,  and  with  a  good  relish,  evea 
sometimes  too  great  a  quantity  so  as  to  pro- 
duce sickness,  which  however  currants  would 
alwavs  immediately  remove ; — the  pain  m 
my  breast  ceased ;  my  strength  gradually  re- 
turned, and  my  flesh  also,  from  eating 
heartily ;  (for  I  relish  my  food  much  more 
than  ever  I  did  in  my  life) ;  and  I  have  re- 
covered better  health'  than  I  have  had  for 
years  past. 

Mv  habit  of  body  was  quite  costive,  dur- 
ing the  whole  time  1  was  recovering,  so  that 
I  was  under  the  necessity  of  using  half  an 
ounce  of  tartarized  infusion  of  senna,  at 
night,  about  5,  9,  17,  or  23  days  asunder. 

Soon  after  I  began  to  amend,  the  curranls 
here  were  exhausted,  and  I  became  worse 
c^•en  in  24  hours,  but  recmered  inunediately 
upon  a  plentiful  supply  of  currants. 

After  they  were  gene,  I  used  tamarinds* 
with  pretty  good  success,  as  a  substitute ;  but 
consene  of  roses  and  acid  of  lemons  mixed,  did 
.not  answer  the  same  purpose.  However  t 
havfe  left  ofi"  every  thing  for  a  cotLsiderable 
time,  except  niy  usual  food,  and  table  beer  '^ 
for  my  drink,'  having  used  no  wine,  8pirit9^ 
ale,  or  porter,  for  2 1  years  past. 

Since  my  recovery  I  have  heard  of  a  lady 
of  29,  and  a  gcndeman  of  74,  who  have  also 
been  recovered,  by  the  liberal  use  of  cur- 
rants, ot  consumptions  of  3  years  conti- 
nuance, whose  Uvea  had  likewise  b^en  de- 
spaired of. 

Flattering  myself  that  this  may  piove  high^ 
ly  beneficiai  to  the  affiictcd,  I  am,  with  the 
test  wishes.        Sir, 

Your  obedient  serrant, 
FERnixAKD  Smyth  Stuart 


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5751 


Literary  Advices  J\rom  Austria. 


570 


LITBRARY  ADVICES     PROM    AUSTRIA^    FROM 
LETTERS   OF  JULY,    1806. 

The  sale  of  becks,  although  reduced  very 
low  in  Gtrnuany,  has  no  wliere  suHered  so 
much  as  in  tlic  Austrian  States,     In  better 
times  the  commerce  in  books  in  Austm  was 
never  very  flourishing,  one  reason  was,  that 
good  articles  were  sei(^m  offered  to  the  book- 
sellers, and  another  that  thev  deterred  many 
authors  of  reputation  by  their  niggardly  pro- 
posals.   The  name  of  Vienna  on  the  title 
page  was  enough  to  impede  the  success  of  a 
work.      Can  any    thing  good  come  from 
Vienna  ?  was  the  question  of  many  ibreign- 
ers ;    and   no\    alt^ether    without    reason^ 
Among  a   continual   round  of  eating  and 
drinking,  restlessness  and  noise,  the  restraints 
of  the  ceosaraie,  and  the  manifest  want  of 
inclination  for  the  nobler  employment  of  the 
mind,    evinced  by  the  higher  classes^    how 
could  any  thing  sublime  or  mental  flourish  ? 
Very  few  of  those  to  whose  care  is  committed 
the  reputation  of  the  country  ^pcar  to  feel 
the  importance  of  this  object.    Tne  few  no- 
ble minds  which   take  a  higher  stand,  are 
jretiy  much  isolated,  and  are  not  understood. 
Ko  attention  is  directed  to  improve  the  native 
dialect,  and  from  ignorance  of  a  better  lan- 
guage,   the  Austrian    patm$  is    spoken  in 
tne  best  circles,  wherein  one  mignt  expect 
to  find  superior  information.     It  must  indeed 
be  acknowledged,  that  there  is  no  province 
in  Germany  where  the  youth  arc  more  tor- 
mented with  the  etymological  part  of  the 
German  laneuage ;  yet  at  the  same  time  none 
where  such  Lad  German  is  spoken,  and  for 
the  greater  part  written*,  as  in  Austria.     Lite- 
rary excellence  is  no  where  so  little  valued  as 
in  Vienna.      A  delimit  in  cavalcades  and 
dogs,  and  an  unreserv^  devotion  to  tjie  spirit 
of  commerce,    in  the  eyes  of  most  ))eople, 
constitute  a  valuable  man.     How-  is  it  pos- 
iible,   under  these  circumstances,  that  any 
thing  distinguished  in  the  republic  of  litera- 
ture, i:an  appear  in  the  imperial  residence  ?  ^ 
It  has  often  been  observed  that  people  of  the 
greatest  literary  reputation,  and  the  most  ex- 
traordinary diligence  while   they    remjiined 
abroad,  immediately  as  they  choose  Vienna 
for  their  residence,    have   relinquished  the 
path  of  literature.      Notwithstanding  these 
Sets,  the  superior  booksellers  here,  have  in 
general    transacted    business,  to    advantage. 
Teorfe  buy  books,  at  least,  if  they  do  not 
readthem.     Several  booksellers  indeed,  have 
Icept  brge  stocks  on  hand.     Degen  published 
superb  works.    The  late  Director  of  Came- 
«ina*s  concern.  Beck,  edited  very  important 
.works  in  a   truly  elegant  style :  Geistinger 
.did  the  same,  and'Schaumburg,  who  doubt- 
less keeps  the  best  assortment,  and  serves  his 
customers  with  the  greatest  promptitude,  has 
edited  many  valuable  articles.     But  few  pub- 


lications meet  the  wbh^  for  sale;  and,    it 
was  therefore    natoral  that  one   bookseller 
after  another,  should  either  cease  from  keep* 
log  stock,  or  reduce  it  very  low,  and  no^w^ 
when  there  is    little  demand,    the    dealers 
are  too  fearful  to  undertake  any  thing  con- 
siderable.    Gebtinger  appears  to  risque   tHc 
most,  and  to  succeed  witli  some  articles  from 
Rosor,  Glatz,  and  Trattinik  ;  but  in  his  pub- 
lications he  reckons  much  on  a  fair  exterior- 
Tile  mob  of  pirates  a^d  dealers  in  piracies, 
find  the  most  advantage. 

This  great  monarchy  does  not  produce  one 
distinguished  public    paper.      Our  politicad 
newspapers  are  sick :  some  in  a  consumption^ 
others  in  a  dropsy.     For  some  time  there  wa^ 
tajk  of  the  speedy  appearances  of  a  journal^ 
under  the   title  of  Austrian  Leaves  <Oester- 
reichischc  Blatten)  which  was  to  embrace 
much,  but  at  present  nothing  is  said  about 
it.     There  are  some  appearances  as  if  the 
Cen^iraeehere  would  unobservcdly   become 
milder :  at  least  many  free  spoken  words  in 
the  foreign  news-papers,  receive  the   **  tole>- 
ratur,**  if  not  the  *'  admittitur.**    The  more 
noble  wish  that  those  who  sit  at  the  helm 
may  read  and    ponder  these  words ;    and. 
what  might  be  of  the  bestconsecjuence,  ^vould 
lay  them  before  the  sovereign,  who  by  the 
great  candour  of  his  mind,  and  the  rare  iip-^ 
nghtncss  and*  goodness  of  his  heart,  migat 
easily  receive  other  and  more  correct  \\€yf^ 
of  many  important  subjects,  .whereh^r  c;er» 
tainly  Various  things  assume  a  more  friendly' 
form,  and  the  general  welfare  of  the  mo- 
narchy might  be  git;atly  promoted.    For  a  tru- 
ly noble  mmd  to  shew  itself  it  in  the  Knipire 
of  Austria,  will  be  very  difficult,  when  th© 
superior  characters  in  the  state,  do  n^  cherish 
a  Fiteniry  and  scientific  education,  nor  ei^cite 
emulation  by  horK>urs  and  public  distinctions^ 
A  more  free  and  liberal  turn  of  mind  is  great- 
ly wahted,  a  disposition  fettered  by  no  censu- 
rate  unnecessarily  rigid,  and  frustrated  by  no 
little  pedagogic  school  plan,  a  spirit  securt 
from  the  suspicion  of  mean  hypochonciriaq 
minds,  who  view  but  one  side  of  a  question. 
Those  who  know  our  beloved  emperor,  and 
his  enlightened  ministry,  i^ssurc  us,   loudly, 
that  a  national  turn  of  mind,  of  this  nobler 
description,  mi^ht  easily  be  hoped  for,  if  ^t 
attained  publicity  enpu^  to  engage  the  at,- 
tention  of  a  prince  who  judees  so  caiulidly, 
and  intends  so  jupriglitlY  as  Francis  II.     Of 
the  literary  journals,    that  of  Halle   is   the 
most  read;    after  this,   ^that  of  Jena;      of 
other  periodical  works,  the  Free  thinker  (Das 
Frcymuthige)   is  most  in  request,  and  after 
that  the  Gazette  for  the  elegant  world  (Zei- 
tung  fur  du  elegant  wilt,)    The  Minerva  of 
the  lively  and  industrious  Archcnholtz,  which 
since  the  breaking  out  of  the  last  war,  con- 
tains many  pertinent  remarks  and  sentiments 
of  scricM^  importi  relative  to  Austfia^  i|  hei^ 


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Lticrary  Advices  from  Austria^ 


67S 


IT  id  with  modi  tpprobation.  Graitly  is  it ; 
wished,  that  many  truths  ooiitaSned  therein, 
might  engage  the  attention  of  our  monarch. 
The  gazette  of  Neuwied  retains  its  former 
estinuitiony  and  notwithstanding  mueh  dis- 
torted and  .superficial  reasoning,  enjoys  a 
great  reputation  among  the  higher  ranks. 

The  booksellers  in  the  provinces,  for  the 
most  part  do  no  business  of  consequence ;  but 
occupy  themseh^es  principally  with  pirated 
editions.  ^  In  Hungary,  especially,  th^  trade 
in  books  is  rendered  difficult  in  muny  ways. 
In  Presbuig,  Schwaiger  does  the  most  busi- 
ness; he  also  travels  through  the  country 
with  books.  In  Ptet,  Hartkben  has  at- 
tempted to  become  an  editor,  which  is  rather 
an  unusual  thing  there :  but  the  attempt  is 
not  likely  to  b(^t  of  sreat  success.  These 
Hungarian  towns  have  the  most  commerce  in 
books;  in  most  other  towns  of  that  coimtry, 
the  bookbinders  arc  at  the  same  time  book- 
tellers,  or  rather  bookbrokers. 

The  Gazette  of  and  for  Hungary,  edited 
hy  Schedius,  appears  in  the  present  state  of 
the  commerce  in  books,  not  likely  to  be  soon 
resumed.  Bredelyky's  contributions  to  the 
topography  of  Hungry  which  contain  many 
«XKi  things,  is  not  relinquished,  but  will 
DC  coiicluoed  with  the  fourth  volume.  The 
industrious  Ko\'achich  continues  very  active 
in  the  history  'and  literature  of  his  country ; 
he  is  now  occupied  with  the  idea  of  a  new 
edition  of  the  Corpus  juris  Ilungarici,  much 
augmented  by  many  happily  discovered  old 
imperial  statutes.  The  historian.  Von  Eugel, 
itppears  in  his  historical  character  to  keep 
holiday.  Schwartner  is  still;  and  if  the 
times  do  not  soon  improve,  by-and-by  e>*ery 
thing  will  be  still;  but  it  will  be  the  stillness 
of  the. tomb. 

We  shall  ^M  a  succinct  view  of  the 

AUSTRIAN    JOURKALS. 

It  is  weU  kriown,  that  the  natriottc  jour- 
nal of  M.  Andr^,  counsellor  oi  education,  at 
Brunn,  ceased  with  the  month  of  June  1805, 
M.  Andr^  having  been  invited  into  Bavaria ; 
however  he  is  not  yet  gone  thither,  on  ac- 
count of  the  war,  and  other  circumstances. 
A  competent succassor  to  continue  this  useful 
and  inuch  r«Ul  journal  has  not  been  found. 

A  Journal  which  M.  Von  Hanke,  in  01- 
mutz,  intended  to  have  published,  under  the 
title  of  Siawenka,  and  of  which  one  number 
appeared  in  4to  in  1804,  from  tlie  University 
wess,  atBuda,  is  interrupted  by  his  death. 
This  ntmiber  contained  a  critical  account 
of  a  copy  of  an  old  Sclavonian  Bible,  in 
powessioH  of  the  editor's  fumil/,  which  is  by 
no  means  a  master-piece  of  criticism ;  aiid 
cvineea  no  fundamental  knowledge  of  the 
Slavonian  langiu^.  A  journal  is  published 
at"  Prague,  entitled  Siawin,  **  a  mestage 
from  Bohemia  to  all  Sclavonian  nations, **  by 

V«i.  I.     ILii.Pan.  Dec,  180(>7] 


Joseph  Dobrowski,  member  of  the  Iloy^ 
Bohemian  Society  of  Sciences  at  Prague,  and 
of  the  learned  Society  at  Warsaw.  In  8iro.,  2 
numbers  cost  I  florin. 

Another  journal  is  likewise  published  at 
Prasue,  quarterly,  under  the  Utle  Hlasatel 
Cesky,  "The  Bohemian  Prophet,"  by  Mr^ 
John  Neeedly,  Doctor  of  Law.s,  and  Pro* 
fessorof  the  Bohemian  Language  and  Lite« 
rature  in  the  University  there.  Tiie  object 
of  this  publication  is  to  combine  entertain^ 
ment  with  information,  but  especially  the 
promoting  and  perfecting  of  the  Bohemian 
language  and  literature.  Two  numbers  have 
appeared,  whose  contents  correspond  with 
this  object.  They  include  translations  of  se- 
lect pieces  from  Lucian,  Cicero,  Pope,  and 
the  Messiah  of  Klopstock.  The  editor  is  as- 
sisted' by  Witsch  Neffedly,  J.  M}'sliwecki, 
Joseph  Jungman,  and  others. 

Mr.  Stephen  Kultsar  has  entitled  his  paper« 
published  at  Pest,  in  the  Hunmrian  lan- 
guage, Hazai  iudosiiasok,  *>*  Advices  of  ouf 
native  Country."  He  h.ns  alreaJ  n  re  than 
200  subscriber^ ;  iitid  the  Coitiitates  wish  to 
remove  the  probibkion,  by  which  he  can 
insert  nothing  luttddnieitic  Ilungjanan  arti- 
cles. A  shee^  ii  ^lubll^iii'J  in  ice  a  week^ 
since  July  2.  Trie*!  tur  ihc  h^lf  vcaf,  4  flo- 
rins. Mr.  Knltiiir,  fortm'rly  Profrasor  of 
Elocution,  an- J  tuinr  to  the  yo'^in^;  Count 
Festerits,  wriu.s  a  pure  Hungarian  style. 
This  journal  luils  lu  way  lufo  ilie  neigh- 
bouring countries,  as  Scnria,  Bosnia,  A£)1- 
davia,  and  Walachia.  We  flatter  ourselves 
that  it  will  furnish  us  with  various  artklcs 
which  may  increase  our  acquaintance  with 
the  state  and  productions  of  Hungary. 

PROPOSITA  PHILANTHROPICA. 

homa  sum 
Humanum  nihil  a  ms  ajienum  puto, 

PROTESTANT  DISSENTERS*  GRAMMAK 
SCHOOL. 

The  Dissenters,  by  which  we  mean  those 
interests  which  were  recognized  as  such  by 
the  Toleration  Act,  have  auring  a  number  of 
years  been  little  other  than  the  contempt  ot 
the  clerg)'  of  the  establishment,  whenever 
general  learning  or  extensive  literature,  biblical 
or  classical,  was  in  Question.  Very  few  works 
entitled  to  the  appellation  of  *'  learned,"  in 
a  superior  st>le,  nave  originated  among  them, 
since  the  valuable  volumes  of  the  industrious 
and  liberal  Lardner,  or  those  of  the  ingenious 
and  iiraise- worthy  Hanner. 

The  Watts's  and  the  Doddridge's  of  for- 
mer da^-s  have  not  lately  had  their  equals, 
among  those  who  profess  to  be  their  descen- 
dants ;  nor  has  the  mantle  of  any  distingitishcd  - 
leader  kuown   to  us  fallen,  with  a  double 

U 


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^79]       Propostta  Philanlhropica, — Protestant  Dissenters'  Grammar  School.         [580 


portion  of  his  spirit,  on  a  favoured  disciple. 
Sensible  of  this  truth,  and  desirous  of  re- 
moving the  cause  of  it,  tlie  principal  cha- 
racters among  the  Independent  and  Baptist 
interests,  chiefly,  have  conceived  that  the 
want  of  car /y  education  has  in  great  measure 
impeded  the  maturity  of  those  talents  which 
the  body  cannot  suppose  to  be  wantini;,  though 
not  manifested  by  any  striking  marks  of  yi- 
•gour  or  exertion,  liiey  have  therefore  cir- 
culated an  address,  in  which  they  remind 
their  friends,  that  the  primitive  l>issentcrs 
were  so  far  from  being  averse  to  the  accom- 
plishments of  literature,  that  they  were  mostly 
eminent  for  learning ;  and  some  have  immor- 
talized themselves  by  their  works.  They  re- 
present the  Dissenters  as  rapidly  resuming 
iheir  esteem  for  literary  attainments,  and 
desirous  of  enjoying  among  themselves  those 
facilities  for  acquiring  them,  from  which 
thc)'  are  excluded  by  uie  constitution  of  the 
English  Universities. 

lliey  pro|)08e  especially  to  benefit  youth 
intended  for  the  sacred  oifcce  j  -and  those  who 
may  become  teachers  of  youth.  They  ob- 
•er^e,  with  a  severity  which  they  surely 
would  have  thought  unjustifiable  in  otlicrs, 
that,  **  the  incompetence  of  perhaps  the 
maiority  of  this  class  is  proverbial; — the 
union  of  talents  and  character  is  so  rare,  that 
when  the  inquiring  parent  has,  with  pleasinjg 
surprize,  discovenS  a  single  instance,  it  is 
not  probable  that  he  will  find  a  vacancy  for  his 
child.*'  They  lament  also  **  the  gross  igno- 
rance of  some  eneaffcd  in  the  imjwrtant  office 
of  the  christian  numstrj-  ;'* — the  ver)- Question 
of  "  looking  for  tutors.  Critics,  and  (religious) 
advocates;**  reminds  them  of  a  mortifying 
fact,  «.  c.  that  they  are  very  scarce.  Now  if 
such  be  the  acknowledged  description  of  tlieir 
public  instructors,  what,  it  might  be  asked, 
IS  that  of  their  instructed  ?— -They  liave  there- 
fore determined  to  establish  an  inniitution 
*  which  may  remedy  this  evil ;  and  as  tve  re- 
joice in  every  attempt  to  effect  the  promotion 
of  literature,  we  cannot  but  wish  that  the 
proposal  may  revive  that  spirit,  of  wluch  the 
Dissenters  acknowledge  tnemselves  to  have 
been  of  late  so  lamentably  destitute.  The 
following  is  the  plan  proposed  i 

I.  That,  in  order  to  secure  and  advance 
solid  learning  among  Evangelical  Dissenters, 
it  appears  highly  desirable  that  a  seminary  be 
established,  in  which  religious  and  moral 
principles  shall  be  vigilantly  inculcated. 

II.  ITiat,  in  order  to  carry  thb  design  into 
effect,  a  day-school,  in  some  convenient  and 
healthy  part  of  the  metropolis,  shall  be  esta- 
blished as  early  as  possible. 

III.  That  eighty  boys  shall  be  admitted 
into  thb  school,  on  terms  to  be  specified 
when  the  plan  is  matured. 

IV.  That  the  committee  shall  have  power 
to  admit,  gratuitously,  a  number  of  boys  be- 


side the  alxn'e  eighty,  not  exceeding  tv4*entv, 
sons  of  ministers,  or  others,  who  may  be  in 
confined  circumstances. 

V.  That  gentlemen,  subscribmg  one  guinea 
annually,  shall  be  annual  governors,  and 
those  who  subscribe  ten  guineas  at  one  pay- 
ment, shall  be  governors  for  life. 

VI.  That  a  committee  of  twenty- four  geiw 
tlemen  shall  be  appointed,  of  whom  six  shall 
be  ministers. 

VII.  The  committee  shall  elect  all  officers, 
except  the  president  and  treasurer ,  shall  ad- 
just, in  concurrence  with  the  masters,  the 
plan  of  education;  shall  fix  the  terms  on 
which  boys  not  on  the  foundation  shall  be 
educated ;  shall  fill  up  vacancies  on  the  foun- 
dation, and  superintend  all  affairs. 

VIII.  I'hat  eight  members  of  the  com- 
mittee, two  of  whom  shall  be  ministers,  shall 
go  out  annually,  in  rotation. 

IX.  That  a  president  and  treasurer  shall 
be  chosen  at  the  annqal  meeting  of  the  go- 
vernors ;  vvho  shall  be,  ex  officio,  members  of 
the  committee. 

X.  There  shall  be  a  head  master,  a  second 
master,  and  an  assistant  master,  for  the  clas- 
sical departmenU,  one  of  whom  shall  be 
qualified  to  act  as  mathematical  master. 
1  here  shall  also  be  a  master  for  writing  and 
arithmetic. 

XI.  Candidates  for  the  office  of  masters 
must  be  well  recommended  as  men  of  sound 
learning,  evangelical  principles,  and  esta- 
blished character. 

XII.  The  business  of  the  school  shall  be 
commenced  and  concluded  with  prayer  every 
day. 

XIII.  A  general  meeting  shall  be  held  in 
tlie  school-room,  on  the  first  Wednesday  in 
January  and  in  July,  at  one  o'clock  in  the  af- 
ternoon. The  meeting  in  January  shall  be 
called  the  annual  meeting,  when  the  presi- 
dent, tre«isurer,  and.  committee  shall  be  ap- 
pointed, and  the  accounts  audited.  At  every 
general  meeting  the  minutes  of  the  last  ge- 
neral meeting  shall  be  read  and  submitted  for 
confirmation. 

XIV.  The  committee  shall  have  power  to 
call  a  general  meeting:,  by  giving  at  least  one 
week's  notice  to  all  the  governors. 

XV.  l*he  committee  shall  meet  once  i^ 
month  in  the  school-room,  or  other  proper 
place ;  five  of  them  shall  fomi  a  quorum. 

XVI.  That  tliree  auditors  shall,  be  ap- 
pointed annually  to  examine  the  accounts. 

XVTl.  lliat  no  resolution,  proposed  at  a 
general  meeting,  unless  recommended  by 
the  committee,  sliall  be  entered  as  a  rule,  un- . 
til  it  has  been  confirmed  at  a  succeeding  ge- 
neral meeting. 

This  business  has  been  taken  up-serioosfyy 
and  the  institution  is  advancing.  The  Trea- 
surer is  Srmuel  Favell,  l£sq.  Borough. 


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5ilT        Proposila  Philanihropicd. — Cat hoRc  Mission  in  China.    Free  Chapels.      [58^ 

110  of  the  third.;  and  ten  others  which  are 
called  Tingt  and  are  a  part  of  the  twelve  first : 
it  is  dividi-d  into  four  parts,  the  east,  west, 
north,  and  south.  True  religion  is  nearly 
equally  spread  through  those  four  parts  and  hat 
made  nearly  equal  progress.  In  the  eastern  di* 
vision  are  reckoned  1 1?  societies  of  Christians, 
172  in  the  \vest,  43  in  the  north,  and  13« 
in  the  south.  The  number  of  Christians  ia 
the  whole,  amounts  to  48,000 ;  whereas  in 
1785  there  were  only  24.  But,  in  order  ta 
visit  and  administer  to  all  the  converts,  ao 
immense  tract  of  country  must  be  traversed, 
whilst  there  are,  from  tne  seminary  at  Paris, 
only  four  Missionaries,  comprehending  the 
Bishop  and  nineteen  Chinese  priests.  We 
are  now  endeavouring  to  establish  a  national 
clergy.  The  schoob  in  which  the  Chrisiiaa 
religion  is  taught,  are  not  at  all  disturbed. 
The  Pagans  sometimes  request  us  to  admit 
their  children,  in  order  to  teach  them  to  read 
the  school  writers,  and  write  their  charac* 
ters.  We  have  in  this  province  sixty-two 
christian  schools  ;  of  whicti  35  are  boys,  wmI 
SQ  girls.  It  is  melancholy  to  think  we  cannot 
increase  these  institutions ;  the  poverty  of  the 
inhabitants  generally  foibids  it.  The  empe- 
ror has  sent  for  two  new  Lazarist  Missionaries 
to  Pekiu,  who  left  Canton  last  summer,  in 
order  to  go  to  the  capital. 

By  these  letters  we  find  that  the  hordes 
of  rebels  who  troubled  tlic  empire  in  1803, 
are  entirely  dispersed ;  and  that  the  late  re- 
ports of  civil  war,  rumoured  abroad  by  some 
misinformed  merc|iaius,  desen  e  no  credit. 


cXtholic  mission  in  china. 
-[Translated  from  the  Memorial  '£urop^en 

of  Tuesday,  June2>  1806.] 
£xtractJrom  several  Letters  written  hy  the 
MisMonaries  of  the  Foreipi  Missionary  Se- 
miuary  at  Paris,  dated  from  the  Province 
of  Sutchuen,  in  China. 

The  Christian  reli^on  continue$  to  make 
sensible  progress  in  this  province  :  5181  hea- 
thens have  embraced  the  faiih  in  the  course 
of  the  last  year ;  6039  children  have  been 
baptised.  Trie  infidels  come  of  their  own  ac- 
cord to  be  instructed,  and  to  request  books ; 
which  we  gratuitously  distribute  among  them, 
in  order  to  acquaint  them  with  both  doctrines 
and  morality.  The  mildness  of  the  govern- 
faient,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  conducts 
itself  with  respect  to  the  Christians,  make  us 
hope  to  enjoy  peace.  We  have  experienced 
no  persecutions  under  the  government  of  the 
new  emperor.  The  mandarins  no  longer  re- 
ceive the  denunciations  which  the  Pagans 
used  to  bring  against  us,  on  account  of  our 
religion.  Religious  assemblies  are  publicly 
held,  without  any  interruption  from  the  city 
governors. 

In  the  district  of  Tonquin,  a  Christian, 
who  had  refused  to  give  rnoney  for  the  sup- 
port of  a  superstitious  ceremony,  was  diS- 
chaiged  by  the  collectors  from  a  sflk  manufac- 
tory, where  he  gained  hb  livinj.  The  newly 
baptized,  vexed  to  see  himself  compelled  to 
abandon  his  trade,  centered  an  action  i^inst 
them.  The  mandarins  gave  the  verdict  in 
favour  of  the  Christian ;  and  said  to  his  ad- 
versaries, "^nce  the  Christians  ask  you  for 
no  money  for  the  exercise  of  their  religion, 
you  have  no  right  .to  for^H!  it  from  them  for 
yours."— In  another  district,  a  Christian  ha- 
ving refused  to  contribute  to  a  comedy,  where- 
in the  Pag^ms  made  eulogia  on  their  idols, 
was  beaten  by  the  collectors.  The  affair 
having  been  carried  before  the  govern- 
ment of  the  place,  they  ordered  the  col- 
lectors to  be  arrested  j  and  each  of  them  to 
roceive  fifteen  blows  on  their  feet,  for  en- . 
deavouring,  by  their  private  authority,  to 
fprce  the  Christians  to  contribute  to  a  religious 
ceremony  contrary  tn  tlieir  conkiences.  In- 
deed, the  converts  hold  their  assemblies  pub- 
licly, without  any  opposition  from  the  go- 
vernment; and  religion  is  preached  in  ail  pub- 
lic places  and  markets,  without  any  obstacle 
being  put  in  the  way  by  the  superintendants. 
After  such  a  decided  toleration,  tliercisthe 
greatest  reason  to  hope  for  an  extensive  progrvss 
to  be  made  here  in  Christianity,  if  a  suihctent 
number  of  evangelical  labourers  will  bni 
come  to  us,  in  order  to  preach  in  ibis  vast : 
province.  It  is  300  leagues  from  east  to  west  ^ 
and  320 fr.m  north  to  south.  It  contains  12 
'  o'.ties  of  th    first  order,  1 9  of  the  second,  and 


Free  Chapel  for  the  Poor. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Literary  Panorama.- 
Mr.  Editor ; — I  was  much  pleased  to  find 
in  your  first  numl)er,  a  brief  eulogium  on 
the  intention,  and  management  of  the  only 
Free  CJiapci  yet  establi;>li«l  in  London,  for 
the  accommodatiou  of  tlie  poor^  and  by  this 
specimen  of  your  attention  to  such  piiilan- 
thropic,  and  truly  chriiiian  under  takings,  I 
am  induced  to  olfer  a  few  remarks  on  the 
general  utility  ot*  churches  or  chapels  of  this' 
description,  under  the  direction  of  such  regular 
earnest  and  oriliodox  ministers,  as  titat  in 
West  Street  is  favoured  with.  1  have  been 
for  many  years,  an  obsener  of  the  increasing' 
depravity  of  all  orders  in  society  I  I  ha\'tf 
deeply  lamented  the  ^Qwing  evif,  but,  alas  • 
have  not  till  lately  been  cheered  bv  a  gloom 
of  hope,  th^  this  source  nC  nHtkmai  calamitv, 
may  be  checked  and  even  dried  up,  if  mea- 
sles are  adopted  and  fmc'cutcd,  (with  an 
energy  equal  to  th.it  a*>OT^  \Mudod  to  j  and  as 
strongly  recomir.-.-^td  .»y  the  venerable  and 
pious  Uijho'  Oi''  \be  diocese),  to  procure 
comfortable  acr'niAioiUtions  for  the  poor: 
not  in  the  worKnou.^e,  bat  in  the  house  of 
God.  It  nay  ht  baid,  aad  a  lamentable  fad 
U  2 


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m 


^neciatjj^Xnm  H/tr.  J^tens*  fifynnty/tf  a  Traadbr. 


\au 


it  is,  that  tbe  churches  we  have  already,  are  I 
'W)t  Kdf  filW :  but  whether  Ihcy  are  or  arc   \ 
*iibt  "fiUcd;''  they*  ari;  cflectually   barricadoed 
«afiai\i8tthe^i^r/bV  the  pVoctice  of  levting 
Wt  thefts  i  and  tniM,  from  the  greatlaxity 
'of  iijorak  ambng  the  superior  dasses,   the 
*tlew«,'  ^ithbut  Tew  exccpt'ions,  are  like  Uie 
libNVn  Housed  of  oiir'nobility  iii  summer,  occu-  * 
Jpi^  dhly;  if  at  all,  by  a  servant.    If  therc 
tie"ahy  solid'rcascm  fof  excluding  the  poor  from  * 
%he  'sesM  In  theif  j^rish  church,  because  the 
^ch  lean  j^v'fbr  ttil-rti  without  beuiff  obli^ 
%6  occujiy  tKem'  in  )>erson  at  the  regumr  times 
^  service,  the  same  reason  e\lnce8  the  neoi»- 
fity  <^f  providing 's^ats  expressly  for  those  \^io 
%re  now  in  a  measure  excommnnicated.    The 
^6od  to  be  derived  fVom  the  religious  instruct 
'(iotrof  the  poot  is  idcalculabie ;  and,  happi- 
1t,  rt  is  discenUble  in  the  ejects  alr^y  pfo- 
4ciced,  amdiig  lome  of  them,  by  this  very 
Chapel  i  where  a  Congregation,  at  once  the 
hiost' attentive  ahd  numerous,  assembles  in 
6(Mnlbrt,'  twice  cxery  Sunday,    morning  and 
teVtning,  for  divine  worehip,  according  to  the 
itrfct^st  rules  and  doctrines  of  t)ie  est^lishcd 
Cttii^. '  -Of  this  cohgregation  I  have   the 
lofi^fiuition  to  '  knoW  jjersonally  some  indivi- 
^fiaX^l  fohnerly/  i^eed^  the  most  abandoned 
braftigates,  and  who  mouldered  away  all  their 
Ifbrfe  time  at  the  alehouse,  botli  Sunday  and 
working  day,  to  the  ruiii  of  themselves  and 
firiahtlies  \  biit  now,  like  the  man  delivered  from 
^he  evil  spirit,  they  are  found  sitting,  cloatb- 
«f,  and  in  their  ridit  minds,  living  witnesses 
hi  this  house  of  God,  and  in  their  £miilies^ 
to  the  prevailing;^  and  persuasive  energy  of  re- 
ligion,   and  religious  instniction, '  zcakjusly 
and  plainly  enforced.    I  know  of  many  who 
declare  they  have  reason  to  bless  Gorl,  tor  ha- 
iFhig'put  It  itito  the  heart  of  the  founder  of 
•his  Chapel,  to  aifolfd   them  an  Dii|)ortunity 
of  hearing  the  words  of  life ;  to  which  they 
were  before  strangers,  and  wer^  likely  so  to 
continue,   on  account  of  their  inability   to 
9tamd  in  the  Ctiuirh  through  weakness  of 
body ;  and  to  pny  for  a  scat,  through  indi- 
gence. 

.  I  do  not  know  liow  far  covering  the 
whole  area  of  a  church  with  petvs  for  hire 
has  the  sanction  of  our  establishment,  but  I 
know,  that  while  there  are  any  |)0or  in  a 
parish  there  ought  to  be  a  'place 'for  them  at 
Church ;  or  how  can  we  expect  th^r  manners 
•houkl  be  corrected;-  their  minds  informed, 
their  morals,  jiersonal  luid  relative^  be  im- 

rv-ed,  or  their  souls  be  saved?     I  hope.  Sir, 
^  stating  what  I  kav<;  myself  witnessed,  to 
encourage  others  in  undertaking  of  a  hke 
kind ;  a  conviction  of  the  necc*tity  of  which 
is«  I  believe,  encreosing. 
'  '       ium,  &c.         ' 

Phi  Lb  PAUPER  IS. 

*^*  We  understand  that  a  Free  Churdi  is 
opfncdai  Birinh^gham  also^  and  another  at 


Mr-  PHflips  ^  U(e|y  puUiahed  .m  fiigc 

pocket  volumes,  price  23s.,  <'  Memoirs  of 

"  a  Traveller,  now  inJUtirome&t,  writtea 

**  by  himself.*'    The  author  is  the  Rev.  Mr. 

Dutens.    The  volumes  contain  a  vi^i^ty  of 

anecdotes ;  many  of  which  tlie  writer  had  the 

best  opportunity  for  authenticating,  having 

moved  in  those  exalted  ctrdes  wherc\n  they 

occurred.    Some  are  extremely  curious.    7^ 

writer*s  Qb5crva.tion  has  demonatiated  beyop4 

denial,  that  vice  and  misery  are  inteparabls 

bompanions.    Had  he  depicted  the  former  in 

its  true  colours,  as  it  must  have  appeared  to 

him,  he  might  have  prevented  the  incautiom 

from  suffering  its  effects  in  the  latter. 

The  following  excerpts  arc  aiuusiDg. 

Having  remarked  the  extreme  mdandioly 

of  Lady  Charlotte  Buigoyne's  air,  one  day 

after  she  had  left  us,  1  begged  to  know  tWo 

reason  6f  her  sadness.     "  Her  health  is  not 

**  very  aood,"  said  Miss  Pitt,   ««  and  she  i^ 

**  afraid  that  she  is  going  to  die ;  and,  to 

**  strengthen  her  apprehensions,    a    Scotch 

f  footman,  who  fws  lived  some  yean  in  the 

"  femily,  eight  dap  ago  begged  peroiission 

<*  to  speak  to  her  in  private:  he  then  tok) 

**  her  Uiat  he  was  a  native  of  a  part  of  Scot* 

*'  kind,  where  certain  femilies  had  the  gift 

**  of  foreseeing  what  would  happen ;  or,  as 

**  the  English  call  it,  second  si^nt  ^  that  he' 

V  beUmgi'd  to  one  of  those  families,  and  ha« 
"  ving  foreseen  that  his  lady  bad  only  fifteen 
**  days  to  live,  he  thought  it  hit  du^  to  in- 

V  form  her  of  it,  that  she  mig,bt  torn  her 
'*  attention  towards  the  final  arrangement  of 
*'  her  aflairs,  and  the  salvation  of  her  souL 
'*  Poor  Lady  Burgome  has  been  so  aWroed- 
*.*  at  this  prediction,'  that  she  is  unable  to  re- 
**  sist  the  impression  which  it  makes  upon 
**  her  spirits,  her  husband  ])ercciving  hv  de- 
•*  jection,  she  lias  related  to  him  the  cause  j 
'*  and  though  the  General  has  caned  the  xuff 
**  pnideiit  footman,  and  discharged  him,  he 
*'  cannot  banish  from  the  mind  of  his  wife 
"  the  solemn  idea  of  her  having  no  more  than 
**  eiffht  days  to  live.'* 

\\  e  were  all  impatient  for  the  expiration  of 
these  eight  days,  that  Lady  Cliarlotte  Bur- 
goyne. might  regain  the  tranquillity  of  mind 
so  necessary  for  her  health.  She,  in  fact, 
escaped  from  the  accomnlishment  of  the  pro- 
pliecy,  for  she'  did  not  clic  until  twenty  years 
afterwards.  Had  fear  then  destroyed*  her,  & 
circumstance  veiy  ])ossible,  the'  prophecy 
would  have  excited  wonder,  and  -  the  pfo« 
phet  nHMild  ha\e  been  followed  with  ap* 
pfaiuse.. 

The  Matuuis  dc  Pri^  played  very,  deeply, 
and  veiy  (oriunoQcly.     He  once  won  tat' 


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Anecdoidjhd  Mr.  Dulehs'  Jli'etnoirs  0/  dTraveller. 


^oimnd  lours  from  ^L  de  Chau^'elm,  the 
Irench  ambas^or :  be  received h«nli  the  siiin 
in  cish  ;  ahdabill  ttr  the  remainder',  payable 
in  SIX  months.  The  ready  money  having 
lasted  him  only  thite  weeks,  he  soUf  the  am- 
basmdofs  bill  ton  Jew  of  l\irin,  for  a  sum 
of  thre^  thousand  louis.  The  amlxissador* 
py|ued  to  hear  that  his  bill  had  got  into  the 
Jiands  of  a  Jew  at  so  low  *a  J>rice,  byriowed 
What  nlttiiey  ht  wanted  of  the  Prince  de 
Cbntir  he  uien  went  to  the  Marquis,  and  ' 
detfittnd^l  his  bill.  The  latter  beinc  obliged 
tocon^'  that  he  Had  sold  h  to  a  Jew,  tb^ 
ambassador  complained  to  the  Che\-ulicr  Os- 
^rio,  and  insisted  upon  paying  the  full 
anilount  of  his  bill  into  the  hands  of  the 
MarqOis.  The  Chevalier  obliged  the  3e\\:  to 
Tetum  the  bill  to  the  Marquis ;  who  thus  re- 
ceived, in  spite  of  himself,  the  full  amount 
from  the  ambassador.  At  last,  tlioiigh  his 
friends  calculated  that,  in  three  or  four  yeah, 
he  had  won  scventv-five  thousand  louis,  and 
though  he  had  besides  very  considerable  pro- 
perty, his  excessive  profusion  so  completely 
deran^  his  affairs;  tkit  the  Kitig  of  Sardinia 
.  was  O&lig^  fo  ^uestiate  his  propectf ,  for  the 
payment  of  his  debts. 

The  Piedniontese  have  many  amiable  qila!- 
litite:  Tlie  people  of  rank  arc  courteous  and 
biave :  exttemeiy  attached  to  all  foreigners, 
except  the' French ;  a^inst  whom  they  have 
a  riattiral  antipathy,  arlsingfrojn  their  having 
been  almost  constantly  at  war  with  tliem. 
They  are  Very  inquisitive ;  and  expert  in  find- 
ing otit  people's  characters,  iKirtiritlarly  those 
of  stranger^.  Having  uothitig  fodo  but  togos- 
sip,  thffnost  trifling  subject  is  always  argued 
tin  thert!  is  nothing  more  to  say  uj)on  it. 
Whenever  ti  stranger  arrives  wlio  rtierits  their 
attdition,  they  instantly  visit  him,  ^hew  him 
evc^  politeness,  and  fetiter  into  coMersatioh 
with  him:  and  at  night,  in  their  prties, 
every  thing  they  have  learnt,  and  e\'ery  thiVig 
that  has  beeti  said,  is  canvassed'  again  ;  and 
the  new  comer  is  better  known  in  Turin  in 
three  days,  than  he  wouUl  be  in  Paris  or  I.on- 
don  duritig  a  residence  of  as  many  months. 
The  Inhabitlints  are  naturally  well-disposed, 
buttlid^are  hot  destitute  of  cunning ;  on  (he 
contrary^,  they  are  indefatigi^ble  in  de\*ising 
means  toaccomprfish  any  olyect  they  have  in 
view.  They  are  docile,  sociable,  and  mdus- 
trious. 

The  women  of  Turin  arc  very  handsome ; 
theif  complexion  is  fin^rjtban  that  of  any 
othet  females  in  Europe,  but  Uiey  are  not  so 
well  formed  as  the  English  wotneii.  Ihey 
•re  KVelv,  witty,  amiable,  and  fond  of  those 
little  tricks  wfeich  are  natural  tothesexirt 
all  narts  of  the  world,  and  which  prevail  more 
orlS.  in  pioporliort  to  the  digrecbf  gallantry 
in  vogue.  ' 

Whik  the  Iluseiaii'  Count  Schouialdfl^was 


iM 


at  Kouie,'  he'Uvei^'in, a^hipiisc  Jiuilt  uppn  thcj 
ruins  >f  ^he  tomb  of  Ai^istu^ ;  t|ie4walj5  p(. 
the  tomb  serviqg  as  a, terrace  , for  hUtapartfl^ 
uient.  He  fiave/Unhers  tf  ifbieign  nqblemen^  I 
ai>d  frequently  had  charmu\g  .^nc€if9. .,  .Oii^j 
day,  when  several  Englisbn|\en.  ^erec^lus*, 
piirty,  1  could  not  help  jd^ecting  upon  the/ 
vast  ilifference  whicfi  seventeea  centfines  ha^^ 
produced  in  that  spot*  We  savv  a^  mah'j, ,  the 
tiative  of  a  cHmutry  of  which  the  Jlomans  had  ^ 
not  the  siiialtcwt  itfe^  ^  uuil  the  iql^]t>i|ants  bf,^ 
which,  tojit'lJier  with  all  the  people  of  the 
north,  tliiv  c.illetl  Hyjierborcans  j— we  saw,  J 
I  say,  an  H  v[i4.'rLM>rc*mi,  giving  musical  co^*  ^ 
certs  upon  tlie  tomb  of  Auj^ustus  to*  tj^e  Jli\«;j 
glish  I  wlio  in  that  einjn'ror*s  time  were.^ 
jcriown  onlv  a^  a  tribe  in  nakod  ravages  that  ,t 
iKiinted  tharlxtflies  {i\s>  the  savages  of  America  , 
still  do,)  and  fro  III  tlut  custom 'werti  called 

Picts. 

,• .  -  •     •  *• « 

'   I  have  been  at  the  house  of  Prince  EsleiW  . 
hazi,    in  Hungary..    He  had  two  hundred 
guaids  encamped  before  his  castle;  the  cap^  y 
taih  of  hb  guards  dined  with  him.    After  * 
diriner  an  excellent  band  of  music  pkyekl  ' 
while  he  took  cofiee ;  and  he  had  two  oom*^ 
panies  of  comedians  constantly  in  his  retinue.  ■ 
one  Gernum  and  the  other  Italian. .  I  know 
of  no  such  establishment  belonging  to  any  - 
other  subject  in  Europe.     I  was  at  Presbuig 
when  he  zave  a  ball  and  supper  to  the.  Emf- 
prcss',  at  a  league  from  the  city.    The  supper 
was  of  three  hundred  covers ;  and  the  refresh* 
ments  at  the  ball  were  sensed  by  fifly  of  his 
guards,  to  whom  he  had  on  that  occasion 
given  uniforms  embroidered  with  gold. 

We  passed  through  Bohemia,  which  did 
not'  appear  to  me  to  wear  a  very  pleasing  face. 
It  abounds  in  com,  and  has  also  some  consi« 
denible  forests ;  but  what  surpasses  all  belief,  ' 
and  is  nevertheless  very  true,  is  the  prodijgknis 
quantitv  of  game  of  all  sorts,  which  abounda 
in  that  kingctom.  The  Prince  Oolloredo  gave 
me  an  account  of  a  hunting  party  which  tho 
l\mperor  Francb  I.  made  in  the  year  1755. 
There  were  twenty-three  persons  in  the  party, 
throe  of  whom  were  ladies;  the  Pnncoss 
Charlotte  de  Lorraine  was  one  of  tliem.  The 
chace  lasted  eighteen  days,  and  during  that 
time  they  killed  47><)50'head  of  game  and 
wild  deer ;  of  which  IC)  ^-cre  sta^,  77  roe-  ' 
bucks,  10  foxes,  18,243  hares,  19,545  par- 
trid^,  9,4<)()  pheasants,  114  larks,  35$ 
quails,  and  54  other  birds.  The  Eniperar 
hred  9,798  shots,  and  tie  Princess  Char- 
lotte 9,0  lU;  in  all,  there  were  11(1,909  shots 
fired. 

I  was  witness  to  a  circun>stance  I  coukl 
not  otlicnvise  have  Ixilieved,^  respecting  tho 

{►rice  of  flowers  in  Holland;  1  saw  four 
lundred  and  seventy- five  suineos  offered  and 
refused  for  a  hyacmth.  Ii  was,  to  be  sure, 
ihc  liiost  ciiannmg  flower  tlut  ever  was  setn  ; 
V  Z  '■ 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC     ' 


wi 


Anecdotes  fron^  the  Belgian  Travelkr, 


|>a«. 


it  belong  to  a  florist  of  Haarlem^  and  ano- 
ther flqnst  oflFiered  this  price  for  it.  The  rea- 
son which  the  owner  of  it  gave  me  for  re- 
fusing the  offer  was,  that  his  hyacinth  was 
known  to  all  the  amateurs  of  Europe,  and 
that  he  sold  the  bulbs  e\'eryyear  rormore 
than  the  interest  of  five  huhdred  guineas. 
These  bulbs  produced  the  same  sort  of  flower, 
in  all  its  beauty. 

Jt  is  necessary  to  make  some  stay  in  Flo- 
rence, to  be  able  to  appreciate  the  genius  and 
character  of  its  inhabitants.  I  have  never 
found  any  people  who  unite,  like  themselves, 
such  abunoance  of  talent  and  wit  with  such 
simplicity  of  manners  and  good-nature.  I 
found  those  qualities  there  more  than  any 
where  ejse,  among  the  nobility  whom  I  most 
frcjquented,  although  I  visited  also  several 
citizens*  houses,^and  observed  the  lower  classes 
with  attention.  "  The  Florentines  have  no  na- 
tional vanity, '  though  many  have  it  with  much 
less  pretensions  to  it.  They  do  j ustice  to  stran- 
gers, and  treat  and  welcome,  them  with  affa- 
bility. l!*he  ladies  are  extremely  amiable, 
they  have  that  gentleness,  that  goodness,  and 
tliat  engaging  manner,  which  is  so  well  suited 
to  theif  sex.  They  have  not  the  grace  of 
French  women,  nor  the  noble  deportment  of 
the  English,  nor  the  studied  air  of  the  Ger- 
man or  Dutch.  They  are  satisfied  with  ha- 
viujz  a  manner  which  is  naturally  their  own  j 
ancTl  have  -seldom  seen  women  less  afiected, 
and  of  whom  one  could  more  easily  sec  the 
character,  in  the  countenance  and  manner 
than  in  those  of  Florence.  This  occasions 
them  to  appear  as  if  they  had  not  been  cast 
in  the  same  mould  with  the  women  of.  the 
nations  I  have  just  inentioned.  In  a  word, 
I  believe  that  if  their  education  was  as  much 
taken  care  of  as  that  of  Other  women,  they 
would  not  be  inferior  to  them. 

The  Custom  at  Chantcloup,  after  conversa- 
tion or.  the  promenade,  was  to  retire,  for  a 
few  hours,  each  to  his  own  apartment.  This 
was  what  they  called  raoani-soir.  One 
cither  passed  it  alone,  or  in  making  visits  in 
the  castle  when  the  company  was  numerous. 
Tlie  Duke  de  Choiseul  used  to  go  to  his  sister, 
tlie  Ducliess  de  Gramraont,  with  some  of 
ilieit  most  intimate  friends ;  the  Abb^  Bar- 
thclemy  to  the  Duchess  de  Choiseul,  and  the 
others  where  they  pleased.  We  followed,  in 
that  respect,  the  custom  at  Paris,  which  was 
to^  pass  the  evenings  with  some  friend  until 
supper-time.  I  have  known  men  who  had 
macle  it  so  much  a  h4)it,  that  they  have  been 
wretched  if  they  had  not  a  house  where  they 
could  re^larly  chat  every  evening.  A  story 
is  loH  of  the  Duke  dc  Nivcrncis,  Jfc-propos 
to  this  suhjccW  That  nobleman  was  inti- 
■la'ely  acquainted  with  the  Countess  de 
Rochcforl,  and'  never  omitted  going  to  see 
her  a  single  evening.  As  she  was '  a  widow, 
and  he  a  yyidowcr,  one  of  his  friends  observed 
to  hm,  that  it  would  be  more  convenient  for 


him   to   marrv  the  lady.      "  I  have  often  ^ 
*'  thought  80,^  said  he,  •' but  one  thing  pre- 
"  vents  me :  in  that  case,  where  couldl  pass 
'*  my  evenings?" 


Mr.  Egerton  has  lately  published,  in  foar 
Tolames,  crown  8vo.  price  208^,  a  work  en- 
tiled •*  The  Belgian  Traveller ;  or  a  Tour 
through  Holland,  France,  and  Switzerland,  in 
1804, 1805, 1806.**  It  assumes  theformof  let- 
ters, purporting  to  be  written  from  the  various 
places  visited  by  the  author.  As  letters,  w^ 
may  safely  pronounce  these  volumes  compo* 
siftons :  as  a  collection  of  anecdotes,  they 
are  mingled  :  the  horrors  of  the  French  do- 
hnuion,  is  their  principal  subject :  we  ktiow, 
indeed,  of  our  own  {x^rsonal  knowlege»  that 
many  similar  horrors  are  true,  yet  we  leare 
these  to  rest  on  the  authority  of  the  writer. 
We  shall  not  subject  these  volumes  to  a  strict 
review  J  but  a  suihcient  idea  of  their  con- 
tents, may  be  obtained  by  means  of  excerpts, 
which,  of  course,  are  taken  without  any  con- 
nection. 

The  police  at  Utrecht  seems  more  vigilant 
and  troublesome  than  in  most  other  Dutch 
cities.  Before  we  entered  it,  the  post-wag- 
gon was  slopped  by  some  French  zensdarmes, 
who  asked  for  our  passports,  which  were  de- 
livered by  them  to  a  prench  police  commis- 
sary, wfio  had  his  office  near  the  gate.  Af- 
ter his  inspection  was  over,  two  gensdarmes 
accompanied  the  post-waggon  and  took  the 
name  of  the  inns,  where  we  ordered  the 
luggage  to  be  carried.  Arrived  there,  the 
first  thing  the  landlord  presented  me  with, 
even  before  I  was  shown  my  room,  was  a 
kind  of  police  register,  in  which  I  was  to 
write  down  from  my  passport,  all  the  parti- 
culars concerning  mv  person,  character, 
figure,  and  business ;  I  was  also  to  mention 
to  whom  I  was  known  in  the  place  j  how  long 
would  be  my  stay ;  where  I  had  slept  the 
night  before  j  and  where  I  intended  to  travel 
from  tlience.  To  this  humiliating  formality, 
and  to  this  insulting  intjuisition,  Satavian  ci- 
tizens were  equally  subject  with  foreigners. 

It  was  on  a  Sunday  that  I  arrived  in  AEDera- 
fort.  After  visiting  a  friend  I  went  to  church, 
where  I  observed  such  shocking  indecencies 
as  I  have  never  wimessed  before  in  any  phct 
consecrated  to  a  Supreme  Being.  Not  onlv 
most  of  the  men  had  their  heads  covered  witn 
their  hats,  bonnets,  or  night  caps,  but  some, 
with  great  phlegm  smoked  their  pipes,  fiicing 
the  clergyman  preaching  in  the  pulpit.  The 
unconcern  with  which  the  audience  remark- 
ed such  scandalous  behaviour,  proved  to  me 
that  it  was  neither  new  nor  uncommoti.  In 
this  idea  I  was  confirmed  by  mv  friend,  who 
lamented  that  isince,  (to  use  his  own  words) 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


389] 


Anecdotes Jrom  the  Belgian  Traveller. 


[590 


the  French  friends  of  Kberty  had  taken  upon 
themsehes  to  re^nerate  Dutdi  patriots,  the 
biter  had  degenerated  both  in  morality  and 
religion  to  a  level  with  the  former,  and  they 
went  to  church  as  to  a  public  house,  dis- 
pbyin^  the  same  brutal  maimers  and  unfeel- 
ing minds.  He  assured  me  that  some  of  the 
lower  people  even  carried  with  them  to  church 
gin  or  l^randy.  as  w^U  as  tobacco,  and  that 
me  sermon  of  the  preacher  was  frequently  in- 
terrupted by  the  political  discussions  or  vulgar 
jokes  of  .the  audience;  Upon  my  inquiry 
whether  blasphemy  and  sacrilege  were  not 
within  the  reach  of  the  laws  of  the  Batavian 
Republic,  l.was  answered  that  in  the  revolu- 
tionary laws  was  no  question  of  a  God  or  of 
his  worship,  but  that  the  most  severe  pains 
were  .pronounced  against  those,  who  men- 
tioned with  disrespect  revolutionary  rulees. 
The  professors  of  religion  and  its  propagators, 
had  also  fallen  into  the  same  disreoute  with 
celigiou  itself.  Every  body  is  at  full  liberty  to 
Bt^le  them  fools  and  nypocrites,  and  the  Di- 
vinity they  adore,  our  Saviour,  an  impostor  j 
but  was  any  one  even  to  say  that  the  French 
consuls  or  Batavian  directors  were  criminal 
usurpers,  and  their  supporters  wicked  accom- 
plices,, the  revolutionary  laws  would  strike, 
nay,  crush  the  culprit  instantly. 

Before  the  revolution  Amsterdam  contain- 
ed, according  to  several  statements,  four  hun- 
dred thousand  inhabitants ;  and  of  these  only 
four  thousand  five  -  hundred  were  reduced  td 
beggary  or  a  charge  to  the  community. 
The  calculation  made  up  last  year  from  offi- 
cial documents, '  proves  that  it  has  lost  above 
one-fourth  of  its  population,  and  that  of  the 
1  remainder  nearly  one-third,  or  eighty-five 
thousand  souls,  had  no  other  resources  l^ut 
those  which  compassion  allows  to  poverty ! 
What  a  terrible  truth,  what  a  horrible  lesson 
to  revolutionists,  to  reformers,  and  lovers  of 
innovations!  Yes,  collections  have  been 
made  not  only  in  all  churches  and  chapels, 
but  ma^trates,  accompanied  with  clergymen, 
have,  from  door  to  door,  from  house  tonoi^se, 
implored  generosity  and  pity  for  a  wretched- 
ness bordering  on  despair.  That,  however, 
those  donations,  though  liberal,  are  insuffi- 
cient, the  isisei)'  seen  every  where,  the  sui- 
cides heard  of,  and  the  crimes  read  of,  are 
palpable  evidences.  Here,  where  teii  yean 
ago  not  a  beggar  was  suflered  in  the  streets, 
you  are  now  surrounded  by  hundreds  implor-^ 
ing,  tormenting,  and  even  threatening.*  A* 
single  suicide  at  that  time  was  the  surprize, 
the  terror,  and  the  talk  of  the  people  for 
months,  nay,  for  years;  at  present,  every 
day,  almost  every  hour,  exhibits  the  most 
ahockiog  spectacle. 

I  was  speaking  the  other  day  with  an  aide- 
de.>camp  of  one  of  the  French  tiencraU  of  the 
yuany  taxes^  laid  upon  the  Dutch  -,  of  their 


approachii^g  misery,  and  of  the  probability  of 
the  time  not  being  remote,  when  they  would 
be    unable  to  contribute    any  more  to    thfc    ■ 
support  of  their  French   Allies.     **    As   to    ? 
their  taxes,**  interrupted  he,  **  they  are  not 
taxed  enough  yet,  nor  can  they  be  so  miser* 
able  as  tbeir  contemptible  characters  deserve'; 
but  as  long  as  we  do  not  see  any  ducats  in 
circulation,  their  ruin  cannot  be  so  near  as 
you  seem  to  apprehend.**     I  remarked  to  him 
that  dticats  were  not  the  current  coins  of  the 
countiy,  but  bought  and  sold  as  all  other  men* 
chandise,  and  e\'ery  one  had  a  right  to  accept 
or-  refuse  tliem  when  oflered. — I  have,  con- 
tinued 1,  with  some  warmth,  seen  ^olland 
ten  years  ago,  and  therefore  cannot  but  lament 
as  a   man,    as  a  human  being,   its  present 
wretchedness.     I  will  defy  any  traveller  to 
mention  a  p^ple  in    Europe '  suffering   so 
much,    from    complicated    distress,    as   the 
middling  and  lower  classes  of  (his  republic. 
Cities,     towns,    villages,    atid     high    roads 
swarm  wjth  beggars — such  disgusting  beg- 
gars,  that  they  almost  appear    hideous    to 
poverty  itself.     And  these  naked  and  wan- 
dering skeletons  are  not  thus  reduced  by  their 
own  fault,    by   their  own  indolence,   or  by ' 
their  own  want  of  industry ;  but  from  the     ; 
doleful  effects  of  the  disorganised  state  of  the     / 
civilised  society  of  our  days.— -In  1794,  ,not  a  • 
single  Batavian  citizen  subsisted   by   public 
alms,  or  by  begging.^"  You  are  prejudiced —    , 
much  pRJudiced  in  favour  of  the  natives  of 
this  country;**  called  out  the  aide-de-camp ; 
*'  could    but  France,   With   a  sin^jle  blow 
annihilate  their  whole  race,  it  would   be  a 
blessing  to  hurope.     They  are  a  disgrace  to 
the  human    species.**    Alas !     Poor  Hol-  , 
LAND  ! ! I 

The  English  Artificers  at  Antwerp,  whe- 
ther, as  report  BAN'S,  dismissed  from  thHr  own 
countrvs  during  the  last  pence,  or  as  having 
deserted  over  here,  after  being  deluded  by 
Buonapart^*s  emissaries,  deserve  great  pity.  . 
They  are  worse  treated  thari  our  galley  slaves, 
work  harder  and  obtain  only  a  third  of  the 
•usual  pay,  the  otlier  two  thirds  will  be  paid 
at  a  peace  with  England.  This  scanty 
allowance  is  not  sufficient  to  support,  witliout 
charitable  donations  of  the  compii>3ionatey 
e\'en  their  own  existence,  inucl)  less  to 
nrovide  tor  the  wants  of  wives  and  children. 
The  latter  now  crowd,  in  rags,  thtstr^^ts, 
aud  augment  the  great  number  of  bcxi^rs 
here;  lament  their  tolly  of  having  quiucd 
their  country,,  and  accuse  our  goverumeiit 
both  of  perfidy  and  cruelty. 

As  several  of  thes::  artificers  hvLvt  contrived 
means,  notwithstanding  th©  vigilance  of 
Buonapart(^*s  prefect  of  the  tnari.ie,  diid  of 
his  subid terns,  to  escape  to  Holland,  Germany, 
and  England,  they  are  now  all  shut  up  every 
'Bight,  as  the  galley  slaves^  in  dungeuiu  of  the 

U4 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


590 


Anecdotesfrom  the  Belgian  Traveller, 


C^ffa 


citadel.  A  prin^d  ordinance,  in  the  French 
and  Eog^sh  laDgiia(i!cs» .  posted  up  at  the  gates 
of  this  city,  informs  them,  that  an  attempt  ^ 
to  desert  from  bur  naval  arsenals  and  dock 
yards,  is,  in  time  of  war,  a  capital  crime, 
and  will  be  punbhed  as  such  -,  but  thou^ 
five  of  them  had  already  been  executed  m 
•onseouence,  another  retaken  last  night  was 
shot  this  morning,  and  the  person  in  whose 
house  he  was  found  concealed,  has  been 
fined  t^'elve  hundred  livres,  and  is  to  stand 
ID  the  pillory  for  four  hours.  I  saw  him 
mardi  to  deatn  with  a  great  deal  of  courage, 
by  turns  singing  God  save  the  King !  Rule 
Britannia!  and  cursing  BuonapaTt<i*s  tyran- 
ny. He  was  under  forty  years  of  age  ;  his 
nunc  was  Hughes,  and  ne  has  left  a  widow 
and  four  children  to  mourn  his  untimely 
end. 

Boonajport^^s  inveteracy  against  the  British 
nation,  is  inexplicable  to  me.  It, displays 
itself  on  every  occasion.  I  was  told,  by  an 
authority  I  cannot  doubt,  tliat  upon  a  wutten 
xepresentation  to  him,  of  the  necessity  of 
tending  back  to  Great  Britain,  the  families  of 
£ngli^h  mechanics  and  a;'titicers,  to  pre\'ent 
them  perishing  bv  want,  he  wrote  with  his 
own  nand. — •*  Kol  let  them  remain 
AK©  STARVE,"  (Non!  •gu' files  rcsiaii  et 
meur^nij 

The  spies  all  over  France,  at  present,  he 
assured  us.  amounted  to  near  a  niiUion,'  and 
were  divided  into  twelve  diflerent  clashes. 
Isl.  The  court  spies,  or  courtiers  employed 
by  Buo*  apart^  to  watch  his  wife,  brothers, 
si^'ters,  grand  dignitaries,  and  other  courtiers 
about  him.  2cL  Military  spies;  these  were 
generals,  officers,  and  e\'en  soldiers,  engaged 
to  report  the  actions  and  conversations  of  their 
superiors  or  equals.  3d.  Diplomatic  spies ; 
of  these  many  were  foreigners,  some  secre- 
taries, others  servants  in  the  confidence  or 
engaged  about  the  foreign  ambassadors  at 
Paris.  4tli.  Office  spies.  Tliese  were  chefs 
de  hurcaux,  or  clerks  in  the  offices  of  mini- 
sters, some  senators  in  the  senate,  some 
councellors  of  state  in  the  privy  council, 
some  legislators,  some  tribunes,  someiudges, 
and  e\'en  some  members  of  tlie  Isational' 
Institute,  who  reported  regularly  to  the 
emperor  what  was  suspicious  or  seditious  in 
the  manners  or  language  of  their  colleagues, 
of  their  superiors  or  mferiors.  5th.  Financial 
spies.  These  were  employed  about  the  siock 
exchange,  at  the  bank,  or  in  the  counting- 
houses  of  stock  brokers  and  bankers,  and 
gave  in  an  account  of  their  principal 
transactions.  6th.  Conrnneicial  spies.  These 
acted  with  reganl  to  merchants  and  manu- 
facturers, as  the  financial  spies  did  with  regard 
to  brokers  and  bankers.  7th.  Fashionable 
spies.  These  were  men  of  insinuating 
address,  and  of  an  de^nt  dress  add  deport- 


ment, who  frequented  all  fashionable  parties  i 
who  had  themsdves  their  dinnar  and  rappn 
parties,  their  routs  and  ImUs.  9th.  Thnlii- 
cal  spies.  These  bad  free  admittance  into  all 
theatres  and  green  rooms,  *  inspected  and 
reported  the  conduct  of  the  performers,  of  the 
authors,  as  well  as  that  of  the  audience.  Qth. 
Gambling-house  spies.  Hicir  head  quarlera 
were  at  gambling  tables,  and  in  lottery- 
offices,  lotli.  Coifee-homeand  public  gar* 
dens*  spies,  lliey  were  stationary  in  all 
hotels,  coffee-houses  and  gardens.  Under 
their  departmfint  were   also  all    public    os 

Krivate  nrotliels,  restaurateurs,  and  eatinff; 
ouses.  11th.  Street  spiees.  These  net  only 
reported  what  occurrea  in  the  streets,  but 
tncd  by  the  aid  of  servants,  to  insinuate 
themsehes  into  pn\'ate  families.  12th. 
Travelling  spies.  These  were  never  still,  or 
reniained  in  one  pfece,  but  passed  most  of 
their  time  in  diligences  and  stage  coaches ;  at 
ordinaries  and  in  inns  much  resorted  to 
by  travellers.  One  of  this  bst  cbss,  I 
suppose,  informed  against  the  <^cers  at 
Abbc\'ille,  and  against  our  oompaoion  at, 
Autuii. 

Besides  these,  our  narrator  said  that  num* 
hers  of  private  and  of  female  •  spieir,  were 
registered  at  the  police.  The  former  surn» 
rounded  men  in  high  stations,  orindividuab 
of  greav  talents ;  the  latler  wauJied  their 
fathers,  their  husbands,  their  lowers,  their  < 
brothers,  and  their  friends.  ,     . 

Of  these  spies  some  arc  regularly  paid,  but 
the  jgrcater  nunibers  are  persons  who  either 
obtam    their   livelihood   by  terri^ing   indi- 
viduab,  and  extort  contributions  m  making . 
themselves  known  as  polica  agents,  asthey^, 
are  styled  by  courtesy,,  and  by  sellW  their 
protection  to  girls  of  the  town,    and  petty 
offenders;    or  such  whose   trade  cannot  be 
exercised  without  a  licence  or  present  bmxi' 
the  police  minister,  who  never  grants  k  them 
before  they  iale  th  e  oath  of  espionft^e,  aai  • 
inscribe  dieir  names  among  the  spies. . 

In  1789,  the  population  of  Lyons  amounted, 
according  to  Necker,    to    one  hundred  and  , 
seventy-five  thousand  souls ;  at  present  it  doea  . 
not  ^ceed  one  hundred  and  twen^  thousand,  . 
The  number    of   respectable  manufacturers^ 
were  then  six  thousand  and  forty-five;    at  . 
present  there  are  only  counted  six  hundred  ^ 
and  for^r-six.     Fifty-four  bankers,  and  seven  y 
hundred  and  ten  capital  merchants  were  then  f 
et^blished  here ;   now  the  bankers  of  any  * 
credit  are  only  six,  and  the  merchants  of  any 
property  not  above  sixty-two.    In  the  silk 
manufiictories  were  tlien  employed  forty-seven 
thousand  persoru,  now  haraly  eight  thousand 
have  any  vjrork.     The  consequence  of  this 
decrease  of  means  to  support   and    reward 
ind'jstry    is  an  increase  of  vice,    idkness,^ 
criminality,  and  beggwry,  amon^  the  toner 


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classes,  which  axe  nearly  as  uumerous  here 
stiU  as  before  the  revolution ;  its  pestilential 
breath  having  diiefly  destroyed  the  great  and 
the  wealthy. 

Christianity  in  France  approaches  every  day 
nearer  to  its  extinction.  Buonaparte'  and 
Talleyrand  are  too  politic  to  knock  on  the  haul, 
at  once,  a  religion  of  eighteen  centuries. 
But  the  degradation  of 'Christianity  in  the 
peiaon  of  its  ostensible  chief;  has  produced 
the  aame  revolution  in  relisious  sentiments, 
as  the  humiliation  and  murder  of  the  head  of 
the  kingdom  of  France,  had  already  done  in 
political  ones;  and  most  Frenchmen  are 
.  therefore  religious  as  well  as  political  free- 
thinkers. But,  if  I  am  not  misinformed; 
Talleyrand  said,  even  when  the  lV)pe  still 
fraternised  with  Buonaparte  to  the  Thuil- 
kries,  **  Christianity  in  France  will  descend 
into  the  tomb,  without  giving  cither  alarm,  . 
or  making  any  noise,  because  the  -present 
generation  of  tnc  French  deiigy  will  leave  no 
posterity  behind  them.  Their  faith  is  buried 
whh  them,  and  no  resurrection  of  cither  is 
to  be  appvehended  by  the  friends  of  philo- 
sophy.** Indeed,  when  one  remembers,  that 
aH  the  pre^t  French  priests  must  be  now 
cather  ou),  or  above  the  middle  age,  aS  since 
1^0,  hardly  any  young  Frenchmen  have 
entered  into  orders,  it  is  not  improbable  that 
within  twenty  or  thirty  years,  the  present 
altars  of  Christ  here  will  be  deserted  for 
want  of  servants  to  \>ificiate. 

Avisnon,  June,  1805  —My  Lord,  I  in- 
tended to  have  taken  a  trip  to  the  fountain  of 
Vauchaae,  had  I  not,  npon  enouiry,  heard 
that  every  thin^  around  it  still  bespeaks  the 
horrars  of  whieh  its  vicinity  has  been  the 
theatre- within  these  fourteen  years.  Even 
the  inn  at  Lille,  where  visitors  were  formerly 
accommodated  with  iish  from  the  fountain 
that  Petrarch  eternised,  has  been  demolished, 
and  there  is  na  accojianodation  for  th^m  in  any 
other  house. 

Ill  fitet,  the  people  of  this  country  suffer  in 
every  manner  from  its  incorporation   with 
?  France ;  they  pay  now  more  taxes  in  twelve 
{   mt^ths,  th^  comparatively  they  paid  to  the 
.    Pope  during  twenty-four  years.     When  they 
\.  remained  subjects  of  his  holiness,  their  coun- 
1  try:  was  respected  as  neutral  during  all  former 
wars  between  England  and  France,  and  Bri- 
tish travellers  whom  an  impaired  constitution, 
necessity,  or  pleasure,  sent  abroad,  expended 
here  immense  sums,  and  found  both  an  hos- 
pitable reception,  a  healthy  climate,   cheap 
living,  and  agreeable  society.    Now,  seldom 
any  foreigners  pass  through,  on  accoimt  of 
the  insults  and  impediments  they  encounter, 
ev^ty  step  -from  police  agents,  prefects,  ffo- 
vemors,  gens  d*armes,  and  other  spiet,  who 
)iaikI  them  over  to  w:h  other  like  convicted 


criminals ;  and  for  the  aame  catiset  no  fi>* 
reigner  has  settled  here,  or  resided  here,  for 
any  kngth*  of  time  ever  since  1792. 

Shoiikl,  however,  order  and  traiMjailliiy  ha 
once  mure  restored  to  Franee,  and  a  general 
and  stable  peace  bless  Europe,  thb  country 
offers  many  incitements  to  strangers.  A  ^oA 
house 'built  of  stone,  with  prohpccts  over  the 
walks  and  the  river  Rhone,  may  be  had  here 
for  three  hurtdred  livres,  (twelve  pounds,)  i 
year.  Bread,  meat,  and  wine,  are  fipoar 
twenty  to  forty  per  cent  cheaper  tlian  in  other 
parts  of  France ;  and  every  thins  thttt  the 
affluent  can  purchase,  and  the  volaptooQi  or 
sensualist  desire,  the  climate  produces. 
Though  sometimes  it  does  not  rain  here  fima 
May  to  September,  the  country  is  niot  ex- 
hausted by  droughts,  being  surrounded  or 
crossed  by  numerous  rivers,  and  foiintaint, 
that  give  the  same  abundance  of  waters  as 
rivers.  Like  ^all  other  coimtries  not  distant 
from  the  Mediterranean,  it  suffers  sometimes 
from  hizh  winds,  but  their  duration  is  never 
above  three  days.  Winters  are  seldom  felt 
here,  but  when  the  rough  antnmn  makes  its  * 
retteat  ^e  mikl  spring  makes  its  appearance. 
The  people  are  lively  and  sociable  and  the ' 
women  are  beautiful  and  uncommonly  &irfor ' 
such  a  warm  climate. 

At  dinner  to  day  I  happened  to  mention  the 
tomb  of  Petrarch's  Laura,  which  I  ofkn  \U 
sited  formeriy  in  the  convent  where  she  was 
buried ;  and  of  which  I  tliis  morning,  in 
\Tiin,  inquired  the  place.  •*  There  is  no- 
thing sir^lar  in  your  disappointment,**  said 
one  of  the  party,  **  the  convent  in  whidfc 
her  ashes  reposed,  is  sold  and  demolish- 
ed, and  the  chapel,  in  which  a  tomb-stone 
indicated  her  rest,  is  now  transformed  into  a 
stable  of  mules  and  of  jackasses.  If  yoa 
will  take  a  walk  after  dinturr,  you  shall  have 
an  opportunity  to  deplore  this  shocking  out^ 
rage  offered  to  beauty  and  genius."  1  ac- 
companied him }  the  chapel  was  inhabited  by 
six  muld  and  their  drivers,  as  civiHzed  and 
sensible  as  themselves,  and  by  two  jackasses, 
laying  down  on  the  tombstone  of  L^ura.  It ' 
was  not  without  some  difhculty,  that  we 
couki  remove  them  so  far  as  to  see  that  of  the 
inscription,  nothing  remained  but  •*  Laor  a,** 

and  **  requicscat  in  pace.'*    Not 

not  even  her  remains  have  been  idt  unpoUa- 
ted  by  the  abominable  monsters,  that  revered 
nothing,  eitlier  saKrrcd,  respeotublty  oradmU 
rable. 


BXTRAORDINART  CUSTOM  FQRMSRLT,  PR AC« 
TISED  BY  THE  MONKS  OF  BURY  ST.  kl)- 
MUKOS,    SUFI'OLK. 

The  religious  fathers  of  this  monastery  ^ 
had  propagated  an  opinion,  th;\t  if  any  mar-i  * 
ried  woman  that  had  no.diildren,  and  wished ' 
to  bccom?  »  qio^hcr^  wwld  but  pome  with  ^ 


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iscfi 


white  bnll  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Edmund,  and 
Viake  her  offerings  and  vows,  she  would  pre- 
sently after  obtain  her  desire;  and  as  it  was 
tisual  for  processions  to  give  great  dignity  and 
tolemnity  to  any  ceremony,  therefore  it  was 
thought  necessary  to  have  a  very  public  one 
on  this  important  occasion,  and  for  this  pur- 
pose a  wnite  bull  was  provided,  elegantly 
adorned  with  garlands  of  flowers,  ribbons, 
&c.  which  beii ig  led  by  one  of  the  monks, 
the  petitioning  lady  at  the  same  time  follow- 
ing nim,  and  often  stroking  his  milk-white 
8i<fe,  the  procession  thus  proceeded  through 
Church-gate  and  Guiki-hall  Streets,  and 
along  the  Cook-row,  down  to  the  great  West 
gate  of  the  Abbey,  attended  by  the  monks 
singing,  accompanied  with  a  prodigious  con- 
oourse  of  people,  forming  a  ver)'  numerous 
cavalcade ;  the  bull  being  dismissed,  the  lady 
entered  the  church,  advanced  to  St.  Edmund's 
shrine,  said  her  prayers,  made  her  pflerings  at 
his  altar,  kissing  tl)e  stone,  and  intreating 
with  tears,  the  blessing  of  a  child,  she  then 
returned  from  the  Abbey  with  full  assurance 
of  speedy  siicccss.* 

Tnis  custom  had  obtained  so  much  credit 
in  many  parts  of  the  world,  that  not  only 
many  eminent  women  of  this  country  had 
recourse  to  it,  but  even  several  ladies  l>elong- 
ing  to  foreign  parts.  But  as  it  would  be  very 
inconvenient  for  those  distant  ladies  to  come 
in  person  to  perform  these  ceremonies,  it 
was  pronounced  to  be  equally  efficacious  for 
them,  if  they  caused  to  be  offered  by  any 
other  means,  one  of  these  wonder-working 
animals,  at  St.  Edmund's  shrine.  We  have 
a  copy  of  a  deed  which  was  formerly,  and 
probably  now  is,  preserved  in  the  augmenta- 
tion office,  to  the  following  effect.  **  That 
John  Suaffham,  sacrist  of  the  monastery  of 
St.  Edmund's  Bury,  certifies  to  all  christian 
people,  that  on  the  2d  of  June,  1474,  three 
niligious  j>ersons  (whom  he  names)  of  the 
city  of  Ghent,  came  and  offered  as  had 
been  accustomed  of  old  time,  in  the  presence 
of  several  reputable  people,  at  the  shrine  of 
the  blessed  kmi;,  virgin,  and  martyr  St.  Ed- 
mund, to  the  honour  of  God,  and  of  the  said 
glorious  martyr,  one  white  bull  for  the  accom- 
plishment ot  the  longing  of  a  certain  noble 
lady." 

The  origin  of  this,  as  well  as  of  several  other 
popish  ceremonies,  seems  to  have  been  stolen 
from  the  superstitious  practices  of  the  ancient 
pagans ;  and  tlie  classical  reader  will  easily 
recognize  the  rudiments  of  them  in  some  of 
their  writers. 

The  white  bull  that  was  kept  in  resen-e 

•  In  order  that  a  white  bull  for  this  sacred 
purpose  might  not  be  wanting,  the  tenants  of 
the  Abbey  lands,  were  obliged  to  keep  one 
always  in  readiness  for  this  usc^  as  appears  by 
•ereral  of  their  leases. 


by  the  Abbey,  for  the  use  of  such  persons 
as  stood  in  need  of  his  assistance,  always 
enjoyed  full  ease  and  plenty  in  the  fielos 
of  Habberdon,  and  was  never  meanly  yoked 
to  the  plough,  nor  ever  cruelly  baited  at  the 
stake. 

' '-'  ''      '  '    -  ' '  '  '  ^  sssssssssssssss^ 

The  sentiments  of  the  present  times  on  the 
subject  of  elections  to  Parliament,  are  so  dif- 
ferent from  those  formerly  entertained,  that 
we  have  thought  proper  to  shew,  by  an  in- 
stance, what  were  the  ideas  of  our  ancestors 
on  this  matter:  an  impartial  history  of  the 
causes  of  the  difference  between  l646  and 
I8O6  would  be  both  entertaining  and  useful. 

A  SPECIMEN  OF  THE  MODE  OF  ELECTIWa 
MEMBERS  FOR  PARLIAMENT  IN  THE  SE- 
VENTEENTH CENTURY. 

Taken  from  a  Memorandum  MSS  of  J. 
Harrington,  Esq.  of  Kelston,  in  Somer- 
setshire.   Dated  l646. 

To  our  muche  honoured  and  wnrthie  Friend 
J.  H.  Esq.,  at  bis  House  at  Kelsion,  near 
Bathe, 

Worthie  Sir, — Out  of  the  long  experience 
we  have  had  of  your  approved  worth  and  sin-- 
cerity,  our  Cittie  of  Bathe  have  determined 
and  settled  their  resolutions  to  elect  you  for 
Burgess  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  this 
present  parliament,  for.  our  said  Cittie,  and 
do  hope  you  will  (accept  the  trouhie  thereof; 
which  if  you  do,  our  desires  is,  you  will  not 
fail  to  be  with  us  at  Bathe,  on  Monday  next, 
the  eighth  of  this  instant,  by  eight  of  the' 
morning,  at  the  furthest,  for  then  we  pro- 
ceed  to  our  election.     And  of  your  deter- 
mination we  in  treat  you  to  ccrtifie  us  bv  a  , 
word  or  two  in  writing,  and  send  it  by  the  ' 
bearer  to     Your  assured  loving  Friends, 

John  Bi^,  the  Maior. 
William  Chapman. 
Bathe,  DecemlerG,  l645. 

A  Note  of  my  Bathe  Businesse  about e  the    . 
Parliament. 
Saturday,  December  26th,    1646,   went 
to  Bathe,  and  dined  withe  the  Maior  and 
Citizens  j  conferred  about  my  electron  to  serve 
in  Parliament,  as  my  father  was  helpless  and 
ill  able  to  go  any  more ; — ^went  to  the  George 
Inn  at  night,  met  the  Bailifs,  and  desired  to 
he  dismissedjrom  serving ;  drank  strong  beer  . 
and  metheclin ;   expenued  about,  iijs,  went 
home  late,  but  coula  not  get  excused,  as  they 
entertained  a  good  opinion  of  my  father. 

Monday,  Dec.  28th,  went  to  Bathe;  met 
Sir  lohn'  Homer ;  we  were  chosen  by  the 
Citizens  to  serve  for  the  City.  The  Maior 
and  Citizens  conferred  about  Parliament  bu- 
siness. The  Maior  promised  Sir  John  Hor- 
ner and  myself  a  horse  apiece,  when  we 
went  to  London  to  Parlianient,  which  wa 


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HaryngtmCs  Orders  for  Houiehald  Servmlt  ini566. 


r99»- 


accq>ted  of;  and  we  talked  about  the  SyDod 
and  ecclesiastical  dismissions.    I  am   to  go 

r'n  on  Thursday,  and  nieet  the  Citizens 
It  all  such  matters^  and  take  advice  there- 
on. 

Thursday,  31,  went  to  Bathe;  Mr.  Ashe 
preached.  Dined  at  the  George  Inn  with 
the  Maior  and  4  Citizens;  spent  at  dinner 
vj  sh.  in  wine,  s\    d. 

Laid  out  in  victuals  at  the  George        xj     4 

Laid  out  in  drinking vy    ij 

Laid  out  in  tobacco  and  drinking 

vessels  ..'...•....       iiij    4 

Jan.  1 .  My  father  gave  me  4l.  to  bear  my 
expences  at  Bathe.. 

Mr.  Chapman  the  Maior,  came  to  Kelston 
and  returned  thanks,  for  my  being  chosen  to 
serve  in  Parliament,  to  my  father,  in  name 
of  all  the  Citizens.  My  father  gave  me  good 
advice,  touching  my  speaking  4n  Parliament 
as  the  City  should  direct  me.  Canute  home 
late  at  night  from  Bathe,  much  troubled 
hereat'  concerning  my  proceeding  truly  for 
mens  good  report  and  mine  own  safety. 

Note,'  I  gave  the  City  Messenger  ijsh.  for 
bearing  the  Maiors  Letter  to  me.  Laid  out, 
in  all,  31.  vijsh.  for  victuals,  drink,  and 
hofse-hire,  together  with  certain  gifb. 


We  presume  that  the  following  domestic 
regulations,  especially  those  referring  to  the 
distribution  of  time,  are  no  less  unlike  to  the 
modem  esublishments  in  great  houses,  than 
the  former  article  is  to  the  present  mode  of 
conducting  die  elections  of  Members  of  Par- 
liament. Whether  every  item  in  these  orders 
is  absolutely  unBt  for  the  consideration  of  our 
fashionable  contemporaries,  we  cannot  pre- 
tend to4etermine  :  we  do  no  more  thanre- 
^lark  the  difference  between  modern  manners 
and  those  which  prevailed  in  the  days  of  John 
Haiyngton. 

[A^ttg<»  Antiques^  Vol.  II.] 
Ordfrt  for  Uousehold  Servantes  ;   ^rst  dc^ 
uised  Isy  John  Haryngion,   in  the  Yeare 
1566,  u,nd  renewed  hy  John  Haryngfon, 
,  §orme  of  the  saide  John,  in  the  Yeare  iog2 : 
The  saide  John,  the  Sonne,  being  then  High 
Skrieve  qf  the  County  qf  Somerset, 
Imprimis,  That  no  servant  bee  aUent  from 
praier,  at  morning  or  euenin^,  without  aian^- 
full  excuse,  to  be  allodged  within  one  day  af- 
ter, vpon  paine  to  forfeit  for  euery  tynie  2d. 

II.  Item,  That  none  swear  any  othe, 
vppon  paine  for  euery  othe  id. 

III.  I tem ,  That  no  jnan  leaue  any  doore 
open  that  he  findeth  shut,  without  theare  bee 
cause,  vppon  paine  for  euery  time  id. 

.iV.  Item,  "That  none  of  the  men  be  in 
bed,  from  our  Ladj--day  to  Michaelma<>,  af- 
ter 6  of  the  clock  m  the  motning ;  nor  out 


of  his  bed  afer  10  of  the  dock  at  night; 
nor,  from  Michaelmas  till  our  Ladr-day,  in 
bed  after  7  in  the  morning,  nor  out* after  9  at 
night,  widiout  reasonable  cause,  on  uaine  of 
2d.  '^    » 

V.  Tljat  no  mans  bed  bee  vnmade,  nor 
fire  or  candlerbox  vnclean,  after  8  of  the 
clock  in  the  morning,  on  paine  of  Id. 

,VI.  Item..  That  no  man  make  water 
within  either  of  the.  courts,  ^'ppon  paine  of, 
eueiy  tyme  it  shal.be  proved.  Id. 

Vll.  Item,  That  no  man  teach  any  ef 
the  chiUren  any  vnhoncst  speeches  or  baudic 
word,  or  othe,  on  paine  of  4d. 

VIIL  Item,  That  no  man  waite  at  the 
table  without  a  trencher  in  his  hand,  except 
it  be  vppon  aomegxxl  cause,  on  paine  of  Id. 

IX.  Item,  That  no  man  appointed  to 
waite  at  my  table  be  absent  that  meale, 
without  reasonable  cause,  on  |iaine  of  id. 

X.  Item,  If  au^  mart  breake  a  glasse, 
hee  shall  aunswer  the  price  thereof  out  oi"  his 
Wages ;  and,  if  it  bee  not  known  who  breake 
It,  the  buttler  shall  pay  for  it^on  pame  of  12d. 

XL  Item,  Tne  table  nmst  bee  couered 
halfe  an  houer  before  H  at  dinner,  and  6  at 
supper,  or  before,  on  paine  of  2d. 

XII.  Item,  That  meate  bee  readie  at  II 
or  before  at  dinner,  and  6  or  before  at  supper, 
on  paine  of  6d.       '  ■ 

XJII.  Item,  That  none  be  absent,  with- 
out leaue  or  good  cause,  the  whole  day,  or 
any  part  of  it,  on  paine  of  4d. 

XIV.  Item,  That  no  man  strike  his  fel- 
low, on  paine  of  loss  of  semice ;  nor  reuile 
or  threaten,  or  prouoke  another  to  strike,  on 
paine  of  I'Jd. 

XV.  Item,  That  nO  man  come  to  the 
kitchen  without  reasonable  cause,  on  paine 
of  Id.  and  the  cook  likewise  to  forfeit  id. 

XVI.  Item,  Tliat  none  toy  with  the 
maids,  on  paine  of  4d. 

XVII.  That  no  man  weare  foule  shirt  on 
Sunday-,  nor  broken  hose  or  shooes,  or  dub- 
lett  without  buttons,  on  paine  of  id. 

XV^III.  Item,  Tliat,  wljen  anv  strainger 
goeth  hence,  the  chamber  ht  drest' vp  agamc 
within  4  howrs  after,  on  paine  of  Id. 

XIX.  Item,  That  the  hall  b^  made 
•cleane  euery  day,  by  eight  in  the  winter, 
and  seauen  in  the  sommcr,  on  paine  of  him 
tlwt  should  do  it  to  forfeit  Id. 

XX.  That  the  cowrt-^aie  bee  shutt  each 
meale,  and  not  opened  during  dinnet  and 
supper,  without  just  cause,  on  paine  th« 
porter  to  forfet  for  euery  time.  Id. 

XXI.  Item,  That  ail  stavrs  in  the  house, 
and  other  rooms  that  neede  sTiall  require,  bee 
made  cleane  on  Fryday  after  dinner,  on  paine 
of  forfeymre  of  euery  on  whome  it  shall  be 
belong  vifto,  3d. 

All  which  sommea  shall  be  duly  paide  each 
quarter-day  out  of  their  wages,  ana  bestowed  ' 
on  the  poore,  ot  other  godly  vse. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


Gold: 

wofked    ^^' 

worked 

^guick- 

silver. 

Copper 

4 

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131' 

70 

1^ 

4^ 

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«. 

297 

21 

.— 

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S  ■ 

1 

134 

161 

«. 

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60 

3 

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19 

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9 

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||f§  li$i<(f  HKnes  ami  Mektls  in  Ph^.^-^GStthgen  Umvtnitf. 

hlWt.Of  HimS   OF  ALJL  TUB  KHQWH  METTALS  HT- TUB  VieBmOTSRtP  OF  rBRtT. 

[From  ih^  Peruvian  M^cury,  a  penodical  work  |>ublkhedui.Iiina*3  ■ 

Covefwmtntt  wtd  Dittricts. 

Ijnui  ^d  HcMoochifV     *    •    • 
Tirma,  PIbsoo^  and  HuaUanca,. . 

TfiuplloaodChota, 

}^ifaD|iaii>a  aod  LAiauMSr  .  .  . 
Cuzco  and  Cmahuasi^  .  ,  . 
A^^()a  and  CaylWma,  .  .  . 
ILaantajaYa  fuid  Taeoa,  .  .  . 
HiuuKavelica,  CaBtro!?irr^iia,azMl 
lircay, 

At  the  most  moderate  calcolaiiofeif  it  is  com* 

rated  that  nine  tliousand  millions  of  ounces 
ave  been  exported  to  Spain  in  248  years* 
Irdih  the  dlscoveiy  of  ihe  niines  of  P^m  to 
the  year  1740.  Those  ,of  Po^i  ak>n«  pror 
dueed,  in  the  first  ninety  jears  they  w«e 
worked,  395,619  ounces. 

A  Spanish  author  has  calculated  all  the 
fold  and  silver  in  Spain,  in  church  pUne,  pri- 
^e  pkite,  and  in  currency*  at  100^000  mil- - 
lions  of  ounces* 

•«  Xook  to  the  thin  and  sc^ntj-  femains  of 
the  populous  and  prpsp^rous  nations  of  the 
•outnem  hemisphere,  imd  to  a  land  whose 
veins  are  gold  and  its  mountains  sil^-er,  of 
which  Spanish  cruelty  and  avarice  have  beea 
constrained  to  make  a  .^e^ertr  ^  in .  order  to 
secure  the  possession  of  i^.  Behokl  the.  snl-. 
kiu  .deject^  native*  trampling  under  his  feet 
■old  and  diamcnds,  which  he  dare  not  put 
iordi  his  hand  to  touch;  and  repioachmg 
H^yen^with  heaping  upon  him,  in  its  anpr, 
tre^ures  whidi  J^ve  attracted*  not  the  pious 
seal  and  attention,  Sut  the  infernal  lage,  of 
men  who  nevertheless  dare  to  call  th«niael\es 
Christians  r—Hunter*s  Lectures, 

BSTABLlSHMEirr  OF  THE  UNIVERSITT  OF 
GdTTlNGEK. 

)f  our  infonpation  he  correct*  Bonaparte  has 
treated  the  University  of  Gdtting^  with 
a  kind  of  dbtinction  or  deference,  which 
has  relieved  it  from  the  extreme  sufferings 
to  which  the  cities  of  Germany  in  general 
have  hfen  tuljected  :  an  account  of  this 
Institution  may  be  agreeable  to  our  readers. 

Thb  dtv  of  Gdttingen,  in  the  territories  of 
Hanover,  "has  been  lately  rebuilt ;  the  streets 
are  all  in  straight  lines,  wide*  and  have  a 
convenient  pavement  for  foot  passengers.  The 
population  is  reckoned  at  about  10^000  souls, 
mcluding  seven  or  eight  h\mdred  students  from 
all  parts  of  Europe.  Gottinoen  has  neither 
playhouses*  oonunetce,  or  places  of  public 
amiiiseiiient ;  of  course  none  but  men  \vho 
iia^  ?  tasle  for  study  wilLseuteliav* 


teoor 


Lead. 


—  10 

Am<mg.  the  chief  public  catnhK  ihawnti  -awK-r 
distin^iahed  the  l^ing-in  hospital*  a  beauti»>* 
ful  piece  of  archifttcture^  wherein  are  ccan-  • 
binod  a  salubrious    air  and   internal:  taciM* 
nesa*  with  every  conveniencQ  that  thai  condi* 
tion  of  the  patient  may  require  ;  this  'botaiiW 
cal  garden^  which  b  remarkably  well  -kept^  . 
and  always  open  to  ilve  pupils :  the  pqblk  ii-' 
biary,  which  is  oompoaed  of  nearly  200iOOO 
volumes*  inall  kngiMi^et;  itcontaiBSTalso^^  1 
rich  collection  of  en^pwriags*  and  *of  ^ancicat  tt 
as  Mpell  as  jnodcm  moniimenla*.   It  is  imeiiiM  i 
for  the  use  especially  of  the  professors  and  sto* 
dents.    The  cabinet  of  mm^aloey  is  oo^n£- 
the  most  complete  in  Europe.    Castly,  the 
hospital,  whicn  contains  only  forty  beiu*'  bol- 
ls kept  very  dean,  and  comfoftablc. 

Thii  Univenitv  of  G^tliiigtii  is  ^ 
of  a  pro-reclor,  a  councoT^^fW^ 
bKshed  professors,  and .  an  equal  Aui|ibef  ■  of  •' 
superunmeraries,  or  substitutes. 

The  pro-rector  holds  his  oifioe  for  only  six 
months.  ,  He'repiraents  the  King,  wno  is 
perpetual  reolor;  he-mseiibea  the  namtf  ^' ' 
the  new*  pupils^  is  president  of  the-«o«Qei]v  ^ 
issues  his  oroars  to  the  pohoeouard*'  )ind*:  if 
requisite,  can  call  out  the  militaiyi  He  lia 
the  chief  civil  macistrate  of  the  city.  The 
professors  of  each  faculty  sucoeaiively  fill  itiA 
eminent  situation. 

The  council,  is  eompoaed^f  die  pro^RctofV  ' 
two^  professors^    and    two-  supokmeBtarias; 
They  decide,    inno,  .on  -  the  otiencca^  of  the 
students,  who  are  amenable  only  to  their  fii^  ^ 
therly  tribunal.    Sdo^  On  the  difFeieniesi)e<.  - 
tween  the  inhabitants*  theiRilitaiy,  afid^he 
students^    In  this  latter  aase^-  if  or  a  seriooa  ' 
nature,  twoju^^of  the  civil  trihnoal .  are 
called  to  sit  with  the  council. 

The  students  take  the  oath,  af  aobaiissioii 
to  the  academic  code,  from,  die  day  their 
names  are  inscribed  till  they  haveaoofa  dnoogh 
the  whole  ooucse  of  kcturesu  -TIm  .puniBh<» 
ment^.  ipflic^xid  Q»  tl^eaacoosistatin.  fines,  «on^    - 
finement,  exile^  and  diagracc^  banishinent^. 
Such  atodents:aiiKa\;c^iiicunr(si  this  last  pu*«  ' 
nishoi^t  are  -eoudiMl^:  for  .ever-  from  atf  tho 
universitiea  of  GeBDway^.ao^  all  puUkr  t%«  ^ 
tuatioos^ 


Digitized 


by  Google 


«>tr 


Russuuilmpmdl Mufettm  of  Ndiurttl  Vuhry. 


C0« 


There  are  ibur  &ettUie%  vis.  Ist,  the  Ta- 
ctile of  Tlicol(Mgr»  which  comprehends  the 
liislQfy  of  thecliuidi,  rooralitf  and  divint^, 
firopetly  90  called.  8d»  The  Faculty  of  Law, 
whtdi  comprehends  tlie  law  of  oatuiey  the 
%kw  of  nataoQi^  miweraai  history,  the  histoiy 
of  (?f— limy,  aad  of4ts4iifaemcofi8tttiitioiis, 
Jostiniaxi*!  Institute^  the  pandects,  eanoiiy 
civil  and  criminal  law.  da,  The  Facul^  of 
Physic,  which  compiehendtf  anatomy>  physio- 
logy, the  matima-medica>  natural  nistory, 
bolajiy,  chemistry,  minendogy^  the  healing 
art,  pt^otogy,  therapeutics,  sursery,  and 
diemiatry.  4th,  The  jPacul^  of  Philosophy, 
which  comprehends  metaphysics^  natural  his- 
tory, mathematics,  astronomy,  geography, 
4i|Noiiiacy,    politics,   statistics,   archaeology. 

The  piolaiors  have  from  four  to  six  thou- 
sand livies  salary,  exclusive  of  perquisites, 
«ieh  as  the  payments  made  by  the  students 
whoMlow  the  different  courses.  The  lec- 
tures are  divided  into  two  sessions,  and  last 
five  manths,  at  the  rate  of  five  lessons  a 
week :    the  lessons  occupy  at  least  an  hour. 

The  first  lecturer  begin  at  the  latter  end  Of 
October,  and  end  a  fiortiught  before  Easter. 
After  one  mooth*S'i«cation  they  are  resumed, 
smd  last  till  tfie  btter  end  of  September.  The 
^onpfete  academical  course  of  lectures  requires 
at  Inst  three  years ;  and  yet  in  order  to  go 
through  the  whole  in  that  interval,  a  pupil 
must  roUow  at  least  four  during  the  half  year. 
He  then  may  be  examined,  and  take  his  de- 
grees. It  is  required  of  the  professors,  besides 
the  science  which  they  teach,  to  be  versed  in 
the  ancient  and  some  of  the  living  languages. 
They  are  nominated  by  the  Regency,  which 
never  fiuh  of  making  a  proper  choice ;  tlie 
public  opinion  having  been  pre\'ioufiIy  con- 
sulted on  the  question. 

tsesgssssssssssss.  ggaegSBBBBgaacHegg 

mSTORX  KHf>   PReSBVr  8TATB  OP  TH«^  IM- 

»BRiAL  KoaauM  or  VivnnuM,  mrroitr 

AT  MASCOWb 

The  following  information  is  chiefly  derived 
from  a  late  publication  printed  at  Moscow, 
by  M.  G.  Fis(^r,  containing^  a  namthre 
of  hi».labours«  andof  the  principles  lie  has 
adopted,  in  anangingthis  Museum.  It  is 
the  fiiBt  number  of  a  series,  'intended  to 
comprise  descriptions  of  the  most  rare  and 
valuable  articles  extant  in  this  institution. 
From  the  characM^  of  this,  work  giren  by 
a.fofieigBij<Mraalist»  whose  report  vre  have 
adopted,  wadoubt  not  bpt  it  will  add  con- 
siderably to  the  general  stora  of  scientific 
information. 

Pfiop  tO}thAi<Mndaiieno£  the 'museum* of 
Bi^twaUu3toi^:>  jby  Ala«amltri.,  a  sraaU  col- 


lection of  this  kind,  chiefly  formed  by  th« 
care  of  Count  de  Strogonott,  and  of  the  ant* 
cestors  of  Mr.  DemidofT,  alread]^  exbted  ai 
Moscow.  This  collection  contained  seieiiA 
curious  directs,  f>oth  in  zoology  and  mineral 
logy ;  a  herbal  by  Rudiger,  and  abo%-e  twentV 
▼ohlnMS  of  plants,  giveh  ty  Mr.  Pkiimser  and 
Mr.Demidofl'.  This  better  gentletoan,  Whosl 
diKXh-eries  in  natural  history  Imve  b&h  pi^ 
served  hy  Lmuubus  himself,  has  pCuted  With 
the  valuable  eoHeclion  he  possessed;  hbsa^ 
erifioes  it  entirely  to  the  improvement  of  di& 
science.  Moreover,  to  this  donation  He  hA 
added  a  cansidemble  nam  for  the  etkouri^ 
ment  of  the  professors  and  studenti.  Princd 
d*Quroussoff,  animated  with  cqmd  patriddim^ 
has  sent  his  beautiful  ooiection  of  miiieratt 
to  the  Imperial  Museum^  besides  some  niosi 
Cttriousand  rare  encaustic  and  mosaic  iMittt- 
ingi. 

Another  obfcct  which  adds  additiotial  tustM 
to  this  museum,  is  a  geographical  ooHeetiotoi 
divided  into  goremments,  of  all  the  ptoduo* 
tions  of  nature  and  of  art. 

All  these  valuable  objects  hate  been  i^ 
stored  to  their  original  destination,  by  the 
care  and  assiduity  of  Mr.  Fischer.  In  thd* 
space  of  eight  months  he  has  completed; 
without  any  assistance,  the  task  which  he  \M 
undertaken.  He  has  arranged  likewise,  in 
systematical  order,  the  DenudofF  Museum, 
which  had  fofuierly  becti  open  to  public  use; 
as  well  as  the  Imperial  Museum.  The  order 
which  Vr.  Fischer  has  adopted  in  the  distri- 
bution of  the  different  objects,  is  deri\-ed' 
from  those  methods  which  ^re  in  the  hii^iest 
esteem.  ^ 

The  ideas  of  M.  de  Lac^pWe  have  guided 
him  in  classing  the  birds :  the  arrangement 
of  the  shells  is  on  I^mark^s  S3ratem. 

In  the  dbtribution  of  insects  be  has  cetaSued 
the  principles  of  Linnaeus,  as  strictly  as  UiC 
discoveries  of  Messrs.  Latreillo,  Olivier,  La- 
mark,  and  others,  would  alfow. 

In  classing  the  amphibia,  the  author  hat 
consulted  the  discmenes  of  Messrs.  Lac^pKle, 
Al.  Brongmard,  Dandin,  &c.  The  fishes 
have  been  placed  according  to  the  system  of 
Linmeus,  and  tlic  discovenes  of  Messrs.  Cu- 
vier.  Lac^pcde,  Bosc,  &c. 

With  r^rd  to  the  minerals,  as  the  know* 
ledge,  of  objects  instructs  more  than  the  best 
definitions,  this  eollection  is  claned  agreeably 
to  the  exterior  characters ;  the  method  of  the 
celebrated  Werner  has  been  adhered  to, 
without,  however,  losing  sight  of  the  essen* 
tial'connection  with  the  principles  of  che- 
mhtry. 

One  particular  room  has;been  allotted  to 
{the  encaustic  and  mosaic  paintings,  given  by ' 
;Prlnce  dX)urous9off',-  with  the  collection  o(f 
•medals  and  antiouities. 
1  llie  Dcmidon  Museum  occupies  three 
rooms.    Tlie  first  contains  his  geognosdo  col- 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


Oa»] 


Coup-imU  on  Amencan  Affmt. 


caw 


lectk)n»  the  minerals  and  precious  stones,  witli 
'pertition  cases  for  the  shelh. 

The  second  contains  a  valuahle  collection 
of  zoophiles,  and  part  of  the  Ubraty. 

The  third  contains  the  other  part  of  the 
library. 

The  administrators,  of  the  museum  have 
formed  a  museum  of  comparative  anatomy 
on  a  very  extensive  plan.  The  different  or* 
^^ms  of^motion,  sensation,  generation,  di- 
ction, &c.  will  be  cohiprehended,  either 
separately,  or  in  connection  with  the  other 
parts  of  or^ized  beings,  from  plants,  through 
all  classes,  orders  and  species  of  animals,  to 
the  human.  . 

The  first  number  of  Mr.  Fischer's  work 
contains  a  description  of  all  the  different  spe- 
.  cieft  of  monkies  in  the  Imperial  Museum. 
The  author  gives  an  anatomical  desc^ription  of 
these  animals.  He  has  obser\'ed  two  muscles, 
which  have  not  been  ascertained  in  Mr. 
Cuvier*s  comparative  anatomy,  and  which» 
by  marking  how  far  the  structure  of  the 
monkey  diflers  from  that  of  man,  shews  a 
nearer  resemblance  between  the  formation 
of  this  c)ass  of  animals  and  that  of  others : 
these  muscles  are — the  acromio-ailantian, 
which  has  been  noticed  by  Mr.  Vicq-d'Azyr, 
m  the  Pilhccus  j  and  the  capsulary  of  the  arm 
an^  of  the  foot. 

.  The  method  of  dividing  the  ape  species  in- 
to several  families,  adopt^  by  Messrs.  Cuvier 
and  Geoffroy,  has  been  the  basis  of  the  divi- 
sion proposed  by  ^^I-  Fischer  in  his  craniology 
of  the  apes.  Me  has  adopted  the  same 
throughout  hb  work,  and  has  moreover  been 
very  attentive  in  introducing  those  species 
that  were  already  correctly  known. 
.  By  this  means  he  has  given  tlie  histor)-  of 
the  six  families :  1st,  the  monkeys  propcriy 
speaking  J  2d,  the  marmozets ;  3d,  tneapes; 
'  4>th,  the  macocos  j  5th,  the  baboons ;  and, 
(kh,  the  alouattes.  He  determines  each  fa- 
mily according  to  its  exterior  character  and 
anatomical  structure ;  and  under  everj^  article 
he  places  the  different  species  which  belongs 
to  each  family.  In  addition  to  this,  he  in- 
troduces particulars  relative  to  the  habits  and 
manners  of  the  animals,  and  of  the  climate 
they  inhabit. 

This  pamphlet  is  ornamented  with  several 
engravings.  A  plan  of  the  musemn ;  the  figures 
of  the  newly  discoA'cred  species,  such  as  the 
cercvpithecus  Lacepcdii  j  the  cranium  of  the 
Simia  Rosalia ;  that  of  the  S.  capucina ;  that 
of  the  S.  nigra  ;  the  S.  at/gula  ;  that  of  a  new 
and  beautiml  species,  in  M.  Fischer's  posses- 
sion, the  cynocephamis  nafator-,  the  toes, 
which  are  jJso  represented,  are  connected  half 
.  way  of  their  length  by  a  membrane ;  lastly, 
the  ealago  Demidqfii,  which  will  be  described 
in  the  following  number.  M.  Fischer  has 
given  supplementary  details  jelative  to  compa- 


rative anatomy,  wKich  render  his  work  of  in- 
dbpensible  necessity  to  true  zoologists. 

This  number  contains  nine  fimires :  it  b 
printed  at  Moscow,  for  C.  F.  Schildbach, 
1806. 


COUP-D  (BXL  OV  AMERICAN  AFFAIRS. 

Extradt  of  a  Letter  from  America,   dated 

H^arhwton,  Marylahd,  July  10,  I806. 

The  whole  country  hereabouts  has  been 
healthy  for  this,  last  three  years — hardly  any 
cases  of  a^e  and  fever :  but  in  the  cnerry 
and  fruit  times  Very  subject  to  dysenteries  or 
fluxes,  which  our  physicians  know  not  how 
to  cure  so  wtU  as  the  old  women. 

Mr.  Merry  has  been  known  to  me  for  a 
number  of  years,  first  as  a  merchant  in 
Malaga,  afterwards  consul  at  Mala|^  agent 
for  government  in  Cork,  then  consul-g^ne« 
ral  in  Spain,  and  charge  des  dfairea  in  Spain, 
where  I  again  knew  and  saw  him;  then  in 
London,  before  ^oins  to  Copenhagen,  and 
afterwards  to  Farts,  &c.  I  have  great  inti- 
macy with,  and  a  high  esteem  for  him  . .  . 
No  tricks— but  an  open,  candid,  and  bonoiur« 
able  negociator,  and  far  better  received  at  our 
court,  than  any  of  his  predecessors ;  and  \ 
verily  believe  has  done  a  great  deal  more  good 
for  his  country.  He  has,  however,  been  in-< 
eluded  in  the  general  sweep  for  recall  o/*  all 
foreign  ministers  I  a  vile  and  continued  aya^ 
tQm  upon  the  change  of  every  ministry. 

*  You  have  heard  of  our  purchase,  a  few 
years  back,  of  Louisiana.  Though  not 
wanting  territory,  our  rulers  were  led  to  do 
it  at  the  expence  of  13  millions  of  dollars,  ra« 
ther  than  let  it  pass  from  Spanish  into  French 
hands.  It  was  a  purchase  of  the  whole  of 
ancient  Louisiana,  which  was  supposed  to 
contain  the  two  Floridas,  which  were  sepa- 
rated from  Louisiana  by  the  English,  and 
divided  into  two  go^•ernments  upon  their 
conquest  of  that  part.  We  negociated  a 
little  to  try  to  have  it  so,  but  finding  it  to  no 
purpose,  and  fearing  tlie  French  might  ob- 
tain a  station  there,  we  made  another  o^kx  to 
S|)ain  to  purchase  for  two  millions  of  dollars 
the  whole  of  the  Floridas.  This  proposition 
is  now  pending  in  Madrid  (or,  probably,  by 
the  directors  of  Madrid,  in  Paris).  We 
have  every  hope  it  will  be  acceded  to.  The 
Hornet  sloop  of  war  carried  the  proposition 
from  New  \  ork  in  twenty-two  days  to  L'(jL 
rient,  and  this  day  has  returned  by  my  house 
for  Washington.  She  cannot,  however,  have 
brought -the  ultimate  dispatches.  We  had 
better  buy  the  Spanish  out  at  any  reasonable 
rate,  than  have  a  French  government  or  mi- 
litary station  in  East  or  West  Florida. 

Already  has  the  purchase  of  Louisiana, 
and  consequent  free  navigation  oftlie  Missis- 
sipi,  shewn  its  benefits  to  the  United  States. 
A  vast  produce  goes  downwards  all  'the  way 


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[606 


^  frpm  as  high  as  Pittsburehf  and  tl^re  have 
been  several  very  fine  snips  built  upon  the 
*  higher  v^ratcrs,  ciSf  larger  burthen,  and  as  good 
construction  as  have  sailed  from  the  Chesa- 
peak  or  Dela^vare  Bay ;  some  of  500  tons 
Durthen,  but  doomed  never  to  return  from 
whence  they  Went,  on  account  of  the  down 
current.  Ihey  carry  produce  direct  for 
Europe,  and  are  chiefly  owrned  by  the  nor- 
thern and  Philadelphia  merchants.  The  con- 
sequent increase  of"  Kentucky  and  the  north- 
western territory,  the  Natchees,  &c.  he.  ex- 
ceeds common  belief:  they  are  progressing 
much  faster  than  the  towns  in  niv  vicinity. 

Thb  purchase  of  13  millions  of  dollars  nas 
been  made  too  (as  well  as  that  of  two  mil- 
lions of  dollars  for  Florida),  without  a  tax  of 
one  cent  upon  the  people,  upon  a  funded 
stock,  to  wnich  the  sales  of  lands  and  im- 
port duties  are  fully  ample.  Yet  there  are 
wioncheods  here  who  cabal  and  contend 
that  the  States  ought  to  have  gone  to  war 
with  Spain  rather  tnan  meanly  make  such  a 
|3fUTchase  with  money.  I  have  long  learnt 
the  lesson,  that  one  man  may  cause  or  go  to 
war,  but  it  will  take  hundreds  to  procure  a 
peace.  This  purchase,  however,  and  the 
ttrone  inducements  for  purchase  in  Kentucky 
and  the  western  country,  has  dmined  a  num- 
ber of  our  inhabitants  from  these  more  settled 
arid  almost  worn  out  counties — St.  Mary's, 
Charles,  Calvert,  Prince  George's,  &c. — 
We  have,  however,  a  good  influx  of  pur- 
chasers from  Europe,  who  rather  purchase  in 
society,  than  fight  their  way  through  difficul- 
ties in  the  remote  back  country.  There  have 
bec«  several  lately  with  me,  and  more  in  the 
city,  which  is  increasing,  though  not  rapidly. 

-We  have  had  some  serious  uneasinesses 
and  remonstrances  with  your  country  about 
impressing  seamen  our  citizens,  and  depreda- 
tions on  our  commerce  as  neutrally  passing  the 
seas. 

'  I  have  no  doubt  but  there  will  be  every  fair 
accommodation,  and  that  our  speculating'mer- 
chants  have  been  making  unjustifiable  covers 
to  enemy's  property  un<ier  the  sanction  of  our 
neutral  liag  England  has  already  yielded  up 
all  hnpressed  American  seamen,  and  hundreifi 
have  arrived;  in  one  Jist  of  published  com- 
plaints there  were  near  3000  specified  names, 
where  and  how  taken,  &c.  &c. 

CoL  Smith  (the  collector  of  New  York) 
has  been  suspended,  and  the  ownere  and  fit- 
ters out  of  General  Miraiula's  ship  the  ]..ean- 
der  are  under  prosecution  for  aiding  and  assis- 
ting Miraudj  in  his  expedition  to .  the  Coast 
of  Carrachas  to  stir  insurrection  in  South 
America. 

England,  or  at  least  the  English  ao;ents, 
assisted  him  in  tiie  outfit,  &c.  ike.  And  it 
would  have  been  good  policy  to  have  given 
him  more  open  and  decided  assistance.-^It  is 
g^erally  thought  he  will  succeed,  but  there 


is  a  sharp  look  out  for  him  from  Fiench  as 
well  as  Spanish  cruizers  in  the  Bay  of  Mexico. 
----1  know  not  how  they  contrive  to  have  -it 
single  vessel  there. 

1  went  to  the  President's  levee  on  our  le- 
joicinff  day,  4th  July.  The  contrast  of  it  and 
what  1  had  seen  in  four  or  five  European  capi- 
tals, was  matter  of  much  thought  and  amuse- 
ment.—Ice  creams,  ice  fruits,  confectionaiy, 
sweeuneats,  cakes,  wine,  &c.  and  abundance 
of  cut  and  uncut  pincrapples,  were  thesubstf- 
tutes  for  Euro])ean  graceful  bows,  high 
dresses,  and  respectful  distances.  The  group 
too  a  little  more  motley,  but  not  a  whit  be- 
hind hand  in  happiness  or  hilarity.— There 
was  a  joining  in  congratulations  on  the  retura 
of  the  day  which  emancipated  us  from  tlie 
crimes  and  follies  of  Europe,  from  a  dollar  in 
the  pound  at  least  of  (500  millims  sterling. 

We  too  shall  encounter  follies;  but  if 
great,  they  will  be  short  j  if  long,  they  wiU 
be  light  J  and  the  vigour  of  our  country  will 
get  the  better  of  them. 

Our  har^'est  is  all  in  and  secured  hereabouts, 
later  by  two  or  tliree  weeks  than  usual.  A 
short  crop  of  tobacco ;  Indian  com  flourish- 
ing and  well ;  a  more  abundan t  crop  of  wheat, 
here  as  well  as  every  where  I  have  heard  of, 
was  never  known.  Rye  also  abundant,  but 
not  a  full  crop  of  oats,  owing  to  a  cold  and 
dry  spring,  and  a  more  flian  usual  continued 
spell  of  dry  weather.  Se\eral  orders  for  ship- 
loads of  flour  have  been  lately  executed  from 
England,  in  consequence  of  war  with  Pmssia 
shutting  up  tlie  Elbe  and  other  ports,  and  the 
nefarious  project  of  the  Corsican  in  denying 
entrj'  to  Briush  ships  on  tlie  continent.  We 
are  in  alarm  here  for  the  probable  result  of 
England  to  let  any  of  our  ships  go  into  their 
ports  with  our  tobaccos,  West-Iudia  imported 
cargoes,  ^'c.  &c. 

Our  country  has  progressed,  and  is  progrej- 
sing  in  a  wonderful  degiee,  and  a  vcrv  few* 
years  more  will  free  us  of  all  public  de'bt.— . 
The  vast  resource  from  sales  of  back  lands, 
far  above  the  estijnate,  and  the  usual  duty  on 
all  imports,  gives  a  redundant  treasury  far 
above  the  outgoings.  Last  year  there  was  a 
repeal  of  all  mtenial  taxes,  and  this  year 
proves  more  than  wiiat  was  expected  that  the 
external  taxes  exbeeded  more  than  any  former 
year.  And  such  u  the  benefit  resulting  from 
the  subsututinc  ceconomy  for  taxation,  that 
afler  paving  oft  eight  mi'ilions  of  the  public 
del^t,  discharging  a  heaw  foreign  debt, 
makmg  purchases  to  n  arly  ti'fteen  millions  of 
dollars  as  before-mentioned,  leducing  to  a 
c)phcr  the  public  internal  taxes,  wrd  some 
ct  cctcras,  we  have  a  redundant  treasury. 

It  is  nevertheless  true,  us  von  well  know 
that  America  is  not  the  pleisantcst  country 
for  the  residence  of  the  mouicd  man,  or  the 
man  of  literature,  science,  fashion,  or  Doli- 
tessc.  "^ 


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A  PARTICULAR  ACCOUl^  OP  THE  LAST  ERUP- 
TION OP  MOUNT  VESUVIUS. 

[Translated  from  the  French  ] 
Thb  account  is  dated  1 6th  July,  1 806,  from 
Resina,  which  is  f«ur  miles  distance  from  Na- 
ples, at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  leading  to  the 
bottom  of  the  cone  that  forms  the  volcano. 

On  May  31,  about  ten  o'clock  in  the  «ven.  ^ 
ing,  as  I  was  retiring  to  bed,  I  heard  a  noise 
•omcthing  Uke  a  violent  gust  of  wind ;  at 
which  1  was  so  much  the  more  surprised,  as 
a  moment  befc^re  1  had  observed  that  ^  sky 
was  fine  and  clear.  However,  I  would  not 
take  the  trouble  of  enquiring  into  the  cause  of 
this  unexpected  change,  hut  a  person  whom  I 
bad  sent  to  Naples  returning  a  quarter  of  an 
bour  after,  I  got  up  to  speak  with  him.  As  * 
passed  near  the  stait-casc,  I  could  sec  through 
the  trees  of  a  grmc,  a  blaze  issumg  from 
Mount  Vesuvius*  in  height  about  100  toises. 
This  flauie  alternately  rose  and  sunk,  and  re- 
sembled those  beautiful  sheaves  which  are  so 
meatlv  admired  in  well  executed  fir«-works. 
It  was  a  confused  mixtur?  of  stones  and  m-. 
flammable  matter,  thrown  up  from  the  cratet 
of  the  volcano,  and  which,  as  they  fell,  seemed 
to  be  fluid.  We  were  then  threatened  with 
two  dreadful  calamities,  an  earthquake  which 
Mncrally  ptccede*  the  eruption,  and  the  erup- 
Son  itsilf,  on  that  side  where  the  lava  would 
flow.  I  spent  the  whole  night  in  observuig 
this  sheaf  of  fire  which  cpntinually  increased, 
and  diffused  such  a  light,  tliat  at  a  league's 
distance,  one  might  xaisily  have  read  a  letter. 
I  endeavoured  to  conjecture  in  what  other  part 
•f  the  mountain  it  was  probable  aijother  erup- 
tion  would  take  pUce ;  when  at  four  o  ctock 
precisely,  the  vok-.uio  began  to  discharge  m- 
Wed  mauer  through  three  new  mouUis, 
without  the  discharae  having  been  preceded 
by  an  earthquake.  iT^eec  mouths,  or  issues, 
were  near  one  another,  at  about  one  hundred 
toises  from  tlie  top  of  the  mountain.  The 
lav-a  issued  from  the  side  of  the/o'T5  dci 
Greco,  and  CAnnunziata,.  near  PorUci,  on 
the  road  from  Naples  to  PompcHa.  I  went  m 
the  evening  to  the  foot  of  Vesuvius,  to  ei^- 
mine  a  torrent  of  lava  that  had  already  reach- 
ed to  a  distance  from  tlic  mountoin.  Al- 
thousrh  it  was  the  most  inconsiderable  branch, 
vet  it  xvas  at  least,  12  or  13  feet  wide,  and  ff 
Seep  ;  a  very  torrent  of  fire.  . 

Jiile  2,  between  six  and  seven  o'clock  m  the 
morning,  the  smoke  began^nsewithjm^ 
violcnce^than  on  the  preceding  da>  ;  it  was 
also  thicker.  DuHna  Uie  wliole  day  a  liollmv 
sound  prexailed,  similar  to  that  of  two  armies 
engaged,  whose  artillery  and  musketry  are  xvell 
^^.  Towards  nirfit  I  approached  the  great 
torrent  of  lava,  wluch  was  rather  slow  in.its 
progress.    1  estimated  it  200  feet  long,  and  15 


:  ■  \ 

Account  of  tlie  last  Ervptwn  of  Mount  Vesuvius.    ^  [jSOl^ 

deep.  The  whole  mass  resembled  awaU  of 
glass  in  the  act  of  melting  j  sometimes  I  could 
see  flashes  of  lightning  shooting  from  it, 
and  these  were  imla\%'ed  by  a  report  as  loud 
as  that  of  a  gun  of  a  lai|^  calibre.  •  Whalever 
happened  to  impede  the  couiae  of  the  lava, 
vines»  trees,  houses,  &c.  was  instantly  melted 
or  devoured.  1  airived  at  the  moment  when 
the  lava  was  sapping  the  foundations  of  a  wall 
in  front  of  which  was  the  bed  of  a  torrent 
from  thirty  to  forty  ieet  deep.  1  saw  the  waU 
give  way,  and  the  lava  precipitate  itself  like  a 
cataract  of  fire,  nearlyperpendicular^  into  the 
bed  of  the  torrent.  Tnis  kind  of  sea.  of  fire 
which  covers  three  miles  of  a  most  fruitful 
country,  forms  but  one  mass  from  the  moutk 
whence  it  issued  to  the  point  where  it  stops*  is 
a  sight,  at  once  amazingly  grand  and  dreadfliL 
.fune3,  the  la\'a  ran  very  slowiy,. and  throu^ 
a  sin^e  opening.  The  matter  which  on  1M 
2d  ran  from  the  odier  two  apertures,  had  stop* 
ped  at  the  foot  of  Vesuvius.  At  night -tiU 
whole  mass  had  ceased  to  advance^  the  bordess 
were  already  cool ,,  although  the  middle  was 
burning.  A  few  detonations  wereheacd,  but 
not  so  frequently  as  on  the  preceding  day. 
The  mountain  continued  to  emit  clouds  of 
smoke.  i 

On  the  4th  and  5th^eiiollow  noise  imm 
the.  interior  of  the  mountain  .became  much 
laudciv  and  continued  durina  much -longer 
l>criods  than .  before.  The  beUowing  was  ois- 
tincdy  hegid  both  at  Naples*  and  at  Portici^ 
notwithstanding  they  are  two  leagues  distant 
0:om  one  anotb^.  A  thiok  smoke  oontinued 
to  issue  from  every  part  of  the  crater.  -Soonf 
after,  clouds  of  asms  rose,  and  overspread  thft> 
country  around ;  the  lava  next  followed^  It 
issued  from  the  same  chasm,  as  the  most  con* 
siderable  torrent  had  ran  in  the  same  direction.  ■ 
On  the  6th  and  7th  thcj  volcano  vomited  m 
large  quantity  of  ashes  :  Portici,  Retina,  and* 
la  Torre,  </e/Grf^,  were  entirely  coveted  with 
thcni,  but  the  internal  noise  had  subsided^  Ito^ 
was  renewed  with  still  pea  (er  violeooe  on  the* 
8th  and  gth,  over  JPocticiand Besina,  pouted' 
a  sable  and  thick  rain,  ooosistine  of  mud  and. 
sulphureous  particles.  On  the  foUowingdays, 
the  noise  from  the  interior  rolled  at  long  inter- 
vals only  j  tlie  smoke,  though  not  so  thiok,  • 
continued  to  rise  from^e  mountain ;  a  snalL 
ouantity  of  ashes  also  rose,  but  fell  back  into 
tne  crater.         '  ...... 

July  1 ,  as  I  supposed  the  eruption  to  be  teiw . 
minated,  althoush  the  mountam  contimMd  to- 
smoke,  I  set  on'  with  a  fevv  friends  to^ visit' 
Vesuvius.    At  10  o'clock  in  the  evcninc  we- 
reached  tlie  hermitage,  where  we  stopped  till 
midnight.     We  then  proceeded,  and  were 
obliged  to  climb  ratlier  than  to  walk  ;  hew*' 
ever,  by  half  after  1  o^ckK^-wearrivedatihe 
summit.    We  found  the  ascent  very  difBcult» 
as  the  eruption  had  destroyed  the  form^iL  patbr 
way.    W  e  were  under  a  necessity  of  proceed* 


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ifig  up  a  new  otoe  on  the  opposite  side,  which 
^vas  almost  perpendicular.  Thb  path  way 
\vas  composed  of  ashes  and  stones,  in  whicn 
^e  sunk  up  to  our  knees.  We  found  the 
inonntain  totally  altered.  Those  parts  which 
had  formerly  been  liiled  with  the  lava  and 
pebbles,  and  over  which  It  was  equally  dilli- 
*nilt  and  dangerous  to  proceed,  are  now  be- 
come a  plain,  aod  so  levelled,,  that  an  arihy 
might  manoeuvre  there.  If  the  volcano  were 
but  extinguished,  certaiB  hillocks  here  and 
tbere  midbit  be  cahivalcd  ;  but  no  doubt  it  is 
far  from  ttiat  state. 

The  former  crater  has  disappeared,  it  is 
filled  up  with  ashes  and  lava,  but  a  new  one 
has  been  formed  at  the  eastern  part  of  the 
mountain,  which  is  about  one  hundred  fa- 
thoms deep,  and  nearly  as  wide  at  its  open- 
ing. We  descended  about  half  way,  but 
dmd  not  proceed  any  farther.  We  were  nl- 
ready  dose  to  the  flames,  and  felt  a  most 
violent  heat.  In  this  position  we  comtinued 
half  an  hour,-  admiring  the  spectacle  offered 
by  the  liquid  bva  bubbling  at  the  bottom  of 
tne  crater  j  which  resembles  the  melted  mat- 
ter in  the  boiler  of  a  glass-house.  The  stones 
that  we  threw  into  it  were  instantly  melted. 
The  mountain  ia  considerably  lowered,  and 
has  two  large  clefts,  one  facmg  la  Torre  del 
Greco,  the  other  fronting  Ecsina.  A  new 
eruption  t»  very  much  apprehended,  on  ac- 
count Of  the  large  quantity  of  melted  matter 
which  remains  in  the  crater,  and  of  the  clefts 
observed  in  the  mounbio.  These  clefts  are 
not  in  the  crater,  some  are  a  mile  distant 
•  trom  it ;  the  most  considerable  hardly  reaches 
the  top. 

The  damage  occasioned  by  this  eruption  is 
immense.  The  governor  of  la  Torre  del  Greco, 
has  reported  £e  great  distress  of  so  many 
^milies,  and  of  most  of  the  country  people, 
whose  whole  l>arvest  has  been  destroyed. 
The  first  step  towards  their  relief  has  been 
exempting  from  all  taxes  the  property  that 
had  sufierrd.  A  resolution  has  also  passed 
that  the  Bcnmoknt  Commission  should  in 
future  raise  a  fund  to  indemnify  such  land- 
owner or  farmers  in  the  neighbouihood  of 
Vesuvius,  as  might  become  su&rers  by  ernn- 
tions  of  the  volcano  :  a  Subscription  will  oe 
opened  for  the  immediate  relief  of  the  unfortu- 
nate sufierers. 


EAST-INDIA    PRODUCTIONS. 

The  following  article  is  a  translation  fmm  the 
French :  that  it  is  capable  of  being  cor- 
rected and  improved,    we  are  well   per- 

:  suaded,  but  we  have  made  no  alteration  in 
it,  presuming  that  the  opinion  of  an  intel- 
ligent foreigner,  though  not  infallible,  yet 
should  rest  on  its  own  merits. 

Vol.  I.*     ILU.  Pan.  Dec.  1806.] 


OW  THB  ACQUlSmOW  O?  SEVERAL  PRO- 
DUCTIONS OF  THE  EAST-INDIES,  IN  AD- 
DITION TO  THOSE  WHICH  HAVE  BEEK 
ALREADY  DERIVED  FROM  THAT  COUNTRY. 

By  M.  Le  Goux  de  Flaix,  of  the  Corps  of 
Engineers,  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Paris,  the  Asiatic  Society  at 
Calcntta,  &c. 

Part  I. — op  the  vegetable  kingdom. 
Amon^  all  the  regions  of  the  elobc  there  iik 
none  which  contain?  so  many  useful  or  agree- 
able productions,  as  the  Indies,  particularly 
in  that  district  to  which  both  an'cient  and 
modem  writers  have  given  the  name  of 
llindoostan.  It  is  situated  under  a  serene 
and  clear  sky,  animated  throughout  the  year 
by  the  operative  and  fertilizing  rays  of  the 
sun  ;  ana  its  plains  are  watered  by  periodical 
mins,  and  copious  dews.  All  the  regions  of 
this  vast  empire  enjoy  a  pemetual  spring  ]  it 
abounds  in  com  and  fruits  oi  the  most  exqui- 
site kinds,  and  breeds  animals  interesting  by 
their  use,  their  beauty,  or  their  curiosity. 

The  advantages  attending  so  many  bounties 
of  nature,  have  been  felt  by  ;roftn  from,  the 
earliest  periods  ;  here  he  has  perfected  civilr- 
zation,  and  in  this  country  the  human  race, 
perhaps,  is  superior  in  moral  qualities  to 
those  of  the  species  which  inliabit  othec 
parts  of  the  globe. 

Into  this  fine  country,  and  among  \hm 
people  which  anciently  inhabited  it,  the  most 
ccleorated  nations  of  the  west  formerly  tra- 
velled, in  order  to  obtain  a  knowledge  in  the 
sciences  and  arts.  They  also  transported 
into  their  o^vn  countries  tne  rich  productioni 
of  this  happy  soil. 

The  modem  inhabitants  of  Europe,  when 
the  principles  of  learning  and  knowledice, 
^vhich  they  had  derived  from  antient  Greece, 
were  eflectually  rooted  and  cultivated  among 
tliem,  crowded  towards  these  ooimtries  so 
highly  favoured  by  nature,  to  procure  what- 
ever might  augment  their  enjoyments.  Al- 
ready have  many  plants  and  trees,  natives  of 
India,  and  many  arts  practised  among  its 
people,  during  a  lone:  period  of  age<),  in  the 
liighect  degree  of  excellency,  l)e€n  transferred 
cither  to  liurope,  or  to  the  cx>lonies  of  Euro- 
peans in  America, 

Nevertheless,  a  great  number  of  other 
vegetables,  and  some  kinds  of  animals,  useful 
or  curious,  which  mip;ht  be  procured  from 
the  Coasts  of  Coromandel  and  j»l;ilabar,  from 
Orissa,  Bengal,  Cach<?mir,  the  Pau-jab,  and 
neighbouring  provinces,  have  escaped  (hit  re- 
searches. These  plants  and  th'.-se  animals . 
arc,  notwithstandm*?,  important,  either  to 
our  commerce,  to  our  nourishment,  to  our 
industry,  or  to  our  gratification,  and  deserve 
to  be  transplanted  to  our  colonies  in  the  hot- 
ter dimalcs  ;  some  of  them  «.i  Jit  cvca 
be  naturalised  to  advantngc  m  Euroj^^. 
'X 


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Adjitional  East'Indta  ProdacHwns. 


i6it 


Among  the  great  numlierof  aninials,  trees, 
and  plants,  which  are  natives  of  India,  and 
objects  of  importance  for  us  to  jfcquire, 
though  hitherto,  notwithstanding  the  inti- 
mate connection  of  Europe  with  this  rich 
country,  they  have  been  overlooked,  I  shall 
in  this  memoir,  notice  only  those  which 
are  the  most  remarkable  and  the  most  useful. 

I. — VARIETIES  OF  COTTON.. 

The  different  species  of  cotton,  white  and 
c6loured,  which  are  cultivated  in  Hindoo- 
stan,  as  well  in  the  northern  prminces  as  in 
the  southern,  (iniprojjerly  called  by  our  geo- 
graphers, the  **  PenmsuJa  within  the  Gan- 
ges,'* whereas  in  fact  it  is  no  peninsula)  as 
well  as  the  other^kinds  of  cottons  produced  in 
the  adjoining  countries.  These  productions 
are  extremely  'valuable  as  articles  of  com* 
incrce,  of  manufactures,  and  of  colonial  agri- 
culture :  as  vj'cU  as  by  the  qualities  of  many 
©f  them,  which  are  superior  to  those  of  th'e 
kinds  which  have  hitherto  been  procured. 
They  might  even  be  naturalised  in  the  south- 
ern climates  of  Europe. 

11. — VARIETIES  OP  SUGAR  CANES. 

Tliose  siigv  canes  of  the  early  kinds,  named 
Kari  Karimlojie,  and  Hartcii,  which  no 
traveller  has  yet  mentioned,  although  they 
are  cultivated  by  preference  in  Plindooslan. 
These  vegetables  arc  extremely  imj)ortant  by 
tlicir  qualities,  and  es|)ecially  by  their  for- 
wardness and  precocity.  These  might  be  na- 
turalized in  the  South  of  Europe. 

III. VARIETIES    OF    INPIOOES. 

The  anih,  or  indigo  plants,  especially  that 
species  which  is  cuhivatcd  in  the  province  of 
Agra,  named  t«7/Yjf/f,  i.e.  **  deep  blue,*' be- 
cause, in  realkv,  the  indigo  which  it  yields 
is  of  a  dark  blue,  without  having,  as  other 

ries  have,  a  hoe  of  cdj)ner  colour  or  violet : 
the  c/«7  cultivated  at  naja-Mhidi ;  named 
rterrttim  in  the  Telinga  dialect,  which  is  the 
foftest  of  the  nineteen  lanp^mgcs  s|)oken  in 
Hindoostan.  I  slmll  not  advert  to  every  other 
kind  of  indigo,  cultivatetl  in  the  different  cli- 
mates of  this  extensive  region,  which  it  might 
be  desirable  to  |X)ssess,  for  the  pur|H)se  of 
comparison  with  others  at  present  kno\vii  in 
our  colonies  :  but  I  ought  not  to  forj^tt  the 
cpocyn  indigo  plant  of  Sumatra,  which  M. 
Cossigny  has  described  in  his  voyage  to  Can- 
ton, and  which  the  English  have  transplant- 
ed into  Bengal:  This  species  is  very  iich  :'n 
indigo. 

IV. — VARIETIES    or   WHEATS. 

Tlie  wheats  of  Nagpour  and  of  Cashmir, 
called  in  Hindoostanee  guhou-houdf  *'  nou- 
rishin;:  wheat."  This  corn,  I  say  it  without 
.  fear  of  contradiction,  is  the  best  of  all  com  ; 
not  only  of  those  which  are  cultivated  in  [ 
India>  but  alto  of  thos«  which  are  kx20WQ  in 


Europe.  It  contains  a  great  pioportion  of 
glutenous  particles,  and  but  little  bran.  The 
guhoU'houd  deserves,  in  this  respect,  the 
name,  or  rather  characteristic  epithet,  whick 
the  Hindoos  give,  it,  when  thev  say,  it  ia 
"  the  substance  of  substance."  This  Ipnd  it 
the  more  valuable  as  it  is  but  three  months 
and  a  half,  or  four  months  at  furthest  in  the 
ground ;  as  are  all  kinds  of  grain  cultivated  in 
this  rich  and  fertile  country.  Tliis  wheat 
doe^  not  rise  above  12  or  14  mcbes  ;  its  stem 
is  very  tliin,  shining,  mtich  more  white  and 
tender  than  that  of  com  in  general.  Cattle 
prefer  it  to  the  best  grass.  Three  leaves 
placed  at  equal  distances,  the  whole  length  d 
the  stem,  and  half  as  Ions  again  as  the  stent 
itself,  give  it  a  graceful  and  ornamental 
appearance.  This  is  a  distinguishing  charac* 
ter  of  this  kind  of  grain.  The  ear  is  oearded, 
and  usually  bears  61  to  55  grains,  placed  on 
four  regular  sides,  which  fonn  the  summit  of 
tlie  stem.  Such  are  the  distinctions  of  this 
wheat;  it  is  semi-transparent,  and  always 
fuller,  and  much  whiter,  tlian  any  other  of 
its  kind. 

V. — ^VARIETIES    OF  RICE. 

The  Bengal  rice,  named  IcnnfouU,  i.  c* 
"odoriferous,*'  that  of  the  Rm-jab,  another 
kind  named  goundouli,  which  signifies  "  lit- 
tle sphere,"  because  this  grain  is  nearly 
rouria.  ITie  henafouli  is  a  very  ddicate  kind 
of  rice,  very  white,  and  extremely  long  in 
proportion  to  its  thickness ;  when  are»(^,  it 
difiuses  a  sweet  and  agreeable  odour.  The 
other  is  the  only  species  of  rice  which  it 
sometimes  cultivatea  on  dry  ground.  It  is 
inodourous,  of  a  dull  white,  rather  inclining 
to  yellow^,  it  is  less  transparent  than  the  letta* 
fouii.  The  goundouli  is  most  nutritive  whtAi 
dressed. 

In  this  cmmtry  where  rice  is  the  chief  nou- 
rishment of  the  major  part  of  the  people^ 
that  kind  of  rice  is  preferred  for  constant  ali- 
ment which  is  called  ouhaU,  which  under- 
goes boilinc;  a  first  lime,  before  it  becomes 
white,  or  is  deprived  of  its  capsule.  The 
round,  or  spherical  rice,  is  usually  prepared 
in  hacha,  which  signifies  *•  raw.**  Ttiis  is 
resened  for  the  purpose  of  making  pilaw, 
which  is  not  boiled  *  as  is  customary  when 
the  kind  called  ouhaU  is  employed.  As  thit 
dish  is  well  known  to  be  partlv  com|)09ed  of 
the  gravy  of  flesh .  meat,  there  is  no  need  x» 
describe  it  particularly. 

VI. — VARIETIES  OF  fruits; 

The  fruits  of  Bahar,  dome  from  the  pit>. 
vmce  of  Cashmir,  and  arc,  like  the  ananas 
full  of  juice,  small  and  ahnost  round  \  but 
their  sweetness  and  especially  their  perfume 
exceeds  expression. 

The  APRICOT  of  Cashmir,  is  an  exquisite 
fruit,  superior  to  that  of  Europe,  and  even 
to  thai  ol'  Persia,  in  size,  \jx  the  quantity  or 


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i)iddstiaKd,^'Coriolan4s*'^Adiridn  and  Orrtla. 


[6\4 


its  deHctous  jiiice»  its  flavour,  and  its  salu- 
brity. An  excellent  comfit  is  made  of  this 
fruity  by  the  addition  of  a  kind  of  almonds. 
This  fruit  is  named  /amMani  ;  and  is  abso- 
lutely unknown  in  Europe.  The  tree  rises 
to  the  height  of  1 1  or  12  teet ;  its  leaves  have 
the  same  colour,  and  general  appearance,  as 
those  of  our  apricot  trees  i  only,  these  leaves 
are  somewhat  itiore  lanceolated,  and  spread 
about  the  middle.  The  Cashmirians  culti- 
vate the  tree  in  the  open  field  only,  and  never 
^raft  it.  They  do  the  same  by  a  kind  of 
plumb,  named  kahouli,  which  is  delicious 
when  dried.  I  ought  not  to  forget  to  men- 
tion two  excellent  miits  of  tlie  same  country, 
which  have  no  stones  :  one  is  the  beautiful 
ix>ingranate  named  auari;  which  is  carried 
into  all  the  neighbouring  countries,  and  is 
tapable,  on  account  of*  its  goodness,  ofbeine 
kept  more  than  a  year.  The  other  is  a  kind 
of  grape,  of  which  there  are  two  species, 
neither  of  which  have  stones  ;  but  both  are 
Very  large  and  extremely  delicious. 

Tliey  are  prepared,  packed  up  in  cbtton, 
iind  sent  to  the  lower  parts  of  the  Ganges,  to 
.  Delhi,  and  ev€n  to  the  coast  of  Coromandel. 
The  stoneless  grape  of  Cashmir,  is  divided 
into  white  chasselas,  ancl  muscate,  white  and 
red.  This  is  less  scented  than  common  mus- 
cate, but  retains  its  properties  longer.  The 
bark  of  the  pomgranate  is  well  known  to  be 
astringent,'  and  to  possess  some  of  the  same 
}>roperties  as  the  quinquina  bark. 

To  these  fruits  may  be  added,  the  stceet 
Granges  of  Silote,  situated  between  Bengal 
and  the  kingdom  of  Ava,  of  which  there  are 
hiany  varieties  unknown  in  Europe.  The 
green  oranges  of  Arcot,  also  the  green  pam^ 
pjemusses  of  Bemagor,  a  city  on  tlie  river 
Hughly,  between  Calcutta  and  Senunpore. 
This  last  named  fruit,  absolutely  unknown 
in  Europe,  is  an  oranjgc  of  a  prodigious  size. 
Its  flesh  is  sweet,  dehcious,  and  green,  red. 
Or  white.  Perhaps  this  is  one  of  the  finest 
fruits  in  the  universe.  A  single  one  fills  a 
plate  in  a  desert. 

[This  Article  will  he  resumed,'] 


DIDASCALIA. 

COVBNT-OARDEW  THEATRE. 

The  tragedy  of  Coriolanus  has  been  pre- 
k^nted  to  the  public  at  this  theatre  in  a  stile 
of  elegance,  and  classical  splendor,  that  re- 
flects the  greatest  credit  on  Mr.  Kemble's 
taste,  and  attention  to  the  very  minutiae  of 
the  scene ;  independent  of  any  praise  he  may 
merit  for  the  performance  of  tlie  diaracter  of 
Coriolanus,  which  we  may  safely  affirm  to 
be  a  chef-d'osuvre  in  the  aramauc  art :  nor 
do  we  think  that  any  stage  can  boast  its 
equal — notwithstanding  what  has  been  vaunt- 
ed of  the  Larives  and  Talmas  of  a  neighbour* 
ing  countr)' — both  of  wh9m  we  have  jccn. 


and  are  proud  to  hail  our  countryman  as  their 
superior.  We,  however,  as  Britons  not 
wholly  unused  to  mobs  and  to  senates,  sub- 
mit to  the  manager*s  judgement,  whether  th« 
addiuon  of  a  dozen  or  two  abactors  to  augment 
the  main  body  of  the  rabble  would  not  im- 
prove the  general  effect  of  the  scene  ;  whether 
It  would  not  enrich  the  picture  ;  for  we  real* 
ly  imagined  that  we  discovered  a  paucity  of 
poor  and  turbulent  citizens  in  the  streets  of 
Ilome  :  we  also  wish  fbr  a  few  more  Senators 
in  the  senate,  as  at  present  they  seem  hardlv 
sufficient  to  *'  make  a  house.*'  Mrs.  Siddons 
sustained  her  part  with  great  dignity  and  ef- 
fect.— We  wish  we  covfld  say  the  same  of 
Mr.  Munden,  who  mixed  too  iuuch  of  the 
buffoon  in  his  character ;  a  too  common  fault 
in  most  performers,  who  think  such  charac* 
ters  as  Menenius  (and  Polonius  in  HamleQ 
arc  played  ivell  when  they  <' set  on  some 
**  quantity  of  barren  spectators  to  laugh  "— • 
"  to  make  the  tag-rag  people  clap  them,*'— 
whereas  in  fact,  these  ludicrous  personages 
grossly  violate  the  general  tone  of  the  piece, 
and  disturb  that  repose  to  the  mind  whicn  the 
author  had  originally  in  his  contemplation^ 
and  by  means  of  which  he  intends  to  prepare 
the  spectator  for  ths  full  effect  of  the  princi- 
pal incidents  and  characters.  And  indeed  as 
Shakespeare  again  observes,  "  Now  this, 
'*  overdone,  though  it  make  the  tmskilful 
"  laugh,  cannot  but  make  the  judicious 
'*  grieve  j  the  censure  of  which  ofie,  must, 
**  m  you»  allowance,  o*erweigh  a  whole 
"  theatre  of  others.'*  Besides,  on  referring  to 
the  Dramatis  Personap,  we  perceive  Menenius 
is  described  as  the  friend  of  Coriolanus,  not 
as  a  Roman  bi^ffoon. 

On  Saturday,  Nor.  15,  a  new  play,  called 
Adrian  and  Orrila ;  or,  A  Mother's  Ven* 
geance,  written  by  Mr.  Dimond/  Jun.  was 
performed  for  the  first  time.  It  is  a  drama  of 
the  mixed  kind,  interspersed  with  musiow 
The  following  is  the  Dramaus  Pehonae. 

Prince  of  Allenl-urg,     .  Mr.  Cooke. 

Count  q/'  Rosenheim,     .  Mr,  Munden* 

Adrian, Mr.  C.  Kemble. 

Michael, Mr.  Liston. 

Friedhert, Mr.  Denman. 

Ansclm, Mr.  Waddy. 

Leopold, Mr.  Chapman. 

Hadfroy  (a  Minstrel),  .  Mr.  Bellamy. 

ZoMaJr^  (a  Page),     .     .  Mrs.  C.  Kemblc 

Orrila  of  Rosenheim^     .  l^liss  BruQton« 

Matilda  of  Clermont,    .  Miss  Smith. 

Githa, Mrs.  Mattoci». 

Minna, Miss  Tjrer. 

Ida, Miss  Waddy. 

The  scene  lies  at  the  Castle  of  Count  lUr- 
scnheim,*  in  Saxony,  whose  daugliter  Orrila 
had  been  bred  up  during  his  absence  at  the 
Court  of  Drciden  ;  Matilda  Ca^lstsin  w^ 

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DidascaBa. — Adrian  and  OrrUa* 


teio 


had  been  seduced  by  Prince  Altenburg,  and 
afterwards  deserted  by  him,  in  consequence 
of  his  marriage  with  a  German  Princess,  (wbo 

'  bore  him  a  son,  and  shortly  aft'^r  died)  lived 

■  retired  in  a  cottage  near  the  castle,  with  her 
«iipl>oscd  son  Adrian,  under  the  asiiurne'l 
n^mc  (4  Madame  C'lennont.  Adrian  during 
his .  childhood,    being  frequently   invited  to 

.  Rosenheim  ('asile,  as  he  advanced  to  man- 
hood, lecame  deeply  enamoured  of  Orrila. 
Prince  Altenbui-?,  vno  had  become  a  widow- 
er, the  patron  and  friend  of  Count  Rosen- 
heim, pronos<s  for  the  hand  of  Omia,  and 

.  iirrive<i  with  Uk.  Count  at  his  castle  to  celebrate 
iris  nupliids.  llib  arrival  baffles  the  hGj>c^  of 
the  voung  leavers.  Madame  Clermont,  teiri- 
tled  ai  the  Prince's  presenc?,  prevails  on 
Adrian  to  quit  the  territories  of  Saxuny ;  and 
file  Count,  sufpecting  the  real  state  of  his 
duujxhter's  alYcciions,  forbids  Adrian's  presence 
at  tl^e  Castle.  Lothairc,  (pa^  to  Altenburg) 
'contrives  a  meeting  between  the  young  lovers 
at  the  house  of  his  sifter  Minna;  and  while 
Adrian  is  on  his  way  to  Minna'^s  cottage,  he 
accidentally  i)reservcs  the  life  of  Alt^nbnrg, 
and  refused  to  tell  who  he  is.  The  Prince  re- 
ceives intimation  from  Lothairc,  and  waits 
on  Madame  Clcmiont  to  thank  her  for  his 
deliverance,  but  is  dii;dainfully  received,  she 
,not  even  unveiling.  During  this,  a  meeting 
having  taken  place  between  the  lovers,  Orrllu 
consents  to  dope  with  Adrian.  They  arc  in- 
tercepted in  their  flight,  and  brought  back 
to  the  C'asile.  Madame  Clermont,  hearing 
df  the  situation  of  Adrian  (whose  life  is  be- 
come forftitcd  by  the  laws  of  Saxony,  for  en- 
dea\t)uring  to  run  away  with  the  heiress  of  a 
noble  family,)  hastens  to  the  Castle,  jjcts  ad- 
mission to  the  Count's  prwcnoe,  and  m  vain 
pleads  for  her  son.  Hearing  the  voice  of  Al- 
tenburg, she  hides  her  face  with  her  veil. 
The  Pnnce  enters,  leading  in  Adrian  (his  de- 
liverer), whose  pardon  he  obtains.  Madame 
Clermont  kneels  to  the  Prince,  unveils,  and 
discovers  herself  to  beMatilda  Caristein,  whom 
the  Prince  had  seduced ;  and  in  the  relation 
which  she  gives  of  the  occunrcnces  of  her 
Fife,  Adrian  is  discovered  to  be  the  legitimate 
fion  of  Altenburg,  whom  he  imagined  had 
been  drowned,  but  whom  Matilda  Qirlstcin 
had  stolen  fmm  his  house,  stripped  him  of  his 
clothes,  and  sent  tbetn  down  the  Elbe  5  by 
which  all  difficulties  in  his  manriage  whh 
Orrila  are  removed,   the   Count  consents  to 

.    their  union,  and  the  Prince  receives  Matilda 
as  his  wife. 

.  This  is  not  a  translation,  we  believe,  but 
«*  only  borrowed"  from  the  German  school, 
and  strongly  resembles  Lovera'  Vows.  To 
say  the  truth  it  is  all  over  German,  notwith- 
standing the  introduction  of  a  poor  Welch 
liarper,  who  came  into  Saxony,  nobody  know:* 
how,  to  ^ing  ditties  "  in  honour  of  the  I.ord 
#f  Rotenhcim  f  luid  to  preserve  this  GerLian 


character,  the  Deity  b  continually  inlrokcd 
usque  ad  nauseam.  Add  to  this,^  a  plentiful 
share  of  declamation,  which  renders  uie  piece 
both  tedious  and  dull.  However,  it  was  vciy 
favorably  received,  and  the  audience  was  con- 
tented to  wink  at  the  most  glaring  impronrie- 
ties — such,  for  instance,  as  the  tolling  ot  the 
bell  for  the  execution  of  Adrian  before  he  19 
even  tried ;  bnt  tlien  we  learn  from  the  next 
scene  that  the  Count  of  Rosenheim  intends 
to  give  him  up  to  the  laws  of  his  country  ; 
— ^by  this  dextrous  anachronism  the  audicDce 
is  amused  with  a  pretty  piece  of  music  to  the 
burden  of  d'lvf;  dovg  hell.  The  language  i» 
someiimrs  figurative,  and  now  and  then  ap- 
nroachcs  the  tnie  bombast.  ••  On  creation's 
Drink,**  is  a  phr?isp.  employed  to  describe  the  si- 
tuation of  a  fair  lady  dyin^*^  with  grief.  Nor  is  it 
deficient  in  many  other  phra'^cs  equally  fine. 

Although  our  lansuor  was  happily  relieved 
by  some  sweet  mubic  composed  by  Kelly, 
Atwood',  &c.  ytt  we  hojx!  the  authbr  will  at- 
tend to  the  comfort  of  future  audiences  wha 
may  honor  this  play,  anrl  not  only  'use  the 
pruning  knife,  but  the  hatchet,  as  Mr.  PuJff 
six's  ;  for  it  is  intolerably  lone,  and  certainly 
a  great  part  of  it  may  be  left  6ul  without  de- 
triment to  what  remains.  When  the  curtain 
dropped,  it  was  half  past  ten  o'clock.  We 
are  antigallicans,  yet  we  must  acknowledge, 
**  they  manage  thest*  things  l)ctter  in  France** 
— all  theatric  entcrtainmeiits  being,  or  at  least 
used  to  be,  over  by  ten. 

Miss  Smith,  the  heroine,  displayed  great 
powers,  and  the  energy  w  ith  which  she  sus- 
tained her  prayings  cxtraragani  part,  materi- 
ally contributed  to  the  success  of  the  piece : 
she  is  second  c^ly  to  Mrs.  Siddons.  Miss 
Brunton  played  vcW  prettily  indeed — but  her 
dress  remmdcd  us  of  Mme.  Tallien  and  the 
Palais-Royal.  We  notice  this  merely;  en 
pasMTtt,  for  we  shall  have  much  to  say  in  a 
future  number  about  dresses.  Mr.  C<x)ke 
tripped  more  than  once  or  twice.  Mrs.  C. 
Kemble's  character  was  too  contemptible  to 
make  any  thing  of.  though  she  bustled  tlirou^ 
a,  and  did  all  she  could  for  iu 

The  newspapers  have  kindly  toW  us  tlmi 
the  prologue  (written  by  Mr.  Skeffington) 
was  a  neat  elassical  production — ^we  thank 
them;  as,  without  their  information,  .we 
should  not  have  known  it ;  for  notwith^and* 
ing  we  were  only  three  sciits  from  the  orches- 
tra, we  could  not  thoroughly  understand  one 
line,  owing  to  the  imperfect  and  confused 
manner  in  which  it  \vas  delivered  by  Mr. 
Brunton.  It  certainlv  had  one  merit,  it  wa» 
short.  Tlic  epilogue,  by  Mr.  W.  Por- 
ter, contained  some  happy  allusions  to  the 
present  election  scenes  and  put  the  good- 
naturcd  audience  into  such  a  merry  humour, 
that,  when  the  play  w^s  given  out  for  a  se^ 
cond  representation,  they  gave  a  proof  of 
their  profoiend  iasfc  Sixal  judgement,   by«pr 


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DidascoBa.    The  Fin(Bclive  Man. 


ceit 


plauding  it  to  the  skies.  The  epihj^  was 
Mrell  delivered  by  Mrs.  Mattocks  and  Miss 
Bninton. 

We  had  hoped  thai  the  rage  for  German 
dramas  which  oegtn  in  seduction  and  cOnclade 
in  left  handed  marriages,  hacM>een  pretty  Avell 
4)ver  in  Britain,  where  not  a  single  principle 
necessary  to  give  an  air  of  verisiinility  to  ihe 
scene  is  acknowledged  j  and,  indeed,  we  he- 
lieve  it  will  prove  to  be  so  entirely  snnk,  that 
not  e\*cn  an  occasional  instance  ot'  success  can 
revive  it.  The  broad  and  general  principles  of 
human  nature,  are  the  same,  all  the  world 
over ;  the  liberal  refinements  of  education  do 
no  more  than  soften. them,  and  deprive  them 
of  those  asperities  of  which  gooJ  manners 
prohibit  the  ciFeets.  Yet  character,  if  less 
violent  among  the  well- instructed,  is  suffi- 
ciently marked  for  the  purposes  of  the  thea- 
tre, tecausc  sufl'u itiuly  for  those  of  hfu ;  and 
what  just  purposes  can  the  theatre  intend,  for 
which  life  does  not  furnish  the  prototype  ?  If 
this  play  contained  any  thing  resembhng  what 
life  presents,  we  should  readily  select,  ap- 
prove, and  apj^aud  thai  ;  but,  in  fact,  our  only 
selection,  as  it  stands,  would  be  the  songs, 
our  approbation  would  terminate  in  praising 
the  exertions  of  the  performers,  and  our 
appbuse  would  exclusively  honor  the  music. 

Thursday,  November  20,  was  presented  at 
Dnirv-bne  theatre,  a  new  cometly  called  the 
Vindictive  Man.  It  is  understood  to  have 
been  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Holcroft.  The 
principal  character  was  that  of  a  pierchnnt, 
who  having  been  assaulted  by  his  brother 
thirty  years  ago,  had  ne\'er  forgiven  tlie  of- 
fence, hot  h::d  forsworn  the  relation.  Ano- 
ther leading;  e%'ent  in  the  fablo  was,  the  sud- 
-den  acquisition  of  a  fortune  by  a  IXvonshire 
ruslic,  whose  daughter  had  received  an  ex- 
cellent education;  and  scrupled  the  en- 
joyment of  jf  100,000,  because  her  aunt, 
from  whom  it  descended,  had  received  it  as 
the  wages  of  licentiousness.  ITie  other  cha- 
racters were  subsen-ient* 

We  arc  sorry  to  annoimcc  that  the  dcme- 
i^tfl  of  this  drama  outweighed  its  merit*; ;  and 
that,  after  a  patient  hearing,  the  audience 
pronounced  its  condemnation. 

If  this  comedy  be  tried  by  the  general  prin- 
ciples of  criticism,  a  kind  of  merit  must  be 
allowed  to  the  conception  and  the  intention 
of  the  principal  character  :  but  it  ^-as  over- 
whelmed by  the  incidents  attached  to  it.  The 
author  no  doubt  intended,  that  his  Vindic- 
tive Man  should  possess  e>ery  other  virtue, 
by  way  of  coonteibalance  to  hb  principal 
faihnj :  but  the  exercise  of  tliesc  virtues  was 
not  so  apparent  to  the  audience  as  to  excite 
an  interest  in  his  favour.  Moreover,  from 
the  state  of  facts,  the  principle  of  implacabi- 
lity seemed  to  have  too  much  to  supj)ort  it : 
for  ^'hat  can  bt  moie  atiociout  than  brother 


fighting  with  brother?  Add  to  this,  that  tlfe 
habits  of  thirty  years  are  too  strongly  con- 
firmed to  l)e  suddenly  removed  by  events  of 
any  kind  ;  and  that  the  adventures  of  a  mi- 
litary li&  are  little  calculated  to  make  any 
favorable  impression  on  a  comniercial  man.  A 
character  which  appears  vindictive  from  first 
to  last,  which  cherishes  the  principle  of  ini- 
placability,  is  not  likely  to  be  popular  with 
Britons.  It  is  not  the  gerieral  description  of 
our  countrymen ;  it  departs  too  much  froi4 
ordinarv"  nature :  such  individuals  mat/  exist 
in  e\ery  country  under  heaven;  but  amon^ 
us  they  are  distinguished  by  their  sii*gularity. 
And  who  can  rc^tpect  (wc  might  say,  wlio 
can  forgive)  the  unforgiving^ 

The  author  had  directed  one  British  o'licct 
to  weep  ;  and  another,  to  kneel,  in  supplica- 
tion. Did  he  I  hen  forrjjcl,  that  the  chc- 
racter  of  an  oiHcer  of  Vmg  standing  is  ooni- 
pound(?d  of  his  personal  disj  oiinmi,  and  of 
lus  professional  habits  ?  Thai  an  othcer,  used  to 
command,  should  on  e\'ery  occ;\t>ion  retain  a 
finnness,  which  contribuies  to  his  respectabi- 
lity ;  and  that  the  nionjcnt  he  ab.undons  this 
firmness,  our  regard  for  him  is  sensibly  di- 
minished? Heroes  should  be  heroes  undet 
every  circumstance  ;  and  prostration  is  no  he- 
commg  attitude  for  a  British  Coluiiel. 

Mr.  Holcroft ^hoidd  also  have  recollected, 
that  a  Devonshire  rustic  is  a  marked  charac- 
ter :  it  is  not  merely  his  being  no  Londoner 
which  makes  a  ruslic.  Such  a  man,  only 
three  davs  in  town,  would  strongly  retain  his 
'  modes  of  speech,  his  relative  notion!^,  and  his 
ways  of  exprej^ing  them ;  He  would,  as  it 
were,  smell  of  his  tarui,  of  his  teams,  of 
his  crops :  his  friendshii^s,  his  enmities, 
his  gossip,  for  a  ru:Uic  has  all  these,  would 
rise  **  trippingly  o'er  his  tongue,'*  and 
that  which  he  had  been  he  would  conunue 
to  be,  strongly,  decidedly,  infallibly. 

On  the  whole,  we  are  of  opinion,  that  thtf 
author  composed  this  romedy,  between  sleep- 
ing and  waking,  when  tlie  lazy  fit  was  upou 
him.  His  choice  of  materials  might  have 
been  better ;  but  he  had  not  made  the  most 
of  those  he  thought  proper  to  adopt :  his  cha- 
racters wanted  mental  vigour,  that  energy 
which  leads  the  attention,  and  commands' 
the  sentiments  of  an  audience ;  that  remove 
from  mery  day  passabitity,  that  ele%'ation  and 
dignity,  which  results  from  their  being  well 
conceived  and  assiduously  wrought  up,  to  ^ 
finish,  a  distinction,  a  'firmness,  a  iwwer, 
which  a  spectator  beholds  with  satisfaction,' 
and  a  critic  applauds  with  delight. 

The  gencrHl  -tone  of  the  piece  was  that  of 
insipidity;  and  the.falline  of  the  curtain  re- 
lieved th'e  audience  from  their  urgraiitied  at- 
tention   

Two  oilier  novelties.  The  Deserts  of  An  • 
hia,  and  Tckeli,  after-pieces,  have  appeared, 
but  our  rcix>rt  must  be  postponed. 


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Olservandd  Extema.'^Jmerica.'^Dmmark. 


102O 


OBSERVANDA  EXTERNA. 

AMERICA. 

Astronomical   Observations, 

Annulareclipses  [of  the  sun  of  course]  are  very 
lare ;  they  are  proportionately  interesting  to  as- 
tronomers :  in  order  to  observe  that  of  June  1 6, 
1 806.  M.  de  Ferrer,  a  Spanish  astronomer, 
who  resides  in  New  York,  went  towards 
Albany  under  latitude  42*^  23'  where  he  knew 
the  eclipse  would  be  central.  He  observed 
the  totd  obscuration  to  be  from  1 1  o'clock, 
7'  55"  to  1 1  o'clock  12'  32"  ;  from  whence 
M.  Delalande  concludes,  that  the  conjunction 
was  at  1 1  o'clock  25'  33"  j  attd  what  is  more 
interesting,  he  concludes  also  that  we  should 
add  2"  to  the  semi-diameter  of  the  moon. 

But  a  mc^Tc  singular  phenomenon  observed 
by  M.  de  Ferrer,  is,  that  the  disk  of  the 
moon  appeared  luminous,  seven  seconds  before 
the  end  of  the  obscuration.  This  appears,  to 
be  occasioned  by  a  small  pprtiou  ot  atmos- 
phere. 

He  also  observed  a  lurdkious  ring  con- 
centric with  the  sun,  whos^iameter  was  be- 
tween 43  and  50  minutes,  and  which  had 
not  been  obscned  in  former  eclipses.  It 
appears  to  proceed  from  the  light  of  the 
terrestrial  atmosphere  of  those  countries,  bor- 
dering on  the  parts  where  the  eclipse  is  total. 
The  twrders  ot  the  moon  were  but  faintly 
delineated  ;  slender  columns  of  vapours  were 
seen  darting  from  it,  proceeding  either  from 
the  sun  or  from  the  moon>  and  terminating  at 
the  ring. 
^  The  total  obscuration  did  not  occasion  so 
great  a  darkness  as  had  been  expected:  six 
principal  stars  only  were  seen :  we  suppose 
Venus  and  Mercury,  Sirius  and  Procyon,  the 
two  stars  of  Orion,  the  Goat  and  the  Lyre. 
Birds  were  seen  going  to  roost,  and  a  httle 
d&v  was  felt.  The  light  fiom  tiie  ring  pre- 
vented a  complete  darkness. 

Esquimaux  Christians, 

At  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1804,  the 
xnumber  of  Esquimaux  whom  the  Moravian 
inlssionsLries  were  instructing  amounted  to  22 1 . 
Classical  Literature, 

Messrs.  Poyntell  and  Co.  have  iust  issued 
from  their  Classical  Press  in  Phiadelphia,  in 
a  neat  and  correct  st^le,  the  first  American 
edition  of  Xenophon's  Cyropedia  in  eight 
books.  The  American  editors  copied  from 
Hutchinson's  London  edition,  and  announce, 
that  under  the  critical  inspection  Of  Mr.  John 
Watts,  they  have  corrected  many  errors  of 
tlic  London  edition. 

bidian  Duelling. 

Natches  (America),  July  1. — The  follow* 
ing  very  extraordinary  circumstance  occurred 
a  £w  days  since.  If  the  advocates  for  duelling 
nvere  compelled  to  settle  their  **  aflairs  of 
bpnour"  in  a  similar  manner — substituting  a 
(X)pui)on  hangman  to  (ominate  the  ^cene^  in 


place  of  a  son  to  one  cX  the  parties ;  it  \»  very 
probable  diat  the  practice  would  in  a  short 
time  become  less  fashionable. 

At  about  *2  o'ck)ck  P.  M.  an  Indian  was 
discovered^  by  the  family,  entering  the  South 
end  of  Cirault's  lane.  He  drew  their  attention, 
.  being  i>ainted  in  an  tmcommon  manner  ;  hit 
whole  body  appeared  red.  He  held  in  his 
right  hand  a  cun,  which  he  brandished  with 
many  gesticulations  ;  in  liis  left  hand  he  held 
a  bottk.  •  He  was  attended  by  two  other 
Indians,  who  advanced  at  rather  a  sober 
pace.  At  the  opposite  end  of  the  laiie,  some 
more  Indians  were  discovered,  amoilgwhom 
was  a  man  painted  in  like  manner,  but 
unarmed.  He  was  held  and  detained  by  a 
woman ;  but  when  the  one  brandishing  his 
gun  capne  within  about  twenty  yards  of  him, 
he  biwst  from'  the  embrace  of  his  wife  and 
rushed  towards  his  antagonbt.  At  about  four 
yards  distance  they  both  halted  :  when  the 
unarmed  man  presented  his  naked  breast  to  ^ 
the  other,  who  took  deliberate  aim,  but, 
appearing  to  recollect  himself,  he  suddenly 
dropt  his  gun,  and  drank  from  the  bottle, 
which  at  the  time  was  tied  to  his  wrist ;  the 
other  patiently  and  resolutely  hdding  hit 
breast  ojxjn  and  presented  all  the  while. 
Having  iinished  his  drink,  he  gave  a^'hoop, 
and  took  fresh  aim ;  and,  in  an  instant,  the 
other  dropt  dead  almost  at  his  feet.  This 
done,  he  once  more  k>aded  his  gun  with  all 
possible  speed,  and  gave  it  to  a  by-stander 
(son  to  tne  deceased).  He  then  in  turn, 
bared  and  presented  his  breast,  and  was  in- 
stantaneously sent  into  eternity. 

The  dead  bodies  were  each  carried  the  way 
they  came,  and  -by  their  respecti^y;  frieiuls 
interred  one  at  eacn  end  of  the  lane.  The 
wife  and  relatives  of  the  unarmed  one,  who 
was  first  killed,  howled  over  his  remains 
three  days  and  .nishts,  ,and  then  disappeared. 
On  Friday  last  they  returned  again, '  fired 
several  guns  on  approaching  the  grave,  gave  a 
general  no wl  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  and 
rerircd. 

We  learned  from  some  among  them,  who 
spoke  broken  English,  that  they  had  quarrelled 
over  a  botde  *  some  considerable  time  a^o, 
when  the  Indian  who  was  first  killed  had  his 
finger  bit  by  the  other  in  such  a  manner,  that 
his  arm  became  inflamed  j  he  declared  he  was 
**  spoiled"  and  that  they  mtist  both  "die. 
They  agreed,  and  formed  the  arrangement  as 
related.  •*-- 

,  DENMARK, 

Invention  of  a  new  Praam, 
A  mechanist  of  Co^ihagen  has  con<« 
structcd  the  model  of  a  Praam  proper  to  navi- 
gate the  largest  ships  across  tne  ice.  Hiis 
model  has  been  examined  by  the  most  cele^ 
brated  engineers  on  the  condnent,  and  it  is 
thought  tnat  the  Danbh  navy  jivill  derivo 
great  advantage  firom  it* 


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Clservanda  externa.^-France. 


1622 


TKAVCE, 

proposed  Canals  to  be  executed  in  France, 
'  Grand  Northern  Canal.  This  is  dividcdf 
into  two  branches  totally  distinct  from  each 
other.  The  first  is  the  junction  of  the  Schcld 
with  the  Meusc  from  Antwerp  to  Venlo, 
The  second  IS  the  junction  of  the  Meuse  with 
the  Rhine. 

Canal  of  La  Ccns&.  To  unite  the  Scheld 
and  the  Scarpe.  This  fluvial  communication 
is  designed  as  ail  appendix  to  the  grand  canal 
of  St.  Qucatin. 

Lateral  Canat  of  La  Ilaine.  To  improve 
the  navigation  of  that  river. 

Canal  of  the  Lys  to  LiperMe.  To  shorten 
the  passage  between  Lille^  and  other  cities  of 
Flanders,  and  the  sea. 

Canal  of  Charleroy  to  Brussels.  A  canal 
of  indispensable  utility  for  the  conveyance  of 
eoal  from  the  numerous  mines  near  the  river 
Sambre. 

Canal  of  Reims.  To  follow  the  river  above 
Braime  ;  join  the  ancient  Egmpnd  canal ;  and 
then  follow  the  bed  of  the  Vesle  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Aisue  opposite  the  village  of 
Condd. 

Lateral  Canal  of  the  Loire.  Very  advan- 
tageous to  the  neighbouring  departments  for 
the  exportation  of  their  territorial  produc- 
tions and  manufactures. 

Canal  'from  Niort  to  Rochclle.  Prisoners 
of  war  to  be  employed  on  it  until  they  arc 
exchanged. 

Communication  from  Nantes  to  Brest.  A 
project  of  incalculable  advantage  for  supply- 
ing the  ci'devant  Brittany  with  naval  stores. 
The  plan  is  as  follows :  the  junction  of  the 
Loire  and  the  Vilaine  j  junction  of  the  Vi- 
laine  with  the  Blavet  j  this  navigation  to  be 
continued  to  Port-Launay  and  Brest,  by  the 
rivers  Dor^,  Hi^res,  ancl  Anne.  Thus  there 
wiU  be  four  communications  with  the  sea. 
The  plan,  also,  embraces  a  branch  extending 
to  Quimper,  by  the  little  river  Odet.  The 
canal  fiom  Nantes  to  Port-Launay,  \\t11  be 
about  96  leagues  in  length. 

Persian  Professor, 

M.  Sylvestre  de  Sacy,  the  celebrated  Chien- 
talist,  and  member  of  the  Institute,  b  ap- 
pointed  Persian  Professor  in  the  College  of 
France. 

fFill  of  a  Deaf  and  Dumb  Person. 

The  civil  tribunal  of  Verdun  is  engaged  in 
the  decision  of  a  cause  of  importance.  The 
question  is  to  know  whether  an  individual 
born  deaf  and  dumb,  yvas  eligible  to  make  a 
will,  and  whether  the  legacies  were  valid. 
On  the  18th  of  Au^st,  the  Procureur  Jm- 
pirial  had  given  his  sentence  before  the 
Court,  on  which  occasion,  a  great  con- 
<Course  of  spectators  attended.  Our  corres- 
pondent observes,  that  at  Commercy,  there 
19  a  poor  girl,  also  born  deaf  and  dumb, 
whom  a  cuwte  of  this  town,  forty  year*  ago. 


taught  to  read  and  write,  Mithout  using  the 
meUiod  of  the  Abb^  de  Tlipee,  or  of  that  of 
the  Abb^  Sicard. — This  latter,  he  adds,  migl.t 
make  a  will,  since  she  is  capable 'of  conversa- 
tion, by  writing. 

Ancient  Ceremony  re-established. 
By  a  letter  from  Beauvais,  dated  Oct.  14, 
we  learn  that,  virith  permission  of  the  Prefect, 
the  procession,  in  which  the  women  of  this 
town  have  the  precedency  over  the  men  has 
been  re-established.     It  had  been  instituted  to 

Perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  couragcoug 
eane  Laisnd,  called  in  history  Jeane  Ha- 
chette.  When  BeauVais  was  besieged  by  the 
Burgundians  in  1471  >  she  wrested  a  standard 
from  the  hand  of  an  enemy,  who  was  at- 
tempting to  fix  it  on  the  wall,  and  threw 
him  head-long  into  the  ditch,  by  which  he- 
roic deed  she  saved  » the  town.  This  pro^ 
cession,  which  had  been  abolished  by  the  re- 
volution, took  place  last  Sunday,  'for  the. 
first  time  since,  among  discharges  of  artillery 
and  the  applauses  of  our  fellow  citizens.  A 
young  woman,  personated  Jeane  Hachette, 
carrying  the  standard  taken  from  the  Bur- 
gundians; the  tassels  were  held  by  other 
young  women  j  then  came  the  rest  of  tlic 
female  corps,  and  after  them  the  municipal 
officers  and  the  rest  of  the  followers.  Tfte 
whole  was  headed  by  a  numerous  body  of 
clergy  and  the  shrine  of  Sainfe  Angadreme, 
Prize  Question, 
The  free  society  of  physical  and  medical 
science  of  liege,  proposed,  in  their  meeting 
of  12th  June,  18(k),  as  a  prize  question: 
'*  To  detcnnine  the  influence  of  the  passions 
'•  in  the  production  of  diseases."  The  so- 
ciety wishes  that  tlic  authors  will  be  particu- 
lar m  indicating  the  connection  that  exists  be- 
tween certain  aflections  of  the  mind  and  the 
origin  of  certain  physical  affections.  Tlie 
prize  will  be  d  golci  medal,  value  200  francs, 
to  be  gj^en  at  the  public  meeting,  June, 
1807o  The  memoirs  may  be  written,  either 
in  French  or  in  Latin,  and  directed  (post 
paid)  to  M.  Saveur,  the  sccretar}*,  previgu* 
to.  April  1. 

\J  New  invented  safe  Carriages. 

^  M.  Durivoire,  late  Captain  in  the  Regi- 
ment of  Rohan-Soubise,  advertises  his  bav- 
ins; invented  carriages  of  a  new  kind,  for 
which  he  has  obtained  a  patent.  He  atiirm^ 
that  these  carriages  are  more  convenient, 
more  solid,  and  yet  lighter,  than  any  iiiiher- 
to  built;  that  they  neitlier  catch,  nor  break, 
nor  can  be  overset ;  in  shorty  that  they  offer 
to  travellers  the  advantage  of  avoiding  danger 
by  getting  out  of  the  vehicle,  although  the 
horses  should  be  frightened  and  running 
away.  The  inventor  pro|)oses  to  supply  tra* 
velltrson  the  road  to  St.  Gcnnain-cn-Laye. 
Astronomy. 
In  the  month  of  March,  says  Mr.  2^cb, 
a  large  spot,  with  two  smaller  oues  within  it, 
X4 


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Observanda  externa.— Frances 


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appeared  in  the  sun;,  these  I  observed  at  9^ 
Jn  .  of  the  solar  equator ;  which  differs  but 
little  from  the  well  defined  spots  which  served 
riie  to  determine  the  rotation  of  the  sun 
ih  the  rtiemoirs  of  the  Academy  for  1776, 
which  were  at  11  or  12^.  This  seems  to  be 
a  confirmation  of  my  discm'ery  at  that'  time ; 
proving  that  there  arc  certain  points  of  the 
sun  peculiarfy  adapted  to  produce  large  s|X)ts ; 
perhaps,  they  are  mountains  which  attract 
atid  retain  tne  scoria  of  that  immense  fur- 
rtace.  'fhe  parallel  of  9°.  S.  of  the  equator, 
is  most  sulyect  to  those  large  spots. 

Similar  spots  with  two  smaller  oned  within 
ihem  have  been  seen  at  different  times ; 
(Mem.  1776,  page  487;  and  1778V  These 
teem  to'dc^troy  the  system  of  volcanoes  pro- 
posed by  Mr.  Herschcl. 

The  cf-ntrc  of  the  wMl  defined  spot  seeft  in 
March  was  at  10*°  declination.  •  Trial,  whose 
appearance  I  calculated,  (Mem.  177^,  p^igc 
490')  had  from  1 1*'  to  14°;  but  a  spot  of  one 
minute  occupies  nearly  4°;  thus  the  mountain 
which  I  sup|)ose  to  nave  served  as  a  founda- 
tion, or  obstacle  to  impede  it,  migjht,  in  fart, 
taking  it  from  a  different  point,  have  attracted 
it  2*  or  3°  farther,  sct'n  under  one  aspect  than 
in  the  other. 

M.  de  I'lautierLa^cs  saw  that  beautiful  spot 
in  the  sun,  lu  April,  and  this  return  nas 
eiven  him,  for  the  rotation  of  the  sun,  125 
days  12  hours  6  miimtcs. 

M.  Piazzi,  a  celebrated  astronomer  of  Pa- 
krmo,  %vriles  that  he  has  observed  the  princi- 
pal stars  in  the  opposite  seasons  of  the  year, 
when  the  diflference  of  the  situation  of  the 
earth  in  its  orbit,  must  produce  the  greatest 
api^rent  difference  in  tne  situation  of  the 
Stars.,  .  Astronomers  have  been  disj^uting  du- 
ring two  centuries  on  that  efiect  of  the  mo- 
tion of  the  earth,  which  is  termed  the  an- 
tua]  parallax.  M.  Piazzi  found  it,  in  three 
months,  1"  5  for  Aldcbaran,  3"  for  Procyon, 
4"  for  Sirius,  from  whence  it  follows  that  these 
stars  arc  not,  as  was  thought,  distant  above 
7  millions  of  millions  of  leagues;  but  he 
|>r«>poses  to  continue  these  important  observa- 
tions. 

Extraordinary  vivification  of  fnrccfs, 
'  The  inhabitants  of  Narr/,  a  village  fifteen 
•  tnilcs  from  Nt\erp,  having  neither  rivers  nor 
fountains  in  their  neighbourhood,  are  com- 
pelled to  drink  the  thick  water  of  two  small 
ri\Tilcts,  which  run  on  a  muddy  bed  full  of 
itjsccts.  This  is  necessary  to  be  known,  in 
order  to  understand  the  cxtraordinnrv-  occur- 
rence, which  lately  happened  there.  A 
young  lady  of  Narcy,  I9  years  of  arc,  had 
been  for  eight  months  tormented  wiih  pains 
in  her  stomach  ;  they  became  so  acute  as  to 
ruin  her  health,  which  was  nauirally  robust 
and  florid.  This,  and  other  symptoms,  led  to 
the  opinion,  that  she  was  atuicked  by  the 
,tap«-worm;   and   the    remedies    proper  k> 


that  case  were  detem\ii\e4  OP  $  "^^'hen  suddenly 
she  was  seized  with  violent  convulsive  fit», 
and  threw  up  above  100  small  insects,  which 
ran  about  the  floor,  with  itjcredible  swiftness. 
M.  Rauque,  the  lady's  phvsician,  having  stic- 
cecdcd  in  catching  some  of  them,  ascertained 
that  they  were  aquatic  Millepedes.  The 
young  lady  was  consiaerably  relie^'ed ;  and  e\'er 
since  has  enjoyed  good  health.  The  auihen-' 
ticity  of  this  circumstance  might  be-doubtcd, 
if  it 'had  not  taken  place  in  the  presence  of  the 
mayor  of  the  village  ;  of  the  father,  mother, 
and  sisters  of  the  lady,  and  of  many  otlier 
persons,  who  all  vouch  for  the  truth  of  it. 
Many  have  even  affirmed,  iliat  similar  acci- 
dents are  by  no  means  new,  in  thatcouutr)*  5. 
and  have  named  four  other  inhabitants  of 
Narcjs  who  have  experienced  tlie  same  thiAg. 
— Memorial  Europe  en » 

*»♦  We  should  have  been  glad  if  the' 
physician  had  determined  whether  these 
Miliepedes  were  of  the  same  species  as  those 
with  whidi  the  rivulets  (or  one  of  thetp) 
abound :  and  had  given  us  tlie  scicuiijic 
name  of  the  insect,  whereby  we  mizht  have 
been  able  to  form  comparisons  as  well  as  con- 
jectures concernipg  it. 

Persia. — Black  Scar — Caspian  Sea. 

No  one  is  ignorant  \^yf  much  geography 
is  indebted  to  naturalists,  who  have  travelled : 
Mr.  Oiiiicr  h«s  given  a  fresh  proof  of  the 
utility  of  their  obbcrvations,  in  the  topogmphy 
of  Persia,  which  he  has  vei-y  lately  presented 
to  the  public. 

He  nas  described  the  chains  of  mountains,, 
and  the  courses  of  the  dift'crent  rivers.  He 
explains  the  nature  of  the  productions  of  a 
coimtry  by  tlieir  analogy  to  the  climate. 
In  Persia, '  tlie  nearly  gcncjral  drought  is  the 
cause  that  one  twentieth  part  of  liiat  extensive 
empire  is  not  cultivateil ;  there  are  whole 
provinces  which  have  not  a  tree  in  them, 
unless  it  be  planted  and  watered  by  the  handt 
of  man.  The  evil  increases  continually, 
owing  to  the  destruction  of  those  canals  which 
formerly  brought  the  water  from  the  moun- 
tains, so  that  the  deserted  lands  become  im- 
pregnated v.ith  salt,  which  renders  than 
barren  for  e\*er. 

M.  Olivier  lias  also  enquired  whether  there 
be  any  truth  in  the  opinion  that  the  Black 
Sea  aiid  the  Caspian  Hen  formerly  communi- 
catal.  He  thinks  that  this  has  really  been 
the  case  towards  the  north  of  Caucasus ;  but 
that  the  eartli  brought  down  by  the  inunda-. 
tions  of  tlic  rivers  C'uban,  Voljp,  and  Don, 
have  interruptixl  it. 

From  thence  he  infers  that  the  Caspian  Sea, 
no  longer  receiving  from  those  rivers  which 
fall  into  it  a  sulhcient  quantity  of  water  to 
compensate  what  it  loses  by  evaporation,  ita 
level  is  continually  decreasing ;— — it  i$ 
now  j»bcty  feet  lower  than  the  Euxine. 

By  the  some  we«o$  it  has  separated  fiom 


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Ohservanda  Externa. — Otrmianf.    Hungary.  • 


[fla« 


the  Lake  And,  and  has  left  behind  it>  im- 
mense plains  of  briny  sand^  which  stirround 
it  at  the  north  and  cast. 

M.  Dureau  de  la  Malle,  the  sou  of  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute^  has  found  in  several 
Greek  and  Roman  authors,  numberless  in- 
stance^ of  this  former  extent  of  the  Caspian 
sea,  and  of  its  communication  with  the 
Euxine  and  Aral.  He  has  collected  them  all 
in  a  memoir  of  some  length,  which  he  has 
presented  to  the  class  of  ancient  natural  his- 
tory, and  to  that  of  mathematical  and  physi- 
cal science. 

GERMANY. 

■,X^^         Cure  of  OpIUhalmia  in  a  Tiger. 

A  circumstance  has  lately  occnired  at  the 
Menagerie,  at  Sohoenbrunn,    near  Vienna, 
which    merits  the  attention  of  Naturalists. 
The  Bengal  tiger  there  is  generally  fed  with 
faw  meat ;  but  when  he  is  attacked  with  his 
ordinary  disorder  (a  species  of  ophthalmia) 
they  give    him  young  animals  alive,  whose 
warm  btood  contributes  to  his  cure.     A  few 
Trecks  since,  they  threw  into  his  d^n  a  young 
bitch,  when  he  was  couched  with  his  head 
reposing  on  his  fore-legs.    The  bitch,  after 
recovenng  her  fears,  bcjgan  to  lick  his  e}es  ; 
the  tiger  found  himself  so  much  better,  that 
he  not  only  spared  the  animal,  but  shewed 
his  gratitude  by  caresses.    The  bitch  continu- 
ing the  operanon,  in  a  few  days  the  tiger  was 
entirely  cured.    Since  that,  the  two  animals 
Mve   together  in  perfect  union.     Before  he 
touches  his  food,  the  tiger  waits  till  his  com- 
panion   has  satisfied  her   appetite  with  the 
choicest  pieces.     If  the  bitch  even  hit^  hun 
in  play,  ne  shews  no  resentment,  but  con- 
tinues his  caresses. 

New  Musical  Instrument. 
The  number  of  musical  instruments  has 
very  much  increased  within  these  few  years. 
An  artist,  of  the  name  of  Holbein,  at  Pra- 
gue, has  invented  one  which  he  styles  the 
urmnicon.  One  of  its  properties  is  to  swelP 
the  tones  progressively  from  the  pianissimo  to 
the  fortissimo ;  and  vice  versd.  To  this  in- 
strument is  added  a  horn,  whose  echo  a^ 
pears  to  resound  among  the  mountains^  then 
adagio  is  played  ad  libitum,  by  a  very 
sweet  female  voice. 

Roman  Euins* 
We  hear  from  Frapkfbrt  that  a  quantity  of 
nam  of  fortifications,  colonies,  barracks,  Ike. 
have  been  discovered  in  ancient  Nordgau,  and 
in  the  forest  which  extends  in  the  countries  of 
Pappenheim,  Eichstett,  and  Weissembuuiig. 
A .  well  pfescncd  part  of  a  paved  higb--way, 
and  of  a  ^all,  which  the  Romans  had  bmlt 
to  protect  their  dominions  from  the  inhabitants 
of  the  north  of  Germany,  have  also  been 
discoveced.  In  digging,  several  Roman  tombs 
have  been  found,  xhe  wall  is  for  superior  to 
that  built  by  Caesar,  from  the  lake  ot  Geneva 
^  Motiot  JUI9/  or  tpUm  which  thftBfnpcxjor 


Adrian,  Antoninus  Piui,  and  Septimns-Seve- 
irus  caused  to  be  «:ected  to  piev^t  the  incurs 
$k>ns  of  the  Scots.  Th^  mo^  oonsidenible 
of  these  was  not  above  iQ  Geiman  leagues  m 
length;  whereas  chb  great  German  bamer  waa 
130.  This  gigantic  work  of  Roman  Aichir 
tecture  is  the  subject  of  general  admiration ; 
in  the  excavations  which  were  made  in  pie* 
sence  of  General  Sahtic,  the  skeleton  of  a 
Roman  warrior  with  his  sword  has  bcea  dis» 
covered ;  and  in  another  tomb,  a  head-pin  ani) 
plasp  of  a  Roman  matron. 

Prize  Questions. 

The  Society  of  Gorlitjp  has  offeied  a  prize 
of  30  crowns  for  the  best  solution  of  the  fol- 
lowing question.  '*  In  cloudy  weather  k 
never  freezes  but  when  Reatmiur*s  thermos 
meter  has  descended  to  zero  or  at  least  \erj 
nearly  to  that  point.  Why  then  does  it  freeze 
in  serene  weather,  when  tne  same  thermome* 
ter  stands  at  three  or  four  degrees  above  zero?** 

The  Royal  Bohemian  bociety  olfets  700 
ducats  for  the  best  answer  to  tne  following 
question:  "  By  ^hat  method  can  the  various 
adulterations  ot  the  different  necessaries  of  life 
be  best  ascertained,  or  lessened,  by  radical  ex^ 
mtnation  or  otherwise  T' 

Poper  currency,  and  its  ^ects. 

The  last  great  fair  of  Vienna,  which  is 
commonly  called  the  fair  of  Marauerite,  and 
is  held  in  the  last  fortnight  of  July,  wat 
one  of  the  most  profitable  tliat  has  ever  ta« 
ken  place  in  that  metropolis.  The  disposi- 
tions of  some  of  the  neighbouring  staies» 
rospectif^  the  Vienna  bank  notes,  appear  tt 
have  contributed  to  this.  Most  of  the  articles 
were  sold  before  they  had  been  unpacked.  A 
great  number  of  stran^rs  made  their  first  ap-» 
pearance  on  the  occasion,  and  bought  at  ai^ 
]>rice,  to  get  rid  of  the  bank  notes  they  had 
received  to  a  considerable  amount,  several 
venders,  and  particularly  the  merchants  of 
Vienna,  scizeo  die  ouporttmity,  and  raised 
tlie  price  of  their  goods  from  10  to  20  per 
cent.  The  Austrian  adminbtcation,  in  con* 
sequeiKC  of  the  circumstance  being  known, 
issued  a  p)»ckmation  on  the  SSd  of  Julv» 
with  a  moat  formal  promise  never  to  lowo  ffie 
nominal  value  of  the  bank  notes  -y  and  the 
paper  cumency  experienced  a  rise  of  fifteen  per 
cent.  Many  of  the  foreign  buyers  now  would 
willingly  return  the  goods,  although  they  wen 
to  k«e  by  them. 

HUVOARY. 

Catholic  Students. 
The  number  of  students  who  have  attended 
the  catholic  pcedagogia  in  the  five  literary 
ciicles  of  Hungary,  in  the  course  of  tl>e  yeat 
^804,  amounts  to  1 1 ,833,  out  of  which  45d3 
were  pupils  to  the  Pkriatcs;  1228  to  the  Bc^ 
nrdictines,  Cordcliors,  and  Minorites;  and 
C047  were  educated  in  those  colleges  where  tha 
instruction  pf  youth  is  committed  to  the  cast 
of  lay  profcssois,  ..f 


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ilJ'X        Olservanda  Exiema.^-IndUs  (EaU),    Italy.    Korwag,    Russia.         1629 

INDIES    (east) 

Esportaiionoflwoks prohibited  by  the  Chinese, 

The  Indian  Directors,  some  time  since, 
tent  orders  to  their  supracargpes  to  procure,  if 
possible,  some  elemehtarj^  books  of  the  Chinese 
language,  for  the  use  of  their  College  at  Hert- 
foi5.  Mr.  L'Amiah  has  been  {jarticularly 
zealous  in  his  endeavours  to  obtain  some  books 
of  this  description  from  Pekin,  but  without 
effect,  for  the  Government,  whose  suspicions 
^re  excited  on  the  slightest  occasion,  has  pro- 
hibited their  exportation,  imdcr  tlie  severest 
penalties. 

Christians  persecuted  at  Pekin. 

The  Christians  at  Pekin  have  lately  been 
exposed  to  violent  persecution,  in  consequence 
of  some  irregularity  in  the  conduct  of  a  few 
persons  of  that  religion,  and  one  of  the  Man- 
darins, suspected  of  being  frietully  to  them, 
has  been  put  to  the  bow-string. 

Company*s  servants  reprimanded. 

Some  of  the  Company's  sen  ants  at  Bcn- 
coolen  have  becil  reprimanded  for  their  inju- 
dicious and  unconciliating  conduct  to  the  na- 
tive Rajahs,  which  occasioned  the  late  dis- 
afiiiction.  We  hail  this  order  as  die  precursor 
of  amendment  in  the  general  dealings  of  the 
Indian  government  with  the  native  powers ; 
much  of  which,  particularly  in  regard  to  the 
Poly^ars,  we  conceive  to  have  been  not  only 
deficient  in  judgment  and  conciliation,  but 
destitute  of  justice  and  humanity. 

progress  of  the  Baptist  Missionaries. 

The  Baptbt  Missionaries  in  Bengal  are 
Boaking  some  progress  in  their  conversion  of 
the  natives.  Accoimts  have  been  received 
from  them,  dated  March  and  April,  which 
state,  that  the  number  of  proselytes  since 
the  commencement  of  the  year  had  increased 
fiom  34  to  70  per  month  5  and  that  three 
of  the  Hindoos  were  preaching  the  Gos- 
pel. The  Missionaries  are  about  to  pub- 
lish translations  of  the  Bible  and  New  Tes- 
tament in  all  tlie  languages  of  the  £asl.  They 
have  already  been  printed  in  four  or  five  dia- 
lects. 

Grand  Hindoo  religious  ceremony, 
*  -  The  grand  religious  ceremony  and  proces- 
sion of  btevri  toolc  place  at  Tranquebar,  in 
Morch  last.  The  royal  chariot,  on  which 
the  idol  was  carried,  cost  OOOO  pagodas ;  it 
was  25  feet  high.  Upwards  of  1 00,000  devo- 
tees are  suppoSd  to  have  assisted  on  this  oc- 
casion. 

ITALY. 
Galvanic  battery. 
Dr.  Baronio  of  Milan  ban  just  published  a 
descripdon  of  a  galvanic  battery  niadc  of  ve- 
getable substances ;  he  cut  di>k8  of  horse- 
radish and  red  bcct-root  of  two  inches  diame- 
ter. He  prepared  an  equal  number  of  disks 
of  walnut-tree  furnished  with  a  rim.  to  con- 
tain a  litde  solution  of  tartrite  of  potash  with 
the  vinegar  in  which  tl)ey  vrerc  previously 


boiled,  to  cleanse  the  wood  of  its  resinous 
particles.  Sixty  pair  of  disks  of  horse-radish 
and  bect-poot  alternately  separated  by  the  wal- 
nut-tree ones,  impregnate  with  the  above 
solution,  produced  the  galvtanic  shock  on  a 
frog  whose  spinal  marro\v  communicated  with  " 
the  battery  by  means  of  a  leaf  of  the  Coch^ 
learia.  Other  disks  have  had  the  same  success ; 
and  it  is  reasonably  to  be  expected  that  the 
whole  vegetable  kingdom  niignt  be  made  sub« 
ject  to  the  power  of  gah-anism.  , 

Mexican  Astronomy ,  &c, 
M.  Marquez  published  at  Home,  in  1804, 
a  work  of  Gama  on  the  astronomy,  cUronolo- 
'gy,    and  mythology  of  the  Mexicans^  with 
curious  plates  and  interesting  researches. 

NORWAY. 

PhUanihropic  establishments. 
In  1803.  Mr.  Tank,  a  merchant  of  Ber- 
gen bcfjueathed  to  that  city  60,000  crowns  for 
the  foundation  and  sup|x>rt  of  a  primary 
school.  In  1805,  agloverof  Odensee,  named 
Kahn,  bequeathed  his  own  dwelling  house 
and  50,000  crowns  for  the  establishment  of 
an  asylum  for  orphans,  and  other  destitute 
children.  Mr.  G]arup,  of  Copenhagen,  in 
the  same  year,  left  legacies  for  the  relief  of 
the  poor,  and  for  the  support  of  the  school* 
masters  of  the  little  bland  of  Gioel. 

RUSSIA. 

Greek  and  fP'allachian  Schools. 

The  lateM.^Hadsi  Niku  had  founded  a 
school  at  Cronstadt  for  the  reception  of  mo- 
dem Greeks,  which  is  already  m  a  state  of 
great  activity,  and  contains  thirty-four  pu- 
pils. I'hey  are  taught  religion,  reading,  writ- 
ing, arithmetic,  and  the  ancfent  Greek,  ac- 
cording to  the  method  of  Constantinc  Las- 
caris.  The  professors  are  monks  from  mount 
Athos,  &c.  Cronstadt  has  besides  a  good 
Wallacbian  school,  with  three  professors. 
Fossil  Skeleton  qf  an  Elephant* 

The  skeleton  of  an  elephant,  quite  com- 
plete, has  lately  been  found  and  dug  up  at 
Struchon  in  Russia. 
Emperor  of  Russia  and  the  English  Merchants, 

It  cannot  but  be  a  subject  of  great  exidta- 
tion  to  contemplate    the  very    marked  and 
distinguished  manner  in  which  his  Majesty 
the  Emperor  of  Russia  has  recently  thought 
proper  to  honour  the  British  merchants  re- 
sident at  and  trading  to  Petersburgh.     The 
occasion  upon  which  his  Imperial.  Majesty 
was  pleased  to  compliment  them  in  the  way 
he  did,  was  one  which  materially  related  to 
the  commercial  interests  of  that  extensi\ie 
empire*    It  was  nothing  less  than  laying  the 
foundation  stone  of  u  new  exchange.    The 
Emperor  attended  the  ceremony,  and  eveiy  | 
English  merchant  in  the  place  was  invited.  I 
The  merchants  of  other  nations  were  not  sp  ! 
favoured.     The  invitation  to  them  was  nci-  ^ 
their  general,  nor  accompanied  with  (hose  tint 


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Ohsetvanda  Exiema^^'Russid.    Spain.    Sweden, 


1630 


fumstauoes  of  respect  and  esteem  which  wete 
manifested  with  regard  to  our  countrymen. 
The  first  stone  of  the  projected  structure  was 
laid  with  due  solemnity ;  the  current  coins 
of  Russia  were  deposited  beneath  the  stone, 
and,  during  the  whole  of  the  scene,  full 
bands  of  military  music  attended,  by  com- 
mand of  the  Emperor,  and  played  a  number 
of  the  matchless  compositions  of  Mozart. 
When  this  grand  ceremony  had  concluded, 
his  Majesty  requested  the  attendance  of  our 
merchants  at  a  splendid  entertainment  he 
proposed  giving  on  so  au.^picious  an  event. 
The  Imperial  summons  was  obeyed,  and  a 
more  interesting  spectacle  was  nc\'er  beheld. 
The  Emperor  presided  in  person,  and  conde- 
jscetkled  to  perform  the  honours  of  the  feast. 
He  deported  himself  with  such  easy  and  fe- 
mihar  conviviality,  that  his  English  guests 
might  have  imagined  themselves  seated  at  the 
hospitable  Pavilion  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
Nothing  was  omitted  that  could  impart  dc- 
Ji^t  and  gratiiication.  The  table  was  spread 
ivith  every  delicacy  that  could  be  procured, 
and  the  cnoicest  wines  added  to  the  luxuri- 
ance of  the  royal  treat.  The  desert  Avas  ren- 
*  dered,  by  a  circumstance  which  accompanied 
it,  even  more  agreeable  than  the  dinner ; 
for  after  numerous  toasts  had  cone  round, 
and  success  had  been  drunk  to  the  new  un- 
dertaking, his  Majesty  unfolded  a  packet, 
containing  a  quanifly  of  gold  medaU,  each 
of  the  value  of  about  six  guineas  in  weight, 
hut  inestimable  in  another  point  of  vic^v. 
On  one  side  was  the  bust  of  the  Emperor, 
a  striking  and  accurate  likeness,  and  on  the 
reverse  was  the  Imperial  Exchange,  precisely 
«s  it  was  intended  to  be  erected.  11  is  Ma- 
jesty presented  one  with  his  own  hand  to 
every  British  merchant,  at  the  same  time  de- 
airiog  them  to  prescne  it  as  a  memorial  of 
his  respect  for  the  first  commercial  city  in 
the  world,  and  as  an  indication  of  tliat  strict 
friendship  he  always  wished  to  manifest  to- 
wards England.  **  The  prosperity  of  tho 
£mperor*s  reign,"  **  The  hannony  of  the 
alliance  between  England  and  Russia,*'  were 
drank,  with  various  other  appropriate  toasts. 
The  festival  was  protracted  till  a  late  hour, 
and  it  would  be  difficult  to  say  which  expe- 
rienced the  most  satisfiictibn,  tne  august  and 
\^  fipJlant  monarch,  or  the  merchants  of  our 
'  free  country,  who  were  so  cminendy  ho- 
1  Doured  by  his  attention  and  presence. 

•^*  We  have  inserted  tlie  above  account 
at  the  particular  reqvicst  of  several  of  our 
Kussian  friends,  although  the  entertainment 
was  given  previous  to  our  commencement. 

SPAIN. 

JmiiiuHon  of  the  Hydrograpkic  Archives, 

The  Admiraity  possesses  an  immense  coUec- 

tidn  of  observations  and  ships*  journals  of  the 

scarcest  kind.     It  u  only  within  a  very  short' 

period  that  these  titasuies  have  been  em- 


ployed to  advantage.  In  17d7»  ^n  idea  was 
firot  started  of  erecting  an  office  called,  **  The 
Hydrogniphic  Archives,"  where  all  observa- 
tions are  collected,  arranged,  and  numbered^ 
for  the  purpose  of  projecting  the  best  maps  and 
charts  from  them.  This  capital  institution, 
which  properly  commenced  only  in  •  1798, 
will  soon  become  very  extensive  ;  for  the  y 
directors  are  men  of  the  greatest  talents,  very 
zealous,  and  indefatigable.  This  is  proved 
by  the  number  of  maps  tthlch  have  already 
been  published  in  so  short  a  time. 

Don  Ventura  Barcaist^i  b^an,  in  I79I, 
a  niap  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  which  are 
said  to  amount  to  1100.  They  were  dis- 
covered by  Magellan  in  1540,  and  have 
been  described  by  i*  Gentil,  La  P^rouse, 
and  Malespina.  In  the  Indian  Record  office 
there  are  numerous  MSS.  relating  to  the  Phi« 
lippines,  with  the  voyages  of  Fernando  de  la 
Torre,  Gar<:ia  Escalante,  Martin  de  Yslares, 
and  many  others,  which  partly  relate  to  the 
voyagtt  of  Kuy  Lopez  de  y  illatobos  in  1342. 
Cure  of  Ilifdrophobia,  t 

A  new  remedy,  which,  like  many  others,  haa 
risen  from  fortuitous  circumstances,  was  dis- 
covered in  1801,  by  some  shepherds  in  An- 
dalusia, and  has  been  successtully  employed 
on  men  as  well  as  on  dogs,  in  cases  of  A^« 
dropliobia.  It  consists  in  giving  the  patient,- 
or  animal,  a  decoction  of  the  Veltis  amhralis. 
This  tree  is  indigenous  to  the  south  of  France^ 
Italy,  and  Spain. 

SWEDEN. 

Death  of  the  Widow  of  Linneeus, 

The  widow  -of  the  celebrated  naturalist, 
Linnffius,  die<l  at  Stockholm  on  the  20di  of 
May,  aged  90. 

Measure  of  a  Degree  of  the  Earth,  in 
Latitude  66. 

It  appears  from  the  Exposition  of  the  Ope- 
rations made  in  Lapland  in  1802,  to  deter- 
mine a  sclent  of  the  meridian,  by  Messrs. 
Ovesbom,  Swanbef]^^,  Holmquist,  andTalan- 
der,  (a  work  containing  J  96  pages  8vo.,  which 
we  haveseen)  that  they  U5«l  tne  decimal  French 
measures,  from  which  some  confusion  may 
arise  j  yet,  as  the  reduction  of  these  to  Eng- 
lish measures  misht  occasion  serious  erron, 
we  have  suffered  them  to  stand.  * 

The  result  of  this  operation,  given  in  page 
187^  is>  that  the  Degree,  the  middle  or 
which  crosses  at  66°  SO',  is  11 1477,4  mHres, 
or  57196,2  toises;  but  in  order  to  find  this 
result,  the  operators  have  supposed  the  mttre 
to  be  443  li.  2969,  as  the  commissaries  for 
weights  and  measures  had  done  in  France. 
They  have  taken  the  ntltre  at  congelation, 
and  the  toise  at  13°  of  the  thermometer  of 
80°  ;  whereas  Lalande  considers  it  as  more 
natural  to  take  them  both  at  the  middle- 
temperature,  which  is  9§°.  .  In  this  case, 
according  to  experiments  made  by  Lavoisier, 
in  1802^  p  Uci^  must  be  taken  isom  the 


Digitized 


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C3ll 


Obiervanda  Exierna.-^Sweden,     Tartary.    Turkey. 


C6to 


mltrf,  and  Oil 046  added  to  the  toise ;  so  thnt 
the  proportion  will  stand  thus :  863,054 . 
448,360 :  :  854li  are  to  the  mitre,  which 
fetter  is  found  to  be  443li  435,  instead  of 
^  IB96.  The  conclusion  is,  that  \bi  meires  are 
to  be  deducted  from  the  above  number,  and 
that  the  degree  is  57200. 

The  degree  of  1736  liavingbcen  measuted 
at  16°,  we  must  add  to  it  3  toisee;  that  of 
1802  having  been  measured  at  3°,  but  re- 
duced to  0,  we  must  deduct  8  toises,  which 
increases  the  dilTerence.  The  former,  in- 
stead of  57419,  becomes  57422 ;  and  the 
ktter,  being  reduced,  is  57200  tnises,  which 
19  222  toises  less.  As  this  coincides  with  the 
^her  Degrees  that  have  been  measured,  with 
the  level  siven  by  tlte  pendulum,  and  the  pa- 
lallax  of  the  moon,  we  cannot  but  adopt  this 
new  result,  although  it  be  difficult  to  conceive 
kow  the  French  academicians  committed  so 
0088  a  mistake  in  173(5.  The  S^vccics  think 
Qiat  their  sector  of  g  feet  might  have  been 
moie  eanly  put  out  of  order,  or  was  less  cor- 
Tect  than  the  repeating  circle  whicn  them- 
selves have  used. 

proceedings  of  the  Ttoyal  Academicians, 

Tlie  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Stockholm 
publishes  its  Transactions  yearly,  in  one  vo- 
lume 8vo. 

The  Royal  Academy  of  Belles-Lettres  pwh- 
lishes  likewise  one  volume  annually.  The 
Journal  CEconominue  is  continued  by  the  Pa- 
triotic Society,  and  forms  six  numbers  yearly. 

M.  Adlerbeth  has  publbhed  the  Puneral 
Oration  in  honour  qfRosenalder,  which  he 
read  at  the  funeral  of  President  C.  A.  Rosenal- 
der,  who  in  1777  pave  8,338  imperial  crowna 
for  the  purchase  of  a  house  dcstmcd  for  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Stockholm.  He  also 
xniidc  a  present  to  the  university  of  Upsal  of  his 
rich  coUeclion  of  medals,  to  which  he  added 
600  crowns  for  the  purchase  of  more  mcdab. 
His.  curious  library  has  been  added  to  that  of 
Upsal, 

The  Tomh  of  Odin. 
^  The  tomb  called  Odcnshoa;,  in  the  plain 
•f  New  Ax  vail,  at  Westrogothia  in  Sweden, 
ifas  lately  opened  for  examination.  In  it 
was  found  a  stone  vault,  of  about  fifteen  yards 
longi  by  eight  wide,  having  an  entrauce  at 
tlie  east  end.  The  sides  of  this  vault  were 
liurge  blocks  of  stone,  raised  like  walls  to  the 
licieUt  of  four  or  five  yards,  and  each  of  iis 
sediments  was  formed  of  a  single  stone.  I'he 
bottom  of  the  vault  was  paved  with  similar 
siones,  and  around  ita  sides  were  several  ske- 
letons in  a  silting  posture ;  they  amounted  to 
nineteen,  and  were  placed  separately  in  niches, 
or  excavatipns ;  two  pikes,  and  two  knives 
oi  flint-stone,  wert  also  found  in  tfie  depo- 
sitory. The  bones,  on  being  touched,  crum- 
bledinto  (lust.  It  is  supposed  that  this  ce- 
ipeter^,  yvlijch  from  tiijie  .imtpeiporial  has 
borne  the  name  of  Odin^  contains  the  remains 


of  that  celebrated  prince,  and  the  merobeis 
of  his  femily. 

TARTARY. 

Division  of  the  Seasons  among  the  Tatars  qf 
the  Taurida. 
Spring  (Bahaar)  begins  on  St.  Georf.e « 
day,  the  23d  of  February,  and  continues  t^ 
the  22d  of  June.  Their  long  summer  (Tor 
chilla)  of  40  days,  finishes  on  the  1st  of 
August.  This  month  forms  no  part  of  a 
season,  and  b  called,  to  tJie  25tlij  A^oUoSg, 
The  2oth  begins  their  autumn  (GIiousJ, 
comix)>cd  of  01  days,  and  ends  on  the  26th 
of  October.  At  that  time  the  Taturn  con* 
elude  bargains,  and  renew  leases.  The  thir* 
ty-six  following  days  precede  their  long  w'm-r 
tcr  (Kycht chilla)  that  bc^ns  en>  the  1st  of 
December,  lasts  66  dap,  and  does  not  cni^ 
before  tlie  4th  of  February.  The  reraainin^ 
24  days  of  this  month  are  qillcd  goudchoukdl. 
The  '54  following  days,  or  tlicir  K^reles, 
from  the  1st  of  March' to  the  23d  of  April, 
are  called  Mars,  and  constitute  no  part  of 
the  season.  Durine  that  period,  according 
to  the  meteorological  observations  of  the  Ta-: 
t-lrs,  there  arc  three  cold  seasons — the  winter 
o(  old  women;  tliat  of  starlings  fBerdul-acU 
shcr),  which  lasts  about  a  week ;  and  the 
winter  of  houp-birds,  (Epopo, — Reuiliy^^ 
Travels  through  the  Taurida, 

TURKEY. 

^/  CorrSsive  Suhlimate  taken  for  pleasttre. 

There  is  a  verj-  .extraordinary  man  now 
living  in  Constantinople,  who  is  generally 
known  under  the  name  of  **  Soliman,  tho 
eater  of  sublimate.**  He  is  I06  years  of  agc,^ 
and  has  seen  the  following  succession  of  Sul- 
tans:— Achmei  III.  Osman,  Mahmoud, 
Mustapha  III.  Abdul  I  lamed,  and  the  pre- 
sent sovereign  Selim  III.  This  man,  wnen 
young,  accustomed  himself,  as  the  Turks  do^ 
to  swallow  opium  ;  but  having  taken  by  de- 
grees a  lar^e  quantity  without  producing  the 
desired  eftect,  he  adopted  the  use  of  subli- 
mate, and,  for  upwards  of  30  years,  has 
taken  a  drachm,  or  Co  grains  a  dav.  He' 
would €ometimes  go  to  the  shop  of  a  Turkislu 
Jew,  and  call  for  a  drachm  pf  sublimate, 
which  he  mixed  in  a  glas^  of  water,  and* 
drank  it  up  immediately.  The  first  time  the^ 
apothecary  was  very  much  alarmed,  for  fear' 
he  should  be  charged  with  poisoning  the' 
Turk ;  but  he  was  struck  witn  amazement* 
when  he  saw  the  same  man  again,  on  the 
next  day,  who  called  for  another  dose.  Lord' 
Eljiin,  Sir.  Smith,  and  several  gentlemen 
now  in  England,  have  met  this  extraordinary 
man,  and  have  heard  him  say,  that  the  sen- 
sation he  experienced  after  haVmg  drank  th^t 
extremely  active  poison,  was  tlie  most  deli- 
cious he  ever  enjoyed.— Such  is  the  force  of 
habit! — It  is  j^enerally  thought,  that  since 
the  days  of  Mithridates,  no  one  had  ei«r, 
node  constant  use  of  such  a  ^bstonce. 


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•Bd} 


Oiservahda  ejptema.'-^PrUsHa  '•^Oifservania  interna. 


{€M 


■     X'  PR08MA. 

Liierary  StatUfics, 

Samtnary  ttatemcnt  of  workt  prinied  in 

the  year  1805,  in  ail  the  provinces  of  the 
Prawt/m  States, 

Numher  of 

Subjects.                     Works.  S/iccts. 

'IPine  Arts,  romances,  plays,  music,  145  2(yQl 

•MiscdiaTieOus  works,  j0Umab,&c.  62  2335 

•Theological  works,       -    -    -    -  108  S112 

Medccitte  and  sui^ery,       -    -    -  80  1G94 

Oeconomics,      ------  0,5  U40' 

if istorv  and  bid^phy»      -    -    -  55  1363 

Geographjr,  statistics,  voyages,  &c.  49  1 1 87 

History  ot  litcrator&,    -    -    -    -  5  831 

Politics,   -    - 42  780 

Ph5r8ics  and  chemistry,  -  -  -  32  70'7 
Jtirisprudence,  .--..-  33  747 
Books  for  yotrth,  --.--.  58  689 
German  and  other  living  languages  24  506 
Matliematics,  arithmetic,  &c.  -  23  489 
PhHosophy,  ethlc^,  &c,  -  -  -  27  474 
Technol6^%  trade,  and  6[)mmerce,  18  '367 
Natural  history  ami  botany,  -  -  21  349 
MiKtaiy  science,  -----  1 1  239 
Gteek  knd  Roman  classics,  -  -  12  239 
Oteek  and  Roman  antiqtiitie»,  -  O  '  122 
Andenlt  and  extra  European  lan- 
guages,        6  114 

Paedagogic  and  school  books,  -    -  13  114 

Coins  and  medals,  -----  2  61 

PoKtical  writings,   •    -    -    -    -  6  48 

Astronomy,  -    -----.-  3  38 

F^eema<6nry,     .----.  1  10 

Total    -    907  19791 

Proportion,  by  Provinces.        *■■  

Electorate  of  Brandenburg,    -    -357  8318 

Provinces  of  Lower  Saxony,   -    -  t''o8  5369 

•Silc«a, ---143  3402 

Baypeuth, 64  1095 

South  and  new  East  Prussia,       -    42  536 

East  Prussia, 31  460 

Neumark, 14  320 

West  Prussia,    - 15  232 

Pomenmia,  -------      3  56 

Total    -    907  19791 
The  provinces  of  Afiispach  and Clnes  are 
^xcq)ted ;  as  are  likewise  all  political  news- 
'papers,   intelligencers,   almanacks,  and  aca- 
demical dissertations. 

Wc  presume  that  the  abo\'C  is  the  most 
complete  view  of  tlie  state  of  literature  in  Prus- 
<Ia,  that  has  ever  appeared  in  this  country. 
We  have  received  it  among  our  latest  intelli- 
Igence  from  Germany.  As  to  the  actual  state 
o£  the  Prussian  dominions,  and  other  adjacent 
countries,  they  mustcontlnue  unknown  to  us, 
with  expected  details  of  the  murder  of  Palm, 
nnd  other  events,  till  the  arrival  of  the  mails, 
t)£  which  seremj  are  now  duo,  diaU  oominu- 
fUQita  further  information. 


OBSEllVANDA    INTPINA. 

RliOUCTION   OF  THE   NATIONAL    DEBT. 

Operation  qf  the  Sinking  Fund. 
Redeemed  by  annual  million  j£^6l,668,l6l 
Do.  by  1  per  cent,  per  ann.  on 

all  loans  '-         -         -       52,156,420 

Do.  by  land  tax     -         -         -       22,645,280 
Do.  by  1  per  cent,  per  ann.  on 

imperial  loan     -        -      ^«>  719,01$ 


Total         137,188>884 


Tlie  sum  to  be  expended  in  the  ensuii^ 
quarter,  is  j£2,267,l71,  78- 

Ilhfs  on  projected  Improvantnh  in  ihetithii* 
iff  of  Westminster  Mali,  and  WtHsfmimM^ 

The  philosopher  on  one  hand,  or  the  idiot 
on  the  other,  may  look  with  indifference  oft 
those  external  marks  of  dignity  and  distin<c» 
tion  which  dt-coratc  persons  of  eminent  sta* 
tion,  but  the  |X)litician  knows  that  they  are  of 
essential  service  and  indJ^nsible  utility.  lit 
like  manner,  it  may  be  thought  absolutely  in- 
difl'erent,  by  some  persons,  what  are  thi^ 
public  decorations  of  a  metropolis,  trtr  of  a 
nation ;  but  those  who  have  stndied  the  hu- 
man mind,  well  know,  that  not  merely  ac* 
comniodation,  but  e\en  magnificence  is  weH 
employed,  where  it  may  indicate  the  wealth, 
the  science,  or  the  power,  of  an  extensive 
community. 

Lone  has  the  British  nation  been  loo  justly 
reproncned  with  the  poverty  of  its  public 
buildings.  The  palace  of  the  Chief  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  might,  indeed,  sen^e  well 
enough  for  its  original  destination,  a  monas- 
tery, but  most  certainly,  as  a  royal  residence^ 
it  IS  beneath  contempt.  And  if 'we  inspect 
the  buildings  allot tecl  to  the  use  of  the  other 
governing  estates  of  the  realm,  the  lords  and 
the  comn]ons,  what  a  heterogeneous  mass  of 
construction  do  they  present!  What  a  re* 
proaeh  is  it  on  the  empire  at  large,  that  where 
their  representatives  assemble  to  transact  bu- 
siness in  the  name,  and  on  the  behalf,  of  the 
public,  the  place  of  their  assembly  should  be 
marked  rather  hy  the  charactere  of  eoach- 
houocs  and  stabhng,  than  by  that  of  dignity 
and  honour. 

We  have  so  few  public  building,  that 
those  we  have  ought  to  be  proportionately 
valued  by  us,  and  attended  to  witn  die  great- 
er vigilance:  the  strangely  dilapidated,  and 
dirty,  state  of  the  chiet  of  these,  will  come 
under  our  consideration  hereafter.  At  present, 
we  wish  to  convey  an  idea  of  those  exten- 
sive plans  of  improvement,  that  have  been 
some  time  in  contemplation.  When  pcecut- 
ed,  they  will,  it  is  hoped,  relieve  our  country 
from  those  degrading  imputations,  under 
which  it  labours  at  present. 

We  may  consider  Westminster  Abbey,  ^ 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


(fei]         Olservhnda  Interna, — flints  (m  the  tmprtwemenU  in  WestHdnsler.        \6ilt 


Weslminster  Hall,  as  two  principal  objects 
which  ought  not  only  to  be  presencd  at  all 
events,  but  to  be  made  the  most  of,  whatever 
plans  are  adopted.  Now,  it  has  so  happened, 
that  from  the  intervention  of  adjoining  build- 
ings of  no  dignified  charaeter,  the  relative 
Position  of  these  two  buildings,  has  never 
Been  seen  by  the  public. 

To  Westminster  Hall,  on  the  side  next  the 
Thames,  adjoin  the  passages  leading  tp  the 
Residence  of  the  SiJeaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons;  on  the  side  next  the  Ab- 
bey, are  sundry  offices  of  very  mean  ap- 
|)earance  :  and  so  cffeclually  is  the  lower  part 
of  this  ancient  edifice  concealed,  that  nobody 
IcnOws  of  the  flying  buttrcsres  which  sup- 
port the  walls;  Icfirrefi  which  Fome  of  the 
courts  of  publicjustice  are  accommodated. 

We  4eam,  with  great  pleasure,  that  the 
ivhole  mass  of  external  modern  erections, 
Kvhich  defaces  the  principal  entrance  to  this 
noble  Hall,  is  ordered  to  he  puUcd  down,  so 
■tliat  the  original  face  df  ihe  fabric  will  once 
more  shcvr  itself.  According  to  the  best  ex- 
nminatioD  we  have  been  aipablc  of  making, 
this  face  is  not  only  uniform,  but  beautiful; 
many  of  its  parts  are  highly  enriched,  and 
}na  good  stale  of  preservation*  With  judi- 
cious, and  not  excessive  reparations,  this  re- 
•toration  cannot  fail  of  gratifying  every  com- 
petentjudge. 

Supposing  the  face  of  Westminster  Hall 
to  be  restored,  the  next  object  seems  to  be 
the  renovation  of  the  side  next  the  Abbey. 
The  appearance  of  this  is,  as  we  have  stated, 
(extremely  mean  :  and  it  is  difficult  to  say, 
till  the  buttresses  be  laid  open,  whether  it 
^ould  be  preferable  to  remove  c\Qry  annexed 
constructiop,  ami. to  j)rcscnt  this  flank  of  the 
Hall  in  its  original  stale,  or  to  adopt  the  but- 
tresses for  divi;,ions,  and  siij)pirts,  as  they 
now  are,  and  to  build  a  fiont  the  whole 
length,  of  a  proper  height,  adnptcd  to  receive 
the  four  Courts  of  Justice,  each  of  them 
marked  by  an  appropriate  distinction  and  dis- 
tribution of  this  front ;  yet  the  whole  subject 
to  one  general  jystcm  of  nnifonnity  and  ar- 
rangement. Objections  may  be  started  against 
both  these  ideas  ;  nor  can  ihcy  be  nntovcd, 
till  the  lower  parts  of  the  Hall  are  open  to  in- 
Epection. 

Proceeding  further  rnurd  the  Hall,  we 
come  to  that  motley  as^c  mblnge  of  buildings, 
which  a'or.facconiD:oda^e  the  House  of  Lords; 
with  certain  public  otltces  attached.  Be- 
tween these  sTid  the  11.11,  but  standing  back 
the  whole  width  of  the  HalK  (a  consider- 
able distance),  is  St.  Stej^hcn's  Cliapel, 
where  now  the  Hc^use  of  Commons  assem- 
bles. In  this  confined  sp«re,  hardly  fitted  to 
contain  five  hundred  pereons,  is  this  House  of 
Parliament,  ibelf  crn>i.sting  of  nearly  seven 
hundred  mem  ben,  fog' 'iier  with  those  who 
may  jbe  into^'xd  in  the  various  bills  ihcrei« 


peilding,  which  sometiines  is  a  consideiablcf 
number  of  ucr^ns,  oliiged  to  assemble :  and 
to  follow  all  manner  of  cramp  passages,  and 
to  occupy  detadied  buildings,  &c.  for  its  ne- 
cessary appendant  offices,  such  as  committee 
rooms,  clerks*  rooms,  &c. 

As  one  corner  of  Westminster  Hall  abiitt» 
against  one  corner  of  St.  Stephen's  chap^, 
the  most  effectual  and  mo«t  magnificent  plan 
of  arrangement,  as  it  strikes  us,  would  oe  to 
'  erect  on  the  other  side  of  St.  Stephen's  chft- 
pel,  a  building  corresponding  to  Westminster 
Hall,  which  might  accommodate  the^  lour 
Courts  of  Justice,  and  the  House  of  Com- 
mons :  St.  Stephen's  might  then  be  fitted  for 
the  Lords,  whose  assembhes  are  never  so  nyn 
merous  as  those  of  the  Commons.  Thus  ^Nre 
should  obtain  a  regularity,  by  means  of  tvra 
buildings  of  great  extent,  with  a  smaller 
building  receding  precisely  in  the  centre  be- 
tween ttiem.  Ndr  is  tins  so  diffioilt  as  it 
may  appear,  for  two  thirds  of  the  present 
wall,  rangCi  by  the  plan,  on  the  precise  line 
that  would  be  chosen :  but  undoubtedly  the 
elevation  would  require  skill.  The  necessaij 
openings  to  the  river,  in  order  to  insulate  tlie 
whole,  would  follow' of  course. 

We  have  suggested  these  ideas,  because 
after  Si  plan  is  settled  by  act  of  parliament  ad- 
vice is  too  bite :  but  we  shall  now  advert  m> 
what  is  actually  intended. 

As  we  have  said,  the  buildings  attached  to 
the  front  of  Westminster  Hall  are  to  be  dis- 
placed ;  all  the  dwelling  houses  betwMn  the 
Hall  and  the  Abbey  are  to  be  removed,  toge- 
ther with  every  obstruction,  (St.  Margaret's 
Church,  at  present,  excepted),  so-  that  the 
whole  extent  from  the  further  extremity  of 
the  AbL'y  to  the  river  Thames  will  he  laid 
into  one  grand  area.  The  whole  of  the  pre- 
mises are  purchased  ;  two  thirds  of  the  houses 
are  taken  down  ;  the  office  of  ordnance  ts 
advertised  for  sale  by  auction  ;  and  the  whole 
of  King  Street,  the  Broad  Sanctuary,  and 
adjoining  buildings,  is  destined  to^form  part  #f 
the  general  improvement. 

It  is  not  understood  that  thfs  exteilt  of 
ground  b  to  retnain  vacant,  but  to  be  com- 
pletely new-modelled;  to  receive  buildings 
whether  public,  or  private,  of  a  handsome 
and  uniform  .  construction,  and  instead  of 
those  crooked  and  winding  ways  which  no^y 
lead  from  some  parts  to  the  Houses  of  Par- 
lianient,  the  whole  is  to  be  made  straight^ 
open,  and  convenient. 

As  this  subject  will  again  come  under  our 
notice,  in  our  further  attention  to  modem 
improvements,  intended,  or  necessary,  we 
shall  here  suspend  our  remarks  on  it.  But  not 
without  exprcssini^  our  hopes  and  persuasionf, 
that,  as  the  British  character  is  femous  for 
its  perseverance,  and  for  its  attention  to  the 
completeness  of  what  it  undertakes,  that  the 
time  will  cozne^  whca  we  shall  oo  longer 


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Ohservofida  tnUrna.'^Serh.'^CbmwalL—Cumterland,  6fc. 


[63« 


'  •offer  the  sarcastic  remarks  of  foreigners,  who 
tell  us^  that  our  King's  horses  are  better 
locked  than  our  King,  that  our  conmcrcial 
buivdingB,  as  the  Bank,  &c.  and  our  prisons, 
•s  New^oe,  are  substantially  built ;  but  that 
our  poQlical  buildings  are,  fike  our  constitu- 
tion a  confused  mass  of  Gothicism>  Grecism, 
imd  Angjiicism. 

We  value  our  constitution,  and  readily  de- 
fend thtU :  we  value  Westminster  Hall^  with 
the  integrity  which  presides  in  it :  we  value 
the  Abbey  with  the  piety  which  occupies  it : 
but  whatever  improper  adjuncts  later  periods 
have  erected,  and  thereby  defaced  the  antient 
•tnictures,  we  abandon  them  to  the  pick-axe 
of  the  improver— yet  always  pnnided,  that 
^otfy  Hroke  levelled  even  at  these,  be  enact- 
ed ajid  directed  by  the  conjoined  authority 
of  KING,  LORDS,  and  COMMONS. 
Regulations  relating  to  Medical  Professors, 

The  most  prominent  features  of  the  plan, 
which  will  be  submitted  to  the  legislature, 
for  restoring  the  dignity  and  character  of  the 
medical  profession,  are,  that  no  person  shall 
be  allowed  to  practise,  as  a  physician,  unless 
he  be  a  graduate  of  some  university  of  the 
united  kinadbm,  and  has  attained  the  age  of 
S4  years.  He  must  also  pnn'C  that  he  has 
studied  physic  for  five  years,  two  of  which 
shall  have' been  passed  in  the  university. — 
8urgeont  are  to  be  placed  under  similar  re- 
itrictions,   with  the  exception  of  being  rc- 

2dired  to  pass  their  time  at  the  university. — 
Lpothecaries  are  to  serve  five  years  with  some 
Tespectable  shopkeeper,  and  shall  have  studied 
the  difierent  branches  of  physic  in  repu^ble 
schools  for  at  least  a  year.  The  qualifications 
of  an  accoucheur  ait,  that  he  shall  have  stu- 
died for  a  year  under  an  experienced  professor, 
have  assisted  in  the  art,  and  have  attended 
anatomical  lectures  for  12  months. 

Berks.  —  Reading,  18  Oct.  This  daj 
Dr.  Kichards,  Vice-Chancellor  of  tlie  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  Dr.  Isham,  Warden  of 
All  Souls  College,  accompanied  by  the  Cor- 
poration of  this  uoroiigh,  met  in  the  council 
chamber,  and,  according  to  a  custom  which 
takes  place  every  tlurd  year,  ijjspecled  the  ap-' 
propria tion  of  Archbishop  Laud's  btH]uests. 
At  the  same  time  agreeably  to  the  will  of  the 
Archbishop,  seven  servant  maids  who  were 
born  in  this  town,  and  one  in  the  town  of 
Wokingham,  recommended  by  the  C'orpora- 
tion,  received  £20  each,  having  lived  in  one 
ten'ice  three  years. 

Cornwall. — Iron  Worls, — Mr.  Joseph 
Reynolds  of  Ketley  Iron  Works,  after  ^at 
trouble  and  enormous  expense,  lias  lidly 
proved,  tliat  casting,  or  letting  tlie  iron  out 
of  each  of  his  blast  furnaces  four  times  in  24 
hours,  so  far  improves  the  quality  as  to  make 
bar  iron  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that  of 
Sweden  or  Kui«i»i« 


CuMBBRLAND. — ^In  the  hext  session  of  paf-* 
liament  application  is  intended  to  be  made  for 
leave  to  brmg  in  a  bill  to  enable  the  magis- 
trates of  Cumberland  to  buiW  a  bridge,  or 
bridges  across  the  Eden,,  near  Cariisle  arid 
Stanwix ;  and  also  to  erect  courts  of  justice 
and  a  gaol  in  the  city  of  Carlisle 

Devon. — Exeter,  l6  Oct,  —  The  grand 
prison  of  war,  now  building  on  Dartmoor 
under  the  auspices  of  the.'£)id  Warden,  is 
likely  to  give  rise  to  a  new  town,  in  that  hi- 
therto dreary  region.  Indeed  it  is  akouly  ht* 
gun,  and  is  to  be  (Jailed  Prince-Town,  in 
complement  to  His  Hop!  Hi^ess  the  Duke 
of  Cornwall, 

DtJRHAM.— Po/fl/of  J. — A  piece  of  ground 
containing  863  sguare  yards  in  the  nursery  o£* 
Messrs.  W.  Falla,  and  Co.  at  Ciiteshead^ 
has  produced  this  year  104  bushels  of  potatoes 
of  an  early  kind,  exclusive  of  the  small  ones, 
which,  by  the  acre,  amounts  to  583  bushels, 
or  I05f  loads.  Previous  to  planting,  the 
manure  that  was  used  was  equally  spread  over 
the  ground,  and  dug  in  j  the  drills  were  then 
made  shallow  with  a  hoe  2  feet  asunder,  the 
potatoes  planted,  and  covered  in  level.  It  is 
to  be  observed,  what,j)erhaps  particularly  de- 
serves notice,  that  the  seed  potatoes  were  bot 
few  of  them  cut,  although  rather  of  a  large 
kind,  and  those  that  were  divided,  were  onTy 
once  cut,  and  that  longitudinally. 

Glocestershire.  6th  Oct. — ^A  few  days 
since,  a  large  oblong  British  or  Danish  bar- 
row was  opened  in  the  parish  of  Dontes- 
bourne  Abbots  in  this  county ;  in  which  was 
found  a  kistvacn,  or  cromlecf{y  containing 
about  eight  or  nine  bodies  of  different  ages 
many  of  the  bones  of  which,  and  the  teeth 
were  entire. 

The  whole  length  of  the  barrow,  diago*'' 
nally,  was  about  fifty  yards  5  straight  over  ilie 
stones  about  forty ;'  the  width  abont  thirty 
yards  ;  and  'the  'distance  between  the  two 
great  stones  twenty  four  feet,  llie  barrow 
was  composed  of  loose  quarry-stones,  laid  in 
strata,  rK*ar  the  great  stones,  and  brought 
from  a  distance.  The  largest  stonrf  which  nas 
been  long  known  in  the  country  by  the  name  of 
the  slorc'Stone,  is  of  tiie  same  tind  as  tlie  grey 
wethers,  or  Stone-henge  ;  it  is  flat  on  the  east 
side,  and  round  on  the  side  which  is  in  the 
Ijarrow ;  is  twelve  feet  high  from  the  base, 
and  fifteen  in  circumference.  The  other  stone 
lies  almost  flat  on  the  ground,  and  is  about 
three  yards  sjquare,  and  one  foot  thick.  This 
covers'  the  kistvacn,  which  contains  the  bones, 
and  which  is  divided  into  two  cells,  about 
four  feet  square  each,  and  six  deep.  There  is 
little  doubt  of  its  being  Britisli ;  and  it  may 
be  called  the  early  altar,  or  family  mormment. 
There  are  several  other  barrows  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood ;  and  it  is  singular,  that  the  farm 
adjoining  it  called  Jack  Barrpv^s^  probably  a 


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OhervmdaJniirM.^'^&eftrd.^-'Lttti^asUre. 


.fWo 


eonroption  or  aibbremtioa  of  some  other 
.  name.  Thft  honss  are  re-buricd ;  but  the 
Ibarrow,  and  the  tomb,  will  bie  left  open 
-tome  time  longer  ibr  Uw  iospectiop  of  the 
curious. 

itEKSFORD.^-Tho  anniTcnuy  meeting  of 
the  Hereford  Agricultural  Society  was  fnoet 
numerously  attended.  One  hundred  persons 
dined  at  the  h(M«l»  in  the  great  room.  A.  P. 
Scudamoie,  M.  P.  was  deckied  president, 
and  Mr.  Linger,  vice  piesi4ent  for  the  en- 
^  >uinff  year. 

The  premium  for  the  best  wtvf  Tariety  of 
the  apple,  wm  awarded  to  T.  A.  Knight, 
Esq;  It  was  a  cross,  between  the  Siberian 
crab  and  the  Lulham  pearmain. 

The  fruit  was  exquisitely  beautiful  $  and  a 
shoot  of  CM»e  years  growth    was  pK)duced, 
*  which  measured  aeven  feet  atMl  an  inch  in 
length.    This  new  variety  i»  deemed  a  tnost 
'  valuable  acquisition,  and  partakes  of  all  the 
best  qualities  of  the  parent  trees.    Mr.  Tomp- 
kins of  Wellington,  obtained  the  premium 
for  exhibiting  the  best  two-ycars^ld  heifer  j 
«nd  Mr.  Wcstfaling  of  Budhall,  for  the  best 
vcn  of  iine-wooled  ewes.    Several  labourers  in 
.  nusbandiy  also  ao(|uired  premiums  ^*r  bnng- 
ing  up  large  families  witnout  assistance  from 
.  their  parishes ;   and  for  living  the  greatest 
number  of  years  in  the  same  places. 

Lancashire. — Improvements  in  the  town 
mndpart  t^f  LiverpooL — There  are  few  of  our 
readers  who  do  not  distinctly  Recollect  the 
great  fire  which  happened  on  the  Goree,  or 
quay  of  Geoiige's  Dock,  on  tht  14th  Sept. 
1802.  This  conflagration  was  by  far  me 
most  tremendous  in  its  appearance,  and  the 
most  extensive  in  its  devastation,  which  Li- 
verpool had  ever  known ;  and  in  respect  to 
."waste  of  property,  one  of  the  most  oestruc- 
tive  which  had  nappened  in  the  British  do- 
minions since  the  great  fire  of  London  in 
166(5. 

The  scite  of  these  extensive  piles  of  build- 
ing after  the  £re  had  ceased,  presented  to 
the  eye,  a  huge  and  shapeless  mass  of  ruins, 
which  seemed  almost  to  exclude  the  hope,  or 
possibility  of  repairing  the  mischief,  at  least 
m  any  moderate  number  of  years.  Every 
atranger  who  visited  Liverpool  soon  after  this 
«vent,  seeihed  convinced  that  the  prosperity 
of  the  town  had  received  a  blow,  fVom  whicn 
it  could  not,  but  at  a  very  distant  period,  be 
expected  to  recover.  The  immense  piles  of 
warehouses  then  destroyed,  had  for  several 
years  been  riws  admiration  of  all  Europe,  and  at 
that  time  were  scarcely  to  be  mutched  in  the 
whole  world. 

Under  this  impression^  our  readers  at  a 
distattte  will  learn  with  astonishment,  that 
this  extensive  ruin  is  now,  not  only  com- 
pietdy  lepaiwd,  but  that  the  wbol^  of  these 
mb^n  «C  him^Bstp  hgrt  arisen   from  their 


ashes  with  improved  magntfioeiMe  and  giiuuly 
augmented  extent.  The  whole  04*  this  task 
has  beea  completed  in  less  than  four  years : 
and  of  ail  the  various  proofs  whkh  have  been 
hekl  forth  to  the  vrorid,  of  the  seitit  and  r^ 
sources  of  the  town  of  LhrerpooC  we  oonsi^ 
der  this  as  one  of  the  most  decishn  and  une* 
quivocal.  At  the  time  of  the  conflagration, 
the  stone  casoment,  of  the  whok  of  that  large 
and  beounful  rmge  which  fronts  to  Geoigr» 
Dock>  had  been  erected,  but  the  snper-tn'- 
cumbeut  warehooses,  had  only  been  built oii 
that  divisbn  which  reaches  from  the  bottom 
of  Brunswick  Street  to  Water  Street,  aod  os 
about  one  fourth  of  ^btt  other  division.  *!%# 
.whole  of  this,  except  the  part  last  mentioned 
was  entirely  demolished.  But  the  entire 
range  from  Brunswick  Street  to  Water  Street^ 
and  firom  Brunswtek  Street  to  Moore  Stieet^ 
is  now  completed,  and  for  eleiganoe»  oobv<&- 
nicQce,  and  situation,  there  oertadnly  it  not 
such  another  i;an^  of  warehouses  in  fenrope- 
The  enormous  piles  which  have  been  lately 
erected  on  the  West  India  and  Wapping 
Docks  in  London,  are  indeed  vasdy  superior 
in  size  and  extent,  but  for  beauty  and  coDr> 
venience  they  are  not  to  be  compared.  Tha 
new  row  on  the  Goree  is,  including  the  two 
divisions,  in  length  nearly  two  hundred  yaids, 
of  a  proportionate  depth,  and  in  height  six 
Stories  exclusive  of  the  cellars  and  gairrets.  It 
is  built  with  exact  uniformity,  on  a  rustio 
stone  casement,  which  incloses  to  the  front» 
a  iine  flagged  arcade  of  13  feet  in  width,-  very 
convenient  as  a  promenade  for  the  merchantei 
in  wet  weather.  This  piazza  is  fomfed  by 
alternate  great  and  small  arches,  the  fbnn^ 
ten  feet  nme  inches  in  breadth,  the  latter  full 
five  feet  eight  inches  This  intermixture  has 
a  pleasing  appearance  to  the  e\e,  and  detracts 
much  from  the  heaviness  of  that  species  of 
architecture.  The  whole  pile  has  the  conve- 
nience of  being  open  to  a  wide  pavement,  both 
in  front  and  rear.  The  front  r6oms  of  the 
lower  s^ry  are  used  as  counting-houses  by  the 
merchants  who  occupy  the  warehouses.  The 
noble  range  of  builJings  belonginff  to  Mr. 
Dawson,  and  others,  which  stoo(Y  bdiind  the 
pile  we  ha\'e  just  described,  was  also  entirely 
consumed,  and  the  whole  of  this  gmund,  ex- 
cept a  few  yards,  has  likewise  been  com- 
pletely rebuilt. 

The  new  buildings  it  is  true  do  not  reach 
the  enormous  elevation  which  in  the  cSd  was 
so  much  admired  i  but  this  deficiency  may 
justly  be  reckoned  an  improvement.  Ine  ex- 
treme height  of  the  former  warehouses,  was 
not  only  be}'6nd  the  bounds  of  just  propor- 
tion, but  occasioned  a  farietv  ef  inconveruen- 
ces;  and  j)articularly  rendered  the  dan^ 
and  mischiefs  of  a  fire  much  more  tlarmmg 
and  distressing. 

On  the  virhole,  .we  ^nnot  but  repeat,  th»* 
we  consider  these  buiidings,*t»amostc  ' 


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Olstrvvada  lMtermw—W(trunci. — ^/If*. — Scotland. 


1642 


dioary  monument  of  the  opulence,  and  en- 
teq)rize  of  the  town  of  Liverpool,  and  entitled 
to  the  highest  attention,  IxMh  as  a  public 
ornament  and  as  a  commercial  establishnient. 

Northumberland.  -*-  North  Skieldt. — 
Tuesday  the  finrndation  stone  of  the  new  quay 
and  market  place  at  North  Shields  was  laid, 
under  a  trinle  discharoe  of  nine  pieces  of 
ordnance.  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland's Bailiff  for  Tyncmouthshire,  D.  Ste- 
phenson, Esq.,  architect,  and  a  vast  con- 
course of  spectators  attended 

SoMKRSBTSBiRE.  There  are  at  present  no 
less  than  sixte^  charity  schools  instituted  in 
the  parish  of  St.  James,  in  Bristol,  thirteen 
'Weekly  and  three  Sunday  ;  and  two  more  we 
undentaod,  are  likely  to  be  instituted  soon> 
in  the  same  benevolent  parish. 

SussBX.— -A  lew  days  since,  two  fine  young 
exen  belonging  to  Jonn  Apsley  Dalrympk, 
£sq.  of  the  Gate-house,  Sussex,  died  so  sud- 
denly, that  the  men  who  had  the  caieof  them 
could  scarcely  believe  their  eyes 'when  they 
saw  them  Iving  dead  in  the  fidd.  Mr.  Tooth, 
fimier  at  aI ayfidd  was  in  consequence  sent 
for,,  who  on  nu  arrival  soon  discovered  that 
the  animals  had  been  licking  some*  gates 
which  had  been  just  painted  with  white  lead 
sod  oil,  and  that  the  active  operation  of  the 
poison,  had  produced  the  effects  above-stated. 
A  similar  cucomstaijice  came  under  Mr. 
Tooth's  observation  some  time  ago  in  Kent. 

"Warwickshire.— «Mr.  U.  W.  Mason,  of 
Goodrest  Lodce,  Warwickshire,  who  btety 
received  the  nlver  raiedal  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  for  his  experiments  on  the  culture  of 
«anotB,  observes,  that  the  best  way  of  giving 
Aem  to  horses,  is  not  to  cut  them,  but  to 
mix  them  with  the  cut  food,  and  put  the 
whole  into  the  manger.  He  adds,  that  horses 
aocnstomed  to  carrots  will  prefer  them  to  oats 
when  taken  together ;  but  that  carrots  must 
sever  be  given  to  hones  which  come  to  the 
atable  heated  by  work,  nor  are  they  proper 
far  riding-horses,  as  nimble  exercise  causes 
them  to  be  laxative.  Store  pigs  may  be  fat- 
tened on  carrots  only. 

Bifmngham,  —  A  new  public  office  and 
ptison  are  just  completed  here.  The  first 
atone  of  this  building  was  laid  the  18th  Sept. 
1805,  and  the  rapidity  with  which  it  has 
been  erected)  leflects  great  credit  on  the  com- 
mittee, who  conducted  the  undertakmg.  The 
Internal  arrangements  of  the  prison,  are  or- 
dered with  much  judgment  and  convenience  ^ 
the  cells  are  roomy,  ami  well  ventilated ;  th^ 
-court  yard  is  of  ample  dimensions,  well  flag- 
ged, and  in  all  the  apartments  and  offices, 
the  healdi  and  cleanliness  of  the  unfortunate 
prisoners,  have  been  studied  with  the  most 
peculiar  attention. 

6th  Oct.  ImprwemenU  qf  the  Tewn, — 
The  okl  houses  purohased  by  the  Commts- 

V#i„J.    lUi.  Pan.  J>e€.  ie06.] 


'  sionprs  of  the  Birmingham  Street  Acts,  nine 
monihs  ago,  to  widen  the  bottom  part  of 
Worcester  Street,  were  put  up  for  sale  by 
public  auction  on  Tuesday ;  ana  so  much  wiU 
that  j)art  of  the  town  be  improved  by  the  al- 
terations, that  some  small  lots  of  land  and 
the  materials  of  the  buildings,  were  sold  for 
such  large  sums,  that  the  town  will  gain  j^HOO 
by  the  purchase,  besides  the  removal  of  a 
dangerous  nuisance. 

Tne  materials  of  the  old  prison  itk  Pock 
Lane  sold  for  j^50. 

WALES. 

New  Pif%— The  foundation  stone  of  thqt 
new  western  mer,  belonging  to  the  Carmar* 
thenshice  Rail  Road  Company,  was  lati  ly  laid^ 
Several  pnmrietors  attended  the  ceremony, 
assisted  by  their  engineer  and  dock-master,  at 
usual  upon  such  occasions,  and  a  liberal  smo- 
was  given  to  the  workmen.  This  new  pier 
will  exteiMl  155  yards  and  form  bne  of  the 
most  complete  basons,  and  safe  places  of  shel- 
ter in  the  principahty. 

New  Road.-^Lord  Bulkelcnr  has  liberally 
caused  a  fine  coach-road  to  be  made  on  tha 
edge  of  the  «ea»  from  the  Anglesea  side  of 
Bangor  ferry,  to  Beaumaris,  an  extent  of 
more  than  four  miles,  at  his  owu  expense. 

C>f|fifror.— Last  month,  in  the  parish  of 
Ruabon,  Denbighshire,  ^died  at  an  advanced 
age,  John  Roberts,  better  known  by  the  ap^ 
pellation  of  Moch  y  Nant,  or  Pig  o/*  the 
Brqok,  Moohy  was  conjuror  and  fortune- id- 
ler to  a  great  pan  of  the  principality ;  and  Iiis 
fiune  extended  far  into  Cheshire  and  Shrop* 
shire.  He  professed  to  have  attained  hi| 
science  in  £gypt>  though  he  was  scarcely  ever 
beyond  his  parish'  bounds.  He  was  conti* 
nually  resorted  to  for  the  recovery  of  strayed 
linen,  poultry,  hatchet?,  and  a$8» :  even  his 
name  served  to  make  rogues  ob.^erve  the  rules 
of  honesty.  When  he  could  not  mark  out 
infallibly  the  offender,  he  still  was  able  to 
afflict  bun  with  any  infirmity  or  disease  the 
injured  party  should  like;  Agues,  Rheu- 
matism, and  St.  Vitus's  Dance,  were  eotire- 
H'  at  his  command,  and  dealed  out  by  him  in 
tne  most  liberal  manner.  In  fortune-telling 
he  no  less  excelled  :  no  swain  or  maiden  eve^ 
applied  in  vain ;  he  could  not  only  creata 
love  in  the  human  breast,  but  also  chill  it 
with  aversion  and  disdain.  For  these  pur- 
poses he  gave,  or  rather  sold  charms,  cop'  ^ed 
m  dark  and  hieroglyphic  characters,  which 
were  also  in  much  rt  quest  to  ensure  success 
in  any  enterprise — a  hat  race,  or  a  cock  fight. 
Such  was  the  Pig  of  the  Brook  j  rogues  will 
rejoice  in  hb  deatn,  whilst  the  crcduU>us  and 
superstitious  will  lament  until  his  place  is 
Supplied  with  some  one  equally  gifted  and 
imposing.. 

Scotland. 
Perth  NavigabU  Canal.  Applicatioa  is  in* 

Y 


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Olservanda  interna, — 


tended  to  be  made  to  parliament  in  the  en- 
8  lin^  session,  for  le.ive  to  bring  in  a  bill  for 
n:a  vmg  and  maintaining  a  navigable  cut,  or 
canal,  from  the  river  Tay,  to  Lock  Earl,  in 
the  county  of  Perth. 

Tunnel. — ^A  work,  in  the  highest  degree 
curious  and  impcrtant,  is  now  in  contempla- 
tion for  the  improvement  of  Scotland.  It  is 
a  tunnel,  or  subterraneous  comnjuniratlon 
tinder  the  Frith  of  Forth,  to  be  formed  at  a 
.  litlle  distance  from  Qutensferry.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  begin  this  work  immediately  oppo- 
wte  Kosyth  Castle,  on  the  nortli  side  of  the 
Forth.  The  distance  between  shore  and  shore 
IS  two  miles,  or  about  1,800  thorns,  The 
capital  required  will  be  about  j^l  60,000  and 
the  work  will  require  about  fi[)ur  years  to 
execute. 


-/ 


IShE   QF  MAN. 


A  remarkably  lame  herring  was  lately  taken 
by  a  Manx  boat.  It  measured  l64  inches  in 
kngth,  9  inches  round  the  body,  and  weighed 
1  lb.  2i  ozs. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the  manufactories 
in  the  Isle  of  Man,  are  in  a  progressive  stale 
of  improvement,  as  different  mills  have  lately 
been  erected  for  spinning;  by  water  and  ma- 
chinery, both  in  the  linen  and  woollen 
I>ranches.  Among  the  former  we  have  to  no- 
tice two  new  mills  lately  erected  (about  two 
miles  from  Douglas)  byMessw.  Edward  and 
James  Moore,  one  for  spinning  flax  and  tow, 
by  maclunerT>  upon  th^principle  of  what  is 
called  the  Ideals  plan ;  and  the  other  as  a  ge- 
owral  bleaching  mill.  These  concerns  gpt  to 
work  last  week,  and  from  the  number  of  peo- 
p\e  employed  in  the  different  branches  of  this 
tnanufactory,  it  cannot  fail  of  proving  of  jna^ 
tcrial  advantage  to  the  Island. 

X        -y  IRELAND. 

JLxportation  of  Cattle  from  the  Port  of  Do^ 

,nagkadeefor  one  Yeqr,  ending  5th  Janua^ 

ry,  180(). 
Horses     .    3000        Oxen     .     3,600 

Upon  a  moderate  calculation,  the 
borses  will  average  £,2b  each,  which 
^ould  amount  to      -    -    -     -     -     jff75,000 

The  oxen  at  jglO  each  -    -    -        86,000 

Total    -    j€i6i,000 


Linen  Trade, — As  every  thing  which  pro- 
motes the  increase  or  improvement  of  the  li- 
nen manufacture  must  be  interesting  to  the 
public,  we  beg  leave  to  comnmnicatc  the  fol- 
lowing information.  We  have  also  reason  to 
belicie  that  the  general  prosperity  of  Ireland 
is  inakiog  ^  sure  and  steady  proj^ress  ^  and  we 


Isle  of  Man.    Ireland.  f644 

doubt  not  but  in  time  the  advantage  of  unre- 
strained intercourse  between  the  two  island* 
will  manifest  themselves  totlie  incakukble 
advantages  of  both. 

It  has  lonp:  been  observed  >vith  concern  by 
the  friends  of  the  linen  trade,  that  the  coarsfe 
"branch,  which  fonns  a  very  considerable  part 
of  it,  has  been  regularly  clcclihingj  owing 
principally  to  the  inferiority  of  the  fabric, 
when  compared  with  the  Russian,  English, 
and  Scotch  linens,  and  as  this  inferiority  waa 
occasioned  by  the  badness  of  our  coftise'}-am, 
it  was  evident,  that  the  only  measure  which 
could  be  adopted  to  rescue  it  from  impending 
ruin,  would  be  the  introduction  of  machine 
for  spinning  flax.  Under  this  impression, 
thataistinguished  friend  to  his  countiy,  John 
Foster,  whose  attention  has  ever  been  alive  to 
the  improvement  of  our  staple  manufacture, 
has  exerted  himself  in  promoting  grants  from 
the  Linen  Board  for  the  encouragement  of 
those  machines.  Thi«  has  had  so  good 
an  effect,  that  several  of  them  are  already 
erected,  and  there  is  now  a  prospect  of  their 
bring,  established  extensively  in  varicfus  pait» 
of  the  kingdom. 

As  the  superior  quality  of  yarn  spun  by 
those  machines  must  sive  it  a  decidea  prefe- 
rence to  that  spun  by  the  hand,  and  tlie  great 
quantity  likely  to  be  produced  by  them  niay 
eventually  interfere  with  the  employment  of 
fepiales,  J.  Foster  has  wisely  guardetl  against 
that  inconvenience,  by  granting  looms  to 
such  females  as  have  beei)  weaving  last  j^ear, 
and  thereby  holding  out  a  strong  inducement 
to  others  to  follow  their  example.  This  mea-r ' 
sure  has  met  with  the  approoatipn  of  eveiy 
intelligent  person  in  the  trade,  frop  tlie  per* 
suasion  that  it  will  be  attended  with  the  oest 
consequences.  The  female  who  exchanm 
her  usual  e(i\ployment  at  the  wheel,  for  ue 
more  laborious,  but  more  profitable  one  of 
weaving,  will  be  gratified  by  this  valuable 
re%\ard  of  her  industry,  and  a  spirit  of  emu- 
lation  excited  among  the  sex.  It  is  a  ivdl 
known  fact,  that  the  earnings  of  a  spinner 
of  coarse  yarn,  seldom,  ifevpr,  exceeded  4d. 
a  day,  and  it  is  equally  well  ascertained,  th^t 
an  active  young  wpman  can,  at  the  loom, 
earn  from  l6d.  to  2s. ;  the  exchange,  there^ 
fore,  must  be  greatly  to  their  advantage. 
Much  praise  is  due  to  the  Linen  Boafd^for 
their  continued  exertions  in  favour  of  our 
staple  manufacture.  There  are  upwards  of 
1200  claimants  for  these  p'remiimis,  which 
proves  that  the  manufaciiiiers  are  convinced 
of  the  necessity  of  changin;^  the  employ mei^t 
of  their  females,  and  that  thtt  measure,  as  it 
wa§  taken  up  by  the  Linen  Board,  was  high- 
ly expedient.  Several  hundred  looms  havj 
already  been  made  and  distributed  under  tli< 
superinte^dance  of  the  lo^pector-Cencral,    * 


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InUnd  Navigatwn.^-We  are  happy  to  sec 
it  announced  by  advertisement  from  the  Di- 
rectors-General of  Inland  navigation,  that  the 
great  difficulty  upon  the  navigation  between 
Limerick  and  Killaloe,  the  making  a  cut 
through  the  rock  at  Ponteen,  has  been  over- 
come, and  it  is  now  opened  for  trade. 

Three  vessels  with  heavy  cargoes  from  Dub- 
lin, were  towed  through  it  by  horses  to  Lime- 
tick,  an  earnest  of  the  advantages  to  be  ex- 
pected from  such  a  communication  between 
the  two  cities.  The  counties  of  Galway, 
Clare,  and  Tipperary,  will  speedily  profit  by 
this  navigation,  and  when  the  grand  Canal 
Company  shall  have  fulfilled  their  contract 
with  the  Directors-General  for  the  navigation 
from  Athlone  to  Portumna,  which  they  are 
forwarding  with  great  spirit,  a  capital  naviga- 
tion will  be  opened  by  the  Shannon,  from 
Lanesborough  to  Limerick,  a  tract  of  about 
80  Irish  miles,  immediately  communicating 
with  the  counties  of  Roscommon,  Longford, 
Wcstmeath,  Kings  County,  Galway,  Tippe- 
taiy,  Clare,  aini  Limerick,  and  from  Shan- 
non harbour,  near  Banagher,  with  Dubhn 
by  the  Grand  Canal.  We  learn  further  with 
^reat  satisfaction,  that  the  Royal  Canal  Com- 
pany have  carriwi  their  works  to  MuUingar, 
from  whence  to  Dublin,  their  whole  line  will 
soon  be  opened. 

They  are  also  rapidly  advancing  the  con- 
struction of  an  aqueduct  and  harbour  at  the 
Broad-stone,  and  a  communication  with  the 
tide-water  at  the  Liffey. 

We  learn  with  equal  satisfaction,  that  the 
iforks  for  the  navisation  of  the  Barrow,  are 
advancing  with  no  less  prospect  of  success. 
,  When  that  shall  be  completed  a  navigation 
will  be  opened,  communicating  with  Dublin 
by  the  Grand  Canal,  with  Athy,  Carlow, 
and  Ross,  upon  the  Barrow  ^  with  Inisho^c 
and  Thomas- town,  upon  the  Norcj  and  with 
Waterford,  Carrick,  and  Ck)iunel,  upon  the 
Sioir. 

A  junction  of  the  Royal  Canal  with  the 
Shannon,  and  the  completing  the  navigation 
Qf  that  great  river  fjfom  linesborough  to 
Louah  AUai),  are  still  wanting,  and  we  do 
not  doubt  wijl  be  considered  with  just  atten- 
tion. 
-^-  Aqueduct, -^The  Company  of  Undertakert 
,  of  the  Royal  Canal  Company,  have  so  far 
proceeded  m  the  work  of  the  aqueduct  which 
18  to  cross  the  Glassnevin  Road,  near  their 
harbour  at  the  Broad-stone,  as  to  be  iieariy 
ready  to  strike  the  supporters  of  the  centre 
arch,  which  crosses  the  road,  and  through 
which  the  carriages  are  to  pass. 

This  arch  is  30  feet  span,  by  17  feet  hig;h  ; 
there  are  two  minor  arches,  one  at  each  side 
of  the  centre,  13  feet  high,  by  7  feet  span, 
intended  for  foot  passengers. 

Pyec  tbac  arches  is  t(}  be  9n  ioverted  arch. 


Olservanda  interna.-^ Ireland,  \P^^ 

through  which  tlic  water  is  to  convey  the  dif* 
ferent  boats  into  the  great  reservoir  or  bason, 
which  has  been  sunk  between  that  spot  and 
the  building  of  the  House  of  Industry.        . 

The  whole  of  this  extensive  and  useful  im- 
provement will  be  completed  by  the  ensuing 
month  of  March. 

Affticulture.^A  public  lecture  on  agricul- 
ture is  delivered  twice  a  week  in  Dublin,  \m- 
der  the -patronage  of  his  Excellency  the  Lord 
Lieutenant,  and  something  of  a  similar  kind, 
is  said  to  be  in  contemplation  in  the  principal 
tpwns  of  Ireland. 

/^New  Silver  3fi«p.— About  three  months 
sincie,  a  man  employed  as  a  herd  on  the  lands 
of  Shank-hill,  picked  up  what  seemed  to 
him  a  small  stone  or  pebble,  the  external  ap- 
pearance of  which  afforded  no  reason  to  sup- 
pose that  it  had  any  value ;  but  from  the  un- 
common weight,  compared  with  its  size;  the.- 
man  was  induced  to  bring  it  home,  and  it 
remain^  in  his  possession  imtil  the  begiiming 
of  this  month,  when  being  accidentally  shewn 
to  a  miner,  and  its  vdlxie  ascertained,  a  mi- 
nute search  was  made,  and  this  hidden  source 
of  wealth  explored  and  brought  to  view. 
The  richness  oi  the  mine,  and  the  extent  and 
depth  of  the  vein,  promise  to  make  ample 
amends  for  the  labour  and  ex  pence  of  work- 
ing it ;  as  from  an  analysis  made  by  several 
eminent  chemists  and  mineralogists,  the  na- 
tural rude  and  unwrought,  material  is  calcu- 
to  be  worth  upwards  of  twenty-two  pounds 
per  ton.  The  mine  is  now  in  a  forwaid  state 
of  working;  and  being  considered  a  matter  of 
national  importance,  it  is  sincerely  to  be. 
hoped  the  proprietor's  exertions  may  be  en- 
couraged and  patronised  by  the  well-wishers 
to  the  prosperity  of  Ireland  j  this  mine  will 
also  afford  permanent  employment  to  a  num- 
ber of  poor  but  industrious  nidividuals  in  that 
neighbourhood,  who  are  now  without  any 
means  of  aconifortable  subsistence. 

Lead  Mine. — A  lead  mine  has  been  dis- 
co\'ered  recently  on  the  lands  of  Ballycoris, 
in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  the  property  of 
Mr.  Williams.  ITie  ore  has  undergone  the 
necessary  trials,  and  b  expected  to  prove  a 
very  valuable  discovery  to  tlie  proprietor. 

"'-  Longevity. — Thon^as  Beatty  of  Drumcori- 
dia  ni^r  Dubliq,  has  nearly  compleated  his 
1 02d ,  year.  He  walks  as  upri^  t  as  most  men 
in  the  prime  of  life,  artel  has  not  lost  a  tooth. 
His  eldest  surviving  son  is  73  years  of  age, 
and.  his  young^t  not  quite  two  yoar^  oli.  t  as 
wife  is  pregnant  at  this  time.  This  surprising 
veteran  ws^s  origtiially  a  v*reaver,  but  has  ge- 
nerally worked  as  a  girdcner,  in  which  cana-  , 
city  he  daily  attends  the  Dublin  market.  He 
told  a  gentleman  who  cc^versed  with  hun 
last  week»  that  one  of  his  uees  tliis  sc^ason. 

1  had  produced  1600  applqi. 


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Diierary  ProspecHve.^^Greai'-BrUain. 


[0M 


LITERARY  PROSPECTIVF. 

GREAT-BRITAIN. 

Mr.  C.  Wilkinson  has  in  the  press  a  trans- 
latiDn  of  t)r.  Reine^*s  description  of  Cauca- 
sus, with  Marshal  Bieberstem's  account  of 
^  Countries  on  the  Caspian  between  the  ri- 
vers Terek  and  Kurr,  including  the  Mareha]*8 
catalogue  of  scarce  plants.  In  two  vols,  ac- 
companied with  a  map,  and  three  plates. 

Mr.  Dunne,  formerly  sur^geon  of  the  auxi- 
liary British  cavalry  in  Portugal,  proposes  to 
publish,  in  one  volume  octavo,  "  the  Chi- 
rur^cal  Candidate,  or  reflections  on  the  Edu- 
cation indispensable  to  complete  the  Military 
Suraeon  or  Private  Practitioner.**  This  work 
will  be  ser\'iceable  to  voung  practitioners  ia 
lu>t  climates,  particularly  the  West-Iiidies. 

Mr.  Cracknell  is  printing  his  sermon  in  &* 
vourof  Academical  Institutions. 

In  the  press,  die  second  edition  of  the  A^ 
of  Frivolity,  and  of  Mr.  Buck's  Treatise  on 
Experience. 

We  understand  that  the  Rev.  6.  Brunr* 
jn^tk  is  adding  to  his  gntmmar  a  vocabulary 
of  such  words  as  are  most  useful  to  a  traveller 
in  a  foreign  country.  The  same  Gentleman 
is  about  sending  to  press  his  translation  of  Dr. 
Odmans  Essays  on  Varbus  Subjects. 

The  second  volume  of  Oriental  Customs, 
by  the  Rev.  S.  Burder  of  St.  Albans,  is  now 
fiftished  at  the  press  and  wiU  be  puMislKd  im- 
mediately. A  new  edition  of  tae  former  vo- 
lume will  be  ready  for  delivery  in  a  few 
weeks.  The  work  is  now  printed  in  royal 
and  d«^y  octavo. 

M.  Girot,  author  of  Le  Moraliate  de  h 
Jeunessc,  has  an  interesting  -wctrk  in  the  press 
ithich  win  be  useful  to  persons  of  every  age 
and  ooxKlition,  entitled.  La  Morale  des  An- 
ciens,  ou  Pens^,  Maximcf,  tir^ds  de  Zo- 
rittstre,  Confucius,  Solon,  Pythagore,  So- 
crutes,  Platon,  Aristote,  Cic^ron>  SeoH^ue, 
Epictete,  Plutarque,  Marc-Aurcle,  et  autfes 
auteurs  c^ebres  ae  I'antiquit^  3  avec  des  no- 
tices. 

The  prospectus  of  a  new  periodical  work 
has  jusi  been  circulated,  entitled.  Records  of 
Literatures  it  is  intended  to  present  a  general 
Statcmetu  of  the  progress  of  knowledge  in  all 
its  dej>artm'JOts ;  by  giving 

1 .  Correct  information  relative  to  the  pro- 
posed object,  size,  and  price  of  all  works  an- 
nounced at  home  or  abroad. 

2.  On  publication,  a  succinct  account  of 
their  contents  wMl  be  offered  in  regular  oourw, 
with  abstracts  or  extracts. 

3.  It  will  record  the  prises  proposed  or 
distributed  by  learned  societies,  more  parti* 
cularly  when  they  relate  to  literauire. 

I  5.  A  brief  necrology  will  inform  the  repub* 
lie  of  letters  of  its  losses,  as  sustair>ed  iu  the 
^eoease  of  M  more  iU^dUiouf  member. 


It  will,  in  fact,  form  an  index  to  the  lite^ 
rature  of  the  world. 

Mr.  Weber  has  in  the  press  the  second 
volume  of  his  interesting  Memoirs  of  the 
late  Queen  of  France^  it  will  appear  io  the 
course  of  January. 

Considerably  advanced  at  the  piess,  ancl 
soon  will  be  published— A ntl*Miseria,  die 
Pleasures  of  Human  Life,  investigated,  elu<-^ 
cidated,  and  promulgated,  philosc^hicaliv,  sa« 
tirically,  ana  luminously,  consisting  of'a  do- 
zen disisertations  on  male,  female,  and  neater 
pleasures,  by  Hilaris  Benevolus  and  Co.. 
inembers  of  the  ''  Literarium  Lusorium  Loa- 
dinense.'* 

Mr.  Pratt  is  putting  to  press  a  new  and 
much  improved  edition  (being  the  tenth)  of 
Symapathy,  a  poem,  with  very  beautiful  en« 
gravings  after  the  drawings  of  the  most  emi* 
nent  masters,  which,  'with  hb  poem  of  Cot* 
ta^  Pictures,  decorated  in  the  like  manncTa 
will  form  an  eleeant  pocket  v(^ume. 

The  same  aumor  has  in  preparatioa  a  looft 
promised  work  of  the  novel  kind,  called 
Great  and  Little  Folks,  which  Wll  nuke 
its  appearance  in  the  course  of  the  present 
winter. 

Mr.  William  HoUoway,  author  of  the 
Scenes  of  Youth,  &c.,  is  about  to  publish  a 
new  edition,  being  the  third,  of  the  Peasants 
Fate,  with  very  considerable  additions  and 
improvements. 

The  late  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph  had  just  be* 
fore  his  death,  prepared  a  volume  of  Sermons 
for  publication,  which  will  appear  in  the 
course  of  the  winter. 

A  new  edition  of  Brydone's  Tonr  throu^ 
Sicily  and  Malta,  will  soon  be  publbhed. 

In  the  press,  a  new  edition  of  Solitude 
sweetened,  or  Miscellaneous  Meditations  on 
various  religious  subjects,  written  ih  <fiAant 
parts  of  the  world,  by  Dr.  James  Metkle< 

Volume  5th  and  last  of  the  whole  works 
of  Aidnbishop  Leigbton  (Ode^ser^ived  ca- 
tion) is  in  the  press,  and  will  shortly  .be  pub* 
lished. 

A  Walk  round  the  Walls  aiid  City  of 
Chester,  is  on  the  eve  of  prablication  br 
Messrs.  Broster  and  Son  of  that  citv.^I\  is 
printed  on  a  very  good  paper,  and  iHus'tratod 
with  nine  well  execut^  wood  cuts  of  die 
ancient  and  modem  buildings,  by  Lea,  Nes- 
bitt,  BxAe,  &o.  This  work  will  form  a 
pleasing  companion  kdA  assistaiift  to  the  insea* 
tigatin^  stranger — a  work  of  seferenoe  to  the 
antiquities,  customs,  fipc.  of  that  ancient  city, 
to  the  lesideat-^-and  of  convenience  to  the 
traveller,  as  a  book  ot  roads  to  Ix>ndon,  H<^«< 
head,  &c.  is  annexed:  at  the  end  ofeadi 
road  is  the  Hst  of  coaches,  &res,  tinea  of 
leaving  Ike.  A  few  copies  will  be  printed  on 
extra  large  royal  paper. — Wt  ^lall  ffeeur  to 
thb  article  when  it  b  publbhed. 

Mr.  John  Bsoster^  nas  abo  ooBODenoed^Q 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


^g]  LUerarg  Seirospeet. 

fllustira^'uMi  of  the  rare  edition  of  King's  Vale 
Royal  of  Endand,  or  History  of  Cheshire. 
He  has  alreaidy  procured  every  engraTins  of 
viewsy  portraits,  antiquities^  &c.  which  is 
extant,  of  course  including  many  very  rare, 
which  are  unifornily  inlaid  in  royal  drawing 
paper.  The  biographical  sketdies  and  pedi- 
grees of  each  £unily  in  this  county  Palatine> 
will  be  illuminated  vriih  the  arms  and  names 
executed  in  a  superior  style  }  the  drawing  by 
au>pioved  artists,  and  the  decoratins  titles  for 
uie  four  vohjmes,  contain  the  title  of  the 
book,  with  the  arms  of  the  earls,  Imuxmis, 
ecclesiastics  and  gentry  of  the  countv,  in  the 
windows  of  the  four  great  wings  of  the  cathe- 
drsA,  to  represent  pamted  ^ass ;  in  short  no 
labour  or  expense  will  be  spared  to  render  this 
unique  work  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  first 
cabinet  in  England. 

The  same  gendeman  has  also  in  hand  the 
iUustiation  of  Basket's  magnificent  folio  Bible, 
for  which  he  has  procured  the  plates  to  Sckeu- 
ter^i  Phynea  Sacra,  and  numerous  other 
plates,  amounting  to  abqye  one  thousand  en* 
gravingB  by  the  first  artists,  curiously  mlaid 
m  imperial  folio  drawing  paper,  formmg  four 
Urae  volumes,  bound  m  blue  turkey,  gilt 
ed^.  These  works  will  be  finished  for  sale 
early  in  1807. 

The  Rev.  W.  Hazlitt,  A.  M.  has  issued 
proposak  for  publishing  by  subscription.  Fifty 
two  Sermons,  for  the  use  of  families ;  to 
form  two  volumes  8vo. 

The  second  part  of  Dr.  Motherbv's  Medi- 
cal  Dictionary  will  appeaur  in  a  few  days. 

The  Rev.  James  Hall,  A.  M.  has  in  the 
press.  Travels  in  Scotland  by  an  unusual 
route,  with  a.  trip  to  the  Orkneys  ai}d  He- 
brides ;  containing  hints  for  commercial  and 
agricultural'improvements,  with  characters  and 
anecdotes.  It  will  be  printed  in  royal  octavo, 
and  be  embellished  by  more  than  twenty 
plates. 

The  friends  of  Mrs.  Chapone  are  preparing 
a  volume  of  lettenand  other  wriUng>»  of  that 
kdy.  hitherto  unpublished  5  with  an  account 
of  lir  life  and  character,  incontradicuon  to 
mne  iiyurious  statements  Utely  printed. 

Bfo«rfl|»Ay.—MemoirsandLetter8  of  Marshal 
de  TtBsi,  containing  anecdotes  and  unknown 
historical  fecu  lelating  to  ^«  »««^^^^;' 
XIV  and  XV,  are  expected  to  be  shortly 
published  at  Paris,  in  two  vohimcs  8vo.  1  Ifr. 
60  c.  common  paper,'  «Ofr.  ^  c.  find  paper. 

•  (M Anoiies  et  l!ctu«  du  Marshal  de  Tess^O 

CM/Knie.— M.  BaUhatar  Solvjns  intends 
io  publish  in  4  folio  volbmes,  a  description 
of  Sie  Hindoos,  their  ««««««' ,^^"^' 
ceremonies,  &c.,  represented  on  252  plates, 

•  drawn  from  nature  in  Hindooitsm,  ^^^V^' 
Died  with  a  oonbise  dCCO«mt  m  FreuCH,  im- 

•  fiiih,  odGennaa 


,— i^nwriw.— Fhrnftf. 


[«SD 


LITERARY  RETROSPECT. 

AMBftlCA. 

Biography. 
Dr.  West  has  publfched,  at  Hartford, 
Sketches  of  the  Life  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hop- 
kins. This  work  is  accompanied  by  mai]^- 
nal  notes,  extracted  from  the  author's  privato 
diary. 

Theology, 

Eliphat  Pearson,  LL.D.  Hancock  Profes-' 
sor  of  Hebrew,  has  pronounced  and  published 
a  Public  Lecture,  occasioned  by  the  death  of 
the  Rev.  J.  Millard,  S.T.D.  LLiD.  Presi- 
dent of  the  University  in  Cambridge. 

FRAVCB. 

Education. 
M.  Btdault  has  published  a  Billiothifut 
universelle  des  Dames,  2  vol.  price  18  francs. 
They. contain,  1.  a  Grammar;  2.  a  Treatise 
on  Orthograj^y;  3.  on  Pronunciation;  4. 
on  Versification. 

History, 

M,  J.  J.  M.  Blondel,  barrister,  has  pub- 
lished the  fourth  volume  of  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Parliament  of  Paris.  Whether  this  work 
be  considered  as  appertaining  to  ledslation,  or 
to  history,  it  must  be  df  great  value  to  the 
student  of  either  science :  to  the  former,  it 
offers  the  discussions  which  took  place  on 
passing  or  enr^stering  the  various  public 
acts  presented  for  its  approbation:  whUc  the 
historiaii  will  form  some  idea  of  the  siiuation 
of  the  kingdom,  by  considering  thetebqrof 
the  different  solemn  decrees  which  were  cdl- 
ed  for  by  periods  of  national  danger  and  emer- 
gency.— Cif/moir#f  du  Parleme/U  de  Pomv 
dfr.  50c.  per  vol.) 

1^.  D has  published  a  work  on  His- 
tory, entitled,  Le  Guide  de  PHistoirc.  It  is 
adopted  in  the  libraries  of  the  Lyceums  in- 
France.  It  consists  of  a  selection  of  treatises 
on  this  science,  or  subjects  connected  with 
it,  by  authors  of  acknowledged  merit. 

Hydraulics, 

M.  Joseph  Baader,  chief  engineer  of  hy-* 
draulics>  mines  and  salt-works  of  his  Bava- 
rian Mj^estv,  has  published  a  project  of  a 
new  hydraunc  machine,  intended  to  super* 
sede  the  former  machine  at  Marly,  with  an 
account  of  a  method  for  supplying  the  town 
and  ganlens  of  Versailles  with  water,  without 
applying  the  moving  force  of  the  river. 
This  memoir  was  submitted  to  the  class  of 
natural  sctenoe  and  mathematics  of  thfi  i^isu- 
tute;  MM.  Monge,  Coulomb,  and  Proney 
weieieputedto  report  on  it,  «vho  stated  aa 
heir  oplmoo*  that  it  merited  th«  coaunead^ 


Digitized 


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lAlerary  ^troipectj-^FranC^.-^demCany. 


«1] 

dSLtion  of  the  class,  and  that  he  should  b« 
desired  to  publish  his  memoir  and  his  designs. 
The  report  was  confirmed  by  the  class  at  its 
sitting  of  the  igih  June/  1806.  (Pmjet 
ctuHe  nouvelle  Alu.hine  hydrauiique,  pour 
remplaccr  tanciaine  Machine  de  Marly,  ^c. 
4to,  2  large  plates,  price  3  fr.) 

Mineralogy, 

M.  J.  P.  Graffenauer  has  ptiblishcd,  at 
Sirasboure,  an  Economico-lechnical  Account 
of  the  Mineralogy  Of  the  ci-devant  province 
of  Alsace.  The  plan  laid  down  bv  th^  au- 
thor is,  1.  to  notice  the  essentiaf,  natural, 
and  chemical  characters  of  each  substance ; 
£.  to  offer  an  account  of  the  veins  and  strata 
of  the  minerals )  3.  to  detail  the  labours  of 
the  workmen,  the  mode  of  operation,  and 
the  produce  ;  4.  to  specify  the  different  uses 
to  which  these. articles  are  applied.  It  forms 
1  vol.  8vo.  and  is  illustrated  by  a'  mineralo- 
'gical  map  of  Alsace,  price  6  fr. 

Poetry, 

M.  Hennet  has  published,  at  Paris,  a 
work  on  English  Poetry,-  in  3  volumes.  The 
first  volume  explains  those  rules  which  are 
peculiar  to  English  poetry  ;  the  second  vo- 
lume is  devoted  to  the  poets  then^selves ;  and 
in  the  third  the  author  gives  specimens  of  his 
poetical  abilities,  by  translating  into  French 
the  most  esteemed  poems,  or  extracts  from 
them'.  (Poctique  Anglaite,  3  vol.  price  18 
francsO 

Topography, 

The  author  of  the  French  Abridgement  of 
Cruthrie  has  composed  and  published  a  work, 
which  will  bo  found  very  useful  to  all  persons 
who  may  have  occasion  to  travel^  in  France, 
ivhether '  induced  thereto  by  curiosity,  busi- 
ness, pleasure,  or  health.  It  is  an  Itinerary 
of  the  French  Empire,  and  contains.  1.  in- 
structions for  travelling  in  the  one  hundred 
and  ten  departments  of  that  country ;  foreign 
.  weights,  measures,  and  money  com))ared  with 
the  French  j  a  list  of  the  diligences,  their 
fares,  and  times  of  departure  from  and  arrival 
at  the  variou»i  towns ;  the  expense  of  travel- 
ling. 2.  The  post-stations  and  relays  on  the 
roost  frequented  roads.  3.  Descnption  of 
«\6ry  remarkable  object  which  may  attract 
or  reward  the  traveller's  attention  j  new  roads, 
and  new  canals,  both  completed  and  pro- 
jected. 

Travels. 

Dr.  Moore*s  Travels  in  France/  Swhiser- 
layd,  and  Germany,  have  been  translated 
into  French  by  a  Lady,  and  published  by  M. 
Pcrlct.  It  lias  experienced  a  favourable  re- 
ception from  the  critics,  (foyage  dc  John 
Moore  en  France,  en  Suisic,  ef  en  Alle- 
frtaguc,  t^  vol.  8V0.   10  ir.) 


iGM, 


oKtiMAinr.  ^ 

Agriculture, 

At  Vienna  has  been  published,  by  MM. 
Rozier,  Panncntier,  Lastcjrie,  and  Dcta- 
lauze,  a  theoretical  and  praaical  Essay  on  the 
CultKation  of  Corn  and  the  Art  of  Bread 
making  ;  translated  from  the  French-  (A^y* 
handlufig  iiber  die  Cultur,  Svo.  2  Tok.  1^ 
plates.) 

Fitie  Arts, 

M-  F-  Bourterwerk  has  published,  at  Leip^ 
sic,  a  work  in  tilled  Essays  on  the  Fine  ArtB  j 
vol.  1  contains  an  essay  on  the  theory  of  the 
beautifiii  in  nature  ana  in  the  arts  {  vol.  S, 
the  theory  of  tlie  fine  arts. 
Astronomy, 

The  numbers  of  Monathliche  Correspam'- 
denz.  Geographical  and  Astronomical  Cor- 
respondence, lor  February,  March,  and  Aj>- 
ril,  180(5,  contain  the  following  articles,  1. 
continuation  of  the  astronomical  observatrans 
made  during  a  journey  in  the  South  of  France 
in  1804,  and  1805,  by  the  editor.  «•  Obser- 
vations on  the  projection  of  Bonne's  maps,  by 
Molweide.  3.  Continuation  of  remarks  on 
the  newly  discovered  planets  Ceres,  Pkllas* 
Jimo.  4.  Observations  on'  two  comets,  dis- 
covered at  the  observatory  at  Marseilles,  in 
1805,  by  Thulis.  5.  Eclipse  of  the  mooo, 
4th  Jan.  1806,  observed  at  Eisenberg.  6. 
On  tjie  diminution  of  the  Baldc  and  augmen- 
tation of  the  Adriatic  Seas.  7.  On  the  ex- 
tent of  a  degree,  as  measured  in  Sweden.  8. 
On  Capt.  Sarytchew's  Voyage  on  the  Frozen 
Sea.  9.  2I  letter  from  M.  Grenus,  at  Ge- 
neva, concemiug  the  observations  of  M. 
Svanbere  on  the  measurement  of  a  degree  by 
La  Condamine  in  Peru. — ^M.  Zack  is  me  edi- 
tor of  this  work. 

Bibliography. 

M.  Halle  has  published  the  following  work 
on  tlie  state  of  the  Jews  and  Jewish^  litera- 
ture in  China.---Ignatii  Kaeglcri.  S.  J.  P^kini 
mathcmatici  tribunalis  pncsidiis  mandarini 
secundi  ordinis,  etc.  Notitiae  SS.  Biblio- 
rum  Judseorum  in  vjmperio  Stneosi  editio 
altera  auctior.  Seriem  chronol^am  atqua 
diatriben  de  sinicis  S.  iS.  bibliorum  versiom* 
bus  addidit  C.  Th  dc  ]Vf urr.  Svo.  pp.  83. 
with  a  plate.  This  is  a  re(?rint  with  several 
additions  of  a  iiiemoir  inserted  m  tlie  7th 
and  gth  volumes  of  the  Journal  of  Historv,  of 
Arts  and  of  Literature. 

Botany^ 

Thdhst  number  of  an  herbal  containing 
the  plants  themselves  properly  prepared,  and 
fixed  on  pasteboard,  has  been  published  at 
Salzbourg,  by  P.  Pteiss:  JtconsUt*  of  a 
collection  of  the  toots  rf  poisonous  planu 
(Sammlung  der  wurzein,  etc.  4rxd.  8gr.) 

Dillwyn's  Synopsis  of  ^i^  Conf«rv«  has 
been  translated  and  published  by  MM,  f, 
Leber  and  H.  Mohr;  and  publ^bful  at  Got- 
tmgen.    '(Gr^lrittaMcnt    ftrnfctum.  Sto. 


Digitized 


by  Google 


-633^ 


Literary  RetTospict. — Germany. — Hungary. 


(054 


^f .  G.  Londcs  has  published  a  systematic 
Catalogue  of  Plants  growing  spontaneously 
in  the  Environs  of  Gottingen ;  it  contains 
•the  phono^^amea,  according  to  the  first  23 
classes  of  Lmneus  f  FrrgefcAwm  derwildwach- 
$cndcn  Pflamen.  Gottingen.  8  gr.  p.) 
Natural  Hisiory. 

M.  Walthcr,  bookseller  at  Eriangen,  has 
published,  Geoigii  Augusti  Goldfuss»  doc- 
toris  mcdicinse  et  chirurgis,  enumeratio  in- 
tectorum  eleutheratorum  Capetis  Boni  Spei  to- 
tiosque  Afrioe^  descriptione  iconibusque  non- 
nullarum  specierum  novarum  illustrata,  cum 
tabula  9enea.  The  author  was  sent  by  his 
majesty  the  King  of  Prussia  to  collect  Natu- 
ral produciions  at  the  Cape  ^  Good  Hope, 
and  we  may  reasonably  expect  many  valuable 
additions  to  the  science  of  Natural  History. 

MM.  J.  Wolf  and  B.  Meyet  ha\*e  publish- 
ed at  Nuremberg,  No  1  to  9  of  the  I^atural 
History  of  German  Birds,  described  and  de- 
siffned  from  Nature.  The  first  two  numbers 
of  thidwbrk  were  published  under  the  title  of 
the  «*  Birds  of  Franconia,"  but  as  the  editors 
do  not  now  eoufine  themselves  to  the  former 
narrow  geographical  boundaries,  they  have 
taken  a  more  extensive  scope  in  their  title. 

A  work  entitled  the  Fhalsensof  Europe 
designed  from  nature,  or  the  natural  history 
of  Oie  Bombjces  Nobiles,  drawn  and  pub^ 
lished  by  Louis  de  M  filler.  Is  commenced  at 
Breslaw.  N°  1.  contains:  1.  Bombpt 
Pudica :  2.  B.  Hebe :  3.  B.  Hera :  4.  B. 
Purpurea.  The  work  is  published  in  two 
cdiuons  1  folio :  of  this  40  copies  only  are 

Srinted  :  2.  A  quarto  edition  60  copies  only  : 
;  will  be  terminated   in  6  or  7  numbers. 
fAbbildufuten  Ewropmscher  Nachl*Schmet^ 
ierHnge:  K)Uo  6  rxd.  4to.  3  rxd.) 
Medicine. 

M.  L.  Storr,  has  published  Researches 
into  the  Nature  and  Treatment  of  Hypocon- 
driasis.  (Untersuchengcn  uher  den  Bcgrif 
Bvo.  StiUgard.  1  flor.  12  kr.) 

M.  H.  F.  Elsaesier,  has  published  at 
Stutgard,  an  Essay  on  Opesations  for  the 
Cateract.  (Ucher  die  operation  det  grauen 
Staart.  8vo.  24  kr.) 

M.  K.  Soemmering,  has  published  at 
Frankfort,  a  description  of  the  Organs  of 
UtiunngAbMldungen  des  menschlichen  Hocr^ 
organs :  folio>  5  plates  1 1  flor.) 

Af .  A.  Ehrhard,  has  published  a  magazine 
t>f  technical  and  legal  Medicine  and  medical 
Legislation.  It  contains:  1.  An  essay  on 
the  disorders  occasioned  by  dentition:  2. 
Observations  on  a  caries  of  the  under  jaw,  by 
M.  Merk  :  3.  On  the  efficacy  of  Dr.  Reich's 
febrifuge  medicine,  by  M.  Graber:  4.  On 
j^ysicians  by  the  same:  5.  On  the  bite  of  a 
Tiper  by  M.  Gcsner:  6.  On  a  dropsy  in  the 
hwn  by  the  same :  7-  History  of  an  ima- 
ginary disorder :  8.  Two  cases  of  Hydro- 
itpb^lw :  10.   Plaa  of  a  medical  oiguim- 


tion  :   11.    On  lying-in  establishments  :   12. 

On  Vaccination,   &c.      (Magazin  flkr  die 

2'echnische  Hcilkunde.  8t'o.  Stettin.  2  flor,) 

Miatellaniei. 

A  wcfrk  intended  for  the  amusement  and 
information  of  its  readers  has  been  com- 
menced at  Dantzic,  entitled  Miscellanies, 
relating  to  Man  and  Ic^  the  World.  Tlie  two 
Volumes  published;  contahi  accounts  of,  or 
essays  on  tne  following  subjects. — Vol.  1  z 
1 .  The  imion  of  Calmar  :  2.  The  istdnds'  in 
the  Gulf  of  Finland :  3.  The  Man  in  the 
iron  Mask. — ^Vol.  2  :  1.  Philip  Augustus, 
King  of  France :  2.  Charles  6  and  %  Kings 
of  trance:  3.  The  Hot  springs  and  Volca- 
noes of  Iceland  :  4.  Ivan  atxi  me  troubles  of 
Russia  in  I764. 

A  periodical  publication  has  been  com« 
meticcd  at  Leipzic,  by  M.  J.  A.  Bugh,  in* 
tended  to  eive  an  acconnt  of  every  particular 
worthy  ot  notice,  relating  to  India  5^  it  con- 
sists of  extracts  from  toyages  and  other 
works  of  a  similar  description,  from  which 
this  kind  of  information  may  be  derived*. 
Four  numbers  (making  one  volume  4to.  2d 
plates  pr.  6  rxd.)  are  tp  be  publbhed  in  a 
year.  Magazin  Uher  Asian,  vol.  1,N®  1, 
1  rxd.  12  gr.) 

A  selection  of  pieces  in  Poetry  and  Prose 
chiefly  from  various  periodical  worKs,  is  pub« 
ILshed  by  M.^  A.  K  Eschke.  (Kleine 
Schrijftcn,  8vo.  20gr.) 

Natural  PMlosopky. 

Mt  I.  T.  Maur  published  at  Gottingen  in 
1802,  a  work  on  tiie  elements  of  Experi- 
mental Natural  Philosophy;  he  has  lately 
reprinted  it,  with  considerable  additions, 
cotK^istina  of  the  discoveries  made  since  the 
period  oT  its  first  publication,  particubrly 
Galvanism.  ( AnjqngsgrutKde  dcr  Natur^. 
lehre,  8vo.  pp.  53(M 

Travels. 

Carr's  Travels  in  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Prussia,  have  been  translated  into  German> 
by  M.  Zimmermann,  and  published  at 
Rudolstadt,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  Tlie  same  author 
has  transited  the  work  entitled,  Paris  as  it 
Was,  and  as  it  Is. 

HTOGART.  . 

l^fiscellanies.     ■ 

Dr.  L&beck  has  commenced  a  woHc  entitled 
Ungritche  Miscellen,  Hungarian  Miscella- 
nies :  three  numbers  are  published. 

Professor  N.  Revai  has  published  the  first 
division  of  the  second  volume  of  his  Oram^ 
matica  Hungaricd  elaboratiar :  it  relates  to 
the  Verbs. 

At  Pest  M.  Tanaiki  has  published  a  Hun- 
garian translation  of  Tasso*s  Jerusalem  drii-> 
vered. 

M.  J.  Hegyi  has  published  at  Pest  a  Hun- 
garian translation  of  Cicero's  letters,  and  aW 
a  Librar}'  for  voutlu 


Digitized 


by  Google 


«65j 


Liierary  Hetraspidj^Obitusry. 


t66& 


ITALY. 


Lihcrttj  ^fthe  Prets. 
The  censure  of  literary  worki  it  abolished 
it  Milan ;  but  authon  are  to  be  benoeibrth 
held  to  their  responsibility,  and  an  ofliee  for 
superintending  the  liberty  of  the  press  is  set 
up  to  pTtrent  all  abuse  of  that  prtvilegcr 

•      RUSSIA. 

Ndturai  History, 

M.  Dmnpelroanny  a  learned  phyucian  and 
Aatiiraiist  ot  Rig9,  is  publishing  by  subscrip- 
tion, a  collection  of  1600  insects,  several 
hundred  birds,  amphibious  animals,  and 
some  rare  animals  of  the  Russian  provinces  of 
Dvonia,  Esthonia,  and  Courland.  He  made 
the  drawings  himself,  and  superintends  the 
ongraving  and  colouring  of  the  plates.  Besides 
descriptions,  ^e  text  will  give  the  names  of 
ihe  animals,  &c.  in  Latin,  German,  Rus- 
•iui,  &c. 

^  Orthography, 

A  committee  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  I^tersbuii^,  has  laid  before  mat  body  the 
Moject  of  a  system  of  "  Rules  for  wnting 
Russian  words  with  foreign  characters,  and 
foreign  wofds  with  Russian  characters.**  Two 
alphabeU,  theCennan  and  French,  are  made 
use  of  to  render  the  pronunciation  of  Russian 
words  inteOigible  to  strangers.  The  plan  was 
i^Mproved  by  Uie  Academy,  and  it  will  be  pub- 
lished without  delay ;  it  will  be  of  great  uti- 
lity with  respect  to  Russian  names,  which 
kave  been  much  disfigured  by  the  various 
ways  of  writing  them  used  by  French,  Ger- 
Bian,  and  En^Ush  writers. 

'  SWBDBir. 

Naval  Architecture, 

M.  E.  H.  af  Chapman,  Vice- Admiral  of 
die  Swedish  Navy,  Knight  ot  the  order  qf 
the  Sword,  &c.  has  published  at  Cariskrona 
lUi  essay  towards, a  theoretical  treatise  to  ^ive 
to  line  of  battle  ships  their  proper  dimensions 
and  form;  likewise  to  Frigates  and  other 
armed  vessels.  (FdrsSk  tiit  en  theorctisk  of- 
handlung,  ^c.  4to.  upi^aids  of  40  folio 
plates.> 

Botany. 

MM.  J.  W.  P&bnstrock  and  C.  W. 
Venus  have  commenced  a  work  on  Swed- 
kh  Botany,  intended  to  include  exact 
delineations  and  descriptions  of  allSA-edish 
plants,  amounting  to  400:  the  vork  will 
extend  to  (56  numbers,  12  of  which  will  form 
a  volume.  Each  number  contains  (J  coloured 
plates,  and  aq  equal  proportion  of  text. 
Twenty- seven  numbers  are  puolished.  (Svensk 
Botamk,  Svo,  Stockholm,  h'clcn,) 

8WITZBRLAND. 

Uchrew  Newspaper. 
A  Jewish  newspaper,  in  the  Hebrew  lan- 
gnaee,    is  about  to  make  its  appearance  at 
£asJe,  principally />n  the  subject  ot  the  deltbe- 
lations  which  occupy  the  assembly  at  Paris. 


OBITUARY. 

Died,  at  Monseiat,  aged  64,  Francis  Ma»« 
son.  Hb  botanical  observations  during  tea 
Tears  in  the  interior  of  Alia,  whither  he  weiU 
oy  his  Miyesty*8  appointment,  have  rendered 
his  name  conspicuous  in  the  annals  of  6iat 
useful  science.  On  his  return  to  EngUnd*  be 
published  his  observations  on  several  netr 
species  of  the  genus  Sti^Ute  Novee,  a  ticatias 
well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  botanist. 
Having  remained  only  a  year  in  England,  fajr 
his  M^es^s  permission  ne  went  to  America, 
where  a  snort  illness  terminated  a  life  spent 
in  oromoting  knowledge  useful  to  mankind. 

On  the  lOdi  inst.  at  EdinbuigkH  Sir  Wm. 
Forbes,  of  Pitsligo,  one  of  the  distinflutdied 
fow  whom  Piovidenoe  seema  to  have  mtined 
to  purposes  of  dignity  and  usefulness,  by  coni> 
biniag,  with  a  station  of  neat  influence  in 
society,  the  best  attributes  of  the  understand- 
ing, and  the  noblest  qualitiet  of  the  heart. 
Bom  to  the  inheritance  of  an  aasple  fortune^ 
this  gentleman  early  devoted  himjelf  to  the 
improvement  of  the  comitaercial  interesTaof  hia 
counttVf  and  was  the  founder,  in  oonjeDOtsoi^ 
with  the  late  Sir  James  Hunter  Blair,  of  the 
well  known,  banking  establishment  whick 
now  bearstheir  namo.  In  this  aituatiCn,  hia 
views  though  directed  to  conudeiatioos  of 
petsonal  advantage,  were  connected  with  the 
)vel&ire  of  the  commynity.  His  liberalitj 
and  indulgence  were  oonspicoons  in  the  nii* 
meraus  cases  of  mescanttk  transactions  wfaicii 
came  under  his  view,  when  he  had  fifit  asoBT- 
taincd  that  the  objects  were  judicioas  and 
honest.  The  support  and  encouragement  of 
all  public  concerns  engaged  much  of  his  at* 
tention  ;  and  in  public  and  private  charity  his 
liberality  was  exemplary  and  unostentatious. 
In  the  intercourse  of  private  society,  and  in 
the  bosom  of  his  family,  the  qualities  qf  ^r 
Wm.  Foibes  were  not  less .  amiable  thaa 
^lose  of  his  public  station  were  honouiid>la 
and  usefnl.  In  his  youth  he  had  devote4 
much  of  his  time  to  the  stud^  of  literature ; 
and,  during  the  course  of  his  long  life,  ha 
ne\'er  lost  si^t  of  those  liberal  pursuiu  whkh 
eariy  association  had  endeahxi  to  hijn,  and 
which,  while  they  relieved  the  presmie  of 
serious  avocadons,  lent  a  distinguished  onoa 
to  his  character.  Sir  Wm.  Forb^  was  one  of 
the  earliest  memben  of  the  delebnted  litenuy 
Club,  which  boasted,  among  iu  other  ilhi^. 
trious  associates,  the  names  of  Jcdkhson,  Rei** 
nolds,  Garrtck,  Fox,  and  Burke.  He  sor^ 
vivoi  many  of  thoe  cmiBeat  men,  and,  wa 
believe,  has  left  feW  of  theoriginai  memben 
behind  him.  fiis  account  of  the  Hie  and 
writings  of  his  friend  Dr.  Beattie,  althoo^ 
it  is  the  prod  notion  of  a  nannoiiuvustomed 
to  write  for  the  public,  exhibits  a  coraplela 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  and  an  haaouo^ 
and  benevolent  heart. 


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VfdversUjf  und  Jtrmy  Ptotkotions. 


[«• 


UMIYERSTFY  PROMOTIONS. 

Ojford. 

Oct  £3.  The  Rev.  John  Austin,  of  Exeter 
CoUegB^  Rtv.  Rich.  Jenkins^  and  Mr.  Thos. 
Donne,  of  fidliol  College  $  andRer.  Robert 
#aft.  Carr,  of  Woice^^  CoU^,  B.A.  ad* 
mitledM.A. 

Mr.  Chas.  Lloyd,  of  Christ  Chnrch,  one  of 
the  gentlemen  who  distinguished  themselves 
in  the  public  examinations  of  the  presait  year 
admitted  a  completes.  A.;  Mr.  Paggen  Hall, 
and  Beiiby  Lawley,  Esq.  of  Christ  Church, 
also  admitted  B.  A. 

.  Oct.  17.  Dr.  Rich,  Vice  Chancellor,  and 
Dr.  Isham,  Warden  of  AU  Souls,  two  of  the 
tiitTinial  visitors  of  Reading  School,  aceompa^ 
Bied  by  the  mayor  and  corporation  of  that  bo- 
ffoiM;h,  proceeded  from  the  Town  Hall  to  the 
Old  School  Room,  fitted  up  as  a  theatre.  At 
this  representation  the  boys  were  animated  by 
tlie  presence  of  these  academical  visitors,  and 
in  some  partarose  if  possible  above  their  for- 
■ner  exceoence.  On  Saturday  following  the 
Oxford  tisitois  were  emplc^^  in  the  morning 
in  examining  the  objects  contained  in  Arch* 
IMiop  Liud^s  foundation^  after  which  they 
fctumed  to  Oxford. 

Oct.  30.  Mr.  Wm.  Chas.  Casamajor,  stu- 
dent in  law,  admitted  B.LL. 

The  Rev.  Jas.  Hutchinson,  B.  A.  of  Bflllol 
College,  admitted  M.A. 

Meisrs.  R.  R.  Raikes  and  P.  Frye,  of  Oriel 
(College,  Fred.  H.  Papendick,  Jas.  Blencowe, 
Arthur  Meyrick,  and  John  Eckley,  of  Trinity 
Colkge,  andWm.Veale,  of  New  CoUege, 
admitted  B.  A. 

Nov.  3.  Messrs.  P.  Hall  and  P.  B.  Lawley 
of  Christ  Church;  P.  F.  Hony  of  Exeter 
Colkge,  and  J.  LAtham  of  Brazen-nose  Col- 
Im,  elected  Fellows  of  AU  Souls. 
.  Nov.  7.  The  Hon.  and  Rev.  R.  Bagot,  of 
All  Souls,  and  the  Rev.  Philip  T.  Strong,  of 
Ofiel,  B. A.  admitted  M.A. 

The  Rev.  Hugh  Thomas,  of  Jesus  College, 
late  of  Martinique,  and  Chaplain  to  the  4th 
W.  !•  Reg.  is  resented  by  the  Lord  Chsn- 
cellor  to  the  Keetory  c€  liysvaen,  Nortb 
Wales. 

•Mr.  Geo.  Cox,  AJS.  is  appointed  Master 
of  the  New  Ccdlege  School,  in  the  room  of  the 
Kev.  John  Sktler,  M.A.  rcSsicned. 
,  Ncfr.  18.  J.  Harper,  Esq.  Student  in  Civil 
Law,  of  Trinity  College,  admitted  B.LL 
.  Grand^oukuoondef. 

Messrs.  Edw.  Prke,  of  Wadham ;  Jas.  H. 
Stewmt,  of  Exeter;  Wm.  G.  Motte,  and  G. 
Fort»  of  B4Uol  College,  admitted  B.A, 
'  Nov.  13.  The  Rev.  Edw.  Booth,  B.A. 
dected  Fellow  of  Lincoln  CoUege ;  and  Mr. 
Fenwipke  and  Mr.  Nash,  also  elected  Exhi^ 
bitioQen,  and  Mr.  Clarke,  Scholar  of  that 
Society. 

Nov.  15.  Mr.  C.  Price  admitted  Fellow  of 
l^cw  College. 


Y- 


.  Quel's.— T, 


CMm^dg0. 

Oct  10.  Being  the,  first  day  of  term,  tha 
following  reverend  gentlemen  are  elected  offi* 
cers  of  the  University  for  the  year  en^uiiw ; 

Proetors.-7Wm.  Gtming^uun,  M.A.  CnoM 
Jdtin  Gilbert,  M.A.  Emmanuel. 

Moderators.-~Rob.  Woodhouse,  MJL 
Caius.    Geo.  DOylcy,  M*A.  Benet. 

Taxors. — Geo.  fiames,  M.A.  \ 
Hosking,  M.A.  Sidney. 

Scrutators. —Wm.  Millers,  B.  D.  St. 
John's.  Wm.  Webb,  M.A.  Clare  Hall. 

Oct.  12.  The  following  ^ntlemen  are  cho* 
sen  of  the  caput. — The  Vice  Chancellor.—^. 
Porkington,  D.D.  Clare  HaJU  Divinity.— 
Jos.  Jowett,  LLD.  Trinity  Hall,  Law.— T. 
Ingle,  M.D.  Peterhouse,  Physic— C.  Che- 
vaUter,  M.A.  Pemb.  Hall,  Sen.  Non  Reoent. 
r-John  B.  Thomson,  M.A.  Jesus  Colk^« 
Non-Regent. 

Oct.  17.— The  Rev.  Rich.  Dods,  of  Benel 
College,  and  Mr.  R.A.Tucker,  of  Jesus, 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  B.A. 

The  Seatonian  Prize  is  this  year  acHudged 
to  the  Rev.  Chas.  Hoyle,  M.A.  of  Trinity 
College,  for  his  Poem  on  Paui  tmd  BamahMi 
at  Lyitra, 

Oct.  24.  The  Rev.  Hogh  Owen,  of  St. 
J6hn*s  College,  admitted  to  the  degree  of 
M.A.         ..     

The  Rev.  R.  Whittingham  is  instituted  by 
canunission  from  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Lincoln 
to  the  Vicarage  of  Potton  in  Bedfordshire,  va- 
cated by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Affleck, 
on  the  preseoution  of  the  Lord  Chancellor. 

Nov.  3.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Turner,  Master  of 
Pembroke  Hall,  resi§pcd  the  office  of  Vica 
Chancellor  of  this  Unhrersity. 

Nov.  4.  The  Rev.  Wm.  Pfearce,  D.D. 
Master  of  Jesus  Cbll^,  and  Dean  of  Ely, 
was  elected  into  that  office,  for  the  jcar  en* 
suinff.     Dr.  Pearcc  served  the  office  ui  I789. 

Kiov.  15.  Wm.  Carlyon,  Esq.  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  tlieRev.  J.  H.  Howleu,  Curat« 
of  St.  Martins  in  the  Fields,  are  elected  Fel- 
lows of  Pembroke  Hall . 

The  Rev.  Sam.  Shipley,  M.A.  is  presented 
W  Sir  Rich.  Kaye,  Bart.  Dean  of  Lineob,  to 
mt  Vicarage  of  Ashbome,  with  the  Rectory 
of  Mappleton,  in  tlie  County  of  Derby,  vacant 
by  ^  death  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  Webb. 


ARMY  PROMOTIONS. 
taoM  ma  loirooii  oassttc— October  4* 

Staff: — Brig.  Gen.  A  Wood  from  home  swiT,  to 
be  brig.  gen.  to  the  fbrces  !n  the  W|ndward  and 
Lcewiird  Islands,  t.  Sir  R.  Bassett,  dec, 

TV  it  Aisistant  Com^maries  of  Stores^  Sfc— P.  Tor- 
quand,  T.  H.  Powell,  D.  Elliott,  W.  PbppHeipn, 
A.  W.  Young,  T  Maxwctl,  Vf .  Brown 

Bitrr ticks. '^^.  Hanmer  late  sd  loyi^)  to  bt 
b  m.  in  Gt.  Britain,  v.  ^%t. 

MeS^l  EHmkL'skmenf  fir  Mirtfarf  Dtparfmenf  </ 
Ori^Mfler.— >Sttp.  assist,  surg.  M.  Sliogcr,  10  bt 


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Jmy  Promotions. 


t«s» 


•ssi  t.  surg;.  v.  Blacluttdne,  appd.  resident  sar^. 
•  ^  Chatham* 

October  7. 
9/A  I>r<T^3o/»j.--Capr.  C.  Dick,  n  foot,  to  be  capt. 
If.  Bagwell  cxch.-;— Sar^.  R.  Srratton,  90  foot,  to 
besurg.  v.  Jordan,  cxch. — -Assisv  surg.  J.  Ar- 
thur, 6  drag,  to  be  assist,  surg.  •p.  Davis  su- 
perseded. 
17M  ^o. — A^sist-surg.  Howfiip»  13  foot,  to  be  as- 
sist surg.  v.  (lemphill,  resigned. 
lU  Fm/  GnarJu — Lt  Willilicr  to  be  adj. — Assist- 
surg.  W.  Curtis   to  be  surg. — Assist-surg    R. 
"Wdrde,  royals,  to  be  assist-surg  — Scrj-m^.  R. 
Colquhoun,  to  be  quart-mast. 
lit  Foot, — To  be  lieuts.  without  purchase,  Kns. 
J.' Hamilton,  R.  Elliot,  G.  Mcc,  R.  Roth  well, 
p.  Grant,  from  9  foot. 
Xit  Toflf.— To  be  Kw.    A.  Kellctt,  W.  Graham, 
>1.  Dcrmotr,^Clandinuon. 
.  a/A  Jo. — Lt.  J.  Gunn,  95  foot,  to  be  lieur.  t« 
BuriLc,  exch. — Lieut.  J  Reade,  7  W.  I.  rcg.  to 
be  licu^.  T.  Elwes,  cxch. 
7fk  Jo» — Ens.  U  Mootfort,  8t  foot,  to  be  llcut, 
9M  «*..— T.  White  to  be  ens,  v.  Rothwcll. 
lOfi  Jq.-^Mtl),  C.  F.  Hill  to  bclieut  col.  by  pur- 
case,,  T.  Dalrymple. — Surg.  R,  Y.  Vance,  *7 
fool,  to  be  surg.  t.  G  esse. 
MfA  <*>,— .G.  P.  BraJshaw  to  be  Ens.         ^ 
IS/i  do, — Lieut.  E.  H.  O.  Jone*  to  be  capt.  by 
purchase  nr  Brown. — Ens.  J.  Archdeacon  to  be 
lieut.  T.  Jone<. — Hospital  male,  0.  Collier  to  be 
assist- surg.  r.  I4owslip. 
,    14J&  Jo. — Ens.  W.  H.  Qoghlan,  44  foot  to  be  lieut. 
without  purcha  c,  t.  Otway, 
ao/A  Jo  — J.  R.  Blakcley  to  be  Ens.  by  purch.  v. 

Raws  ton. 
!»/<&. — Lieut- col.  J.  Dalrymple,   10  foot  to  be 

lieut-col.  V.  Lcrd  Stuart. 
AQik  do, — Ens.  W.  B.  Ho<5k,  to  be  lieut.  without 

purchase. — M.  Chaddick  to  be  ens.  v.  Hook. 
44/A  do,^^G,  Fitzgerald  to  be  ens.  v,  Coghian. 
47/*  do. — Ens.  T.  O'Reggan    to    be   lieut. — L. 

Campbell  to  be  ens.  v.  G'Re^gan. 
40/4  do, — H.  Lennon  (lately  dismissed  as  surg.  ao 

&ot)  to  bt  surg.  T.  Walsh. 
h^do. — Ens.  T.  Price  to  be  lieut.  r.  Lacon. 
bj'tkd^ — Assist-surg.  J.  Paddock,  istdra^.  to  be 

surg.  -p,  Vance. 
6^  J  do. — Siirg.  E.  Walsh,  49  foot  to  be  surg. 
65/*  do. — T.  Knott,  to  be  ens.  by  purchase,  r, 

Morleit. 
«7/i  do  — Ma>.  G.  H.  Duckworth,  Yorke  L.  vo- 
lunteers, to  be  maj.  v.  Stuart  who  ejtch. 
^Qtk  -«/c.— Capt  W.  E.  Fitz.  Thomas,  ad  G.  B.  to 
,    be  Capt.  V.  Dale,  who  exch. 
7]i/  do. — Capt.  H.  Bagwell,  9  drag,  to  be  capt.  r. 

Dick,  who  exch. 
J 4th  do, — Ens.  D.  Stewart,  to  be  lieut.  by  purch. 

9.  Collins. 
tid.  do, — Cadet. — Crofton  from  R.  M.  C.  to  b 

ens.  without  purch.  v.  Momfort. 
83i/  do. — Eos.  J.  ^lardman,  27  foot  to  be  lieut. 

bv  purchase. 
90/A  do. — Ens.  R.  Corry  to  be  lieut,  without  purch 

V  Eng  i&h — Cadet  Percival,  R.  M.  Cto  be  ens.. 

V  Corry — Surg.  C.  Jottlan,  9  drag,  to  be  surg.  v 
S'ratton 

^\st  i/o— Capt  I/)rd  A.  Somerset,  4  W  I  reg.  to  be 
capt.  wittiout  pwchasc 


Q5th  ^9— Lieut.  E.  Burkb.  S  M.  W  be  tieuc  ^ 

Gonn 
90M  </9— Capt.  R  Mowbray,  80  foot  to  be  M^  hf 

purch.  V  Stewart 
Ath  W  I  R— Lieut.  T  Windsor,   io#  fooT,  to  b& 

capt .  without  .purch.  9  Lord  Somefaet 
7M  io— Lieut.  H  I.  Eiv^es,  i  foot,  to  be  ISeuL  v 

Reade 
York  Ld,  ro/.--<Brcvct  lieut  col.  07  foot,   to  be 
maj.  tf   Duckworth —Ens.  A.  de  Finceau,  (Mr 
foot,  to  be  licut.  without  purchase,  v  Ellart 
^y'llion's  R£Z» — ^Poiichdlnn  to  be  ens.  v  Picon 
Froktrgi  Jo — Ens.J.  Mul  er,  from  Watteville's  rcg; 
to  be  lieut —  \ .  Retchstaier  to  be  ens.  P.  Von 
Fuhrer,  to  be  ens 
2^  G.  i?-Capt.  T.  Dale,  69  foot,  to  be  eapt.  9 

Fitz  Thomas 
4tk  R,  V.  B.— Ueut.  W.  Mc  Lau^lfo  from  w^^ 
tr  to  be  lieut — Lieut.  F.  Horton^fFom  do  to  be 
do 
Ith  ^0— Lieut.  N.  Keen  from  do  to  be  do 
iVoVit  Scotia  VtncibU* — K,.  Glazebrook  to  bie  ens.  v 

Schwartz 
JBnrvi/— Maj  the  hon.  J.  T.  Deanc,  38  foot,  to  hm 

llent-col.  in  the  army 
Garrison — Lieut-gen.  Sir  J  M  Craig,  K  B  tobe  go¥ 
of  Blackness  Castle,  9  the  Hon.  C  Hamiltoi^ 
deceased 
Hospital  Staf^-^zt'tuTf;.  TBenyon  from  the  gtr« 
rison  at  Gibraltar  to  be  sui^g.  to  the  forces — 
Surg  H  Glasse  1  o  foot,  to  be  surg  to  the  forces 
serving  at  Gibraltar,  nr  Benyon 
October  11. 
Staff^ohn  Lowe  to  be  an  assist-commissary  of 

accounts  to  the  forces 
Barracks — E  Chesterton  to  be  dep  B  M  in  G.  Brit, 
•»  Warrington 

October  14 
9^  Dragoon  Guardi — W  F  Elliott  to  be  comet 
9d  do — ^Ilon  F  Bernard  to  be  do  t  Lee 
4tk  do^G.  Ackers  to  be  cornet,  v  Drought — R. 

Falkiner  do  v  Blake 
9tk  Light  Drag — Lieut.  J.  Rolfe,   \b  foot,  to  be 

lieut 
1 8/A  Jo'-'T.  Evans  to  be  cornet,  •»  Jones 
ad  Foo/— Lieut.  T.  Wasey  20  foot,  to  be  lieut.  « 

Virgo,  who  exchanges 
Qfk  do-— Ens.  G  Cornwall  to  he  lieut.  v  Hill 
I4tk  //o— Ens.  R.  Hcathcote  to  be  lieut.  v  Hill — H 
J.  Wynniatt  to  be  ens.  v  Hunter— T.  CaulfieM 
to  be  ens.  v  Heathcote 
Utk  do-^Knt.  F.  Waldron  to  be  lieut  v  Baby — 
Ens.  G.  Pawlay  to  be  lieut. — ^John  Mee  to  b« 
ens. — J.  Medlycott  to  be  ens.  v  Pawlay 
ad/A  Foot — Ens.  W.  Shewbridge  to  be  lieut — Ens 
J.  Hitchcock  do — H.  Kane  to  be  Ens.  y  Shew- 
bridge— ^T.  Lynch  to  be  do  v.  If  itchcocK 
Qfl/ii  Foo/— Lieut.  W.  H.  Virgo,  a  foot  to  be  lieut; ' 

V  Wasey 
3 7 /A  do — Lieut.  P.  Jones  to  be  capt  v  Bootbby— • 
Ens.  W.  Henderson  to  be  lieut  v  Jones-^Ens. 
A.  Sayer  do  v  Thomas— Ens.  H.  Dhimmond 
do  V  Maddocks — ^Dr«w  to  be  ens.  v  Hendersoa 
A.'Frasei  do  or  Sayer— G.  Lenoon  do  v  Drum- 
mond 
32d  <^^— Lieut  W.  Hinde  23  foot  to  be  lieut—* 
Ens  T.  Rose  do — Ens.  C.  Wallett  do— T.  But- 
ler to  be  ens.  v  Rose-^.  Seymouc  4o  « 
Wailca 


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Gst  V*  Bankrupts. 


i$6a 


BANKRUPTCIES   SUPERSEDED. 
Vov.  1.    D.  Pickance,  Manchester,  manufecmirer 
Jas.  White,  Woodchester,  Woroestenhire,  do- 
thicT 
Nov.  15.    Tho.  Lowt,  of  Mottrafn,  Chester^  cot- 
ton-spinner 

s  BANKRUPTS. 

Oct.  dl.  J.  Hftnris,  Great  Shlre<4ane,  Lincoln's- 
inn-fiel(b,  cap-manuftcturer.  Attmntyy  Pop- 
kin,  Dean-street,  Soho 

i.  Waters,  Old  Bethlem,  turner.  AU,  Collins 
«nd  Waller,  Spital-square 

S.  Goodwin,  Ha/market,  hardwareman.  Att, 
Patten,  Cross-street,  Hatton-stieet 

M.  Lee,  Wellington^  Somerset,  scrivener.  AiL 
Shephard  and  Adlington,  Bedford-row 

E.  Cullum,  Sufiblk,  shop-keeper.  Alt,  Jowle, 
Palmer  and  Pugh,Gray's-inn-square      . 

T.  Colbume,  Hcostridge,  Somerset,  linen-ma- 
nafacturer.  AU,  Blake  and  Son,  Took's- 
court,  Carey-Street 

K.  Willcock,  Irlam,  Lancaster,  cotton-spinner. 

AtU  Blackstock,  St.  Mildred*s-court,  Poultry 

Oct.  *XS*    John  Herbert  and  Chas.  Mayo,  London, 

warehousemen.    Att.  Ellis,  Cursitor-strcet 

-  Robt.  Dale,  Maresfield,  Sussex,  collar-maker. 

Att.  Ellis,  Hatton-garden 

And.  Hetherington  and  John  Mackie,  Drury- 
lane,  perfumers.  Att,  Silver,  Ely-place, 
Holborn 

Bernard  Preston,  Holbom,  linen-draper.  Att. 
J.  and  R.  Willis,  Wamford-court,  Throg- 
morton-street 

Naih.Jcfferys,  Pall-mall,  jeweller.  Att.  Mayo 
and  Pearse,  Cloak-lane. 

Wm.  Townend,  Booth-mill,  Rish worth,  York- 
shire, cotton-spinner.  Att.  Hodgson,  Sur- 
rey-street, Strand 

Coukey  Savory,  Twford,  Norfolk,  dealer.  Att. 
Windus,  Son,  and  lioltaway,  Chancery-lane. 

Wm.  Gamble,  Liverpool,  merchant.  Att. 
Crump  and  Lodge,  Liverpool 

Edm.  Armistead,  Giggleswick,  Yorkshire,  cot- 
ton-spinner.   Att  Caton,  Gray*s-inn 
Oct.  28.    4ohn  Perkins,  Hertford,  carpenter,  Att 
Crawford,  Craven-buildings,  City-road 

Robt.  Browne,  Lloyd's  Coffee-house,  insurance- 
broker.  Att  Teasdale  and  Brown,  Bishops*^ 
gate-street  Withio 

Bernard  Ross,  New  City  Chambers,  merchant. 
Att  Pamther  and  Son*  London-street,  Fen- 
church-street 

Jos.  Bell,  Castor,  Lincolnshire,  mercer,  Att 
Leigh  and  Mason,  New  Bridge-Street 

John  Humble,  South  Shields,  linen-draper.  Att 
Bell  and  Brodrick,  Bow-lane,  Cheapside 

Wm.  Copperthwaite  and  Jas.  Waring,  Man* 
Chester,  manu&cturers.  Att  Ellis,  Cutsitor- 
street 

Thomas  Taylor,  Birmingham,  gun-barrel- 
roaker.  Att  Rindcrtey,  Long,  and  Ince,  Sy- 
mond*s-inn 

Tho.  and  Edw.  Fkrrer,  Pudsey^,  Yorkshire,  do- 
thien.    Att  Evans,  Tbavies-inn 

If ov.  I .    Mary  Jones  and  Edw.  Jooes,  Wrexham, 
Denbighshire,  drapers.    if/I  Ellis,  Cursitor- 
street 
ffm,  fidwardi,  Litdc  Newpan-itrett,  Leicettrf- 


square^  toyman.    Att  Oljham,  Nag*s  Head* 

court,  Graccchurch-strect 
Geo*  Cousins,  Gray*s-inn-lane,  merchant,    AH 

Hudson,  Winkworth-buildings,  Ciiy-roed 
Cha.  Flude,  Camden-strect,    Islington,  coal- 

merchaou    Att  Dickson,  Old  Broad-«treet, 

Royal  Exchange 
Nov.  4.    Robt.  WooUiscroft  and  Wm.  WoolGs- 

croft,     Manchester,     cotton-manu&ctureis, 

Att  R.and  G.  Edmunds,  Lincoln'^s-inn 
John  Worrall,  Warrington,  Lancaster,  ftoof- 

dealer.    Att  Leigh  and  Mason,  New  Bridge- 
street,  Blackfriars 
Peter  Aldersey,  Uver|X)ol,  grecer.    AU  Black* 

stock,  St.  Mildred's-court,  Poultiy 
Jas.  Carifrae  and  Robt.  Hislop,  Liverpool,  dn* 

pers.    Att  Forrest,  Liverpool 
Wm.  Sandford  and  Josiah  Box,  Salford,  Lan« 

caster,  dyers.    ./^(iSharpeand  Eccles,  Man* 

Chester 
Tho.  Davics,  Kinderton,  Chester,^  wine  mer- 
chant.   Alt  Sandys,   Horton,  and  Trcven- 

nen,  Crane-court,  Fleet-street 
Wm.    Clayton,    Dockhead,    Surrey,    grocer. 

Att  Jackson,  Walbrook 
Matt.  Appleby,  Royal  Exchange,  L6ndon,wool- 

len-draper.    Att  Comyn,  Bush-lane,  Caa^ 

non-street 
Nov.  8,    John  Crundall,  Gapham-road,  Lam- 
beth, Suf ry,  carpenter.  Att  Godmond,  Brido- 

court,  New  Bridge-street 
Wm.  Weaver,  Red  Lion,  Gray's-inn-lane,  vic- 
tualler.   Att  Kugbcs,  CliffbrdVinn 
John  Christ.  Wel^^r,  Whitcchapel-road,  baker. 

Att  Shearman,  Hart-strcei,  Bloomsbury 
James  Roylc,  Manchester,  sadler.    Att  Edge, 

Brown-street,  Manchester 
Rich.  Key  worth,  Great  Grimsby,  Lincolnsl^ire, 

mercer.  Att  Pearson,  Holborn-court,  GrayV 

inn 
Edw    Byrne,  jun.  Liverpool,  merchant.    Att 

Windle,  John-street,  Bedford-row 
John  Tol hurst,    Milton,  Kent,    dealer.     Ati 

Walked,  Exchequer-ofHce,  LincolnVmn 
Wm.  Hutton,  jun    Fremington,  Devonshire, 

lime-burner.   Att  Luxmore,  Red  Lion-square 
JohnWakefield,  Booverie-atreet,  wine-merchajit. 

Att  Murphy,  Bpuverie-strect,  Fleet-street 
Wm.   Crane,    Bridges-street,    Covent-garden, 

cheesemonger.      Att  Senior,   Bxoad- court. 

Long-acre 
Rich^  Davcy,  Russel-court,  Drury-lane,  linen* 

draper.    Att  Adams,  Old  Jewry 
Anth.  Collins,  Milc-end-road,  ship-owner.  Att 

Noy,  Mincing-lane,  Fenchurch-strect 
Roger  Holland;  Giieat  Wrctham,  Noifolk,  fejw 

mer.    Att  Giles,  Great  Shire-lane 
Harry  Thrupp,  Higbgate,  com  and  seed  factor. 
Att  Evitt  and  Rixon,  Haydon-«quare,  Minoriet 
Nov.  U.    The.  Carter,  Kingst(xi-upon-Hull,  vic- 
tualler.   Att  Evetu,  Thavies-inn 
Rich.  Wm.  Ulric  Schneider,  White  Lion-court, 

Birchin- lane, -merchant     Att  E.  and  T.  Da- 

Tict,  Angel-oovrt,  Tbrogmorton<<ttrttt 
Cbamel  Bateman, ,  of  Derby,  mooey-Mrivener. 

Att  Lowton,  Temple 
R.  Ptdmer,  late  of  Cvleton  Roadc,  Norfolk. 

Att'B^iKnvA  Mvti^  FumiralVinn 
W.  Kin|,Xinr-ctiett,  Hammeftmith,victttaUtr. 

Att  Field,  Hidmiood-buildin0,  Soho 
T.^timcfdioylJi^ft^l^  Lindley,  York» 


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liii  6f  Stad^U. 


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arid  T.  Utdetrood,  of  Oldfield,  Tmk,  tner* 

ehemtf.    Ju  Battye,  Chanoery-Une 
'    W.  Sherrattf    Birnvngbara,    carrier.    Mt  Ni- 

cfaoll'Sy  T&vistock-pIac«»  London 
Arch.  Stndair,  of  Castle-oourt,  Biroliin-latie» 

nierchant.    Att  Veam  and  Son^  Swithen's* 

lane,  Lombard-street 
JUm.  Howard,   of    Henrietta-street,    Govern* 

garden,  rooney-sorivener.  Mt  Smith,  Chtirdi- 

yard-oourt.  Temple 
Geo.  Baillio  and  John  Jaffiraj,  Flnsbuiy-plabe, 

merchants.      Au    Barrow,    ThreadAcedle- 

screet 
Hdv.  15.    Jat.  NbrcUflfb,  Robert  Town,  York, 

clothier.    AU  Rdmnnds  and  $on,  UncolnV 

om 
Wm,  Vinicombe,  Bath,  umbrelh-manufkcturer. 

jin  Shephard  and  Adlington,  Bedford-row 
John  Hemming,  Worcester,  whitesmith.    j4U 

Cardale,  Hallward,  and  Spear,  GrayVinn 
Robt.  Wood,    late  of  Liverpool,  grocer.    AU 

Bladkstock,  St.  Mildred's-court,  Poultry 
Thomas  Ashton,  Blackburn,  Lancaster,  deakr 

and  chapman.     AU  Clarke  and  Richards, 

chancery-lane 
John  Barron,  late  of  Pancras-lane,  London, 

Manchester  warehoi^seman.    AU  Atkinson, 

Castle-street,  Falcon-square 
John  Browne,  Newman-street,  Oxford-street, 

tailor.       Alt     Langley,     Phimbtree-strect, 

Bloomsbury 
'  Geo  Ross,  formerly  of  Addle-hill,  London,  ai)d 

late  of  Piccadilly,  wine-merchant    Alt  Har- 
rison, Craven-street,  Strand 
Wm.  Phillips,  Rochester,  Kent,  tailor.    Att 

Jerics,  Milman-place,  Biedfbrd-row 
Wm.  W4rcup,  Camden-placc,  Illington  Green, 

broker.    AU  Hannam,    Piazza  Chambers, 

Covent-garden 
Elizabeth  Lowcock,  late  of  Skipton,  York,  inn- 
keeper.   Att  Heelis,  Staple-inn 
Joe.  Smith,  of  the  HUl,  m  Upperthong,  York, 

clothier.    AU  Battye,  Chancery-lane 
Margaret  Alker  the  younger,  and  Eliz.  Alker, 

both  late  of .  Preston,  Lancaster,  milliners. 

AU  Barretts,  Holbom-court,  Gray*s-inn 
Wm.  Evtfrald  Baron  Von  Doomik,  now  or  late 

of  Warwick,  soap-manu^turer.    AU  Shep- 
hard and  Adlington,  Bedford-row 
John  Webb,  late  ofPtymouth,  Devon,  tinman. 

AU  Drewe  and  Loxham,  New-inn 
Nov.  18.    Tho.  Garden,  St.  Miih^'s-allcy,  Com-  . 

hill,  insurance-broker.    Att  Nind,  Prescot- 

street,  Goodman's-fields 
Jos.  Randell,  Birmingham,  cotton-mairafacmr- 

er.    Att  Swaine  and  Stevens,  Old  Jewry 
Wm.  Hibbert,  Hollingwood,  Lancashire^   vic- 
tualler.   Att  Milne  and  Pairy,  Old  Jewry 
John  Longrigg,   Noble  street,  London,    Man^ 

Chester  warehouseman.    jiiU  Courteen,  Col- 

lege-hiU 

DIVIDENDS. 

Oct.  21.  J.  Motley,  Sewardstone,  Essex,  mil- 
kr.  J.  T.  Webster,  High-street,  Borough,  hosier 
D.  Glover,  Gutter-lane,  merchant  T.  Simpson, 
W.  Ta3dcr8on,  J.  Sanderson,  and  J.  Granger, 
Stokesley,  Yorkshire,  bankers  J.Doxon,  Nlan- 
chester,  mercbant  J.  Wood,  Audenshaw,  Ashton- 
under-Ltr^  Lancashire,  cotton-spinner  F.  Judin, 
Ac^l-coort,  Ttuognmom  ^Utttf  meicbant    T. 


Martin  and  J.  H.  Poid,  Coleflnn-ttfcoc,  wool* 
bfokers  J.  Alexander,  South  Lambeth,  copl' 
merchant  J.  R.  Anderson,  Throgmotton  aireet, 
merchant  J.  Goodbody,  Abingdon,  Berks* 
breeches-maker  J.  Horth,  Norwich,  upbolstefcr 
J.  Featherstone,  Tunbridge,  shopkeeper. 

Oct.  25*  B  Betts  and  Ann  Smith,  BasinghalK- 
8tr«^  Actors  J  Crenan,  Johnson's-comt,  fleet- 
street,  bookbinder  J  West,  Somer's-plaoe,  Emtt 
R  Ballantine  Fem,  Lichfield,  wfne-mercliant  J 
Cooke,  Liverpool,  silverNnitb  R.  Battinaon  and 
SWade,  Manchester,  merchants  H  Appldmfy 
Cooksey,  Piesteign,  Radnorshire,  dn^i^i'*^  ^ 
Bfotbeitoo,  Manchester,  grocer. 

Oct.  (28.  Rt  Guy,  Swan-yard,  Shoreditch  G 
Porcas,  Leadenhall-market  J  Woodford,  Bear- 
binder-lane  P  Duffcy,  Newman-street,  Oxlbrd- 
road,  wine-merchant  Wm  Beatty,  St.  I^iil*s 
Church-yard  B  Stephen  Curling,  Portland-place^. 
Clapham^road,  stone-mason  J  P  Gorian  and  B 
Johnston,  St.  Mary  Axe,  merchants  J  Badcock, 
Patemoster-row  P  Dagdall,  Portsea,  pork-butcher 
Wm  Brombead,  Stamford,  Lincolnshire,  iron- 
monger C  Clark,  Carlisle,  mercer  J  Priestley, 
sen.  and  J  Pnestley,  jun.  Briktall,  Yorkshire, 
Amelia  Priestley,  Upper  Clapton,  Hackney,  and 
J  Priestley,  Gfeat  St.  Helen's,  merchants  J  Car- 
lierand  W  Wilkinson,  Stockport,  Cheshire,  mua- 
lin-manufacturers. 

Nov.  I.  B  Cox,  Stourbridge,  timber-merdiaoc 
J  C  Cook  and  T  C  Corker,  Leadenhall-ctreet, 
linen-drapers  E  Atkinson,  Bi Hinge,  Lancashire, 
fustian^manufacture^  J  W  Uthcr,  Bowling-green^ 
lane,  ClerkenwcU,  vicmalier  T  G  Williamson, 
Pliradise-street,  Rotherhithe,  mariner  W  and  J 
Ogilvie,  Saville-row,  army-agents  N  Weedlc, 
Whitediapel-road,  brush^maker  R  and  W  Hcn- 
ndl,  Foster-lane,  Qieapside,  ribbon-manu&otur- 
crs  J  Sargeant,  Russia-court,  Milk-street,  wmre- 
houseman  B  Bctts  and  A  Smith,  Basinghall- 
street,  factors  J  Graff  and  P  D  Foley,  Tower- 
Royal,  merchants  W  Pink  and  J  Birch,  Charle»- 
street,  Grosvenor-square,  taylors  P  Gandon, 
Wcntworth-strect,  Whitechapel,  cooper  P  J  Min- 
vielle,  Liverpool,  merchant  D  Walker,  Holbpm, 
bookseller  R  H  Dawson,  Soudiwold,  Suffolk, 
miller  D  Powney,  jun.  Sheifaome,  Dorsetshire, 
victualler 

Nov.  4.  T  Partridge,  Dover,  tail-maker  T 
Gregory,  Newcasde-upon-Tyne,.  .drysalter  J 
Watson,  Elton,  Lancaster,  ootlon-ftpinner  W 
Loggin  and  R  Slater,  Newgate-strett,  LoiKlon, 
merchants  D  Glover,  Gutter-lane,  merchast  J 
Pepper,  Bishop's  Hatfield,  Hertford,'  linen-draper 
G  Stelfox,  Rudheath  Lordship,  Chester,  mak^er 
J  Stride,  Emsworth,  Southampton,  grocer.  C 
Haneraan,  Fetter-lane,  London,  f^irrier  A  Tho- 
mas, Duke-street,  Westminster,  feather-manufiic- 
tnrer  J  Stevens,  Chester-place,  Lambeth,  ma- 
riner Wm  Bury,  Bucklersbury,  London,  ware- 
houseman P  Moore,  Loatock,  Graham,  Chester, 
corn-dealer. 

Nov.  8.  B  Bctts  and  Ann  Smith,  of  Baaing- 
halT-street,  fiictors  J  Lyon,  of  Savage  Garjiens, 
merchant  J  Beimett,  of  Tiegony,  ComwaQ^ 
linen-draper  W  Winn,  of  Lancaster,  ^nen- 
draper  W  Chatterton,  of  Walthatn,  Lincoln, 
grocer  WHumfrynthc  elder,  and  W  Hnmfrys 
the  younger,   of  Old  ruh-sueety   grooesi      A 


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169S 


Biowne,  OM  Qty  Chiinbers,  Bbhopsgaic-strect, 
snercbant  J,  Mercer,  of  Uxbridge,  and  N  Mercer» 
of  Chatham^plaoe,  mealmen  J  Leakin,  of  Wor- 
cester-screety  bouthwark,  millwright  W  Powell, 
of  Broad-stieety  St.  GUcs,  tinen-diaper  T  Dniry, 
and  R  GHbert,  of  Bread-street,  ribboA-weavers  A 
Mendes  PteNom,  and  H  Castellam,  of  Old  Beth- 
Iem»  roercbaais  J  Dawson,  ai  Copthall-build- 
ings,  warehottseraan  J  Wibon,  of  the  Strand, 
vmbfeUa-maker. 

Nov.  II.  W  Ckurk,  of  Hytlie,  tailor  S  Bunn, 
cf  Great  Charlotte-street,  HackfiiarsHnoad,  mer- 
chant S  Simons;  of  Lytm,  siltersmith  Christ. 
Tcasdale  and  Wm  Teasdale,  of  Upper  Tharoes- 
ttreet,  brokers  Tbos  Jenkins,  and  T  F  WoUen, 
of  High'4treet,  Borough,  linen-drapers  C  Gilbert, 
of  Sl  George*s-fidds,  back-maker  Stephen  Fkulk- 
ner,  Lin  DUlon,  and  John  Hart,  of  Bolton-in-lo- 
Moors,  Lancaster,  cotton-spinners  Isaac  Undo, 
of  Great  St.  Helens,  merchant  John  Downie,  of 
Old  Broad-stieet,  merchant  Frederic  Judin,  hue 
of  Angel-court,  Throgmorton-street  T  Hobson, 
Louth,  furrier  R  Sbeidown,  jun.  of  Louth,  sta- 
tioner Edward  Carritt,  of  Louth,  sadler  Wm 
Keiklell,  of  Manchester-street,  Manchester-square, 
builder  David  Robertson,  of  Bishopgate-Witl^- 
oat,  tailor  John  Gillatt,  Joseph  Hawkeswortiti, 
snd  Wm  Qillatt,  of  Sheffield,  comon-biewers. 

Nov.  IS.  John  Cox,  New-court,  Cmtched- 
friars,  merchant  R  Atkinson,  H  Walters,  and  W 
Ord,  Fenchurcb-ffireet,  wine  and  bramfy  mer- 
chants John  Stride,  filraWortb,  Southampton, 
grocer  Wm  Earle  and  John  Hemet,  Albemarle- 
ftreet,  booksellers  Humph.  Jcffisries,  Lower 
Thames-street,  ironmonger  Geerge  HQl,  Oxford- 
street,  linen-draper  Josiah  Fletcher,  Stockport, 
Cheshire,  silk-man  Waller  Jacks,  Bristol,  mer^ 
chant  Thos  Charkon,  Eccles,  Lancashire,  inn- 
keeper Sibu  Barton,  Whitchurch,  Hants,  lin^- 
drapeir  Wm  Else,  Fleet-street,  warehouseman 
John  Hicfcey,  Worcester,  carver  Wm  Bell,  Leeds , 
grocer  John  I^ssman,  Doncasier,  machine- 
maker  John  Medway,  Rawson,  Dorsetshire, 
yeoman  John  Hardcastle,  of  Knottingley,  Yoik, 
mprcer  George  Deverdl,  of  Redboum,  Hertfordj 
•traw  hat  monuteturer. 

Nov.  18.  J  Walters,  Sturminster-Newton, 
Dorset,  glazier  T  Simpson  and  N  Simpson,  Nor- 
thallerton, Yorkshire,  merchants  C  Ofiver,  Bou- 
verie-street,  laoe-merchant  C  James,  Cateaton- 
street,  ribboo-manufiicturer  S  Macfiiiland,  East 
Retford,  Nottingham,  hardwaieman  J  Sargeant, 
Russia-court,  MUk-atreet,  warehouseman  A 
dheap,  and  A  Loogbnan,  New-court,  Swithin's- 
lanc,  merdiants  1  Ashton,  Little  Green,  Man- 
chester, dyer  H  Braithwaite,  Aiskew,  York, 
inaltsier  J  Napier  Watred,  Birmingham,  wool- 
len-draper G  Harris,  Manchester,  ale-house- 
keeper T  Chapman,  SheffieM,  butcher  B  Par- 
l|er»  Birminghani,  money-scrivener  J  Parker, 
Chancery-lane,  money-scrivener  J  Tattersall, 
Btffowfbrd,  Lancashire,  ootton-manufacturer  A 
Purham,  Birminghaiq,  grocer  S  Field,  Plymouth 
,  Bock,  wine-merchant  J  Dawiou,  Liverpool,  mer- 
chant W  Ravenscroft,  M  Edwin  Fell,  and  J 
Etttwittle,  Manchester  L  S  Linging,  and  W  H 
Linging,  Green  Letmoe-lane,  London,  merchants 
7  Pairweather,  Oxford-street,  Middlesex,  linen- 
irapex    A^ua^km^  Ratcli0b-cic«||  co^lmcfr 


chant  T  Domford,  Pbilpot-laoe,  London,  wine 
merchant  J  CoHard  the  younger,  Canterbury, 
hop-detder  R  Bent,  Lincoln's-inn-fields,  mer- 
chant. 

CERTIFICATES. 
Oct.  21.  JHynson,  Stepney  Causeway,  ma* 
chant  J  M*Dermott,  Red  Lioa-«trQct,  Southwark, 
hop-fiM:tor  T  Kent,  KiuLresborough^  flax-dresser 
S  Stevens,  Monmouth,  barge-owner  J  Wells 
and  T  Smith,  LeadenhaU-street,  hattcis  B  Quff- 
ney,  Liverpool,  soap-manufacturer  R  Langshaw, 
Chester,  linen-draper. 

Oct.  25.  R  C  Gcdge,  Islewortli,  calico-printer 
J  Mayhew,  jun.  Wigmoie-street,  Cavendish* 
square,  cabinet-maker  Sarali  Whitehoiise,  Tkm* 
worth,  Warwickshire,  mercer  Lydia  Woods  npii 
Wm  Woods,  Hampstead,  carpenters  Wm  Isaid, 
East  Grimstead,  Sussex,  breeches-maker  J  Baii^ 
Lhrerpod,  merchant.  / 

Oct.  28.  R  I  Giflbrd,  Bristol,  akioner  Wm 
Pxice,  Leadenball-stTeet,  tailor  T  Rogers,  Liver- 
pool, broker  G  Hoskins,  Preston,  merchant  B 
Hole,  Pain^wlck,  Glouccsteishire^  clothier  il 
Lees,  Manchester,  cotton-spinner. 

Nov.. I.  H  L  Lomas,  thiogmof^m-qtieet,  in* 
suiaqoe-bioker  W  Green,  Manchester,  cottoiH 
merchant  E  Wa^erwo^h,  Newport,  stationer  W 
Christian,  Liverpool,  attorney  A  White,  Akle^• 
numbmy,  factor  J  Feldwicke,  Brighthelmstons^ 
cord-wainer  W  Downail,  St^port,  grocer  J 
Stanley,  Kmgston-upon-Hull,  merchant. 

Nov.  4*  C  Thompson,  Manchester,  liquor* 
merchant  T  Hall,  fletwick-upon-Tweed,  meH> 
chant  T  Smith,  Cavendish-aquare,  hardwaro- 
man  J  Thomas,  Broad-street  BuiUlings,  Loo- 
doB,  merchant  G  Foy,  WhitecSiapel,  money* 
scrivener.  .   ' 

Nov.  8.  5  Port,  of  Chcethatn-hni,  Manchester 
N  Chapman,  W  Mellor,  and  R  Mcllor^  Stodc* 
port,  cotton-manuftctnrer  T  ftfertin,  Coleman* 
street,  wool-broker  B  Tiavers,  and  J  Esdaile  the 
ymmger,  Queen-street,  Cheapside,  sugar-dealeia 
W  Maishall,  Okl  Bethlem,  brush-maker  W 
Bilby,  King-street,  Bloomsbury,  carpenter  J 
Dickenson,  W  Dickenson  the  elder,  and  W  Dic- 
kenson the  younger,  Broad-saeet,  merchntits  J 
Jones,  Threadneedle-street,  warehouseman  W 
Marsden,  Manchester,  merchant  J  Gardner^ 
Horsleydown-lane,  Southwark,  lighterman. 

Nov.  11.  J  H  Kyan  and  E  Hoskins,  of  Wap- 
ping  Dock-street,  and  Paddinglon-street,  cod- 
merchants  P  Hyams,  of  Salfbrd,  -  Lancaster, 
merchant  M  Fumiss,  J  White,  and  R  Styring, 
of  SheflkU,  silver-platers. 

Nov.  15.  J  Morgan,  Conduit-street,  booksellef^ 
R  Jameson,  ironmonger-lane,  linen-factor  T 
Harvey,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  ironmonger  ^ 
Aldridge,  Bristol,  twine-spinner. 

Nov.  18.  J  Sanders,  Newman-street,  brick-* 
layer  W  M  Willett,  Rushfoith-hall,  Yorkshire, 
cotton-spinner  J  Woodrow  the  younger,  Ber» 
mondsey,  Surrey,  tanner  J  Lowe,  Liverpool, 
coach  proprietor  W  Long,  Sonehouse,  Pljrroouthf 
haner  H  Storey,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  linen- 
draper  J  Surtees,  R  Burdon,  J  Brandling,  and  J 
Embleton,  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  bankesa  T 
(loweisy  Londopr«ticct»iiiieii-diaper. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


^R!^t    or    MtAT.* 

SmithHeld,  per  stone  of  81b.  to  sink  the  ofl^l. 
Beef.      Mutton.     Vcal.       Pork.     Lamb. 
OcL  34    55.  Orf.  Ss,  6d,  6s.  Od,  6s.  Od.  Ss.  6d, 

3146      53     5    4     5    8.    56 

Kov.  748      54     60     6000 

14    46      4  10     5S     58     00 

Newgate  and  Lcadenhall,  by  the  carcase, 

Oct.  3440      50586050 

31    40      465P5850 

Nov.   74048586000 

14    38      40     52     58     00 

:  St.  James*.* 

Hay.  Straw. 

Oct    24  £i  15  0  ;e2  11  0 

31      4  18  0     3    6  6 

Not.   7     4  15  0     3    8  0 

14      4  14  0     3  110 


Whitcchapel.* 

Hay.  Straw. 

jf4   18  0  /2    6  0 

500      3     8  0 

500      3i     4  0 

500      360 


rfiiCE  of  hops 

Bags. 

Kent     £S    o  to  je6  3 

Stissex     50         60 

Essex       50        60 


Pockets. 
Kent  £4  15  to  £5  13 
Sussex   4  14        5    5 
Farn.      85        9    9 


PRICK    OF    LKATUBR.* 

Butts,  50  to  6olb.  each    —    —    —    -.-  35i 

Dressing  Hides  —    — .    —    —    ^^  ig^ 

Crop  Hides  for  catdng     —  ,  —    —    —  33 

Flat  Ordinary  —    —    —    —    —  i8§ 

Cklf  Skins,  30  to  4olb.  per  dozen,  per  lb.  43 

Ditto      50  to  70  —    —    —    —    —  43 

Tallow,*   London  average  per  stone 

of  81b.  35.  iijrf. 

Soap,  yellow,  725.5  mottled,  84^.;  curd,  88*. 

Candles,  per  dozen,  105.  6d.i  moulds,  115.  6d, 


COALS    IH   THE    RIVIR. 

Sunderland.             Newcastle. 

Oct. 

37  44<.  od,  to  47«-  od.    4^.  0^. 

to  53*.  6rf. 

Kov. 

3. 

41  3        45    9      42    6 

53    6 

10 

41  0       46   0      42   0 

56    0 

17 

38  a        42    6      39    0 

45    9 

Delivered  at  13*.  per  chaldron  advance. 

PRICB    OP    BREAD. 

' 

Peck  Loaf.    Half  Peck. 

Quartern. 

Oct. 

J23 

4s,  ^        35.  3^. 

l5.  l|d. 

31^ 

4    5            3    3§ 

1     1* 

N<w. 

6 

4    5           3    3§ 

1     1* 

IS 

4    5            2    3§ 

1     H 

30 

4    4            3    2 

1     1 

Those  marked  thus  •,  arp  taken  at  the  highest 
Pf  fee  of  the  market. 


tO!»DOK     W£BKtl^*RETt7RNS    Of    WlTtAT. 

Oct.    18  8555  quarters.  Average  73*.  U^. 

25,  IO847     —    —  —    —  71    5i 

Nov.     I  5388     —  —    —  79    4I 

8  946^             -.  —    —  73    7' 

VtOUR. 

Oct  17  30450  sacks.  Average  73*.  5K- 

34  30748  — 74  3 

31  11519  —  —  —  —  74  0§ 

Nov.  7  9567  —  —  —  —  73  9* 

'■"'''■       'mi 

METEOROLOGICAL  TABI^. 


mi 


M 

1       .      1 

1^ 

§« 
^ 

-.J 

""Height 

of  Barom 

Inches. 

Oct 

91 

42 

52 

50 

20,00 

33 

50 

51 

38 

28,75 

23 

37 

45 

35 

29,87 

24 

30 

40 

30 

30,12 

25 

40 

50 

50 

,10 

30 

51 

02 

51 

,01 

27 

52 

03 

50 

29,90 

28 

52 

01 

48 

,85 

29 

47 

55 

40 

3o,22 

so 

45 

55 

45 

,12 

31 

40 

*7 

50 

20,70 

1 

50 

50 

40 

,04 

a 

51 

bB 

48 

,15 

3 

50 

54 

46 

,10 

4 

48 

50 

40 

,10 

& 

47 

55 

88 

,59 

6 

38 

48 

S6 

,78 

7 

35 

4B 

44 

30,20 

8 

45 

55 

40 

,30 

0 

45 

53 

44 

,30 

10 

40 

47 

40 

,00 

11 

40 

48 

45 

,12 

13 

41 

45 

40 

,02 

13 

40 

50 

47 

,12 

14 

40 

53 

51 

,20 

15 

50 

55  1   51 

29,83 

Id 

41 

40      45 

,70 

17 

40 

53      51 

30,00 

18 

51 

55  1    50 

20,80 

ig 

47 

53  1  40 

,00 

90 

88 

47 

40  1 

,42 

10 

0 

35 

30 
20 
25 
20 
10 
11 
12 
10 

13 

O 

O 

O 

95 

20 

15 

39 

18 

5 

10 

9 

12 

3 

7 

10 

10 

o 

0 

7 


Showciy 

Rain 

Fair 

Fair 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Fair 

ClouHj 

Fair 

Fair 

Fuif 

FaJr 
Stomy 

do 
Raia 
Fair 
Fair 
Faif 
Fair 
Fair 
Cloody 
Fair 
Cloudj 
Qoody 
Cloudy 
Cloudy 
Fair 
Cloudy 
Cloudy 

Fair 


COURSE  OF  EXCHANGE. 

I    October  34. 

Mttsterdam  35-11— 3  u. 

ijRto  at  fight  35-3 
Jtofterdam,  c*  f*  1 1-5 — ^  o. 

Hamburg^  33 — ^5  3u. 

Altona  '    —  33-6 — 2  u. 

Paris  —  34-0  liv. 

Ditto  3  us.  34-4 

Bordeaux  -^  34 

Cadiz        —  39  effect. 

Madrid      —  39  cfiicct. 

Bilboa       —  381 

Leghorn    -r  53 

Naples       T-  44 

Genoa        —  47  liv.J)ic. 

Venice,  n.  C.  53  ditto 

iisboQ      ."—  63 

Oporto   ,  —  6\%  " 

PubUn      —  13^ 

Cor^  -  )^H 


October  3I. 

November  7. 

Nov.  14: 

36-0—3  u. 

36-0— ^u. 

36-8— ^u. 

3!^'3 

35-3 

35-11 

11-6— j3u. 

11-6-3  M. 

11-11— 2  u. 

33  .'>-:3  u. 

34-1—^  M. 

34-8— 2  u. 

33-6—3  u. 

34-1—3  u. 

34-9—2  u. 

24-0  liv. 

34-0  liv. 

24-0  liv. 

24-4 

24-4 

24-4 

24 

24 

24 

39  eflto. 

39  effect. 

39  effect 

m  effect. 

39^:  effect. 

39i  effect 

38| 

38:  L 

3H 

52 

52 

52 

44 

44 

44 

47  liv.  p»c. 

47  liv.  pic.      . 

47  liv.  pic. 

53  ditto 

53  ditto 

[52  ditto 

63 

62 

62 

61* 
13| 

^11 

6l| 

I2f 

12^ 

M* 

131 

i» 

PRICES  OF  BULLION, 

I 


a.^Tf  op 


I  >c»o  I       I 


I  *r>^  I        I 


I   »OW^    I  j 


J I 


■asps  J  §1 

DigitizJdbyVaoB^i?^ 


l.oin>oK  pRBMinicis  OF  Inburancb^  18th  Novembek,  1806. 


7<^Beiig^,o«taiid  home 12  gs, 

Madrid  and  China,  out  and  iiome  12  g'- 

Bengal  or  China 7  gs. 

Senegambia lOgs, 

Madeira 6  gi.  ret.  3 

Windward  and  Leeward  Islands  ...S  gs,  ret.  4 

Jamaica 8  gj.  ret.  4 

South  Whale-fishery  and  bock    ^0  gs. 

United  States  of  America  .^ 5  gs. 

Smyrna,  Constantin.  Mediter.  ?    ,/t  „.  ^*  « 
Nii,  Genoa,  Leghorn,  Naples    S    l*>g^-«t-9 

Lisbon  and  Oporto   5  gs,  ret.  2i 

Bremen  and  HambrpV........ 3  gs, 

Bftkic  Lebaw,  and  IPetersburgh  ..  9gs,  ret.  2 

Carron,  Leith,  Perth,  and  Aberde^ 2  gs. 

Glasgow ' 2igs. 

I>ubfin,Cork,WatcTford,andNewryl    ^z 

,  J^lfast  and  Londonderry    J      *  "* 

Limerick    6  gs.  ret.  2 

Portsmouth "l§g. 

Poole,  Exeter,  Dartm.  Plym.  Falm.    ...2  gs. 

Bristol,  Chester,  and  Liverpool 2  gs. 

Yarmouth,  Lynn,  Hull  and  Newcastle    Hg. 

tjondon,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool. 
Africa,  and  thence  to  l?lace  Sale  in  >    aq  ^, 

West-India  ot  America J   ^*^  o  • 

Brisiel  to  l>ublin,  Waterford,  and  Cork,  14  g, 

Bristol,  Liverpool,  Dublin,  and  O/rk, 
Madeira 6gs.  ret.  3 


Windw.  and  Leeward  Isl ^  gs*  ret,  4 

Jamaica  S  gs,  ret,  4 

United  States  of  America  5gs^ 

Canada  (>gs^, 

Mediterranean    JSgj.  ret.  g 

Lisbon  and  Oporto 6gs.  ret.  3 

Poole  &J*  Dartmouth — Exeter  6f  Plytnoutk 

Newfoundland 6gs,tet.4 

Dublin  to  Liverpool  and  Chester        20i. 

Boston,  New-York,  and  Philadelphia  ...6  gs, 
Netejoundland to  Jacamcai,  W.  &L.  Isl.  15 gs., 

Mediterranean  26  gi. 

Portugal   i5p,  mi.^ 

Bay  of  Honduras  to  Charles-Town,  1   , . 

I^hiiadelphia,  And  New- York    ...J    ^^^ 

England  or  Ireland 25  gs* 

Jamaicato  Lond.  Brist.  Dubl.  Llverp.  15  gu 

Windward  and  Leeward  Islands. 
London,  Bristol,  Publin,  and  ?  ,  _  -^^     . 

Liverpool .^ ^  15  gi.  with  ret 

Islands  to  New- York  or  IHiiladelphia,  15  g*, 
Africa  to  Windward  and  Leeward  1    .  . 

Islands  or  America..., » J    '^g*- 

Fast-Indies  to  London    15  gg, 

St,  Helena  ^©London 8  g5.  ret.4 

Ca.n.7t/fl /c;  London ^0  gs,  ret,  5 

Baltic  to  Liverpool,  Cork,  and  Dubhn..  8  gs* 
Jii^  a  and  Prussian  Ports  to  London    .  ..6  gs* 


Current  Prices  of  Merchandize,  Jbih  November,  1806. 


Americas  pot-ash,percwt.  £2    1  0  to  i^3    2 

PittD      pearl     2  10  0        3  18 

Barilla    1  19  0 

Brandy,  Ck>niac    ....  gal.  0180 

Bitto  Spanish    0  15  6 

Camphire,  refined. ...  lb.  056 

Ditto       onrcfinedycwt.  20    0  0 

Cochineal,  garbled lb.  14  0 

Ditto      East-India    ..  0    3  3 

Coflfee,  fine., cwt.  7    0  0 

Ditto  ordinary    5    0  0 

C^otton-wool,  Sarinam,  lb.  0    1  11 

Ditto         Jamaica    . .  0    1  4i 

PiOQ         Smyrna 0    1  3 

Ditto         East-India..  0    19 

Currants,  Zant  ....cwt.  3  1?  0 

Deals,   Dantz piece  1  13  0 

Ditto  Pctcrsburgh  . .  H.  22    0.0 

Ditto  Stockholm    39    0  0 

Flax,      Riga ton  66    0  0 

Ditto  Petel%bur]gh  ....  65    0  0 

Galls,  Turkey. '.' ....  cwt.  550 

Geneva,   Hollands  ..gal.  10  0 

Ditto    English 0    8  0 

Gum  Arabic,Turkey,  cwt.  6    0  0 

Ditto  Sandrach 12  10  0 

Ditto Tragacanth  ,.  .«  19  10  0 

Hemp,  Riga ton  64    0  0 

Ditto  Petersbnrgh  ....  64    0  0 

Indigo,  Carracc lb.  Oil  3 

Ditto  East-India    ....  Oil  0 

Ditto  Jamaica    none 

Iron»     British,  bars,  ton  18    0  0 

Ditto  Swedish    25    0  0 

Ditto  Norvray    ......  24    0  0 

Ditto  Archangel  25    0  0 

tead  in  pigs fed.  38    0  0 

Ditto  red            ■      ton  36    0  0 

Ditto  white 54    0  0 

fo|nirood  cbipt   ■■■  14    0  0 


2    0 

0  19 
0  17 

0  6 
22    5 

1  8 
0  6 
7  10 
5  15 
0  2 
0  1 
0    1 

0  2 
4    0 

1  17 
24  0 
41    0 

0 
6 
1 


66 
6 

1 
0  11 

10  15 
13    0 

21     0 

65    0 

65    0 

0  12 

0  14 

19   0 

26    0 

25  0 

26  0 

37  0 
55  0 
16    9 


Madder,  Dutch  crop,  cwt.  £.i    5    p  to  £4  18 
Mjhos^any ft.     0     10        0    2 


Oak  piank,  Dantz.  —last  110    0 

Ditto        Amrrican    —     9     5     0 

Oil,    Lucca,— ZS  gal.  jar  13  15    0 

Ditto  spcrmacxti  — ton  68    0    0 

Ditto  whale   27    0    0 

Ditto  Blorcnce,  i  chest    2    7    0 
Pitch,  Stockholm  — cwt.    0  I4    6 

Quicksilver   lb.     0    4    3 

4  15    0 

none 
1     4     0 
uncertain 
036 
030 


Raisins,  bloom 
Ditto  Malaga 


Rice,      CarJma  

Ditto  East-India 

Rum,    Jamaica gal 

Ditto  Leeward  I.   

Saltpetre,  East-India,  cwt.    2  I4  0 

Shellack 5  15  0 

Tbrown-silk,   Italian,  lb.     1  12  0 

Raw-silk,         Ditto 0  18  0 

Ditto            China I  I7  8 

Ditto            Beng.  novi     1  16  0 

Ditto            organzine       1  9  0 

Tar,  Stpckholm  bar.     1  7  0 

Tm  in  blocks cwt.    6  6  Q 

Tobacco,  Maiyl.   lb.    0  1  0 

Ditto     Virginia 0  0  4| 

Whale-fins ton  20  0  0 

Red  port —pipe  66  0  0 

Lisbon    — i .  45  0  0 


0 

5 

12     0    0 

10  15  0 

14    0  0 

70   0  o 

29    0  0 

2  9  « 
015  6 
044 
7     0    9 

250 

04,^ 
035 
2  15 
12  0 
2  10 

1  14 

2  0 
250 
1  18  0 
1     8    0 


0 
0 
0 
0 
6 


Madeira  — 

Sherry 

Mountain 
Vidonia  • 


0 

0 

25 

98 

91 


.  70    0    0     122    0    0 


-butt  80 
72 


-hogs.  69 


Calcavella  pipe  84    0  0 

Claret : hogs.  35"    0  0 

Tailow,  English cwt.    3    5  0 

Ditto  Russia,  white —    2  I4  0 


95 
80 
76 


0 

0 

0  0 
95  0  0 
98    0    0 


2  15 


Ditto  —  y*s^-eHbAifo»giti7 


I  I  I  I  I  III  ill  ill  all  I  I ll 

_i  1 1  iJLLUJ_U_L' ' '  *J_L' '  L 

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•  O)  o  o 

■*'*■♦  ^    I    CO  CO  -♦   £.■*  •♦fCO'^COCol     I'*'*'* 

I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  II  II  I  I  I  I  I  I 
I  II  t  I  I  I  M  II  M  I  M  I  I  I  I  I 

I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  M  I  M  I  1  I  I  I  I  I 
I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  t  I  I  I  I  I  I  I 
I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  M  II  I  I  I 

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Digitized 


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LITERARY  PANORAMA 


For  JANUARY,  1807. 


Review  of  the  Events  and  Treaties  which 
estahlished  the  Balance  of  Power  in  Eu- 
rope, Und  the  Balance  of  Trade  in  favour 
of  Great  Britain.  8vo.  pp.  181.  \7i)6. 
Not  pubjished. 

The  Volume  before  us  is  another  of 
those  compilations  which  owe  their  exis- 
tence to  the  commands  of  Authority,  and 
manifest  the  attention  and  research  of 
those  who  occupied  the  primary  stations 
of  national  confidence. 

'  In  our  last  number  we  described  the  re- 
cords of  History  as  a  kind  of  prolonged  or 
extensive  experience  :  and  where  the  in- 
Ibrmation  they  supply,  with  the  principles 
fair  y  deducible  from  it,  are  applicable,  the 
adv*antages  they  communicate  are  incalcu- ' 
labie.  But,  events  may  arise,  which  baf- 
fle every  principle  supported  by  history  5 
nor  can  experience  suppiy  instruction 
adequate  to,  the  exigencies  of  those  to 
whom  the  most  important  concerns  of  the 
commonwealth  are  committed.  Under 
such  uncertainties,  speculative  minds  may 
be  excused  if  they  .indulge,  with  modera- 
tion, the  bent  of  their  gen  ms,  and  contem- 
plate events  dependent  on  ontingencies, 
as  if  they  already  existed.  Often  are  such 
minds  tempted,  almost  irresistibly,  to  anti- 
cipate circumstances  which  futurity  alone 
can  disclose.  With  a  kind  of  prophetic 
spirit  they  expect,  they  infer,  they  con- 
clude, and  advise.  AH  must  acknowledge 
that  the  exercise  of  rational  foresight  distin- 
guishes maa  from  brute,  and  while  re- 
strained within  the  limits  of  modesty^ 
ought  not  to  be  censured,  however  re-^ 
suits  may  differ  from  its  happiest  conjec- 
tures. But  enlightened  minds,  though 
tpeculative,  will  nevertheless,  if  possible, 
support  their  opinions  by  arguments 
derived  from  &cts,  and  will  avail  them- 
selves of  whatever  assistance  the  page  of 
"^OL,  I.    ILit.  Pan,  /««..1807.J     , 


knowledge  oflfers.  The  volume  before  us 
is  an  instance  x>f  this :  it  is  partly  histori* 
cal,  partly  speculative.  We  may  safely 
rely  on  the  information  it  presents,  with- 
out attaching  ourselves  to  its  conjectures. 
Indeed,  we  ratlier  wave  the  consideratioa 
of  these  3  as  our  readers  will  perceive  by 
the  date  of  this  volume,  that  their  refer-r 
ence  was  to  a  state  of  things  very  difFerent 
from  that  of  the  present  time.  *  • 

There  is  much  uncertainty  whether  th« 
idea  of  a  balance  of  power  had  occupied 
the  m'mds  of  British  statesmen,  previous 
to  the  reformation  in  religion,  the  disco* 
very  of  a  passage  by  sea  to  India,  that 
of  America,  and  the  rise  of  the  Protestant 
states  of  the  United  Provinces.  Thesd 
events  produced  a  distinction,  apparently 
luiknown  before,  between  the  landed^  or 
continental  states,  and  the  marithne^  of 
naval  powers.  Germany  or  Hungary,  for 
instance,  placed  in  the  heart  of  the  £u* 
ropean  continent,  were  not  afl^ted  by  the 
di  scovery  of  new  worlds  {  their  situation  ex« 
eluded  them  from  the  sea :  while  every  port 
on  the  coast  of  Europe,  because  capable  of 
intercourse  with  these  discoveries^  was  ca<* 
pable  by  the  same  means  of  acquiring  aa 
importance,  a  dignity,  and  a  power,  the 
extent  and  spring  of  which  coqld  not  bo 
calculated  by  any  thing  which  had  occur- 
red in  our  part  of  the  glober  This  was 
placed  beyond  conjecture  by  the  struggle ' 
between  the  rising  states  of  Holland,which. 
addicted  themselves  to  maritime  affairs, 
whereby  they  acquired  greatness,  and  the 
landed  power  with  which  they  had  to  con^ 
tend  3  a  power  eminent  in  heroism  and  in 
discipline,  but  incapable  of  tyrannizing 
over  bpth  land  and  sea  at  the  same 
time. 

No  doubt  but  these  preponderating 
advantages  of  the  sea  coast,  arose  from  the 
facility  of  effecting  an  interchange  of  to* 


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Hevt^w  of  the  Balance  of  Power  and  Trade ,  (sfc. 


im 


texga  comitKxlititt  (which  is  commerce) 
independent  of  every  interference  or  prohi- 
bition of  the  continental  states,  to  whom 
tl|isp«werwai  eftotuaUy  denied.  'Inte- 
rior diftrictt  may  produce,  and  may  deliver 
their  productions  to  their  immediate  neigh* 
hours,  but  they  cannot  insure  the  reception 
of  their  commodities  by  a  third  pa(ty« 

Commerce,  then,  is  the  foundation  of 
power  on  the  coast;  production  Is  the 
foundation  of  power  on  the  Contiiieiit : 
))roduction  of  men,  which  forms  armies, 

Soduction  of  food,  which  soppo^s  ar^ 
its  when  formed,  production  by  skill 
Und  art,  the  objects  and  sul^jects  of  com- 
merct,  but  net  commerce  itself. 

The  extent  of  continental  ambition 
h,  after  every  efibrt,  bounded  by  the  sea ; 
and  where  continental  power  terminates 
maritime  power  commences :  this  is  so 
much  more  extensive  than  continental 
power>  as  the  sea  is  a  more  ready  com- 
:  munication  to  every  residence  of  civilized 
■oan. 

The  necessity  of  maintaining  in  Europe 
•n  equilibrium  between  the  sea  and  the 
land,  could  not  have  been  suspected  till  the 
capabilities  of  both  were  in  activity,  and 
these  could  not  be  in  activity  till  the  habit 
of  performing  long  voy^eS,  had  raised 
navigation  to,  degrees  ofexcellence  for- 
merly unknown;  tiH  the  productions 
received,  by  sea  from  foreign  climes  had, 
by  finding  their  value,  furnished  fresh 
itimuli  to  the  spirit  of  adventure,  and 
iresb  objects  of  desire  to  those  who  re- 
garded them ;  we  may  add,  till  distant  set- 
tlements had  held  out  temptations  of  sei- 
ture  to  the  politician,  who  saw  in  them 
either  a  prospect  of  future  gains,  or  equi- 
valents for  military  misfortunes  and  re- 
pulses suffered  nearer  home. 

It  is  not  of  indispens^e  consequence 
to  our  present  enquiries,  whether  the 
balance  of  power  rose  to  importance  with 
the  protestanr  religion,  and  with  the  states 
of  Holland,  or,  whether  it  was  first  un- 
dt  rstood  among  us  when  this  protestant 
kingdom  felt  the  necessity  of  suoporting 
other  communities  of  the  same  public  h\\h, 
and  of  cm^ng  the  insolence,  together 
with  the  power,  of  those  catholic  sove- 
reigns who  bad  manifested  the  most  bitter 
enmity  against  it.  Certain  it  is,  that  the 
fuformJltion  was  an  event  extremely  inte- 
resting, in  a  political  point  of  view.  It 
broke  asunder  one  liuk   of    that  chain 


which  had  connected  christianized  Eu- 
rope, into  one  whole,  however  distributed 
under  different  governments ;  and  which  had 
umted  Britain  with^Europe,  though  sepa* 
rated  from  it,  at  least. as  much  by  man« 
ners  and  by  character,  as  by  the  narro>nr 
sea  which  surrounds  it. 

-HoHand  and  Britain  professing  tha 
same,  religion,  were  induced  on  many  oc- 
casions to  make  common  cause  with  each 
oth6r  :  they  had  the  same  enemies ;  th« 
same  caqtiouj  the  same  vigilance,  ¥ras  ne- 
cessary for  one,  as  for  the  other ;  nei- 
ther could  sufiR^  singly :  both  when  uni- 
ted were  reciprocally  strengthened  by  tbm 
union ;  When  separated,  each  was  en- 
feebled, and  suffered  no  triffing  detriment, 
by  the  separation.  The  maintenance  of 
that  power  which  she  had  materially  con- 
tributed to  raise,  was  a  leading  object  of 
British  policy ;  and  her  most  enlightened 
statesmen  protected  with  every  effort  the 
barrier  which  defended  her :  nor  indeed* 
till,  in  evil  hour,  this  barrier  was  destroy- 
ed by  the  Emperor  Joseph  II.,  was  thero 
a  possibility  of  those  devastating  plagues 
overwhelming  Holland,  which  at  lengtb 
have  converted  her  republic  into  a  king- 
dom, and  her  citizens  into  subjects  not 
only  of  a  foreign  sovereign,  but  of  an  up- 
start usurper. 

France  has  been  for  ages  intent  on  en- 
larging the  limits^of  her  empire  towards 
the  north ;  the  Netherlands  were  her  ob- 
ject ;  not  merely  for  their  own  intrinsic 
value,  but  because  they  were  the  seat  of 
the  English  trade,  and  the  channel  by 
which  die  commodities  of  this  countrjr 
were  conveyed  to  distant  parts  of  the  conti- 
nent. So  far  therefore  as  Britain  coboerned 
herself  in  rnaintaining  the  balance  of 
power  "fn  Europe,  we  may  consider  this 
island  as  keeping  a  perpetual  watch,  or 
conHict,  against  the  encroochmenU  of 
France,  and  France  as  endeavouring  to 
obtain,  by  stratagem  or  by  force,  a  con- 
troul  over  the  mercantile  speculations  of 
England. 

We  shall  present  a  concise  notice  of 
those  agreements  by  which  the  trad© 
of  England  was  fixed  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. 

In  1274,  Edward  I.  of  Engbind,  form- 
ed a  commercial  alliance  with  Guy  Earl 
of  Flanders,  a  transaction  the  more  me- 
morable, 'from  its  having  brought  the 
Flemish  ariificLTs  in  wooUeos  to  resort  t# 


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€771  Sevtew*of  the  Balance  of 

Bngland,  and  from  its  having  given  a  de- 
cided wiperioritj  to  our  staple  * 

Jn  13J6,  Edward  III.  by  treaty  with 
the  £arl  of  Flanders,  fixed  the  staple  of 
English  wod  at  Bruges.  This  led  to  other 
couventlons^mutually  advantageoas^f  not- 
'wilhstauding  Antwerp  had,  by  this  time, 
risen  into  commercial  importance,  and 
established  its  trade  with  the  Italian  re- 
publics of  Venice  and  Genoa.  Other 
treaties  were  formed  in  1411  by  Henry 
IV.,  in  J446  by  Henry  VI.,  in  1467  by 
Edward  IV.,  which  treaty  was  established 
for  thirty  years.  (ihent,  Ypres^  and 
other  towns  of  Brabant,  were  uW  in- 
cluded j  and  in  1495,  Henry  VII.  and 
Philip,  Archduke  of  Austria  and  Flanders, 
stipulated,  tliat  the  subjects  of  both  states 
should  enjoy  reciprocal  privileges  of  trade 
in  all  commodities,  subject  only  to  the 
duties  and  customs  which  had  been  paid 
during  the  last  tifty  years.  At  the  close 
of  this  century  the  passage  to  India  by 
sea  was  discovered)  also  the  continent 
of  America;  this  naturally  diminished 
-the  importance  of  Venice  and  Genoa, 
(which  had  hitherto  enjoyed  the  Eastern 
trade  exclusively)  and  with  them  of  its 
correspondents,  including  Antwerp.  But 
the  moMt  severe  shock  to  the  trade  of  An- 
twerp, was  the  revolution  in  the  Nether- 
lands, and  the  capture  and  plunder  of  this 
capital  by  the  Duke  of  Parma,  1585.  On 
this  occasion  the  city  lost  3,000,000  of 
pistoles,  with  6J00  inhabitants. 
■  Queen  Elizabeth  formed  her  first  treaty 
with  the  States-General  in  1578,  intend- 
ing at  the  same*  time,  to  check  the  ^ow- 
ing power  of  France  and  Spain,  and 
to  keep  open  her  trade  with  Germany, 
by  means  of  the  rivers  which  connect 
that  countr}'  with  Holland,  and  with  the 
sea. 

'  We  find  other  treaties  in  succeeding 
^ges,  covenanting  for  advantages  to  the 
English  trad^  in  the  Netherlands:  as 
James  I.  in  l6(M,  Charles  I.  in  ld30, 
Charles  II.  in  l()d7,  which  renews  for# 
mer  stipulations  in  express  terms,  at  large. 
In  1713,  a  convention  for  a  provisional 
regulation  of  ^rade  in  the  Netherlands, 
was  concluded  at  Utrecht.  80  late  as 
1752,  commi<isioners  were  appointed  to 
open  a  confereoce  at  Brussels,  the  object 
of  which  was  the  placing  British  trade  in  or 

•  Rvraer's  Foedera,  Vol.  II.  p.  32. 
t  iBid,  Vol.  V.JJ.38. 


Power  and  Trade,  iSfc, 


(eti 


thrqugh  those  provinces,  on  the  footing 
of  ancient  treaties,  md  regnlaiing  the  same 
definitively.  This  attempt  failed  ;  partly 
because  the  Dutch  did  not  wish  to  see  the' 
transit  through  the  Low  Countries  so  ad- 
vantageously regulated  as  to  become  too  fa'- 
vorahU  for  the  merchants  and  agents  there  1 
partly  because  pecuniary  difficulties  pre* 
vented  the  government  of  the  Low  Coun* 
tries  from  paying  certain  debts ;  which  the 
English  and  Dutch  commissioners^egard- 
ed  as  a  sine  qua  non. 

To  what  degrees  of  commercial  pros-^ 
pcrity  thcfie  countries  might  have  attained, 
may  be  inferred  from  the  state  of  Antwerp 
in  1560,  which  city,  abont  18  years  be- 
fore the  revolution  in  the  Dutch  Nether- 
lands, had  six  classes  of  merchants: 
viz.  Germans,  Danes,  Easterlings  or  Bal- 
ticmen,  Italians,  Spaniards,  and  English. 
Armnyden,  in  the  island  of  Walcheren, 
which  was  the  port  of  rendezvous  for  the 
shipping  of  Antwerp,  had  often  500  vessels 
in  its  harbour. 

The  importance  of  the  Netherlands  is 
apparent  fron\  the  mere  mention  of  these 
circumstances ;  nor  did  it  altogether 
cease,  when  England  had  the  choice  of 
transmitting  her  commodities  through 
Flanders,  or  through  Holland.  Hence  we 
see  the  policy  of  France,  in  endeavoiu-ing 
to  obtain  first  influence,  direct  or  indirect, 
and  tlien  sovereignly,  over  these  coun- 
tries, and  the  rivers  which  form  the  high- 
ways of  their  commerce. 

Nor  is  this  all :  for  as  these  coasts  are 
opposite  to  those  of  England,  and  are 
every  way  adapted  to  the  creation  and 
support  of  a  maritime  force,  it  is  natural 
to  infer,  that  they  are  capable  of  be- 
coming the  bitterest  enemies  of  this  island, 
and  of  disturbing  its  repose,  at  their  plea- 
sure. 

Onr  best  informed  politicians,  there- 
fore, tiiout^ht  it  was  a<v  necessary  for  Bri- 
tain as  for  fiolland  dntthe  French  power 
should  be  confined  within  certain  limits.. 
ThU  was  a  principal  argument  in  vindi- 
cation of  the  barrier  treaty;  by  which  cer- 
tain fortified  to^ns,  forming  an  outline 
to  the  French  dominions,  were  garrisoned 
by  Dutch  troops,  and  were  specially  p!o- 
tected  by  stipulations.  It  was  the  opinion 
of  L/)rdTownshcndand  Mr.  Poyntz,  that 
''-  if  France  should  once  be  suffered  to  get 
possession  of  thr  Netherlands,  their  situa- 
tion is  such,  that  it  will  not  be  in  the 

Z  2 


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power  of  all  Europe  to  set  any  bounds  to 
the  progress  of  her  arms/'* 

When  France  was  allied  to  Austria  by 
marriage,  the  Emperor  Joseph  II,  sup- 
posed he  might  place  sufHcient  confidence 
m  his  brother-in-law  to  abandon  this  bar- 
rier, as  it  was  not  ver^  agreeable  to  have 
bis  towns  garrisoned  by  the  troops  of  other 
states.  He  accordingly  gave  orders  for 
dismantling  these  towns,  and  the  troops 
having  no  fortifications  to  defend,  retired 
of  course.  This  false  step,  as  the  writer 
of  this  article  ventured  to  predict,  admit- 
ted into  the  Netherlands  much  worse 
enemies  than  ever  could  have  been  expe- 
rienced in  the  House  of  Bourbon. 

Directly  after  the  removal  of  the  bar- 
rier against  France  in  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands^ that  insidious  power  attempted 
a  change  in  the  Dutch  constitution  y  and  * 
nothing  but  its  own  interior  situation  pre- 
vented the  accomplishment  of  its  ambitious 
schemes. 

What  France  could  not  then  effect,  has 
since  taken  place ;  and  we  have  seen,  not 
the  Netherlands  only,  but  the  whole  of 
the  United  Provinces  become  French  j 
and  even  the  extension  of  tliis  power  fur- 
ther north  still,  by  Its  influence,  if  not  by 
its  actual  possebsion. 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  balance 
of  power  is  apparently  destroyed  :  for  the 
continental  power,  France,  Lis  in  a  man- 
ner annihilated  the  maritime  power,  Hol- 
land J  and  the  catliolic  power,  France, 
has  overwhelmed  the  protestant  power, 
Holland.  The  trade  also  of  Britain  has 
lost  its  former  diannels,  the  politics  of 
Britain  have  lost  their  former  ally,  the 
religion  of  Britain  has  lost  one  of  its  for- 
mer supports,  and  the  conn^tion  of  Bri- 
tain with  the  rest  of  Europe  has  lost  that 
most  direct,  that  shortest  medium  of  in- 
tercourse, whicli  it  had  maintained  for 
ages. 

Such  are  the  facts :  speculations  on 
them  sliould,  a&  we  observed,  be  marked 
by  moderation  and  modesty,  but  if  guided 
by  these^  they  may  be,  perhaps,  neither 
nn proper  for  us  to  suggest,  nor  unaccep- 
table to  our  readers  at  tile- present  eventAil 
period. 

We  have  considered  commerce  as  the 
foundation  of  power  among  maritime 
states ;  and  the  prosj)erity  of  commerce  as 
augmenting,  not  merely  their  wealth,  but 

•  Barrier  Treaty  vindicated,  p.  23.. 


their  actual  and  effective  resources  of  every 
description.    In  like  manner,  the  decline 
of  commerce  is  the  enfeebling  of  their 
strength;  as  it  fails  they  weaken,   anc^ 
when  it  sinks  they  sink  with  it. 

To  monopolize  commtrce  is  not  within 
the  ability  of  any  one  kingdom  or  country  5 
because  no  country  can  supply  all  which* 
is  wanted  by  the  whole  world  besides,  and" 
take  in  return  every  thing  which  the  whole 
world  has  to  exchange.    There  will  there- 
fore always  be,  as  there  always  havebeen, 
several  centers  or  marts  where  commerce- 
has  established  its  seat }  and  if  tliese  are- 
in  possession  of  a  trade,  the  productions* 
of  which  are  necessary  to  the  other  esta- 
blishments of  commerce,  they  naay  consi  - 
der  themselves  as  likely  to  be  permanent^ 
as  tlie  vicissitudes  of  mundane  events  per- 
mit. 

From  the  general  agreement  of  man- 
kind to  consider  the  precious  metals  as 
wealth,  no  less  than  as  the  medium  of  eic.- 
change  and  payment,  Spain,  who  alone 
has  mines  of  these  metals  in  the  new 
world,  must  retain  her  commercial  im- 
portance, while  .she  retains  tfie  mines  ^. 
and  to  her  will  the  mercantile  world  look, 
expectingly,  while  her  treasures  are  the 
reward  of  their  adventures. 

Hence  Cadiz  has  long  been  a  centre  of 
exchange  ;  because,  the  value  of  tlie  pre- 
cious metals  arriving  here  firom  America^ 
depending  on  their  scarcity,  or  their 
abundance,  was  here  first  estimated  ; 
and  the  knowledge  of  these  particulars,, 
enabled  the  merchant  to  predict  their 
probable  effect  on  the  state  of  commercial 
credit.  From  Cadiz  too  these  treasures, 
were  distributed  over  Europe  j  this  city. 
must,  tlierefore,  retain  a  relative  import- 
ance. 

We  learn  however,  that  lately,  several 
other  ports  of  Spain  are  allowed  ta  partis 
cipate  in  thc^  American  tradj  5  the  exclu- 
sive privilege  of  Cadiz  consequently  i%. 
abridged  }  and  the  cliaracter  of  this  depot 
of  gold  and  stiver  is  proportionately  dimi« 
nislied,  though  by  reason  of  convenienc* 
and  the  force  of  habit,  it  noay  long  con- 
tinue to  exist.  The  productions  of  Spain 
sent  by  her  to  her  colonies  are  probably 
increased  by  tliis  measure ;  since  the  coon-^ 
tries  around  these  opened  ports  will  na-* 
turally  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity^ 
and  endeavour  to  export  their  manu6K:- 
tures.    Tiiis  may  beneiit  the  kingdomrat. 


I 


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large^  but  it  does  not  benefit  the  port  of 
Cadiz. 

There  are  also  other  causes  which  may 
render  a  country  the  seat  of  commerce  : 
such  as  situation,  convenieace,  enterprise^ 
or  even  the  mercantile  manners  o£  its 
inhabitants  :  ef  this  we  have  an  instance 
in  lioUand. 

The  carrying  trade  was  the  great  de- 
pendence of  Holland :  of  course,  it  was 
subject  to  the  good  opinion  of  those  for 
Whom  Holland  carried.  U  they  con- 
ceived dislike,  from  whartever  cause,  or 
even  without  cause,  the  trade  was  ruined  : 
or  if,  as  the  fact  eventually  proved  to 
be,  they  should  undertake  to  carry 
for  themselves,  farewell  the  Hollander's 
occupation.  It  appears,  that  about  1/40, 
a  material  change  took  place  in  the  Dutch 
carrying  trade.  The  other  markime  na-r 
tions  of  Europe  undertook  to  be  carriers 
of  their  own  produce  j  they  accordingly 
transported  it  to  Holland  in  their  own 
bottom,  and  left  it  there,  to  be  sold  by 
commission.  Tlie  Dutch  merchants,  un- 
der this  innovation,  gave  t^'o- thirds  of 
the  value  in  advance;  and  with  this 
portion  the  ship-master,  under  instruc- 
tions from  his  owners,  either  purchased 
QthcT  goods  as  requir^  at  home,  with 
yrhich  to  return,  or  returned  with  the 
profits  of  his  freight.  Others  of  more 
extensive  conceptions,  having  received 
Putch  bills  for  two-thirds  of  their  car- 
goes, resorted  to  those  other  centres  of 
exchange,  Hamburgh,  Cadiz,  or  Leghorn, 
&c.  where  these  bills  were  equal  to  mo- 
ney, and  there  purchased  such  commodi- 
ties as  they  thought  proper  5  or  proceeded, 
jf  they  judged  expedient,  to  the  very 
countries  which  produced  the  commodi- 
ties they  wanted.  Thus  the  established 
credit  of  Dutch  bills,  acted  detrimentally 
on  ^eir  carrying  trade ;  and  it  is  the 
opinion  of  the  best  informed  merchants, 
that  jn  a  short  time  the  Dutch  must  have 
lost  a  large  proportion  of  tlieir  cartying 
^nd  'depot  trade,  even  if  favourable  times 
had  permitted  them  to  conceal  the  fact, 
by  their  external  equanimity. 

This  statement  ei^plains  the  cause  of  the 
rapid,  and  hitherto  unexplained  decay  of 
the  Dutch  navy :  the  public  nursery  for 
seamen  was  diminished  with  their  employ- 
ment :  the  arsenals  and  magazines  of  stores 
were  gradually  impoverished  j  partly  be- 
cause fewer  vessels  were  sent  out,  by 
Vliicb  to  receive  tbeoi|  gnd  partly,  be- 


j  cause  the  funds  necessary  to  pay  the  pur- 
chase of  these  stores  were  themselvei  de- 
ficient. 

During  the  present  war  the  Americans 
have  got  possession  of  a  part  of  the  carry- 
ing trade.  This  is  certainly  not  favour- 
able to  the  Dutch,  though  the  probability 
is,  that  the  distance  of  America  from 
Europe,  will  prevent  that  country  from 
retaining  rtj  yet  commerce  when  diverted 
from  its  old  channels  does  not  always 
entirely  resume  the  very  same. 

Holland,  however,  having  suras  of 
money  in  the  funds  «f  most  European 
states,  for  which  it  draws  the  interest, 
has  inducements  to  maintain  an  inter- 
course with  those  states.  Finding  also  a 
profit  in  receiving  these  remittances  in 
goods^  it  will,  almost  by  necessity,  con- 
tinue so  much  commerce  as  these  goods 
with  their  accessories  will  maintain, 
fhis,  together  with  the  circumstance 
that  these  remittances  are'  drawn  for, 
through  the  medium  of  bills  of  exchange 
will  continue  a  centre  of  exchanges  in 
this  country,  in  a  mercantile  sense ;  with- 
out its  being  of  any  very  great  importance 
in  a  political  sense,  or  enabling  Holland 
by  any  extensive  exertion  of  credit,  to 
hazara  a  considerable  and  sudden  efi^ort 
for  the  recovery  of  any  of  its  ancient 
means  of  power,  and  wealth  :  since  such 
an  effort  if  unsuccessful,  would  only,  like 
tlie  paroxysm  of  a  patient  in  a  fever, 
exhaust  the  strength  of  the  agent  withopt 
making  the  smallest  progress  toward  re- 
covery. 

As  to  France,  it  is  observable,  that 
although  this  kingdom  by  her  Southern 
provinces  had  near  access  to  Venice,  and 
almost  touched  upon  Genoa,  as  by  her 
Northern  provinces  she  almost  adjoined  to 
Bruges,  and  Antwerp,  yet  commerce 
could  not  be  brought  to  take  its  course 
straight  through  France  j  but  circumnavi- 
gated  her  shores,  and  united  the  principal 
marts  of  Europe,  not  by  a  direct  line, 
but  by  a  clromiflex .  The  centers  of  com- 
mercial exchanges  never  settled  in  her 
cities.  Venice  was  a  cemer  of  exchange 
in  the  South  ;  Bruges  was,  another  in  the 

North  5  Antwerp  wa^  another ; when 

interrupted  at  Bruges,  or  expel  icd  from  Ant- 
werp, did  exchange  settle  in  France  r  No  j 
it  went  further  North  to  Am  yU\  aam  ;  and 
when  removed  from  Amsterdam,  it  went 
still  farther  off  from  France,  to  Ham- 
burgh. Th^  center  of  commercial  dcal- 
Z  3 

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logi  indicated  by  the  settlement  of  et- 
change«  seems  to  have  receded  as  France 
advanced,  and  to  have  eluded  her  grasp, 
as  she  endeavoured  to  seize  it. 

We  may  dr^w  the  same  inference  from 
the  issue  of  French  interference  with 
America.  When  France  thought  to  rtin 
Britain  beyond  redemption,  by  depriving 
her  of  her  transatlantic  provinces,  could 
•11  her  treaties  secure  to  her  the  trade  of 
America  ?  Is  she,  has  she  ever  been,  the 
depot  for  American  productions  ?  The  fact 
is  directly  the  reverse}  the  interference  of 
France  with  America,  promoted^her  own 
downfall  j  and  the  absolute  termination 
of  this  insidious  measure  is  still  in  the 
womb  of  fiiturity. 

After  this,  it  is  a  kind  of  bathos  to 

enquire what  was  the  issue  of  the 

French  connections  with  India,  in  a  com- 
mercial point  of  view?  For  certainly 
France  never  was  an  European  emporium 
for  Indian  commodities :  or,  what  pro- 
portion of  the  precious  metals  extracted 
from  tlie  bowels  of  the  eartli  and  sent  to 
Spain,  centers  in  France  ?  And  on  what 
principle  ?  —  in  exchange  for  goods  ? 
(i.  e.  commerce)  very  little  indeed  :  and  if 
>  as  tribute,  when  did  that  establish  a 
centre  of  commercial  exchange? 

If,  then,  as  we  have  seen,  the  seat  of 
oommeicial    exchanges  fled  before    the 
efforts  of  France,  we  may  infer  with  little 
risque  of  fallacy,  that  although  Hamburgh 
might  fall  under  the  power  of  this  destruc- 
tive Colossus,  that  city  would  no  longer  re- 
tain its  importance  among  the  commercial 
marts  of  Europe.    The  probability  is  that 
trade  would  travel  further  North ;    and 
Gothenburgh  might  stand  a  fair  chance  of 
becoming  what  we  have  lately  seen  Am- 
sterdam and   Hamburgh.     It   Is  indeed, 
remarkable,  that  commerce  seldom  settles 
a  second  time  in  places  from  whence  it 
has  been  ejected  j    unless   the  cause    of 
ejection  has  been  transient  though   vio- 
lent,  or  some  peculiarity  of  situation  has 
restricted  it  to  such  a  measure,  by  ex- 
cluding an  alternative.     We  might  else 
suppcjse,  that  a  renewal  of  those  mercan- 
tile principles,    and   branches   of  trade, 
which  formerly  established  and  raised  to 
eminence    the    Hanseatid    league,    is   a 
circumstance  not  impossible :    and    that 
commerce  after  having    been    attracted 
Southward  by  the  wise  regulations  and 
sedate  policy  of  the  Dutch,   by  the  tole- 
rant principles  of  religion  established  in 


CM4 


the  United  Pktmnces,  by  the  liberty  tber© 
establislied,  and  by  the  mercantile  sph-it 
there  displayed,  would,  as  these  blessings 
ceased  to  engage  her  stay  retire  to  th« 
retreats  she  had  quitted,  and  again  make 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic  her  abode. 

That  "vve  have  said  little  on  tl^e  subject  of 
Venice,  Genoa,  and  Leghorn,  the  souths 
em  seats  of  commercial  exchange,  is 
easily  accounted  for.  Venice  has  long 
ago  seen  her  best  days :  she  ma^'  at  her 
carnival  attract  strangers  to  gaze  at  tlie 
absurdity  of  her  painted  mask,  but  she 
will  entice  few  merchants  to  establish 
themselves  within  her  territorie*,  or  to 
attempt  the  restoration  of  her  fallen  greats 
ness.  She  is  under  French  dominion* 
Grenofl  is  merged  in  Fi  ance ;  as  she  never 
possessed  a  territory  capable  of  supponing 
extensive  commerce,  what  should  induce 
commerce  to  prefer  Genoa  ?  I  eghgrn  may 
yet  continue  a  sickly  memorial  of  what  it 
has  bden,  but  extensive  trade  is  not  likely 
to  settle  in  Leghorn.* 

Thus  we    see  that  the  dominion  of 
France  is  the  torpedo  touch  to  commerce. 
This  is  not  the  place  to  enquire  into  the 
causes  of  this  fact :  we  may  however,  hint, 
that  France  is  a  productive    country,  a 
military     establishment,     a     continental 
power,  under  this  character  she  may  aflfect^ 
and  unquestionably  has  greatly  affected^ 
the  balance  of  the  Continent.    Commerce 
is  jealous  of  tn'iWiary  friends,  tor   what 
should  restrain  them  when  pressed  b^  occa- 
sion, from  making  free  with  a  trifle,  or  ro, 
by  way  o(fo)ced  loan — Whereas  the  very 
word  /orce  terrifies  commerce  into  afien- 
ation  of  mind :  every  guinea  borrowed  d  la 
Franf.aise,  prevents  a  million  from  being 
entrusted  where  such  events  may  reair. 
We  shall  not  be  understood*  to  predict 
the  total  cessation  of  French  trade ;  but 
we  mean  by  what  we  have  said,  to  infer, 
that  however  France  may  export  her  own 
commodities,  and  receive  those  of  others, 
which   is  barter ;  she  will  never  become 
the  depot  of  the  property  of  other  naticns. 
Nobody  will  send  goods  t6  France,  as  waa 
done  to  Holland,   to  meet  another  mar- 
ket :    to  await  an  opportunity  of  being 
sold  3  taking  French  bills  in  lieu  of  money, 
and  with  them   repairing  to  any  part  of 
Europe,  in  full  persuasion  that  these  bills 
are  in  payment  equal  to  cash.  Nor  will  (his 
be  the  Case,  with  respect  fo  any  country 

*  The  considt  ration  af  Malta,  as  a  subelt* 
tute  for  the^e  marts,  is  purposely  d<?ferred. 


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Review  of  the  Balance  qf  Power  and  Trade,  isfc. 


C68ff 


under  French  dominion :     i.  e,    on   the 
Urge  and  extended  scale  of  commerce. 

If  commerce  will  not  settle  in  France, 
because  France  is  a  military  nation,  we 
have  no  reason  to  conclude  that  it  will 
flourish  in  Holland,  which  roust  be  held 
in  subjection  to  France  by  military  power. 
If  before  the  revolution  which  has  com- 
pleted its  misfortunes,  the  commerce  of 
Holland  was  radically  declining,  and  its 
power,  of  course,  by  what  discernible 
assistance  on  the  part  of  France,  shall  this 
be  revived  ?  What  has  France  done,  what 
can  France  do,  to  restore  that  confiden  e 
which  was  the  life  of  Holland,  but  which 
never  was  the  characteristic  of  France, 
nnd  which  every  French  vnstitution  and 
interference  is  calculated  to  drive  further 
and  further  off? 

But,  though  it  is  unquestionably  a  kind 
of  satisfaction,  to  know  that  our  enemies 
are  not  likely  (o  reap  from  their  opera- 
tions, those  advantages  which  they  pro- 
mised themselves,  yet  it  is  extremely  natu- 
ral to  enquire,  with  still^reater  interest, 
what  may  be  the  fate  of  our  beloved 
ibland  }  If,  in  answer  to  such  a  question, 
we  were  to  indulge  our  w'lskes,  very  copious 
indeed  would  be  our  reply  :  but,  in  form- 
ing rational  conjectures  as  to  events,  it  is 
our  duly  to  circumscribe  our  expectations 
witiiin  tlie  bounds  of  probabiUty. 

if  the  foreign  trade  of  England  wai 
making  progress  before  the  Dutch  states 
were  formed,  why  should  it  despair  of 
maintaining  itself  af:er  they  are  annihilat- 
ed ?  What  parts  of  the  world  have  been 
since  discovered  as'  channels  of  trade, 
which  were  not  thea  known  ?  What  com- 
modities does  England  since  produce, 
which  were  not  then  her  property  ? 
What  connections  has  England  since 
formed,  which  were  not  then  in  exist- 
ence ?  What  parts  of  the  world  look  to 
England  bow  as  to  a  center,  which  then 
had  not  heard  of  her  ?  What  is  the  degree 
of  confidence  placed  in  her  now,  and 
what  her  estimation,  among  those  who 
haye  been   her  regular  correspondents } 

I1ie  answers  to  these  questions  would 
shew,  that  important  as  her  trade  through 
Holland  and  Flanders  always  was,  and 
ever  must  be,  yet  that  numerous  branches 
of  it  have  originated,  have  prospered,  and 
may  continue  to  ^irosper,  independent  of 
whatever  exclusions  the  sovereigns  of 
Holland  and  Flanders  may  think  proper 
to  institute.     Hitherto  those   countries 


have  more  reason  to  regret  the  seeing  of 
'  the  golden  gain  going  beside  them,  than 
Britain  has  to  grieve  &t  the  inconvenience 
she  experiences  from  the  necessity  of  tra- 
velling somewhat  round  about,  to  effect  her 
purpose;  or  of  permitting  her  neighbours^ 
to  smuggle  her  commodities  into  their 
countries,  for  which  \)^ey  have  first  paid 
her ;  Instead  of  delivering  them  openly 
as  becomes  a  fair  and  honourable  dealer. 

We  have  admitted  that  the  import  of 
the  precious  metals  secures  a  commerce  to 
Spain  J  that  the  reception  of  interest  and 
the  continuance  of  antient  habits,  tlie  ad- 
vantages of  situatiotf,  and  the  persevering 
character  of  the  Dutch,  are  likely  to  peN 
petuate  a  slowly  moving  commeice 
through  Holland  j  it  follows,  that  Britain 
is  not  to  expect  to  monopolize  the  com- 
merce of  the  whole  world.  Th6  idea  is 
popular,  but  it  is  idle.  Even  were  the 
trade  of  these  or  other  nations  destroyed, 
it  does  not  follow  that  Britain  would,  to 
use  a  common  phrase,  '*  step  into  their 
shoes."  We  have  already  said  that  no  oile 
kingdom  can  supply  all  the  world  :  com- 
merce would  end,  where  absolute  mono-  - 
poly  begim. 

Nevertheless,  so  far  as  concerns  the 
power  derived  from  commerce,  these 
countries  would  not  be  formidabloc  Some 
profit,  no  doubt  must  attend  their  trade  : 
but  this  would  be  absorbed  in  their  public 
expenses,  which  at  present  greatly  ex- 
ceed it :  and  where  there  is  neither  over- 
plus, nor  credit,  on  what  has  political 
exertions  to  depend  ?  Understanding  by 
"political  exertions"  the  ability  of 
injuring  others,  which  is  a  very  different 
idea  from  that  of  self  defence. 

Om-  readers  will  perceive  that  our 
opinion  inclines  to  tlie  persuasion,  that 
however  France  may  have  d^troyed  the 
continental  part  ok'  the  balance  of  power, 
yet  she  has  not  effected,  and  probably 
cannot  effect,  all  that  she  aims  at.  The 
sea  is  still  open  :  she  cannot  shut  it  up  : 
and  though  she  has  seized  some  of  those 
countries  which  used  to  be  most  formida- 
ble on  the  sea,  yet  she  has  not  acquired 
possession  of  that  fu^  principle,  whence 
they  derived  their  maritime  strength ; 
and  to  which  no  secondary  principle  ever 
was,  or  can  be,  a  competent  substitute. 

In  directing  the  efkci  of  our  reasonings 

to  Britain,  it  must  be  acknowledged,  that 

this  single  state  ought  not  to  suppose  itself 

to  be  equal  in  strength  and  couaequcnct 

Z  4   - 


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e^n 


Heviewof  the  Balance  of  Polver  and  Trade,  tsfc. 


[aw 


with  two :  itself  and  Holland.  It  must 
jiave  suffered  by  tl^c  loss  of  Us  friend : 
yet,  that  the  suffering  is  not  equal  to  what 
might  be  fancied  on  a  superficial  view, 
}ve  presume  to  think  we  have  already 
proved.  Besides  this.  Great  Britain  has 
maintained  some  ^advantages,  and  acquir- 
ed others,  whicji  enable  her,  as  a  member' 
of  the  maritime  part  of  the  balance  oi 
power^  to  counterpoise  in  some  degree, 
thai  disturbance  of  the  continental  pan 
pf  the  balance  of  power,  which  though 
distressing,  has  not  hitherto  as  was  in- 
tended, proved  fatal  to  her.  To  this,  the 
following  reasons  may  have  contributed. 

1.  Great  Britain  has  maintained  her 
credit  as  a  commercial  nation  unimpaired : 
she  is  recognized  among  the  mercantile 
marts  as  not  only  solvent  but  flourishing  : 
and  none  hesitates  to  entrust  her  with 
goods,  either  for  her  own  consump- 
tion, 6r  as  a  depositary  till  they  can  be 
forwarded  to  thpse  for  whom  they  are 
intended. 

2.  Her  trade  with  those  countries  from 
whence  it  is  nominally  excluded,  is  not 
entirely  abrogated  :  nor  do  those  countries 
wish  it  shoqld  be  so.  They  are  as  willing 
fo  receive,  a?  Britain  is  to  deliver;  the 
prohibition  is  not  their  own  act  and  deed, 
but  an  unnatural  force  upon  them,  which, 
of  consequence,  they  are  perpetually  in- 
tent on  eluding.  Holland,  for  instance, 
has  money  in  the  British  funds, — what 
•hotild  incline  Holland  to  reduce  Britain 
to  the  incapacity  of  paying  the  interest  of 
this  money  ?  is  it  not  clearly  to  her  ad- 
vantage to  receive  British  goods,  by  which 

'she  is  paid  her  due,  and  which  she  can 
dispose  of  to  great  profit  ?  It  is  in  fact,  a 
double  gain. 

We  may  alsq  ask,  wl^ether  the  natives 
of  any  otn^r  country,  purchased  British 
goods  to  please  Britain,  oi;  to  benefit  them- 
selves? if  that  benefit  still  continues,  will 
they. not  also  continue  to  hanker  after 
thei|:  usual  supply  ?  Will  they  keep  tlieir 
own  commodities  on  their  hands  to  pe- 
rish, well  knowing  tliat  with  these  tliey 
could  proaire  tl^e  articles  they  wish  for  ? 
Surely  >  liot  at  the  command  of  foreign  des- 
j>ot.s ;  whatever  patriotism  ipighl  dictate 
\vere  the  qqarrel  national. 

3.  Tlie  trade  of  Britain  is  not  confined 
to  dqe  channel;  exchide  it  from  thi?, 
others  remain.  The  lime  is  within  our 
recollection  when  the  loss  of  one  branch 
of  it,  the  American,    was  predicted  to 


issue  in  our  cjoraplete  ruin  :  *'  the  snn  of 
''  Britain  was  set."  Has  the  event  justi- 
fied the  prediction  ?  When  the  coutitrics 
were  politically  separated,  what  did  Ame- 
rica do  with  her  productions  ?  to  what 
market  did  she  wish  to  carry  them  ?  and 
where  are  now  her  chict  dealings  ?  In 
like  manner,  if  excluded  from  one  part 
of  Europe,  Britain  trailes  with  other  parts  j 
exclude  her  from  the  whole  of  Europe, 
were  it  possible, — she  trades  with  all  the 
rest  of  the  world.  But  that  it  is  not  pos- 
sible totally  to  exclude  lier,  appears  not 
only  from  what  we  have  said,  but  from 
the  complaints  on  the  behalf  of  France, 
uttered  by  Ramel,  a  very  well  informed 
person.  Vide  Panorama,  pp  43.  And  if 
British  productions  cannot  be  excluded 
from  France,  from  Paris  itself,  a  fortiori, 
they  cannot  be  excluded  from  countries 
less  closely  watched  by  the  governing 
power. 

4.  New  channels  of  trade  open  to 
Britain,  by  the  fall  of  those  colonial  pos- 
sessions, which  her  enemies  are  unable  to 
defend.  This  is  not  so  much  the  result 
of  British  strength,  as  of  her  opponents' 
weakness  :  and  it  exposes  their  weakness 
in  a  glaring  manner.  At  the  same  time, 
by  undermining  that  commerce  which  had 
been  the  support  of  the  parent  Euro- 
pean state,  it  rapidly  augments  the  symp- 
toms of  decay  long  visible  to  a  judicious 
eye,  in  tlie  constitution  of  those  powers 
which  are  unnaturally  combined  against 
this  seat  of  commerce. 

On  the  whole,  we  infer,  that  so 
far  as  the  balance  of  power  included  an 
equipoise  between  the  continent  and  the 
ocean,  it  is  not  destroyed  by  the  convul- 
sions on  the  continent ;  because  the  con- 
tinent has  not,  in  fact,  materially  en- 
croached on  the  maritime  power.  The 
maritime  power  of  Holland  is  not  trans- 
ferred to  France  a  continental  power,  but 
to  Britain,  itself  a  maritime  power,  so 
that  Britain  now  represents  not  only  what 
she  represented  before  the  fall  of  Holland, 
but  also  great  part  of  what  Holland  re- 
presented previous  to  that  event. 

That  so  far  as  the  balance  of  power  con- 
sisted of  an  equipoise  between  the  catho- 
lic and  the  pfotestant  religions,  seeing  it  i» 
the  catholic  powers  which  have  chiefly 
suffered,  in  opposition  to  France, — thatin 
JFrance  itself  Catholicism  has  experienced 
a  severe  shock, — that  in  Holland,  the  pro- 
testant  power  which  has  principally  beei^ 


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«S9] 


Carr's  Stranger  in  Ireland. 


i6g» 


overwhelmed,  protestantism  has  lost  few 
of  its  votaries,  if  any  j  we  conclude^  that 
in  the  present  state  of  men's  minds  on 
this  subject,  no  great  evil  is  to  be  dreaded 
on  the  behalf  of  religion. 

Tliat  while  we  recommend  with  the 
most  decisive  earnestness  a  state  of  vigi  - 
lance,  of  preparation,  of  expectation,  of 
readiness  to  meet  the  worst,  we  see  no 
reason  to  "  despair  of  the  common- 
•*  wealth  ;"  no  cause  for  dejection.  Let 
Britons  rouse  the  manly  faculties  of  their 
minds  and  bodies,  be  true  to  themselves, 
be  united  against  internal  enemies,  in 
every  shape  ;  and  we  stake  all  our  credit, 
and  the  very  existence  of  our  work,  on 
the  affirmation  that  foreign  enemies  will 
taever  accomplish  the  ruia  of  this  hiiherto 
Providence-protected  island.    - 

Since  this  article  was  composed,  France 
"has  seized  Hamburgh,  and  confiscated 
the  English  property  there :  but  to  no 
great  profit }  for  a  second  proclamation  by 
the  French  general  informs  us,  that  the 
first  brought  in  too  little.  We  understand 
also,  that  a  center  of  exchange  is  about 
to  be  fixed  at  Gottenburgh,  as  we  had 
predicted. 

The  most  remarkable  piece  of  news,  is, 
that  Great  Britain  is  blockaded  by  Bo- 
naparte; a  circumstance  of  which  we 
were,  and  probably  should  have  conti- 
nued, unconscious,  if  he  had  not  mani- 
fested his  gbod  nature  in  acquainting  us 
with  it  by  public  proclamation. 

The  Stranger  in  Ireland;  or  a  Tour  in 

the  Southern  and  Western   parts    of 

that  Country,  in  the  Year  1805.     By 

.  John  Carr,  Esq.      Royal  quarto,   pp. 

544.,  price  ^2. 5s.     Fiiillfps>  London, 

.    1806. 

Wb  sincerely  desire  the  prosperity  of 
Ireland. '  By  what  means  this  may  be 
best  accomplished,  opinions  may  be  al- 
lowed to  differ;  but  the  object  is,  and 
must  be,  the  wish  of  every  well  informed 
and  considerate  mind.  Several  centuries 
have  rolled  away,  since  Ireland  ceased  to 
be  governed  by  its  native  rulers  ;  and  the 
lapse  of  time  is  not  inconsiderable  since 
it  professed  wholly  to  coalesce  with  Bri- 
tain, its  more  powerful,  and  more  ex- 
tensive neighbour.  The  idea  of  having 
been  subjugated  is  grating  to  the  mind  of 
every  people;  and  tenure  by  conquest,  is 
i}jfi  Worst  of  tenures  by  which  sovereignty 


can  be  held.  Instead  of  tliat  attraction  which 
should  increase  strength  by  union,  auch 
principles  produce  repulsion  only,  and 
repulsion  once  in  activity  is  not  easily 
reduced  to  simple  quiescence.  Every 
endeavour,  therefore,  should  be  made  to 
banish  the  very  supposiiion  from  the  miiuls 
of  those  whom  it  is  desirable  should  be 
fostered  into  complacency.  Ireland  had 
the  further  misfortune  of  maintaining  a 
religion  repugnant  to  that  of  her  gover- 
nors: so  that,  whatever  attempts  wer« 
made  to  promote  her  welfare,  were  t)e- 
held  with  half  averted  eyes,  either  by.  a 
political  party,  suspicious  of  whatever  it 
had  not  assisted  in  deliberating ;  or  by  a 
religious  party,  jealous  of  being  itself  de- 
graded, in  proportion  as  any  other  was 
exalted. 

The  principle  of  universal  toleration 
unhappily  was  unknown,  or  at  least  was 
not  practised,  when  Ireland  received  tlvo 
government  of  Britain.  The  protestants^ 
therefore,  insisted  on  establishing  a  su- 
premacy, and  the  catholics  on  retaining  a 
preponderance  :  while  religion,  in  whose 
name  the  contest  was  carried  on,  almost 
execrated  the  end,  so  strongly  she  detested 
the  means.  The  rights  of  conscience  are 
sacred  :  and  never  ought  those  who  dif- 
fered in  sentiment  from  the  ruling  power 
to  have  had  the  slightest  cause  for  suspicion 
that  in  sacred  things  they  were  not  free. 
Yet  while  they  saw  themselves  under  tha 
necessity  of  sending  their  teachers  to  fo- 
reign parts  to  be  themselves  taught :  and 
even  of  sufferiog  a  temporary  absence  of 
their  children,  witli  the  same  intent,  was 
it  possible  they  could  congratulate  them* 
selves  on  their  liberty  ?  Was  it  possible, 
we  might  also  ask,  that  youths  educated 
in  foreign  countries  and  seminaries,  should 
not  imbibe  the  sentiments  of  those  coun- 
tries, and  especially  of  those  seminaries  ! 
and  if  such  sentiments  were  bigotted,  and 
extremely  adverse  to  that  state  of  things 
with  which  thqse  youths  were  to  be  as- 
sociated in  future  life,  what  harmony  was 
likely  to  result  ?  The  present  state  of  the 
continent  has  happily  entrusted  Britain 
with  an  opportunity  of  retrieving  some  of 
those  errors,  of  which  over  weening  at- 
tachment to  the  best  of  causes  cannot  be 
admitted  as  a  justification;  and  we  hope 
that  from  this  aera,  a  new  scene  of  pros- 
perity will  open  on  Ireland,  and  that  the 
happiness  in  reserve  for  the  United  King-, 
dom .  is  inexpressibly   superior  tQ    wh^^  . 


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Carr's  Stranger  in  Ireland. 


t^a 


either  past  times  have  seen,  or  present 
tiines  conceive. 

Our  wish  for  Ireland  is,  that  its  natives 
should  he  instructed.  Why  shoold 
they  not  emulate  our  northern  brethren, 
in  respect  of  education  ?  Not  even  the 
heroism  of  theScotsissohoQorable  to  Scot* 
land,  as  the  general  distribution  of  know- 
ledge among  its  inhabitants.  Equally 
brave,  spirited,  open,  affable,  equally 
capable  of  learning  whether  general  or 
partiailar,  with  every  talent  for  profiting 
by  instruction,  how  is  it,  that  ignorance, 
like  an  impenetrable  mist,  envelopes  the 
sons  of  Hibernia  ?  That  only  the  upper 
dasses  of  Ireland  enjoy  the  advantages  of 
information,  while  the  mass  of*  its  popu- 
lation appears  to  be  excluded,  not  merely 
from  the  interior  of  the  temple  of  science, 
to  which,  indeed,  their  pretensions  might 
be  disallowed,  but  even  from  the  lowest 
form  in  the  vestibule  or  portico.  Con- 
vinced as  we  are  that  little  effectual  or 
permanent  can  be  accomplished  in  favour 
of  the  land  of  St.  Patrick,  till  this  cause  of 
reproach  shall  be  abrogated,  we  repeat 
our  wishes  that  the  amelioration  of  the 
state  of  ^is  people  may  be  begun,  con- 
tinued, and  perse veringly  promoted,  by 
means  of  their  instruction. 

Mr.  Can*  has  rightly  intitled  his  volume 
^*  a  Stranger  in  Ireland :"  for,  though 
that  island  be  only  a  few  hours  sail  from 
England,  it  is.  liule  known  by  Englisli- 
men  in  general.  The  state  of  Otaheite  is 
perhaps  as  familiar  to-many  among  us,  as 
that  cf  our  fellow  subjects  now  united  in 
the  game  Empire.  We  accept,  therefore, 
with  chearfulness,  what  information  this 
lively  writer  affords,  though  not  all  it 
might  be,  nor  all  the  purchaser  has  a  right 
to  expect  at  the  price  of  his  book.  We 
are  far  from  displeased  that  this  active 
traveller  has  favoured  the  public  with  his 
remarks  and  sentiments,  some  ot  which 
are  intererting ;  yet  our  pocket  complains 
in  a  manner  perfectly  intelligible,  of  the 
value,  wbich  he  has  attached  to  his  fa- 
vours. 

Mr.  Carr  begins  his  volume  in  rather  a 
Hibernian  manner,  by  informing  us, 
that  he  got  into  the  coach,  but  he  does 
not  tell  us  when,  or  where }  he  acquaints 
us  also,  that  he  sailed  from  Holyhead 
for  Ireland,  •*  in  the  morning  about  ten 
o'clock,'*  but  has  forgot  to  mention  in 
wh'it  month  of  the  year,  or  what  dny  of 
the  month.    However,  he  safely  landed 


at  Dublin  >  where  be  stayed  till,  as  the 
weather  was  exceedingly  beautiful,  **  b« 
resolved  on  making  an  exairsion  into  the 
county  of  Wicklow,"  while  •'  the  suzn-' 
roer  still  extended  its  sway  beyond  the 
ordinary  period  of  its  reign  ;  and  althougU 
the  season  of  autumn  was  arrived.  Dot  a 
leaf  denoted  decay."  In  his  journey,  he 
passes  the  Scalp,  an  issue  between  rocks, 
which  is  not  only  striking  by  its  appear* 
ance  to  tlie  eye,  but  is  also  interesting  to 
the  inquisitive  geologist.  A  following 
scene,  the  Darkle,  is  of  a  kind  eotireljr 
different,  and  certainly  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  combinations  of  rural  beauties 
in  the'  inland.  Mr.  C.  returns  from 
Wicklow  to  Dublin  ;  and  at  "  the  close 
of  September,**  determines  on  visiting 
the  lake  of  KiUarney,  taking  Limerick  in 
his  way. 

In  the  course  of  this  journey  our  author 
descries  the  bog  of  Allen,  and  gives  as 
good  a  description  of  it  as  could  be  ex- 
pected from  a  passing  traveller.  He 
describes  Limerick  pretty  much  at  large, 
and  proceeds  to  KiUarney,  and  the  lakes  ; 
which  he  explored  under  highly  favourable 
circumstances.  The  beautiful  scenery 
aroaud  these  lakes^  furnishes  several 
pleasing  opportunities  for  the  exercise  of 
Mr.  C's  pencil.  He  afterwards  visits 
Cork,  then  Kilkenny,  proceeds  to  Athy« 
and  thence  to  Dublin  by  water.  A  tour 
to  the  north  of  Ireland  concludes  our 
author's  visit  to  this  country:  but  he  is 
not  very  communicative  of  his  remarka 
on  this  part  of  the  island. 

A  visit  of  a  few  months  (probably  not 
six  months)  spent  in  traversing  a  great 
extent  of  country,,  is  not  precisely  wiiat 
might  be  wished  for  obtaining  correct 
ideas  of  the  state  and  character  of  the 
people,  generally  ;  of  their  commerce* 
arts,  manners,  and,  what  seems  to  have 
attracted  the  writer's  notice  accidentally, 
only,  and  then  very  slightly,  their  reli- 
gion. If,  then,  we  divide  Mr.  C*s  per- 
formance^'into  two  parts,  1.  what  relates 
to  the  country,  and  2.  what  relates  to  the 
inhabitants,  we  sliall  commend  the  first 
of  these  as  very  creditable  to  the  inspect* 
ing  talents  of  our  spirited  traveller.  He 
has  seen  the  beauties  of  the  country  with 
an  eye  impro\-ed  by  skill  in  Uie  arts  of 
design  :  he  has  been  struck  with  various 
combinations  of  ptcturescjue  beauty,  and 
must  have  enjoyed  many  others  which  he 
did  not  condescend  to  minute  down,  at 


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<&3] 


Carrs  Stranger  h  Irelani, 


the  moment.  A  professed  artist  might, 
perhaps,  have  wished  he  could  have  re- 
sided for  a  while  at  some  of* these  scenes ; 
in  order  to  profit  by  their  accidents ,  morn  - 
ing,  evening,  moonlight,  or  what  pro- 
bably surpasses  all  in  grandeur,  the  enT'^ct 
of  a  thunderstorm  on  the  lake  of  Killar- 
nej ! 

But  the  second  division  we  have  hinted 
at,  the  inhabitants,  is  a  much  more  im- 
portant subjcK:t  of  consideration  than  scene- 
ry, or  views  j  they  may  affect  the  eye, 
this  aflects  the  heart  j  and  under  that  de- 
jcription  we  proceed  to  conhider  it. 

Mr.  C.  describes  the  city  of  Dnblin,  as 
containing  various  edifices,  extremely  su- 
perb and  striking  5  together  with  recep- 
tacles in  which  the  poorer  classes  are 
tlironged  together  in  no  moderate  degree. 
We  ftar,  from  his  account,  that  the  mid- 
dle rank  of  population,  which  is  the  source 
and  bupport  of  national  prosperity,  is  un- 
happily not  very  numerous  :  tlie  connect- 
ing link  between  greatness  and  povert)'  is, 
if  not  altogether  wanting,  yet  of  too  little 
estimation  and  importance.  The  same 
remark,  might  be  made  on  the  country  at 
large ;  Mr.  C.  meets  with  many  gentle- 
men, who  treat  him  with  great  hospita- 
lity, and  with  many  cottagers  (or  **  cot- 
tiers") but  the  middling  classes  are  sel- 
dom mentioned:  and  neither  their  fare 
nor  their  welfare  is  recorded. 

It  is  difficult  to  fix  any  arrangement  of 
remarks  on  a  book  so  desultory  as  tliat 
before  us.  We  shall,  however,  com- 
mence our  extracts  with  an  account  of 
those  particulars,  the  reformation  of  which 
is  roost  earnestly  to  be  desired. 

The  observation  of  the  sacred  day  of 
rest  is  extremely  relaxed  in  Ireland.  Mr, 
C.  observes  "  a  Sunday  witli  the  peasan- 
try in  Ireland  is  not  unlike  the  same  day 
in  France.  After  the  hours  of  devotion, 
a  spirit  of  gaiety  shines  upon  every  hour, 
the  bag-pipe  is  heard,  and  every  foot  is 
in  motion."  p.  254.  Those  who  have 
»een  a  Sunday  in  France,  will  understand 
this :  those  who  have  not,  should  be  in- 
formed, that,  as  the  fact  is  in  Ireland, 
the  enjoyments  of  the  day  begin  soon 
after  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  by 
noon  all  manner  of  wh.-it  John  Bunyan 
would  call  *'  carnal  delights  **  are  going 
forward.  The  censure  attaches  mohl  se- 
verely to  the  priests ;  who  certainly  deal 
iBore  in  cerenooniaft  tban  in  morals,  or 


better 


they  wotild    teach   their   people 
things. 

We  are  of  the  same  opinion,  in  respect 
to  the  lying  and  perjury  which  Mr.  C. 
attaches  to  the  character  of  the  lower 
cla.ss  of  Irish.  He  tells  us  (p.  24g  that 
"  they  will  lie/'  and  be  repeatedly  relates 
instances  of  their  perjury  j  particularly 
(p.  378)  "  another  fellow  swore  back- 
wards and  forwards  ten  times  in  about  af 

many  minutes" and  this  is  soionun.or, 

that  if  a  little  bit  of  drollery  accompany  it, 
whenever  such  a  culprit  is  "  detected  in 
the  most  abominable  perjur}',  the  audience 
is  thrown  into  convulsions  of  merriment:** 
and  again  (p.  422)  "  I  found  perjury,  if 
it  had  any  thing  of  humour  in  it,  seemed 
to  be  stripped  of  all  ils  culpability*':  and 
-again,  (p.  524)  "  I  have  heard  a  fellow, 
mounted  on  the  table  as  a  witness,  tie  in 
all  directions ;  the  only  consequei:ce« 
were,  that  he  was  thought  very  ?musin^ 
and  was  not  credited."  Wi  at  then  are 
the  pi  iests  about  ?  why  do  ibey  not  in- 
struct their  people  in  tlie  nature  of  aa 
oath^  and  its  sanctions  ?  Is  this  crime  men- 
tioned at  auiicular  conlcvMon  ?— if  ye.s 
why  do  not  confessors  mark  it  with  ader 
quate  reprobation  r — if  no,  of  what  practi- 
cal use  is  that  institution,  which  sufters  a 
crime  so  enormous,  so  flagrant,  and  so 
frequeitt,  to  escape  its  notice  ? 

The  following  is  a  lomeiitablc  picture  of 
the  defective  state  of  the  church-ebtablishmcnt 
in  Ireland.  There  are  two  thousand  four 
hundred  and  thirty-six  parishes,  one  thou« 
sand  aud  one  ch niches,  and  only  three  htm- 
dred  and  tifiy-iive  glebe  or  parsopage-houseaT 
The  bcnetices  or  union  parishes  anit>unt  to 
one  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty :  8<^ 
that  there  arc  two  thousnd  and  eighty-ono 
parishes,  witliout  any  residence  for  the  clergy^ 
men,  and  one  thouFand  foiir  hundred  and 
thirty-five  parishes  nvithcut  any  churches. 
Where  there  are  no  glebc-houhcs,  the  rcsi* 
dent  cierpynian  rents  a  bouse  ;  where  he  doe5 
not  reside',  his  curate  performs  th«  service^ 
and  1  was  informed  with  tolerable  regularity: 
but  the  inconvenience  must  be  great,  and 
residence  from  necessity  rare.     p.  49. 

The  relative  proportion  of  catholics  to 
protestants  and  all  ihc  cities  of  Munster, 
;9  full  four  to  one }  in  the  interior  of  the 
country  it  is  ten  to  one  ;  ahnost  all  the  com-  . 
mon  |)Coplc  are  of  the  first  dctcriplion.  as 
well  as  the  respectable  merchants  of  the- city. 

Under  the  term  piotesiants  are  compre- 
hemled  all  8eparatL»ti.  from  the  catholic  com- 
munion :  the  establiFhed  church  in  this  part 
of  1  reload  has  very  few  followers  j  4he  me< 


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Carr'e  Straitger  in  Ireland, 


V9gS 


ihodists  on  the  contrtiry,  are  rapidly  encrcas- 
ing.     p.  4C0. 

From  this  last  remark  we  might  be  led 
to  conclade  that  the  Irish  themselves  per- 
ceive the  necessity  of  follow  iug  a  stntivr 
code  of  morals:  for  certainly  the  met  ho 
dists  do  not  prevail,  by  exceeding  tlie 
catholic  priests  in  indtdge nccs. 

The  jx)orer  parts  of  Dnblin  arc  pregnant 
with  nuisances  unusually  dcMruciivc  tolicalth 
and  comfort.  In  the  ancient  parts  of  the 
city  the  streets  arc  gcnerallv  very  narrow^  and 
4he  back-jTirds  of  the   houses  very  conijucd. 

The  greater  number  of  thes(>  itrccts,  with 
th^ir  mmicrous  larjes  and  aiWys,  arc  te- 
nanted by  little  she jvkeej Kirs,  tlie  labouring 
poor,  and  bcgears  crowded  to<;elher  to  a  de- 
cree painful  antl  alFccting  to  rellection.  Mr. 
\VhitcIaw  states,  in  hi:s  admirable  essay  on 
the  population  of  Dublin,  that  a  single  apart- 
ment in  one  of  these  truly  wretched  habiia- 
tions  lets  from  one  to  twobhillinga  per  week, 
and  to  lighten  this  rent,  two,  three,  and 
«ven  four  limulies  become  joint  tenants,  p.  54. 

Such  is  the  description  given  by  our 
author  of  a  purt  of  the  metropolis.  With 
tl)is  might  be  connected  some  of  his  re- 
marks on  the  city  of  Limerick.  In  the 
country  ve  may  find  more  health,  but 
not  much  better  accommodation. 

An  Irish  cabbin,  in  general,  is  like^  little 
Antediluvian  ark ;  for  husband,  wife  and 
children,  cow  and  calf,  pigs,  poultrv*,  dopj, 
and  frequently  cat,  re^x)se  under  the  same 
Toof  in  perfect  amity.  A  whimsical  calcu- 
lation, some  lime  since  a&cextaiued,  that  in 
tighiy-seven  cabins,  there  were  one  hundred 
and  twenty  full  grown  pigs,  and  fort)-seven 
dogs.  The  rent  of  a  cabin  and  potatoc  plot 
in  the  count)'  of  Wicklow  and  neighbour- 
hood, is  from  ofte  to  two  guineas  ;  the  fami- 
ly live  uix>n  potatoes  and  butter-milk  six  days 
in  the  week,  and  i^gjLead  of  **  an  added  nucl- 
ding,"  the  sabbath  is  generally  celebrated  by 
tacon  and  greens. 

In  thoie  parts  I  found  the  price  of  potatoes 
to  bo  eight  shillings  and  fouipence  the  barrel 
(twenty  stone  to  the  barrel),  and  three  cjiuurts 
of  butter-milk  for  a  penny.  The  price  of 
labour  was  sixj)ence  halfpenny  per  day. 
Upon  an  averap;e,  a  njan.  Ins  wife,  and  four 
chiklrcn  will  cat  thirty-seven  jwunds  of  pota- 
toes a  day... Three  jicunds  of  good  mealy  pota- 
toes are  more  than  ecjuivalcnt  to  one  pound  of 
t)ica<l.     p.  151. 

If  we  advance  a  step  higher  in  society 
y;v  find  n  cl;;sb  w  hich  shouKl  be  comforta- 
ble, the  iigricuUurists,  subject  to  priva- 
lions  uhich  aj>pc.»r  almost  incredible. 

In  Irel.ind  tiicre  is  a  deacription  of  men, 
who  are  rikeasjn.iij*  ravenous  wolves  annMig 
^le  peasantry^  ktK)«\  ii  by  the  name  of  Middle- 


men. Between  the  actual  proprietor,  ai»d 
theoccupiuu  of  the  laml,  there  arc  trequcnily 
no  \vt>%  than  four  or  five  progressive  tenants, 
vvhn  frequcntlv  ii<  vci  Wiethe  land  which  ihcy 
hold,  and  which  is  .iv  i^ned  from  one  to  the 
other  until  encuml>crcd  and  dispirited  by 
such  a  CDncatenation  of  CNOCiion,  instead  of 
being  able  to  make  thrice  the  amwmt  of  his 
rent,  as  he  ought  to  be  enablcfl  to  do,  name- 
ly, one-third  for  his  landlord,  another  for 
the  supjjort  of  his  family  and  the  remaining 
part  for  contingencies,  the  last  laker  can 
scarcely,  after  infinite  toil  and  privation,  pay 
his  iminediaic  lord,  and  feed  and  clothe  him- 
self and  fmiily. 

A  farm  was  |X)inted  out  to  me,  in  the 
south-west  of  Ircliuid,  for  which  the  occu- 
pier paid  four  hundred  pounds  |)er  annum,  a 
rent  which  in  England  is  very  respectable, 
and  waul  J  secure,  with  common  gpod  h»i«- 
baiidry  and  prudence,  a  very  comfortable 
mainienuiuc  for  the  teiiant  and  his  family, 
and  enable  him  to  lay  a  little  by;  but  iu- 
siead  of  anv  apiTcarance  of  comfort,  the  far- 
mer was  balf-nakcd,  and  his  wile  and  family 
in  ras^s.  I  low  little  the  l;md  must  experience 
the  rc-invi^oratinii;  benefits  of  good  husbandry 
can  easil  V  be  iniay  ned.  Without  being  sla\  es 
in  fact,  tJuir  condition  is  little  better  thau 
vass;dagc  in  its  most  oppressive  form.  Poia- 
uies  and  butter-milk,  tiie  food  of  an  EnelisU 
hog,  form  the  degrading  rei)ast  of  the  Irisli 
peasant ;  a  little  oatmeal  is  a  delicacy  ;  a  Sun- 
day bit  of  jKvrk  a  great  and  rare  luxury.  De- 
pressed to  an  enaality  with  the  l>cast  of  the 
field,  he  shares  his  sorry  meal  with  his  cow, 
his  dog,  and  his  pig,  who  frequently  feed 
with  him,  as  his  equal  asliociates,  out  'o(  the 
same  Ijou  1.     pp.  L*.QO,  29 1 . 

One  of  tlie  best  parts  of  Mr.  Carr'a 
work  is  that  in  which  he  gives  a  di'itress- 
ing,  but  we  believe,  a  correct  picture  of 
the  situation  of  Ireland  in  respect  to  its 
currency.  The  following  extracts  are  a 
part  of  his  account. 

Nothins;  can  impress  a  stranger  more  forci- 
bly tlian  tlic  want  of  a  mint  coiiuge  in  Ire- 
land, and  (widi  an  exception  to  certain  por- 
tions in  the  north)  the  deplorable  want  of 
metallic  5|)ecie  throughout  that  coimtry,  to 
which  may  be  added  the  exorbitant  state  of 
the  exchange  between  the  two  countries. 
The  production  of  a  guinea  in  many  parti 
of  Irekmd,  excites  as  much  curiosity  as  the 
display  of  a  ruble,  or  a  sicca  rupee  would. 
Upon  the  arrival  of  the  first  of  those  precious 
corns  in  Dublin,  it  sjx^cdily  finds  its  way 
either  to  flie  biinkerS  counter,  or  to  the  shops 
called  specie  shops,  over  the  doon  of  which 
is  written,  **  gumeos  bought  and  sold  here, 
and  bank  holes  exchanged  for  guineas. ** 
Hcn»  a  Ruiiiea,  exchanged  for  a  bank  of  Ire- 
laud  guinea  note,  was  9umeiime  stiKe  rer9Dl4 


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Oarr'i  Stranger  in  'Iretaiut,. 


(ddi 


at  one  pound  direc  shiUings,  and  one  pouzul 
three  slidlin^  and  sixpeucc  :  at  present  it  is 
at  one  shillings  which  is  low.  Small  bank  of 
England  notes  from  one  to  ten  pounds,  arc  at 
a  premium  proportionate  to  guineas,  being 
equally  useful  to  travellers.  Lareer  bank  oT 
£ngland  bills  bear  the  same  pnce  as  mer- 
ctu^tb*.  bilb  on  l/>ndon. 

The  want  of  silver  specie  is  more  particu- 
larly lamentable  and  einbanassiog  beyond 
imagination.  Many  of  the  great  quantity  of 
base  shillings  in  circulatiouare  not  intrinsi- 
cally worth  fourpence ;  but  if  they  are  of 
sufiicient  weight,  or  what  b  admitted  to  be 
«o  by  tacit  consent,  viz.  two  penny-weights 
atnd  sixteen  grains  and  a  half,  and  do  not  pre- 
sent too  (frazen  an  appearance  of  their  J'elo- 
tdous  origin,  they  are  perniittod  to  descend 
into  the  till,  to  prevent  a  total  stagnation  of 
trade.  Even  these  shiHine^  are  rare,  and 
their  rarity  is  frccpently  uisastrotis  to  bu- 
siness. 

After  having,  been  detained  half  an  hour 
for  chance,  1  have  more  than  once  been  told 
by  the  shop-keeper  with  great  regret,  that  he 
had  sent  to  all  his  neighbours  for  change, 
but  could  not  obtain  any,  and  consequently 
the  article  purchased  resumed  its  former  place 
\ipon  the  sfielf.  It  is  worthy  of  obsenation, 
that  the  mint  shilling  weighs  three  penny- 
weights and  twenty  one  grams,  so  that  even 
in  mere  weight,  an  Irish  shop-keeper  is  com- 
pelled to  submit  to  a  deduction  of  ratlicr  more 
tlian  one-tliird.     . 

In  some  parts  of  Ireland,  the  people  are 
so  embarrassed  by  the  ininiense  effusion  of 
the  notes  of  small  banks,  that  a  premium  of 
three-pence  in  the  pound  is  frequently  paid 
tor  an  Irish  bank  note,  although  it  is  in  all 
parts  in  a  state  of  deprcciatiou  ,  and  many  of 
these  bankers  have  Ixien  known  to  refuse  their 
own  notes  in  payment  for  rent,  without  a 
discount  being  allowed. 

The  man  who  goes  to  market  in  Dublin, 
"With  a  gtf'mea  in  gold,  has  an  advantage  to 
the  extent  of  the  premium  over  another 
going  to  market  with  a  guinea  in  paper,  for 
the  former  calls  at  a  specie  shop,  and  sells  his 
guinea  for  a  paper  guinea  and  the  premium. 
This  depreciation  must  arise,  I  should  sup- 
pose, from  an  excemve  mue  q/' paper,  which 
m  the  time  of  the  restriction  upon  the 
issue  of  gold,  increased  from  jC600,000  to 
jf  2,600,000,  in  addition  to  the  va^t  nui;incn- 
tation  of  private  bankers*  notes  in  Dubiiii  and 
other  parts  of  Ireland,  pp.  59  to  71-  pa:>shn. 
A  lady  at  the  inn  where  I  wu%  assured  me, 
that  she  had  been  detained  a  whoU;  day  in 
the  country,,  because  having  no  money,  and 
no  other  than  local  notes,  the  keeper  of  the 
turnpike  refused  to  let  -her  pass.  Notes  for 
eightccn-pence  are  abundant.  Bankers  are 
almost  as  common  as  potatoes  in  the  counties 
.^  Ijgurrickj^  KuTT^,  and  Cork.    At  a  viilagp 


ribf  far  from  limericft,  a  blaciksdiith'  issuer 
sixpenny  notes,  which  circulate  in  the  vil- 
lage, and  no  Carther.     p.  348. 

Let  us  DOW  direct  our  attention  to  thoim 
indications  of  in^provement,  which  ap* 
pear  in  the  disposition  and  character  of 
this  people;  and  in  the  state ^nd  cultiva* 
tion  of  their  country.  We  learn  witb 
great  pleasuro  that  duelling  is  fast  de- 
clining. "  It  has,"  says  Mr.  C.  **  effected 
more  injury  to  the  Irish  character  tha» 
any  other  cause— it  is  subsiding ;  but  truth 
calls  upoB  me  to  say,  that  it  still  has  too 
wide  a  latitude  of  action,**  p.  239.  Also 
p.  341 .  «'  I  fouad  that  duelling  had  verj 
much  subsided,  and  that  it  wa^  far  from 
raising  those  who  engaged  in  it  in  the 
opinion  of  their  brother  oflficers.  Frona 
one  regiment,  the  officers  of  which  I 
knew,  an  Irish  officer  was  dismissed  for 
quarrelling  and  challenging,  and  a  reflolo^ 
tion  was  entered  into,  that  any  gentleman 
of  that  regiment  who  accepted  a  challenge 
fpom  such  expelled  officer,  should  be  sent 
to  Coventry  by  the  whole  rress." 

Mr.  C.  also  mentions,  with  great  sen- 
sibility, various  charitable  institutions,  ili 
which  the  young  of  both  sexes  are  iir- 
structed;  sonxe  are  established  by  iniU^ 
viduals,  who,  greatly  to  their  honour, 
enjoi/  this  way  of  doing  good  ;  others  ai« 
publid,  and  recently  opened :  these  promise 
much  advantage.  Our  traveller  repeatedly 
insists,  that  schools  absolutely  gratuitousy 
defeat  their  own  intention,  as  the  poor 
will  not  send  their  children;  the  "  na^ 
tive  pride"  of  the  Irish  *^  revolts  at 
eleemosynary  aid."  Indeed,  he  goes  so 
far,  as  to  advise  that,  whatever  may  b© 
projected  on  this  article,  the  parent  should 
always  be  understood  to  contribute  some^ 
thing  in  part  of  payment.  Mr.  C.  speal^ 
with  great  severity  of  the  charter-school*^ 
calling  them  *'  most  infamous  jobs,"  p.49^ 
The  present  state  of  these,  therefore^ 
cannot  be  reckoned  among  indications  of 
irapro\ement  >  but  they  tr,ay  be  the  basiii 
of  superior  things  at  some^Uure  time;  an4 
the  sooner  the  better. 

A  very  favourable  circumstance,  more 
tlmn  once  mentioned  by  our  author  is, 
the  state  of  marriage  among  the  kish. 
"  Tlie  low  Irish,"  •  says  be,  "  are  not 
only  remarkable  for  their  early  marriage, 
but  for' the  inviolate  sanctity  with  which 
the  marriage  contract  is  kept,  and  hence,^ 
among  other  causes,  the  nomber,  and 
h^tk  of  the  children  which  are  crawdtti 


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Canr's  ShKUtger  in  hritani. 


t?0(l 


m  every  c^n.^'^p.  405.  This  is  an  excel* 


lent  sign  :  licentiousneu  is  the  inevitable 
Toad  to  ruin>  but  conoubial  fidelity  en- 
eoGHrages  tbe  hope  that  other  virtues  may 
6e  engrafted  upon  it,  with  great  advantage. 

Our  traveller*b  gaJlaotry  leads  him  to 
speak  highly  of  the  Irish  ladies :  that  he 
was  favoorably'  received  by  them,  we 
learn  from  himself  ?  and  he  thus  returns 
the  compliment. 

The  ladies  of  Iceland  poesessa  peculiarly  pleas* 
ing  frank nc»  of  manners,  and  a  tivacity  io 
conversation,  which  rentiers  highly  interesting 
all  they  do  and  aU  they  say.  In  this  open 
fweetness  of  deportment,  the  libertine  finds  no 
cDcoura^ment ;  for  their  modesty  must  be 
the  subject  of  remark  and  eulogy  with  every 
stranger.  I  have  been  speaking  of  the  re- 
spectable class  of  female  society,  hut  the  same 
virtue  is  to  be  found  in  the  wretched  mud 
cabin.  The  instances  of  connubial  defection 
are  fewer  in  Ireland,  for  its  size,  than  in  any 
odier  country  of  equal  civilization 

They  are  more  highly  accomplished  in 
Instruviental  than  in  vocal  music :  a  greater 
musical  treat,  can  scarcely  be  enjoyed,  tlian 
to  hear  some  of  them  peribrm  their  own  Irish 
airs,  which  are  singularly  sweet,  simple,  and 
afiecting,  pp.  236,   238,  passim . 

The  modesty  of  tlic  Irish  ladies  is  the  effect 
of  principle Instances  of  ladies  **  liv- 
ing and  dying  in  single  blessedness*'  are  rare 
to  Irelana.  1  saw  only  two  old  maids,  and 
they  were  too  amiable  and  pleasant  not  to 
convince  me  that  their  situation  was  their 
choice.  The  upper  classes  of  Irish  women 
are  veiy  handsome,  and  finely  formed.  The 
loH'tr  Irish  country  women  are  so  disfigured 
by  the  smoke  of  their  cabin5,  and  their  feet 
are  so  enlarged  by  being  exposed  without 
vither  shoes  or  stockings,  that  I  think  them 
inferior  in  complexion  and  form  to  the  female 
-peasantry  of  England.  The  commonest 
women  m  Dublin  are,  however,  in  general 
ranarkable  for  delicacy  of  the  hand,  and 
the  whiteness  of  the  bosom.  They  are  also 
in  general  powerfully  made,  ancT  able  to 
protect  themselvos. 

The  state  of  manufactures  Mr  C.  thinks 
is  improving :  in  u>roe  places  agriculture 
is  practised  with  increasing  success  and 
vigour,  on  scientific  principles,  p.  504. 
The  etiect  of  the  Union,  has  been  bene- 
:licial :  bnt  much  greater  efiRnrts  are  ex- 
|)ected  from  it.  ••  Since  the  Union  the 
price  of  land  has  increased  \*cry  consider- 
ably:** exhibitions  vt'  cattle  have  taken 
place ;  and  other  marks  of  spirit  arc  not 
vNMiting.  '*  Tbe  average  price  of  labour  is 
et^t-^peoceper  day;  except  in  liarvest  tia>e 
when  itis  doubleor  ti:eUed,'*  p.  806.  The 


rearmg  of  cattle  and  sheep  is,  at  present, 
the  great  manufacture  of  Ireland  ;  here- 
after, this  country  may  produce  other 
commodities,  which,  in  their  progress^ 
may  more  actively '  employ  its  icmabi- 
tants. 

We- learn  that,  in  the  year  180!,,  therm 
were  bat  four  mail  coacHes  in  Ireland, 
viz.  to  Cork,  Limerick,  Belfast,  and 
Longford  ;  now  there  are  304  post  towns, 
to  200  of  which  the  mails  arc  conveyed 
six  times  a  week,  to  104  three  times  in 
each  week,  p.  85. 

The  roads  of  Ireland  are  excellent  : 
''  One  great  cause  of  the  roads  in  Ireland 
enduring  so  lOng  when  once  constructed, 
is  owing  to  there  being  no  ponderous 
waggons  or  other  heavy  carriages, 
the  cars  which  are  alone  used  for  the 
conveyance  of  articles  are  too  light,  and 
their  wheels  too  broad  in  proportion  to  do 
any  injury.'*  p.  211.  We  cannot  help 
wishing  that  the  general  intercourse  of 
the  kingdom,  may  speedily  prove  fatal  to 
the  beauty  of  these  roads. 

Speaking  of  bogs,  Mr.  C.  informs  us, 
that. 

The  bog  is  cut  with  an  instnimtnt  called  a 
slane,  a  spade  of  about  four  inches  broad » 
with  a  steel  blade  of  the  same  lenzth,  stand* 
ing  at  rig;ht  angles  with  the  edge  of  the  spade  i 
the  tarf  is  piled  up  in  pyramidical  heaps  on 
the  margin  of  the  pits  out  of  which  they  are 
dug,  eacli  piece  being  about  the  size  and  shape 
of  a  brick. 

The  niiKle  of  reclaiming  bogs  is  now  very 
well  understood,  and  it  is  ascertained  that 
bogs  must  be  kept  drained,  otherwise  they  will 
relapse;  it  is  a  cunous  circumstance,  that 
when  they  arc  once  reclaimed,  they  are  con- 
vertible to  any  purpose  of  agriculture.  The 
bogs  in  Ireland  are  rapidly  reclainjing.  Na- 
ture is  throwing  off  her  covering  of  nissei  for 
a  rol)eof  c;reen  or  yellow.  I  saw  considerable 
tracts  of  bog  that  had  been  reclaimed,  and 
which  appeared  to  b^  very  productive.  The 
turf,  when  thomughlv  heated,  makes  a  good 
fire,  and  is  an  admirable  substitute  for  coals. 
Page  310  311. 

The  hist  article''  which  we  shall  quote, 
under  this  division,  is,  tltat  of  the  Linen 
manufactures,  the  great  staple  of  Ireland  ^ 
concerning  which  Mr.  C.  writes  that  they 

Are  rapidly  improving  and  extending  in  the 
north  of  Ireland.  They  have  doubled  withift 
ten  years :  they  have  an  immediate  tendency 
to  avilixe  and  enlighten  those  who  are  cm« 
ploved  in  them,  by  producing  an  iiftercourse 
of  tne  iffuorant  with  the  infonned,and  rentl^ 
inga  habit  of  cabiilatioa  and  negQciatioQ  ia  bo- 


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t^tt 


sindbpebeibk;  t»thty»re»tpreseot  con- 
ducted they  are  injarious  to  agriculture;  but 
this  arises  solely  from  their  being  in  a  state  of 
infancy.  The  manufacturers  in  the  north,  are 
all  cottiers,  who  ate  scattered  over  the  coun- 
try, and  they  grow  their  own  flax  and  po- 
tatoes ;  each  of  them  generally  has  about  half  |, 
An  Iriih  acre  of  corn,  (oats)  a  rood  of  pota- 
toes, and  half  »-  rood  of  flax,  and  a  cow's 
^rast,  that  is,  permission  for  his  cow  to  graze 
with  tke  landlord's  cattle,  and  turf-fuel  sufh- 
cient  for  one  fire :  these  people  never  attend 
to  agriculture  but  when  they  nave  no  demand 
for  their  manufacturing  labour.  As  the 
Hnen  manufactures  continue  to  increase,  it 
will  be  found  necessary  for  the  petty  manu- 
&cturei;}  to  aggregate  m  town<> ;  from  their 
present  dispersion  "one  advantage  arises,  the 
manoi&ctunng  cottier  is  more  nenlthy  than 
If  he  were  shut  up  in  a  crowded  working- 
9oem«    Page  &S6  627. 

Our  judgment  on  the  whole  is,  that  Mr. 
C.  has  indulged  himself  in  viewing  this 
country  to  the  greatest  advantage ;  that 
be  has  collected  a  considerable  mass  of 
infbrmatioD,  which,  if  it  were  not  inter- 
mingled and  debssed  by  stale  jokes,  and 
cW  bulls,  by  lists  of  literati,  specimens  of 
literature,  natural  philosophy,  and  various 
ether  augmentations,  would  lay  us  under 
considerable  obligations,  to  his  attention 
and  sagacity.  Very  few  persons  in  the 
course  of  a  summer's  rapid  excursion, 
could  have  told  ua  so  much  j  and  not 
many  would  have  told  it  better.  Yet  we 
could  point  out  a  few  passages,  which  cer- 
tainly required  revision.  They  ate  either 
detective  Irish  currency,  or  English  bate- 
metal. 

The  aquatinta  plates  to  tliis  work  are 
▼ery  pleasingly  executed  5  •  they  are  mostly 
interesting  by  their  subjects  and  their 
management.  We  hope  they  are  faith- 
ful 3  but  to  the  best  of  our  recollection, 
we  think  them  favourable.  In  this  they 
do  but  agree  with  the  general  character  of 
the  book  :  the  error,  if  it  be  one,  is  less 
likely  to  give  o^ence  than  a  contrsry  bias 
would  have  been. 

In  another  part  of  our  work,  will  be 
found  the  report  of  the  Hibernian  Society, 
mttituted  in  London  for  tlie  promotion  of 
knowledge  and  piety  in  our  sister  Island. 
To'  this  undertaking  Mr.  Carr  heartily 
wishes  success ;  and  so  will  all  who  coin- 
cide in  opinion  with  the  royal  sage,  that 
*\  for  the  soul  to  be  without  knowledge 
u  not  good.*' 


The  British    Flag  Triumphant!   or  the 
Wooden  Walls  of  Qld  England :  bein^ 
copies  ^ot  the  London  Gazettes,  con* 
tainiug  the  accounts  of  the  great  Vic- 
tories and  gallant  Exploitsof  the  British 
Fleets,    during  tlie  last  and    pre^ut 
War}  tc^ether  with  correct  lists  of  the 
Admirals  and  Captains  in  the  several 
Engagements  :  to  which  is  prefixed,  an 
Address  to   the  officers,  seamen  and    ' 
marines,  of  His  Majesty's  Fleer.   Hat* 
chard,  Piccadilly. 
It  has  long  been  our  opinion,  that  in 
certain  manoeuvres  the  French  are  greatly 
our  superiors — ^nay,'  start  not,    gentle 

reader, we  do  not    mean    in    ma- 

BGEuvring  of  fleets,  or  m  fighting  by 
single  ship?  5  but  they  take  more  advan- 
tage than  we  do,  of  the  power  of  ihm 
press,  to  communicate  to  all  the  world 
what  information  they  tlrink  will  answer 
their  purposes.  They  reason  away  our  ^ 
commerce,  prove  tha^  we  have  very  lit- 
tle, and  ought  to  have  less;  they  arc  never 
defeated,  by  our  anny  ;  accidentally,  to  b^ 
sure,  some  irregular  corps  of  their*s  art 
obliged  to  take  up  a  new  position;  but  that 
only  demonstrates  the  skill  of  the  general 
who  takes  it :  and  as  to  our  navy,  whith 
we  make  so ,  much  noise  about,  there  i» 

not  a  well-built  ship  in  it except  what 

France  has  furnished  us  with  5  by  absolute 
inadvertence,  or  disobedience  of  orders, 
in  it*s  commander.  Such  are  French  ma- 
ncEUvres:  and  though  e\ery  day  detects 
their  fallacy,  yet  every  day  beholds  tho 
same  deceptions  repeated,  in  some  shape 
or  other,  to  be  retailed  among  thostf 
nations,  which  groaning  in  chains  and 
shackles  tinder  French  despotism,  are 
bound  to  believe  whatever  impositions 
their  tyrants  ordain. 

By  what  can  Britain  counteract  these^ 
delusions  ? — By  employing  the  same  me- 
dium, the  press,  in  propagating  trcth  t 
let  foreign  nations  read,  each  in  its 
own  language,  the  history  of  events; 
and  learn  to  re^)ect  that  power  which 
stands,  unappallod,  though  alone,  in  the 
attitude  of  self-defence  j  and  desires  that 
every  state  in  Europe  might  be  as  free  as 
herself. 

We  repeat  our   decided  opinion,  that     ' 
the  British  government  neiiher  did,  while 
the  foreign   presses  were  more  free  than 
they  are  at  present,  nor  does  now,  dojas- 
tiCL*  to  iu  cause  by  means  of  this  powcrlul 


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The  Sritmh  Flag  Triumphant ! 


r?w 


nuxiliary;  ^hidk  Buonaparte  converts, 
rather  perverts,  with  hiuch  greater  ad- 
dress, and  very  superior  management,  to 
accomplish  his  schemes.  We  do  not 
indeed  advise  that  every  detachment  of 
our  army  should  carry  with  it  a  printing 
press  to  announce  its  own  victories,  as 
several  Fcench  armies  did  5  but  surely 
there  is  a  medium  between  vain  glorious 
boasting  and  supine  indifference. 

If  such  be  our  conviction,  we  cannot 
1»ut  be  pleased  with  every  endeavour  to 
Engage  the  press  in  the  service  of  our 
country,  and  among  other  instances,  we 
are  gratified  by  the  intention  of  the  pre- 
sent compilation,  which  is  addressed  im- 
mediately to  the  hearts  of  our  searrien, 
and  presents  them  with  official  reports  of 
those  incomparable  actions,  to  llie  truth 
of  which  many  thousands  of  them  can  tes- 
tify. Not  one  in  fifty  of  our  sailors,  says 
the  worthy  editor,  has  the  means  of 
reading  these  public  papers ;  yet  it  must 
be  acknowledged,  that  the  sentiments 
entertained  by  our  compatriots,  respecting 
our  public  deportment,  are  extremely 
likely  to  affect  our  future  conduct. 

The  same  sentiments,  as  to  honour  and 
renown,  which  animate  tJie  breast  of  the 
officer,  are  felt  in  their  full  vigour  by  our 
soldiers  and  sailors :  and  if  it  were  pos- 
sible, that  tlie  guilt  of  cowardice  could  be 
proved  on  an  individual,  the  reception  he 
would  meet  with  among  lii 8  mates,  must 
be  worse  to  him  than  a  thousand  deaths. 
It  follows,  that  this  sensibility  of  spirit 
should  be  cherished,  and  directed  to  the 
most  beneficial  purposes,  on  behalf  of  the 
nation  5  with  which,  at*  the  present  mo- 
ment, the  idea  will  connect  itself,  of  the 
support  of  humanity,  and  of  general  li- 
berty. It  is  proper  that  the  crews  of  our 
men  of  war  should  know  what  their 
country  says  of  them,  and  not  be  left 
to  the  slightest  suspicion  that  they  are 
serving  ungrateful  compatriots.  It  is 
proper,  also,  that  they  should  be  informed 
of  the  exploits  of  others ;  partly,  to  excite 
emulation  in  those  who  have  not  yet 
distinguished  themselves ;  partly  that 
each  may  congratulate  others  on  their 
respective  successes,  and  thereby  augment 
each  others  felicity  5  and,  we  may  be 
allowed  to  add,  that  none  may  plume 
themselves  too  much  on  their  good  for- 
tune, since  they  may  see  in  others  no 
less  valour  or  skill,  or  determinate  perseve- 
rance in  duty  than  iu  themselves.  ^ 


If  moralists  are  right  in  th^r  opinion 
that  it  is  more  difficult  to  bear  prospent]|r 
with  moderation  than  to  bear  adversity, 
our  hint  will  not  be  thought  misplaced , 
and  the  same  proposition  will  add  peculiar 
propriety  to  the  .  religious  advice  ia 
the  address  which  opens  the  work  before 
us.  It  is  too  common  to  think  of  religion 
only  under  -suflering :  strange  in&toation  ! 
for  when  the  body  is  in  pain,  and  the 
mind  sympathizing  with  it,  distracted  by- 
solicitude,  or  anguish,  anxiously  seeking 
relief,  and  adverting  to  every  appearance,; 
or  probability',  for  or  against  -, — how  can  a 
sett  of  ideas  totally  new  be  engrafled  on 
tlie  reasonable  principle  of  man  ?  That 
religion  can  soothe  and  comfort,  is  true  : 
but  this  is  a  degradingly  partial  view  of 
religion.  Her  power  extends  to  controul 
and  conduct :  and  be  it  remembered,  that 
the  person  who  amidst  tlie  flow  of  animal 
.spirits,  the  exuberance  of  health,  or  the 
intoxication  of  success,  is  calmed,  mo- 
derated, guided,  and  finds  in  religion  a 
sedative,  gives  no  less  proof  of  her  power 
on  his  mind,  than  the  wretch  who  under 
torture  of  body  experiences  the  consokting 
influence  of  the  same  heavenly  principle. 
We  perfectly  agree,  therefore,  with  the 
language  of  the  worthy  editor : 

Be  not  ashamed,  my  countrymen,  of  shew- 
ing that  you  thus  f^aV  God  5  and  be  it  ever 
your  boast  to  acknowlttlge  that  •'  the  victory 
♦*  was  not  obtained  by  your  own  swordj  nei- 
*'  thcr  was  it  your  own'arm  that  saved  you.*' 
If  there  be  any  one  man  to  whom  religion  is 
more  necessary  at  all  times  than  it  is  to  ano- 
ther, a  sailor  is  that  man.  His  Hfe  is  alwaya 
in  God's  hands;  always  liable  to  be  taken 
from  him  by  way)>  to  which  landsmen  are-noi 
exposed ;  therefore  should  he  not  forget  God. 
True  religion  never  appears  to  more  advantage 
than  in  that  character;  the  fear  of  God  is,  ui 
'  his  case,  peculiarly  attractive,  and  of  peculiar 
use ;  bt^crause,  he  who  fears  God,  as  he  ought 
to  do,  will  never  fear  the  face  of  man.  True 
courage,  therefore^  is  ever  founded  in  true 
religion.  If  Christian  warriors  do  not  feet 
these  sentiments,  and  act  up  to  them,  a  hea- 
then commander  shall  rise  up  in  the  day  of 
judgment,  and  condemn  them ;  for  he  declares 
«*  that  a  soldier,  to  ho  first  serves  God,  and 
•*  theji  obeys  his  captain,  may  confidently 
•*  hope  to  overcome  his  enemy.  ***  There? 
fore,  listen  to  this  illustrious  heathen,  and 
then  turn  to  the  more  sure  word  of  Divine 
He\'elation,  and  leam  from  thence,  *'  when 
**  your  hosts  go  fortli  against  the  enemy,  to 
'*  keepyouRelves  from  every  wicked  thing. f^ 

*  Xenophou.        f  Deuterofi^a^xiiL  v«  94 


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Jlolitim  tf  the  Slave  Trndt. 


&0^ 


WhUher,  indeed,  shall  we  look  for  true 
genuine  piety,  if  not  among  those  "  who  go 
**  down  to  the  s^a  in  ships,  and  who  occupy 
•*  their  business  in  great  waters,  who  seethe 
•*'  works  of  the  Lora,  and  his  wonders  in  the 
"  dtenr 

If  those  who  are  the  constant  objects  of  his 
power,  and  of  his  goodness,  are  not  alwaj^s 
ready  to  exclaim  from  the  bottom  of  their 
hearts,  and  in  the  sincerity  of  their  souls. 
•*  O,  thai  men  wouki  therefore  praise  the 
"  XiOki  for  hit  goodness,  aud  declare  the 
««  wonders  that  he  doeth  for  thechtklren  of 
*'  men  I  ;**  where,  shall  we  find  religious 
gratitude  upon  earth  ? 

This  addre«(s  also  commemorates  the 
names  of  Howe,  Duncan,  CoUiugwood, 
Stracban^  and  others :  and  repeats  several 
ctf  their  seotimeBts  with  energy  and  effect. 
Id  particular,  as  might  be  expected,  it 
Tenerates  tlie  memory  of  Nelson  j  and 
ts  every  instance  of  piety  in  that  great 
man  is  peculbrly  interesting,  we  extract, 
with  pleasure,  a  communication  for  which 
the  editor  is  indebted  to  the  condescensiou 
of  the  Earl  of  Nelson.  It  is  an  entry  in 
that  Hero's  diary,  October  21, 1805  :— 
tiiat  memorable  day  !  • 

**  At  the  day  light  saw  the  enemy's  com- 
•*  bined  fUet  from  E.  to  E.  S.  E.— boie  away 
«^  —made  the  siznal  for  order  of  sailing,  and 
**  to  prepare  for  battle,  the  enemy  with  their 
"  heads  to  the  southward -~  at  seven  the 
**  enemy  wearing  in  succession. 

"  May  the  great  God,  whom  I  worship, 
"  grant  to  my  Country,  and  to  the  benefit  of 
"  Europe  in  general,  a  great  and  glorious 
**  Victory ! — and  may  no  misconduct  in  any 
'<  one  tarnish  it  1  — and  may  Hun^anity, 
•'  after  Victory,  be  the  predominant  feature 
*'  in  the  character  of  the  firitish  Fleet! 
*'  For  myself,  individually,  I  commit  my 
«'  life  to  Him  who  made  me,  and  may  His 
'*  blessingB  light  upon  my  endeavours  for 
*'  servipg  my  King  and  my  G>untry  faith- 
<<  fu% !  To  him  I  resign  myself,  and  the 
*'  just  cause  which  is  entrusted  to  me  to 
*'  defendl Amen,  Amen,  Amen!" 

The  contents  of  thit  work  are,  the  Ga- 
zette accounts  of  Lord  Howe's  victory, 
June  1,  1794,  with  the  order  of  battle, 
ace.  number  of  guns,  and  men,  &c. «— ' 
Admiral  Comwallit*^  retreat,  June,  I9, 
1799.  Lord  Bridporf t  action,  June  23. 
Lord  St.  Viocenff  February  IG,  1797- 
Lord  Ouncan*s,  October  13.  Lord  Nel- 
•oo*s  at  the  Nile,  August  2,  1798.  Sir 
llidsiey  Smith's    discomfiture  of  Buona- 

4  P^ahn  evil.  v.  09,  24,  Sb,  9g,  31. 
Vol.  L    ILit.  Pan.  Jan,  1807] 


part6  at  Acre,  March  and  May,  1799. 
Lord  Nelson's  off  Copenhagen,  April  3, 
I8O1.  SirJ.  Saumarez's,  July  13.  Lord 
Nelson's  oft'  Trafalgar,  October  21 ,  J  805. 
Admiral  Strachan's  Nov.  4.  Admiral 
Duckworth's  at  St  Domingo,  February  7, 
I8O6.  It  concludes  with  an  account  of 
the  public  funeral  of  Lord  Nelson. 

This  compihtion  was  printed  with  the 
intention  of  distributing  50,000  copies 
among  our  seamen.  The  idea  is  excel- 
lent :  such  books,  with  others  of  devotion, 
and  circumspect  cheerfulness,  are  truly 
patriotic  donations. 

■  ■    ■ 

Substance  oj  the  Debates  on  the  Revolu^, 
iion  for  the  Abolition  of  the  Slav€ 
Trade ,-  which  was  moved  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  June  10,  18G6,  and  ia 
the  House  of  Lords,  June  24,  IB06, 
With  an  appendix  containing  no(es  and 
illustrations.  Crown  8vo.  pp.  216. 
Piicft  Is.  6d.  Phillips  and  Pardon.  Lop- 
don,  I8O6. 

This  little  volume  contains,  as  it  pro-^ 
fesses  to  do,  the  substance  of  the  debatea 
on  a  question  in  which  humanity  has 
been,  and  continues  to  be,  peculiarly 
interested.  We  are  aware  tliat  the  book 
is  published  by  friends  to  the  abolition  ; 
yet  we  believe  it  is  not  chargeable  with 
partiality  to  the  arguments  of  its  pa- 
trons,  or  injustice  to  those  of  its  oppo* 
nents. 

As  we  consider  the  question  of  the 
existence  of  the  Slave  Trade  as  disposed 
of,  and  likely  to  give  little  further  trouble, 
if  any,  w^  shall  not  enlarge  on  the  sub- 
ject: but  merely  state  that  the  mc« 
tion  made  by  the  Rt.  Hon  C.  J.  Fox,  was, 
"  That  this  House,  considerihg  the  Afri- 
can Slave  Trade  to  be  contrary  to  the 
principles  of  justice,  humanity,  and  sound 
policy,  will,  with  all  practicable  expe- 
dition, take  efiectual  measures  for  the 
abolition  of  the  said  trade,  in  such  man- 
ner, and  at  sucli  a  period,  as  may  be 
de^ed  adviseable." 

This  resolution  was  carried :  Ayes  1 14, 
Noes  15 — ^Majority  QQ. 

In  the  House  of  Lords,  the  agreement 

of  the  House  to  the  Resolution  of  the 

Commons,  was  moved  by  Lord  Grenville. 

The  resolution  was  earned:  Contents 

41,  Not  Contents  20 — Majority  21. 

The  notes  and  illustrations  are  instancti 
of  cruelty,  &c.  practiced  in  this  trade. 


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Huares  State  of  the  Arts  6f  Design  inEnglaaA. 


Vfi» 


An  Inquiry  into  the  requisite  Cultivation, 
and  present  State  of  the  Arts  of  Design 
in  England,  By  Prince  Hoare.  De- 
roy  12mo.  pp.  293.  Price  7».  boards, 
Phillips,  London,  I8O6. 

It  is  well   for  the  public  and  for 
teience  itself  that  preterisionsof  profesifon- 
sX  men  are  subject  to  revision  by  an  tm- 
biassed  judicature,  which,  instead  of  grant- 
fcg  without  exception  what  the  votaries  of 
«rt  solicit,  calmly  considers,  noradmkswith* 
outdeliberation,  thosedemands  which  every 
artist  makes  in  favour  of  hfs  occupation. 
When  any  art  or  science  whatever  is  in 
question,  thtf  prerfessor  who  does  not  over 
1>alue  it,  stands  little  chance  of  rismg  to 
eminence:  that  same  etirthus'rasm  which 
prompts  biift  to  this,  is  necessary  to  urge 
nts  coufse  in  despite  of  a  thousand  difH- 
6ilties,  to  support  him  against  mortifica- 
tions and  ^ures  without  number,  under 
which  less  ardent  and  determined  minds 
would  sink.    The  critic  who  judges  for 
die  public  must  place  himself,  as  nearly 
ts  his  imagination  can  efiect,  (il  the  sHua- 
tion  of  that  public  ^  must  silence  the  pre- 
judices of  education  of  of  habity  must  sab* 
due  every  partiality  however  powerful,  and 
must  cotfisTder,  equitably,  the  claims  of 
every  art,  science^  profession,  or  employ- 
meht,  that  he  may  do  justice  to  all,  by 
not  allowing  undue  preponderance  to  any. 
But  it  is  not  always  that  the  critic, 
notwithstanding  his  sense  of  duty,  and 
Endeavours  to  discharge  his  office  with 
•quity,  can  divesthimself  of  those  recollec- 
tions which  occupy  his  memory :  a  sense 
•f  foroser  gratifications  will  influencef  his 
present  feelings/  and  what  was  a  source 
of  delight  to  him  in  fornrer  times  will  re- 
vive again  and  again  on  his  mind/  and  bias 
bis  sensibility,  even  in  spite  of  himself. 
.  We  acknowledge  our  predilection  forthe 
polite  arts,  which  form  the  subject  of  the 
work  before  us  :  they  have  \  ielded  us  so 
tnany  pleasures,  and  we  recollect  our  en> 
joyments  derived  from  them  with  so  much 
jtest,  that  we  find  the  review  of  this  book 
rather    a   dangerous    undertaking.    We 
are  in  the  condition  of  a  fort  assailed  by 
an  enemy,  when  part  of  the  garrison  has 
no  great  clesire  to  defend  the  place  to  ex^ 
fremtti^ :  ahd  when  the   commander  is 
aware  that  he  cannot  ensure  entirely,  a- 
gainst  desertion.     Under  these  circum- 
itauces  let  us  see  what  Articles  of  Capituk- 
lo&j^uc  ad^'crsarf  has  seal  in  by  hit  trum- 


pet, for  oui  consideration,  and  srtiswcr. 
Memorandum.  Not  to  let  him  know  the 
state  of  the  garrison  till  tlie  articles  are 
signed. 

Art.  I.  The  fine  arts  are  important 
to  the  fame  ofanation,-^  Agreed  :  but  the 
inference  of  the  happy  state  of  social  life 
in  a  country  adorned  by  the  dominion  of 
the  arts,  as  described  by  Tliucydides,  is  do 
logical  deduction. 

Art.  II.  The  cultivation  of  pullU 
taste  has  a  favourable  itifluence  an  the  fwo- 
rals  of  a  people. —  Agreed :  when  taste  is 
cultivated  in  high  degrees.  But,  as  ex- 
perience justifies  the  belief  that  for  every 
Ofie  who  rises  to  eminence,  an  hundred 
blockheads,  at  least,  will  rush  into  the 
profession,  and  these  must  live  Vy  their 
talents,  such  as  ifrey  are,  the  cliance  is, 
that  the  attempt  to  cultivate  the  public 
taste  may  produce  evils  of  no  light  efiect  on 
the  morals  of  a  people. 

Art.  III.  Public  authority  should 
patronize  the  arts.^  Agreed :  and  within 
the  last  thirty  years  the  patronage  of  the 
arts  by  pubUc  authority  in  this  kingdon», 
has  been  superior  to  whatever  it  had  been 
at  any  period  of  our  history. 

Art.  IV.  Religion  should  call  in  the 
arts  to  her  assistance. —  Uefused  :  because', 
1 .  The  arts  have  never  yet  shewn  them- 
selves worthy  of  being  so  honoured  ;  hav- 
ing told  many  more  lies  than  truths,  when- 
ever they  have  been  so  employed.  2. 
Religion  is  conversant  with  mental  not 
corporeal  objects  j  with  celestial  not  ter- 
r^stial  principles;  with  matters  of  faith 
not  of  sight :  whereas,  the  arts  are  conver- 
sant wi3i  corporeal  objects  solely,  wirh 
terrestrial  principles  solely,  with  matters  of 
sight  solely:  and  whenever  they  have 
attempted  spiritual  subjects  they  havo 
Mnndered  most  confoundingly,  N.  B.  Da- 
cent  ornaments,  or  modest  decorations 
not  included  in  this  refusal. 

Art.  V.  Manufactures  should  call  vi 
the  arts  to  their  assistance,'^  Agreed  :  tbrf 
arts  are  capable  of  conferring  essential  be- 
nefits on  manufactures  of  every  kind:  but 
on  some  kinds  especially,  and  on  tbosa 
which  require  an  application  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  elegance  and  taste,  principally : 
these  are  now  very  numerous  and  very  im- 
portant to  this  nation.  In  feet,  it  is  sinoe 
the  arts  were  requested  to  assist  in  these 
productions  that  British  manu^ctures  have 
risen  in  value,  in  a  manner  altogether  un« 
preoedeotQi^>  mi  tboso  of  otb^  nalioaa 

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f09l 


AikUs6^"i  Views  of  Picturesque  Cottages. 


[710 


have  lol^  that  ^^visive  preference  which 
formerly  they  boasted. 

Akt.  VI.  The  commemoraiive  power 
of  the  arts  should  be  called  into  exercise  ; 
and,  monuments  erected  to  our  great  men, 
—  Agreed :  without  reserve.  But,  re- 
ferred to  future  discussion^  whether  tliis 
object  would  best  be  obtained  by  placing 
these  performances  in  ''  a  gallery  of  Bri- 
"tish  honour,'*  as  Mr.  H.  proposes,  or 
by  decorating  with  them  those  oi  our  pub- 
lic buildings  which  are  most  fre<fuented. 
Our  present  opinion  is  that  according  to 
tbeir  subjects,  «onie  should  meet  us  in  the 
Bank,  others  in  the  Royal  Exchange,  or 
the  India  House,  others  at  the  Navy  Office, 
&c.  ^  Beside  which^  the  British  Institution 
is  itself  a  gaMery,  for  whatever  is  of  a 
temporary  nature;  and  would  acquire 
popularity  by  being  made  the?  place  of  ex- 
hibition for  whatever  was  going  abroad, 
previous  to  its  departure.  Is  there  a 
possibility  of  preventing  ^ny  in^tution  in 
Britain  from  losing  its  pristine  vigouif^  and 
becomine  a  job  ? 

Mr.  Hoare's  principial  effort  in  favour 
of  the  fine  arts  is  contained  in  the  for- 
mer part  of  his  volume,  and  his  propo-  ■ 
w'tions  are  before  the  reader.  We  haJ 
rather  wave  the  consideration  of  his  con- 
cluding obsenations;  The  Royal  Academy 
has  not  accomplished  all  which  sdttie  ex- 
jtected  from  it :  but  the  causes  of  this  fail- 
ure, we  wish  not  to  investigate.  Nopre- 
•fent  repiningscan  recall  Ac  dead.  The 
l^crctary  for  foreign  affairs  to  this  instilu- 
tion  is  in  some  d<rgree  retained  ih  its  fa- 
vour 5  yet  he  points  out  various  defects  in 
liy  and  should  a  disposition  for  amendment 
shew  hself,  would  doubtless  mention 
Ahers.  As  to  the  capabilities  of  English 
artists  to  attain  excellence,  the  Very  qties- 
fion,  as  implying  doubt,,  is  a  libel  on  our 
country :  and  not  worthy  of  serious  rfe- 
fu  tat  ion — it  deserves  only  to  be  scoured. 
Every  amateur  of  the  line  arts  will  thank- 
fully commend  Mr.  H.  for  the  tisk  he  has 
Executed,  and  for  his  handsome  manner 
<Jf  executing  it. 

Views  of  Picturesque  Cottages,  with  Plans, 
ielected  from  a  Collection  of  Draw- 
ing!, taken  in  dii&rent  parts  of  England, 
and  intended  as  Hints  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  Village  Scenery.  By  William 
Atkinson,  Architect.  Koyal  quarto, 
ftates  13,  pp.  29.  Price  £\.  Is.  in 
poirds  ^1.  158.  coloured.  'Londgny 

'  iterdiner^  1905. 


''  Those  Gentlemen,  **  says   tlie'  au 
thor,  '*  who  expend  so  nlahy  thousands  m  • 
improving  the  landscape  of  their  parks, 
ought  never  to  overlook  the  adjoining  cot- 
tage, or  to  ne^ect  the  neighbouring  vil- 
lage 5  forbjr  introducii^gimprovemeut  HI-'- 
to  these  objects,  they  may  add  to  thehr    ' 
pleasure,  'by  producing  the  most  pictures- 
que scenery  5  and  at  the  same  time,  ^d  ' 
to  the  comfort  and  happfness  of  their 
fell6w  creatures."      This  obserVatfon  is 
perfectly  true,    and  there   is  equal  hu- 
manity and  policly,  in  adopting  it,  and 
calling    into    exercise    the  principle'  on 
which  it  is  founded.    There  is,  however, 
some  dexterity  necessary   in    managing^ 
such  undei'takings.    Mai^  works  haVe  ap- 
peared on  this  subject,  the  exampfes  pro- 
posed in  which  hare  been  planned  in  the 
closiet,  by  very  ingenious  men,  but  ar« 
not  derived  from  actual  observation,  or 
from  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  rftost 
satisfectory  models  of  the  class  of  edifices' 
in  question. 

We  are  very  far  from  disapproving  of 
such  mental  conceptions :  but,  we  think 
the  atfthor  before  us  has  rendered  an  es- 
sential service  to  this  department  of  arcHi- 
tectuVe,  by  directing  attention  to  cottages 
already  built ;  from  among  which  might 
be  selected  those  combining  the  greatest 
number  of  conveniences,  ar  the  smallest 
expense  of  erection.  A  happy  position  of 
thechhnney,  of  t|io  windows,  and  of  thd 
entrance  door,  has  often  rendered  one 
dottage  more  comfortable  than  its  neigh- 
bours; while  many  a  dwelling  is  just- 
ly described  as  cold  and  barely  habita- 
ble, merely  for  want  of  such  fortuhate 
adjustments  tn  the  locality  of  its  situation  : 
when,  possibly,  a  mere  reversion  of  the 
plan  oh  which  it  is  bi^ilt  would  have  pre- 
vented all  cause  of  complaint. 

This  idea  may  be  pursued  still  furtlier  : 
26,  to  the  best  dimensions;  and  forms,  for 
the  various  parts  of  a  cottage ;  the  door, 
windows,  fire  place,  &c.  parts  which  do 
not  corrdrs^ond  implicitly  With  any  pre- 
sufi^ed  regulations,  but  might  Ife 
inferred  from  the  results  of  general  in- 
quiries. Different  aspects,  and  elevations 
require  different  management ;  e.  er:  the 
top  of  a  hill,  the' side  of  a  hill,  the  fevei 
plain,  the  valley,  &c. 

in  oui'  opinion  internal  convenience  is 

perfectly  redohcilable  with  picturesque  ef- 

fectfj  and  that  architect  deserves  best  of 

.  his  country  who  npoit   imimirt^ly  tinite# 

3  A  a 


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fll]  TeUham's  D^gtS  for  OitftmeneafPlaiel 

these  prfnciptes ;  indeed,  ihe  duty  of  this 
Qmon  should  always  be  felt  by  the  builder 
lor  the  poor. 

The  work  before  w,  does  not  fully 
meet  our  ideas  on  this  subject :  the 
thougfrt  is  better  than  the  execution  :  but 
the  same  artist  who  has  suggested  the 
Ibooght,  though  he  ha^,  in  this  instance, 
(ad  tbe  notion  of  picturesque  eliect  sonae- 
tirhat  too  strongly  in  bis  mind,  may^  on  a 
future  occasion,  adopt  the  hints  we  have 
dropped,  and  meet  our  unqualified  appro- 
bation. 

The  Work  presents,  in  the  first  place, 
t  slight  dissertation,  on  the  situation,  out- 
line, effect  of  light  and  shade,  character. 
See.  of  a  cottage  :  the  materials  of  which 
cottages  are  composed,  their  tone  of  co- 
lour,  &c.  so  far  as  the  eye  is  concerned. 
The  platescomprise  twelve  views,"  and  ten 
plans.  The  last  contains  four  windows, 
at  large.  They  are  executed  in  aqna  tinta : 
but  are  deficient  in  spirit. 


applies  to  every  example  in  the  collec- 
tion :  some  are  pretty  enough,  3ret  not  sa- 
perior  fo  those  communtcat^  in  Mr.  T.'t 
first  work.  We  think,  too,  that  a  mor« 
correct  and  spirited  point  in  the  execution 
of  the  plates,  would  have  done  them 
more  justice/  than  they  have  now  received. 
Tbe  last  plate  represents  the  grand  f  ase  ot 
Parian  marble,  at  Wobum  Abbey. 


EicUngs,  representing  Fragments  of  An^ 
tique  Grecian  and-Roman  Architectural 
Ornaments ;  chiefly  cdlecled  in  Italy, 
before  the  Revolution  in  that  Country, 
and  Drawn  from  the  Originals.  By 
Charles  Heathcote  Tatham,  Architect. 
Imperial  folio.  ~  Plates  24,  price  j£l  5s. 
Gurdiner,  London,  1806. 

Ibv  the  year  1803,  Mr.  Tatham  pnb- 
tisbeda  considerable  work,  price  >s£'4  48. 
intedded,  as  his  preface  informs  us,  to 
'^  present  the  public  with  an  accurate 
d^neation  of  some  of  tbe  best  specimens 
of  ancient  ornamental  architecture,  which 
till  of  late  were  preserved  in  Rome,  and 
other  paru  of  Italy."  This  appeared  pe* 
culiarly  necessary  to  our  artist,  at  the  ori- 
ginals are  now  dispersed  over  the  conti- 
nent I  and  students  may  hereafter  find  it 
difficult,  if  not  iropoasable,  to  inspect 
them. 

The  object  of  this  poblication  is  the 
«ame  as  that  of  the  former — *'  to  furnish 
the  artist  with  approved  models,  on  which 
he  may  exercise  his  genius/*  To  speak 
our  minds  freely  on  these  fragments,  we 
xnost  confess  that  many  of  them  do  not 
appear  to  us  to  be  models  of  the  beauti- 
ful :  what  effect  they  might  have  in  com- 
position with  others,  and  in  their  perfect 
pretend  to  determine; 


state,  we  cannot 

but,  as  fru^ments,'  bad  they  come  to  us 

unpublish<^,  we  should  have  left  them ^ 

upobliU^  still.    Not  that  this  opiuion  artists  whose  living  depends  on  comply  ik)|[ 


Dcsipisfor  Ornamental  Plate,  numr  of 
which  have  been  executed  in  Snver, 
from  Original  Drawings.  By  Charlet 
Heathcote  Tatham,  Architect.  Impe- 
rial folio,  plates  40.  Price  s€l  lit.  dd. 
Gardiner,  London,  1806. 
We  approve  very  iiighly  ctf  Mr. 
Tatham's  direction  of  his  talents  to  this 
branch  of  art,  let  who  will  *'  consider  it 
as  foreign  to  his  present  more  important 
engagements."  Merit  does  not  lose  its 
character  by  attention  to  a  line  difierent 
from  what  has  jpreviously  engaged  it ;  on 
the  contrary,  the  man  who  can  not  only 
plan  and  build  a. mansion,  but  compose 
the  ornamentSf  and  the  furniture,  intend* 
ed  to  decorate  it,  combines  a  skill  and 
science  which  are  justly  entitled  to  reitera* 
ted  applause. 

Nevertheless,  we  hope  and  believe, 
that  Mr.  T.  is  too  severe  on  the  state  oT 
art  among  the  silversmiths,  when  he  says* 
**  light  and  insignificant  forms  have  pre- 
vail^, to  the  utter  exchision  of  aU  good 
ornament  whatever**  We  are  not  con- 
cerned to  vii\dicate  the  workmen  in  thtt 
branch  >  but  we  suppose,  that  light  asnl 
elegant  forms,  as  contra-idistingulshed 
from  "  Massivencss,"  which  Mr.  T,  re- 
commends, maybe  as  proper  in  some 
places,  and  on  some  occasions,  as  mas* 
siveuess  itself,  may  be  in  other  places  and 
on  othet  occasions.  Whoever  attempts 
to  exclude  any  principle  of  ornament, 
fi-om  its  due  place,  by  substituting  another, 
does  not  in  effect  advance  the  art  beyond 
the  state  in  which  he  found  it.  A  sense 
of  propriety  is  the  best  discriminator  of 
character;  and  this  allows  scope  to  every 
exertion  and  style  of  art,  without  suflfer* 
ing  any  one  to  trespass  on  the  proper  pro- 
vince of  another. 

The  observation  of  oar  author  that 
chasing  is  a  branch  of  sculpture,  is  per* 
fectly  just ;  it  was  formerly  very  fasliiona- 
ble  amoi-^  us  j  but  the  caprice^  of  fash- 
ion are  so  numerous  and  frre^laf,  that 


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>I31 


Mewiaris4m  theprtseui  Slaie  of,  (he  Army^ 


{;u 


with  tbem^  trt  not  to  be  blamed  if  a  cod- 
scjous  feeling  of  somewhat  like  slavery, 
induces  them  to  abandon  the  stnrice  of  so 
fickle  a  patroness.  Hence  good  chasers 
arc  scarce.  The  toil  and  assiduity  required 
by  the  art  have  been  ill  rewarded ;  and  we 
hardly  know  how  to  advise  young  artists, 
whalev^  Mr.  T.'s  encouragements  may 
be,  to  engage  in  this  business  on  vague  ex- 
pedations  of  support. 

The  subjects  of  this  Volume  being 
giveo  in  outlines  only,  lose  considerably 
itk  their  dignity,  and  the  brilliancy  of 
their  effect;  nevertheless,  we  like  some 
of  them  very  well  5  they  are  truly  h^d- 
aorae;  and  no  doubt,  we  should,  with- 
.  put  hesitation,  have  admired  othet-s,  had 
we  seen  them  when  executed  as  plate. 

We  cannot,  however,  confer  our  ap- 
probation on  those  monstrous  combina- 
tions of  ^g*ires,  which  were  current 
among  the  ancients,  when  profusely  in- 
troduced as  essentials  in  llie  elegancies  of 
modern  life.  The  ancients  h^d  good  rea- 
sons for  retaining  them :  they  were  religi 
ous  emblems  j  they  were  symbols  of  the 
original  country  which  the  western  na- 
tions had  quitted  j  but  what  is  that  to  us  ? 
-—are  we  intent  on  commemorating  the 
primary  seat  of  mankind,  in'  adopting 
ihem  ?  They  contribute  nothing  to  grace- 
fubiess  of  form  :  for,  in  fact,  what  grace 
kan  there  be  in  the  coinbination  of 
a  beautiful  woman's  head  and  bosom 
(without  any  body)  spread  by  the  expand- 
ed wings  of  an  eagle,  at  tlie  shoulders ; 
and  supported  by  a  single  leg  of  a  lion  ? 
Js  not  this  veiy  like  that  unnatural  con- 
jimction  which  Horace  so  properly  ridi- 
cules in  the  opening  of  his  Ait  of  Poe- 
try ?    We  too  may  say  with  him. 


.    Finatemhir  species :  ui  nee  pes  nee  caput  uni 

ReadfihirJormcB. 
In  fact,  we  never  see  these  ill  assorted 
forms  without  thinking  of  the  Harpies. 
How  can  we  praise  the  elevation  of  the 
female  head  and  bosom,  on  the  spin- 
dle shanks  of  a  Jerboa  ^  or  a  lion*s 
head,  with  the  lappets  of  an  Egyptian 
priest*t  head-dress,  falling  on  each  side, 
the  body  encased  in  a  flower,  the  legs 
itmtting  as  aapports?  Surely  Nature 
famishes  appropriate  ftnrms  enough  with- 
ckU creating  monsters;  and  the  selection 
of  these  is  the  true  test  of  skill  in  an  ar- 
tist The  gracefully  bending  foliige  is 
•apable  of  every  form  that  C4n  be  desired. 


of  every  iarrchment  that  true  tostc  can 
Ep-^rove ;  if  additional  novelty  must  be 
bad,  let  us  nevertheless  keep  to  nature* 
aid  banish  from  our  tables,  and  from  our 
apartmenu,  those  wretched  subterfuges* 
not  of  art,  but  of  artists, 

Gorgons  sod  bydiat ,  and  cbimeias  diie. 

Afiiv  short  and  cursory  Remarks  o«  the 
present  State  of  the  Army.  8vo.  pp, 
55,  price  2s.  6d.  Egerton,  London,  1 80^. 
These  remarks  are  given  as  the  pro* 
ductioQ  of  an  oiScer,  and  they  have  some 
internal  nuurka  of  ^hat  origin.  We  wish 
that  the  members  of  every  profession 
would  state,  with  equal  candour,  chose  cir- 
cumstances which  in  their  estimation  and 
experience  have  either  the  appearance  or 
the  effect  of  hardship  :  for  we  know  well 
that  government  cannot  enter  minutely 
into  the  feelings  of  any  rank »  the  num- 
bers of  whichi  are  so  considerable  as  thoie 
of  the  officers  of  the  army.  Such  state- 
ments, therefore,  might  sometimes  eluci« 
date  to  our  superiors  the  real  situation 
of  their  rfependants  5  and  if  founded  in 
reason,  might  procure  redress,  or,  if  un- 
just, might  produce  efficient  answers. 
The  members  of  all  professions  have  ana- 
logous complaints  to  make ;  witness  the 
clergy,  the  law,  medicine,  and  litera- 
ture, generally ;  what  are  the  emolu- 
ments of  theur  early  ye:irs?  do  th^y  a- 
mount  to  a. maintenance  ?  We  can  assure 
this  officer  that  the  case  of  his  brethren  n 
by  tio  means  singular. 

The  first  chapter  of  this  work,  on  the 
recruiting  of  the  army,  is  wholly  super* 
seded  by  late  enactments  of  the  rul- 
ing powers ',  their  ettect  remains  to  be  de- 
cided by  experience.  We  do  not  like  our 
officer's  suggestion  of  marking  soldiers  on 
the  shoulders  with  gunpowder:  only  fla- 
grant deserters  should  suffer  this  stigma. 

The  second  chapter  is  on  drills:  the 
observations  are  not  very  important,  nei- 
ther are  those  on  the  perfect  uniformity  - 
of  clothing  throughout  the  army  :  the  es*- 
sential  characters  of  a  soldier  are  obedience, 
adroitness  and  courage  j  attention  to  less- 
er matters,  involves  ideas  rather  of  the 
parade  Than  of  the  army.  Nevertheless, 
we  shall  insert  the  writer's  hints  on  leg- 
gings and  caps  3  the  latter  we  think 
might  be  adopted  with  considerable  advan- 
tage. 

The  leggings  of  the  soldier,  it  is  conceived, 
might  be  made  of  katber,  a  long  march  is 
a  A  S 


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Comforts  of  fluman  Life. 


£yi« 


sure,- of  completdy  destroying,  the  soldiers* 
.cloth  le^^ing,  which  even  for  common  garri- 
'son  duties  is  of  too  slight  a  texture  to  answer 
th^  soldier^  pocket  ;*  more  particularly,  niak- 
\r\^  xhcm  come  up  well  over  the  cap  of  the 
knee,  to  preser\'e  the  breeches  at  tl)e  kneeling 
charge,  and  to  keen  them  up,  there  might  be 
some  sort  of  buckle  or  strap,  yrhich  might 
possibly,  whilst  serving  the  purpose^  be  made 
ornamental  to  the  whole. 

The  caps  of  the  men  mi^t  be  much  im- 
proved, the  peak  in  front  i^  not  suffidchtly 
broad  to  protect  them  from  the  glare  of  the 
sun.  It  would  not  require  much  inienuity 
to  make  thetn  also  in  such  manner,  that  the 
-sides  and  back  of  leather,  might  be  loepcfi 
uf ,  the  back  to  be  let  down  in  cases  of  hard 
rain,  to  prott^ot  the  neck  and  shoulders  ;  the 
sides  might  likewise  be  used  for  the  same  in- 
tent^ and  the  v/hole  he  a  comfortable  covering 
for  Uje  head  at  inclement  seasons. 

Certainly  our  officer  is  right  to  survey 
9  soldier  as  a  soldier,  but  why  neglect 
ibim,  as  a  man  ?  or  why  forego  the  idea  of 
morals,  or  even  of  religon  ?  Would  they 
do  any  real  injury  to  tlie  service  ?  We 
^re  of  opinion,  that  profligacy  ruins  more 
soldiers  than  poverty  pinches ;  that  licen- 
.tiousness  cuts  up  dicipline  by  the  roots  ; 
'and  that  however  a  commander  may  think 
k  "  a  great  object  to  check  the  marriage 
of  soldiers  on  every  occasion  ;"  yet  that 
philanthropic  minds  and  well-wishers  to 
their  country,  would  justly  abhor  such 
>^  checks."  Can  that  station  of  life  be 
lawful,  which  exacte  a  perpetual  opposition 
to  the  very  course  of  nature,  the  very  con- 
stitution ol  its  subjects,  and  tlic  appoint- 
ment of  Providence  itself?  In  several 
propositions,. however,  we  ^gree  with  our 
author :  such  as,  his  wishes  tor  nitrous  fu- 
migations, for  more  convenient  accomrao- 
ditions  where  practicahle,  when  at  se^  : 
for  the  promptitude  of  coiirts  martial,  and 
punishments  on  delinquents;  we  add,  for 
reward  tomerit  inever}^ranj5,  and  on  every 
occasion.  We  too  wish  }i  were  practicable 
to  ascertain,  "  previous  to  a  young  man's 
getting  a  commission,  how  far  he  was 
eligible  for  such  a  situation."  As  youth  arc 
often  hurried  away  by  their  headstjong 
passions,  and  deluded  by  tlie  tinsel  of  ap- 
p^rarance,  such  examinations  might  be  re- 
ciprocally beneticial  :— But,  if  all  were 
done  which  pnidence  m!ght  suggest  as 
proper  to  be  done,  how  should  we  ever 

raist>   an    aimy  of  100,oro  men  ? 

l^erhaps  on  this  subject,  silence  is  duty, 
ccnsidering  the  times  and  circumstances  | 
iu  which  our  lot  is  cast.  '  • 


Comforts  of  Human  Life;  or,  Smil^ and 
Laughter  of  Charles  Chearful  and  Mar- 
tin Merryfellow.  In  seven  dialogues. 
18mo.  pp.  220.  Price  6s.  Oddy.  Lon- 
don^ 180^. 

Mr.  Beresford's  ''  Miseries  of  Hctman 
Life"  (Vide  Panorama,  page  297),  was  sr 

book  not  likely  to  want  imitators : 

some  of  which  would  naturally  follow  in 
the  path  he  had  taken ;  others  would 
prefer  those  paths  which  afforded  difiereiit 
views  of  the  scenery  around  them. 

Among  those  whom  Afr.  Bcresford's 
example  and  i^ucces^  have  set  to  writing, 
is  the  author  of  these  "  Comforts."  He 
thinks  that  Mr.  Beresford  has  too  much 
the  air  of  being  in  earnest^  as  to  the  111$ 
of  life ;  he  regards  that  author's  book,  a$ 
conuining  somewhat  too  much  of  woe^ 
too  serious  to  be  laughed  at;  and  he 
discovers  more  of  melancholy  than  of  wit 
in  it.  To  counteract  what  he  thinks 
evils,  he  ofiers  us  his  Coniforts,  and  to 
say  tmth,  the  natural  companion  to  a  book 
of  '*  Miseries"  sUould  be  a  book  of 
*'  Comforts."  These  Anti-Hypocon- 
driacs  are  in  seven  dialogues,  reviewing 
the  principal  departments  of  human  busi- 
ness and  amusement.  Their  details  of 
particulars  are  far  frombeing  so  numerous 
and  minute,  as  those  of  the  "  Miseries." 

The  first  dialogue  opens  with  the  por- 
traits of  Testy  and  Sensitive,  the  two  Dn^ 
matis  Persona  of  tiie  "Miseries." 

Merryfellow.  Ila !  whom  have  wo  here  ^ 
Pecyish  and  Deplorable,  arm  in  arm  ?  The 
\-ery  phizzea  of  unappeasable  Discontent  and 
sneaking  l>espondency  close  together,  like 
those  of  Philip  and  Mary  on  a  shilling! 
Did  you  ever  before  see  two  such  figures, 
Chearful?  That  meagre  persqn,  that  wi- 
thered brow,  those  ferret  eyes,  those-cheekt 
shrivelled  as  a  bjt  of  i>^rchment  forsaking  the 
|Mste-|bf»ard  on  the  cover  of  an  pldbook,  that, 
short  jxiakcfl  nose,  that  pursed,  pouting 
nirmth,  bespeak  a  mind  that  has  deformed 
Riid  worn  out  the  frame  it  animates,  by 
incessant  toil,  to  extract  from  every  subject 
of  thought,  continual  matter  of  dissatis- 
faction 1  To  what  a  mixed  expression  of 
Sourness  and  affccied  wisdom  he  twists  his 
features ! 

ChcarfuU  But  how  rueful  the  look  of  his 
com|)anionl  What  a  sunken  eye!  What 
a  droop  of  the  chin  !  What  a  lifeless  stoop  in 
the  shoaldcrs !     With  what  languid,  paii^ul 


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7^n 

effort  he  drags  hii  ieosJ  He  starts  at  that  fly 
•alighting  on  his  hand,  as  if  its  touch  were  the 
bite  of  a  scorpion  i  His  comrade  «ecms  to  in- 
thral  him  with  the  power  of  an  evil  genius. 
He  shrinks  from  tvtvy  grasp  of  the  oUicr,— 
and  shndders  at  his  cx'ery  word, — yet  still 
t!lea\et  to  him. 

.••»••     •    .» 

Sen  Bat  '*  the  torment  of  ^avel  in  the 
iyoot,  which  yon  have  endured  till  it  becomes 
absolutely  intoleraWcT 

^  Merry,  *Ti8  nothing.     Take  off  your  boot. 
Use  your  hands 

*'  Hi  motus  aniraorum,  ct  haec  certamina  tanta, 
**  Mxigui Jac/u  puherts,  compressa,  quiescent." 

The  pleasure  of  finding  that  one  t:an  so 
easily  nd  one's  self  of  such  an  annoyance, 
inucn  more  than  compensates  for  tlie  slight 
•uneasiness  it  has  given. 


JfTarks  9/  Lomi  XPl. 


[7^ 


'Merry.    What  ?  call  you  it  a  misery 
**  slip  and  fall  in   a  ludicrous  postiin 


to 
postiire  in 
**  skaiting?** — ^This  is  the  best  amusement  of 
the  sport.  It  excites  more  merriment  than  if 
one  should  run  ten  miles  without  a  fall.  It 
laakes  those  around  laugh  so  heartily,  that 
the  person  who  falls  cannot  b«t  laugh  himself 
full  as  merrily  as  any  one  among  them. 
Look  at  boys  amidst  their  diversions — the 
mernment  come?  chiefly  from  the  tricks,  lu- 
dicrous accidents,  and  surprkcs,  such  as  your 
fall  on  the  ice,  which  happens  as  the  game 
proceeds. 

In  the  above,  and  in  many  others,  this 
writer  has  taken  Mr.  B's  *•  Miseries,'*  for 
the  text  of  his  reply.  The  following  is 
our  author's  last  Comfort. 

When  Jove  had  bestowed  on  manc\ery 
blessing  whicli  nature  presents;  and  was 
returning  to  Heaven  : — ^he  cast  one  look  back 
upon  his  new-bom  favourite.  It  seemed  to 
his  tenderness,  that  somcthit^  more  might 
be  bestowed. — He  gave  him,  to  crown  the 
whole,  the  power  of  laughter,  and  the  sense 
of  the  ridiculous  J 

We  never  expect  that  "  Second  Parts*" 
should  equal  the  First  Part,  of  any  work  of 
imagination  ;  nor  that  imitators  should 
surpass  their  originals :  the  first  pressure 
of  the  grapes  makes  the  best  wine  ;  and 
whoever  adopts  the  thought  of  another, 
is  like  him  who  adopts  another  man's 
child,  he  can  treat  it  with  a  secondary 
affection  only  $  there  are  a  thousand  little 
delicacies  apparent  to  the  real  fether, 
which  pass  unnoticed  by  the  foster-pa- 
rent j  and  y«t,  attention  to  these  deli- 
cacies is  necessary,  if  the  offspring  is' to 
.1^  reared  to  virtuous  maturity'. 


We  understand  that  half  a  dozen  pens 
are  employed  in  drawing  up-r-Mi$eries vice 
Comforts  J  and — the  Dilemmas  -r/ce  the 
Delights  of  Life.  By  the  labours  of  both 
parties,  it  is  to  be  hc^ed,  that  before  we 
quit  It,  we  shaH  be  able  "^o  attain  a  to- 
lerably just  estimate  of  this  transitory 
state. 

(Euvres  de  Louis  XIV:  The  Works  of 
Louis  XIV,  &c.  .(^^^^^^^  ^f<>Qi  pag^ 
493.) 

Wb  attempted  in  our  last^iumber  t# 
pourtray  the  general  spirit  of  the  connec- 
tion between  Louis  XIV.  and  Charles  II., 
and  we  gave,  in  Louis's  own  words,-  the 
hitherto  unknown  details  of  the  two  first 
transactions  between  these  noonarchs.  We 
are  induced  to  draw  now  from  the  same 
source,  some  very  curious  particulars  of 
the  war  which  ended  in  the  peace  of 
Breda.  Besides  the  noveltjr  in  ^  mode 
ot  negociation  then  adopted  by  Louis,  it 
will  be  proved  by  his  own  testiroony,  that 
his  intrigues  with  the  English  factions  as 
well  ft*  his  baneful  infiuence  over  Charles, 
date  from  a  much  earlier  period  than  has 
been  suspected. 

The  death  of  the  Kin^  of  Spain  *  and  the 
war  between  the  Englsh  and  the  United 
States,  which  happened  nearly  at  the  same 
time,  afforded  jne  at  once  two  glorious  oppor- 
tunities of  trying  my  arms ;  one  against  the 
Spaniards,    for    the  '  rights  accruing  to   the 

Sueen,  by  the  death  of  the  King  her  father ; 
e  other  a^inst  the  English,  in  defence  of 
the  States  of  Holland,  according  to  tlie  treaty 
I  had  lately  made  with  them. 

The  King  of  Great  Britain  supplied  me, 
indeed,  with  a  tolerable  pretence  to  get  rid  of 
this  last  quarrel,  by  aiiirming  that  the  Dutch 
were  the  aggressors  j  and  that  I  was  bonnd  lo 
assist  diem  only  in  case  they  were  attacked, 
and  though  on  the  other  hand,  the  Dutch 
did  their  utmost  to  prove  the  contrary,  yet  it 
is  certain,  that  they  never  would  have  been 
able  to  convince  me,  had  I  pleased  to  affect 
anv  degree  of  doubt. 

but  though  it  was  much  to  my  interest  to 
seize  such  a  fair  opportunity  of  remaining  neu* 
tral,  yet  I  could  not  help  acting  Aonrs/'y  :ic- 
conling  to  the  knowledge  I  haid  of  the  aggres- 
sion on  the  side  of  England. 

I,  however  delayed  decbring  myself,  to 
try  to  conciliate  nutters ;  but  seeing  my  in- 
tervention ineffectual,  and  fearing  lest'  the 
two  parties  should  come  to  an  understanding  at 
my  expense,  I,  at  last,  took  openly  that  part, 
^ — • — - 

*  Philip  IV.  deceased  September  17,  iOiib. 

;^  A  4 


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719]  Ifirks  6f  Louis  XlK 

I  was  bound  to  take.  But  it  remained  for  me 
to  determine  whether  I  should  at  the  same 
time  enpge  in  a  double  war  agpinst  England, 
and  Spain,  for  my  owiv  interests  and  those  of 
iny  allies  ;  or,  whether  I  should  only  at  that 
time  take  up  the  quarrel  of  Holbr.d^  waiting 
for  a  more  favourable  opportunity  to  terminate 
my  own. 

Here  Louis  details  the  various  conside- 
rations which  might  have  decided  him  ; 
nothing,  he  owns,  could  have  urged  him 
to  iindertake  that  double  war,  but  the 
prospect  of  ^Idry  which  the  perilous  un- 
dertaking offered ;  and  this  was  balanced 
by  the  fear  of  closely  connecting  the  Spa- 
niards with  the  English ;  and  of  seeing 
thereby  these  islanders  obtain  an  es- 
tablishment on  the  Continent;  from 
which  ii  would  have  been  a  hard  mailer 
to  drive  them.  He  saw  on  the  other  hand, 
that  his  quarrel  with  England  was  not 
likely  to  be  pushed  to  any  great  extremi- 
ties 5  and  that,  under  the  cover  of  such  a 
mock  war,  be  might,  without  much  sus- 
picion, make  the  necessary  preparations 
for  his  Intended  breach  with  Spain  j  these 
he  accordingly  set  about  with  much  indus- 
try, and  when  they  were  in  some  forward- 
ness, he  began  to  think  it  was  time  to  act 
hanestiy  by  his  allies. 

Nothing  now  remained  for  me  to  do,  says 
Louis  XlV.  Before  I  began  the  war,  but  to 
contrive  how  to  declare  it ;  for,"  as  I  was  aM 
along  determined,  to  put  an  end  to  it  as  soon 
as  possible,  I  was  ^lad  to  act  towards  the 
King  of  England  with  as  much  courtesy  as 
possible ;  and  the  best  way  I  could  hit  upon, 
was.  to  cet  the  intelligence  conveyed  to  him, 
in  the  form  of  a  compliment,  through  the 
ineans  of  the  Queen  his  mother,  who  then 
was  in  Paris.  I  therefore  requested  of  her, 
simply  to  let  him  know  that  the  peculiar  es- 
teem I  had  for  him,  made  it  excessively  pain- 
ful to  me,  to  be  compelled  by  my  engage- 
ments to  come  to  this  resohmon  ;  and  this 
appeared  to  her  so  very  polite,  that  she  not 
only  promised  to  let  him  know,  but'  also 
thought  he  ought  to  be  obliged  to  me  for  it. 

And  indeed,  I  may  say  that  .tliis  language 
.was  perfectly  consonant  with  my  feelings,  fof 
I  really  always  had  a  most  partiadar  regard 
for  the  Kiiu;  of  preat  Britain,  as  I  am  also 
convinced  that,  in  the  beginning  of  this  war, 
he,  on  his  side,  had  been  urged  by  th^  voice 
of  the  people,  much  farther  th^i  he  would 
have  gone,  had  he  only  consoltfMd  his  own  in*. 
dination. 

As  long  as  advantages  were  pretty  wdl 
balanced  between  England  and  Holland, 
J^oois  vas  i^fXifyA  yn^  making  empty 


1716 


demonstrations  of  warlike  aclivitf,  and 
appeared  more  in  reality  as  a  pleased 
spectator  than  as  an  ally;  but  when  a 
brilliant  naval,  victory  had  given  the  En- 
glish a  decided  superiority,  he  then 
thought  it  high  time  to  check  their  pro- 
gress. Th«  means  he  devised  we  shall 
give  in  his  own  words,  requesting  our 
readers  to  recollect  the  particular  regard 
he  professed  for  Charles  IL 

While  this  event  [the  naval  victory]  seem- 
ed to  preclude  the  possibility  of  our  effecting  a 
junction,  I  was  on  my  side  seeking  sooie 
secret  means  to  weaken  the  English.  On  one 
hand  I  kept  intelligence  ^vith  the  remains 
of  Cromwell's  faction,  in  hopes  to  excite  some 
new  troubles  in  London,  through  their  means  ; 
and  on  the  other,  I  was  practising  on  die 
Irish  catholics,  wha  bein^  always  highlv  dit*' 
satisfied  with  their  situation,  seemed  also  al- 
ways ready  to  make  some  attempt  to  better  it. 

In  these  ideas  I  listened  to  the  piDposttiorM 
made  to  me  by  Sidney,*  an  English  g^tle* 
man,  who  offered  to  excite  an  insurrection  in 
a  short  time,  if  I  would  let  him  ha\'e  100,000 
crowns  (from  the  then  value  of  money,  abtmi 
jg30,000).  But  I  thought  this  sum  railicr 
too  considerable  to  be  thus  advanced  on  the 
promises  of  a  fugitive,  unless  I  could  sec 
some  previous  dispositions  towards  tlicir  ac- 
complishment: I  therefore  offered  him  50,000 
crowns,  only,  ready  money,  pledging  myself 
to  send  the  insurgents  such  assistance,  as  they 
should  need,  so  soon  as  ihey  would  be  likely 
to  avail  themselves  of  it  ^accessfully. 

In  the  midst  of  all  these  intrigues, 
Louis  was  ardently  wishing  for  that  peace 
which  was  to  forward  his  ambitious  views, 
A  negociation  opened  for  that  purpose  a| 
the  Queen  of  England's  (Henrietta)  houso 
in  Paris  had  failed.  In  the  mean  time, 
Rouvigny  a  man  of  considerable  mei it,  aiu} 
connected  with  the  first  English  families^ 
had,  by  order  of  the  French  King,  kept 
a  constant  intercourse  with  Lord  St.  Al- 
bans, who  was  in  London  at  the  head  of  a 
party  desirous  of  peace.  The  motive  of 
Lord  St.  Albans  was,  the  wish  pf  seeing 
the  Queen  dowager  of  England,  whom 
Louis  broadly  calls  his  mi«tres$,  though 
it  ahoqld  seem  he  was  privately  naarrie4 
to  her.    At  last  both  parties  bemg  pretty 

•  Hiiswas  the  iiimoiis  Algernon  Sidney. 
It  aopears  bv  a  (etter  from  Colbert  de  Croissi 
to  Louis,  tti^  he  was  still  in  Paris  in  1/00. 
These  early  connections  of  Louis  XIV  with 
the  English  actions,  have  escaped  Dalrymple  i 
who  places  the  beginning  of  iftem  later;  pro- 
bably even  thk  is  not  their  coQmncnpeto^t. 


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TForhs  of  Louis  XIV. 


[722 


^well  tired  of  the  contest,  the  French  King 
saw  the  wished-for  moment  arrive.  His 
views  will  be  be^t  detailed  in  his  own 
"words.  ^    * 

In  the  treaty  I  was  wishing  tp  make  with 
En^andy  the  point  on  which  I  demurred 
piosty  was  the  restitution  of  the  West  India 
islands,  which  I  had  taken  during  the  war ; 
lor  I  knftw  that  the  English,  grieved  at  this 
loss,  insisted  abo\'e  all  things,  on  their  resto- 
Tadon;  and  besides  the  general  interest  of 
France  in  keeping  thciin,  I  was,  moreover, 
to  consider  that  of  the  new  Company  I  bad 
created  to  carry  on  that  commerce. 

But,  on  the  other  side,  considering  the 
cifcumstances  in  which  I  was  placed,  seeing 
Flanders  destitute  both  of  men  and  money, 
&)ain  governed  by  a  foreign  princess,  tfic 
E«mperor  wavering  in  his  resolutions,  the 
House  of  Austria  reduced  to  two  hcuds,  its 
forces  wasted  by  various  wars,  and  forsaken  by 
almost  all  its  friends,  while  my  subjecis  were 

f  owing  with  2eal  for  my  service^;  I  thought 
should  not  lose  such  a  favourable  opportu- 
nity of  forwarding  my  designs,  nor  put  the 
pos^ton  of  those  distant  isbnds  in  compari- 
aoo  with  the  conquest  of  the  Low  Countrres. 
X^oooidingly  rtsolvcd  within  myself,  to  grant 
the  demand  /which  had  been  made;  but  in 
order  to  draw  some  important  adv-antnges 
from  the  concession,  I  sent  to  ask  'the  King 
of  Great  Britain,  if  on  my  privately  giving 
liim  my  word,  that  I  would  allow  this  to  be 
an  arficle  of  the  treaty,  he  would  also  pro- 
mise on  his  side  not  to  enter  into  unv  engage- 

rnents  against  me  for  a  year Meanwhile 

the  agentt  of  the  belligerent  povvcrs  bein^ 
assemMed  at  Breda,  began  publicly  to  treat  oT 

rifice,  and  I  continued  the  secret  negociation 
had  already  opened,  to  make  sure,  as  soon 
as  possible,  ol  what  concerned  my  farther 
views ;  for  as  I  did  not  doubt,  that  from  the 
Various  interests  of  xhh  different  parties,  con- 
tests would  daily  arise,  which  would  delay  the 
conclusion  of  affairs,  I  thought  I  was  much 
interested  in  extricating  myself  from  it,  to 
niake  the  most  of  a  time  which  was  precious 
to  me. 

To  preveiit  any  knowledge  of  this  conven- 
tion from  feacbiog  the  States  of  Holland,  it 
was  only  expressed  in  private:  letters,  in  my 
own  hand  writing,  and  in  diat  of  the  Kins  of 
]£n^land,  to  the  Queen  Dowager,  his  mother 
^nd  my  aunt,  who  kept  them  in  trust  for  us 
poth  ;  and  this  done,  I  hegan  openly  to  pre- 
narc  for  the  war  in  Flanders, 

Such  was  the  first  step  towards  that 
iniquitous  system  of  crooked  politics  by 
which  Louis  XIV.  rendered  uharles  11. 
subservient  to  his  designs  of  ruining  the 
Dutch,  and  dismembering  the  monarchy 
pf  S^aiot    T^js  secret  convention  between 


the  two  kings,  and  the  means  by  wbick. 
it  was  effected,  have  been  equally  unknown 
to  all  political  writers;  Dalrymple  him- 
self dates  the  beginning  of  then*  secret 
connections  only  from  the  treaty  of*  Aix- 
la-Chapelle.  While  the  ostensible  nego- 
ciations  were  carrying  on  at  Breda,  Louis, 
stire  ot  the  neutrality  of  England,^  was 
making  rapid  progress,  in  Flanders* 
I^ce  was  signed  nevertheless  j  but  the 
Dutch,  justly  alnrmed,  attempted  to  form 
a  league  against  the  French  king,  in 
which  Charles  was  solicite<l  to  join. 

Charles  IL,  and  the  Dutch,  were  not 
the  only  victims  of  Louis's  political  art4- 
fices  ;  nor  was  the  English  court  the  only- 
one  in  which  he  had  obtained  such  au 
ascendancy.  His  influence  was  equally 
great,  at  times,  in  Vienna,  by  moans  of 
the  Jesuits  and  of  money;  in  Warsaw, 
Turin,  and  Lisbon,  by  means  of  tlio 
Queens ;  in  Stockholm  by  his  subsidies ; 
and  in  many  courts  of  Germany,  by  th© 
intrigues  ot  the  Count  and  the  Cardinal  of 
Furstemberg,  who  were  his  creatures. 
Nor  can  it  be  doubted  that  this  system 
originated  with  himself:  he  claims,  ii| 
his  wrirhigs,  many  of  these  diplomatic 
tricks  as  his  own  invention,  to  which  his 
ministers  were  not  even  privy.  During  his 
long  reign,  the  changes  in  his  connciU 
did  not  occasion  any  in  his  politics,  and 
whatever  blame  or  credit  they  dwcrviq 
must  undoubtedly  be  attributed  to  him. 
No  one  understood  better  than  Louis  the 
management  of  foreign  afiairs;  never 
lo<ing  sight  of  his  object  in  the  maro 
of  negociations,  as  he  proved  in  respect  to 
Flanders,  which  he  justly  looked  upon  as 
the  only  barrier  of  Europe  against  him* 
He  knew  how  to  avail  himself  of  lh« 
virtues,  the  'vices,  the  foibles,  and  thq 
passions,  of  those  he  had  to  deal  with ; 
and  we  should  praise  his  abilities,  if  the 
fatal  consequences  of  this  lawless  system 
could  leave  room  for  any  otlier  sentiment  ^ 
than  that  of  detestation.  From  him» 
statesmen  have  learr*ed  to  dispose  o(  domi* 
nions,  under  tiie  form  of  partitions,  «1V 
changes,  cessions,  or  indemnities,  withotit 
any  other  consideration  than  the  convenien  • 
cy  of  the  strongest,  wii  bout  any  atr en  lion  to 
the  right  of  tlie  weakest,  and  often  with- 
out even  consulting  the  parties  interested. 
To  this  system,  followed  for  near  a  cen- 
tury,, the  present  state  of  Europe  is  in  a 
grea^  me^sii^r^  to  be  attributed.    JAq  UmA  . 


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fPbrls  of  LouU  XIF. 


trw 


•etdement  in  the  demarcation  ot  empires 
can  possibly  be  expected,  while  changes 
depend  on  the  whim  of  the  stronge^t^ 
without  any  other  rule  or  guide  but  iha 
coloured  windings  of  a  map ;  while  public 
right  is  only  a  branch  of  geography,  and 
diplomacy  is  a  mere  science  of  curiosity, 
a  kind  of  dead  language,  fit  f6r  the  learn- 
ed, rather  than  for  negociators. 

Of  Louis's  unprincipled  political  bar- 
gains, the  first  in  magnitude  is  certainly  the 
treaty  which  partitioned  Spain,  during  the 
life  of  its  sovereign.  We  shall  give  an 
abridged  account  of  this  transaction. 
Torcy  hardly  notices  it  in  his  Memoirs, 
Boliugbroke  only  mentions  it  as  known  to 
hiiii,  like  Henault  and  Mably.  Voltaire 
is  the  first  who  gave  any  details  on  this 
lead,  but  these  are  insuihcient  and  inac- 
curate, as  is  too  of^en  the  case  with  that 
lively  writer.  The  document  from  which 
we  draw  our  information,  is  annexed 
to  the  collection  before  us,  it  forms  a 
part  of  a  secret  history  of  the  treaty  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  composed  by  Mr.  Saint- 
Pret,  keeper  of  the  archives  of  the  fo- 
reign department,  in  France  j  a  ma- 
nuscript copy  of  which,  made  in  1731  by 
Mr.  le  Dran,  first  clerk  to  this  establiiih- 
ment,  is  in  the  hands  of  the  editors. 

October  20,  l667>  Mr.  Wicka,  the  Era- 
peror*s  ambassador  at  the  court  of  France, 
gave  a  grand  dinner,  to  celebrate  the  birth  of 
a  prince,  son  of  his  master.  Thither  Louis 
sent  the  Landgrave  WilFiam  of  Furstenbcrg, 
to  be  the  first  to  propose  the  health  of  the 
£fnJ)eror.  During  the  entertainment,  Mr. 
Wicka  told  the  Landgrave  that  the  court  of 
Vienna  would  now  listen  more  willingly  to 
4he  proposition  of  an  eventual  treaty,  than  it 
had  done  before.  This  was  etiough  to  in- 
duce Lionnc  (the  French  minister  for  foreign 
affairs)  to  dispatch  immediately  a  courier  to 
M.  Gremonvnle,  the  French  ambassador  at 
Vienna,  with  instructions  to  disco^'er,'  if 
|Ossiblc,  whether  such  really  was  the  inten- 
tions of  the  Hm|Xiror,  and  to  say,  in  that 
case,  that  if  the  two  courts  could  agree  in 
this  important  point,  the  French  king  would 
willingly  make  peace,  at  present,  with  the 
Spaniards ;  rescr\'ing  pnly  what  he  had  con- 
quered in  Flanders  in  the  last  campaign.  Gre- 
inonville  lost  no  time  in  tampering  with  |Jie 
£mperor*s  ministers;  he  first  saw  Prince 
LobkowitZy  who  denied  that  Mr.  Wicka 
had  been  authorised  in  what  he  had  said,  but 
appeared  much  in  favour  of  the  project; 
doubting  however  Louis's  sincerity.  He 
meanwhile  referred  Mr.  Gremouville  to 
Prinoe  Aversberg,  as  likely  to  have  more 
weight  with  the  Emperor/  ITiis  roinisfe^ 


like  his  colleagoe,  had  his  dombts  as  to  the 
King's  real  intentions ;  he  was  however  in- 
duced to  propose  the  matter  to  his  master,  by 
the  promise  of  a  Cardinal's  hat ;  which  he 
passionately  desired,  but  which  Louis  never 
procured  for  him. 

Four  days  after  Prince  Aversberg  ga?* 
M.  Gremonville  the  answer  of  the  Em- 
peror, who  consented  to  enter  into  nego- 
ciation  on  the  subject ;  provided  he  could 
be  assured  of  th^  French  King's  sincerity  > 
and  on  condition  that  it  should  be  imme- 
diately commenced,  without  any  one 
else  being  privy  to  it. 

Louis  accepted  these  conditions,  and 
lost  no  time  in  sending  M.  Gremonville 
his  instructions,  and  full  powers,  enabling 
him  to  sign  such  a  treaty,  as  would 
contain .  the  following  conditions.  That 
his  catholic  Majesty  should  make  peace 
with  Portugal  on  terms  idready  agreed 
between  them,  and  acknowledge  it  at 
an  independent  kingdom.  That  in  or- 
der to  satisfy  his  roost  Christian  Majes- 
ty, for  the  righu  of  the  Queen  in  the  Low 
Countries,  his  Catholic  Majesty  should 
confirm  to  the  King  of  France  the  posses- 
sion of  what  he  had  conquered  in  Flan- 
ders, in  hi^  last  campaign;  or  soom 
equivalent  in  the  same  country,  specified 
in  the  instructions.  As  to  the  parti tioip' 
treaty,  Louis  gives  his  minister  a  variety 
of  plans  wherein  he  was  successively  to 
intrench  himself  in  case  he  should  be  too 
hard  pressed,  rather  than  to  break  oC 
the  negociation  :  the  last  of  which  was, 
that  L^is  would  be  satisfied  with  )he 
possession  of  Flanders  (so  intent  was  he 
on  this  point)  Skily  and  Sardinia ;  leav- 
ing to  the  Emperor  the  other  vast  posses- 
sions of  the  Spanish  monardiy. 

Gremonville  having  received  his  powers^ 
began  the  negociations  with  Prince  Aver- 
sperg.  After  as  much  Jinesse,  and  at 
many  debares,  as  if  they  had  been  con- 
veyifog  the  actual  property  of  their  respec- 
tive sovereigns^  these  ministers  at  last 
signed  a  definitive  treaty  Janoary  ig^ 
1668.  The  conditions  of  peace  with 
Spain  were  such  as  Louis  himself  pro- 
posed ',  such  as  had  been  already  settled 
with  the  states  of  HoUand,  ana  which 
the  triple  alliance,  conclt^ded  in  January^ 
1668,  was  intended  to  enforce.  It  was 
moreover  stipulated,  that  the  Emperor 
should  give  the  Spaniards  till  the  end  of 
March  to  accept,  or  refuse,  these  terms ; 
in  which  last  case,  he  should  afibrd  t|iem 
no  manner  of  assistance. 


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As  to  the  partition  treaty,  in  case  the 
King  of  Spain  should  die  without  issue, 
the  King  of  France  was  to  have  the  rest  of 
the  Low  Countries,  Franche  Comt6,  the 
kingdom  of  Navarre  and  its  dependen- 
cies, the  fortress  of  Rosas,  the  kingdoms 
of  Naples  and   Sicily    (these  last  were 
granted  by  Prince  Aversberg  in  considera- 
tion of  the  cardinal's  hat  promised  to  him  : 
the  mqney  lavished  on  the  occasion  is  not 
mentioned)  the  Philippines,  and  the  town 
on  the  coast  of  Africa;  theEmpefor  was 
to  have  the  rest  of  tlie  Spanish  monarchy. 
It  was  also  stipulated  that  each  of  the 
parties  should  assist  the  other  in  getting 
possession  of  his  respective  share  ;  and  it 
was  agreed,  that  for  secrecv  and  security, 
the  onginal  of  the  treaty  should  be  put  in 
a  sealed  box,  and  committed  to  the  cus- 
tody of  the  grand  Duke  of  Tuscany;.    To 
this,  however,  Louis  soon  after  objected, 
Rearing  some  indiscretion  j  the  treaty  was 
in  consequence,  made  in  duplicates,  and 
Louis  sent  a  party  of  his  body  guards  to 
Vientia  to  convey  the  counter-part,  which 
he  was  to  keep. 

The  author  affirms,  that  Louis  XIV 
ejtpressed  the  highest  satisfaction  in  re- 
ceiving tlie  first  copy  of  this  treaty  ;  say- 
ing, that  the  repose  of  Europe  was  now 
insured  for  s  long  time;  this  is  still  the 
language  held  at  every  new  usurpation  3 
and  'With  as  little  tmth  now  as  it  was 
then ;  for  war  broke  out  four  years  after- 
wards. This  treaty  was  in  the  issue  set  aside, 
and  the  plan  of  partition  became  the  cause 
of  most  sanguinary  conjtests. 

It  may  be  observed  here,  how  vain  was 
the  boast  of  the  framers  of  the  triple 
alliance,  echoed  by  all  historians,  that  this 
coalition  had  forced  Louis  to  accede  to  the 
'  conditions  of  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Cba- 
pelle.  We  have  seen  that  the  treaty  con- 
cluded with  the  emperor  had  rendered  it 
perfectly  nugatory;  nor  could  he,  who 
in  1666,  contracted  a  secret  agreement 
with  Charles  II,  t^en  his  enemy,  have 
found  it  a  very  difficult  matter  to  separate 
him  from  bis  new  allies.  Indeed,  Charles 
himself  seems  to  have  courted  seduction, 
for  hardly  had  he  signed  tliat  treaty  when 
he  pettishly  excuses  himself  for  so  doing, 
and  lifites  to*  his  sister,  the  Duchess  of 
prkait^,  *'  that  the  coolness,  with  which 
his  otjers  had  been  recei%*ed  on  one  side 
iiad  compelledhim  to  take  part  with  the 
btflier;*  thi^*  letter  of  January  2S,  16()3, 
we  <juote  memorUer,  from  Dalrymple. 


Hermits  PoiHqui  jinglaUe.  [7* 

Such  was  the  craft,  «uch  wer^  the  po- 
litics,  of  Louis  XIV !  Could  he  have 
foreseen  that  the  issue  of  his  contrivances 
would  have  been  the  expulsion  of  his  fa- 
mily from  the  throne  of  France,  before 
the  century  was  expired  in  which  he  died, 
what  a  bitter  and  nauseous  ingredient 
would  that  anticipation  have  been  in  the 
cup  of  self  flattery,  and  popular  applause 
with  which  he  was  into&icated.  Fam^ 
glory,  honour,  empty  sounds !  followed  by 
revolution,  dethronement,  and  murder. 

In  a  succeeding  Number  we  may  con- 
sider this  mighty  monarch,  as  a  warrior^ 
and  as  a  sovereign  over  his  own  people^ 


yerzeichniss,  &c.  a  Catalogue  of  Plants 
which  grow  wild  in  the  Neighbourhooi 
of  Goettingen.  By  G.  Londes,  8vo. 
pp.  80.  Goettingen. 

This  is  a  systematic  catalogue  of  Urn 
PhcBnogamiw  according  to  the  first  twen- 
ty-three classes  of  Linnaeus,  without  in- 
cluding the  Cryptogamue,  which  wffl 
probably  form  the  aubstance  of  another 
volume. 

Poetique  Anglaise,  par  M.  Hennet  3  voL 
in  Svo.  Paris. 
These  three  volumes,  though  relat- 
ing to  the  same  subject,  namely  that  of 
illustrating  English  poetry,  differ  totally 
in  their  execution,  and  appear  to  form  se- 
parate works.  , 

The  first  explaii/s,  not  the  general  rulei 
of  poetry,  but  tliose  which  particularly 
belong  to  the  English.  The  mechanism 
of  English  versification,  the  richness  of 
expression  peculiar  to  it,  the  geniuf 
^d  prosokly  of  the  language,  a^e  described 
with  clearness  and  precision.  The  author 
nins  through  all  the  kinds  of  poems  from 
the  epigram  to  the  epopea.  This  ftrst  part 
is  less  a  cold  didactic  treatise,  than  a 
series  of  very  judicious  remarks,  confirm- 
ed by  extracts  of  choice  pieces  from  {h» 
l)est  authors. 

The  second  volume  is  consecrated  t9 
the  poets.  Without  enterin^^  into  the 
details  of  the  private  lives  of  these  poets, 
tlic  author  brings  us  acquainted  with  their 
character,  the  specifis  of  poetry  which 
they  cultivated,  those  poems  in  which 
they  have  best  succeeded,  and  those 
wherein  they  have  not  been  so  happy.  Thif 
volume  contains  a  fund  of  curious  ante- 
dote  but  little  knpwn. 

In  the  third,   our  autlvor  turns  poet. 


Digitized 


byGoogk 


nyi  lUv.  Hertrri  Mwi$P9em$,  I^rkal  and  ARsctUaneout, 


and   transLitct  Into  French  Tern  those  \ 
poems   that  are  most  esteemed.      The 
original  is  primed  by  tlie  side  of  the  tnuis- 
latioD. 

We  may  probably  submit  Apcdmeos  of 
these  translations  to  oyr  readers  at  some 
future  opportunity.  Some  of  them  ara 
among  the  most  faithful  we  have  seen. 


cm 


P^ems,    Lyrical  and  Miscellaneous,    by 
the  late  Rev.  Henry  Moore,  of  Lis* 
keard.     Small  8vo.  pp  204.  price  4s, 
Johnson,  London,     leod. 
It  is  a  pleasure  to  us  to  meet  with 
religion  and  poetry  united  :  we  have  seen 
much  good  poetry  that  was  lad  to  detes- 
tation iu  a  moral  sense  ;  and  we  have  seen 
not  a  liule  rdigious  versification,  that  was 
too  stupid  to  be  honoured  with  the  name 
of  poetry.    And  yet,  there  is  a  natural 
sympathy   between   the   animation,    the 
rapture  of  poetry,    and  the  feelings  of 
devotion.     Is  the  sympathy  so  close,  that 
like  members  of  the  same  family  they  do 
not  choose  each  other  for  mates  ?   or, 
have  the  flashy  qualities  by  which  some 
worldly  pretensions  delude,  seduced  the 
weaker  from  the  most  hohorable  alliance 
to  more  dazzling,  but  more  dangerous 
^nnections  ?     Whatever  be  the  cause  the 
effect  is  unhappily  notorious  :  to  the  grief 
of  many  observant  minds.      The  work 
before  iis  is  a  highly  commendable  ex- 
ception, and  combines  much  of  the  fer- 
vour of  poetry  with  a  religious  turn  of 
fontiment,  as  the  reader  may  discern  in 
tlie  follQwmg  specimen. 

PlVIKl    LOVI. 

My  G<k1,  thy  boundless  k>ve  I  praise, 
How  bright  on  high  Its  glories  blue  I 

How  sweetly  bloom  below ! 
|t  streams  from  thine  eternal  throne  i 
Thro*  heaven  its  joys  for  ever  run. 

And  o  er  the  eanh  they  How. 
Tis  love  that  paints  the  parple  morn, 
And  bids  the  clouds  in  air  upborn, 

Hmr  genial  drops  distil ; 
In  ev'ry  \emalbeam  it  glows. 
Acid  brenUies  in  ev'rygale  that  blows. 

And  glides  in  er^iry  rill. 
It  lobes  in  cheerfnl  green  the  ground^ 
And  pours  iu  flow'ry  beauties  round. 

Whose  sweets  perfume  the  gale; 
ItsJKiunties  richly  spread  the  plain. 
The  boshing  fruit,'  the  golden  grain. 

And  smile  on  ^v^ry  ^^, 

'  i 


But  in  cby  gospel  see  It  shine, 
Wkh  grace  aad  glories  tBove  divine^ 

PtoclginMng  sifB  fofgiven ; 
There  FWih,  bright  cherab,  points  tile  wty  ^ 
To  realms  arererlaatii^  day. 

And  opens  all  her  beaien. 
Then  let  the  kwrc  that  makes  me  blest, 
Wirh  cbeeHiil  praise  hupire  my  bieet. 

And  ti6eni  gratitude ; 
And  ^i  my  thoughts  nod  passioos  tend 
To  thee,  my  fattier  and  my  friend. 

My  soul's  eternal  good. 
Dart  from  thine  own  celestial  flame 
One  vivid  Beam  to  warm  ray  frame 

With  kindred  energy ; 
Mark  thine  own  image  on  ray  mind  ; 
And  teach  me  to  be  good  and  kind, 

Apd  love,  and  bless  like  thee. 

rATTH. 

Life's  oetteless  bbours,  and  illusive  joys. 
Its  storms    ind  waves,   what  brazen  brets^ 
could  bear. 
Did  not  ihc  cherub  Faith's  reviving  voice, 

Sound  it's  sweet  music  in  Affliction's  ear  ? 
Stt  she  wave*  high  upon  her  heavenly  shon 

Her  flaming  brand,  that  guides  me  to  be  blest ! 
Ye  fbaming  billovrs  roll !— ye  tempests  roar ! 
Your  rage  but  drives  me  sooner  to  my  rest. 
The  seaman  tlius,  long  tost  by  stormy  eent. 
Worn  out  with  toil,  and  sinking  with  disease. 

With  jooks  of  rapture  eyes  the  Wack'ning  Hnd, 
Forgets  ihe  past,  and  smiles  at  present  pain, 
Feels  a  new  vigour  thrill  through  ev'ry  vein. 
And  leaps  caulting  pn  the  welcome  strand. 
This  volume  appean  to  have  been 
written  by  a  Dissenting  minister,  who 
'J  hved  in  celibacy,"  seduded  almo«t 
from  the  worJd,  in  a  remote  countrr 
town.  The  publication  of  it  waipropo«d 
to  the  public,  a  sliort  time  before  tiie 
<fcath  of  tbe  author,  by  bis  friend  Dr 
Aikmj  and  these  poems  first  appwred  in 
9  quarto  volume  in  the  year  1803.  The 
author,  however,  was ^nly  gratifi^  with 
the  prospect  of  advantage  from  the  sab* 
•cription,  as  he  cjied  the  second  of  Novem* 
ber,  laoa.  Dr.  A.  bad  the  melancholy 
office  of  mtrododng  tbU  collection  by  t 
prefaoc,  dated  Jan.  i,  1803,  in  which 
^pubbp  first  Jejimcd  to  appreciate  iti 


Digitized 


by  Google 


7«dl 


EchttsstriatUt't  tettrtt  twr  tt  ValaUl 


crsai 


J^tres  sur  U  Faiaisi  Letters  describing 
the  Valai9>  the  Manners  of  its  Inhabi* 
taut*,  &c.  hy  M.  Ecbasseriaux.     1  vol. 
in  8vo.  Paris.    Price  6i.  Dnlaa  aiid  Co. 
The  discoveries  of  travellers  receive  ad- 
ditional importance  in  the  eyes  of  seden-^ 
tsry  readers^  from  the  distance  at  which 
tbey  are  often  placed.    The  savage  inha- 
bitant of  a  remote  Island,  becomes,    in 
narrative,  an  interesting  object  -,  accounts 
of  his  manners  are  perused  witli  avi* 
dity,  and  the  rude  produce  of  his  in- 
dustry,   excites  the   admiration    of  the 
gUping  world.    Less  interest  is  raised  by 
those  remnants  of  ancient  people,  who 
£tom  local  orpohtical  circumstances,  pre- 
aenre,  in  the  midst  of  Europe,  some  of 
the  characteristics  of  its  former  inhabi- 
taots.     Naturalists  describe  the  physical 
state  of  countries,  and  their  productions  $ 
bat  man  has  been  too  generally  excluded 
from  their  researches.    Other  travellers^ 
bastening  to  scenes  of  weahh,  «nd  of 
polished  luxc^,    pass  unnoticed,  these 
rough  but  genuine,   and  living   monu- 
ments of  former  ages;  as  they  tread  in 
contempt  the  uncultivated  waste  while 
their  eyes  are  fixed  on  the  stately  park, 
and  the  elegancies  of  dignified  domain. 

Valais,  situated  between  Fnnce,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland,  has  been,  till  now,  hard- 
ly  mentioned  by  writers  of  travels.  Lost 
in  the  general  geography  of  Europe,  un* 
oonneded  with  for^gn  politics,  and  al- 
most inaccessible }  it  was  only  known  by 
fome  slight  notice  in  the  genera)  descrip« 
fion  of  Switzerland,  of  which  it  made  a 
part,  before  the  French  revolution. 

M.  Echasseriaux  has  undertaken  to 
supply  this  deficiency :  he  had  many  op- 
portunities for  observing,  having  been 
^fDf^yed  in  that  country,  by  the  French 
government ;  and  the  result  of  his  obser- 
vations, is  the  work  before  us.  The  first 
part,  describing  the  physical  state  of  Va- 
uis,  and  the  manners  of  its  inli^iUnts, 
it  in  the  form  of  btters ;  it  is  followed  by 
several  landscapes  as  Mr.  £.  quaintly  terms 
them,  or  descriptions  of  particular  sites  ; 
a  superficial  account  of  the  well  known 
natural  productions  of  the  country,  ter- 
fluoates  this  small  volume. 

Valais,  says  Mr.  £.,  is  perhaps  the  most 
sesluded  s^t  in  Eaiope  by  nature,  and  the 
mest  deficient  in  tnose  communications 
which  ffve  Uie  and  uumatipn  to  a  country^ 
by  ftciiltaung  the  intercoune  of  men,  and 
me  exchange  of  odmmodities.  Two  chains  of 


mountains  extending  ifiO  mHes  firom  east  to 
west,  from  Saint  Gin^olph  to  the  sources  of 
the'  Rhine,  form  this  pictnresaue  valley^ 
w^ose  greatest  breadth  is  hardly  tnree  miles ; 
five  other  smaH  blend  valleys,  which  appear 
to  be  branches  of  the  first,  fietrm  together  th^ 
territory  of  Valais.  On  the  mountains  and 
in  the  'plains,  dwells  a  population  of  70,000 
souls,  wliich  from  thediiiertnceof  bn^^n^t 
and  the  local  influence  of  a  vanring  climate,t 
seems  com)x>9od  of  difletent  species  of  men. 

l^ie  revolutions  of  the  globe  hare  left  deep 
traces  every  where  in  thb  wild  spot,  which  is 
itself  in  a  gradual  state  of  physical  revolution; 
At  every  step,  the  traveller benokb,  and  passes 
over,  the  wrecks  of  nature.  A  river  which 
here  pours  like  a  torrent,  there  expands  into 
a  spreading  sheet  of  water,  shifts  alternately 
its  bed,  ami  its  course,  and  rolls  sucecssivelv 
its  floods  mixed  with  mins,  over  the  whole 
vallev,  spieadins  devastation.  Torrents 
tumbling  from  abrupt  heights  furrowing  the 
sides  <A  the  mountain,  carriing  und  and 
larse  stones  in  their  rapid  descent.  Huge 
rocks  at  times  br^ing  aviray,  and  over- 
whelming with  ruin,  cultivated  fields,  and 
sometimes  totire  villages ;  such  is  the  aspect 
presented  to  the  observant  traveller  by  this 
territory,  which  seems  as  if  it  had  not  beeik 
intended  for  the  habitation  of  man.  Nature 
which  has  multiplied  so  many  ex'ils  on  thfs 
land,  has  neveitheless,  scattered  also  her 
choicest  gifts  in  many  places.  The  alternate 
influence  of  a  pFcvaiiing  humidity,  and  of  the 
heat  of  the  climate,  quickens  into  life  the 
latent  seeds  of  the  most  precious  and  most 
useful  plants.  Hiik  coretx^l  with  vineyard^ 
producing  excellent  wine;  small  plots  Of 
corn,  scattered  here  and  there,  a  variety  oi 
temperatures,  and  of  climates,  which  favoitrs 
at  the  same  time  the  different  fruits  of  several 
seasons ;  such  is  the  smiling  prospect  nature 
contrasts,  or  rather  mingles,  with  the  wild  and 
rough  landseajje  I  drew  before. 

The  same  instinctive  impulse  which  haa 
fixed  large  populations  in  the  most  fertile 
countries,  which  has  drawn  and*  scattered 
tribes  and  families  in  the  most  fivttful  spots, 
has  directed  the  distribution  of  the  popuutioii 
of  this  country.  Wherever  a  verdant  osantl^ 
bedecks  the  ground,  wherev-or  a  smalKaraUo 
plot  apj^ears,  there  you  certoinly  find  a  hooset 
a  cottage,  or  a  cahih ;  in  evoiy  littk*  plain  you. 
meet  with  a  villnge  or  a  hanilel^  or,  if  the 
valley  opens,  with  a  small  town.  TheVa<% 
kusan  isconfined  to  that  !^pot where  beem  livef 
there  he  ctccu  his  dweBing,  and  this  place  is 
his  country. 

You  sDe  not,  however,  to  expect  in  Valais 
a  population  adequate  to  the  extent  of  itf 
territory.  The  proportion  of  amble  |;ro«pd  it 
contains,  is  to  that  of  other  coontnes  orEiiir 
tope  as  1  to  18.  Nauua  has  left  bot^bw  spota 
to  the  industry  of  m4oj  mountains,  ti»efa» 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


T^tJ 


i^hnsserlaux* $  LeHrtssur  U  Palais, 


torrents,  and  marslies,  engross  the  rest  of  the 
country. 

The  Valain^  is  either  a  husbandman,  or  a 
shepherd;  the  former  dwells  most  by  the 
Talleys,  the  latter  on  the  mountains.  Agri- 
culture is  the  only  kind  of  industry  this  peo- 
ple exercises,  or  is  even  acquainted  with,  yet 
u  is  neglected,  and  its  produce  is  hardly  more 
than  adequate  to  the  wants  of  the  inhabitants. 
^  Those  speculations  which  create  an  active 
livalship  in  industry,  are  unknown  in  Valais. 
There  iortune  b  not  the  aim  of  ambition ; 
l)ut  its  allurements  arc  pow^erless.  ,  Social 
institutions  and  national  spirit  tend  to  keep 
wealth  and  industry  on  a  general  le\'el :  little 
labour  is  exerted  liecause  wants  are  but  few. 
The  rude  manufectures  of  the  country,  are 
tBtirely  relinquished  to  foreign  hands ;  mines 
•£  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  exist,  but  those 
^ch  metals  remain  buried  in  the  mountains, 
nor  tempt  the  cupidity  of  a  poor  and  indolent 
people.  Circumscribed  in  the  narrow  circle 
of  his  wants,  tlie  Valaisan  docs  n«t  env-y  the 
wealth,  industry,  and  luxury  diffused  over 
d\c  rest  of  Europe.  'No  people  in  tlie  world 
demands  less  from  fortune,  or  puts  itself  less 
in  tlie  way  of  her  favours  ;  this  people  is  a 
proof  that  there  arc  nations  whom  example 
cannot  seduce. 

Those  discoveries,  those  great  events, 
which  in  the  three  last  centuries  ha>  e  given 
the  people  of  Europe  such  impulse  towards 
industry  and  coqunerce,  have  produced  no 
sensolLon  in  Valais.  Still  are  the,  people  of 
this  country  strancers  to  those  arts  and  to  that 
acth'ity,  tty  which  cities  have  been  built, 
embellished,  and  enriched;  and  which  have 
unproved  society,  by  introducing  conveniens 
cies,  enjoyments,  and  weakh,  into  private 
£unilies.  The  Valaisan  has  remained  sta- 
tionary amid  the  progress  of  civilization  ; 
the  history  of  the  14th  century  continues  to 
be  the  history  of  this  present  day ;  the  na- 
tional characteristics  are  still  the  same  ;  and 
.the  time  which  ha*  elapsed  has  effected  no 
alteration  in  his  moral  existence,  nor  improve- 
ment in  hb  system  of  political  economy. 

Hermitages,  chainel  houses,  chapels  hewn 
}p,  the  rock,  stationed  at  the  foot  of  the  raoim- 
tain,  on  it*  rugged  sides,  and  even  on  its 
dreary  ^lunmit,  manifest  the  turn  of  mind  of 
the  Valaisan.  In  this  country  a  cross  is 
erected  before  the  enormous  ruins  of  a 
mountain  which  has  ^iven  way ;  and  a  cross 
.  ia,  also  raised  instead  ot  a  strong  dam,  against 
I  threatening  torrents. 

The  religion  of  the  country  might  appear 
to  a  foreigner  tinged  with  tne  fanaticism  of 
fbrmei  ceaturies;  this  however  is  not  the 
case ;  for  the  Valaisan,  in  general,  is  incapa- 
ble oif  strong  and  fer\-id  passions.  Sincerely 
^attached  in  the  siinplicity  of  his  heart,  to  a 
.  beUef  founded  on,  conviction,  he  derives 
hex^^e  his  virtues,   hi#  morality,  and  that 


C?3» 

honesty,  the  first  of  social  exceirenciet, 
w^hich' pervades  all  his  actions;  few  crimen 
disgrace  the  country ;  it  has  hardly  any  po- 
lice, aiKi  no  public  forte ;  Religion  seems  to  be 
the  great  curb ;  it  is  the  first  occopation,^ 
as  it  is  the  first  sentiment  of  the  Valaisan. 
He  is  poor  in  his  hiimble  dwelHng,  but  the 
vilkge-church  i^  always  richly  ornamented  ; 
his  temple  is  to  him  the  universe;  a  multi- 
plicity of  holydays  occupies  the  time  and  the 
passions  of  a'  people,  vOid  ofindtistrioos  acti- 
vity, and  equally  stranger  to  spectxiattons  and 
to  arts. 

Such  lis  ttie  exterior  Appearance  of  thb 
smaH  state,  the  interior  of  fieuntiies  offers 
nothing  very  extraordinary ;  you  will  only 
find  frequently  that  simplicity  of  mannas 
already  pourt rayed  in  glowing  colours  by  a' 
celebrated  writer,  (J.  J.  Rousseau).     . 

This  poor  and'  inoffensive  people,  haf' 
howev6f  experienced  the  effects  of  that 
terfible  revolution,  whoSfe  focos'  was  so 
near  them.  The  political  fercriemation' 
soon  subsided ;  but  to  secure  the  French 
the  entrance  of  Italy,  th^  Valaisan  has' 
been  torn  from  the  congenial  protectiotf 
he  found  in  his  connection  with  Switzer- 
land ;  a  new  constitution  has  been  f()rced 
upon  him,  and  Valais  now  forms  a  sepa- 
rate state,  dependent  on  France,  lir 
framing  the  new  governroeftt,  some  of 
the  afocieut  customs  of  the  people  have 
been  respected  ;  but  they  re^t  the  loss* 
of  many  former  habits  i  aftd  M.  E.  in- 
veighs too  bftterly  for  a  man  of  hi^  seem« 
ing  moderation,  against  the  attachmenr 
they  still  manifest  for  them. 

M.  E.  was  himself  one  of  the  first!' 
law-givers  of  France ;  and  Valaitf  a]^)eiu< 
to  him  a  fine  field  for  ittiprovement. 
His  ideas  although  expressed  in  rather  too 
lofty  a  style,  wiU  not  be  deemed  by  sonW 
readers  undeserving  of  consideration,  fbt 
he  professes  a  wish  to  increase  the  wealths 
and  knowledge  of  the  Valaisans;  jet, 
he  might  be  asked  how  these  doubtful' 
advantages,  even  if  realized,  could  add  to 
the  hapfNuess  of  such  a  people  ?  What 
enjoyments  can  riches  afibrd  to  him  who6« 
wants  are  but  few,  and  whose  desires 
extend  no  further,?  Wliat  could  the 
Valaisan  expect  from  the  more  generous 
pursuit  of  science,  btit  to  discover  de- 
fects of  which  he  ha^  never  been  sensible, 
and  to  awaken  sentiments  of  a  misery 
new  to  his  feelings.  The  gri^t  arid  al- 
most the  only  care  of  itSr  fohner  govern- 
ment, was  to  exclude  fbcetgn  manners; 
strangers  were  not  permitted  to*  soitle  io^ 


\ 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


^33l 


EchasseriaHT's  Ltthres  sur  U  Falais, 


the  coantry,  but  with  many  forms  and  1 
many  difficulties  j  they  were  liable  to  be 
sent  away  at  any  time,  anc)  a  kind  of 
x>stracism^  banished  even  the  citizen  who 
deviated  firom  the  ancient  simplicity. 
When  the  former  French  sovereigns  had 
in  contemplation  to  join  the  Rhone  with 
the  Po,  by  a  canal,  which  was  to  have 
ran  through  Valais,  the  government 
of  that  country  refused  their  consetit  to 
the  undertaking,  saying,  the  commerce 
it  would  introduce  would  debase  the 
purity  of  their  n>anners. 

Our  author's  landscapes  taken  sepa- 
rately, are  not  totally  void  of  interest  5 
but  the  too  frequent  introduction  of  icy 
mountains,  dreadful  precipices,  roaring 
torrents,  foaming  cataracts,  and  all  the 
sublime  horrors  of  nature,  throw  a  kind 
of  monotony  over  the  whole.  We  have 
chosen  the  following  extract  of  M.  Fs. 
journey  to  the  hospital  of  Mount  St.  Ber- 
nard, as  DO  unfavourable  specimen  of  his 
descriptive  powers. 

We  were  pursuing  our  way,  endeavouring 
«o  discover  the  hoepital  of  Su  Bernard,  among 
the  summits  of  mountains  heaped  on  moun- 
tains. We  could  hear  nothing  but  the 
wlustling  of  the  wind,  ruslnng  throush 
winding  passages,  and  bcatine  against  the 
angles  of  Wic  rocks.  A  drcadfiu  stillness  pre- 
vailed  around  us ;  in  this  spot  all  forms  are 
lost  in  confusion :  nolangua^  can  afford  ade- 
quate expressions,  no  description  can  convey  an 
idea  of  the  surrounding  scenery ;  it  was  the 
chaos  of  the  world.  Ancient  opinion  and 
licar  too  well  founded,  have  marked  by  sinis- 
ter names  every  part  of  this  dangerous  vallev 
leading  to  the  hospital,  and  commanded  on  all 
aides  by  impending  avalanches.  Itself  is  called 
She  valfey  of  the  dead:  that  peak  which 
raises  its  head  abo\'e  the  hospital  is  iht  fnoun- 
tain  of  the  dead :  that  small  building  not 
far  from  the  ho6[Htal  is  the  chapel  of  the  dead. 
At  last,  we  perceived  the  hospital  of  St. 
Bernards  Hail !  cried  I,  sacred  mansion,  the 
asylum  of  the  unfortunate !  Before  we  could 
feach  it  we  had  to  cross  a  lont  way  covered 
with  snow  several  fathoms  aeeo,  and  to 
overcome  a  very  steep  ascent.  What  a  plea- 
sure to  discover  this  house  after  a  painful 
journey!  How  grateful  is  the  welcome  of 
these  respectable  men,  eager  to  receive  us 
tinder  their  hospitable  deme  I  We  -were  hardly 
'  -ushered  in  *ere  fire  and  refreshments  were 
ready  in  die  room  allotted  to  us.  The  chap- 
ter of  the  regular  canons  was  then  assembled 
on  dfairs  of  the  order,  and  in  an  instant  we 
were  surrounded  by  those  venerable  men. 
'  Let  my  gratitude  acknowledge  here  their 
*  iMMltr  atf^andotfurtcay !  The  Wiacss  of  the 


chapter  being  dvor,  they  asked  leave  to  quk 
us  for  a  moment  to  go  afid  sing  a  TV  Dethn* 
We  followed  them  to  the  church.  In  en- 
tering it  we  were  struck  by  its  appearance  f 
sculptures  and  marbles  are  its  sole  orna- 
ments. From  the  manner  i;i  which  divine, 
service  was  performed^  we  thought  ourselve^ 
in,  a  small  cathedral.  The  TV  Dcum  beoan : 
the  sight  of  tills  temple,  in  the  solitude  of  the 
wilderness,  on  one  of  the  most  elevated  ?pott 
of  the  globe ;  the  ceremonies  -of  religion 
displayedon  this  dreary  sumnrit ;  the  sight  of 
these  men,  devoted,  amidst  the  honors  of  na- 
ture, to  the  assistance  of  their  fellow  creatures; 
religions  worship  mingled  in  this  asylum 
with  tlie attentions  of  humanity  ;  the  soun4 
of  bells  re-echoed  by  the  rocks ;  the  mciodiou» 
tones  of  the  organ  accompanying  the  pathetic 
music  of  the  sacred  hymn ;  tnese  variout 
objects  excited  emotions  ton  exquisite  and  too 
lively  to  be  expressed.  Here  the  soul  is 
exalted,  and  its  lefitied  feelings  i^ise  !•  a 
delight  vainly  sought  dse>\laere.  When  the 
service  was  o^-er  we  adjourned  to  the  haU, 
where  a  fru^l  meal  was  waiting  fiu-  us.  It 
was  supper  Ume ;  novices  in  their  reljc^oua. 
garb  attended  us  at  table,  and  a  digniW 
cheerfulness  enlivened  the  entertainment. 
The  monks  seemed  as  easy  with  the  strangers 
as  with  their  family.  At  last  the  fatigues  of 
the  dny  made  us  hasten  the  hour  of  rest. 

The  interior  of  the  hospital  afWiwafdsat^ 
tracted  our  attention  ;  it  is  not  -on  a  very  laige 
scale,  but  its  extent  seems  doubled  oy  the 
judicious  distribution  of  the  apartments.'  AU 
though  situated  on  the  most  barren  spot, 
where  every  article  must  be  conveyed  by  dread- 
ful fx>ads,  ^it  contains  all  that  is  necessary  fer 
the  relief  of  the  unfortunate.  Evety  thing  ia 
the  house  announces  harmony  ^'tween  lh« 
diflferent  branches  of  service ;  regularity  and 
order  in  the  administration.  The  exercise 
of  humanity  does  iwt  interfere  with  religicnt 
duties :  miViness  and  austerity  are  blended  la 
the  manners  of  its  inhabitants.  Men  of  ewtrf 
Tchgion,  of  every  profession,  the  poor  like 
the  rich,  axe  received  in  the  hoq)ital  with 
equal  eagerness.  These  monks  in  their  pro^ 
.  miscuous  hospitality  &ct  to^vards  mankind  as 
if  already  in  that  slate  of  cqtialrty  which 
awaits  us  beyond  the  grave.  During  our  star 
in  the  convent,  we  often  witnessed  the  uni- 
formly  kind  reception  of  strangers  of  ei^iy 
description.  Helaxation  in  discipline  has  des- 
troyed most  of  the  religious  orders :  that  of  the 
great  St.  Bernard  has  existed  these  ten  cen- 
turies, and  is  stiU  in  all  the  fervour  of  its 
institution.  How  far  above  all  others  is  this 
benevolent  establishment !  how  much  exahed 
above  the  \'ulgarof  mankiml  nrc  these  men  who 
risk  their  lives  to  save  that  of  their  fellow- 
creatures,  who  lavishing  the  tendere<5t  care  on 
strangers,  impose  on  themselves  all  kinds  of 
austerities^  wlk>^  4lratigea  to  ambition,  to 

Digitized  by  Vol OOQIC 


fB5} 


Hours  of  LeUurf^ 


[799 


pnde>  to  iBMreftt,  to  all  the  aelfith  motives 
of  bumao  action,  have  no  secompense  on 
CMth  but  their  virtue,  and  no  witnesses  of 
their  meritorioas  and  devoted  lives  but  God  I 

The  new  military  road,  which  our  au- 
thor was  the  first  to  pass,  begins  near 
Brigg,  a  small  town  at  the  extremity  of 
Valais;,  and  leads  over  Mount  Simplop, 
toDoGio  Dassola  in  Italy,  through  the 
tich«st  and  most  romantic  jscenery  in 
the  whole  chain  of  the  Alps.  Twenty- 
two  bridges,  and  six  tunnels,  hewn  in 
,  the  rock,  one  of  which  is  6OO  feet  in 
length,  attest  the  triumph  of  persevering 
art  over  rugged  nature.  At  tiroes,  the 
traveller  is  lost  in  gloomy  forests  of  firs, 
and  larcji  trees :  emerging  from  them, 
his  st*nses  are  almost  dizzied  by  the  con- 
tinual and  rapid  succession  of  diversified 
prospects.  Secure  on  this  elevated  road, 
he  breathes  on  a  fine  day  a  kind  of  ethe- 
real fireshness,  and  enjoys  at  tlie  same 
time  the  pleasure  of  contemplating,  with- 
out danger  and  even  without  fear  the 
steep  descent  of  the  valleys,  and  the 
abrupt  precipices  over  which  he  passes. 

In  September,  1805,  says  our  author, 
Ae  chief  eog^utxr  invited  me  to  inspect  the 
load  in  order  to  ascertain  if  it  was  practica- 
ble, should  occasion  oblige  us  to  make  use  of 
it.  We  left  Brigf  on  the  7th,  with  the 
grand  bailli,  or  cmef  magistrate  of  Valais,  to 
^  open  it  with  solemnity  5  our  coaches,  tlic  fint 
ever  seen  in  this  wilderness,  excited  the 
^vonder  of  the  rude  inhabitants  of  the  Alps, 
tful  of  Doroo  Dassola.  At  tlie  siglit  of  the 
■mltitude  flocking  to  meet  us,  at  thebigus 
«f  amazement  wiSch  our  equipage  inspired, 
I  beheld  in  imagination,  the  wonder  of  those 
ialanders,  who  saw  for  the  first  time  Euro- 
pean vessels  entering  their  ba)b  and  their  har- 
oours. 

After  a  flowery  description,  from  whence 
^e  have  extracted  this  account,  the  author 
exclaims,  perhaps  sincerely :  • 

May  it,  instead  of  faci^tating  the  passage  of 
anped  battalions  and  of  the  dreadful  imple- 
nents  of  war,  big  with  destruction,  promote 
the  circulation  of  peaceful  commeroe,  which 
enriches  nations  by  exchan^ng  the  produce  of 
their  aru  and  of  their  industrv  !  Through 
the  defiles  of  Mount  Simplon,  Ronyan  legions 
^nnerly  hastened  to  the  conquest  of  Ger- 
many J  may  this  new  road,  which  will  con- 
nect Italy  with  the  rest  of  Europe,  increase 
the  means  of  prosperity  of  the  several  nar 
tioDS^  it  will  then  deservedly  obtain  cele- 
brity, and  will  have  answered  iu  /rac  desti- 
nation. 

This  work,  as  tlie  reader  may  perceive. 


affordsboth  instraction  and  •niertaioment : 
but  it  is  har  fipm  being  firee  firom  the 
defects  common  to  all  modern  Frendi 
publicaticms,  tautology,  overstrained  sen- 
timents. Incorrect  language,  and  frequent 
misuse  of  incoherent  metaphors. 

Hours  of  Leisure;  or  Essays  and  Charac- 
teristics, by  George  Brewer.  12mo.  pp* 
9^.  price  7s.  boards.  London,  Hatch- 
ard.  190$. 
This  work  consists  of  papers,  and 
short  essays,  comprising  remarks,  charac- 
ters, anecdotes,  descriptions,  and  criti- 
cisms. It  is  not  deficient  in  variety  :  and 
in  its  very  nature  is  unconfined  by  order 
and  method.  The  general  teaidr  of  these 
disquisitions  is  moral }  nor  has  the  author 
forgotten  that  the  useftil  should  accom- 
pany the  agreeable.  We  cannot,  how- 
ever, compliment  Mr.  B.  by  ranking  him 
among  our  best  essayists :  he  is  neither 
a  Spectator  nor  a  Rambler.  His  remarks 
are  neither  vtry  uncommon  nor  veij  pro» 
found ;  his  characters  are  less  the  ofi^pring 
of  obsen'ation  in  r6al  life,  than  of  ima* 
gination  ;  his  style  is  not  classical,  dot  h 
it  energetic.  His  nam/6s  are  unhappily 
chosen.  Nevertheless,  .this  volume  may 
fill  up  a  short  leisure :  if  the  impression 
it  leaves  on  the  mind  be  not  extremely 
powerful,  yet  it  will  be  innocent.  Wit 
may  commend  the  intention  of  the  wri- 
ter as  fiivourable  to  virtue,  though  his 
labours  do  not  appear  to  us  to  be  of  that 
higher  description,  which  the  worid  of  let- 
ters will  regard  as  calculated  to  promote  ih 
an  eminent  degree,  the  interests  of  gen^ 
ral  literature. 

The  following  specimen  may  enable  our 
readers  to  judge  for  themselves. 

It  may  be  saifl,  that  such  are  the  accidents, 
the  delays,  and  the  cross  nuriKMes,  to  which 
wearec%'ery  day  liable,  tnat  nothing  can  be 
be  more  absurd  than  to  endeavovir  to  establish 
any  certain  system  for  the  apportionment  of 
our  time.  It  is  nevertheless  as  true,  if  a  man 
who  may  be  placed  at  the  point  A,  sboqld  be 
desirous  to  go  akniga  given  lix^  to  the  point 
G,  that  he  Hiay  never  be  able,  (romintermP- 
tions,  to  leach  the  point  G;  but  it  will  be 
(00  mueh  to  say  that  he  may  not  leach  tbm 
points  Dor  £,  or  F,  in  the  scale,  ^  whkh 
will  oertHinly  bring  him  nearer  to  fheppiiit 
G  than  if  he  had  never  moved  at  alU 

It  is  true  that  the  course  hiid  down  by  tbt 
wise  man  shouM  vibrate  as  li^le  from  ^  tr^c 
one,  as  the  W)ap(^  variaiiati  cau3ed  by  h^- 
man  inftmNties,  resembling  that  of  a  m^ 
riner*s  ncoUt,  will  permit:  lil^e  that  too»  it 


Digitized  by  VoiOOQ  IC 


'7373 


d  Wiili  r9und  the  Wnlh  ^tJuCih/i^  ChesUr. 


.  thouU  be  allowed  for  by  the  candid  and  hu- 
tBftne :  nor  indeed  can  we  tcU>  when  the 
^leavy  eweih  of  iniafortime,  or  tiie  strong 
currents  of  adversity  drive  the  b^rk,  how 
Boon*  with  the  best  of  us,  4tc  reckonifig  may 
be  ioaL  One  comfort  jb,  that  these  storms 
do  not  last:  that  there  is  a  harbour  into 
which,  by  lowering  the  topsails  of  our  pride 
jmd  vanity*  we  may  run,  ereu  under  bare 
poles,  ana  bring  up  in  safety.  It  is  true, 
ihb  harbour  has  iiot  a  very  hospitable  shore ; 
but  it  is  land-locked,  and  the  vessel  may  lie 
there  in  safety  until  the  wipd  may  be  lulled 
•r  iair. 

There  is  not,  fiiirly  scenking,  any  but  the 
distiessed  man  who  may  oe  saidto  be  in  want 
•of  time  {  all  other  men  have,  io  use  a  common 
proverb,  the  fove  horse  by  the  head;  ail 
roads  and  paths  are  open  to  them,  and  it  is 
their  own  faults  if  they  choose  the  worst  But 
Jhe  who  has  got  considerably  ia  arrears  with 
time,  must  not  ho|)e  to  overtake  it  by  violent 
•etertions,  or  by  going  cross-roads :  if  he  foli- 
Jow  diligently,  and  |)ur8ue  die  path,  incident 
will  perhaps  give  him  a  lift  on  hia  vtray,  or 
■mt  any  rate  he  wtll^  by  pbtienoe,  overtake 
his  object. 

Let  us  see  what  are  the  great  stumhlizig 
blocks,  and  interruptions  to  a  r^ular  plan  or 
distribution  of  time.  First,  Ixdolencb, 
that  vis  inertia  which  keeps  us  just  where  we 
are.  Next,  Pleasure,  that .  force  which 
'noresus  easily  by  her  allurements,  when  we 
are  aetually  emfiloyed,  and  would  not  willing- 
ly have  any  thing  to  say  to  her:  but  thne 
tnou^  the  most  qseu  enemies  of  time,  are 
not  perhaps  so  dangesous  as  those  whidi  aie 
eoncealttl  under  masks  of  actual  occupation. 
We  hav<e,  for  instance,  Pausers,  Tris/iers, 
Hofen,  and  FreUers^  each  of  which,  in 
their  different  ways,  lay  \oaUt  a  portion  of 
time.  One  of  your  (^reat  Pausers  is  Bob  Va- 
.CAKT.  Bob  b  always  in  a  study  \  Bob  weighs 
JDvery  tliii^  and  does  nothing ;  decides,  and 
never  moves  \  makes  up  his  mind,  and  never 
acts;  is  in  a  great  hurry,  aad  never  stirs. 
Vain  are  ail  his  aoi|aiieaientB  of  learning,  vain 
fcis  knowledge.  Tarn  his  skill  aod  judgment. 
They  are  to  him  like  the  precious  hoard  of 
ibe  miser,  which  he  is  always  looking  at, 
but  of  which  ht  never  touches  a  guinea. 

The  Wisher  is  another  sort  of  being  as  to 
the  nature  of  his  thougho,  thoo^  very  mucli 
ffesembling  tbe  Ibrmor  as  to  tbe  oonsequenoos 
«f  his  study. 

Tom  TB1.BSCOPB  is  always  wishinff  Ibr 
something  that  he  has  not,  orfor  that  which, 
in  the  course  of  thino,  he  is  never  likely  to 
Wve.  If  he  faeais  of  an  estate,  he  would 
like  to  purchase ;  of  a  place,  he  wi^es  he 
coidd  obtain  it;  of  a  stranger  of  note,  ht 
wiih^thatbe  ooaU  see  him  ;  or  of  a  priac^ 
be  wishes  that  be  e6ttld  get  the  twbntt 
VKOimAliD^  thoQ^  be  lias  no  ticket  in  tbs 

Yai.  L    \UU  P«i.  /flw.  1806.1 


C;3« 

lottery ;  in  short,  he  b  always  occupied  xfL 
wishing  for  something  or  other,  though  ia 
truth  the  matter  very  seldom  goes  auy  fur- 
ther; for,  not  to  be  troublesome  to  Lb  friends^ 
Tom  generally  relieves  them  by  wbhing  for 
something  else  just  at  the  moment  %\*hcn  they 
are  about  to  oblige  him.  Wishing  justly  di. 
nominated  by  i>r.  Young  "  the  feoer  af 
fooh,*'  occupies  a  large  portion  of  our  time  ia 
waste  of  thouglit. 

The  Frbtter  is  a  beisg  who  wastes  tieie 
in  a  still  more  useless  and  disagreeable  man- 
ner ;  since  the  truth  is,  tliat  a  man  seldom 
begins  to  finet  until  it  b  too  late  to  remedy  the 
mischief;  and  tl^en  he  may  as  well  not  fret 
at  all.  FaETTiNG  b  the  dbease  of  a  litde  ill- 
org^izcd  mind,  that  hesitates  to  submit  to 
even  what  it  knows  to  be  irre\'ocable,  and 
makes  a  misfortune  greater  by  oonstandy  coa« 
tempbting  its  severity.  It  is  said  of  Dr.  John- 
sou,  that  on  sqme  person  teUine  him  of  a 
lady  of  quality  who  had  died  of  a  brokea 
heart  for  the  loss  of  a  near  relation,  he  made 
answer,  **  Ave  1  If  she  had  b«n  a  pocy 
woman  in  a  soop,  she  would  not  have  found 
time  to  have  broken  her  heart.**  And"  how- 
ever rude  or  unfeeling  the  sentence  might  ap- 
pear, it  b  true,  nevertheless,  that  the  poor 
seWom  have  opportunities  for  thb  shame- 
ful waste  of  time :  their  daih  labours  fiU  up 
the  €latf,  and  the  business  ot  repose  occupies 
their  nights.  The  folly  of  fretting  may  be 
illustrated  by  the  fallowing  stoiy  of  two  gar- 
deners ; — 

Two  gardeners,  who  were  neighbours,  had 
their  crop  of  early  peas  killed  by  the  frost. 
One  of  them  came  to  condole  with  the  other 
on  thb  misfortune.  **  Ah  I"  cried  he,  *'  how 
unfortunate  wc  have  been,  neighbour!  Eto 
you  know,  that  I  have  done  nottiing  but  fret 
ever  since.  But,  bless  me !  you  stem  to  have 
a  fine  heakhy  crop  coming  up  just  no#. 
What  are  theser— "  TheseT  cried  die 
other  gardener,  "  why  these  ara  what  1  sowx^d 
imipediately  after  my  loss.** — *«  What  1  com- 
ioe  up  already  V  cned  the  Fretter.— •«  Yes  i 
while  you  vnsjretting,  1,w9M  working:* — 


^paired!  

why  then  you  can  have  no  need  to  ffet  at 
all.^'_"  True^r  leplicd  the  industrious  giftw 
dener ;  *'  and  that*s  the  very  reason."  In 
truth,  it  is  very  pleasant  to  have  no  longer 
occasion  to  think  of  a  misfortune ;  ar.d  it  is 
astonishing  how  many  might  be  repaired  W 
a  little  alaoi^  or  energy. 

J  milk  round  the  imis  rf  the  City  i^ 
Chester.  8vo.  pp.  106.  Prioa  3«.  Cd. 
Broster,  Chester.  A  second  part,  not 
BienUoned  in  the  title  p^e  is,  a  Walk 
throCigh  the  Citj ;  begioniag  at  p.  51. 
Thosi  who  haTe.li7«d  m^nj  yeart  hi 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


7^^ 


J  JValk  round  the  Walts  ofihe  City  of  Chesfef. 


1^40 


»  city  of  not  very  extensive  dimensions, 
may  obtain  not  only  a  correct  knowledge 
of  its  present  state,  but  also  a  general 
notion  of  it»  history,  antiquities,  privi- 
leges, customs,  and  peculiarities  ;  but  a 
stranger  when  visiting  such  a  place  cannot 
always  procure  Ibe  company  of  those  who 
are  able  to  instruct  hhn  in  these  particu- 
lars, and  iu  others  with  which  he  desires 
to  be  acquainted.  A  small  volume,  if 
judiciously  executed,  answers  the  purpose 
almost  as  well ;  and  after  having  consulted 
it  with  attention,  the  traveller  may  pro- 
portion his  excursions  to  his  time,  and 
may  examine  more  objects,  either  pur- 
posely or  incidentally,  than  he  might  at 
first  suppose  possible. 

We  are,  therefore,  friends  to  works 
like  that  before  us;  but  ae  we  cannot 
boast  of  accurate  personal  acquaintance 
with  the  city  of  Chester,  we  must  depend 
on  the  compiler  for  the  exercise  of  the  re- 
quisite judgment  in  selecting,  and  preci- 
aion  in  describing  objects  worthy  of  notice. 

The  contents  are,  a  list  of  the  Earls  of 
Chester  :  a  description  of  the  gates  of  the 
town,  some  of  which  are  handsome :  the 
public  and  religious  structures  ;  with  local 
information  of  a  miscellaneous  description . 

The  first  part  of  this  little  volume  is 
enlivened  with  sundry  wood-cuts,  which 
add  much  to  its  interest :  the  second  part, 
though  equally  deserving,  has  no  such 
accompaniment.  The  absence  of  a  map 
•f  the  city  is  a  very  serious  defect. 

We  learn  from  this  volume  that, 

William  the  Conqucrbr  gave  Cheshire  to 
Ghcrbodus,  a  noble  Fleming;  b«t  he  dying, 
appointed  his  nephew  Hugh  Lupus,  the  first 
Norman  Earl  ot  Chester,  and  to  him  he  df- 
k^ted  a  great  power  5  made  it  a  Coun^  Pa- 
latine, and  inrestcd  with  such  a  sovereign 
jurisdictMn,  that  the  ancient  earls  held  their 
•wn  parliaments. 

Hugh  Lupus,  by  virtue  of  the  King's  grant, 
(which  runs  in  these  words,)  tenere  totum 
huhc  Cfniiatum  sibi,  et  haredilus  suit  ita 
libere  ad  Gladium,  sicut  ipse  Rex  tenchat 
jingli(c  Corona nti  created  several  harons  to 
assist  him  in  his  council  and  government, 
aome  of  which  we  find  upon  record,  as  Nigel, 
jBaron  of  Hallon ;  Sir  William  Maklebeng, 
or  MalBanc,  Baron  of  Wich  Malbanc,  or 
Nantwich ;  Richatd  de  Vernon,  Baron  of 
Shipbroke  :  Gilbert  Venables,  Baron  of  Kinr- 
derton;  Hamon  dc  Massey,  Baron  of  Dun- 
ham Massev  ;  Warren  de  Pojmton,  Baron  of 
StockixMTt ;  Eusuce  de  Monthalt,  Baron  of 
iJonthalt.  y 
'  ile  converted  th^^diurch  of  St.  Warburgh 


into  an  abbey  by  the  advice  of  St.  Anselm* 
He  continued  earl  31  years,  died  the  27th  of 
July,  tlOl,  and  was  huricd  in  the  church* 
yara,  and  afterwards  removed  to  the  present 
chapter-house  of  the  cathedral,  where  his 
body  was  found  in  1724,  wrapped  in  leather^ 
enclosed  iu  a  Mone  oollin  ;  at  the  head  of  (he 
eoffin  was  a  stone  in  the  shape  of  a  T,  with  a 
wolf's  head^  the  arms  which  he  bore,  ei>- 
graven  on  it.    , 

His  sword  of  dignity  is  preserved  in  the  Bri- 
tish Museum ;  wnicH  is  m  length  about  ibar 
feet,  arid  «o  unwieldy  as  to  require  consider- 
able strength  to  brandish  it  with  both  hand», 
Hb  parliament  was  formed  of  eight  barons, 
wiio  were  obliged  to  attend  him,  and-  every 
baron  had  four  esquires,  every  esquire  ona 
gentleman,  and  every  gcnfluiian  one  valet. 
rhc  barons  had  the  power  of  lifc  and  death, 
Tliis  gmemment  continued  till  the  reign  of 
Henry  the  III,  1237,  who  resumed  the  earl- 
dom. 

Chester  was  probably  in  the  time-  of  tba 
Romans,  or  earlier,  a  conbiderable  port ;  tht 
Saxon  navy  was  stationed  here,  and  here  wa^ 
the  seat  of  the  Mercian  kings.  About  the 
time  of  the  conquest,  the  imports  and  exports 
were  very-  considerable  ;  one  article  of  the 
latter  was  slaves,  some  of  which  they  weit 
probably  furnished  with  in  their  frequent 
wars  with  the  Welsh  ;  and  amongst  the  im- 
ports wine  was  not  the  least  considerable-* 
according  to  Lucian  the  monk,  who  praised 
ita  excellent  flavour  and  drank  it  pl^itifuMy  t 
and  hv  the  old  Saxon  law,  if  any  persons 
made  bad  ale,  they  were  to  sit  in  a  chair  ftill 
of  dung,  or  pay  a  fine  of  4  shillings,  pp.  U,  14. 

It  is  necessary  before  we  conduct  the  tra- 
veller upon  the  walls,  to  infoftn  him  that 
they  are  the  only  entire  specinnen  of  aneieni 
fortification  now  in  the  kingdom  >  are  buiH 
on  a  soft  freestone  rock,  bi;^  abovcthe  cir- 
cumjacent country ;  are  one  mile  three  quar- 
tcrs,  and  a  hundred  and  owe  yards,  in  circum- 
ference, and  kept  in  excellent  repair  by  tha 
murage  duties,  the  most  considerable  of  which 
is,  a  dutv  of  two-peikre,  on  every  hundred 
yards  of  Irish  linen  brourfit  into  the  port  of 
Chester.  Ethelfleda  is  said  to  have  •*  encom- 
passed the  city  with  walls,"  but  she  most  pro- 
bably only  repaired  the  nimed  foruficadons, 
Che  whole  form  of  whidi  plainly  appear  to 
have  been  Roman.  The  old  towers,  which 
are  witliin  bow-shot  of  each  other  are  still  i^ 
mainiog  on  the  north  and  cast  sides,  p.  21. 

In  <j)mmcncin5  the  walk  through  thf 
city,,  the  stranger  is  |)trticuiarly  sUTJck  with 
tlie  smgukr  appearance  of  the  rows,  or  gaMe- 
nes,  formed  .on  each  side  the  streets,  with 
ranges  of  shops  in  the  ftont,  and  the  houses 
above ;  the  streets  are  excavated  out  of  the 
ground,  Uw  back  ^afdent  being  unifonnjf 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


7413 


bicttoniKure  Poriatif^-^Lectures  <m  the  ItaUan  Language.  [74^ 


upon  a  level  with  the  rows,  and  wm  supposed 
to  have  been  so  planned  by  the  llomans,* 
that  the  citizens  might  repel  the  freauent  in- 
fcunions  of  the  Welsh  into  the  city,  by  bows 
^nd  arrows  from  these  elevations  j  p.  51: 


DkHonnaire  Por/tt/i/;— RuSso-Fran9ois- 
Allemand,  i  vols.  Dictionnaire  Por- 
t?tif,  Fran^ois-Russe-Allemand,  1  vol. 
Deutsch-  Russisch-  Franzoesisches  •Tas- 
chen-Worterbuch,  1  vol. 
These  four  vohimes  comprise  corres- 
Jwndent  dictionaries  of  the  three  langua- 
ges, Russian,  French,  and  German,  in 
l^erence  to  each  oth^r  :  but  the  words  of 
each  alternately  placed  first,  and,  of  course; 
translated  iota  the  other  languages  res- 
t)ectively.  They  are  folded  into  the  square 
form,  resembling  our  Entick's  Dictionary, 
and  therefore,  we  presume,  are  called 
portaiif:  yet,  in  feet,  they  rather  exceed 
what  is  conveniently  portable.  All  the 
four  volumes  may  be  considered  as  form- 
ing one  work :  or  they  may  be  separated 
According  to  the  language  of  the  beai-eri 
The  public  is  indebted  for  them  to  the 
labour  of  M.  J.  Heym,  professor  at  the 
University  of  Moscow.  Tliey  are  pol>- 
lished  at  Riga  and  Leip^ic,  1805,  and 
are  sold  by  Boosey,  London.  Price  sS%  3s. 
As  Mr.  Professor  Heyril  a|1pears  to  Us, 
ip  far  as  Ive  have  inspected  these  volumes, 
to  have  executed  his  Very  useful  under- 
taking with  skill  arid  fidelity,  we  shall 
translate  bis  modest  preface,  by  which 
Ihe  public  will  judge  of  his  intention  and 
his  resources. 

The  want  experienced  by  the  public  of  a 
Russian,  French,  and  German  Dictionary, 
which  without  being  either  voluminous  or 
expensive,  should'  satisfy  those  who  engage 
in  the  studv  of  these  languages,  deter- 
inined  me  to  accept  the  proposal  of  M.  Hart- 
inann,  bookseller  at  Riga,  to  undertake  the 
executi^  of  the  present  work.  To  justify 
the  confidence  so  frankly  placed  in  me,  as 
Well  as  to  become  useful  to  the  public,  and 
especially  to  Russian  and  foreign  youth,  1 
have  exerted  every  elfort  to  render  this  pocket 
fliclionary  as  perfect  as  can  be  expected  in 
works  of  this  nature.  M.  Hartmatin  on  his 
part  has  eudcavourcd,  that,  notwithstanding 
^he  considerable  expcnces  occasioned  by  the 
fount  of  new  characters,  cut  on  purpose  for 


•  The  old  Roman,  or  Watling  street  pave- 
ment,   is  frequently   discovered  couiiderably 


this  work,  it  may  be  sold  at  a  verj-  moderate 
price.  The  Russian  part  of  it  is  an  abstract, 
by  myself,  f>om  my  great  dic^onary  com- 
pleted according  to  the  model  of  that  of  the 
Russian  academy  at  St.  Petersburgh.  For  the 
French  and  German  I  have,  for  the  most 
part,  followed  the  pocket  dictionary,  pub- 
lished at  Lcipzic  in  1798,  as  that  which  ap- 
peared to  me  to  be  the  most  conducive  to  the 
end  I  had  in  view.  If  the  public  should  give 
a  favourable  reception  to  this  work,  it  will 
be  the  most  grateful  recompense  for  the  la- 
bour it  has  cost  me,  for  it  will  be  an  ^urauce 
that  I  have  rendered  myself  useful. 
Moscow,  1804.  Heym. 

Of  the  Russian  part  of  tliis  work,  in 
particular;  very  good  judges,  who'  have 
more  leisure  to  peruse  it  than  we  have, 
speak  with  great  approbation. 


Utlow  the  present  surface. 


Twenty  four  Lecture*:  on  the  Italian  Lan- 
guage, by  M.  Galignani  :  in  whic|i  the 
principles,  harmony,    and  beauties  of 
that  language  are  simplified,  and  adapt- 
ed to  the  meanest  capacity,  &c.  Second 
edition,  enlarged  one  third  with  num- 
berless additions  and  impro\*eraents,  by 
the  editor,  Antonio  Monincci,  Sanese, 
LLD.  Svo.  pp.  340.  Price  73.  boards. 
Edinburgh,  for  Boosey.  London.  iS06. 
This  being  a  second  edition  we  shall 
rather  register  this  work  than  review  it  : 
yet  we  acknowledge  that  this  edition  is 
considerably  enlarged  and  improved.  The 
editor  has  taken  advantage  ot  hints  sug- 
gested  on  the  work,  at  its  lirst  appearance, 
and  indeed,  he  seems  to  be  rather  fond 
of  his  didactic  office.     His  good  sense, 
however,  has  led  him  to  insert  three  or 
four  pages  of  retractions  and  corrections, 
which  we  think  much  to  his  honour; 
Nor  should  we  have  thought  the  less  of 
his  learning  if  he  had  omitted  certain  re- 
flections on  the  labours  of  others.     We 
are,  indeed,    desirous  that  when  a  lan- 
guage is  taught  i:  should  be  taught  in  its 
purity  J  but  there  are  so  many  dialects  in 
Italy,  and  so  strong  attachments  to  each  of 
them,  that  scarcely  any  two  Italians  agree 
what  is  purity.    TJie  Tuscan  is  usually 
preferred;  but  those  ^^ ho  speak  the  best 
language  as  to  terms,  do  not  pronounce  it  iu 
the  best  manner;    whence    the  saying. 
Lingua  Toscana  in  bocca  Romana, 

The  volume  contains  a  vi?ry  extensive 

view  of  Italian  ^ammar;  and  the  notes 

by  the  editor  appear  to  be  interesring  and 

I  valuable :  many  of  them  manifeiit  a  mind 

I  exercised  ia  the  niceties  and  diitiwc.ioiu 

i  B  2 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


?43l 


rtaGan  Exlracts.^-^Pesfhy  Wr. 


r744 


of  the  lax^os^.  On  die  whole,  we  are 
of  opioioQ  that  not  fitudents  only,  but 
masters  maf  derive  advantage  from  a  pe* 
nisal  of  this  per^orauaioe.  Maitent  will, 
lK>we%'€f^  as  U  but  natural,  gi\'e  the  pie- 
leiYfioe  to  tbeir  omi  nodes  of  teaciiing ; 
and  wbetber  Dr.  Montucci  will  convert 
tbem»  may  be  more  than  doubted.  From 
aeveral  bints  whicb  occur  in  tliis  work  and 
the  following,  we  recommend  to  parents 
to  watdi  veiy  narrowly  tlie  aentinients, 
principles,  maxims,  and  allusions  contain- 
ed in  the  grammars,  &c.  of  foreign  lan- 
guages: at^  we  urge  this  attention  on 
masters  with  uicreased  solicitude,  because 
tbey  must  know  that  tbeir  very  bread  may 
liiil  them,  iu  coi^^equence  of  incautious, 
or  inconsiderate  ofieaccs  against  good  man- 
ners, loyalty,  or  tbe  established  ordinan- 
ces of  our  chuicb. 

halian   Extracts;    or  a   supplement  to 
palignani*s  Lectures:  consisting  of  an 
extensive  selection  from  the  best  das- 
sic  and  modem  Italian  autliors  >  prece- 
ded by    a  copious   vocabulary,    with 
fiunjliar  p^.irases  and   dialogues.      By 
Antonio    Montucci,     Sanefie,    LLD. 
^vo.   pp    37tf.  price  7»'     Edinburgh, 
for  Boofiey,  London.     1606. 
Ih  this  volume  which  is  a  companion 
to  the  former.  Dr.  Montucci  appears  in 
the  chanacter  of  an  original  author,    or 
rather  compiler.     His  work  opens  with  a 
Ciielanch<i'(y  account  of  the  decline  of  Tus- 
can literature,  which  we  conceive  is  lit- 
tle calculated  to  encourage  students  of  the 
Italian  language.    Shortly  follows  rather 
a  condenruintion  than  on  examination  of 
Veneroni's  dialogues,  whose  grammar  Dr. 
M.  recommends  to  the  proper  notice  of 
the  Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Vice. 
After  this,  we  have  an  extensive  vocabu- 
lary taken  from  the  Ortografia  ItaViana 
of  Facciolata  :  we  \hink  this  a  useful  ar- 
ticle.    Wc  have  next  familiar  phrases, 
and  eJwy  dialogues,  which  "  the  reader 
may  be  assured  are  accurate  specimens  of 
tlie  modtrn  colloquial  style  now  used  in 
Uiiiyt*  though  the  author  acknowledges 
ffaey  •*  would  not  stand  the  test  of  critical 
enquiry,  instituted  with  Delia  Crusca^s 
yocab^leniQ  xfi  Ijand.*' 

Jii:t  the  greater  part  of  this  volume  is 
ocatpied  by  a  collection  df  fables,  anec- 
d<itcs,  viMLticisnis,  and  other  selections, 
ilK'.strative  of  the  modem  stile  of  compo- 
>ihicn^  by  wlikh  is  principally  intended 


that  of  tbe  last  sixty  or  seventy  years, 
during  which  the  Italian  language  haa 
becio  enriched  say  some,  degraded  saj 
others^  with  {)r.  M.  among  them,  bj 
new  phrases  and  combinations  of  expres* 
sions.  In  the  concluding  selection,  which 
exemplifies  the  classic  style,  Boocace, 
Ariosto,  and  Tasso,  as  might  be  expected 
stand  forward, .  as  chiefs :  Dante  also  is 
conspicuous.  A  few  others  are  boooored 
wjth  the  character  of  classics. 

We  have  not  read  this  book  with 
scnipulous  attention  :  but  from  what  w« 
have  seen  of  it,  we  think  the  contents 
valuable ;  and  should  recommend  it  to 
those  advanced  in  Italian  literature.  Dr« 
M.  professes  to  have  consulted  the  in<» 
terest  of  nu>rals  as  well  as  of  letters  in 
this  compendium  ^  and  assures  us  that  hm 
has  carefully  exchided  the  most  remote 
allusion  to  improprieties  of  every  kind* 
We  commend  his  delicacy,  and  repeat 
our  call  on  the  attention  of  both  parents 
and  teachers  to  this  consideration.  Th^ 
rismg  generation  is  the  hope  of  the  sute^ 
the  preservation  of  its  integrity  in  eveiy 
kind  of  laudabks  principles,  is  of  the  ut- 
most consequence,  not  only  to  tlie  indivi- 
dual, but  to  t;he  common  wealth,  ao4 
indeed,  to  tlie  future  character,  if  not 
existence,  of  the  British  nation.  Dr  M. 
professes,  ^Iso  to  have  corrected  very  many 
instances  of  unperfect  English  style, 
which  disfigured  the  former  edition  of 
Galignani :  yet  we  must  be  allowed  to 
wish  that  botli  volumes  had  been  revised 
by  some  competent  En^lis^  critic. 


Pcsth,  k^c.  1.  Directory  for  the  Town 

of  Pesth  in  Hungary,  for  the  year  1805, 

2.  An  Alphabetical  Description  of  all 

the  Streets,  Markets,  Places,  Churches, 

publk:  Buildings,  and  other  objects  of 

notice  in  Pesth  ;  being  an  appendix  to 

the  directory,  with  a  plan.    By  Paul 

Ruth,  M.  D.  '^  ^ 

No.  I,  is  introduced  by  a  brief  histoiT 

of  Pesth,  which  certainly  requires  mn^ 

improvement   and  ipany  additions  j  Imt 

from  which  we  learn  that  the  present 

town  ^i'as  first  raised  firom  its  ruins  in 

\6S6     And  that  having  by  fire  and  devas* 

tation  lost  its  ancient  archives,   neither 

the  pericxi  of  its  fortification,  nor  that  of 

its  being  made  an  imperial  free  city,  can 

now  be  ascertained.     Its  improvement 

and  increase  have  been  very  rapid  since 

1787>  at  which  peiiod  were  enumerated 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


^45j 


L*Hisiorien  ^e  la  Jeuntsfti  iSte. 


i74Q 


22,417  inhabitants,  and  l^goo  houses. 
The  suburbs  Leopoldstadt,  and  Frauds* 
«tadt^  were  added  in  l/QO. 

The  lighting  of  the  toWo  only  com- 
menoed  m  1790.  It  is  however  of  im-> 
poftance  for  Hwngaty  that  Pesth  is  making 
improvemeDts  in  municipal  police,  as  it 
is  a  pattern  forothets,  especially  for  the 
•OQthern  cities.  A  public  city  teacher  of 
dhiwing  hisftructs  the  pupila  in  all  pfofes- 
itotis  dependent  on  drawing. 

Here  b  no  general  public  hospital,  al- 
though the  great  building  which  Joseph 
II.  proposed  to  assign  to  this  purpose 
atanos  complete. 

Sobjoined  is  a  catalogue  of  magistrates, 
«ity  cfccers,  clergy  ot  all  sects,  lawyers, 
physicians,  merchants,  manufacturers,  &c. 
from  which  we  infer,  that  in  general, 
three  orders  of  society  principally  in* 
-fluence  the  inhabitants  of  Pesth  :  the  nu* 
merous  order  of  merchants :  the  decaste- 
rial  order  of  the  imperial  tribunals,  with 
the  Considerable  txxiy  of  lawyers  and 
jvnrists^  and  lastly  the  literati,  whose  prin* 
cipal  support  is  tlie  royal  university.  The 
varied  iniueitce  of  these  orders  in  pro- 
docing  the  sum  of  morals  and  mental  cul- 
ture, if  describe^  by  an  impartial  ob- 
aerver  must  be  interesting.  At  times,  the 
influence  of  the  literati  seems  to  be  of 
little  importance. 

Piesth  and  Buda  are  sometimes  the  seat 
of  a  Diet  ( Reichstug)  a  circumstance  which 
operates  power^Uy  on  the  opinions,  mo- 
rals, and  culture  of  a  town.  The  great 
dumber  of  lawyers  U  striking ;  on  the 
contrary,  we  find  noticed  only  three  whole- 
sale dealers  in  the  productions  of  the 
country ;  four  booksellers,  three  printers, 
three  copper-plate  engravers ;  two  dealers 
in  articles  of  art,  and  three  sculptors. 
Many  statistic  results  might  be  deduced  by 
the  inquisitive  from  the  proportion  of  one 
trade  to  another.  The  warehouses  and 
riiopt  af  inland  manufactures,  deserve  a 
•eparate  chapter :  for  instance,  the  Galez 
doth  manufacture,  the  Hollitch  porcelaine 
0ianufacture,  &c.  also  the  four  annual  fairs. 

No.  2.  in  part  supplies  what  is  wanting 
in  No.  1.  The  plan  is  drawn  on  a  large 
acale,  by  Anton  von  Balta,  county  engi- 
neer, and  reduced  by  Rudolph  Witch, 
engineer  to  Count  Batbyany ;  it  is  divided 
into  squares  of  10,000  squares  fathoms 
each;  that  by  the  help  of  reference, 
figuretand  letten,  every  street  may  be 
found  in  the  alphat)etical  index.  A  mote 
Complete  and  detailed  phm  offMfa  and 


Buda  10  txp#cted  irora  M.  Voo  Lipsky* 
Viewed  from  the  heights  of  Buda,  oQ 
the  other  side  of  the  Danube,  Pesth  mucli 
resembles  tl>e  sandy  environs  of  Berlin ; 
there  are  few  public  places  of  amusement ; 
the  ratha*  distant  fpirden  of  Orcbzy^  the 
town  forest,  and  the  stone  quarry  ore  the 
only  ones.  The  editor  rightly  obserx'es, 
that  a  systematic  perseverance  may  pro* 
duce  refreshing  shades,  and  gretn  turf 
^ren  in  sandy  wastes.  The  banks  of  the 
Danube,  the  environs  of  Buda,  the  islands 
in  the  Danube  are  the  principal  places  of 
resort  to  ttie  friends  of  nature,  here.  The 
literati  of  Pesth  have  not  less  than  four 
libraries  at  hand  ;  that  of  the  university, 
thatof  the  Count  Szechenycfche,  theim* 
rial,  the  Comidessische  Telcheihe,  and 
lastly  that  of  Nicolus  Janhovkrs,  the  gene- 
ral use  of  the  two  last  might  be  mads- 
much  easier  by  a  readier  admittanc«f. 

VHistorlen  de  la  Jeunesse^  k^c.  The 
Historian  for  Youth,  or  a  selection  of 
memorable  events  taken  firom  histoty. 
ancient  and  modem,  adapted  to  adorn 
the  minds  of  youth,  to  form  their  man* 
tiers,  and  to  inculcate  good  principles, 
and  noble  and  virtuous  sentiments. 
Crown.  8vo.  pp.  372.  Paris,  Benin. 
i805.  Price  &i.  Dulau  and  Co.  London. 

A  principal  use  of  histoiy  Is,  precedent 
and  example  j  and  though  it  be  true,,  that 
histor}'  for  the  most  part  presents  exam- 
ples to  be  avoided,  yet  it  is  but  fair,  that 
such  actions  and  characters  as  she  has  rer 
corded,  which  are  adapted  for  the  l>ene« 
fit  of  mankind,  should  be  allowed  their 
full  power  and  imj)ortance.  Times  are 
never  so  bad,  as  to  be  wholly  destitute  of 
great  and  noble  minds,  whose  virtues 
shine  with  the  greater  lustre  in  proportion 
to  the  darkness  with  which  they  are  sur- 
rounded J  according  to  the  expression  of 
Shakspeare; 
How  far  that  little  cand'e  throws  iu  bwim  I 
So  shiuet  i  good  deed  in  a  oaaghty  woild. 

We  are  therefore  favourable  to  attempts 
like  the  present  r  -which  combine  exan:« 
pie  and  renown  ;  and  interest  the  mind, 
of  youth  especially,  witli  the  compound 
powei  of  striking  incident  and  celebrated 
character.  The  little  volume  before  us, 
appears  to  be  as  proper  for  youth  as  any 
French  work  of  the  kind  we  have  seen, 
llie  incidenu  are  drawn  from  ancient  as 
well  as  modem  times  j  apd  the  characters 
include ^'arious  nauksand  ccndiiions  of  lite. 
SB  3 


Digitized 


byGoogk 


747] 


The  Life  oj  Malaherhes* 


Cr4i 


SOME  ACCOUNT  OF  THB  PERSONS  INCLUDED 
IN  THE  PROPHECY  •  OF  M.  DE  CAZOTTE. 

[G>ntinued  from  page  541.] 

ChRETFEN  GuiLLApiCE  DB  LaMOIONON 
DE  MaLESUER&ES 

.  Was  bom  at  Paris  the  l<5th  of  December 
1721  ;  he  was  descended  from  a  family  dis- 
tioguisbed  both  for  its  ancient  nobility,  and 
for  the  eminent  scrrices  it  had  rendered  to 
the  kingdom.  His  father  was  cliancellor  of 
France. 

Maleshcrbes,  destined  for  the  highest  offi- 
ces of  the  staUf  applied  himself  with  enthu- 
siasm to  the  study  of  the  laws,  and  in  his 
father  he  possessed  an  admirable  master,  a 
tender  friend,  ^^nd  indeed  an  example  of  every 
shining  quality. 

With  the  mtention  of  preparing  him  to 
Cj^ercise  witli  dignity  the  august  functions  of 
magistracy,  his  father  appointed  him  deputy 
soIiciu>r  general,  and  afterwards  counsellor  to 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  although  he  was 
only  24  \ears  of  apic — and  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  first  president  of  the  Court  of  Aids 
in  Dcccnil>er  17>0,  which  office  he  filled  for 
23  yeprs.  He  likc^vise  had  the  inspection  of 
tlic  press.  In  17^8  his  father  was  disgraced, 
and  Malesherbes  resigned  his  situation  as  di- 
rector of  the  piess,  whicli  threw  all  the 
literati  into  cle<jxiir,  as  -he  liud  been  upon 
all  ocCiisions  iheir  zealous  friend.  In  1 771, 
in  conse()uencc  of  his  expostulations  relative 
to  the  conduct  of  Maujieou  and  his  party,  he 
\ya*  baniohcd  to  his  country  seat.  I lere,  wiih- 
clrawu  fioni  tlie  stage  of  public  aflairs,  he 
p^Sbcd  hi:*  days  in  serculty  aiid  retirement ; 
tljviding  his  tin^e  between  his  family,  his 
books,  and  the  cultivation  of  his  gardens. 

He  had  written  a  va^^t  number  of  \71luable 
remarks  on  the  political  condition  of  France, 
pn  the  administration  of  justice,  on  agri- 
culture, and  ruitund  liistorv.  ITicsc  obser- 
vatii>hSf  which  he  designed  to  arrange,  and 
Mhich  were  afierwards  carried  off  by  Uie  rc- 
\olutionary  barbarians,  breathed  the  spirit  of 
an  chianxed  pbilajiiirophy,  an  enthuo'.a^tic 
love  of  Ins  naiive  lanci,  ^liil  ^  lofty  and  valo- 
rous iodei  enclcnce. 

Kvery  noiir  of  his  day  was  markecl  by  be- 
nevolent actitths  or  useful  discoveries.  Ris- 
inf^  before  the  dawn,  he  took  delight  in  dig- 
p:ing  the  ground  ;  and  never  i4)n»ooic  his  ta^k, 
nil,  exhausted  by  fatigue,  he  would  retire  to 
re|X)sc  himself  luidcr  the  shade  of  trees  which 
hi?;  own  hand  had  plwnicd. 

His  mansion  v.aj  furnished  in  the  pnost 
nnosrcmaiiofis  btylc  ;  for  he  found  more  plea- 
'b..re  in  giving  b'rcid  to  a  hundred  poor  per- 
^ons,    than  in  M|uandering    immense  sums 


♦  PannnMna,  pages   C4   to  70,  Review  of 
M.  dc  la  Han>c'*  ^^'^r^s. 


on  costly  decorations.  Bis  place  was  laid  oo^ 
upon  the  principles  of  the  da  gothic  manner ; 
accordincfy,  people  of  taste  advised  him  to 
throw  all  down,  and  rebuild  upon  a  modem 
plan-rbtH'he  had  inherited  tne  edifice;  all 
nis  ancestor!  had  lived  in  it,  and  he  preseivcd 
it  as  a  family-piece ;  a  ncied  monument  of 
his  attachment  and  respect  to  his  fore&thers. 

His  table  was  ecouomically  supplied,  and 
his  flomesiics  few«  although  his  annual  ei^* 
pcnse  was  considerable ;  but  his  wealth  was 
employed  for  the  gratification  and  advantage 
of  nis  dependents .-  canab  carefully  formed, 
meadows  nx:laimed,  marshes  dnuned,  thr' 
roads  in  his  neighbourhood  skilfully  made, 
dykes  opposed  to  the  violence  of  the  torrents, 
umbrageous  walks,  and  picturesque  planta- 
tions, were  the  objects  on  which  Malesherbes 
expended  his  income. 

To  facilitate  tl^  communication  with  difr 
ferent  parts  of  t)ie  country,  he  constructed 
several  nridges  of  solid  nlasoniy.  The  inhabit 
tants  loved  him  as  a  parent ;  and  under  his 
influence  every  ope  enjoyed  a  degree  of  re-: 
spectable  eqse.'The  children  fec«nve^  instruct 
uon,  the  aged  weie  held  in  honour  ;*  and  the 
peasant  who  had  cultivate^  ^is  fields  with 
most  care,  and  managed  his  flocks  or  herds 
to  the  greatest  advantage,  obtained  a  pee* 
mium,  which  gav^  birth  to  a  virtuous  emu* 
lation,  and  tenoed  highly  to  the  improvement 
of  agriculture. 

He  was  plain  in  his  dress  and  manner  of 
living,  and  disliked  those  grand  entertain- 
ments and  dinners  of  ceremony,  where  the 
majority  of  persons  in  power  waste  the  time 
they  should  devote  to  their  duties.  He  often 
passed  whole  nights  without  sleeping;  and, 
in  his  latter  years,  by  down  witn  half  his 
clothes  on,  that  he  might  be  the  sooner  ready 
for  business  when  he  rose. 

While  this  venerable  philosopher  foraot,  in 
the  bosom  of  tranquillity,  the  shameful  ma- 
noeuvres of  court  intrigue,  the  disgraceful 
tradic  of  corruption,  and  the  arbitrary  acu  of 
despotic  power,  Lewis  XV.  wore  out  among; 
his  mistresses  the  remnant  of  a  despicable 
life  ;  and  his  perfidious  counsellors  continued, 
day  after  day,  to  dig  still  deeper  that  abyss 
which  ere  long  was  destmed  to  ingiilph  the 
antique  colossus  of  the  monarchy. 

On  the  accession  of  Louis  XVI.  he  was 
recalled  from  his  banishment  and  took  his 
place  as  president  of  the  Court  of  Aids  as 
usual,  ana  in  1773  was  appointed  roinisiec 
of  state — which  he  resigned  in  May  T776. 
He  travelled  into  Switzerland  and  Holland, 
and  after  several  j-ears  returned  to  his  country- 
seat, /whert  he  was  recei\-ed  by  the  inbabt- 
tanu  with  the  utmost  joy.  He  was  agsiii^ 
called  to  the  kinp  councils  in  1786,  buis 
findinc  all  his  enwavours  ineffectual  to  pre- 
vent the  storm  that  was  coming  on  he  again 
retired  fron^  the  court,  to  ^ioss  his  days  in  (h^ 


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Ttie  Life  of  Malesherbes. 


rrsa 


t)osoin  of  hi*  Tamily,  where  he  remained  until 
ilie  king  was  dethroned ;  when  hearing  of  the 
decree  of  the  convention  for  his  trial,  he  set 
"  off  for  Piiris,  and  wrote  the  following  letter 
to  the  president. 

"  Citizen  President :  I  know  uot  if  the  niP 
tlotial  convention  will  allow  Ij-ewis  XV^l. 
counsel  to  defend  him,  or  wheiln^r  he  will 
be  f^ermitled  to  choose  any  j  if  so,  1  desire 
Lewis  may*  be  informed,  that,  should  he 
•Tnnke  choice  of  me  for  that  oilice,  I  ain  ready 
to  undertake  it. 

**  I  do  not  ask  you  to  dTisclosc  my  propo<«il 
to  the  convention ;  for  1  am  far  from  think- 
ing myself  a  person  of  such  importance  as  to 
Attract  its  ootice  ;  but  I  was  twice  caHed  to 
the  councils  of  him  who  was  my  master,  in 
timc'^  when  that  station  was  an  object  of  am- 
bition to  all ;  I  owe  him  the  same  service 
xvheu,  in  tlie  opinion  of  many,  the  post  is 
pne  of  some  danger. 

•*  Did  I  possess  any  possible  method  of 
ILcqi^ainting  him  with  my  inclinations,  I 
should  not  take  the  liberty  of  addressing  my- 
self to  you. 

"  It  occurs  to  we,  that,  irom  the  situa- 
tion you  hold,  you  may  ha^'e  a  better  ©ppor- 
.tunity  than  any  one  else  of  giving  him  tliis 
informatiou.    1  am,  with  respect,''  &:c. 

This  letter  deser\  es  to  occupy  a  conspicuous 
page  in  the  annab  of  virtue;  as  an  e\'er- 
lasting  monuaient  of  courage,  of  modrsty, 
and  greatness  of  mind  •  nor  can  ancient  or 
^lodem  times  afford  a  brighter  iastuncc  of  ex- 
alted generosity.  Here  we  bchojd  >lale;^ 
herbea ;  and  history  will  inscribe  amidst  lu 
fairest  records,  this  sublime  act  of  a  man  of 
•twenty,  who,  at  the  inomcut  when  terror 
i:Iiilled  the  ardour  of  thehravcst,  sienpcd  for- 
ward to  solicit,  a^  the  nK>st  signal  favpuc, 
permission  to  defend  a  king,  bereft  of  his 
crown,  and  treated  as  the  lowest  criminal. 

llie  14th  of  December,  1792,  Malesheito 
was  introduced  at  the  Temple:  the  king,  lun- 
ning  to  meet  him,  tlurew  his  amis  round  him, 
«nd  Malesherbes  burst  into  lean.  It  is  easy 
Ao  conceive  that  the  inter\iew  was  extremely 
affecting! 

How  poignant  must  have  been  the  reflec- 
tions of  tiiis  great  and  ^ood  okl  man,  on  dis- 
covermg  in  a  dbmal  pnson  tlic  king,  whom 
he  had  beheld  scatecf  on  the  proudest  throne 
of  the  earth  j  on  recollecting,  that,  when 
last  admitted  to  his  councils,  his  will  could 
have  -decided  the  fate  of  Europe  1  but  that 
n«w  he  hid  come  to  trv  to  rescue  fuom  the 
vilest  death  a  prince  whe  had  but  the  other 
day  governed  twenty-four  mUlions  of  men- 

l«t  us  hear  him  speak  for  himself  !n  the 
wQids  of  an  historical  fragment  found  among 
hb  papers.  ... 

.  **  The  momtnt  I  ohlamcd  leave  to  enter 
the  king  s  apartment,  1  h.istcned  thither,  and 
««i^clv  had  he  seep  me,  v.  hen  be  (quitted  a 


volume  of  Tacitus,  which  lay  open  hefore 
him  on  a  little  table,  and  took  me  in  his  arms  ". 
tears  started  into  his  eyes,    and  he  said  to 
me,  *  this  sacrifice  of  yourself  is  the  more 
generous,  as  you  have  thereby  exposed  your 
own  life,  and  will  not  be  able  to  save  mine.*' 
After  sentence  of  death  had  been  decreed, 
M.  de  Malesherbes,  says  Cler}*,  came  to  the 
Temple:    *'  It  was  Thursday   the    17th  ol 
January,  about  nine  o*dock   in  the  morn- 
ing   when   he   entered    our  apartment.      I 
ran  to  meet  him:  •«  All  is  lostT  said  he, 
**  the  king  is  condemned!"     His  majest)-, 
who  saw  him  come  in,  rose  to  receive  him. 
I'lie  venerable  man  fell  at  his  feet,  he  was  al- 
most suffocated  witli    grief,    and   remained 
some  moments  beibfe  he  could  utter  a  word. 
The  kin^  raised  him  up,  and  affectionately 
embraced  him.     lie  then  infoimed  his  ma- 
jesty of  the  decree  wliich  sentenced  him  to 
death.    The  monarch  did  not  betray  the  least 
emotion  orsiirprise;  he  seemed  only  affected 
^'ith  extreme  grief  for  his    respectable  old 
friend  and  minister,  and  endeavoured  e\en  to 
comfort  him !  •*  Sire,  you  do  not  want  cou- 
rage,   said  Malesherbes,  your  fatal  sentence 
re  decreed  I"—-**  1  all  along    expected    it." 
replied  X^wis,    with  a  calm   and  tranquil 
look  :  "  In  God's  name,  dear  Malesherbes,  do 
not  weep :  we  shall  meet  again  in  a  happier 
world.** 

The  monstCFs  of  terror  never  forgave  htm 
for  his  attachment  to  his  master,  and  there- 
fore made  a  most  terrible  example  of  him. 
Onedavt  when,  with  a  spade  in  his  hand, 
he  was^Milking  in  his  gioutids,  he  saw  ap- 
pfnachti^  him  four  {ghastly  looking  nicn, 
with  lank  hair  and  livid  complexions :  he 
thought  he  obseixcd  these  people  take  the 
direct  road  to  his  dwelling :  a  violent  terror 
seized  him ;  his  knees  bent  under  him,  and 
it  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty  he  was  able 
to  reach  the  house. 

These  were  f»)ur  tnembers  of  tfce  molu'- 
tionary  committee  of  the  section  of  Bondy, 
who  came  to  arrest  Madame  l/^ielleticr- 
Rosainbo,  the  daughter  of  Malesberoe««,  and 
her  husband^  onoe  first  president  of  the  par- 
Hament  of  Paris. 

It  is  hardly  possible  to  concewc  the  misery 
of  the  old  man,  when  he  saw  hiHl^elf  torn 
from  the  arms  of  his  much  lovctl  dauj^hier ! 
He  struck  his  forehead — uttered  loud  luiaeii- 
tations,  and  flung  himself  at  tlie  feet  of  the 
barbarians,  beseeching  them,  in  pitv,  to 
take  iiim  with  his  chddren.  Can  a  picture 
of  greater  affliction  than  this  be  imagine  J  * 
Young  Rosambo,  and  M.  and  Mudaiuc  lic 
Chateaubrian,  the  grandchildren  of  ?il.tle- 
sherbcs,  beheld  themselves so-ercd  from  ih*ir 
excellent  parents,  and  were  obliged  to  Hud 
consolation  for  their  venerable  frrandfatlier* 
when  they  were  themselves  the  vicliujs  of  Ui« 
deepest  despair !  -' 

2  B  4 


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Tfte  14fe  of  ATaletkerbes. 


VSZ. 


At  la5t,  they  \TCTe  forced  asunder;  and 
Maloiherbas  was  enabled  to  bid  them  fare- 
"wcll,  only  by  the  hope  of  followinghis 
faroily  to  prison  on  tlie  next  day.  That 
idea  even  served  ta  restore  his  courage : 
to  him  time  seemed  to  move  slowlv ;  he 
waited  with  impatience  for  the  morrow,  nor 
was  e\'er  a  day  of  festivity  more  eagerly  longed 
for.  ^ 

His  dreadful  wish  vi-as  but  too  well  com- 
riied  with  :  the  hired  niffians  of  the  revolu- 
tion were  always  men  of  their  words  when 
they  promifed  lo  afflict.  Waiesherbes  and 
hb  grandchildren  were  arrested,  and  his  pa- 
pers sealed.  The  report  of  his  arrest  spre;.-! 
through  the  viUage,  and  all  the  inhabitanu 
ran  forth  in  tears  to  bid  him  adieu !  Neither 
a  dread  of  the  revolutionary  murderers,  nor 
the  presence  of  an  armed  force,  could  repress 
their  murmurs  at  the  tyrannic  act  which  took 
their  friend  ami  father  from  among  them. 
One  exclaimed,  that  to  him  he  owed  his 
little  fortune;  another^  that  he  had  rescued 
biin  from  destruction,  by  assisting  him  when 
n  distress  ;  a  third,  that  he  had  rebuilt  hit 
house  consumed  by  fire ;  others  that  he  had 
bestowed  the  bread  of  industry  on  their  chil- 
dren :7-q11  proclaimed  aloud  his  benevolence 
and  his  virtues ;  and  poured  upbraidings  and 
ourses  on  his  persecutors. 

TTie  munictpality  immediately  assembled, 
iMad  resolving  that  he  tboald  not  be  escorted 
by  the  soldiers  of  the  police,  like  the  mean- 
f!St  malefictor,  mianimously  decreed  to  con- 
vey him  safely ;  and  four  of  the  members 
had  the  gallantry  to  accompany  him  to  Paris, 
that  he  might  be  spared  tnq  mortification  of 
travelling  with  hired  assassins. 

Malesherbes  had  hoped  to  be  remiitcd  with 
all  his  family:  but  this  expectation  was 
cruelly  disappointed !  His  enemies  determined 
lie  should  drink  the  last  drop  in  the  cup  of 
bitterness;  and  the  ferocious  itvolutionists 
took  the  barbarous  precaution  of  dispersing 
his  children  in  different  pKices  of  confinement. 
His  srandson,  the  young  Lepelletier-Rosambo 
was  we  only  one  shut  \ip  with  him  in  the 
prison  of  l.<9  Madtloncttes. 

The  in^nuous  simpUciiy  of  the  child  fre- 
quently made  htm  smile  with  pleasure :  he 
was  Ciianiicd  at  discerning  in  his  young  heart 
the  germ  of  a  noble  nature ;  and  delisted  to 
assist  its  frrou-th  by  instilling  liberal  precepts, 
arul  the  lessons  of 'wisdom. 

As  soon  as  he  reached  Port-Libre,  he  wrote 
a  letter  to  one  of  his  friends,  describing  his 
situation.  He  says,  "  1  expect  the  worst ; 
they  will  never  forgive  me  for  defending  the 
,  hapless  Lewis XVJ.l  Nevertheless  I  solemn- 
ly protest,  that  I  glory  in  sacrificing  my  life 
lor  him  ;  and,  far  from  repenting  that  act, 
would  again  do  the  same,  were  it  again  to  be 
done." 

Malesherbes  heard  unmored  m9  owa  aea- 


lence ;  but  the  cojidf  mnatioti  of  his  ^^J^** 
ter  •  and  grand-daughter  rent  his  heart.  Tiic 
thought  of  seeing  two  weak  and  helplesar 
creatures  j)eri8h,  whose  very  sex  should  nave 
saved  them  from  proscription,  shook  his  for- 
titude. 

Being  taken  back  to  the  Condergerie,  his 
courage  returned  : — and  he  exhorted  his  chil- 
dren to  prepare  for  dcath« 

When  the  fatal  bell  rung,  MalesheHxt 
recovered  all  his  wonted  dieerralness.  Having 
paid  to  nature  the  tribute  of  feeling,  he  de« 
sired  to  give  h'ls  children  an  example  of  mag- 
nanimity ;  his  looks  exhibited  tne  sublime 
serenity  of  virtue  and  innocence,  and  taught 
them  to  view  death  undismayed. 

In  crossing  the  court  of  tne  ConcicTgcric, 
from  feebleness,  he  struck  his  foot  rudely 
against  a  stone — *'  Oh,"  said  Mateshcrlies  to 
the  person  next  him,  **  that  is  what  they 
term  an  unlucky  presage— n6w,  a  Homan  in 
my  place  would  have  gone  back ;  "—and  h€ 
proceeded  smiling. 

When  he  ascended  the  cart,  he  conversed 
with  his  family,  unaffected  by  the  clam<mr4 
of  the  ferocious  populace :  and,  on  arrivinf^ 
at  the  fo0t  of  the  scaffold,  took  a  last  and 
solemn  farewell  of  his  children :  immediately 

*  His  daughter,  Madame  Lepellelier  Ro* 
sambo,  whose  husband  had  been  guillotrned  a 
few  days  before,  on  receiving  her  sentence  of 
condemnation,  immediately  went  to  Mile. 
Sombrcuil  who  was  in  the  same  prisoo,  and 
thus  addressed  her:  *'  You,  Madam,  hare 
'*  had  the  glory  of  saving  your  father's  life, 
"  and  I  have  now  inc  consolation,  at 
•'  least,  of  dying  with  mine,  with  my  chiU 
*•  dren,  and  of  following  my  poor  husband.* 

Mile.  Sombrcuil  saved  her  Other's  life  at 
^e  niasttcre  of  the  j^risons,  Sept.  t,  t7Q9  • 
the  same  night  that  M.  Cazorte  w»  saved 
by  his  da^Tghter,  and  at  the  same  prison! 
NotviMthstaiKling  the  heroic  conduct  of  this 
young  lady,  her  fatl^tcr  was  guillotined  after* 
wards  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal  at  thft 
age  of  74 ;  he  was  marsha!  of  Frande,  and 
governor  of  the  Invalides ;  he  was  sent  to  tht 
scaffold  in  a  red  shirt. 

She  lost  likewise  both  her  brothcn;  the 
eldest  was  guilfotincd:  the  other,  afVer  he 
had  capitulated,  wasshotby  Tallien*s  orders, 
for  his  lovaltjy  to  his  lOfereigQ^  in  the  tDarlDe( 
place  of  Vaimes. 

Jouis  de  ton  trknnphe,  omodenieAnti9(me» 
Quel  que  soit  le  dteret,  et  du  peuple  et  dn »6bb^ 
Tes  saints  efforts  vhrront,  dlge  en  igeb^nii  $ 
Pour  admirer  ton  oosur  tovs  Ics  ooMUt  sont  «mii ,  • 
Et  ton  zele,  k  jamais  cheraux  partis  centfaiioi. 
Esc  des  enfknts  I'exemple,  et  la  gloire  des  piret^ 
Faut-il  qu'au  meurtic  son  pire  ait^chapp^.* 
Des  bripods  Tont  abioosj  des  juges  Tont  frapp4; 


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jSi]  ISJe  of  tke  Uarquis  de  Coaiorcet.  ffH 

after,  hewat^^Bbrnkieimtoeteiiiity^-andthcn  |  he  never  joined,  in  cjmscqwenee  of  a  dispim^ 
his  whole  iamily!  M^c  had    vnih  the  Chevaher  d'Ahon,  who 

'  publicly  gnve  him  a  blow,  which  he  nev«r 
resented,    ^fhe  bishop  and  his  relationi  theft 


^ud  eptdonc  ce  vieUkrd  ?. .  c  t  par  qiiette  injoMice. .  <» 
Chioi!  Maksbei^cs,  c'ett  toi  qtt*OQ  cntialiic  an 

ftupplice ! 
TkflUeymarcheaiiMi}  ton  6po«x,  Mi  cnfena 
SoBt  frapp^  k  ki  km,  Tun  vat  fautre  expiram ! 
Trois  g^^ratkms  s'itcigncnt  commc  unc  ombie ! 
Homme  pur,  calme-toi  dans  ta  dcmeurc  sombre : 
Qui  connut  tes  vcrtus,  pour  toujour^  est  en  deuil  ^ 
La  tendre  hum^nite  g^rait  sur  ton  cercueil. 
Tcs  bourreaux  sont  flcirls ;  ta  mimoirc  estch^rie  I 
LlkHineur  de  ton  suppllce  a  couionn£  ta  vie. 

Maleshcibc^  was  aged  seventy-two  yeat^^ 
isur months,  and  fifteen  daj's.  He  was  per- 
haps one  of  the  best  mon  of  his  time, 
and  his  character  witt  descend  without  a  Main 
to  posterity. 

M.  de  J^UIeshw'bes  bad  attached  himself  to 
the  sect  of  the  Eeon^misits  and  had  written 
«ntiiely  on  their  principles,  which  contributed 
muchtobrin^aboQtt&erevohition,  aUhoogb 
that  was  neve?  hit  intention.  In  the  jkmm 
which  be  left  on  the  d€«th  of  Louis  XVI  is 
the  fbUowil^^  remarkable  passage:  "  M. 
Tiifgot  et  moi  ^ions  de  forts  hormMes  gens, 
ai^inetxvitB,  passionn^  p«r  le  bieaj  qui 
B*«ftt  pas  pcns€  QU*on  nt  pouvoit  pas  mieua 
hive  queoe  noulchoisirl  Cepeiwnt  noua 
jHfOOS  mal  admii^tr^. '  Nc  oonnoiesimt  lea 
hommes  que  pa»  les  Uvies,  maoq^aiM  d'ha- 
htlet^  p0ur  les  affah^  nous  avons  biss^ 
Jiriger  le  Hoi  par  M .  de  l|f  aurcpas.  qui  i^outa^ 
toiitesQ  foiblesse  i  cdb  de  son  ^ve,  et  ^am 
le  vouloirj  ni  le  pi^voir,  oous  avoos  oontribii^  & 
k  r^okition/* 

The  eelebvaled  M.  de  Chateaubriand,  atf- 
^Mr  of  Aiala  and  U  GMe  du  ChriHiamsme, 
was  nephew  of  M.  de  Malesherbes ;  and  his 
hrother  and  sifter  were  guillotined  with  M.  de 
Malesherbes,  but  M.de  Chad  the  good  luck 
to  make  his  escape  to  England,  where  be  re- 
jMed  some  time,  and  was  personally  known  to 
the  writer  of  thw  article.  He  is  now  pension- 
ed by  Buonaparte,  and  writes  for  the  Mcreure. 


MAaiE-JBAN-AirfOlME-NICOLAS   CARITAT, 
MARQUIS   08   COMDORCET, 

Was  bom  September  17th,  1743,  at  Ri- 
baumont^  in  Picardy,  where  his  father,  the 
Chevalier  Condorcet,  had  married  jhe  daugh- 
ter of  the  deputy-corojjlroUer  of  Amiens. 
He  soon  tost  him  :'  and  hisiincle,  then  bbhop 
of  Gap,  in  Dauphin^,  took  charge  of  his 
education.  He  was  designed  for  the  church, 
hot  the  Countess  of  Grue!-d*Ussap,  his  first 
eousin,  thinking  his  deposition  more  suiu- 
ble  to  a  military  life,  persuaded  the  prelate 
to  consent  to  oia  entering  the  army.  He 
was  then  sent  to  the  sie^  of  Auxerre,  and 
the  young  Condorcet  was  nominated  to  a 
iJHUfnancy  ip  a  wgimiiu  of dnfflopt^  whidk 


advised  him  to  apply  to  literature,  for  whidi 
he  shewed  ;^cat  tss'te. 

After  this  adventure,  by  no  meant honoov- 
able  to  his  courr^,  he  manifested  a  desire 
to  become  chancellor  of  the  order  of  Saint* 
Lazare  du  Mont-Carmd.  He  ^onsolte^ 
Chcrin,  the  gencal(^ist,  on  the  subject,  who 
advised  him  not  to  make  application,  thefs 
being  no  prospect  of  success,  as  he  oOuld  not 
produce  certam  proofs  that  would  be  required 
of  him  by  Monsieur  the  Kingl's  brother,  whd 
was  the  chief  of  the  order.  In  consequena^ 
of  which,  he  9wore  eternal  hatred  to  the 
court  and  the  nobiUty,  and  wrote  continually 
against  t!u>se  ministen  who  had  rendered  him 
great  seivrces. 

He  married  a  young  tody  of  the.  name  df 
Gro^hy,  bv  the'  interference  of  the  tXike  de 
la  ^{ochefbocault,  who  ^erOtislv  ga?e  him 
an  hundred  ^toosand  Ihrres  for  me  marriage 
portion,  and  who  afterwards  Intiodiiced  hiai 
mto  high  life,  and  obtained  him  several 
pensions.  Although  the  Duke  was  so  graal 
a  friend  to  him,  yet  it  is  asserted,  and  witia 
much  appearance  of  trutb,  thai  he  directed 
hift  avaasinatioo*  in  the  month  of  Septemhary 

*  Louis- AlexandpOf  due  de  k  Roclie^mi*  , 
cault  et  de  la  Rochc->Guyon,  peer  of  France, 
fomerlv  member  of  the  constituent  assem- 
bly* distinguished  himself  eoually  by  his  in* 
def.ttiijablc  application  to  tne  sciences,  and 
bv  hii  strict. virtue.  He  accepted  the  ofiica 
oF  President  of  the  department  of  Petris,  and 
signed  the  decree  for  superseding  lotion  and  . 
Manuel  after  the  SOth  of  June.  The  na- 
tional assembly  having  re-instated  them,  ho  . 
foresaw  that  great  calamities  would  in  coo- 
sequence  take  place,  and  determined  oa 
quitti'.ig  Paris,  to  avoid  being  a  witnesa  of 
iu  efiiccts.  He  was  advised  to  retire  to  En^ 
Icmd,  but  filial  and  coi\jugal  piety  prcieotai 
him. 

It  is  said,  that  Santerre,  at  the  soUcitatiaa 
of  Condorcet,  took  advantage  of  the  furj  of 
the  populace  to  sign  an  order  for  arnsting  die  . 
Duke.  A  commissary  of  the  commune  waa 
appointed  and  sent  to  Forges  for  this  por* 
nose  \  but  being  more  humane  than  his  confe- 
derates^ he  spprised  the  I>uke  of  his  danget,  ' 
and  made  him  consent  to  go  to  his  estate,  at 
Roche-Guyon,  to  which  place  he  offered  to 
tace  and  keep  him  under  his  care.  They  set 
off  together  in  the  same  carriage.  In  passing  , 
through  Gisors,  they^  were  met,  as  if  by 
chance,  on  the  14th,  by  a  detachment  oif 
cut-thioats,  purposely  sent  from  Pitris,  wh* 
demanded  with  excessive  fury  the  head 
of  the  Puke :  an  iiumense  number  of  na- 
liaoal  piaidi  caaie  suddenly  to  his  asoA^ 


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755] 

1792 ;  as  Conclorcct  and  the  rest  of  the 
Brissotins  never  forgave  the  Duke  for  signing 
the  decree  for  superseding  their  creatures, 
Petion  and  Manuel.  To  convince  our  rea- 
ders what  interest  this  Action  took  in  the 
success  of  their  intrigues  subsequent  to 
the  10th  of  August,  we  shall  extract  a  pas- 
cage  from  Condoroet's  speech^  delivered  some 
tiipe  after : 

**  Si  (^uelqucs  vengeances  ont  ^lat^,  on 
•*  pcut  dire  que  Ic  peuple  ne  s'«t  point 
•*  trompd  dans  le  choix  des  victimes." 
— **  If  some  veingpances  have  burst  forth, 
it  may  be  said  the  people  were  not  mistaken 
in]  the  choice  of  their  victims." 

SomeofCondoBcefs  friends,  who  detested 
toub  XVth's  Queen,  wished  him  to  put 
his  wife  in  the  way  of  tlie  King,  that  she 
mi^t  become  his  mistress.  The  Marquis 
was  base  enough  t6  accede  to  the  plan,  al- 
though he  has  since  declared  that  ne  could 
not  intrigue :  *  it  was  agreed  that  the  Mar- 

«nce ;  he  crosMd  the  town  in  the  middle  of 
a  quadruple  line  of  national  guard;,  their 
commandant  and  mayor.  A  cart  stood  across 
the  way  in  a  narrow  road  leading  out  of 
Oisors }  an  assassin  darted  at  the  duke,  and 
threw  a  large  stone  (which  he  tore  from 
the  pavement)  at  him,  vdth  such  foree  as 
Ic'dled  him  instantly,  and  he  fell  in  the  arms 
of  Madame  d*Arvillc,  his  mother,  who  was 
^3  years  of  age. 

In  the  first  assembly  he  demanded  the 
liberty  of  the  press,  the  King's  veto,  the 
suppression  of  the  order  of  monks,  and  wished 
to  establish  the  English  government,  with 
^rtain  modifications. 

He  was  the  fourth  of  his  family  assassinated 
in  that  month,  reckoning  the  two  Bishops 
6?  Beauvais  and  Saintes,  who  were  murdered 
in  the  Cannes  at  Paris;  and  Charles  de 
Bohao  Chabot,  J\is  brother-in-law,  who  was 
-.killed  at  fAbbaye.  We  have  a  later  now 
before  us  acquainting  us  with  the  death  of 
his  aunt,  the  particulars  of  which  will  be 
found  in  our  Obituary  for  this  month. 

•  M.  de  Condorcet  says,  in  his  eulogies 
of  some  of  his  fellow  academicians,  that  lite- 
rary men  were  very  proper  to  have  the  go- 
vernment of  states  ;  **  but/*  added  he,  "  the 
*'  evil  b,  that  the  literati  aie  nor  Jit  ted  Jot 
*^  intrigue,**  Howe\'CT,  to  remedy  that  in- 
convenience in  himself,  he  formed  a  little 
intrigue  against  the  revenues  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  by  which  he  prooosed  notliing 
less  than  to  appropriate  half  tne  income  to 
himself.  The  tact  was  as  follows:— The 
Academy  of  Sciences  had  asked  the  King  to 
f  e«tore  twelve  tho|isand  livres  (£500)  a  year, 
which  the  Abb^  Tcrray  hf^d  taken  away  from 
them.  M.  d'Alembert  aAd  the  Marquis  de 
Condorcet  had  signed  the  resolution  whidi 
had  been  adopt^  for  appropriating  these 
£i;ads  to  the  encouragei^cnt  ot  the  arts  ax^d 


Life  of  the  Marquis  de  CondorcH.  [75§ 

chioness  should  shew  herself  alone  in  the 
theatre  at  Versailles  some  night  when  the 
Queen  could  not  be  present ;  accordingly,  one 
evening,  when  they  were  assured  that  her 
Majesty  would  be  at  Grand  Trianon,  the 
Marchioness  appeared  in  the  Count  dAngi^ 
villiere's  box.  The  King  particularly  noticed 
her,  seemed  much  pleased,  and  was  be- 
stowing great  encomiums  upon  her  ;  when 
the  Queen,  who  had  been  apprised  of  the 
plan,  suddenly  entered  the  King's  box, 
and,   darting  a  look  of  contempt  upon  his 


sciences.  Notwithstanding  this,  M.  Tuigot, 
when  he  Q;ianted  the  request,  disposed  of  five 
thousand  livres  (jftJOS)  a  year  in  favour  of 
the  Maiqub,  to  Uie  great  astonishment  of  the 
Academy ;  who  complained  that  a  sum  eri<- 
ginally  destined  to  me  use  of  the  company 
for  the  public  benefit,  ahooki  be  thus  em- 
ployed, and  without  any  authority,  to  fiivcmr 
an  mdividual.  It  hapnened  that  about  thia 
time,  M.  d'Alemberl  having  borrovwd  the 
registers  of  the  Academy  from  M.  de  Fouchy, 
perpetual  secretary  to  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, the  latter,  after  having  frequently 
asked  for  them  in  vain,  sent  for  them  one 
morning  in  a  very  peremptory  manner.  Iq 
sending  them  back  in  audi  haste,  M.  d*Alcm-» 
bert  unwarily  left  among  them  the  sketch  of 
a  memor'ud  to  the  contxoleur-general,  begging 
him  to  appropriate  five  thousand  ot  the 
twelve  thousand  livres  which  were  p  6e  re- 
stored to  the  Academy,  to  the  use  of  the 
Maiquis  de  Condorcet,  joint  secretary  of  the 
Academy  \  and  *'  to  give  only  one  tliouaand 
**  to  that  poor  creature  de  Fouchy,  who 
'*  ought  to  be  dismissed,  as  a  man  no  fonger 
*'  capable  of  performing  the  duties  of  his 
**  orace.'*  M.  de  Fouony,  who  found  the 
paper,  surprised  at  seeing  hifuself  treated  as  \ 
weak  man,  and  indignant  at  the  pfot  which* 
had  been  secretly  formed  aoainst  him,  de? 
nounced  M.  d'Alembert  to  the  Afcademy,  as 

?'uil^  of  having  converted  the  fimds  destmed 
or  the  use  of  the  coomany,  to  the  advantafse 
of  his  creature  and  friend,  the  Marquia  de 
Condorcet  As  for  the  incapacity  of  which 
he  had  been  accused,  he  demanded  that  a 
committee  should  be  appointed  to  judge  of 
the  extract  he  made  from  the  memorial  of 
the  Academy,  and  that  his  coiitinuancp  ii) 
office  should  depend  upop  the  issue.  M. 
d^Alembert  and  the  Marquis  saw  that  it 
would  be  prudent  to  stifle  the  affair :  and  in 
spite  of  the  just  clamours  which  had  been 
raised  against  them,  some  honorary  acade- 
micians, and  among  o^ers  M.  de  Trudaine, 
being  conceme4  in  it,  the  rising  storm  was 
appeased;  and  nothing  remained  but  th^ 
impression  which  was  made  upon  the  mind, 
that,  notwithstanding  Condorcet's  assertion, 
men  of  letters  are  as  well  adapted  for  ii  - 
triguesas  men  of  the  world. — Duternt*  3/'r 
moirs  of  a  liavcller,  now  i:i  Eciircment,  vol. 


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lAfs  6f  Iht  Marqtds,  de  Condorcet. 


t7M 


Majesty  and  those  who  were  with  him,  de- 
inandcrd,  in  a  haughty  tone,  who  that  wo- 
man was  i  and  obeerved,  thi^t  if  she  was  not 
worthy  to  be  presented  at  court,  she  ought 
not  to  be  there. 

Condorcet  and  his  Marchioness  now  found 
it  necessary  to  retire  into  private  life  for  some 
time,  ana  ever  after  he  continued  a  most 
inveterate  enemy  of  the  King  and  Queen, 
jie  afterwards  oecame  connected  witn  the 
Voltaires,  d'Alemberts,  &c.  and  was,  of 
j^ourse  one  of  the  officiating  priests  of  the 
new*  doctrines  -raised  against  die  Christian 
Rli^on  and  lawful  monarchy.  Addressing 
lymsdf  to  the  Academy  in  1783,t  Condorcet 
^us  spoke  concerning  Christianity — "  £n- 
**  core  quel(pes  aoi¥^>  et  le  monstre  qui 
*'  d^ore  la  terredepuis  dix-huit  si^cles,  ne 
**  sera  plus.— A  few  years  more,  and  the 
f*  monster  who  devours  the  earth  for  these 
*'  18  centuries,  shall  be  no  more/'  Strange  to 
•ay,  while  he  W93  upholding  such  doc- 
tnnes,  the  King  of  Prussia  (Frederiok  the 
Great,  as  he  was  called)  did  not  scruple  to 
correspond  with  him,  and  nominate  him 
member  of  his  Academy;  the  impress 
-  of  Aussia  likewise  made  him  member  ot  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Russia.  When  he 
(entered  into  the  revolution,  which  he  did 
from  the  very  beeinninc,  and  was  putting 
into  practice  what  he  had  before  only  preach- 
pd,  tne  Empress,  and  the  last  King  of  Prussia, 
(not  his  friend  Frederick)  ordered  his  name 
to  be  erased  from  die  registers  of  both  acadc- 
miei,  which  was  a  veiy  severe  wound  to  his 
ambition  and  pride. 

'  The  spirit  of  the  revolution  liad  got  such 
possession  of  him,  that  he  neglected  the 
|loyal  Academies  of  Paris  for  the  tribune  of 
the  Jacobins.  He  was  elected  one  of  the 
legislative  assembly,  and  of  the  convention 
which  succeeded  it,  where  he  voted  for  the 
Ring's  being  **  kept  in  irons  duritig  the 
**  remainder  of  his  hfe ;''  a  punishment,  as 
he  expressed  himself.  *'  the  strongest  next  to 
•*  that  of  death. ^' 
/  He  continued  one  of  the  most  active  par- 
tisans of  the  Brissotin  faction,  till  Hobes-> 
pierre*3  revolution  of  the  3l8t  May,  1793, 
overturned  thcih  and  their  projects.  When 
they  were  sent  to  prison,  He  had  the  good 
luck  to  escape,  and  found  a  temix>rary  reH^ige 
in  the  house  of  Garat.  He  aftqrwards  was 
secreted  by  a  laily  of  his  acquaintance,  until 
the  domiciliary  visits  took   place  in   ^pril, 

*  A  fatal  and  desiructiye  doctrine,  which 
t^rs  from  misery  its  consolation,  from 
virtue  its  immortality;  freeze^  the  heart  of 
the  good  man,  by  depriving  him  of  his 
witness  and  friend ;  and  renders  justice 
flfnly  to  the  wicked,  whom  it  annihilates. — 
M.  de  la  Harpe**  fForks,  Panorama,  p.  781. 

f  Discours  de  rOuverlure  de  CAc.*dtWie 
fn  1793.— Yidp  LAnn^e  Litt^rMre  for  1783. 


1794,  when  he  was  obliged  to  retire  from  hit 
abode,  and  he  led  Paris  disguised  as  aa* 
old  woman.  Afterwards,  dressed  like 
one  of  the  lowest  class  of  the  people,  he 
went  to  a  friend's  house  at  Sceaux  who  was 
absent  from  home.  Obli^  to  hide  himself  by 
day,  and  to  wander  by  night,  he  secreted  him- 
self for  some  time  in  the  quarries  at  Geiuilt 
near  Sceaux,  till  hunger  forced  him  from  hi* 
concealment.  At  length  he  went  to  a  public 
house  at  Clamart,  where  he  was  remarked 
by  the  voracity  with  which  he  devoured  the 
food  that  was  set  before  him,  by  his  very  long 
beard,  by  the  wretchedness,  and  by  the  me- 
lancholy disquiet  manifest  in  his  counte- 
nance. '  He  was  in  consequence  taken  before 
the  levoludonary  committee  sitdng  there;^ 
(ClAmart)  where  he  declared  he  was  a  ser- 
vant, and  that  his  name  was  Simon* ;  bu^ 
upon  being  examined  and  searched,  he  was 
found  to  possess  a  Horace,  with  manuscript 
notes;  they  therefore  ordered  him  to  be  im- 
prisoned at  Boui^^-la-Reiney  until  the  com- 
mittee received  instrucdons  from  Paris  for 
future  proceedings  against  him.  In  going 
there  he  fainted  away,  and  ooukl  not  walk 
any  farther  than  Chadllon,  from  whence  he 
was  conducted  on  horsebadc.  He  wsis  safely 
lodged  in  prison ;  but  the  n^t  morning  when 
the  gaoler  went  to  visit  him,  he  found  him 
dead,  prostrate  on  the  floor. — It  is  ^nerally 
believed  that  Jiit  death  was  occasioned  if 
poison,  as  he  always  carried  it  about  him  for 
that  purpose,  to  use  at  the  last  extremity. 

Our  readers  will  judge,  when  they  consider 
the  dre/idful  state  Condorcet  was  reduced  to, 
whether  he  could  leave  the  world  without  some 
P^^g*  ^f  conscience,  without  some  remorse, 
for  his  bast  actions,  as  he  boasted  he  should 
do,  in  tne  speech  he  delivered  for  dethronbg 
the  Kingt,  (his  benefactor ;  as  well  as  the 
Duke  de  la  Rochefoucault).  it  is  not  un- 
worthy remark,  that  in  the  same  speech  he 
should  have  boasted  of  the  ascendancy  of 
Pethion*s  virtues,  and  of  his  unbounded  pa- 
triotism ;  and  that  Pethion  should  ba>x,  like 
him,  escaped  from  decapitation :  should  have 
bid  himself  by  day,  ana  wandered  by  night« 

•  «*  Ay,  ay,  you  may  tell  us  }X)d  are  ^ 
servant,"  said  the  countryman  tliat  igterro- 
gaied  him,  "  but  J  believe  you  are  more 
Rkely  to  be  one  of  the  ci-devaiUs  who  used 
to  keep  serN-ants.** 

t  yuelquc  jugcmcnt  que  nos  contcmjK)- 
rains  ou  la  |X)st<?ritc  puissent  porter  de '.nous, 
nous  n'auroiis  pas  ^  craindre  celui  de  tH>tre 
conscience;  il  quelque  danger  que  nous  soyons 
exposes,  nous  echapperons  dii  moins  aux  re- 
mords. — Exposition  da  motifs  d'aprls  les* 
cucts  rassend'li^c  nationalc  aproclami  la  con* 
vocation  d'unc  ccnveniion  tiationdlc,  ct  pro^ . 
nonce  la  huspctisJon  du  poutfoir-exuu'lf  dari^ 
Ics  mam  du  R^i^ 


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CU  he  met- with  ihc  horrid  fate  of  beimg 
starved  to  death  ;  his  bod^  was  found*  iritA 
bnzoCs,  another  of  his  fnends,  in  a  Aeld  in 
die  dcpartracnt  of  Gironde,  half  deroured  by 

Condorcel*8  writing?  %vere  various  :  he  had  a 
Tcmarkabl6  memory,  and  possessed  great  ta- 
lent for  argument  and  discussion.  His  friend 
d^Alemberl  described  him  as  a  volcano  covered 
with  snow — he  was  called  Ics  humeursjiroidet 
if  la  philosophies  by  several  distinguished 
members  of  the  legislative  assembly;  by 
others,  he  was  known  under  the  appellation  of 
/r  mouton  enreg/.  He  never  appeared  vain 
of  his  abilities,  and  although  he  must  cer- 
tainly be  classed  among  men  of  genius,  yet  he 
was  a  fahc  wit ;  false  and  ungrateful  to  hia 
best  friend^  and  a  corrupt  husband.  He  was  a 
fepublican  without  possessing  a  spark  of  that 
virtue  which  some  philosophers  pretend  be- 
longs to  the  name ;  hisaflected  philosophy  was 
a  mask  to  conceal  his  thint  after  power,  to 
attain  which  he  did  not  scruule  to  shed  the 
blood  of  bis  paUoos  and  firiendt. 


CprreapondoMcewUh  th  Aofiewift. 


tf^ 


s^ 


^oftiiB9FoirvBircB  wrni   tri  rbvxewxrs 

OF  THB  LITBKAIIT  rAMORAMA. 

T^  ilt  EcUior  qf  the  Literary  Panorama. 

Sir  (—My  curiosity  was  considerabhr  ex* 
tktd  by  an  article,  tn  thie  last  number  of  youff 
fa6ceUentpublicatto»,deiioininated:  "Jewish 
^*  pfopbeey  the  sole 'Criterion  to  dt9tin{;uish 
«•  betwoeo  genuine  and  spurious  Chnstiau 
^  ScripUire,  &c.  i  discouite  preached  before 
•*  tlie  Rev.  Dr*  W.  Gretton,  Archdeacon  of 
*'  Eiaex,  atPaofaury,  July  8, 18^5,  by  Fran- 
«<  eU  Stone.  M.  A.  F.S.A*  Aeclor  ef  Cold 
f  <  Norton*  Esaex.** 

In  eonteqpence  of  your  report  upon  some 
•f  the  extraordiniiry  tenets  laid  down  in  this 
dtseoune,  I  was  oesifous  to  satisfy  my  own 
mind  on  tbesubjeet,  and  sent  to  my  oook- 
•eller*8  for  a  copy.  A  perusal  of  it  too  soon 
convinced  me  of  the  justness  of  your  state- 
ment >  but  you  must  allow  me  to  add,  it  also 
led  me,  in  some  measure,  to  condemn  the 
manner  in  which  you  haijl  treated  it.  Irony, 
Sir,  is«  no  doubt,  on  many  occasions,  an  ad- 
mirable weapon,  skilfully  emnloyed,  to  mark 
Tanity  and  presumption  witn  derision  and 
contempt.  But  the  unexampled  circum- 
stance, that  a  minister  of  our  excellent  esta^ 
Vli^ment — ^who  must  have  roeatedl  v  declared 
his  assent  to  its  Articles— who  holds  a  sitoar 
IKyn  of  emolument  in  the  church  by  that  as- 
ieot— 4md  who  hod  been  '<  nominated  by  the 
iavour  of  archidiaoonal  appointment**— -an  ap- 
pointment that  surely  implies  the  most  sacred 
eoniidence— to  the  hi^  and  honourable  ofBce 
of  addressinffhb clerical  brethren  at  a  visitation 
.i^had  actually  embraced  that  solemn  occasion 
to  abuse  the  sacred  trust  reposed  in  him,  and  to 
insult  such  ^  audience,  by  depouncipg  as 


&tiB  mnfyof  the  most  awftitdoetiiflis  ht  haA^ 
been  thus  tailed  upon  to  dciaad ;  and  after* 
wanis,  with  aa  iuiblm4iing  and  persavcriiiK 
self-confidenee  had  proclaimed  bis  principka 
to  the  world— I  say,  such  a  foci  bespeaks  a 
species  and  a  degree  of  effrontery,  that  orar- 
powers  e\'ery  other  (eeling^  by  the  astoiusb« 
ment  and  indignation  it  excites.  Such  seatr» 
ments.  Sir,  1  coaceive,  must  be  still  more 
deeply  impressed  on  the  mind  of  cvery^  man 
who  ^all  pursue  the  unconnected  series  of 
false  smd  umcarrantalU  condusUm ;  of  i^ 
supported  and  contradictory  assertions ;  o( 
absurd  and  irreverent  arguments ;  with  whieb 
this  epitome  of  Mr.  Stone's  divinity  abounds. 

In  what  manner*  the  preaching  of  this 
new  apostle  was  received  by  his  auditon»  I 
have  never  heard  j  nor  do  I  luiow  whether 
the  publication  of  hb  teaeu  has  been  dis» 
cussed  ^by  any  able  pen.  I  therefidre  bc^ 
leave,  in  the  mean  time,  to  suggest,  thaa 
whoever  will  examine  what  Mr.  S.  calia 
his  *'  five  synonipious  citatioos,**  including 
hn  texty  as  they  are  focmd  in  Uie  Gospels, 
and  compare  them  respectit  ely  with  the  con* 
text  (a  trouble  which,  from  his  not  thinking 
it  «*  necessary  to  cite  chapter  and  verse,-  Mr. 
Ston^  evidently  intended  his  readers  should 
not  take),  will  easily  and  immediately  dettct 
the  false  and  daring  conclusion  he  has  drawn. 

I  woukl  also,  in  refutatbn  of  Mr.  Stone's 
sophistry  upon  the  subject,  recommend  any 
one  of  the  sound.  Warned,  and  ingenious  d^ 
Amces  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Hofy  Trinity, 
as  founded  upon  and  proved  bv  Scripture, 
with  which  our  church  hap^fy  abounds  i 
and,  in  reply  to  his  absurd  cavds  and  remarka 
on  the  awhu  doctrines  of  the  Atonement  and 
Intercession  made  by  our  Lord  and  Saviour 
Jesus  Christ,  and  in  complete  vindication  of 
our  faith  in  those  doctrines,  I  would  refer 
the  reader,  as  grounds  of  immediate  ard  en- 
tire conviction,  to  the  conc)udin|s  verses  ol 
the  Qth  chapter  of  St.  P^uPs  Epistle  to  the. 
Hebrews,  iad  the  eighteen  first  verses  of  th# 
10th— passages  which,  from  his  professed  vc- 
neratioa  ibr  that  great  Apostle,  Mr.  S.  must» 
at  least,  admit  to  be  high  authority ;  butt 
which,  upon  hb  present  principles,  ha  will 
find  it  impossible  to  umlersund  or  explaiu,— >^ 
unless  ha  should  suddenly  discover,  by  the 
mere  strength  of  bis  own.  penetration  (as  in 
another  instance),  that  the  above  passages  are 
••  a  corruption,**  *'  foisted  in,**— or  that  the 
two  whole  chapters  (like  others  in  whidi  he 
has  found  insurmountable  objections  to  hb 
sjrstem),  are  "  mterpolated  forgeries.**  In* 
deed,  upon  this  principle,  and  with  the  K* 
oenoe  be  has  assumed  of  catting  and  paring 

*  Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  been, 
infouned,  on  indisputable  authority,  that 
some  of  the  clergy  rose  up  and  left  the  chur^ 
during  the  deUvery  of  thia  seipon. 


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^y 


Sidas€aJia,'-Jk%f^'LaMe, 


jown  the  Go^p^b  tdthenaodard  of  hb  own 
faith  (since  what  he  has  spared  is  equally  aiib- 
Tcniveof  his  atgiunents  a^d  his  assertiou«)» 
h  is  almost  surprising  he  fthould  have  de- 
Iiounced  so  little. 

Allow  me  now.  Mi.  Editor,  through  the 
channel  of  your  publication,  and  not  with- 
pfjSL  an  expiession  of  sincere  concern,  to  sug- 
gest two  questions  for  the  senouji  considera- 
tioa  of  Mr,  Stone  himself :— First,  wiiether, 
admitting  his  own  entipe  eonviction  (upon 
whateser  gyouadleas  xeasoning  and  pervertod 
misconceptkm  it  may  vest)  of  his  own  nrinci- 
pies,  he  aoes  conscieotiouily  imagine*  that  he 
has  adppuxl  the  most  decent  and  becoming 
mode  of  declaring  his  utter  renunciation  of 
.  «ome  of  Uie  fundamental  Articles  ol  that 
Church,  to  which,  in  consequence  of  his 
former  aasent*  and  by  his  present  office,  he 
belong^ }  And  next,  whether  the  ani^ioua 
desire  ne  professes  for  the  conversion  of  Jews, 
Deisu,  and  Mahometans,  really  justifies* 
even  to  his  own  mind,  the  means  he  has 
taken — the  arguments  he  has  used — and  the 
(reat  of&nce  he  has  given. — ^I  am,Sir»&c.  A.B. 

We  are  moch  obliged  to  the  writer  of  the 
iorq^ng  ktter ;  lo  another  correspondent, 
nrho  signs  Ckrutiinus  \  and  to  aeveral  other 
friendt,  who  have  htni^  dielr  fears  that  the 
itony  we  employed  as  the  most  effectual 
ibanaer  of  expoang  the  doctrines  avowed  l^* 
J|r.  Stone*  should  be  misunderstood,  and 
#fieooe  be  taken  al  it« 

If  any  effeaee  really  ka*  been  taken*  we 
eie  truly  sorry ;  for  we  tlunk  the  present 
ciTcumstfmces  of  the  Church  of  England  im- 
]^riously  demand  a  decided  avowal  frooi  every 
friend  to  the  truths  of  the  Gospel :  and  we  say 
explicidy,  let  the  Church  either  suppress 
<whicfa  God  forbid !)  the  dootrines  of  the  Ar- 
ticles, of  the  Homilies,  those  iooi  much  ne- 
glected documents*  and  of  the  most  venerable 
the  Iiefoiiaers,or  suppress*  effectually  too*  such 
,  doctrines  aa  her  di^geneiate  sons  disseminate. 
Jgnavtm  JmH  ptem  k  prmtpikm  arant, 
^  things  sUmd,  we  see  no  other  akemative : 
the  essence  of  Chriatieaityis  etstake$  th«  sub* 
ject  is  truly  teneus*  aiid  the  informatiozi 
which  from  our  oAee  has  leaehed  us,  im- 
parts a  consequence  to  it,  much  beyond  what 
-qppears  on  the  mere  sur&ce  of  the  thi^g. 

We  can  only  looouayt  for  the-totat  eb^oice  of 
notioe  (ie  evtiy  letter  We  hanre  rtceived)  of  aa 
ergnncnt  against  Mr.  S's.  sentinents*  inserted 
in  Panorama*  p.  643^;  bysuptxwng*  that  our 
third  Number  had  not  diien  reached  our  wor- 
thy correspoudeiits.  They  wiU  see  iof  that 
{«f^  that  we  hM«  Qor  Gpu^ted  e  ,4^^^  viov 


ef  the  subject.  WiU  they  sasepejodon  U9»  H 
we  assume  just  so  much  knowledge  of  the 
human  heart,  as  might  induce  us  to  adopt  tliaft 
method  of  rendering  the  subject  notorious* 
which  appeared  to  be  best  adapted  toits  end : 
and  which*  in  foot*  has  answered  its  purpose 
most  eflectually. 

DIDASCAUA. 

»RURT-LANB   THBATRI^ 

A  new  melo-drema,  in  thi«e  aets^  ttSkti 
TekeH,  or  the  Suge  ^  Monigutz,  so* 
peered  on  the  35th  November,  it  is  the 
production  of  Mr.  Hook,  jim. ;  the  mo^di 
composed,  by  his  father.-*-The  seene  lies  ia 
Hungary,  and  the  story  relates  chiefly  lotbe 
hard  fb^unes  of  Count  Tekeli,  who*  ^^ 
pressed  by  the  Emperor*  is  obliged  to  ffy  tn» 
to  Turkey*  in  hopes  of  assistance  fimn  the 
G^nd  Signior,  leavii^  the  castle  of  Monv 
eati  to  the  care  of  Alexina  his  wife,  who# 
lor  a  time*  makes  an  heroic  stand  against  the 
Imperialists^}  but  pressed  by  the  want  of 
stores,  ammunition*  &c  is  on  the  poiet  of 
£uaendering*  when  a  hope  arises  £at  her 
husband  is  on  his  return,  Tekeli*  atteede^ 
by  hb  (rusty  friend  Woolf,  reaches*  indeed^ 
the  forest  near  Montgatz*  which  is  stncde 
g^iardad  by  the  ImperialtroGipB*  whereat  length, 
worn  out  with  hunger  aaid  fat^ue,  they  ai« 
rdieved  by  some  peasants  going  to  celetmice  a 
weddmg,  who  convey  them  to  a  neighbouring 
mill.  Hiemtllerreceives  them  warmly,  biH 
a  detachment  of  guards, arriviiig,  Tekeli  dis- 
oovers  himself  to  the  miller,  who,  though  a 
large  reward  is  offered  for  the  appi^eosaon 
of  Tekeli,  remains  firithful  to  his  pnemise  of 
concealing  him.  Various  stratagems  are  de^ 
vised  for  that  purpose*  and  for  oonveying  Te- 
keli into  the  castle  >  which  they  at  length 
succeed  in*  by  conveying  him  in  a  sack  over 
the  Torsa.  The  Austriai)  tTcneral*  Coum 
Caraf&  arrives  at  the  mill  aoon  aftw*  end  th^ 
miller  dtadosea  die  vi4iole  truth  in  defiance  of 
all  punishment.  The  return  ef  Tekeli  ntm^ 
mates  the  spirits  of  Alexiaa*  a  tally  is  made 
a^^st  the  enemy,  aad  the  piece  comludes 
with  a  gland  flMMeaeot  of  the  amm^  in 
which  Caraffa  is  derated. 

The  stratagems  to  £ivour  the  escape  of  Te- 
keli from  the  seaich  of  the  Austr&int*  are 
well  managed  and  alibrd  much  inrcitit,  and 
combined  with  the  pleasing  scenery  are  lik^y 
to  make  the  pieoti  a  fiurorite  with  thepahhc. 

On  Wednesday*  Dec.  ll,"  a  new  &ree. 
under  the  title  ef  A^-.  H^,  was  brouriit 
forward  at  this  Thtttre;  the  prtncipelwrt  of 
which  centists  in  Mr.  B^'s  eadonmring  to 
oopceal  hifl  name  ^pen  all  occaaoiia*  fiom  ,» 
attBctatioq  of  modesty*  and  at  bst  inadver^ 

We  «haliin>kr  ito  nenarit*  en  tfan  ^^1^^ 


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DUaScalia.'^Ccvmt  barderi. 


production,  as  it  toiaUy  &iM.  The  prologue, 
which  was  well  delivered  by  Mr.  EUistoa, 
deserved  a  better  connection  than  its  alliance 
with  this  swinish  family. 

Dec.  18,  the  comedy  of  The  Will  was  rc- 
fipesented  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  Miss 
Ray,  in  the  character  of  Albina ^  wh£h  she 
performed  with  spirit  and  ease.  Her  reception 
was  flattering,  and  she  will  no  doubt  become 
a  ver]^  ^vounte  actress,  when  she  is  more  con- 
venantwith  those  nice  and  delicate  discrimi- 
nations peculiar  to  a  London  theatre.  She  is 
very  young,  has  a  pleasing  per>>on,  and  her 
countenance  is  eng;iging  and  expressive. 

COVBNT-OARDBN  THEATRE. 

On  Thursday,  the  20th  November;  was 
.performed  a  *•  new  grand  operatical  entertain- 
ment** announced  in  the  bills  as  having  been 
in  prepartion  all  the  summer^  called  The 
Deserts  of  Arabia,  said  to  be  the  production 
of  Mr.  Reynolds.*— The  foUo^Hng  is  a  sketch 
•f  the  feblc.-*— A  rich  widow  of  Bassora  offers 
her  hand  to  the  son  of  a  merchant  at  Aleppo, 
on  condition  that  he  crosses  the  l^)eaertff  to 
join  her,  and  the  avarice  of  his  Father  obli- 
ges him  to  accept  the  invitation  though  against 
his  inclination,  haviug  fonned  an  attachment 
to  an  Arabian  ^1.  He  sets  out  on  his  jour''> 
Bcy  together  iVith  an  English  strolling-pUyer> 
cli^iaed  as  tlte  servants  and  under  the  gui- 
dance of  the  Grand  Sultan's  roessengef .  On 
their  way  across  the  Desert  the  merchant's 
son  meets  with  his  mistress,  whose  father  has 
tfaechaigeof  attending  the  sacred  lamps  that 
bum  arotjind  the  shrine  of  tlie  Prophet,  biit 
(wing  old  and  infirm  entrusts  the  care  of 
them  for  one  night  to  his  daughter,  who  is 
•D  overjoyed  by  me  arrival  of  her  lover  that 
she  neglects  to  replenish  them  aiid  the  lights 
expire.  This  subjects  the  father  to  the  pu- 
nishment of  death,  and  the  officers  arriving 
at  that  time  and  finding  the  state  of  the  temple 
proceed  to  inflict  the  penalty,  by  chainmg 
himself  and  his  daughter  to  a  rock  and  there 
kavinjE  them  to  starve.  The  travel  lers  proceed 
ontobassoia,  and  upon  their  arrival  there  the 
rich  widow  moves  to  be  the  run-away  wife  of 
the  player.  The  merchant  finding  his  plans  thus 
defeated  consents  to  his  son*s  union  with  the 
Arabian  girl,  and  the  party  again  set  out  to 
release  the  &ther  and  daugKter  from  their  dis- 
tressing situation,  having  procured  a  pardon 
for  their  oflfence.— -The  absurdities  in  this 

}>ieoe  are  numerous  and  extravasant,  such 
or  instance  as  a  poor  English  strolling-player 
going  to  Bengal  in  search  of  his  wife,  and 
travdling,  asthe  cheapest  wa^^,  by  Aleppo  and 
across  the  Deserts  of  Arabia.  The  mi^ic 
b  in  the  Italian  style  and  some  of  the  airs  are 
pleasing,  but  the  recitatives  and  chorusses  arc 
better  adapted  to  the  Opera-house  than  to  an 
English  theatre,  llie  dial(xrue  b  indifferent. 
The  chief  merit  consists  in  the  scencfy,  dres- 
ses, and  diecorations. 


i7(U 


The  Tempest. 


"  When  learning's  triumph  o'er  herbarb'rousfbcrf 
Flist  rear'd  die  sta^,  immoitai  biakcspcare  robc  f 
Each  change  of  many-Knlour'd  lite  hr  i^rew. 
Exhausted  worlds  arid  then  ima^  'n  '.  nao : 
Existence  saw  him  spurn  herbouuQ  4  .W-.-i, 
And  panting  lime  toiVd  t^er  kirn  '        i,- . 
His  powerful  suokes  p'^esi  ling  tiui..     t^j^cs,  /J, 
And  unresisung  pass'ton  biOrm*d  ti  ,i .  *    ,:. 


:era- 
•:any 
ven-* 


**  Shakespesftre  has  mzSnt  t[\t  p!oi  *  • 
pest  instrumental  to  the  Lvoiiuctio. 
characters,  diversified  with  b»  ami 
tion,  anil  preserved  with  prcfoit:"  ili  'm 
nature,  extensive  kndwledgt  or  op'.i'ns,  and 
accnrue  obscrvati6n  of  life.  In  a  bip;.!e  dranut 
are  here  exhibited  princes,  oourtiers,  and* 
^iors,  all  speaking  m  their  real  chardcters. 
There  is  the  agency  of  aitj^  ?:pirif^,  and  of  an 
earthly  gobfin;  Tlie  operations  of  magic; 
the  tumults  of  a  storm,  tlie  adv^ntu^es  of  a 
desert  island,  the  native  eflusion  of  uniaoghf 
afiection,  the  punishment  of  guilt,  and  the 
final  happiness  of  the  pair  for  whom  our 
passions  and  reason  are  equally  interested.** 

So  the  celebratedDr.'Sam.  Johnson  described 
Shakespeare,  and  such  were  his  allusions  ttr 
that  delightful  drama  The  Tempest;  what 
then,  gentle  readers,  will  you  say,  when  in- 
formed, that  on  Monday  Decertiber  8,  was" 
"  revived,  with  additions,"  as  the  bills  of 
th€  day  announced,  •«  Shakespcar*s  play  qf 
the  Tempest  f  **  This  novelty  augmented  by 
the  attractions  of  new  dresses,  decorations, 
scenery,  and  machinery,  with  the  perform^ 
ance  of  Ariel  by  a  yoimg  lady  who  liad  never 
ap[)eared  on  any  stage,  could  not  fail  of  in- 
suring a  full  house.  Of  the  additions,  sonic 
we're  the  flimsjr  alterations  of  Diyden;  and 
some  by  aft  invisible  hand — ^for  who  will  b^ 
modest  enougb  to  come  forward,  anrf  openir 
assert  his  ability  of  making  additions  to 
Shakespeare,  particularly,  as  Warburton  re- 
marks, «•  to  the  nolilcst  efforts  of  that  sub- 
lime and  amazing  imagination,  p^uliar  to* 
himself,  which  soars  above  the  bounds  of 
nature  without  forsaking  sense;  or,  more 
properly,  carries  nature  along  with  him,  be- 
yond her  establbhed  limits  ?  '* 

Our  readers  will  anticipate  us  in  acknow- 
ledging, that,  on  the  present  occasion,  •«  Tis 
not  well  mended  so :  it  is  but  botch'd."  And 
indeed  the  botcher  has  contrived  to  descend 
as  many  degrees  below  Dryden,  as  Dryden 
was  bekyw  Shakespeare^ndelicacy  and  a 
trifling  tediousness  were  the  characteristics  of 
what  was  vainly  supposed^  make  up  the  de^ 
^cicftctfij  of  our  immortal  bard.  This  attempt 
has  afforded  us  one  more  proof  to  what  de- 
gree his  beautiful  works  inay  be  disfigi^, 
mangled,  and  degraded.  {Several  have  la- 
bvmed  to improvt  thcTtiQpesi^  bull  ril  h«it' 


Digitized  by  CjOOQ IC 


7651 


Didascalia^^Covent  Gatden. 


C7«l 


failed.  Fletcher,*  Sir  John  Suckling,  f  and 
Dryden  ;  to  whom  wc  must  now  odd  the  pre- 
sent improvementmonger.  Dryden  introduced 
two  new  characters  (Hyppolito  and  l>orinda) 
and  greatly  curtailed  the  old  6nes. 

Our  comic  friend  Trinculo  (now  called  the 
King's  jester,  and  dressed  h  la  Touchstone) 
40mitt^  the  pleasant  remarks  on  En^ish 
curiosity,  when  he  first  discovert  Caliban. J 
Wc  suppose  it  was  left  out,  like  many  other 
passages,  to  make  room  for  the  additions. 
And  mdecd,  we  despaired  of  hearing  those 
lines  which  have  never  been  equalled  by 
*'  Frenchmaa,  Grecian,  or  Roman'*— wc 
mean  *•  tlie  cloud  capt  towers,  &c."  wjiich 
were  not  given  till  near  the  close  of  the  fifth 
act,  altliough  Shakespeare  placed  them  in 
the  beginning  of  the  fourth: — when  Mr. 
Kcmble  had  finished  deliverins:  them— the 
auditors  gave  three  distinct  plaudits  ;  at  once 
evincing  their  attachment  to  their  national 
poet,  with  their  contempt  for  the  alterations. 

Great  dissatisfaction  was  shewn  by  the  au- 
dience at  the  silly  and  indecent  scenes  intro- 
duced, to  the  exclusion  of  so  many  passages 
of  Shakespeare's  writing;  »n  the  fifth  act 
their  disapprobation  was  expressed  in  the 
fliost  decided  manner.  We  hope  therefore 
the  managers  will  listen  to  reason-~and  ba- 
nish this  strange  jumble,  with  all  its  family, 
from  the  stage,  and  give  us  Shakespeare  him- 
self, in  his  '  original  beauty  and  magnifi- 
cence, assisted  solely  by  Purcell,  Jrne,  and 
Linlcy,  not  that  we  have  any  objection  to 
Mr.  Dave's  overture,  in  which  he  has  shewn 
his  taste  and  respect  for  the  uib,  by  intro- 
ducing their  music  into  it.  The  scenes  and 
decorations  are  splendid,  and  deserve  applause 
particularly  the  last :  yet  we  could  have 
wished  to  have  beheld  some  of  them  more 
appropriate  to  the  Summer  Islands  § — ^not 
chilling  us  with  the  "bleakness  of  a  desert. 

The  young  lady,  who  performed  the  part 
of  Ariel,  is,  we  understand,  a  Miss  Mea- 
dows. She  possseses  a  pretty  little  fipire,  and 
a  good  voice  j  she  gave  her  songs  with  much 
•cience,  particularly,  **  Where  the  bee  sucks,'* 
in  which  she  was  encored ;  and  repeated  it 
with  thrice  the  effect  she  did  the  first  tiinc. 
She  appeared  perfecdy  at  ease,  and*  her  action 
had  morb  the  manner  of  the  Italian  stage  than 
the  English.    She  i>  a  pupil  of  Mr:  Cwy. 

•  The  Sea  Voyage,  f  The  Goblins. 
'  J  «*  Were  I  in  England  now,  as  once  I 
*'  was,  and  had  but  this  fish  painted,  not  a 
*«  holiday  fool  there  but  would  give  a  piece 
**  of  silver :  there  ^vould  this  monster  make 
•'  a  man :  any  strange  beast  there  makes  a 
**  man :  when  they  will  not  give  a  doit  to 
««  relieve  a  lame  beggar,  they  will  lay  out 
•*  ten  to  see  a  dead  Indian  !  " 

§  The  perpetual  mildness  of  the  climate 
(the  Bermudas)  caused  them  to  be  called  by 
an  apt  alhision  Sinnvier,  as  well  as  Somers  , 
Islands. — Brvoiicss  GaicUeer, 


Emery  acted  Caliban-  better  than  we  ever 
saw  it ;  but  the  songs  were  far  noore  ably  giveii 
by  the  late  Bannister.  Prospero,  we  do  not 
think  altogether  suited  to  Mr.  Kentble,  yet 
he  save  it  as  much  eflect  as  the  character 
woiud  allow,  ably  preiming  the  dignity  of 
Milan's  Duke.  We  pitied  Miss  Logan,  aiul 
Mrs.  C.  Kemble,'  as  it  was  impossible  not  ut 
disapprove  the  ribaldries  they  were  obliged  to 
to  utter. — Our  pity  extended  Hkevi'ise  to  Mi?^ 
Brunton,  who  was  forced  to  personate  a  Mi- 
randa as  dissimilar  to  Shakedpear's  as  **  a  Sat\'r 
to  Hyperion  j "  for  who,  after  hearing  the 
trash  she  delivered,  could  fiincy  her  to  be  tha 

Admifd  Miranda ! 
Indeed  the  top  of  admiration ;  worth 
What's  dearest  to  the  worid  1 
.So  perfect  and  so  peerless,  —  created 
Of  every  creature's  best .  . .  > 

Ferdinand  was  ncr«onated  by  C.  Kemble— 
but  as  it  is  painful  for  us  to  proceed  in  further 
remarks,  we  shall  barely  aod  that  it  was  not 
Shakespeare's  Ferdinand,  but  Dryden's  Sbsiis* 
sin,  murdering  his  own  Hyppolito  1 

Thursday,  Dec.  11,  a  new  farce,  called 
Jrbitraiion 'y  or.  Free  and  Easy,  was  pro- 
duced at  this  Theatre ;  the  author  of  which, 
we  understand,  is  Mr.  Reynolds. — ^Thc  fol- 
lowing is  die  story. — Sir  Toby  Tritely  and 
Lady  Litigious  having  a  law-suit  about  a 
com^mill  and  other  matters,  tlieir  cate  b 
referred  to  Jack  Familiar,  a  youtig  barrister, 
for  arbitration,  whom  Sir  Toby  invites  to  hif 
house,  in  hopes  of  infiuenctng  his  ot>inion. 
Familiar  begins  with  setting  Harriet  free, 
whom  Sir  Toby  (her  guardian)  had  confined 
with  the  view  of  forcing  her  to  marry  Thoro. 
She  escapes  in  male  attire  to  an  inn  kept  bj 
Chequer,  who,  paying  no  attention  to  hii 
jealous  wife  takes  her  to  Lady  Litigious. 
Her  ladyship  receives  the  imfortunate  girl, 
with  the  idea  of  i^iving  her  to  Thoro  by  way  of 
liquidating  a  aebt.  Familiar,  invited  to 
Lady  Litigious,  meets  and  marries  Harriet; 
and  declares,  after  well  Examining  the  papcn 
rehtive  to  the  litigation,  that  the  pro])erty 
does  not  belong  to  either  of  them,  but  to  the 
humble  publican  Chequer. 

Such  is  the  substance  of  this  farce,  which 
contains  some  lively  dialogue,  and  a  fe\^ 
ludicrous  and  improbable  incidents.  It  is 
interspersed  with  songs ;  one  by  Liston,  about 
driving  two  trades  at  a  time,  Had  a  very  good 
effect ;— another  by  Miss  Tvrer,  concerning 
her  figure,  was  much  applauded,  The  piece; 
although  preceded  by  a  prologue,  the  epitome 
of  dulness,  was  received  with  great  saiisiac* 
tion,  and  passed  the  ordeal  without  opposi- 
tion;  for  the  audience,  though  pretty  well 
convinced  of  its  absurdities,  rewarded  the 
author  with  their  applause,  in  return  for  his 
hayinig  made  them  laugh  heartily. 


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•^mT 


Diieae^ia.-^Ofufti. 


{70| 


/fi// 


OIVHA. — ^THB    KIVC'S  THBATIB 

Opened  for  tbe season  on  Saturday  the  13th 
/  ff  December,  with  the  tra^c  opera  of  Semi" 
iartide  aiid  the  ballet  of  La  DaHsttmaTti^, 

Mactame  Cuioiani  made  her  di'L-ut  in  the 
Ppcttfy  the  mosic  of  ^hirh  was  expressly 
composed  for  her  by  PortogaUo. 

This  cekbrated  singer  wji» preceded  in  Eng- 
land by  the  great  reputation  she  had  aoqoiffod 
in  Italy,  Portttgal,  aod  Fnmoe.  Since  we 
bare  heard  her>  wearefi^ly  oonvinced  that 
ber  oaerits  are  not  inferior  to  it.  No  praite 
i»  above  the  perfections  whieh  she  derives  from 
art;  no  comparison  can  give  an  adequate  idea 
of  the  organ  with  which  nature  has  wonder- 
fully endowed  her.  Besides  a  prodigious  extent, 
Iker  voice  has  a  very  peculiar  character ;  in  the 
three  octaves  which  she  runs  over,  it  is  always 
equally  just,  full  and  brilliant ;  it  is  a  silvery 
tone  that  seizes  die  ear  and  vibrates  long  after 
the  sound  has  oeased.  Madame  Catalani 
without  labour,  over  the  most  distant 


mtenralf ,  and  in  her  boldest  a  tten\pu  sheplca^ws 
BO  lest  than  she  astonishes.  In  Scmiramtde  she 
4oe8  not  appear  till  the  third  scene ;  some  parts 
of  the  reatativc  and  airs  of  the  nine  first  scenes 
#f  the  first  act  were  rapturously  applauded ; 
but  it  was  especially  in  the  tenth  scene  that 
•he  united  me  sulrag^  of  all,  and  struck 
c\'ery  one  with  amazement  aixl  admiration. 
Tl)e  air  begining  with  In  consigUata  ckc  Jq  i 
in  which  arc  these  words  Son  regina  a  son 
guerrieru,  where  th«  composer  has  happily 
expressed  the  pride  and  courage  of  6V9ir?r<i- 
nidtp  l»  one  of  the  best  calculated  for  tlie 
display  of  a  fine  Toioe.  Madame  Catidani  sunc 
itwtth  such  an  imperious  accent,  with  so  much 
/fimotiony  fire  and  impetuosity,  that  tlie  effect 
upon  the  aodieaoe  was  electric.  By  her  man- 
Der  of  ex()Ctttion,  those  great  traits,  those 
exertions  of  voice  which  the  composer  meant 
only  as  ornament,  gave  addiiioaal  foioe  and 
fxpccavion  to  the  muiic. 

In  the  air  I.7r«  Terrihife,  in  the  second 
act,  we  were  struck  wirii  the  effect  of  the  op- 
posite expressions  cf  tenor  and  lore,  where 
ihe  softly  oomplatna  lo  the  daughters  of  Baby* 
ton,  expresses  the  torture  of  an  unfortunate 
passion,  and  calb  on  death  to  end  her  miseries. 

Her  countenance  is  very  expressive  and  her 
person  is  finely  formed ;  but  what  we  value  in 
her  above  every  thing,  is,  her  simplicitv,  can- 
dour and  modesty,  with  which  we  unoerstand 
Ker  manners  andf  conduct  correipond. 

After  havin}^  thus  ^ven  our  opinion  of 
this  eminent  singer  we  may  be  allowed  some 
remarks  on  the  music  of  PortogaUo;  and  then 
on  the  management  of  the  King's  Theatre. 

The  music  of  Semiramide  is  quite  novel^ 
and  well  adapted  to  tlie  present  taste  of  Italian 
And  French  sjpeciatort,  who  are  now  more  apt 
to  be  pleased  with  the  wooden  of  elaborate 
execution,  or  the  exertions  of  tnpernatural 
powers^  than  wi^i  the  B|itttnd«  soft  and  ex< 


presive  fttebdy  of  a  ttmiabtU.  Thie  con^ftosev 
of  the  modem  Italian  School  disdain  the  stybc 
of  their  pfedeceaors  :  they  would  now  mik^ 
an  mttronent  of  a  voice,  and  seem  to  wish 
rather  to  surprise  than  to  picaae.  They  might 
be  excused  if  their  ibusic  was  always  sun^  by 
such  Toices  as  Cat^lam-s ;  but,  as  pxodigtea 
/  like  this  are  veiy  rare,  they  would  do  well 
to  return  to  a  character  of  aausie  more  con^ 
genial  to  nature ;  and  to  a  compasition,  moie 
conformable  to  the  chaste,  invciitire,  and  di- 
versified style,  that  will,  for  many  centuries 
to  come,  be  adftiired  in  the  work^  Of  Handed 
Gluck,  Saochini,  and  Haydn ^ 

Respecting  the  management  of  die  Kin^s 
Theairf,  we  are  still  of  opinioti,  that  it  wants 
great  reform  and  improvement.  There  has 
been  this  year  an  advance  in  the  price  of  the 
boxes ;  therefore  the  nublic,'  we  mean  that 
nart  of  the  public  whicn  resorts  to  this  theatrr, 
has  a  right  to  expect  additional  exertions 
from  the  managers.  The  higher  orders  of 
society  who  ixty  such  large  sums  of  moilev, 
especially,  have  a  right  to  expect  not  to  Jbe 
confounded  in  the  pit  of  that  house  with 
noisy  prostitutes,  whose  indec^Ky  and  effron- 
tery put  tlie  wives  and  daughters  of  the  most 
respectable  part  of  the  kin^^hxn  to  the  btusb. 

ror  se%'eral  years  past,  there  has  been  at  thk 
theatre  in  almost  ever)-  branch,  two  or  thieeof 
the  best  performers,  for  the  principal  parts ; 
but  the  interior  parts  have  been  very  much 
neglected.  We  now  see  Catalani  almost 
alone ;  she  is  very  feebly  supported  by  the 
other  actors.  Although  Kighi  is  tmpfortog 
fast,  and  will  most  undoubtedly  be  very  ils^ 
ful,  aiKi  deserve  applause  in  ^condary  cha* 
racters,  yet  we  are  confident  that  we  (AM 
not  be  thou^t  too  severe  in.  saying  thai 
he  is  inadequate  to  the  part  he  performs  h 
Scmiramidt,  The  other  performers  ace  scared 
ly  worthy  any  remark  >  except  it  be  that  eveiy 
year  increases  theif  defects. 

Tlie  same  observations  ap[7ly  to  the  Ballet. 
While  we  are  enchanted  wim  the  display  of 
the  graces  and  powers  of  the  Deshaycs*»  JPa* 
risot,  and  we  are  glad  to  add  the  Depvesle^ 
we  cannot  help  being  shocked  at  the  awk- 
ward figures  amon^  which  they  are  obliged  t5 
appear ;  and  sometimes  with  the  sbabfaiiiesi  oC 
their  dresses. 

As  to  the  machinery, — to  the  disgraee  cC 
the  first  stage  of  this  great  capiul,  thae  is  not 
one  of  the  most  insignificant  summer  theaties» 
where  it  is  not  better  managed — and  whea. 
we  compare  the  tout  cnsemhk  with  the 
Opera  of  Paris,  we  n>u8t  acknowled^*  o^ 
Italian  theatre  is  far,  very  far  behind  it. 

Pre\  ious  to  tlie  opening,  the  manager  pitv 
posed  to  receive  tlie  sub:icribers*  tickets  on  adi* 
mission  i  and  to  return  them  to  die  proprier 
tors  the  next  morning.  We  consider  thif  as 
a  laudable  attempt  to  asccruin  Gie  compaiiy* 
This,  however,  has  iaiiud :  but«-MM^^ 
must  he  done. 


Digitized 


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969\ 


if  dela  ttarpe's  Eulogium  of  F^neUm, 


1770 


feuLooniM  or  phai^vois  db  sauonac  ojs 

JLA     MOTUB    PBVBLOir,     ARCHBI8B0P    OF 
CAMBRAY,   &Cv   BY  M.   DB  LA  HARPB. 

Among  the  celebratod  persons  wlM)  have  a 
tlabn  to  imblic  eulogium  and  the  homaoe  of 
the  people,  there  are  some  whom  gpmenu  ad- 
miration has  consecrated,  whom  it  is  impos- 
sible not  to  honour  without  being  unjust, 
and  who  piesent  themselves  .to  poMerity  sur- 
rounded with  all  the  imposing  attributes  of 
greatness.  There  ate  otnera  who  are  still 
more  fortunate,,  who  awaken  in  the  heart 
the  more  flattering  and  dearer  sentiments  of 
love,  whose  name  cannot  be  pronounced 
without  a  tender  sensibility,  whom  to  forget 
is  to  be  gpilty  of  ingratitude ;  to  exalt  whose 
character  b  an  object  of  emulation,  not  so 
much  from  the  impulse  of  justice,  as  to  re- 
reive  the  •pleasure  of  being  ^teful;  and 
who,  so  far  from  losing  any  thmg  in  passing 
lover  the  track  of  ana,  coAect  new  honours 
in  their  passage,  and  will  present  themselves 
to  the  btest  posterity  preceded  by  the  accla- 
mations of  every  people,  and  laden  with  the 
tribute  of  every  age. 

Such  -are  the  characters  of  that  ^lory 
which  surrounds  with  its' lustre  the  amiable 
«id  benevoletitvirtues>  and  the  talents  which 
inspire  them ;  such  were  those  of  Fenelon, 
whose  praiae  will  be  welcome  to  every  class 
of  men,,  and  whoae  paneeyristwill  be  antiei- 
aatcd  in  dl  he  can  sav  by  the  sensibility  of 
mo&t  who  bear  him.  1  siiall  say  to  menofletterv, 
he  possessed  the  ardent  eloquence  of  the  soul, 
Wended  with  the  simpUcitv  of  the  ancients ; — 
to  the  ministers  of  the  church,  he  was  the 
lather  ukI  the  ntodel  of  those  committed  to 
kis  char]^  ;^«-to  controversialists,  he  submits 
liis  opinions  to  authori^  ;•— to  courtiers,  he 
never  flattered  to  obtaui  favour,  and  was 
happy  duttnghis  disgrace; — to  the  instruc- 
tors of  Kingm  the  oauon  expected  to  derive 
its  happiness  from  the  Prince  whom  he  had 
educated ; — ^to  all  roankiiHl,  he  was  virtuous, 
and  he  was  behmed.  His  works  consisted  of 
Ixsaoos  mvcn  by  a  great  senius,  who  was  the 
frietid  ofhuniaiHty,  to  tbeiieir  of  a  great  em- 
pire. Ishall  connect  the  history  of  his  writings 
tvith  theAagust  EdttCfttioawhich  was  the  object 
of  them ;  I  shaU  follow  him  from  glory  to  dis- 
grace, ftom  tibeeour^toCambiay ;  I  shall  attend 
hWn  on  the  theatre  of  his  pastoral  and  hb  do- 
mestic virtues  ^  and  T  shall  be^  with  temark- 
ing,  as  a  most  unoommon  circumstance,  that 
the  honour  of  being  numbeved  mmon^  the  first 
writers  of  France,  wkidi  has  satisfied  the 
ambition  of  so  many  great  ami,  was  the 
least  of  those  vdiich  dignified  and  adorned 
the  characterof  Fenelon. 

Among  the  advantagies  which  such  a  man 
might  owe  to  nature  or  to  fortune,  it  would 
he  superfluous  to  reckon  tbftt  of  birth.    It 

Vol.  L    {Ui  Pan,  Jan.  180?.] 


was  for  him  to  throw  a  brighter  lustre  round 
his  ancestors  than  he  could  receive  from  them. 
The  most  fortunate  chahce  that  could  hap- 
pen for  him  was,  to  be  bom  in  an  age  when 
lie  could  take  his  proper  place  in  the  woiid. 
That  tender  and  amiable  mind,  which  was 
entirely  filled  with  an  idea  of  the  happiness 
which  might  be  procured  to  civilized  nation^ 
by  the  cultivation  of  social  virtue,  the  sacri- 
fice of  interest,  and  the  management  of  the 
passions,  woukl  have  been  but  ill- suited  to 
the  times  of  ignorance  and  barbarism,  when 
pre-eminence  originated  solely  in  the  strength 
which  oppresses,  and  the  policy  which  de- 
ceives. His  voice  would  have  been  lost  among 
the  clamours  of  a  rude  multitude,  and  in  the 
tumult  of  a  boisterous  court.  His  taJents 
would  then  ha\'e  been  buried  or  despised; 
but  nature  produced  him  at  a  period  ot  liahi 
and  splendor.  After  he  had  completed  nis 
studies,  which  had  already  announced  what 
he  would  one  day  be,  and  had  been  admitted 
to  the  priesthood,  he  appeared  at  the  court 
of  Louis  XJ  V.  It  was  then  the  most  bril- 
liant cpocha  of  France :  the  monarch,  sur- 
rounded by  all  the  arts,  was  worthy  of  their 
homage,  and  presented  his  reign  to  them  as 
a  subject  for  their  labour?. 

Fendon,  who  dispjayed  to  the  most  po- 
lished  court  of  Eumpe,  superior  talents,  gcn-^ 
tie  manners,  and  the  indulgent  virtues,  was 
most  favourably  received  by  all  those  who 
themselves  posacsi^ed  a  suincient  degree  of 
merit  to  be  sensible  of  that  which  he  pos- 
sessed, anil  attracted  the  notice  of  a  master, 
whose  obscrxatipn  no  merit  ever  escaped.  At 
the  a^  of  nineteen  years,  he  made  his  first 
essay  in  the  eloquence  of  die- pulpit,  and  suc- 
ceeded even  after  Bourdaloue  and  Bossuet, 
So  great  was  his  success,  that  his  uncle,  tlie 
Marquis  de  Fenelon,  a  man  of  rigid  man- 
ners, but  universally  res|)ected  for  a  charac- 
teristic probity,  entertained  an  apprehension 
that  the  young  apostle  might  be  reduced  by 
popular  applause ;  and  therefore  obliged  him  s 
to  confme  himself  to  the  more  obscure  func- 
tions of  a  profession,  whose  duties,  however 
they  mav  vary,  are  eoually  sacred.  This  first 
uiaJ  of  obedience  might  be  painful  to  a  young 
man  at  the  opening  of  suclt  a  career,  out  it 
soon  yielded  to  the  natural  docility  of  his 
temper.  He  passed  through  all  his  religious 
exercises,  under  the  direction  of  the  Superior 
of  St.  Sulpioe;  but  all  those  who  taw' him 
obey,  were  convinced  thai  he  would  soon  be 
ouaiified  to  command,  and  an  ofiice  was  con- 
fided to  his  youth,  which  appeared  to  de- 
mand the  maturitv  of  age  to  fulfil^^U  was 
that  of  Superior  or  the  new  catholics.  They 
were,  for  tl>e  most  pan,  young  female  oou- 
verts,  who  were  to  be  contirmed  in  a  fiiith 
which  was  not  that  of  tlicir  pareqts.  It  was 
impossible  to  have  chosen  a  oerson  mtire  ad- 
mirably suited  than  Uiiuseu  to  such  an  ciu* 

a  C 


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M.deta  fiarpe's  Eubpum  »/  fendoit. 


t77i 


Pteyrocnt  No  one  was  more  qualified  than 
he  was  to  temper  the  austerity  of  hifi  mission, 
and  to  adapt  it  to  the  delicate  feelings  of 
women,  witli  whom  the  gift  of  peTBuiksion 
eanftiot  be  well  scpantied  from  that  of  pleas- 
jug,  smd  iA  whom  the  divine  legislator  of  the 
gospel  ftTways  addressed  the  words  of  grace, 
of  mercvy  and  of  peace.  Then  it  was  that 
he  composed,  h  Jrait6  de  rKducalion  dcs 
Filles,  and  le  Mtnisicre  Jrr  Pasteurs,  which 
>vere  the  fir:?t  productions  of  his  j)cn.  The 
fome  of  hid  bbours  reached  Louis  XlV.,  who 
Aas gi«eatly  delighted  wkh  his  success,  as  he 
lliought  his  glory  was  interested  in  effacing 
^ery  vesiigc  of  the  Calvinistie  religion. — it 
is,  indeed,  with  regret,  we  iitention  the 
odious  violence  exercised  agaitist  peaeeahle 
iubjeets,  and  whom  a  vigilant  atithority 
might  have  prescncd  in  a  due  state  of  re- 
straint, withont  cm^>loying  the  spirit  of  pcr-^ 
seemion. — In  deploring  tRtse  abi^ses,  I  do 
iiiot  impute  them  to  the  prince  from  whom 
th'.y  were  concealed^,  nor  ta  rcligi^m  which 
disavows  them,  nor  to  the  nation  which*  con« 
demns  them. — ^It  is  my  wish  to  pass  oti  to 
another  subji-ct,  but  I  nwist  not  omit  to  men- 
tion one  of  the  finest  circumstances  of  the 
Kfe  of  Fcnclon ;  that  which  first  unfolded 
the  goodnt^ss  of  his  character,  and  -the  supe- 
riority of  his  understanding.. 

Tlie  king  ^cat  him  on  a  mission  into  Sain- 
tongc  and  Aunis  j  admission  which  was  to  be 
supjjoitcd  by  force  of  arms  and.  escorted  by 
soldiers :  so  common  is  it  to  be  humane  from 
character,  and  crue(  from  policy.  Others 
knew  as  well  as  Fcnelon  the  nghts  of  huma- 
nity ;  but  he  alone  appeare  to  have  defended 
h.~That  barren  pity  which  laments  the  urt- 
fortunate  whom  it  abandons,  was  not  hisj  a 
IJTofouud  and  enlightened  sensibility  which' 
i^hen  it  opeFau»  on  morar  conduct,  bedomes 
a  sublime  Usason,  elevated  him  above  the 
j^licy  of  the  moment,  and  unfolded  to  him 
the  miserable  eeuBeqiienceaf  of  this  system  of 

2iprcssion.  tic  declared  that,  he  m  ould  not 
large  himself  iviflv  did  duty  of  promulga^ 
ting  the  divine  word>  with  any  olhcf  9rtp- 
ports  than  those  of  charity,,  which  is"  tne 
principle  of  it,  and  that  he  uindd  cot  speak 
ih  the  name  of  his  God- and  his  KiYig,  but  to 
inspire  the  love  of  both  of  them.  This  titiiv 
christian  courage  rendered  him  superior  bntK 
to  power  and  to  prejudice ;  and  thus'  two 
provinces  we?E  prcsencd  from  that  scourge  of 
perscjcutiorr  which  overwhelmed  so  many 
others.  He  alone  offered  to  religion  sucn 
conquests  as  were  worthy  of  hfer  and  of  him-' 
self. 

To  a  nrluous  man,  the  greaftest  recom- 
pense which  he  can  receive  after  the  testimony 
af  his  own  heart,  is  the  friendship  of  those 
wlio  resemble  hiin :  and  it  was  the  tribute' 
"^Sich  Fenelon  received  on  his  re-appcarance 
at  V«rs*iU«8^    Th»  B(WM^iUi¥i8,    tlit  CIm«- 


vfeoses,  the  Langeiyms,  eonsidercd  it  at  an 

honour  to  be  ranked  amonq;  his  friends.  Su- 
perior minds  judge  each  other,  understandr 
each  other,  and  seek  euch  oilier.  Content 
with  their  remrrf,  and  ha|^)y  in  their  society^ 
Fenelon  paid  no  attention  wliate\'er,  to  the^ 
means  of  advancing  hiinsdf  in  the  career  of 
ecclcsi»tsiicat  dignity. — He  was  too  deserving 
of  such  advancement  to  intrigue  for  it.  It  is 
Ver)'  rare  that  those  who  have  fa>  ours  to  bo-' 
stow,  though  they  arc  ready  to  acknowled^ 
merit,  forcstiill  il-i  solicitation.  Vanity  niUit 
haVe  its  followers,  and  interest  its  creatures. 
Fenelon,  recommended  by  the  public  voice,* 
was  on  the  point  of  being  named  to  the 
bishopric  of  Poitiers-;  but  his  competitors  em- 
plo)^  those  arts  to  turn  aside  that  appoint- 
ment, which  lie  disclaimed,  in  order  to  sup- 
port it.-^He  was  therefore  passed  by ;-  bit 
thepe  was  immediatelv  opcnvd  for  him  ano- 
ther field  of  honourable  and  itn)>ortant  labour. 
The  education  of  the  gitwidson  of  Louis  XI V^ 
hectfme  an  object  of  rivalry  among  those  of 
the  most  distinguished  merit  at  the  court  of 
Versailles.  Beauviiliers  who  was  the  governor 
of  the  youftg  prince,  naturallv  desired  such  an 
associate  as  Fenelon.  Louis'KI\^  listened  to' 
Beauvilliers,  and  Fenelon^  was  called  to  tli^ 
duty  of  forming  a  king. 

Pride  might  have  been  flattered  bystirl^a* 
choice,  and  ambition  mi^lrt  have  sweUed  a^ 
the  attainment  of  it.     Far  more  pure  and- 
noble  ai%  the  sentiments  that  F'eneWi  expe- 
rienced.     'Khat  refined  j^)irit  c\er  glowtntf 
with  the  desire  to  do  ^ood>  was  now  cngMW 
*  to  labour  for  the  happiness  of  a  gi^at  people. 
Elevated  by  the  hope  of  siKX»eding  in  thttf 
great  work,  hecrtt<*red,  whh  the  highest  sa- 
tisfaction, on  the  laborious  func^oilb  which' 
were  to  Occupy  his  lifc^   To  be  annihibted  ar 
to  himself,  and  to  be  solely  devoted  to  hi» 
pupil,  ne\^rio  utter  a  word  wbichmight  not 
prove  a  lesson,  ne^Tr  to  take  a  stcji  wht«h 
roi^t  not  be  an  example  to  conciliate  the 
respect  due  to  a  child  whioh  would  one  daj 
be  a  king  ;  with  the  yoke  he  itiust  impose  la- 
teach  him  to'be  srty  to  mfbpm  him  ofhis  great- 
ness, but,  at  th«  same  time,  to  trooe  dut  iit 
duties  and  to desllf7>t  itspride  ;  te eombat  ther 
propensities  which  Aatfeiy  eR*cjidi^,  and  the 
vices  which  seduction  ftirtrfte»';-*-to  overawe 
by  firmness  and  conciliatinginannerft  the  sen- 
timent of  itidependence  sonaURral-hl'aprinCey- 
to  guide  his  sensibility  and  to  prei'eai'  it  fravr 
becoming  a  weakness';  to  blame  hii»  without 
losing  hi9'  confidence,  to  punish  him  some-' 
times  without  losing  his  friendship ;  to  in]<^ 
|7rc8s   contin»»aUy  on'  his  mind  the  essential 
difference  between  whht  he  can  do,  and  what 
he  ought  to  do*;  between  his  power  aod  hir 
duty,  and  nevcf  to  di?ceive  his  scholar,  the 
state,  nor  his  own  conscience.    Such  are  the 
duties  which  that  man  imposed  on  himself; 
t»  whom  the  MMurob*  swdy  *  1/  give>.'yo«. 


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il.  de  la  Harpt's  Ealogiumvf  Feneto*. 


[.77A 


my  son,* — ^and  to  whom  the  people  say  '  giv.e 
us  a  father/ 

To  these  general  difficulties  were  added  the 
panicubr  obstacles  which  arose  out  of  the 
character  of  the^oung  prince.     With  many 
proipising  qualities,  he  had  all  those  defects 
which  arc  peculiarly  obnoxious  to  .discipline. 
A  natui-al   naujrhiiacss,   which  considers  re- 
moiistrancc  as  offensive,  and  becomes  indig- 
nant at  contradiction  ;  a  violent  and  unequal 
temper,  which  sometimes  broke  fortli  into 
passion,  and  sometimes  appeared  as  caprice, 
with  a  secret  disposition  to  despise  manlcind, 
which    was    continually    discovering    itself. 
Such  were  the  obstacles  which  the  preceptor 
had  to  encounter,  and  perhaps,  he  alone  was 
qualified  to  surmount  them.     Fenelon  Could 
not  be  too  severe,  and  he  would  not  be  too 
indulgent.^    lie  well  knew  that,  in  the  hu- 
man character  there  is  an  irresistibje  impulse, 
whose  active  principle  cannot  be  destroyed, 
but  which   may    be  turned   into  a  proper 
channel,  and  directed  to  a  right  object.    The 
13uke  of  Burgundy  possessed  an  imperious 
disposition,  ai;d  delighted  in  the  idea  of  cte- 
niinion  j  but  his  master  succeeded  in  render- 
ing it  subservient  to  the  piuposes  of  humanity 
Und  virtue.     Without  being  very  pointed  in 
censuring  his   pupil's  notion    that   he  was 
bom  to  command,  he   made  him  compre- 
hend that  his  self-love  proposed  but  very  lit- 
tk,  when  it  sugeested  nothing  better  than  an 
empire  to  which  he  succeeded  as  a  mere  inhe- 
ritance, and  as  every  one  succeeds  to  the  pa- 
trimony of  his  ancestors,  while  there  is  ano- 
ther empire  made  for  privileged  spirits,  and 
founded  on  the  talents  which  are  aclmired  and 
.the  virtues  which  are  adored.    Thus  he  got 
pomesston  of  that  mind,  whose  impetuous  sen- 
iibility  wanted  a  right  direction.     He  infatu- 
ated him,  as  it  were,  w;ith'the  pleasure  which 
flows  from  being  loved  5  with  ths^t  noble  power 
,which  is  escerctsed.in  doing  good,  andwitn  that 
rare  glory   which  consists  in  commanding 
oneself.  Whenever  the  Prince  was  carried  away 
by  passion,  of  which  he  was  too  susceptible, 
the  tempestuous  moment,  when  reason  spoke 
in  vain,  was  suflered  to  pass  away,  and  all 
thoee  who  approached  his  person  had  orders 
to  serve  him  m  silence,  and  wkh  a  melan- 
choly aspect :   even  his  exercises  were  sus- 
pended:   it  appeared  that  no  one  dared  to 
communicate  with  him,  and  that  he  vras  no 
longer  thought  worthy  of  any  rational  occupa- 
■tion.     In  a  short  tune,  the  young  man,  terri- 
.fiedat.his  solitude,  troubled  at  the  dread  which 
^e  seemed  to  inspire,  would  ask  pardon  and 
beg  to  be  reconciled  to  himself.    It  was  then 
that  the  able  master,  availing  himself  of  his 
adi'antaffes,  made  the  Prince  f^  thedisgr«?eful 
eflfeetsof  his  violent  temper,  and  convinced  him 
•what  a  sad  thing  it  b  to  be  an  object  of  fear  and 
to  be  surrounded  with  consternation .    H  is  pa* 
\  vttoi  pfQAtntfid  a  iitan  opta  to  trvth 


and  to  contrition,  jnd  the  (ears  of  his  royal 
disciple  bedewed  his  hands.     It  was  in  t)ie 
very  so«l  of  the  Prince  that  he  found  the  nrms 
with  which  he  combated  his  errors.     K*  en- 
lightened him  by  the  testimony  of  hi*  own 
^conscience,  and  never  punished  him,  hut  by 
making  him  ashamed  of  himself.    This  is, 
duuhtlcss  the  most  salutary  kind  of  chastise- 
ment.'— The  humiliation  which  proceeds  from 
another  is  an   outrage; — that   which  arises 
from  ourselves  is  penitentiary  instruction.— 
One  of  the  secrets  of  the  preceptor  w*as  to  ap- 
pear to  treat  him  as  a  man^and  never  as  a 
child.     Much  is  gained  by  giving  to  youth  a 
hiffh  opinion  of  what  it  can  do  i  It  very  rea- 
dily believes  you  when  it  is  treated  with  re- 
spect: that  age  has  all  the  candour  of  self- 
love  without  il&  suspicious.    When,  to  cares 
so  wisely  appll^  and  so  constantly  pursued, 
we  join  the  attractive,  gentle  ana  softening 
manners  of  Fenelon,  his  unalterable  patience* 
the  flexibility  of  his  zeal,  and  his  inexhaus- 
tible resources  when  in  the  woik  of  instruc*^ 
tion;   we  shall    not    be    surprised   at    the 
astonishing  change  which  was  observed   in 
the  young  prince,  who  afterwards  Ijecame  the 
idol  of  the  court,  and  the  nation.     If  we  could 
awake  from  the  sleep  of  the  tomb  the  genera- 
tions, which  are  buried  there,  they  would  give 
a  portrait  of  this  prince,  which  would  in  real- 
ity, be  the  eulogium  of  Fenelon.     **  It  is  the 
"'  Prince,"  they  would  say,    "  whose  infan? 
*•  cy  filled  us  'with  alarm,  whose  youtli  re- 
*•  stored  our  hopes,  whose  maturity  trans* 
**  ported  us  with  admiration,  and  whose  too 
**  early  doth  has  cost  us   so   many  tears. 
"  He  rt  was  whom  we  have  seen  so  gracious 
•*  and  so  accessible  in  his  court;  so  full  oC 
**  compassion  for  the  unfortunate  ;  adored  in 
**  his  palace ;  tlie  friend  of  order,  of  peace, 
^*  and  of  the  laws. — He  it  wa<?,  who  when 
**  he  commanded  armies,  wi\3  the  father  of 
**  his  soldiers ;  consoled  them  in  their  fati- 
**  sues,  and  visited  them  in  their  sickness. 
•*  He  it  was  whose  mind  was  open  to  the 
•*  attraction  of  the  fine  arts,  and  to  the  illu-, 
*'  mination  of  science  ;  who  was  the  bene- 
*•  &ctor  of 'La  Fontaine. — He  it  was  whom 
**  we  have  seen  shed  tears  over  the  public 
"  miseries,  and  who  promised  us  a  future 
'•  reparation  for  them.    Alas !.  we  have  shed 
«*  our  own  too  soon  over  his  ashes  j  and  when 
•*  Louis  XIV.  was  afflicted  by  so  many  fatal 
"  wounds,  given,  at  the  same  time,  to  his 
•*  posterity,  we  beheld  the  tomb  open  to  re- 
"  ceive  the  hope  of  France,  and  -the  work  of 
*'  Fenelon." 

To  complete  the  eulogtym  of  the  master 
and  of  the  scholar,  -we  must  add  the  tender 
attachment  which  united  them  to  each  other, 
and  continued  till  death  closed  it  for  evtr* 
The  Duke  of  Burpmdy  always  regarded  hi5 
preceptor  as  bis  (hend  and  his  father.  It  is 
impossible  to  pocuae  the  lutters  which  they 
^C  2 


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Af.  de  la  Harpe's  Eitlogium  of  Fenthn. 


t77» 


i^Totc  to  cich  otlKr,  niihoulbwng  ^wifiij  af- 
fected. As  he  advanced  in  years  and  his 
power  of  reflection  encreaeed,  the  Prince  pi^)- 
fbuntfly  weighed  th^  principles  of  government 
which  his  education  had  instilled  into  his 
mind;  and  it  is  generatly  heliered,  that,  if  he 
had  reigned,  the  moral  system  of  Fenelon 
would  raive  formed  the  politics  of  the  throne. 
That  system  is  to  be  found,  in  all  its  va- 
rious branches,  in  the  Dialoguet  of  the  Dead, 
a  work  full  of  wise  observations  on  history, 
and  the  most  perfect  notions  of  the  adminis- 
'  tration  of  gorermnents  j  in  the  Direciiont/or 
ihe  Conscience  qf  a  King,  which  may  be  cal- 
led a  sommaiy  of  wisdom,  and  ihe  csktcchism 
of  Princes ;  out  above  all,  in  Telemackus, 
the  cktf'd'etuvre  oi  his  genius,  one  of  the 
original  works  of  a  former  century ;  one  that 
has  added  above  all  others,  to  the  character 
knd  embellishment  of  the  French  languase^ 
and  has  pkced  Fenelon  among  the  most  cde« 
brated  writers  of  France. 

Its  success  was  without  example,  and  it  did 
not  require  those  malignant  observations  which 
encreased  the  public  avidity  to  possess  it,  and 
kft  on  the  mind  of  Loub  XI V.  impressions 
which  were  never  eflaced.  France  received 
it  with  enthusiasm,  and  foreig^iers  were  eager 
to  translate  it  into  their  respective  languages. 
Though  it  appears  to  have  been  written  for  the 
inttructioQ  of  youth,  and  particulariy,  for 
that  t>f  a  Prince  9  it  b,  nevertbeleas,  a  book 
for  all  ages  and  every  understanding.  Never 
were  the  riches  of  antiouity  and  the  treasures 
of  ims^^iBatioQ  so^HM^elleihployed:  never  did 
jrirtue  qpeak  «fth'^  enchantinx  language  to 
miMikind.  There  oM  Fenelon  £splay  to  the 
gpcatest  advantage  that  kind  of  eloquence 
which  is  peculiar  to  himself,  that  penetrating 
unction,  that  persuasive  elocution,  that  abun- 
dant sentiment  which  flows  from  the  soul  of 
the  author,  and  posses  into  ours ;  that  ame- 
nity of  style  which  a]wa3rs  flatters  the  car  and 
na^er  faugucs  it;  those  harmonious  periods 
which  appear  to  be  no  more  than  the  natural 
flow  of  his  discourse  and  die  oommoa  accents 
of  his  thoushts ;  that  diction  always  elegant 
and  pure  whkh  elc\'atcs  without  efibrt,  and 
Is  feknoaisioned  without  aficcfation  and  with- 
#iit  hdMur^^bosc  antique  forms  which  at  once 
^  enrich  ^iflBto^^^S*^  ^^^  character  of  the 
Ff^nch  |HP»ge.  In  sNbrt,  that  charming 
facility,  c'l^t^  ^^  ^neM.  characteristics  of 
^ius,  VhSm  produces  i^reat  things  without 
-  labour,  and  difluscs  itsdf  all  around  Mrithout 
beuig  exhausted. 

Every  kind  of  bcau^-  which  pioee  compo- 
sition is  capable  of  rcceiring  is  to  be  founa  in 
Tdpmachus,  Ihe  ihlerest  of  the  fable,  the 
art  of  distribution,  the  choice  of  episodes, 
the  truth  of  characters,  the  dramatic  and  af- 
fecting scenes,  ilie  rich  and  picturcsqtie  des- 
criptlNw^  and  those  fMblime  passages^  sobsp- 


pily  placed,  and  to  naturally  applied*  that  they 
transport  the  soul  without  astonishing  it. 

He  had  formed  his  taste  on  that  of  the  an- 
cients ;  that  is  to  sav,  his  mind  v^as  so  teni- 
pered»  as  to  be  anakioous  to  that  of  the  best 
writera  in  Greece  and  Rome.  If  indeed,  we 
attentively  examine  into  this  congeniality  of 
character  between  the  author  of  Tdemachus 
and  his  illustrious  modek,  we  shall  find  diat 
it  consists  of  an  exquisite  sensibility  of  the 
heart  and  the  organs ;  which  yielding  at  once 
to  the  impiession  of  objects,  gives  them  again 
exactly  as  they^  were  received,  without  b- 
crease,  diminution  or  change;  which  will 
drop  a  tear  at  the  gentlest  cry,  at  the  most 
tranquil  accent  Of  nature,  but  will  prcsenre  a 
dry  ^e  at  all  the  cootorsions  of  art.  It  is  that 
v^hich  made  the  verses  of  Racine,  which 
rives  such  a  charm  to  the  tender  e£Risions  of 
Tibulltts,  and  even  to  the  n^igence  of  Chau- 
lieu ;  in  short,  it  is  that  which  communicates 
to  the  writings  of  Fenelon,  those  soft  and 
pleasing  colours  which  contirrnally  invite  us 
back  to  their  enjoyment,  as  we  are  recalled  to 
a  society  which  charms  us«  or  to  a  friend  who 
consoles  us. 

The  discourse  which  he  pronounced  in  the 
Academy,  when  he  was  received  among  iu 
members ;  the  letter  which  he  addressed  to  it 
on  the  subject  of  poetry ;  the  diak^ues  upon 
eloquence ;  are  so  many  monuments  of  sub- 
lime literature  and  the  most  luminous  criti- 
cism. It  is  impossible  to  read  them  without 
being  enamoured  of  the  ancients,  of  poe*'^ 
and  the  aru,  and  above  all,  without  oeing 
enamoured  of  him.  But  Telemachus  is  not 
an  epic  poem,  as  some,  in  the  ardor  of  their 
zeal  and  their  feelings,  have  consideied  it  Let 
us  not  confound  the  limits  assigned  to  the  aits  j 
and  let  us  remember  that  prose  is  never  tkt 
language  of  the  poet.  It  is  sufficient  for  tha 
glory  cf  Fcn'don  that  it  may  be  the  language 
of  genius. 

Tderoachus,  which,  like  all  his  odier 
writings,  was  purloined  as  it  were,  from  the 
modesty  of  the  author,  gave  him  a  renown 
which  he  made  no  eflbru  to  obtain.  1^ 
Archbishopric  of  Cambray,  which  he  had 
not  solicited,  placed  him  among  the  Prin(!es 
of  tlie  Church,  and  the  education  of  the 
Duke  of  Burgundy,  amons  the  benefoctoisof 
the  state,  wfien  a  depforable  war,  rendered 
famous  by  bis  name,  broke  forth  to  tiodile 
his  happy  and  brilliant  career,  to  flU  his  haait 
with  sorrow  and  his  days  with  bitterness. 

I  ^t  us  pause  for  a  moment,  before  we  enter 
into  these  sad  details,  *and  consider  the  lot  of 
humanity.  How  was  it  possible  that  a  man 
so  beloi-ed,  and  so  worthy  of  it  should  in«i 
with  oersecutors?  Never,  oh  never,  here- 
after, let  mortal  man  flatter  himself  with  the 
hope  of  escaping  from  envy  and  from  hatted 
for  envy  and  hatred  did  not  spa|t  Fenetoo^ 


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[7T 


But  do  we  forget  that  disgrace  b  ever  at  the 
fiecis  of  greatness?  Xiettis  nocbetooeagerto 
lament ;  when  we  shall  see  him  oomlKiting 
with  misfortune,  we  shall  have  another  mo- 
tive to  love  and  admire  him. 

A  religion  which  at  once  elevates  and  sof- 
tens 'f  the  only  one  which  teaches  us  to  know 
and  to  love  God»  which  sufficiently  attests 
that  it  alone  emanates  from  him^  naturally 
bq^ts  a  holy  enthusiasm  in  ardent  minds  and 
warm  imaginations ;  hence  have  arisen  those 
numerous  prodigies  of  zeal,  of  constancy,  and 
courage,  which  have  appeared  in  those  her- 
mitSy  nurtyrs,  and  missionaries,  who  have 
been  all  equally  animated  with  the  generous 
desire  of  procuring  to  others  that  happiness 
which  it  was  the  business  of  their  lives  to 
estimate,  and  to  preach  to  mankind.  But  all 
things,  however  pure^  or  excellent  they  may 
be,  are  capable  of  being  abused.  Innovators 
are  generally  led  astray  by  their  pride  ^  Fene- 
lon,  at  least,  could  not  err  but  by  the  im- 
pulse of  his  sensibility.  It  was  his  object  that 
men  should  love  Goa,  as  he  is  loved  by  the 
angels;  and  beseems  to  have  forgotten,  in 
the  ambble  spirituality  of  his  character,  that 
the  recompense  which  is  promised  to  us  in  an 
eternal  world,  cannot  be  enjoyed  in  that  tem- 
poral state  in  which  we  live  here  below. — 
lliis  was  (k>ubtless  an  error  which  he  him- 
self afterwards  acknowled^ ;  an  error  which 
he  repaired  by  his  submission,  and  could  pro- 
ceed only  from  an  excess  of  spiritual  love. 
That  was  the  essence  of  Fenclon.  His  reli- 
gion was  love  and  friendship  itself,  all  char- 
ming and  beautiful  as  it  is,  when  combined 
with  virtue>  not  being  able  to  satisfy  his  in- 
exhaustible sensibility,  it  sought  an  iniinorUil 
object,  and  these  divine  contemplations  formed 
a  continual  desire  to  anticipate  that  future 
state  where  he  might  love  God,  without  in- 
ter eit  and  without  year.  Such  was  his  error 
which  carries  its  excuse  along  with  it,  and, 
firom  his  editing  submitaion  became  a  new 
triumph  to  him. 

Read  in  Telemachus  his  description  of  the 
Elysian  fields,  and  it  will  appear  with  what 
dcilily  he  transports  himself  into  a  new  or- 
4ier  of  thinp.  It  is  the  inaster-pi^ce  of  an 
empossioned  imagination.  The  expressions 
of  it  seem  to  be  superior  to  the  lan^iage  of 
man :  it  is  a  picture  of  happiness  which  does 
not  belong  to  an  inhabitaiit  of  the  earth,  and 
which  cannot  be  conceived  or  felt  but  by  an 
immortal  nature.  In  reading  it  we  are  borne 
aJoft  to  the  heavens,  and  breathe,  as  it  were, 
the  air  of  immortality,  lliose  who  have  ob- 
serv^,  that  every  one  has  succeeded  in  paint- 
ing  hell,  and  that  no  one  has  succeeded  in 
representing  heaven,  have  only  to  look  en 
the  FJysium  of  Telemachus,  sm^  they  will  at 
least  find  one  exception. 
'  HI9  memory  b  also  rendered  interesting  ai 


well  as  oar  admiration  escitei'  by  the  ooo*^ 
tiast  of  his  conduct  with  that  of  many  of  his 
adversaries.  In  the  memoirs  of  the  age  in 
which  we  live,  we  perceive  the  champions 
of  Port  Royal,  tired  out  with  the  long  and ' 
painful  contest,  in  which  they  revenged 
themselves  by  the  fame  of  their  writings,  or 
the  Anathemas  of  Rome  and  the  animadver- 
sions of  Government,  artfully  contrive  fo 
retire  fiom  the  lists,  to  alarm  religion  and 
the  court  with  a  growing  heresy,  which 
most  certainly  did  not  resemble  theirs.  They 
armed  the  secret  jealousy  of  all  thoae  who  re- 
pined at  the  elevation  of  the  Arehbithop  of 
Uambray ;  Mme.  de  Maintenon  was  influenc- 
ed on  the  occasion,  who  certainly  ought  not  to 
have  engaged  in  discussions  of  theology. 
This  eunning  fiivourite,  possessing  a  delicate 
mind,  but  a  feeble  charact^ ;  who  had  more 
vanity  than  ambition,  and  more  ambition 
than  sensibility  ;  who  could  neither  be  happy 
at  court,  nor  venture  to  quit  it ;  more  jea- 
lous of  governing  the  king  than  the  state  ;  - 
this  woman  whose  destiny  was  very  remarka- 
ble, without  leaving  a  brilliant  name,  had 
loved  Fenelon  as  she  had  loved  Racine,  and 
abandoned  them  both.  Nay,  she  did  more, - 
for  she  supported  those  who  solicited  at  Rome 
the  condemnation  of  the  Archbishop  :  per- 
haps she  was  mortified  at  not  having  acquired 
all  the  ascendency  over  his  mind  and  opinion 
which  she  had  pretended  to  possess  ;  or  she 
had  not  sufiicient  resolution  to  oppose  Louis 
XIV,  who  was  then  guided  by  tiosmet,  the 
Bishop  of  Meaux.  At  that  respected  name, 
at  that  name  which  cannot  be  confounded 
with  the  throng  of  Fenelon's  enemies,  let  us 
cast  aside  the  mjurious  ideas,  which  in  our 
davs,  could  alone  proceed  from  the  hatred  of 
refi^on,  when  his  inflexible  zeal  for  the 
punty  of  its  doctrine,  has  been  misrepi^sent- 
ed  as  proceeding  from  a  violent  spirit  both  in 
his  writing,  and  his  conduct.  Is  it  permitted 
to  ransack  the  heart  of  a  great  man,  in  the 
hope  of  finding  sentiments  there,  which 
woukl  tarnish  his  memory,  by  belying  his 
life  and  his  principles  ?  No,  it  is  not  in  Bos- 
suet  that  genius  can  become  the  persecutor  of 
virtue :  lie  couki  only  be  the  enemy  of  error. 
No,  Bossuet  who  had  seen  the  young  Fcnek>ii 
rise  into  distinctbn,  and  had  nelieki  the  ad- 
vancement of  his  fortune  and  his  fiune ;  who 
had  himself  ordained  him  to  the  episcopal 
dignity,  could  not  view  him  H*ith  the  e)-ei  of 
a  rival,  aAer  he  had  so  lone  redded'  him 
witli  the  eyes  of  a  father.  He  might  be,  as 
he  oug^t  to  have  been,  alarmed  at  the  dan- 
gerous illusions  of  a  ministtr  of  the  church, 
and  of  a  Fenelon :  but  he  couki  feel  n^  alann 
athis'success  and  his  renown.  We  should 
remember  that  he  ranked  too  higli  as  an  ora- 
tor and  a  writer  to  descend  so  far  as  to  sufi'er 
any  impressions  of  jealousy.  If  he  sought 
the  eon(KHnnatk>n  of  those  cirors  into  whicli 
2C3 


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[780 


Feneion  Fi&d  fallen;  k  wad  with  the  spirit  of 
an  apostle,  and  not  with  the  animosity  of  a 
rival  V  and  when  he  dk^mendcd  pardon  of 
Louis  XIV,  for  not  having  sooner  diiiciosed 
to  him  aii  heresy  nu)re  dangerous  even  than 
Calvinism,  he  was  in6uenced  by  the  pious 
fears  of  a  Christian  and  a  Bishop,  and  not  by 
t^hc  ambition  of  a  courtier.  Nor  ought  we 
to  aitrlbute  to  him  the  secret  dispositions  of 
the  monarch,  who,  having  no  judgment  in 
matters  of  this  nature,  was  probably  less  of- 
fended by  the  Maxims  of  tlit  Sainis,*  than 
the  nMLxims  of  Telemadius,  many  of  whicli 
iBftrht  appear  as  reproaches  to  him  ;  but  of 
winch  he  Iiimself,  in  his  last  hours,  confessed 
the  truth. 

But  if  we  are  compelled  to  esteem  in  Bos- 
suct  that  pious  ardour,  that  inexorable  zeal, 
which  predominated  so  powerfully  in  his  cha- 
racter ;  we  must  at  the  same  tinie  cherish  in 
Feneion,  the  moderation  of  his  defence,  the 
s'nrcritv  of  his  submission  and  the  humility 
of  his  defeat.  At  the  sanie  time  that  he  per- 
severed in  disavowing  the  consequences  that 
were  supposed  to  result  from  his  principles ; 
while  he  persisted  in  the  refusal  of  a  recanta- 
tion which  wouM  prevent  his  disgrace,  he  de- 
clared, that,  though  he  did  not  think  it  his 
duty  to  yield  to  his  enemies, '  who  api)eared  to 
him  incapable  of  interpreting  his  ttioughts, 
he  should  not  resist  the  authority  of  the  Holy 
See,  which  possessed  the  risht  to  judge  them. 
F  *r  that  judgment  he  waited  with  a  profound 
resignation  :  he  neither  complained  of  the  in- 
vectives that  were  blended  with  the  refutations 
of  his  opponents,  nor  of  the  stratagems  that 
were  employed  to  effect  his  ruin :  for  all  his 
antagonists  were  not  as  pure  in  their  views  as 
Bossuet ;  and  did  not  con6ne  themselves  to 
the  legitimate  arms  which  he  used.  As  for 
himself  he  never  enlisted  the  iwwsions  in  his 
service :  while  he  prohibited  hb  agent  at  the 
court  of  Rome  from  availing  himself  of  an^ 
discoveries  he  mipht  have  made  6t'  the  intn- 
^esof  his  enemies,  or  above  all,  of  employ- 
ing the  same  means.  He  writes  to  Bcauvil- 
liers, — **  If  the  Pope  condemns  me,  I  shall 
••  be  undeceived :  if  he  does  not  condemn 
^  me,  I  shall  endeavour,  by  my  silence  and 
•«  my  respect,  to  appease  those  of  my  bre- 
**  thren,  who  are  exasuerated  against  me." — 
At  length  Louis  XIV.  tet  loose  his  anger,  the 
services  of  Feneion  were  forgotten,  and  he 
received  orders  to  quit  the  court  and  retire  to 
Cambray.  His  friends  were  exiled  and  his 
relations  deprived  of  their  employments.  The 
sentence  ot  condemnation  against  him  was 
urged  at  Rome  with  uncommon  seal ;  but  it 
was  obtained  with  great  difficulty,  and  the 
jud<i^  pronounced  it  with  equal  regret,  and 
with  some  exceptfons  that  were  favourable  to 
him  ;  so  that  his  enemies  did  not  appear  tot 

*  A  th^eological  work  of  Fijnelon. 


think  their  triumph  oompleai.  They  did  not 
then  know  that  they  were  preparing  one  for 
bim  that  they  might  envy,  and  to  w-nich  no- 
tli-.og  but  imitators  was  wanting.  At  a  time 
when  a  spirit  of  discord  aad  of  resistance  pre- 
vailed in  the  church  ;  when  on  all  sides  were 
seen  examples  of  revolt  and  none  of  obedience, 
Feneion  ascended  the  pulpit,  anrioanced  thst 
he  wascondenmcil,  and  that  he  submitted, 
and  invited  all  the  j)ernlc  of  his  diocese  (o 
folfew  the  example  of  his  submission.  He 
then  published  that  mandatory  letter,  which 
has  been  presehxd  to  Us,  as  a  model  of  im- 
pressive eloquence  and  evangelic  simplicity. 
This  act  of  resignation  consisting  of^  a^cVr 
lines,  and  contained  in  one  page,  has  well 
desened  to  escape  that  oblivion  which  has 
overwhelmed  those  innumerable  volumes,  the 
monuments  of  controversy  and  polemic  ragp, 
niucli  Kave  done  so  much  injury  to  religion, 
witliout  a  casual  atom  of  real  good  ;  whereas, 
it  may  be  said  with  truth,  that  if  it  pleased 
God  to  employ  a  miracle  to  bring  to  the  faith 
all  the  rest  ot  the  earth;  if  we  may  presume 
to  use  the  expression,  let  him  be  graciously 
pleased,  frequently  to  renew  the  example  and 
the  virtues  of  Feneion. 

Bossuet,  after  his  victory,  pa«sed  for  the 
most  learned  and  the  most  orthodox  Bishop  cf 
the  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  Feneion,  after 
his  defeat,  for  the  most  unpresuming  anrf 
amiable  of  men.    Bossuet  continued  to  he 
admired  at  court ;  Feneion  to  be  adored  at 
Cambray,  and  throughout  Europe.     Perhaps 
this  is  the  proper  place  to  make  a  comparison 
between  the  talents  and  the  reputation  of  two 
men  equally  celebrated  and  equally  immortal. 
It  may  \)e  said  that  both  of  them  were  endu- 
ed with  superior  geniuj ;  but  that  the  one  had 
jiiore  of  that  grandeur  which  elevates.,  and  of 
that  strength   which  overpowers ;  while  the 
other  possessed  more  of  that  softness  which 
penetrates,  and  that  charm  which  conciliates. 
One  was  the  oifacle  of  established  doctrines, 
the  other  that  of  christian  ethics:  but  it  ap- 
pears tliat  Bossuet.  in  conquering  for  the  faitn. 
In  thunderinc  againt  heresy,    was   npt  kss 
occupied    witti    nis  own  personal  triumph* 
than  those  of  Christianity  ;  while  it  appear** 
on  the  contrary,  that  Feneion  spoke  oijiff"^ 
as  we  speak  oi  what  we  love  > '  cxbhellishing 
it  without  the  least  consciousness  pf  what  hi 
had  eifected,  and  alwa}^  forgetting  Iiimsclfi* 
without  anyimpression  of  his  having  made  a 
sacrifice.    Their  labours,  also,  were  as  dif- 
ferent as  their  characters.    ^Bossuet  born  fot 
the  combath  of  the  mind  and  the  victories  of 
the  understandinSy    preserved  even  in   his 
writings  of  a  difl^rent  kind,  that  bold  and 
nen'ous  expression,  that  vigorous  arguiueat, 
that  rapidity  of  ideas,  those  strong  and  ardent 
figures,  which  are  the  arms  of  language.    F^ 
nclon,  formed  to  love  petce  and  to  inspire  it, 
preserved  his  f^iic  lu^Cj  even  iu  conti^ 


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AT.  de  la  Harp/s  EuUglum  of  Fenelon. 


179Z 


VjBMy*  ani  appears!  io  have  united,  in  bis 
rtvle,  all  the  secret  powen  of  pvsuasion. 
The  claims  of  Bo9^uet  on  posterity^  are  chief- 
ly derived  from  his  fi^neral  orations  and  his 
.oiscottfse  4ni  htstOTV  :  but  Bossuet  as  an  histo- 
rian and  orator,  may  meet  with  rivals ;  \yhile 
Telemacbus  stands  by  itself,  and  notliing  can 
i>e  brought  io  competition  with  it.  To  the 
workintitled  Let  rariationsy  Jcc.  containing 
bis  warfare  agonist  heresy,  may  be  opposed 
the  volume,  9ur  ^Existence  ae  Dieu,  ex- 
pressly written  to  combat  atbejism,  a  fatal  and 
destructive  doctrine,  which  tears  f^m  misery 
its  consola;tion>  from  virtue  its  immortality ; 
freezes  the  heart  of  the  good  roan,  by  depnv- 
ing  him  jof  his  witness  and  friend  ;  and  ren- 
ders justice  go)y  to  jihe  \v(cked»  whom  it  ap- 
fuhiiates. 

This  work  on  the  Existence  of  God  unites 
all  the  proofs  of  it ;  but  the  b<9t  of  them  is  the 
author  himself.  Such  a  mind  is  in  itself  an 
incontrovertible  evidence,  that  there  is  som&< 
thinz  worthy  of  an  eternal  existence. '  It 
was  during  the  time  he  resided  at  Cambray, 
which  was  called  his  exile,  as  if  the  seat  of  our 
4uty  could  ht  a  pkce  of  exile ;  it  was  then 
that  he  displayed,  in  a  peculiar  manner,  all 
jthose  personal  qualities,  which  tendered  him 
iruiy  worthy  the  title  of  Shepherd  of  the 
People,  whjch  was  fornjerly  given  to  Kings. 
jt  has  been  said,  indeed,  thajt  he  regretted  the 
court. — Nor  is  it  improbable,  that,  tenderly 
attached  as  he  was  to  the  youns  prince,  as 
well  as  to  those  friends  whom  he  had  chosen, 
and  whose  regard  he  so  well  deserved,  he 
pii^t  sometimes  rccret  the  cliarms  of  their 
society,  as  well  as  the  sight  of  that  dear  a^d 
august  youth,  whom  he  had  fbrmed  for 
France,  and  wlio  was  alwap  in  his  heart. 
3^t  what  censor  is  thefe  so  severe,  wliat  ma^ 
is  there  so  obdun^te,  as  to  oopsider  scntimenU 
60  just  and  so  natural,  a^  deser\'tng  of 
reproach  ^  It  is  true,  that  Fcneloo  had 
something  to  lose;  we  hol4  to  our  firs( 
affections,  to  our  habitual  connections,  tp 
our  labours,  and  our  hopes.  It  m^y  be 
j^adily  believed,  that  the  virtues  which 
remained  for  him  to  practise,  the  only 
consolations  to  s^  man  like  him,  might  be 
more  ditHcult  to  exercise,  than  those  which 
had  already  distinguislied  his  liib;  but  be 
performed  thcpi  all.  In  hjs  diocese,  he  gave 
nimself  up  entirely  to  $he  functioc^s  of  his 
ministry :  every  day  apd  c\'cry  hour  in  the 
day  was  devoted  to  theip, — Yes,  that  sublime 
writer,  with  all  his  brilliant  and  refined 
powers,    condescended  to    occupy    himself 

ethe  most  trifling  duties  of  ecclesiastical 
ministration,  if  the  performance  of  a  duty, 
it  what  it  n^ay,  can  be  called  a  condescen- 
sion. He  prcachecl  in  the  church  of  a  village 
Witli  as  much  satisfaction  ti&  in  the  ehapel  of 
Vcrsaillei.  That  voice  which  liad  charmed 
th^  qourt  of  Louis  3^1  Vj  tl^tgonius  which 


had  enlightened  Europe,  were  employed  in 

giving  instruction  to  the  mechanic  and  the 
ertlbman.  His  ixw^es-lons  were  in  reality 
the  possessions  of  the  poor.  He  was  natu^  ^ 
rally  of  a  disinterested  character,  ami  when 
the  King  gave  him  the  Archbishopric  of 
Cambiay,  he  volunurily  resigned  the  Abbey 
of  Saint  Valery,  He  disuibuled  liis  lev^inucs 
among  the  ecclesiastics,  who  were  atunlive 
to  tlieir  duties,  and  whose  incomes  were  not 
adcquale  to  their  support;  to  t'.iOse  retreau 
where  the  female  sex  are  sheltered  from 
seduction,  but  which  are  not  always  secured 
from  poverty  ;  to  those  asylums  consecrated 
to  the  relief  of  suffering  humanity,  and  which 
fre<juently  want  the  necessaries  of  life  j  aod 
tQ  thpsc  unfortunate  persons  who  would 
rather  suflier  ip  secret,  than  be  exposed  to 
blush  at  their  wants,  and  who  would  often 
perish  in  obscurity,  if  there  were  pot  minds 
of  a  superior  mouKl,  who  go  in  scareh  of  the 
distress  which  hides  itself  from  observation.— 
But  we  must  turn  from  individual  distress  to 
the  vast  scene  of  misfortune  which  offered 
itself  to  the  sensibility  of  Fenelon.  That 
year,  the  most  fatal  of  all  the  latter  yi^ars  of 
Louis  XIV.,  when  it  a|>i>eared  as  if  Heaven 
hiid  determined  that  I*  ranee  should  expiate 
its  vaunted  prosperity,  and  obscure  the  lustre 
of  the  most  splepdid  reign   that  had  distiti* 

§  wished  its  annab,  The  eartli,  barren,  from 
le  rivers  of  blood  with  which  it  had  been 
inundated,  became  as  cruel  as  those  who 
ravaged  it.  The  people  overwhelmed,  at  the 
same  time,  by  an  unfortunate  war,  by 
increasing  taxes  apd  bitter  want,  gave  them- 
stilves  up  to  discouragement  and  despair— The 
sptall  quantity  of  provisions  that  had  been 
preserved  or  gathered  in,  were  so  enhanced 
in  tbe  price,  as  to  tenify  the  indigent,  and 
to  distress  even  the  rich.  An  army,  the  only 
defence  of  tlie  sUte,  look^  in  vaiu  for  its 
suhsistepce,  to  those  maiajizines,  which  a 
destructive  winter  had  deprived  of  their  sup- 
plies. On  this  occasion,  Fenelon  set  an 
example  of  generosity  ;  lie  was  the  first  to 
send  them  the  produce  of  his  farms,  and 
imitating  his  example,  tlie  surrounding 
country  made  similar  efforts,  and  a  bounteous 
liberality  appeared  in  the  midst  of  dearth. — 
Disease*  the  inevitable  consequepce  of  want, 
soon  desolated  the  army  and  the  com. try. 
Tlie  invasion  of  the  enemy,  added  terror  and 
consternation  to  so  many  accumulated  ex'xU. 
The  country  \yvi&  deserted,  and  its  terrifiel 
inhabitants  ,lled  into  the  towns,  where  ac^ 
cqp>il^oddtiops  could  not  bo  provided  for  ttic 
crowd  which  demanded  them,  ^t  was  then 
he  opened  hb  palace  to  the  sick,  to  the 
wounded,  to  the  poor,  ^ihout  exception  ^ 
and  engaged  his  rcvtnues^Lo  procure  a  recp.p? 
tiop  for  those  whom  he  could  not  receive 
himself.  He  feared  not  the  o^ata^^ion  of 
disease,  nor  did  he  turn  aside  from  the  sad 
scene  of  human  wrevclwdnc^  wluch  preheated 

a  c  4 


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783] 


Account  of  the  Island  of  Cuba. 


[;»* 


itself  bcfbre  him.— What  must  be  our  feel- 
ings, when  we  sec  a  man  venerable  from  his 
age,  hb  rank  ami  his  learning,  like  an 
angel  of  mercy  giving  help  and  consolation 
amidst  the  blessings  of  those  whom  he  suc- 
coured, and  offering  the  most  affecting  ex- 
ample of  tliose  virtues  which  he  liad  himself 
tau^t. 

The  name  of  Fenelon  was  venerated 
throu^^ut  Europe,  and  ocn  the  enemies  of 
his  country  felt  tlicmsclves  compelled  to 
respect  him.  Eugene  and  Marlborough,  who 
at  that  time  were  desolating  France,  were 
anxious  to  shew  him  that  reverence,  which 
victory  and  heroism  roost  willingly  grant  to 
TOacetul  talents  and  the  unarnMd  virUies. 
Detachments  were  ordered  to  guard  his 
estates,  and  his  grain  was  escorted  to  the 
gates  of»Canibray.  All  that  belonged  to  him 
was  considered  as  sacred. — ^Nay,  more  than 
once  the  archbi&hop  Fenelon  was  seen  with 
an  escort  of  Austrian  hussars,  who  considered 
it  as  a  distinction  to  be  permitted  to  conduct 
him. 

If  he  possessed  such  an  ascendant  over 
those  who  knew  him  only  by  reputation, 
what  must  be  the  affections  of  those  who  were 
to  happy  as  to  approach  him.  He  was  of  an 
equal  temper,  there  was  an  elegant  simplicity 
in  his  behaviour;  and  his  conversation  was,  at 
once,  copious  and  animated.  His  sleep  was 
fhort,  his  repast  frujral,  and  his  manners 
possessed  an  irreproacliabk  purity.  As  he 
knew  no  listless  hours  he  never  applied  to 
play ;  his  only  recreation  was  walkmg,  and 
be  made  that  subservient  to  the  exercise  of  his 
benevolence.  When  be  met  the  country 
people  he  was  delighted  to  converse  with 
them,  and  has  often  been  seen  silting  upon 
the  grass  in  a  circle  of  them  \  he  would 
enter  their  cottages,  and  receive  with  pleasure 
what  their  hospitable  simplicity  offered  to 

him.  , .    ,.^      t 

In  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  was 
engaged  in  a  kind  of  philosophic  correspon- 
dence with  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  afierwawls 
f^ent  of  France,  upon  those  great  questions 
which  torture  human  curiosity,  and  to  which 
revelation  alone  can  give  an  answer.  It  was 
this  intercourse  which  produced  xht  Letters  on 
Beligion. 

It  was  about  this  time  that  an  opinion 
prevailed  of  his  wish  to  return  to  court.  It 
was  said  also  that  he  declared  himself  against 
Jansenism,  merely  to  flatter  the  opinions  of 
Louis  XIV.,  and'  to  revenge  himself  of  Car- 
dinal Noailles  who  had  condemned  Quietism. 
Biu  Fenelon  was  incapable  of  revenge,  and- 
was  fomied  to  love  the  pious  Noailles,  though 
he  might  not  tliink  like  him  :  besides,  he  had 
alway*  opp<»cd  tlie  doctrines  of  Port-Royal. 
After  all,  could  it  be  in  retirement  and 
old  age>  that  this  incorruptible  man  who 
had  never  practised  flattery  even  at  court, 
thoukl  leara  the  art  of  dissimulation  ? 


His  life,  which  did  not  exceed  the  oidiaaij 
term  of  tbeda}^  of  man,  as  it  did  doI  eztewf 
beyond  sixty  years,  experienced  the  sono^ 
which  is  reserved  for  length  of  days.  He 
lived  to  see  all  those  die  whom  ne  most 
loved.  ,  He  wept  at  the  death  of  BemuviUien 
and  Chevreuse :  and  it  need  not  be  added  with 
what  grief  he  deplored  the  fate  of  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  that  object  of  his  paternal  affac- 
tionjt,  and  who,  in  the  course  of  «^tiiie» 
should  have  long  survived  him.  He  saoii 
folk>wed  his  royal  disciple.    A  violent  and 

Sinful  disease  carried  him  off  in  six  days. 
e  suffered  with  constancy,  and  died  with 
the  tranquillity  of  a  pure,  neart,  who  sees 
nothing  in  death,  but  the  instant  when  virtue 
draws  nig^  to  the  Supreme  Being  whose  woik 
she  was.  His  last  words  were  expressions  of 
respect  and  iove  for  the  King  who  had  dis- 
graced bim,  and  for  the  Church  which  had 
condemned  him. 

His  memonr  should  have  the  same  advtn- 
taeeashis  life;  that  of  producing  a  love  of 
religion.  If  its  doctrine  had  always  been 
announced  by  ministers  like  him,  how 
glorious  would  it  have  been  for  religion  it- 
•elf,— -how  h^py  would  it  have  b«en  fee 
mankind. — ^WTiat  virtuous  man  would  le- 
fuse  to  be  of  the  religion  of  Fenelon ! 

ACCOUKT  OF  THE  ISLAND  OF  CUBA. 

(From  the,  Spanish  Universai  Traveller.) 
Great  part  of  the   following  observationt-^ 
are  the  result  of  a  voya^  to  Cuba,  by  the 
editor  of  the  Fiagero  untversaL    For  more 

C'cular  details  he  is  indebted  to  the  in* 
ation  of  his  fellow-traveller  Don  Buenm* 
Ventura  Ferrer,  a  native  of  the  island,  with 
whom  he  embarked  for  the  Havannab. 

The  waters  of  the  Gulph  of  Mexico  flow 
into  the  ocean  bytwo  passages/  One  near  St. 
Augustine^s  in  'Florida,  the  other  near  the 
province  of  Yucaun.  In  the  centre  lies 
Cuba,  the  laigest  of  the  Antilles,  in  lat, 
«0<*  to  30°  15' ;  long.  288°  ^  to  301°  2^,  Its 
length  is  computed  at  £35  leagues,  its  breadth 
is  unequal ;  at  the  broadest  part  it  extends 
45  leap^ies ;  at  the  narrowest  end  14  leagues*. 
The  circumference  amounts  to  more  than60O 
leagues.  A  general  temperature  prevails 
o\'er  the  island;  winter  never  appears  here, 
and  frost  and  snow  are  only  known  by  re- 
port. It  might  be  asserted  that  the  climate 
IS  a  perpetual  sum  mer.  ITie  heat  conusences 
in  May  and  continues  till  October.  In 
Noveinber,  December,  and  Januaiv,  die 
N.  wind  prevaiU,  and  mitigates  the  heat  In 
some  degree,  'fhe  whole  difference  between 
summer  and  winter  at  the  Ha\'annah  is  about 
3°.  The  rains,  which  are  of  long  con- 
tinuance, do  not  sensibly  afi^  tlie  degree  of 
heat.  At  the  Havannah,  they  generally 
begin  in  June,  and  last  till  November,  ac- 
companied with  dreadful  storms  j  and  in  th^ 


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7§53 

neighboarhood  of  SttnUagosUf^tearthquftkoi 
are  aometimcs  felu  Jtme  81,  1791>  &  ^^ 
luge  of  mm  for  S4  luwrs  caosed  all  the 
streams  to  Ofverflow  j  the  river  Aimendariz, 
particularly,  inuiubted  the  surroondiiig 
eoootiy,  drove  all  the  shi|>-tiinber  col- 
lected there  against  a  bridge,  which  had 
cost  80,000  piastres  in  building,  carried  it  off. 


jtceount  of  the  Island  ^  Cula.  [7^6 

No  part  of  the  island'  is  devoted  to  the 
culture  of  wheat,  of  the  olive,  or  of  the  vine. 
Every  article  of  dqthing  is  brought  from 
EiHOpe,  for  there  is  not  a  single^  manuiactnre 
of  an)r  kind.  We  may  easily  imagine  from 
this  circumstance,  to  what  an  extent  com« 
merce  must  be  carried  at  the  Harannah. 
The  amount  of  it  in   1792,  was  reckoned  at 


and  formed  a  new  bed  for  its  waters.    Nearlv  !  35,600,000  piastres^  the  King's  duties  were 
.  SOO  men  periidied.     But  the  tobaoco-mills 

suffered  most,  as  th^  were  partly  desuroyed, 

and  partly  carried  to  tne  distance  cm.  two  miles 

hy  the  change  of  the  stream. 

Cuba  is  highly  giAed  by  nature;  metals 

and    minoals   ak>ne  are  wanting;    on  the 

contrary  it  abounds  in  other  treasures  more 

substantial.    Inhere  b  not  one  navt^Me  river, 

4ml V   smidi  rivulets  and  streams,   and   148 

lakes  conuintng  iish.    The  sea  also  sujpplies 

the  inhabitants  with  various  kinds  of  Ash  of 

the  boi  quality.     There    is  a  great  abun- 
dance of  turtle,    and  on  festivals  no  other 

iish  is  eaten.    All  the  fine  fruits  and  v^et- 

ables  peculiar  to  hot  climates  are  plentifully 

pcoduoed.    The  pine-apples  are  preferred  to 

aU  others.    The  country  is  constantly  clothed 

with  Terdure,  and  no  tree  sheds  its  leaves 

before  others  are    ready    to  re{Jace   them. 

Some  fruits  yield  two  crops.     The    chief 

produce  of  the  Ldand  is  the  sug^UHamCc    At 

present  thc^  reckon  600  sugar-mills.    From 

these,    including  what  is  consumed  in  the 

country,  more  3ian  two  millions  of  arrols 

(I  cwt.  each)   of  sugar  was    exported  to 

Europe.     The  profits,    likewise,    must   be 

considerable  to  defray  the  great  expenses  of  a 

sugar  plantation.    Hie  duty  alone  amounts  to 

some  thousands  of  piastres.     In  the  plantation, 

visited  by  our  author,  above  200  negroes  were 

enii.k>\ed.     The  head    overseer  commonly 

receives  from  700  to  1,000  piastres  annual 

wages ;  the  inferior  officers  are  paid  in  pro- 
portion. 

Tobacco  is  the  ncott  most  important  pro- 
duce of  the  bland.     It  is  all  cultivated  and 
.  sold    on   the  King*s    account.     In    1792, 

120,000  arrof)s  (^cwt.  each)    were  sent  to 

Spain,  without  reckoning  the  quantity  con- 
sumed in  the  country,   or  in  other  pjurts  cf 

America.     The  exprt  of  wax   that   year 

amounted  to  20,000  arrohs,    fiees  have  only 

been  introduced    in    Cuba    since  the  year 

1764.    After  the  peace  of  Versailles,  when 

Florida  was  ceded    to    the    English,   some 

families  came  over  from  St.  Augustine  and 

brought  some  hives  with  them.     In  a  short 

time  thev  incieaaed  so  much,  that  the  sugar- 

phmtatidns  were  endangered.  In  1792,  6,000 

arrobs  of  cotton,  were  satheied.    Cocoa  and 

indigo  are  not  coltivated  in  any  proportion  to 

the  extent  they  might  be.    The  sugar-planta- 
tions, whioh  promise  greater  gain,  are  the 

cause  of  those  v^uable  productioos  bftng  neg- 
lected,* 


90<),000  piastres.  The  most  lucrative  branch 
is  the  alave-trsde.  Natives,  as  well  as  fo^ 
rcigners.  may  panicijpate  in  it.  In  1798, 
181  vessek  laden  witn  these  victims,  arrived 
at  the  Havannah.  A  free  importation  of 
tiiem  was  altewed  in  I789>  and  confirmed 
and  exteuded  in  1791.  From  that  period  to 
I7d^»  2,817  slaves  of  both  sexes  were  im* 
ported.  If  we  reckon  one  with  anotfier 
at  200  piastres,  the  total  will  be  443/400 
piastres. 

Cuba  abounds  vrith  choioe  woods,  such  as 
ebony,  cedar,  eaoba  and  gutufacan,  &e. 
whioi  are  exported  in  great  quantities  to 
Spain.  The  nighest  mountains  are  caHcd 
the  Tetas  de  Mmut^na,  Cattle,  horses^ 
and  mules,  were  first  introduced  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  they  have  increased  to  sudi 
an  extend  that  they  reckon  at  present  a 
thousand  nerd  of  large  cattle,  580  norse  and 
sheep  stalls,  and  300  places  for  fattening  of 
oxen,  which  belong  to  3,600  (arms,  and 
6,000  country  seats. 

The  Havannah  must  be  considered  as  the 
first  staple  in  South  America.  All  the  mer- 
chandize of  the  old  and  new  woild,  shipped 
from  Europe  to  America,  or  from  thence  td 
Europe,  must  there  be  landed,  packed,  and 
entered.  This  causes  a  daily  increase  of 
population  and  wealth.  The  real  population 
of  the  Havannah  is  not  aven  by  our  author. 
According  to  Raynal,  tne  whole  island,  in 
1774,  contained  171,688  souls,  of  which 
1^8,766  were  slaves.  Our  author  refers  to  a 
later  estimate  that  states  the  nun;ber  at 
600,000 ;  a  population  very  inconsiderable  in 
comparison  of  the  extent  and  fertility  of  the 
islanid. 

Castle  3foiTo  is  first  seen  in  making  the 
harbour  of  the  Havannah.  It  staiKk  on  a 
perp^TidicuUr  rock,  and  was  built  in  1584, 
by  command  of  Philip  II.  In  1762,  it 
was  taken  by  the  English,  after  a  siege  of  64 
daj-s.  On  the  12th  oS  August  following  the 
ci^  capitulated.  Both  were  given  up  at  the 
peace  of  17  W.  The  riew  of  the  city  from  the 
sea  is  delightful.  It  stands  on  a  spacious 
plain,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  chain  of  ttroog 
hill-forts.  The  houses  are  roosdy  k>w,  and 
lately  the  streets  have  been  regularly 
iKivcxI.  Between  the  city  and  a  largie  snburD 
lies  the  Campus  Martiut, 

Tlie  surrounding  country  embellishat  the 
pospect  of  the  Hax^aimah^  as  it  is  always 
verdant  und  covered  with  an  iimumerabltt 


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Jkfibuni  of  the  Jsi&nd  6/  Cuhb 


irm 


fipmber  of  trees.  The  mmith  of  the  hjiTbour 
is  abopt  loop  'gjeomctrical  paces  in  wi^dth  ; 
Iwt  pwinjg  to  shallow  water  men  of  wpr  pre 
pjjligeii  to  run  io  as4  out  tl;rough  |i  canaL 
*Xhp  har^MTy  9fh^iwist,  is  very  good,  and 
|^pa})}e  of  contaiain^  nearly  a  thoysand  vwr 
;^\s.  The  depth  of  vn^f,  where  8hip'3  can 
(ipchDT  pear  th^  mole,  is  generally  eight  fa- 
\\ipmr  T)iey  eutdeavour  always,  t>y  okansin^, 
\o  k^p  the  s^une  degree  of  depth,  which  is 
|he  nior<s  necessary  as  the  sewers  from  th« 
pjty  r]Z|i  into  the  harbppr,  and  choa)^  it  a0 
giii^b,  ^ft^  it  woujd  soon  become  useless. 

WhPP^^  enters  the  Havti^nah  fpr  the  first 
liine,  mpst  be  strupk  with  the  singular  ap- 

fffirai^ire  of  the  interior.  The  pMn  jn  th^ 
frf pta  ji^re  ejthef  pegrpes  pr  pnulattoc«.  The 
'  IV^itea  seldopfi  gp  on  foot,  but  niostly  ride  in 
fjpse  qtfri^gea.  Still  nu>re  uncomfnon  is  it 
|Q  se^  >vom^p  Cf  any  rank  on  foot,  except 
l^'hen  going  to  mass ;  b)3t  then  curiosity  is 
f  Cfy  littk  gifiti^,  for  they  are  pnve}o|)€4  in 
^\\^\i  tuftni^llas.  The  university  is  entirely  in 
^  \\An^9  of  the  Domipicans.  '  TJiere  are  six 
Df<)fjP6spr&  pf  theolpgy,  and  six  of  law  j  four 
c^ii;^  arp  appointed  for  medicine,  and  three 
fptX  pjiilosoppy.  The  philosophj^  taught  there 
l^ppfinues  \o  pp  the  Aristotelian.  In  the  con- 
^^n\  of  Jiclin,  chil4fep  of  all  colours  are  in- 
'^fuctc^  gtitiis,  in  riding,  writing,  and  ac- 
pppnt^s.  A  patyiptic  society  has  been  eetablishr 
f(),  where  premiupis  are  distribute^  for  arts 
|q^  ^^rioiUure.  This  institution  is  fumish- 
f^  vvit)i  ^  library  ;  and  ajperiodical  paper  an- 

Seaw  p»eiy  Sppday  an4  Tnprsdjiy,  under  tnf; 
ir^tion  6f  its  metpbers. 
^  great  ^ant  at  the  Havannah  is  that  pf 
'fpo^  water,  ^hat  is  brought  fn  in  the  At' 
ftf^4ttr}2^  by  ineans  pf  a  capal,  is  muddy 
f(p|)  Ul  tasted!  Toobviatp  this  evi),  the  rain 
%i'atef  is  collected  in  cisterns.  The  city  has 
eight  gates,  of  which  onlv  twp  are  op  the 
jand-sidp.  The  fincit  building  is  the  palace 
ff  i{ie  paptain-general.  The  arK-pat  is  a 
pnile  ip  pircupifercn^,  apd>»vell  supplied  with 
itpres ;  nien  of  war  anfl  othjer  vessels  are 
^uil^  there.  The  building  and  arningepient 
fjf  the  tPlwifCP  manufactory  is  said  to  have 
fpst  2^,ppO  piastres.  IV  city,  vyi^pout 
jf pkoning  tjip  luburps,  is  two  iriilcs  jp  cirr 
ipnaferpncp.    It  is  protected  by  strong  rap- 

{ffrW  anji  pitches,  as  well  toward  the  lanfl 
ti  pip  sfa.  it  cpptaips  a  numerpus  nohility, 
tpiong  whopa  are  r^konejl  twenty  -  tup 
Ipranchps  pf  llip  Kighest  lanH,  styled  Tif^hs 
^f  Q^isi'tUq^.  In  ^e  subufbB  ?|l  trie  streets 
fj^  uppavp^  and  irregplar,  cpnsequently  pfter 
vip|epv  wins  they  are  impassable,  poweier, 
fjfipsp  part*  are  very  populous,  J)eing  generally 
preffqfed  tp  the  ^^i^*  particpjarly  in  the  hot 
lefLson.  pppops  live  there  nidre  at  lihefty, 
fpeajf  is  purer,  and  the  houses  more  spacious. 
Therp  SR  no  regular  theatre  at  the  Wavan- 
■ah  j  por  can  tlw  copjnp>rs,  slight-^f-han^ 


men,  rope-dancers,  and  jumpers,  be  conAr 
dered  as  supplying  its  place.  The  buU- fights 
are  on  a  better  fbotins ;  for  the  Spaniard^ 
cannot  resign  that  darling  passion.  StiQ, 
however,  th^  are  fkr  inferior  to  those  91 
3pain.  By  th<»  length  ©f  the  royage  the  am- 
n[ial8  lose  their  natite  fbrocity, 'which  suit? 
the  fighters  here  very  well,  as  they  want  the 
necessary  art  and  cleverness  Oii  the  othef 
hand,  they  supply  the  loss  by  cock-fi^te, 
which  are  very  oommon.  There  ire  person* 
in  the  Havannah  who  keep  their  own  initia- 
tory cock-pits.  The  method  of  fighting  is  of 
two  kinds.  The  cocks  fight  either  solely  with 
their  bills,  owisequently  the  battle  is  gene- 
rally undecided  ;  or  they  cut  off  the  left  sp«r 
of  each  animal,  and  fasten  on  a  sharp  blade 
an  inch  in  length.  Hence  the  combat  is  soon 
decide4  by  the  flight,  pr  ^eath  pf  one  pf  tke 
combatants. 

The  flotilla  of  Ovarda  Castas  eonsists  of 
men  of  war,  to  pix)'«rt  the  treasure  from 
Vera  Cruz  to  the  Havannah.  They  alsq 
bring  provisions  fropi  Puerto  Eico,  la  Guayra^ 
Cumana,  aiul  Louisiana.  The  garrison  is 
composed  pf  two  veteran  regiments,  of  two 
battalions  each,  one  calkd  the  Hai}annakf 
the  other  t}ie  Cula  ^  two  pompapips  of  li^t 
in&ntry,  a  squadron  of  drp^ns,  a  native 
re^ment  of  infantry  of  twp  blitallions,  a  eft- 
vairy  regipient  of  ibur  squadrons,  wi^h  ^n 
firtiliery  corps,  an()  different  companies  of 
negroes  and  nmlatoes,  who  serve  as  artillenr- 
men.  The  total  number  of  troopsi  pn  tfie 
island  inay  be  reckpnpd  at  10,000:  a  fbree 
much  too  small  to  inan  the  nupnber  of  forts^ 
ip  case  of  an  attack  on  the  island. 

The  wholp  land  and  sea  force,  with  the 
government  of  tlie  islanfl,  are  und6r  tlie  com-, 
pnand  of  a  captain-general.  Hence  the  ap- 
pointment Is  of  very  great  importance,  an(t 
always  givep  to  a  meritorious  and  respeptable 
general.  The  two  governments,  of  the  Ha- 
vapnah  an^i  Cuba,  arp  subdivided  ipto  differ- 
ent snfiall  jurisdiction**.  The  alcaides  an4 
governors  try  all  civil  disputes,  as  well  as 
prhninal  cases.  Where  the  contending  par- 
ties are  not  military,  appeals  are  made  to  the 
high  court  of  the  district,  which  is  nqw  at 
Puerto  del  J^rincipe,  The  power  of  the  cap- 
taip-^gencral  extends  likewi^  over  Louisiana 
fmd  Mobile,  The  second  in  command  is  the 
gpveppf  pf  tjie  Havann;xh  5  who  in  case  of 
fibsence  pr  death  of  ^e  captain-geneial,  acts 
provisionally  in  his  stead. 
^  Most  joumies  tp  distant  plapes  are  inade  by 
water,  where>'cr  it  is  possible.  But  sho«il3 
anyoneVi»h  to  visit  the  interior,  thmigh  he 
Vv'ould  pot  ^  exposed  to  robbers  and  wik) 
feasts,  yet  he  miAt  entirely  forego  all  those 
Convenience^,  \Vhich  travellers  meet  with  i^ 
other  cpuntries. '  As  there  is  little  intercourse 
with  the  interior,  the  roads  are  bad  ;  there  (^ 
no  passage  over  the  tt{e«ips  j  and  notfung  ^[^ 


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^89] 


Account  of  the  Salt  Lakes  and  Mines  ia  Russia. 


sembllns  aa  inn.  hi  some  huts  are  to  be 
found  dicese,  frutts,  cassava  bread,  meat  in 
abutodance,  and  nim^  but  uo  place  for  a  bed, 
for  the  inhabitants  scarcely  tiave  room  for 
tfiemselves.  On  the  contrary,  the  fiarmera, 
who  live  on  the  roads  are  so  very  hospita- 
ble, that  their  tables  are  ahv^rs  Covered  with 
two  or  three  dish^  for  travellers  >  they  con- 
strain thetn  to  enter  and  partake  of  their  fare 
eraluitously.  The  people  ^n  general,  at  a 
distance  from  the  capital,  are  well  disposed, 
domestic,  and  lively. 

The  4*ity  of  Baracca  is  the  inost  ancient  oh 
the  island.  It  stands  on  the  N.  E.  coast,  at 
the  distance  of  3*24  leagues  from  the  Havan- 
nah.  The  population  is  not  more  than  2,700 
souls. 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  being  a  bishop's  see, 
and  having  t)een  built  by  Felasauez,  is  al- 
wap  considered  as  the  capital.  Its  distance 
from  the  Havannah  is  reported  to  l>e  269 
leagues.  The  streets  and  houses  are  distribu- 
ted witlibut  order  or  taste.  It  is  subject  to 
slight  earthquakes.  The  harbour  is  spacious, 
and  secure.  Its  population  and  trade  are  at 
present  on  the  decline,  still  the  number  of  in- 
habitants may  be  reckoned  at  20,000.  The 
women  are  said  to  be  the  handsomest  in  the 
island.  It  contains  different  convents,  and  is 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  governor  and  a 
civil  magistrate. 
*  Puerto  del  Principe  is  the  most  populous 
city  after  the  Havannah,  containing  30,000 
souls  5  and  iiKreases  daily  by  being  the  seat 
cf  the  highest  court  of  judicature.  It  is 
distant  from  the  Havannah  lt>3  leagues. 

Twenty-two  leagues  from  tlience  stands 
iSan  Carlos  de  Maritanzas,  with  a  strong 
fort,  and  naving  a  good  harbour.  Tlie  po- 
pulation 7000  souls* 

Ilofguin  reckons  600.  Guiza,  belonging 
to  a  marquis  of  the  same  name,  contains  near- 
ly the  same  number.  In  the  four  cities  of 
ianto  Espirito,  Trinidad,  Santa  Clara,  and 
San  Juan  do  los  Retnedios,  they  reckon 
30,000.  Bai'jmo,  in  the  jurisdiction  of 
Santi(i^o  dc  tuba,  contains  12,000.  Sanli' 
ago  de  las  Vegas  6000  ;  and  Bejucal,  d, 
small  city  belonging  to  the  Marquis  San  fo 
Upc,  above  2000. 

Whoever  trivels  through  the  cbantr)»,  be- 
holds with  extreme  regret,  the  immense,  un- 
cultivated, yet  highly  fruitful  tracts  of  land* 
He  either  aiscovers  endless  forests  which  the 
hand  of  man  has  not  vet  touched,  oi-  exten- 
sive plains  covered  with  dificrent  kinds  of  cat* 
tie,  kept  by  the  nei^bouring  inhabitants. 
However,  though  Cuba  cannot  be  reckoned 
^monff  the  most  flourishing  countries,  and  is 
far  inferior  to  what  it  might  be,  yet  agricuU 
fure,  with  commerce  and  the  arts,  are  evi- 
dently progressive ;  and  increaibg  opulence 
nas  not  only  iuttoduced  luxury^  but  n  refine« 
Jbeikt  ill  the  object^  of  it 


sfa 


liny  0: 


ACCOUNT  OP  THE  SALT  LAIC£S  AND  iftVBl 
IN   RUSSIA. 

Salt  is  become  so  general  and  indispeii- 
aable  a  necessary  of  life  among  inoit  na-; 
tions,  that  it  constitutes^  btpreseiH,  one  of 
the  most  important  objects  br  political  eoOnt^ 
my.  Russia  possesses  sticn  a  quantity  of  ridi 
sait-inines,  that  the  inhabitahts  can  titoieut^ 
this  article  at  a  low  price  linh^aipq  of  iti  • 
other  countries.  Twelve  mtUioil^  of  ptme^ 
are  annually  ixinsiitiied. 

The  most  prbductive  mines  are  oii  the  TJekj 
on  the  Volga,  and  oh  the  Vilni  j  btrl  hlthbhtf 
only  those  on  the  Tlek  are  worked.  They  are  69 
versis  from  Orenburg.  From  1765  tO  1^87; 
(except  the  year  1775,  when  thc^  inwi  rtbl 
worked  oh  account  -of  the  disturbahces) 
9,770,794  pouds  were  fcoltcdted. 

The  largest  and  most  lucrative  ^t-tak^ 
are^  theJelton  in  thfe  go\'emmeht  of  Sara- 
tov ;  those  near  Astrachart,  paHietilaffy  Ih^ 
Inderski  lake  j  and  those  in  the  eovcPhis 
merit  of  Kolrtevah.  Tlie  J^ltoh  produced  91 
six  years  (from  1*^82  to  1788)  33,A49i9d$ 
poUds,  abirre  di'inilltohs  armually.  TbeAss 
trachanic  lakes  fbmlshed  in  ten  yetiti  ((rotil 
1765  to  1775)  6,'/66,097  poiids;  The  Iti^ 
derslti  like  being  given  Up  to  th*  UfaliftH 
Kosacks  fot"  Iheit*  free  use,  the  qUantitV  dUi- 
notbe  a(Jcurately  stated.  Frotn  tfie  Kdlti^ 
vunic  lake*,  fVom  1777  to  1786,  4,856,31^ 
pouds  were  eollected.  Ambni  thfe  irest,  khil 
fauric,  Caucasian,  and  Irkutskian  are  pafu- 
cularly  productive.  The  forttieir  yield  anmiallt 
about  three  n^Uions  of  pouds. 

The  richest  salt-sjf>ring9  are;  on  the  Kami 
near  Solikamsk  ;  On  the  Lovat  near  Staraja- 
Rusa ;  on  the  Eionez  near  Bachmiit  and  Tor ; 
on  the  Volga  neat-  Totma  and  fiabUihha ;  id 
the  Taurid,  and  in  Taman ;  bn  the  Dvini 
nearUsgug;  on  tlie  Angara  heair  Irkutsk: 
and  in  other  i)laccs.  The  most  eonsiderabld 
salt-pans  are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Soli- 
kamsk in  the  government  bf  Perm.  Fhwh 
1705  to  1774,  25,897,815  pouds  were  pw- 
pared;  and  in  the  years  178i  tod  l^Sd; 
1 1,361,477  pouds :  thus  they  amotint  to  abovid^ 
5i  millions  annually,  whien,  reckoning  ih^ 
pond  at  35  copecks  the  market  price,  make 
a  total  of  nearly  twO  milliotis  of  hMibles. 

The  Permian  6alt  wbrks  belong  partly  to  th^ 
CrowUi  but  mostly  to  private  beraotis.  lick 
1784  add  1785,  the  produce  of  those  of  tM 
crown  an>ounted  to  2,746»320  p6vids>  tmd  thi& 
pri^^ate  ones  to  8,6i5,157  jMuds.  The  ex* 
pence  of  a  salt-pan^  which  cbntains  betweet) 
40  and  50,000  pouds,  cosu  29li>  fbubks  3^1 
copecks,  including  all  neee^sarie^,  wdgesi 
8cc.$  so  that  the  poitd  of  tolt  eosb  iM  croWil 
about  six  copecks.  This  salt  Is  eonvc^ed  t8 
twelve  diifcrent  gmerhments,  laden  onkfil 
flat  bofktsi  Whiohi  Wiih^Ut  behlg  iMtin&i^ 


Digitized 


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jidditional  Easi^India  Productions. 


rrgi 


gether  by  one  single  iron  nail,  carry  from  40 
to  gO>000  pouds.  They  descend  the  Kama 
as  far  ai  Laischova,  and  then  go  up  the  Volga 
to  NUhnei-Nov^ocod  the  great  stanle. 

Tbe  salt^worKs  near  Staiaja-Kusa»  in  the 
government  of  Novgorod,  *proauceJ  in  eleven 
Tears  Cfwm  1777  to  1788)  1,526,778  pouds. 
Those  at  Aichaogd  yield  about  from  150  to 
S00,000  pouda  annually. 

From  17(>5  to  1777  the  imperial  magazines 
alone  soldj  on  an  average,  eight  millions  of 
pouds  eveiy  year.  The  poud  is  universally 
fixed  at  35  oopecks,  and  as,  everything  in- 
cluded, we  cannot  estimate  the  annual  con- 
sumption at  less  than  12  millions  of  pouds, 
this  article  produces  a  revenue  of  4,200,000 
soubles,  by  which  the  crown  gains  at  most 
only  two  millions. 

Yet  with  all  this  the  demand  is  greater  than 
the  produce }  and  considerable  quantities  of 
ibreign  salt  are  annually  imported  in  the  hfir- 
bouTB  of  Lipland  and  Finntand.  The  impor- 
tation in  1768  (according  to  GueMeostiedt) 
amounted  to  492,000  roubles.  On  the  eon- 
twiry,  in  1793  the  Taurid  exported  to  the 
▼alue  of  23,000  roubles.  So  considerable  a 
preponderance  of  importation,  and  the  daily 
increasing  demand,  place  it  bi^ond  a  doubt, 
that  the  best'  possible  regulations  with  regard 
to  the  present  salt-works,  as  well  as  the  em- 
ploying  to  advantage  all  those  mines  and  lakes 
nituerto  neglected,  should  be  one  of  the  most 
important  concerns  for  the  interior  economy 
of  the  Empire. 

IFrom  SioTch:^  Pictwre  qf  Russia.'} 


tiiDXAX  PRonucnoKS,  thb  acquisition 

OP  WHICH  18  OBSIRABLB. 

[Translated  firon^  the  French.    Vide  Pano- 
rama, p.  609.3 

We  resume  our  consideration  of  those  In- 
dian vegetables  with  which  we  ought  to  de- 
sire a  better  accjuaintance,  by  adverting  in  the 
mcxt  place  to 

VII. — ^VARIBTIES   OF  THB   PALM-TRBB. 

The  pendanus  farinosus,  different  from 
that  named  by  botanists  odoiatistimus :  The 
apple  palm,  origiiuilly  from  the  islands  of  Ni- 
cooar,  which  the  English,  on  the  account  of 
it  gix-en  by  Mr.  Bools,  have  transplanted  into 
their  botanic  amtden  at  Bengal.  This  valua- 
Wt  pakn  yiel£  a  ver^r  l^^fg^  ^it»  vireighing 
18  to  25  UN.,  it  contains  a  farinaceous  sub- 
stance^ (whence  I  have  taken  the  name  I  have 
given  ic  above)  wholesome^  pleasant,  and 
nutritive.  It  mi|i^t  be  easily  transplanted^ 
or  rather  naturalized,  in  the  West-India 
islands. 


VIII.-^The  fFbiU  Poppy  of  Bnhar,  yields 
the  fiacit  opium  in  the  workl,  a  commodity 


of  extensive  demand  throughout  India,  Per« 
sia,  Arabia,  and  Turkey. 

IX. — Tlie  Incense  Shrub  abounds  principal- 
ly in  Arabia;  but  some  are  found  in  different 
parts  of  Hindoostan,  such  as  the  sandy  strip, 
between  the  Mogul  and  the  peninsula,  to 
adopt  an  expression  used  by  Europeans,  north- 
east of  Berar.  This  vegetable  is  named  by 
Linnseus,  OlHaceum,  aut  thus,  and  arbor 
thurifera :  by  the  Hindoos,  AHrquajar.  This 
low  scrambling  tree  is  not  beautiful;  its 
branches  are  thm,  few,  stunted,  and  contorted ; 
its  leaves,  like  those  of  the  lentisk,  are,  gla- 
brous: tbe  bark  of  this  vegetable,  which 
rises  only  to  the  heigh th  of  9  or  10  feet  in  Hin- 
doostan, where  it  is  not  common,  is  wrinkled 
and  cracked  by  an  infinity  of  clefts,  in  colour 
of  a  gr^  white,  and  shming.     it  produces  a 

Sum  which  floors  spontaneously  from  the  clefh 
uring  seven  or  eiglit  months  of  the  year.  It 
is  odoriferous,  dry,  friable,  hard,  of  a  red 
brown,  aixl  sometimes  whitish ;  in  tcan  ob- 
long, or  rounded,  dull  on  the  outside,  bril- 
liant within;  of  an  acrid  taste,  bitter,  and  of 
a  very  penetrating  smell,  when  recently  dis- 
tilled, especially  if  burnt.  This  aromatic, 
gum,  useful  on  manv  occasions,  is  higlily 
valued,  and  sold  very  dear,  even  in  India. 

X.-^The  Benjain,  named  in  Hindoostanee,  ' 
daibeHfM,  is  a  little  gummy  tree,  which 
{^rows  m  the  kingdoms  of  Siam  and  Ava,  also 
in  Java,  in  the  Molucca  bles,  in  Sunda,  at 
Silote,  and  in  the  country  of  Tepra,  near 
Bengal.  The  illustrious  Jussieu,  says,  that 
the  tree  which  produces  the  bemoin,  b  very, 
little  known  to  us,  he  gives  it  tne  name  of 
laurus  henxain.  This  little  tree,  has  an 
agreeable  spread  of  leaves ;  it  is  classed  by 
some  naturalists  in  the  family  of  laurels,  but 
according  to  others  does  not  belong  to  that 
genus:  if  I  might  take  leave  to  puce  it  ac- 
cording to  my  opinion,  I  should  associate  it 
with  the  cinnamon  tree,  which  is  well  known 
to  be  of  the  laurel  family.  The  Hindoos  call 
the  cinnamon  dalchija ;  and  the  other  as  we 
have  seen,  dalheughii.  Although  the  resem- 
blance of  name  is  no  authorit}',  according  to 
our  principles  of  botany,  to  arrange  a  vege- 
table rather  in  such  a  family  than  in  sudi 
another,  yet  I  must  say,  that  the  Hindoos 
make  a  kind  of  custom  of  taking  for  the  tool 
of  the  word,  tbe  best  known  plant  of  the 
kind,  and  they  place  the  name  of  this  plant 
either  in  the  first  or  last  syllable  of  the  a^wpA^ 
lation  which  they  intend  to  form.  The  cen- 
join  shrub,  or  rather  little  tree,  rises  to  the 
neigh  th  of  about  15  or  16  feet;  its  form  is 
pyraniidical  and  regular,  delicate,  and  pret- 
ty; its  leaves  are  nearly  5  or  6  inches  in 
length,  an  inch  and  half  to  two  inches  in 
breadth;  thick  and  niunerous.;  in  ooh>ur 
black  green ;  tlie  nerves  are  a  red  purple,  many^ 


Digitized 


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jfdditioHal  East-India  Productiotu. 


179* 


and  bij^tv'  raised;  ^e  wood  b  compact, 
close,  hara,  of  a  reddish  yellow ;  the  gum 
issues  from  incisions  made  in  the  branches 
and  trunk  of  the  tree,  twice  a  year,  during 
the  vigour  of  the  tree,  from  the  age  of  five 
or  six  years,  to  fifteen  or  sixteen ;  and  some- 
times when  it  has  not  been  over  drawn,  even 
to  its  thirtieth  year.  This  gum  is  received  into 
little  bags  made  of  hair,  properly  placed  to 
receive  the  discharge  from  each  incision ; 
which  is  made  in  tfiue  form  of  a  cross,  and 
deep  enough  to  penetrate  t  le  inner  bark,  it  tt 
white  Ijghdy,  tinged  with  yellow,  ^utinons 
and  transparent,  coagulates,  hardens,  and  lit- 
tle by  Kttle,  becomes  of  a  clear  lemon  co- 
lour ;  and  when  not  mixed  is  bright.  The 
wood  is  reserved  for  union  with  that  of  sandal, 
of  which  torches  and  scented  lights  are  made 
for  burning  in  the  temples,  and  at  domestic 
festivals.  It  also  composes  part  of  those 
piles  which  are  used  in  burning  the  bodies  of 
die  dead. 


XI.— The  tree  which  produces  the  Oil  of 
toood,  a  valuable  drug,  useful  to  every  kind  of 
construction  in  wood,  and  es];)ecially  to  ships 
and  vesseb.  This  resinous  oil  is  extracted 
^  from  a  species  of  icak,  a  beautifiil  kind  of 
tree,  nanve  of  Pegu ;  by  burning  the^  tree : 
ihe  fire  consuming  the  woody  parts,  causes 
this  kind  of  varnish  to  run  freely  from  all 
parts  of  the  tnmk  and  benches  of  this  vege- 
table. This  varnish  is  of  a  strong  and  aro- 
matic odour,  but  not  injurious  to  tne  animal 
economy,  nor  prodnctive  of  head-achs,  as 
turpentme  is.  It  is  employed  in  painting 
wood-works,  timbers,  and  (umiture,  either 
pure  or  mixed  with  any  kind  of  colour ;  for 
Ais  oil  takes  every  pigment,  from  white  to 
the  deepest  black.  This  oil  qf  wood  is  dry- 
ing, preserves  wood  from  cracks^  repclls  in- 
'  sects  and  vermin,  prc8er\'es  the  wood  <or  many 
years  from  beinswomieaten,  as  well  as  from 
the  attacks  of  dinerent  kinds  of  marine  ani- 
mals. In  proof  of  this>  the  vessels  built  at 
Surat  and  Pegu,  which  are  always  carefully 
coated  with  this  resinous  oil,  as  well  within 
as  without,  last,  it  is  said,  three. centuries. 
A  ship  taken  in  1762  by  Comte  d*£staing,  in 
the  Persian  gulph,  was  in  good  condition,  al- 
though it  had  oeen  off  the  stocks  170  years. 
To  preserve  artillery,  the  Europeans  coat  it 
first  with  the  juice  of  aloes,  and  then  with 
the  oil  of  wood. 

XII. — An  object  which  it  is  very  desirable 
to  naturalize  in  the  colonies,  as  being  ek- 
tremeiy  useful,  as  well  for  health,  as  Tor  com- 
merce, and  even  for  luxury,  islXit  agallochnm, 
*•  called  by  the  several  names  of  aloes,  columbo, 
agal  wood,  and  yeltow  medicinal  wood, 
Tnis  tree  which  the  Hindoos  call  phlnipalh, 
is  a'  ma^ificcnt  present  from  the  hand  of  na- 
ture ;  .it  unites  on  the  same  branch  threa  dis- 


tinct puts,  all  of  them  valuable.  The  bark 
yields  that  sweet,  wholesoifie,  and  pleasant 
perfume,  named  agal  wood,  which  is  sold  for 
tts  weijB^lit  in  gold  ^  the  inner  bark  of  this  v^e* 
table  IS  a  good  remedy  against  putrid  and 
bilious  fevers ;  and  those  occasioned  by  the 
insalubrity  of  the  air,  silch,  foi^  example,  a| 
the  yellow  fevei*;  decoctions  of  it  are  gi& 
ven  sevetal  times  a  day  to  the  sick ;  it  is  ab6 
employed  with  success,  infused  in  white 
wine,  or  in  brandy,  or  arrack,  against  paini 
in  the  stomach  occasioned  by  over  fatigue, 
also  against  the  marasmus.  This  remedy  is 
tonic  and  corroborative.  The  interior,  or 
woody  part,  whidh  the  Chinese  name  roj?- 
teood.  On  account  of  its  cok)ur  and  scent,  it 
useful  to  the  cabinet  maker,  who  converts  it 
into  most  beautiful  furniture  j  whether  we 
consider  the  polish  of  which  it  is  capable,  its 
colour,  or  the  resemblance  of  its  scent  to  that 
of  a  most  valued  flower. 


XIII.— The  tree  named  Baheila,  of  the 
genus  acacia,  of  the  family  of  the  mimosas  f 
this  tree  feeds  the  winged  insects  which  yield 
the  gum  lac,  which  is  called  in  Hindoostan 
lakinia,  I  do  not  doubt,  but  that  this  useful 
vegetable,  as  well  as  the  insects  which  it  sup- 
ports, would  succeed  in  the  climate  of  the  Isle 
of  Fmnce.  It  would  be  a  means  of  incieas- 
ing  the  revenue  of  that  oolouy,  and  that  with- 
out occupying  .much  space  or  the  labour  of 
many  individuals. 


XIV. — Among  the  plants  which  \4eld  in- 
digo, there  is  one,  the  fecula  of  wliich  is  a 
green,  capable  of  dyeing.  The  extractive 
particles  ot  the  yellow  and  blue,  are  Combined 
m  such  proportion,  in  such  quantity,  ancl 
with  such  cohesion,  that  the  green' colour 
which  they  furnish,  may  be  fixed  successfiilly 
on  all  substances,  whether  animal  or  vegt- 
table,  intended  to  be  dyed.  This  plant  is 
named  dina-xang,  and  the  Cochin  Chinese 
have  the  skill  to  extract  from  it  a  green  indigo 
with  which  they  dye  evcrynossible  shade  o^ 
this  colour,  i.  e.  of  green.  This  plant,  ahnost 
unknown  to  Europeans,  would  be  a  valuable 
acquisition,  could  it  be  procured  and  natura- 
lized in  our  colonics;  the  cultivation  of  it 
would  augment  their  riches,  and  die  produce 
would  be  of  the  utmost  utility  to  our  arts. 

XV.  The  tree  which  produces  the  u-addlri?, 
and  which  is  called  komlax,  in  Ilindcio 
hadipi,  is  large  and  of  a  noble  character. 
It  rises  straight  up  to  the  heiffht  of  24  or  §5 
feet,  and  teadily  erows  in  all  sorts  of  soils, 
without  care  Or  culture.  It  is  remarkable  by 
the  green  cok>ur  of  its  bark,  which  is  delicate 
and  smooth. 

The  fruit  of  this  tree,  which  has  not  yet 
struck  the  attention  of  anv  traveller,  is  ne- 
vertheless of  the  greatest  udlity.     It  is  mjLich 


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fUftoty  tutd  Aivmtmgtt  tf  ComHiertt. 


{J«fld 


]sLT^t  a&d  lopger,  than  the  pods  of  the  cotton  f 
plaiit,  and  incloses  a  very  fine  and  ailky 
{lo^yn,  >vhich  the  Hindoos  do  not  employ  in 
manufactures  because  the  staple  is  too  short : 
but  the  wool  is  caj^able  Of  making  the  most 
p^utlful  feits ;  as  I  have  learned  from  expe- 
rience. When  I  returned  to  France,  in 
1788/1  brought  a  dozen  pounds  with  me  ; 
ivith  part  of  it  1  had  a  hat  made,  whidi  wa^ 
ih^ught  e<jually  beautiful  with  those  made  of 
peaver,  as  a  substitute  for  which  I  used  it. 
Ipf  this  trial  I  warrant  the  truth ;  and  every 
confirmation  of  it  may  easily  be  obtaineo. 
This  article,  therefore,  may  become  of  im- 
portance to  the  revenue  of  our  colonies,  and  a 
farther  assistance  to  our  comnierce  and  manu- 
jfactures. 

"  Several  years  after  the  trial  of  which  I  have 
llpoken,  in  reading  the  work  of  M.  Pou|><?c  , 
l)e9porte8,  on  tie  pharmacopeia  of  St. 
t)omingo»  I  found  the  following  passage; 
f'  The  advantage  which  might  be  derived 
from  tlie  cotton  of  this  tree,  (called  Mapou 
'f^i  St.  Domingo)  deserves  our  attention.  All 
the  world  admires  the  beauty,  the  delicacy, 
and  the  goodnes*  of  the  beaver  hats  of  Eng- 
land. These  good  qualities  are  owip^  to  the 
down  contair\ed  in  the  fruit  of  this  tree, 
.%vhich  the  English  employ  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  the  article  mentioned."  lie  adds, 
»«  The  French,  so  ingenious  in  the  invention 
tnd  perfecting  of  arts,  might  derive  great 
fidvantages  from  the  treasures  which  are  ofier- 
ed  them  by  our  colonies/* 

Let  jne  be  permitted  before  I  cloee  this 
division)  of  Vegetables,  to  mention  three 
Species  of  iurness,  originally  found  in  Tibet, 
dmerent  from  those  of  Europe ;  and  which 
theEiiglish  have  transplanted  into  Bengal  j 
also  a  species  of  aubergine,  called  vulgarly, 
Ifringhle  or  ivory  m&inglle,  because  of  its 
whiteness,  transplanted  also  from  the  same 
•  Country  to  the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  and  to 
the  other  British  possessions  on  the  coasts  of 
JCoromandel,  and  Orissa.  This  is  a  legumi- 
nous  fruit,  larffc  apd  delicious,  weighing 
fi\-e  or  six  pounds.  It  is  in  all  probability, 
the  most  bulky,  and  most  useful,  of  all  the 
solanums  which  are  known. 
'  This  excellent  production  recalls  to  my 
teindj  a  root,  or  opening  sprout,  of  tlie 
palp ;  of  which  I  have  spoken  in  my  me- 
moir on  the  cocoa-tree,  and  a  root  named  in 
Bengal  cAeri*,  a  species  of  small  topinambour, 
ndfearly  called  carlh-pcar :  a  wholesome 
and  nutritive  root,  of  a  deep  yellow  colour, 
Kkethe  Indian  saffron,  named  by  the  bota- 
hists  curcuma,  ox  terra  mcrita.  The  cherik 
i-ields  a  plentiful,  delicate,  and  agreeable 
jiouri^hment.  This  acquisition  would  add 
!to  the  subsistence  of  our  colonies.  Tibet, 
Cashmir,  Bahar,  Labor,  Bengal,  and  the 
whole  of  Hindoostan,  aa  well  as  tlie  neigh- 
Ib^uriiig  coontrifs.  wouUl  famish  an  ample 


harvtftt  of  novelties  ;  m  would  also  the  itlapd 
of  Ceylon,  to  any  traveller  of  adequate  know- 
ledge and  discernment.  '  Ceylon  produces  a 
kiira  of  chesnut  very  larg<e  and  iarinacaoua^ 
which  the  Portuguese  call  coh'-^iaval,  be- 
cause this  (hiit  resembles  certain  parts  of  « 
horse. 

L  ought  not  to  omit  the  little  grain 
which  succeeds  in  clariiying  in  a  short  space 
of  time,  the  most  muddy  water,  as  weU 
as  other  liquors,  and  even  wines,  with* 
out  injuring  cither  their  flavour,  or  tbeir 
good  qualiues.  It  is  a  kind  of  little  touikI 
bean,  called  in  Tamul,  tkau'CoU^  of  which  ' 
I  do  not  know  the  botanic  name,  as  I 
have  never  seen  a  description  of  lU  Thia 
grain  is  the  production  of  a  shrub  ^hid^ 
grows  in  dificrent  provinces,  as  well  in  the 
north,  as  in  what  is  called  the  Peninsula  on 
this  side  the  Ganges.  lu  properties  reiukr 
it  valuable  for  domestic  uses,  and  for  som^ 
arts.  Not  having  had  opportunity  of  ob* 
serving  the  flowers,  I  cannot  describe  them. 

lliese  countries,  rich  in  the  producttons 
of  the  three  kingdoms,  abound  in  vc^etabiea, 
which  are  well  adapted  to  medical  purposes, 
and  indeeed  are  in  daily  use  in  physic.  The 
most  part  are  unknown  to  us,  as  well  as  their 
properties.  The  astonishing  effects  whicU 
they  produce  ,before  the  cytsof  Europeans* 
ought  to  have  roused  their  emukticm  t» 
transmit  the  knowledge  of  them  to  tbeir 
compatriots,  and  not  the  knowledge  of  tkem 
only,  but  the  acquisition,  and  means  of  expe^- 
rimental  acquaintance  with  them. 

The  attempt,  I  acknowledge,  b  not  of 
easy  execution  without  powerful  means  of 
success.  I  myself  have  made  the  experi« 
ment,  but  to  my  sorrow.  In  1788,  of  a 
great  number  of  seeds  which  I  entrusted  lo  a 
captain  of  an  Indiaman,  not  any  reached  the 
places  to  which  I  had  addressed  them. 

[7Ae  Animals  ^  of  India  will  form  subse* 
quent  articles,'] 

SKETCH    OF    THE    HISTORY  AUD  ADVAM- 
TAOB8   OP  COMMERCE. 

Impiger  extremos  airris  mereator  ad  Indos, 

Per  more  paupaiemju^ensj  per  taxOf  per  ignes, 

HOR. 

The  comprehensive  sentus  of  man  haa 
been  ever  active,  in  searcnitig  after  some  new 
and  latent  good,  which  by  rcnderihg  him  mort 
wise,  will  consequently  render  nim  more 
happy :  but  never  has  it  been  more  conspi- 
ci^ously,  or  more  usefully  employed,  than  in 
the  intention  of  commerce.  Ii  we  consider 
this  attentively,  and  trace  its  rise,  its  pro- 
gress, and  its  consequences,  we  shall  at  once 
be  struck  with  the  multiplied  advantages  it 
aflbrds  mankind,  and  the  long  train  of  bless-^ 
ings,  which  have  never  failed  to  follow  it  ia 
every  country  where  it  has  been  steadily  putf 


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297]  kUhry  and  Aiyanlagii  of  ComtAerct. 

sued.  la  the  investigation  of  ihia  sulyect, 
the  secret  springs  and  causes  that  have  ope- 
Tated  to  abolish  civil  disscniiort  and  disorder 
will  be  dislincily  seen,  and  we  ^all  be  led  to 
consider  tl»e  different  conditions  of  men  in 
their  progress  from  primitive  rudeness,  to  the 
iftost  refined  civilization. 

When  vrc  reflect  on  the  numerous  wants, 
"^hich  men  niast  unavoidably  feel  in^  their 
rinlc  stale,  and  consider  the  versatile  mind  of 
man,  ever  ready  to  pifep  at  any  thing  that 
promises  either  noveRy  or  convenience,  we 
shall  be  at  no  loss  to  discover  the  first  f  luli- 
rtients  of  that  art,  which  may  be  justly  caWcd 
the  parent  of  all  others,  arid  shall  have  reason 
lb  conclude,  that  its  origin  is  as  atiicient,  as 
its  principles  are  simple. 

Necessity,  the  mother  of  imention,  early 
*uga;esied  the  means  of  supplying  the  wants 
t)f  in;mkind  by  the  (fasy  method  of  exchange  : 
the  first  advantages  of  tliis  iiitercour:je  were 
but  trifling;  for  in  the  early  agps  of  society, 
man  was  m  a  condition  litde  superior  to  that 
of  the  brute  :  while  yet  an  inhabitant  of  the  [ 
forest,    or  the  cave,    his   reasoning  faculties  | 
must  have  lain  dormant,    or  if  roused  into  » 
action,  could  have  been  exerted  on  po  other 
objects  than  those  of  security  and  subsistence. 
But  this  barbarous  state  could  not  long  cbn- 
hnue,  tt  was  soon  pe'rceivtd  that  one  man  or 
qnc  family  could  not  live  withoiit  the  assis- 
tance of  another,    and  that  their  condition 
would  be  improved  by  a  mutual  exchanc^  of 
that  portion  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  whkrh 
was  more  than  suflicient  for  their  respective 
tvants.     Limited  mdecd  must  have  beeii  that 
exchange,  while  agriculture  was  unknown, 
Ivhile  hunting  was  the  sole  employment  of 
man,   and   the  only  means  of  his  support. 
B«t  when  he  bcKm  to  till  the  ground,  the 
husbandman  wouid  give  his  corn  for  hard- 
eanicd  spoils  of  thecliace. 

As  intercourse  became  more  common,  mafti- 
here  were  gradually  humanizi-d :  commerce 
l)Cgan  to  assume  another,  and  more  peffecl 
form  :  the  many  inconveniences  to  which  ek^ 
ehange,  simple  and  unimprcJved,  gave  birth, 
^ere  obviated  by  the  invention  ormooey,  at 
first  rude  and  perishable,  tiRat  length  metals 
were  used  fof  that  purpose,  and  became  rtie 
tiiiiversal  medium  oi  trade.  Thus  in  examin- 
ing the  usages  of  remote  antiquity,  we  can 
discern  tlie  dawn  of  that  light,  which  fos- 
tered the  spirit  of  commerce^r  and  cheered  the 
Ihmdof  Aian,  amidst  the  prevailing  gloom  Of 
barbarism  and  ignorance. 

Soon  after  the  iatroduclibn  of  ihon'e^^,  com- 
merce begBJi  tto  be  regular  anrf  unobsiAicted, 
and  the  diffeitnt  countries*  ib  which  it  Was 
encoura^,  started  as  it  were  into  n^w  life  ; 
Ijhe  names  of  stranger  and  of  eniemy  wci^6  ik> 
loiiger  synonimous,  when  intercourse  betwcoi 
diflferent  and  distant  nations  prevailed.  Wo 
as^MSttrad  fkonvthe  earlitst'aii^'iao'^  authen* 


tic  records,*  tliat  this  mercantile  intefcoufsc 
was  carried  on  soon  after  the  general  disper- 
sion of  mankind. »  But  the  traflic  betweeri 
nations  hardly  deserved  the  nameof  comnierce; 
till  men  were  acquainted  witti  navigatioti :  it 
wats  long  too  before  this  art  could  attain  id 
anv  degree  of  perfection,  or  that  the  know'- 
Iccl^fc  of  it  was  made  subservient  to  the  pur-  . 
p03es  of  social  life  It  has  been  obscfven  by 
an  dtf;ant  and  judicious  writer,t  that*'  froiri 
*«  the  rhft  or  canoe,  that  sencd  to  carry  the 
*'  savi*ge  over  the  river,  that  obstructed  hirrf 
**  in  the  chace,  to  the  constriiction  of  a  ves^ 
*/  sel,  cajrable  of  conveyiag  a  numerous  cre\<^ 
'*  ^vith  safety  to  a  distant  coast,  th6  pfogrc^ 
**  in  improvement  is  immense." 

The  extensive  inflncnce  of  fftrv^imtion  drl 
the  subject  we  are  now  treating,  wnl,  in  th/ 
course  of  Fnvestrgaling  its  progress,  be  clcarlv 
perceived  ;  and  tlje  intinrtiie  connection;,  thiS 
commerce  has  with  the  operations  of  naVaf 
improvement,  will  in  every  stage  of  h  dpcrf 
to  ouf  view,  fn  the  erffly  ages  which  we  ar^ 
now  considering,  navigation  must  have  becrf 
in  Tts  infancy,  if  not  entirely  imtcnown,  it 
was  long  before  men  would  venture  ftu  tt 
boisterous  element,  and  commit  their  property 
and  their  lii^es  to'  tlte  mercy  of  the  wmds  an3f 
waves.       .  .  ,.      .     , 

But  it  IS  lAmecessary  to  seafch  in  the  bar- 
ren waste  of  ruder  ajp^s  for  the  s€eds  of  tha"^ 
art,  which  when  sown  in  the  rich  and  fer- 
tile soil  of  Eg}pt,  and  watered  by  tire  sireata/, 
of  the  Nile,'  was  productive  of  wTalth,  6^ 
science,  and  of  manners  that  distinguish  anc^ 
Jidorn  a  chilized  people- 
It  has  been'  generally  agir^fidV  tTiat .  irf. 
Egvj^t  the  art  firsit  attained  to  any  degree  of 
perfection,  and  (hat  tommerce  was  them* 
first  carried  On  in  an-  uniform  and  populaf 
channel.  \Ve  shall  find  this  conjecture 
founded  on  reason  and  probability,  if  we* 
consider  the  indtistrious  and  iVigemoi]^  dispo'- 
sition  of  the  people  :  and  shall  be  induced  to^ 
believe,,  that  the}"  did  not  long  reniam  i^o-*' 
ratnt  or  carelesjc  of  the  inestimable  bendfits;- 
that  might  accrue  tO  their  countiV  from  the; 
happiness  of  its  sittiatibn.  So  sensible  indeed* 
were  the  inhabitants  of  this  country  of  thdi/ 
local  ad\  an  tagcs,  lYisA  the  ghiteful  and^  pious' 
Egyptians  beheld  with  fevcrence,  and  wil-' 
lingly  subscribed  to  the  deification  of  rfie  first 
in  venters  and  promoters  of  Commerce  and  thr 
arts.  Bnt  superstition  checked  the  advance-* 
iiicnt  of  tridde,  and  by  whispering  to  the' 
Egyptiatto  that  the  sea  Was  an  enemv  to  their 
QoSi  tau^t  thert)  to  cotnider  nav»htibn  as^ 
dismacefuC  Mariners  were  i^ided"  wit|i' 
dislike  and  abhoiVence ;  and  h  was  reterved* 
for  the  Phenicians  to  explore  uaknown  %eas,' 
and  to  enrich  their  barren  coast  by  the  pro« 

•  Genesis,  chap.  37,  v.  26. 

f  Robertson's  Mist,  of  America;- vol.- 1. p.  i,- 


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fjisiorr/  and  Actvaniages  iff  ComiherCi, 


tuo 


ductions  of  distant  countries.    But^  however, 
trade  in  earlier  ages,  might  have  suffered  by 
this  absuhl  opinion  ;  Eg^^  ^?^  jusdy  been 
celebrated  as  the  nurse  of  ancient  commerce, 
and  of  most  of  those  arts  that  tend  to  civilise 
mankind.    The  Macedonian  hero,  the  most 
lefmed    politician,    as  well  as  the  gnatest 
conqueror  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  was 
•o  convinced  of  the  advantageous  situation  of 
this  coii^trj,    that  the  srand  object,    as  it 
were,  and  the  most  profitable  effect  of  his 
victories,  was  the  foundation  Of  a  city  (Alex- 
andria), which  longcontinued  the  seat  of  trade, 
and  the  general  mart  of  the  woifld*  Still  the  ad- 
vancement of  ancient  commerce  is  chiefly  to 
be  ascribed  to  the  Phenicbns,  whose  national 
character,    the    reverse    of  'the    Egyptian, 
prompted    them   to  engage    in    mercantile 
intercourse  with  every  .  atlon,  whose  com- 
modities could  either  increase  their  power. 
Or  sratify  their  avarice.    By  an  incessant  at- 
tention to  commerce^  they  erected  on  their 
sterile  and   rocky  coast,   an    emporium   in 
which  the  produce  of  every  counity  thf»n  dis- 
covered was  to  be  found.    Their  success  in 
trade,  and  the  benefits  th^  derived  from  it 
were  so  great,  that  the  mercnants  of  Phenicla 
have  been  compared  in  splendour  and  emi- 
nence to  «  Princes  and  the  honourable  of  the 
«arth;* 

But  thoo^  thirst  of  wealth  was  the  most 
•triking,  it  vi^  by  no  means  the  only  charac- 
teristic of  this  people,  nor  were  theirminds 
enervated  by  tnat  opulence,  which  was  the 
fruit  of  their  trade :  their  long  and  uncertain 
voyage  round  Africa,  in  an  age  unacquainted 
with  the  use  of  the  compass,  and  with 
almost  every  art  that  contributes  to  render 
navigation  secure,  must  be  conbidered  as  the 
most  enterprising  and  arduous  attempt  at  dis- 
covery that  hiatorj  records.  Tyre  has  been 
celebrated  no  less  for  its  commerce  than  for 
itt  siege.  The  memoi^  ol  it  will  remain  as 
a  wonderful  instance  ofmeicantile  intrepiditv, 
And  valiant  resistance;  the  bravery  of  its 
defenders  was  at  eminent,  as  the  policy  of  its 
conqueror  ws^  cruel.  Nor  was  com  me  roe 
buried  in  the  ruins  of  Tyre  :  for  through  the 
thick  mist  in  which  the  history  of  this  period 
is  enveloped,  we  discover  Carthag:e,  raised 
and  toulfy  supported  by  trade,  shming  with 
a  splendour,  which  increased  by  contrast 
with  tihe  surrounding  darkness.  In  tracing 
•  the  progress  of  commerce  among  the  ancients, 
we  shall  no  where  find  our  admiration  more 
stron^y  excited,  than  in  conteinplating  its 
happy  influence  in  the  aggrandisement  of 
this  people :  the  spirit  of  trtnle  u*as  engrafted 

\  the  very  constitution  of  the  state  t  to  this  it 
its  origin,  and  iu  subsequent  great- 
ness. ""W^sdier  wc  view  it  emeiging  from 
ob8ciiritv,ahd  nursed  by  the  paxcnial  care  of 
the  PheniciaiiK  or  in  th#  plenitude  of  )ta 
power  resisting  the  attacks*  of  Roman  jea- 


lousy, we  shall  hava  equal  i^eatoCi  to  iiaiiie 
the  genial  influence  of  commerce,    uid  its 
vast  resources,  which  afforded   tiie  Caitha^ 
ginians  the  means  of  canying  on  their  tedious 
and    expensive   wars    against  that    people, 
and  madie  it  ibr  some  time  doubtiiil  whether 
Borne  or  Carthage    should  give  law  lo  d» 
workl.    The  affinity  between  commerce  and 
navigation  is   tnor%  deariy    discm-ered  and 
exemplified  in  the  hisUMryof  the  Cartbi^ 
nians,  than  in  that  of  any  other  people,  with 
wiiich  we  are  acquainted.    Their  unwearied 
attention  to  promote  the  interest  of  thestatt, 
and  to  cultivate  evefy  scheme  that  could  tend 
to  iu  glorv  and  advantaj^,  directed  them  to 
pttrsde  navigation  as  their  chief  emplo)mient» 
to  vbit  regions  the  most  remote,  and  crcH 
carried  them  to  the  then  inhospitable  shores  of 
Britain,  in  quest  of  tin.    At  the  demolitiofi 
of  this  city,  commerce  was  dispersed  amoog 
the  several  provinces  of  the  Vast  empire  of 
Rome.    The  Romans  (at  least  under  the  re^ 
public)  actuated  by  the   fierce,  and  savage 
spirit  of  warfare,  and  despising  the  milder  and 
inore  useful  arts  of  peace,   sneered  the  na« 
tions  into  wiiicb  their  arms  had  penetrated  tio 
carry  oh  theirusual  trade  without  molestation. 
This  certainly  by  keeping  up  a  mercantile,  if 
not  a  martial,  spirit  aiLongthe  inhabitants  of 
the  provinces  contributed  lo  render  their  ser- 
vitude more  tolerable,  and  relieved  them  in 
some  degree  from  the  galling  pressure  of  a 
masters  yoke. 

But  however  trade  may  have  been  neglec' 
ted  bj  the  rugged  sons  of  Rome,  the  capital 
of  tKe  world  must  necessarily  have  en^^rosicd 
most  of  the  productions  of  the  pionnces : 
the  several  natioris  of  the  okl  worlo  never  en- 
joyed so  free  an  intercourse  as  when  oonncc- 
tea  under  one  general  head  Com  merce  then 
flourished  without  interruption,  either  from 
the  frequent  hostility  of  adverse  states,  or  die 
jealousy  of  rival  kings ;  all  was  conducted  with 
order  and  regularit)*,  till  the  irruptions  of  the 
barbarians.  Commerce  then  feU ;  in  the  gen6* 
ral  conflap^ration  was  consumed,  aiMl  lay  bu« 
ried  in  the  wreck  of  literature,  dvili2Mition> 
and  law  :  till  from  its  ashes  arose  a  phoenix, 
more  splendid,  more  flourishing  than  its  pa-^ 
rent,  tne  source  and  prop  of  national  strengUi» 
of  liberty,  and  science. 

During  the  devastation  which  followed  die 
standard  of  the  northern  ravagers»  and  the 
long  night  of  barbarism  tliat  overshadowed 
the  western  empirc)  a  faint  ray  of  light,  still 

Simmered  in  the  east,  and  seri^ed  to  conduct 
e  merchant  to  the  shores  of  India,  the  sure 
spring  in  all  ages  of  comthcrcial  opulence* 
Constantinople  k>ng  resisted  the  attacks  of  sa- 
vage violence,  and  by  cherishing  commerce  itf 
the  support  of  her  independence,  msintiiined 
the  splendour,  though  «tri|Mied  of  the  pos- 
sessions of  the  eastern  empire.  When  th< 
fertile  plains  of  Italy  wcie  laid  waste  by  thf 


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History  und  Advantages  of  Commerce, 


freqiicQt  iaroaJs  of  the  barbarians,  and  the 
coniintnt  of  Europe  became  one  vast  theatre 
of  war,  outra^  and  confusion  j  a  few 
Itraggliag  famihes,  liecing  from  the  desola- 
ting sword  of  Attlla,  took  refuge  in  the 
iliarshes  of  Lkuriai  and  the  rocky  shores  of 
the  Adriatic.  Bcre  though  bereft  of  hom«, 
and  ot  the  pleasures  of  civilized  society,  they 
enjoyed  liberty  and  independence,  and  by  de- 
votiiik  their  attention  to  trade,  rendered  their 
situation  by  degrees  respectable,  ana  at  }en^h 
tlie  object  of  envy.  Not  saiisfied  with  trading 
to  tlic  8e\'eral  pprts  of  the  Mediterranean,  they 
took  A  wider  range,  and  venturing  beyond  the 
itreights,  crept  along  the  shores  washed  by 
the  western  ocean.  Roused  by  the  awaken- 
ing call  of  industry,  they  formed  themselves 
jnto  civil  communities,  and  became  conside- 
rable and  independent  states.  From  this  aus< 
picious  period  they  cultivated  the  commercial 
spirit  with  ardour^  and  prosecuted  it  with 
success.  Such  was  the  rise,  and  such  the 
establishment  of  the  once  potent  .republics  of 
Xjcnoa  and  Venice.— While  these  republics 
were  encreastng  in  wealth  and  importance, 
an  evQnt  happened  the  most  remarkable  and 
extravagant  that  enthusiasm  was  ever  known 
to  suggest,  or  zeal  to  execute.  The  nations 
of  Christendom,  inflamed  with  religious  fren- 
zy, excited  by  the  bold  and  popular  eloquence 
of  IVter  ^e  hermit,  and  kept  alive  by  the 
policy  of  Pope  Ufban>  formed  the  resolution  of 
tleliverit^Palestinc  from  the  yoke  of  the  in- 
iidels.  The  most  powerful  chiefs,  from  love 
of  adveiituTC,  and  the  hope  of  future  reward, 
engaged  in  these  enterpnzes,  and  embarked 
with  eagerness  in  the  wild  design.  These 
valiant  enthusiasts  were  transported  in  the 
vessels  of  the  Venetians,  the  Pisans,  and  the 
Genoese,  who,  while  otlier  states  were  drained 
of  their  men  and  mone}^,  derived  benefit  from 
the  fanaticism  of  the  times.  They  supplied 
with  provisions  the  vast  armies  of  the  cross, 
and  amassed  sums  that  would,  even  in  this 
age,  be  esteemed  immense.  Constantinople, 
the  general  rendezvous  of  the  christian  war- 
riots,  was  then  indebted  to  Venice  and  Ge- 
noa for  almost  every  commodity  that  wealth 
and  luxury  demanded. 

The  effects  of  the  Crusades  on  manners, 
«nd  consequently  on  commerce,  were  great 
and  powerful,  the  Europeans  who  returned 
communicated  to  their  countrymen  a  taste  for 
Asiatic  luxury ;  the  simple  habits  pt  their 
ancestors  no  lonj^er  satisfied  their  desittii,  new 
customs,  new  (ashiona  every  where  spmiur 
up,  and  opened  fresh,  ^ouites  of  weaTth  and 
merchandize,  "  many  valuable  branches  of 
commerce,  which  fonderly  oeatcred  in  Con- 
stantinople were  transferred  to  Venice,  Gre- 
noo,  or  Pisa."  Kor  ale  we  to  concUxdc  ihat 
these  were  die  only  sbtes  that  were  benefited 
by  the  crusadesy  and  the  intercourse  produced 
by  them  with  die  Orientals :  tbdr  beneficial 

Vol.  1.  [Li/.  Pan.  Mn.  1807] 


[8^ 

influence  was  as  extensive  and  p^rhianent,  as 
the  motives  that  g:ivc  rise  to  tliem  were  sin- 
gular and  wild. — Not  Ions  after  this  spirit  of 
enthusiasm  had  evaporated,  the  polarity  of  the 
inngnet  was  discovered,    which  couttibuieJ 
above  every  other  cause  to  tlie  extension  of 
commerce,  and,  as  it  is  expressed  by  an  emi- 
nent writer,*  "opened the  universe."    This 
discovery,  in  its  conscauences  the '  most  bene- 
ficial to  mankind,  laid  open  a  wide  field  for 
enterprize  and  adventure :  the  mariner  was  nb 
lougcr  detained  from  traversing  unknoAvn  seas 
for  want  of  a  guide  to  direct  his  course- 
Commerce  during  this  period,  was  not  con- 
fined to  the  states  of  Italy :  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Nedicrlands,  sensible  of  die  prodigious 
advantages  that  those  states  derived  from  their 
traffic  with  the  East,  formed  the  most  power- 
ful confederacy  jrecorded  in  history,  and  vied 
with  each  other  in  the  most  vigorous  exerdons 
of  trade.    By  this  well-dmed  attendon  to  the 
only  art  that  could  ra'ise  them  from  that  igno- 
rance in  wfuch    Europe    had  beeen    over-» 
whehn^,  and  by  exchanging  the  naval  storea 
and  other  useful  oommooities  of  the  North, 
for  the  producdons  of  India  and  Eg>pt  they 
became  nch  and  po]|^rful,  surpassed  m  opu« 
lence,  and  at  length  awakened  the  jealousy 
of  the  most  mighty  monarchs.    The  Hans- 
Towns  equalled^the  cities  of  Venice  and  Ge- 
noa in  ricnes  and  splendour.     Bruges  espe- 
•cialKr  became  the  chief  mart  of  every  com- 
modity that  eontributes  either  to  luxury  or 
use,  and  was  jusdy  esteemed  one  of  the  most 
opulent  cities  on  uie  European  continent.— 
Thus  did  Italy,  and  die  cides  situated  between 
the  Baltic  and  the  Rhipe,   monopolise  the 
trade  of  Europe,  and  surpass  their  more  mai*- 
tial  neighbours,  in  wealth  and  consequence, 
till  other  nadons,  envying  their  prosperity, 
had  recourse  to  the  same  expedient,  and  ar- 
rived at  the  same  pitch  of  grandeur  and  mag- 
nificence.    Among  these  none  can  c)aim  a 
higher  dtle  to  opr  regard  than  die  Portuguese 
who  encouBiged  by  tne  most  enterprising  ge-  . 
nius  of  his  time,t  attempted  and  accomplish- 
ed  the  dangerous,  and,   at  least  in  modem 
times,  unexplored  circuit  of  Africa.  This  voy- 
age, by  affording  a  more  ready  and  less  ex- 
pensive passage  to  India,  was  the  principal 
source  of  opulence  to  the  Portuguese :    the 
change  it  produced  in  commerce  was  sudden 
and  important ,  Lisbon  encrcased  in  wealth, 
while  Venice  declined  and  sunk  into  instgni- 
ficanoe.— ^\^lile  men  were  engaged  in  wonder 
and  amazement  at  the  fortunate  issue  of  this 
voyage,  an  e^ent  occurred  more  marvellous 
and  unexpected,    and  productive  of  conse- 
quences piorc  momentous    and  permanent.' 
llic  discovery  of  a  new  world  roused  the  dor- 
mant faculdes  of  men<     Every  one  Who  was 

'  -~-  ■  ■    ■      ■  ■  ■  "ly      '     ■ '  * 

•  Montesquieu. 

t  Don  Henry. 

20 


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80S] 


History  and  Advantages  of  Commerce. 


fSCM' 


desirous  of  acquiring  ricjics  or  reputation, 
was  eager  to  hazard  his  life  and  fortune»^  in 
the  hope  that  he  might  rise  to  that  eminence 
in  another  hemisphere,  which  was  denied 
him  in  this.  From  this  period  the  tide  of 
commerce,  no  longer  confined  to  the  shores 
of  Italy  and  Flanders,  flowed  into  the  ports 
t>f  Spam  and  Portugal,  and  enriched  those 
nations  beyond  the  example  of  former  ages. 
*— It  is  remarkable  that  England,  at  present 
the  most  comn^crcial  nation  in  the  world, 
should  hare  been  the  last  country  that  directed 
its  attention  to  trade.  Her  numerous  and  al- 
most perpetual  wars,  occupied  her  people  for 
many  centuries,  and  while  the  neighbouring^ 
nations  had  made  several  and  important  com- 
mercial adventures,  so  ignorant  was  England 
of  her  natural  advantages,  that  the  staple 
commodity  of  the  kingdom  was  manufactured 
abroad.  It  were  tedious  and  uninteresting  to 
tnumetate  e\-ery  state  that  owed  ito  origin  or 
importance  to  trade  :  in  this  ^neral  view  of 
its  rise,  declension,  and  revival,  we  have 
seen  the  smallest  states,  and  even  cities, 
formed  by  the  plastic  hand  of  commerce  into 
extensive  sovereignties:  and  by  thus  having 
briefly  surveyed  its  pAress,  we  shall  be  the 
better  able  to  iud^  ot  its  more  immediate, 
as  well  as  more  lastm^  effects. 

Of  the  many  and  important  consequences 
of  commerce,  none  are  more  obvious,  or 
felt  more  sensibly,  than  those  that  affect,  and 
in  some  degree  form  the  manners  and  dispo* 
sition  of  a  people.  Industry  and  a  love  of 
freedom  are  among  the  roost  prominent  fea- 
tures of  the  mercantile  character  j  and  in 
every  country  in  %vhich  trade  is  cultivated, 
are  seen  to  influence  the  conduct  of  the  indi- 
vidual and  iht  politics  of  the  state.  By  com- 
merce are  men  stimulated  to  the  greatest  exer- 
tions, their  hopes  animated,  and  mdustry  en- 
«)uragcd  by  the  sure  confidence  that  their 
diligence  will  not  be  unrewarded^  and  that 
riches  will  ever  obey  the  powerful  attraction 
of  enterprise  and  toil. — ^"fhus  trade  expands 
the  faculties,  and  awakens  the  interest  of 
man,  excites  him  to  activity,  stimulates  in- 
vention, and  invigorates  labour.  We  shafl 
no  where  find  a  more  striking  example  of 
the  beneficial  effects  of  commerce,  and  of  the 
fetal  consenuences  of  its  decav,  than  in  a 
state  alreaay  mentioned,  'llie  Venetians, 
while  supported  by  trade  were  rich,  and  the 
state  powerful ;  but  as  commerce  sunk,  their 
power,  their  importance  declined,  the  nation 
languished,  and  havmg  feebly  supported  the 
dignity  of  independent  sovereignty,  has  re- 
cently become  a  scene  of  anarchy  and  rapine, 
and  has  fallen  an  inglorious  prey  to  the  in- 
solent rapacity  of  France.— Ine  condition 
indeed  oi  those  nations  who  ha\'c  suffered 
their  commerce  to  decoy  is  truly  pitiable :  ^- 
prived  of  the  sources  that  supplied  articles  of 
pleasure  or  luxury,  iliey  sink-  into  corruption 


and  efieminacy,  and  groan  under  the  pressarc 
of  all  those  ills 

**  That  opulence  departed  leaves  behind." 
The  Spaniards,  since  they  have  been  in  pos^ 
session  of  the  rich  mines  of  America,  have 
neglected  the  domestic  sources  of  wealth. 
Trade,  industry  and  manufacture  have  been 
exchanged  for  idleness,  pride,  and  emigra^ 
tion.  They  havt  consequently  become  de- 
pendent on  other  nations  for  many  of  the 
convenienciQi,  and  some  of  the  necessaries 
of  life,  and  the  country  is  become  weak» 
poor,  and  depopulated.  To  this  indeed,  their 
form  of  government  has  in  some  measure  con* 
tributed.  for  commerce  is  ever  seen  to  flourish 
under  mild  and  equal  laws,  but  always  fiides 
and  sickens  in  the  arid  soil  of  ^ranxiy  and 
oppression. — It  is  the  happy  object  of^  com- 
merce to  enrich,  at  the  same  time,  the  indi- 
vidual and  the  country  at  lacge  ;  the  more  the 
merchant  a^uires,  tne  more  is  his  country 
benefited.  Trade  then,  is  the  great  subject 
on  which  man  may  most  profitably  exercise 
his  attention,  and  is  the  proper  pursuit,  and 
best  support  of  an  enlightened,  powerful,  and 
virtuous  people.  It  has  indeed  been  said^ 
that  luxury  and  corruption  never  fail  to  creep 
into  commercial  countries,  and  by  poisoning 
the  springs  of  national  felicity,  are  more  than 
a  balance  for  all  the  benefits  that  a  lucrative 
and  extensive  commerce  can  aflbrd.  It  has 
been  said  also  that  people  engaged  in  trade 
and  manufacture  are  fraudulent,  mercenary^ 
and  unfit  for  more  noble  employments ;  that 
their  minds  s^  well  as  their  bodies  become  en- 
feebled and  dispirited,  and  that  they  arc  in- 
capable of  those  actions  that  have  done  ht>- 
nour  to  human  nature,  and  exalted  the  digni^ 
ty  of  man.  But  this  objection  has  been  un- 
justly urged  ;  for  though  fraud  may  have  en- 
tered into  the  breast  ofthc  trade*  of  rude  ages, 
and  the  petty  retailer  of  our  own,  we  may  ob- 
serve, that  the  merchant  in  an  advanced  state 
of  commerce,  is  punctual,  liberal,  and  gene- 
rous ;  and  the  sedentirrj'  and  peaceful  occupa- 
tion of  the  artificer  and  mechanic  are  surely 
preferable  to  the  wamlcring  and  predatory  liic 
of  the  Tartar  or  the  Arab. 

We  need  not  recur  to  foreign  nations  for 
proofs  of  the  advantages  of  commerce  ;  they 
are  no  where  more  conspicuous  or  more  ac- 
knowledged than  in  our  own.  It  i)  the  happy 
and  envied  boa?t  of  this  island,  to  retain  tne 
possession  of  a  trade  as  lucrative  as  it  is  uni- 
versal, and  by  means  of  that  trade  to  surpass 
other  nations  in  wealth,  strength,  and  con- 
sequtpce.,  And  when  'we  consider  that  this 
country,  by  nb  means  the  most  considerable 
in  extent  of  in  the  advantat^es  of  climate 
and  fertility,  is  at  present  tlie  most  indepen- 
dent and  powerful ;  that  she  alone  carries'  on 
with  stcadincis,  and  supports  with  spirit  aod 
dignity,  a*  war  in  which  rfiost  other  nations 
have  either  actually  suffered;  or  are  now  mt-' 


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Fiew  oj  the  Finances  of  the  East-India  Company. 


Dbo8 


naced  with  rain  and  destruction,  we  shall 
iind  abundant  reason  to  ^aid  our  commerce 
with  vigilance*  and  rejoice  in  its  extent. 
May  that  commerce  contmue  to  afford  us  pro- 
tection, as  hitherto  it  has  done,  against  the 
assaults  of  domestic  commotion  or  open 
hostility,  and  stitl  remain  the  support  of  our 
fVeedom,  constitution,  and  law. 

Lydd,  J.  N. 


▼XEW  OP  THE  FINANCES  OP  THE  BAST-INDIA 

coMPANY.^Abstracted  from   Lord  Mor- 
peilrs  Speech,  July  10,  180(). 

In  fhh  abstract  the  actual  receipts  and  ex- 
pencUhirest  are  inserted  \,  ioithout  respect 
to  the  estimates  sent  from  India, 

BKN6AL. 

The  receipt  from  the  Sale  of  Salt  has  been 
considerably  enhanced  in  the  two  last  years, 
principally  \)y  the  eifect  of  regulations  to  pre- 
vent tne  illicit  trade.  The  excels  in  1803-4 
beyond  the  a>'erage  of  1800-1  to  1802-3,  is 
£070,bOO,  and  beyond  that  of  lS(K>-3,  of 
which  it  forms  a  part,  nearly  j^J40,000. 

It  is  found,  that  for  several  years  past  the 
estimates  of  the  land  revenues  liave  been  ex- 
ceeded by  the  actual  collections. 

Sale  of  opium,  jC45,56l.  The  produc- 
tiveness of  tnis  resource  is  greatly  to  be  attri- 
buted to  the  present  system  of  management, 
which  enforces  the  most  scrupulous  attention 
to  the  quality  of  the  article.  The  excess 
now  exhibited  is  owing  to  the  actual  sale  price 
having  been  greater  than  the  estimated. 

Deficit— Oude  Subsidy  and  revemies  of 
ceded  provinces,  jf52,698.  The  deficiency 
IS  to  be  attributed,  in  the  first  pl^ce,  to  the 
failure  of  the  monopoly  of  salt,  which  was 
proposed  to  be  established  on  the  siime  princi- 
ple as  in  the  Bengal  provinces ;  and  in  the  se- 
cond place,  to  a  most  unfovourable  season  oc- 
casioning a  failure  in  the  harvests,  which  ren- 
dered considerable  remissions  absolutely  neces- 
sary for  the  relief  of  the  renters. 

'oale  of  salt,  £30,643.  Notwithstanding 
the  actual  receipt  has  thus  fallen  short  of  the 
expectation,  it  is  still  the  greatest  amount 
ever  realized  from  the  salt  sales,  exceeding 
the  last  year  jC350,000,  and  the  average  of 
the  last  three  years  ^570,^)00.  The  defi- 
ciency now  shewn  is  intirely  in  the  sale  price : 
the  quantity  sold  exceeded  the  estimate. 

MADKAS. 

The  diminution  of  average  receipt  is  to  be 
regretted,  and  the  more,  as  in  the  two  last 
years  a  decrease  appears  in  the  realization  of 
these  revenues.  No  detailed  account  has 
been  received,  by  which  the  defatcatious,  in 
any  particular  instance,  can  be  precisely  ex- 
plained; but  the  advices  state,  that  the  sea- 
■ons  have  been,  for  several  years,  remarkably 
unfavourable;  from  the  extraordinary  preva- 
lence of  drought. 


Excess :  Land  and  s^  customs,  jfie4,883, 
partly  from  r^ulatioos  recently  tetablished, 
and  partly  from  continent  bircumstances.— • 
Revenues  of  the  Carnatic,  £i  19,358,  partly 
by  a  creater  collection  on  balances  \hdca  esti« 
mated,  and  pertly  in  the  customs. 

Deficit : — ^Tiie  revenues  of  Tamore,  and 
ceded  and  conquered  countries  of  Mysore  j 
also  land  revenues,  the  whole  of  which  must 
be  attributed  to  the  extreme  unfavoniahleness 
of  the  seasons. 

BOMBAY. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  observe,  that  notwith- 
standing the  apprehensions  under  which  this 
estimate  was  framed,  that  the  effects  of  ex* 
cess ive  dearth  and  (amine  would  be  materially 
felt  in  the  revenues,  the  gross  collections  are 
found  to  exceed  the  estimate. 

The    excess    appears   in    land    revenaes* 
.^22,643,  chiefly  in  the  collections  from  the  ' 
districts  ceded  by  the  Peishwa :  and  in  the 
farms  and  licences,  £23,S06, 

The  deficiency  is  in  the  customs  and  duties ; 
imputable  to  a  considerable  decrease  in  the 
imports  from  Europe  and  China,  also  to  tlie 
late  arrival  of  the  fleet,  from  which  the  cus- 
toms could  not  be  brought  to  account  befbi6 
the  close  of  the  officiaL  year. 

An  excess  has  occurred  in  the  civil  charges, 
£6,702,  princijially  to  be  attributed  to  a 
charge  incurred  in  consequence  of  the  fire 
which  did  considerable  damage  at  Bombay. 

It  is  to  be  observed,  that  tlie  Bombay  ara^y, 
exclusive  of  the  detachment  in  Guzerat,  was 
merely  in  a  state  of  preparation  for  active  ser- 
vice in  the  latter  mouths  of  1802-3,  whereat 
it  was  generally  employed  on  field  service  dur- 
ing the  whole  of  1803-4;  consequently  the 
miiitaiT  expenses  of  that  yea^r  were  very  much 
beyond  those  of  th&  preceding.  It  appears 
that  the  charges  in  the  last  year  were  nwre  by 
j^413,671 :  of  which  j^379,093,  were  in 
the  military ;  the  remainder,  chirlly  in  th% 
revenue  depiirtment,  for  the  expenses  in  the 
management  of  the  newly  acquired  districts. 

A  considerable  addition  to  the  revenues  for 
1804-5,  is  reckoned  ui)On  from  the  terrftorics 
whifh  have  come  into  the  possession  of  tht 
Company  by  treaty  and  cotiqucst.  The  civil 
charges  m  gentfral,  from  a  variety  of  contin- 
p^ent  circumstances,  arising  from  the  particu* 
lar  situation  of  aflkirs,  are  expected  to  be 
higher  in  this  year  than  in  the  lust. 

BENCOOLEN,    PIKAKO,    ^C 

The  moRsures  taken  to  enforce  the  regular 
transmission  of  documents  have  not  hitnerto 
produced  the  desired  effect.  As  a  more  sum«^ 
ma ry  mode  of  proceeding  has  been  adopted, 
by  v.'hich  tl*5  conduct  of  the  aftairs  ot  the 
residency  is  under  special  examination,  h 
may  be  nopwl,  that  at  no  distant  period  the 
actual  state  of  them  will,  in  common  with 
the  other braiicbes of  the  concern,  Ur  brought 
under  review,  to  the  proper  daut*. 
2D2 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


8073 


View  of  the  FmaHces  of  t%e  East-India  Companij. 


t6« 


SEVERAL   VIEW 

Of  the  actual  Accounts  of  the  year  ldCd-4^ 
Revenues. 

Bengal,    -      ^€8,060,9931 

Madras,    -  4,053,401  >  jf  13,273,044 

Bombay,  -     -        658,660) 
'  Charges. 

Bengal,     -       ^^5,434,291 ) 

Madras,    -  6,136,846  >     13,214,114 

.     Bombay,  -    -     1,642,978  S    '^ 

Ket  revenue  of  three  presidencies         58,930 
Deducted  from  supplies  from  Ben- 
gal to  Bencoolen,  Pinang,  and 

St.  Helena, 304,056 


Leaves  a  net  charp^e,  of    -    -    -       245,126 
To  which  adding  interest,  &c.  paid  on 

DebU  at  Bengal,  ^9^7,727  ) 

Ditto-  Madras,    3:54,179  >     •1,534,758 

Ditto  -  Bombay,  249,852)    ■     ■ 

'llicloial        j£l, 779,884 
is  the  amount  in  which  the  teni- 

tonal  and  other  reienues  were 

inadequate  to  meet  the  demands 

for  the  charges  of  government, 

and  tlie  interest  on  the  debts. 
The  resource  derived  from  sale  of 

imports    .-.---    ^        655,481 


Deducted  from  deficitabove,  leaves  1 , 1 24,403 
which  is  the  deficit  after  the  liquidation  of 
e\'eTy  current  demand,  of  the  year  1803«4, 
except  the  commercial  chai^ges  ndt  added  to 
the  invoices. 

APfLXCATlON  OP  COMMERCtAL  POITD. 

B^^a/.^Charees  of  trade  at  pre- ' 

sidency  and  factories-  100,256 
Advances  for  investments, 

including   commission 

to  residents,  &c.  1,080,599 
Supply  to  Canton  -  200,000 
Madras,*^  Charges,    al-    , 

lowances.  Bee*  cpmmer- 

ciai  department  -  -51,863 
Advances  for  investment, 

charges,  &c.  -  -  -  574,886 
Supply  to  Canton  •  -  80,022. 
BofN&a^.<^^-Salariea,    &c. 

coromeictal  dcpartmentl7,657 
Advan<^  (bt  invest mcnt« 

clmi'^s,  &c.     -    -    176,063 
Supply  10  Canton       -  124  J 

loTtidarlM    ------ 

Total  advances,  commercial  charges 

Knd  mvestroerfts,  and  China,  in  *— ■ 

1803^       .--..-.  2,320,484 


^  1,380,855 


^      706,771 


193,844 


39,014 


,  Thii    amotmt   ii    \c»    than    estimated, 

♦  This  sum  includes  if'i  40,436  pfifid  ro  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Sinking  Funcj,  for  in- 
terest on  the  public  aecurttivi/  w^ich  had 
\im  iede«i»sd  by  i!)€iii. 


I  ^280,000.  The  supply' to  Canton  was  less 
only  j£fl7,8.'54;  the  jemainder  was  in  the  pio^ 
viiion  of  investments  at  Bengal  and  Madras, 
from  the  exigencies  of  the  government  call- 
ing for  func^  to  a  very  extensive  amount. 
The  amount  of  the  cargoes  actually  consign- 
ed to  Europe  from  India,  in  1803-4,  charges 
dot  added,  isjf  l,6;4,645. 

The  value  of  these  cargoes,  exclusive  of 
charges,  amount  to  ^1,497,561,  which  is 
less  than  the  amount  of  the  advances  on  ac- 
co^nt  of  the  commerce  in  the  year  by 
^£^373,000  ;  but  the  quantity  of  merchandize 
actually  conbigned  to  Kwrope  in  the  year, 
rarely  accords  precisely  with  the  amount 
which  may  have  been  advanced  for  the  pur- 
jKwes  of  commerce ;  as  it  depends  upon  a  va- 
riety of  circumstances  what  quantity  shall  be 
shipped  in  tlie  vear.  In  due  proportion  with 
the  advances,  the  produce  of  which  has  been 
obtained  in  goods,  will  the  increase  of  assets 
be  found,  w-ben  the  consignments  have  not 
been  made  to  their  ftiU  extent.  In  tbb  }'ear 
the  remains  of  export  goods  in  warehouse  are 
found  to  be  considerably  greater  than  in  the 
lasli, 

ITie  ordinary  resources  from  re\'enuc  and 
the  sale  of  imports  have  been  found  insufh- 
cient  to  meet  the  extensive  demands  in  this 
}rcar  for  the  conduct  of  the  general  administra- 
tion of  India,  in  -  -  -  -  ^1,124,403 
Advances  for  commercial  purposes  2,320,484 


Additional  funds  required  -     - 
vKxclusivc  of  certain  advances. 


3,444,887 
.  frcouentiy  re- 
quired on  other  accounts,  either  .to  be  a(yust* 
cd  with  his  Majesty's  government,  supplies  to 
Ceylon,  naval  services,  &c.  or  with  llw  con- 
cern at  home,  for  payments  for  chartered 
ships,  &c.'  The  supplies  received  from 
Europe  in  bullion,  &c.  were  great,  but  not 
sufficient  to  meet  the  several  deiiuinds ;  a  con- 
siderable increase  has  therefore  occurred  in 
the  debts. 

DEBTS    IN   INDIA. 

30th  April,  1803,  gross  ^ 

amount,     -    -  je21,881,571  | 
Deduct,    in    hands  of  >-l9,869,22^ 

commissioner  of  the  | 

SinkinpFund    -    2,012,348  J 
30th  April,.  1804,  gross  1 

amount,     -    -    25 ,.336,263  J  22 
DeduotSinkipgPund  2,000,056  S    — — — . 
Increase,  in  1803-4    -     -       2,666,984 


The  part  of  the  abote  debts  bearinz 

interest  was, 
30th  April,   1803,     18,712,933)  \^  ^^  ^^^ 
DetWt  Sinking  fund  1,6*6,917  (  '7/)26,Oia 
30th  April,  1804,    21,276,466  I 
DtduciSii>kingFund2,244,532j  *9.081,934 

.Increase,  in  J  803-4    -    *     ,2,005,918 


f 


Digitized 


by  Google 


Pieiv  of  the  Finances  of  the  Eail*In(Sa  Company, ' 


V   1,447.651 
9» 


8O9] 

Amount  of  interest  on  debts. 
Upon  principal  owing" 

30th  April,  1803,  1,574,011 
jPeduct,    on  securities 

redeemed  by  llieSink- 

ingFund    -    -    -     126,36o 
Upon  principal  owing  '^ 

30thApril,  1804    1,754,843  V  l,588,38g 

PeductSinkingFund     1^,454  J     ^ 

Increase  of  mcerest,  1804  140,738 

It  appears  that  the  plan  established  in  1785, 
and  modified  in  1793,  for  the  remittance  or 
transfer  of  Indian  debt  to  England,  has  en- 
tirely ceased  to  operate.  Tliis  plan  being  on  a 
fixed  rate  of  cxcliange,  could  not  be  expected 
10  have  effect  any  longer  than  whilst  the  rate 
to  fixed  should  render  it  eligible  to  tlie  public 
creditors  to  avail  themselves  of  it.  It  may  be 
added^  that  the  institution  of  a  Sinking  Fund 
in  179S>  and  its  siibsequent  operation,  with 
the  terms  on  which  loans  have  been  raised  of 
late  years,  by  which  an  option  was  left  to  the 
persons  lencTing  the  money  to  be  repaid  in 
Iingland  at  a  more  favourable  rate  of  ex- 
change, have  now  totally  superseded  the  for- 
mer mode  of  transfer.  The  amount  redeem- 
ed by  the  Sinking  Fund,  in  the  year,  was 
^€557,615. 

ASSETS    IN  INDIA. 

30th  April,  1803,  value  of  the  [ 

assets,    consisting    of  cash, 

bills,    stores,    goods,    debts, 

&c.     .    -    -    jgl 4,630,971 
Deducts     balance  and 

securities    in    hands 

of  commisiioncrs   of 

Sinking  Fund     -    2,01 9^348  ) 
30th  April,   1804,    17,253,399  t  ,4  ^5  ^,^ 
Deduct SmkingFund 3,800,056  J  **»^^>343 

Increase,  18a3-4    -    -    -       1,833,71^0 
peducting  this  sum  from  the  in- 
(jrease  in  debts,      -    -    .    -      2,666,984 

the  Stat?  of  the  Company's  af- 
rairs  in  India  is  become  worse 
during  the  year,  by    -    -    -         ^33,264 

The  detail  of  the  assets  shews,  that  tl^e  on-t 
ly  article  in  which  the  balance  has  lessened  in 
the  year,  is  the  cash  and  bills,  only  j^l8,914. 
^n  increase  is  exhibited  on  all  the  others  :  on 
stores  to  the  amount  of  ^2^3,627,  from  the 
great  importation  from  "Europe,  and  from  im- 
piehse  purchases  in  India  in  consequence  of 
the  war.  The  supplies  from  Europe,  in  the 
season  1802-3,  have  considerably  increased 
the  import  goods'.  Thie  remain^  of  ex[ioTt 
goods  have  increased  j^560, 169.  The  addi- 
tion to  the  debs  owing  to  the  Company  i? 
£42g,527.  The  latter  sum  is  in  the  x-arious 
departments  of  the  seieral  presiflencies,  aiid 
^,  y^th  a  sm^U  e3(oeptii]ii^4tt  to  the  l^creasc& 


>- 12,681,623 


[810' 

amount  owing  on  leveaue  balances,  due  (  Q 
advances  which  have  actually  been  made,  or* 
oa  the  salei  of  salt  at  Bengal/  thut  did  not  be« 
come  payable  with  the  year. 

ROME.   ACCOUNTS. 

From  these  a  judgment  'may  be  formed 
of  the  extent  of  the  trade  with  the  East, 
both  as  to  import  and  export. 

The  aggregate  amount  of  the  sales  of  goods 
from  India,  whether  on  the  account  of  the 
Company  or  pri\'ate  traders,  in  1804-5,  is 
^^^8,044,392,  which  is  less  than  the  sales  of 
thepfcceding  year  bv  the  sum  of  jf 380, 876. 

The  sales  of  tne  Company*s  goods  in 
1804-5,  were  esthnated  at    -      j£6,868,700 

Actual  amount        ....    5,267,578 


Less  than  estimated 


-     1,601,122 


This  must  be  admitted  to  be  a  very  serious 
disappointment  in  the  produce  of  an  impor- 
tant branch  of  the  resources ;  it  is  to  be  attri- 
buted principally  to  the  small  vent  of  piece 
goods  in  the  year,  arisme-from  the  necessity 
of  deferring  the  side  whicn  usually  took  uUice 
in  Februarj-,  to  the  month  of'Alarch;  like- 
wise to  the  loss  of  the  ship  Prince  of  Welles 
with  a  valuable  cargo,  ana'  the  short  supply  of 
goods  from  Bengal.  On  teas,  raw  and  organ- 
zine  silk,  also  drugs,  sugar,  &c.  the  actual 
sales  exceeded  the  estimated. 

Receipt  on  sales,  1804-A,  esti- 
mated at je6,598,495 

actually  amounted  to      -    •  5,730,133 

Less  than  estimated    •    -    -         868,303 

Charges  and  profit  on  private- 
trade,  estimated  at    -    -    -    -  150,000 
amounted  to    -.--,-.  90,536 


Less  than  estimated 


59,464 


In  order  to  meet  the  extensive  demands  of 
the  year,  it  ^vas  requisite  to  have  recourse  to 
extraordinary  funds.  A  loan  was  obtained 
from  government  out  of  tl|Q  tea  duties,  to  the 
amount  of  ^500,000  \  the  sum  ,of  100,000 
was  borrowed  frqin  the  ^n\^  j  and  l;^nd^ 
amounting  to  X'41 1,975,  havmg  been  paid, 
in  i^pon  thti  sajes  instead  of  ca^li  (a  circum- 
stance which  always  occurs  when  the  bondi 
bear  a  discount)  an  issue  v/as  made  to  the  ex- 
tent of  £979»bQp^  The  eticct  of  these  se- 
veral circumstances  was  j  the  funds  of  which 
th«  <^m|Kiny  were  'itble  to  avail  themselves 
for  the'  *  j^rposgs  of-  the  year,  were 
jfc7, 622,337*  exceeding  the  estimate  .^n  tite 
amiount  already  shewn.  1  he  ^ross  actual  ex- 
penditure of  these  iunds on  ttu*  immediate  ac- 
count of  the  Company  -was  .i'7, 60(5,38 1  :  rf- 
this'  amount,  j€4,  173,409  was  for  a^  d^ctct 
supply  to  the  foreign  concern,  by  jjay.uem  ojf 
biUs  of  e^chaiiee  a'tul  cpni»igi^ucat  \i\  ^v^>, 

'  ■  Digitized  by  ^OOgie 


81  1] 


Vkw  ^  (he  FinMces  of  the  East-India  Company. 


tMies,  an^  hu11ion»  which  tooether  OLcecded 
the  estimated  supply  by  j£35g,()04.  The  ex- 
ports were  less  oy  j^l,8J7>  aod  tlie  pay- 
ment of  Indian  debt,  which  was  calculated 
upon  the  principles  prescribed  by  tlie  act  at 
j£600,000,  was  less  by  je480,0l3.  The 
purchase  of  bullion  being  more  by  jC894, 248, 
and  the  payment  of  bills  by  if  17»186,  oc- 
casioned tne  difference  which  has  been  stated. 
Balance  of  cash,  in  favour  of  th^  Com- 
pany  on      1st    March,     1805, 

estimated  at £lb7,634 

actually  proved  to  be       -    -    -  12,020 


Less  than  estimated  .  -    - 


146,614 


Thehalance  of  cash  against  the  Company, 
1st  March,  1806,  is  estimated  to  ht  £62,836, 

DBBTS  AT  HOME. 

Home  debt,  1st  March,  1804,    4J88,865 
Ditto        1st  March,  1805,    6,012,196 

Increase        1,223,331 

ASSETS   AT  HOME. 

1st  Mar.  1804,  the  amount  was  19,168,736 
Ibt  March,  1805,     -     -     -       20,442,639 


Increase 


1,273,923 


Deducting  the  increa^  of  the 
debt  at  home,      .    .     ..    ^     ^         1,223,331 
from  the  increase  of  assets,     -        1,273,923 
-    The  improvement  of  the  home     ■ 

concern  is     .-.---     ^0,992 


CHIKA    AND   ST.   HELENA. 

31  Jan.  1803,  balance  at  Chi- 
na against  the  Company    260,900 
29 'Jan.  1804,  in  tuvour  182,390 

Improvement 443,290 

30  Sept.  1802,  balance 
of  the  books  at  St.  Helena 
in  favour     .     -     -     -      105,194 
30  Sept.  1803  in  favour  105,:i82 

Improvement  -  .■  188 


Total,  China  and  St.  Helena    -        443,478 


COMPARATIVE     VIEW     OF  THB     DEBTS   AND 

ASSETS,  by  the  last  year's  accounts,  and 
those  of  the  year  now  under  examination. 

Increase  of  debt  in 

India  -'  -    -    2,666,984 

Increase  of  debt   at 

home,  -    -    - .  i, 223,331 

increase  of  assets  in                *) 

India,  -    -    -     1,833,720  | 

Increase  of  assets  at                  }- 


Y    3,890,315 


home,     -    -    -     1,273,923 
Improved  balances  at  I 

Cliina  &  St.  Helena  443,478 J 


3,551,121 


Deducting  increase  of  assets  from 
the  increase  of  debt,  the  deterio- 
ration in  the  whole  concern  in 
1803-4  abroad,  and  1804-5  at 
home,  will  be        -    .    -    - 

But  it  will  be  necessary,  in  this 
place,  to  make  some  adjust- 
ments :  for  this  purpose,  add  the 

.  amount  received  in  India,  and 
inserted  in  quick  stocks  from 
thenc^,  30lh  April,  1804;  the 
value  of  exports  from  England, 
which  was  included  in  the  car- 
goes afloat  outwards,  in  the 
assets  at  home,  viz.   583,299] 

Goods  in  export  ware- 
houses in  India,  30th 
April,  1804,  includ- 
ed in  quick  stock  ac- 
counts and  in  assets 
at  home     -    -    -       43,6l9j 

Amount  of  deterioration  will  be 


[813 


£339,19^ 


626jgiB 


900,112 


The  year  1602-3,  which  had  been  expect^ 
cd  to  afford  the  most  favorable  result,  with  re- 
gard to  revenue  and  charge,  and  16  produce  a 
considerable  sum  for  the  liquidation  of  the 
existing  debt,  did  in  fact  produce  a  surplus 
revenue  to  the  amount  of  near  a  million  s'^r- 
ling,  including  the  sum  paid  to  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  Sinking  Fund. 

It  is  not  requisite,  in  this  place,  to  enter  in- 
to any  detail  of  the  political  circumiitances 
which  occurred  at  the  end  of  the  year  1 802, 
nor  of  the  events  which  led  to  the  exicniv* 
scale  of  military  operations  which  took  place 
at  a  subseouerit  period :  it  bonly  nec^s>aE}'  10 
advert  to  tnem,  for  the  purpose  of  rcmcirk^ 
ing,  that  their  effect  has  been  to  dcfi:a;  he 
plan  devised  for  the  liquidation  oi  debt,  and 
to  .absorb  the  surplus  rci'enue  to  that  de  ^ree, 
that  for  1803-4  it  was  only  estimated  to 
amount  to  £\2l ,835.  The  actual  accounts  ex- 
hibit a  much  more  unfavourable  view,  in  statfc- 
ing  a  surplus  charge  of  j^l  ,779f884,  including 
^'140,436,  for  interest  paid  to  commissioners 
of  Sinking  Fund,  which  sum  being  n  ro- 
priated  to  the  farther  liquidation  of  debt  can- 
not be  considered  as  an  available  resource. 

The  variations  between  the  estimated  and 
actual  charges  for  1 803-4,  on  the  general  re* 
suit,  is  as  follows : 

The  estimate  calculated  on  a  surplus  re- 
venue of  j^l21,835 

By  the  actual  accounts  a  si^rplus 
charge  has  been  shewn  to  the  ox- 
tent  of       -     - 1,779»884 

Difference,  in  an  unfavourable • 

view 1,901,719 

The  aagrej^te  of  the  actual  revenues  wai 
less  tlian^estimatcd  by  199,000,  and  of  the 
charges  more  than  estimated  by  ^^^1,702,312, 
The  dcliciency  of  revenue    arose  partly  ii^ 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


613] 


Fiew  of  the  Iflnances  ef  the  East-IncRa  Oompanjf. 


[814 


Hengal,  the  collections  from  Oude  being  less 
than^  in  the  preceding  ycar>  at  which  period 
some  extraordinary  payments  had  been  made ; 
and  in  a  streat  measure  at  Madras,  from  a 
considerable  defalcation,  io  consequence  of 
the  unfavourable  season  of  1803-4«  The  col- 
lections in  the  Bombay  districts  were  more 
considerable.  Of  tlie  increased  charge, 
,^1,308,000  belongs  to  the  military,  from 
the  continuance  of  the  war  expenses  to  an 
extent  beyond  what  was  expected  when  the 
estimate  was  framed.  Of  this  sum  above  a 
iTMllion  is  in  the  increase  at  Madras.  The 
sum  of  ^94,000  is  still  to  be  accounted  for  : 
of  this  ^192,000  is  in  the  additional  expense 
in  the  Oude  pro\'inces,  and  j^Q  1,000  chiefly 
in  the  seitlemcnt  of  Balambangan,  not  in- 
cluded in  the  estimate ;  the  remainder  in  a 
variety  of  civil,  judicial,  and  re^xnue  ex- 
penses. 

Actual  surplus  charge,  1 803-4  Jt\  ,779i884 

The  estimate  for  1 804-5      -        1 ,734, 1 84 

Estimated  more  favourable  than    .^— — 

actual,  ..---.-        45,700 


In  this  year  a  larger  receipt  of  re^'enue  is 
calculated  by  jf  285,000.  The  general  charges 
are  estimated  less  by  nearly  j^20,000  j  but  ttie 
interest  calculated  to  be  payable  on  additional 
debt  reduces  it  to  the  amount  just  stated. 
•The  military  expenditure  is  not  estimated  at 
•o  laige  a  sum  as  that  in  the  last  year.  I  am 
•orry,  ho\ve\'er,  to  be  under  the  necessity  of 
observing,  that  doubts,  infinitely  too  well 
fbtmded,  are  ^tertained  respecting  the  esti- 
mated charges.  These  doubts  acquire  addi- 
tional stren^h,  from  the  estimate  for  the 
year  1805-<).  Excluding  the  commercial 
charges  from  this  estimate,  in  order  to  carry 
on  the  comparison  upon  a  principle  similar  to 
those  already  made,  it  will  aupear,  that  the 
result  of  1805-6  shews  a  surplus 

charpiof 2,456,151 

Addmg  amount  of  interest  pavable 

to  eommissioners  of  Sinking  Fund       195,788 

The  total  deficit  is    .    -    -    -    2,651,939 


which  is  more  unfavorable  than 
the  result  estimate  for  1804-5, 
by  36917,755. 

The  principles  upon  which  this  result  is  pro- 
duced are  as  fi)llow,  viz. 
Re\-enue8.— Bengal,  8,763.220^ 

Madras,.    -    -    4,774,29^  >  U>279.W3 

Bombay,      -    -     ^  742.017J 
Charges.— Bengal,     7,415,0701 

Madras,-    -    -    5,660,182  >  14,645,844 

Bombay,      -    -     1,580,292  J     

Net  charge  .....      366,311 
Add — Supplies  to  Bcncoolen, 

Prince  of  Wales  Island,  &c.  •       266,800 

Total  surplus  chaige     .'-    -       699,111 


Total  turplus  charge,  •  br.  for.  jS633,UI 
Add-Interest  on  debts  1, 823,040*1 

Interest   payable  to  I 

commrr.  or    Sink-  >  2,018,828 

injj  Fund  on  secu*  I 

rities  redeemed    -        195,788  J 
Result,  in  excess  of  charge,  as  '■ 

already  stated,     -----    2,651,939 

The  revenues  of  1805-6  are  estimated  at  a 
larger  amount  by  jl£72 1,024,  bv  including 
revenues  of  conquered  ciisiricts.  The  charges 
areereaterby  ^1,638,779-  A  material  part 
of  this  sum  is  in  militaiy  expenses ;  but  the 
precise  amount  is  not  distinctly  staled  in  the 
estimate.  The  charges  on  revenues  of  cbn- 
quered  provinces  must  be  supposed  to  make  a 
considerable  part  in  the  increase,  also  the  ad- 
ditional amount  of  interest  payable  on  debt. 

The  home  concern  undoubtedly  requires  the 
attentive  consideration  of  the  house.  The 
immense  demands  for  the  exigencies  of  the^ 
government  in  India  must  necessarily  confine 
Uie  commercial  exertions  in  that  part  of  the 
world  ;  the  investments  must  consequently 
be  limited  :  the  sources  of  supply,  therefore, 
for  the  home  treasury  are  materially  affected. 
In  stating  the  home  concern  for  1804-5,  after 
defraying  the  usual  demands  for  dividends, 
territorial  charges,  &c.  and  taking  credit  for 
the  profits  of  all  descriptions,  a  deficit  appears 
to  the  amount  of  jg41 8,540;  and  it  is  pre- 
sumed it  cannot  amount  to  less  for  the  year 
corresponding  with  the  Indian  estimate  for 
1805-6,  viz,  I8O6-7,  or  the  current  year. 

On  these  principles  the  excess  of  charge  ' 
abroad  and  at  home,  for  the  years  last   men- 
tioned, must  be  computed  at  three  millions 
sterling. 

From  these  remarks  it  it  sufficiently  ob- 
vious that  funds  must  have  been  dcrivea  from 
loans  raised  abroad  or  at  home.  The  increase 
in  the  foreign  debt  to  April,  1804,  has  been 
noticed :  the  additional  account  shews  a 
further  increase  to  April,  1805.  The  ge- 
neral account  is  made  up  for  Bengal  to 
January  31st;  for  Madras  and  Bombay  to 
April  30th,  1805.  It  appears  by  a  memoran- 
dum) that  the  debt  bearing  interest  at  Ben- 
gal, 30th  April,  1805,  was  more  by 
^'358,183.  This  amount  was  properly  left 
out  of  the  total  of  the  gross  debt,  as  tiie  al- 
teration that  had  taken  place  in  the  flcaiing 
debt,  or  the  part  not  bearing  interest,  be- 
tween January  and  April,  could  not  be  ascer- 
tained, but  as  properly,  incltuled  in  the  sutc- 
ment  of  the  debt  bearing  interest  on  30th 
April,  1805. 

Comparative  amount  of  delt,  1 804  and  1 805 . 
Amount  of  debus  30  April,  1804  '^2,536,207 

Ditto,   1805 .25,04().4.H 

Increase    ..-..-    2,510,227 


2D4 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


W5] 


Vi€Wi>f  the  Flrutnces  ej  th  Easi-lnj&a  Companyi, 


(9ltf 


Debts  bearing    interest,    dOth 

April,  1804       ...    -     ^€19.031,934 
Ditto,  1805    -     -.-    -     -        21, 604,967 


Increase 


Interest  payable  pn  debt,  3ptb 


April,  1804 


ipri 


1^,373,033 


1,588,389 


itto,,  1805    -     -^   -     -     -     1,821,670 


Increase  of  interest  -    - 


233,181 


The  debt  outstanding  in  India  bearing  in- 
terest, jn  April  1805,  has  been  statal  to 
amount  to  i- 1,604,967.  Of  this  sum  it 
appears,  that  .4^17,567,162  may  eventually 
become  payable  in  England,  at  the  option  of 
the  holders  of  the  securities.  It  is  diincult  to 
1  say,  in  what  manner  they  may  exercise  tlieir 
option ;  but  it  is  probable,  that  at  no  very 
distant  period  demand»v  may  fall  upon  the 
home  treasury  to  a  considerable  amount :  and 
tjiough,  under  the  terms  of  the  loans,  the 
Court  of  Directors  are  enabled  to  protract  the 
payment,  in  some  instances,  for  one  or  two 
years,  yet  extraordinary  measures  must^pro- 
bably  be  resorted  to,  for  the  purpose  of  meet- 
ing the  obligations  as  they  respectively  become 
due.  Altliough  the  amount  of  tlie  optional 
loans  is  stated  to  exceed  seventeen  millions 
sterl.,  it  does  not  by  any  means  follow,  that  it 
will  all  of  course  fall  upon  the  home  treasury. 
The  decennial  loans  becoming  due  in  I8O9 
and  lyiO,  amounting  to ^3, ait), 762,  may 
pcrliaur,  be  made  payable  in  England,  The 
pan  ot  the  ci:^ht  per  cent,  loans  subscribed 
:in  M800,  may  also  be  transferred  home; 
\\.-  'hi'  V  n:oant  is  not  exactly  stated.  The 
TT  :  ;  r  of  ihe  sum  of  ^13,746,400, 
V.  '  fL^:^  iui<kr  the  terms  of  the  subscript 
*  •  1  tr  Tirftr  10  Europe,  authorised  by  or- 
i  ihc  Court  "of  Directors  in  1793,  by 
.4^  days  date,  at  the  exchange  of 
;  .  Recurrent  rupee,  7s.  Sd,  the  star 

T    ,     - ,    and  2s.  2§J.  the  Bombay  rupee,  can- 
hewn  v.  ith  perfect  correctness.     The 
i  i  iscit  uion  of.  tliis  plan  took  place  in 
i\t'  a  iuwtr  rate  of  exchange,  which 
'.        i'ffiV/aids  increased.    The  committee 
,  '    .  •  ^.tc,  ii  has  been  totally  superseded  bv 
.(•ill  SmVing  Fund.     When  the  rate  of 
/'   L,e  is  compared   with  the  other  more 
.  ?.  :pou8  n.odes  of  remitting  the  fortunes 
;.<!  .  i  Juals  to  Europe  which  are  now  open, 
•i  J 10:  appear  very  probable  that  many 
,vai!  ;1    nisclves  of  this  mode  of  transfer. 
}  jvln^  .si.ited  tlie  reverses  which  the  finan- 
rh\  sy3leiu  of  the  Company  has  experienced 
^.»m  increased  expenditure   and    additional 
d(  ht,  some  information  might  be  expected,  as 
to  the  reuiedies  proposed,  and  plans  recom- 
mended, by  which  the  overbeanng  expenses 
might  be  met,  investments  might  be  provid- 
ed, and  the  great  difiiculties  of  the  financial 


situation  of  the  Cofpn^iy  nii|^t,  id 
decree,  be  obviated.  That  this  is  a  subject  of 
serious  importance,  not  only  to  the  Court  of 
Directors  and  to  those  to  whom  the  admi- 
nistration of  the  govefnment  of  jfo^iia  is  dele^ 
gated,  but  to  parliament  i|nd  ifie  country,  doey 
not  admit  of  contradiction.  It  is  well  known^ 
that  considerable  retrenchments  in  pcp^ndi- 
ture,  and  reductions  in  various  establismnent^ 
in  India,  are  now  in  progress,  llie  iporq 
proper  time,  however,  tor  bringing  this  ^b-^ 
jept  before' t|ie  House  will  arrive,  when  com- 
plete documents  shall  be  received  from  India, 
from  w\i\ch  mQre  accunUte  calculations  can  be 
drawn,  of  the  extent  to  wluch  it  may  be  prac- 
ticable to  carry  intq  effect  the  various  mea- 
sures of  retrenchment  an4  reform.  The  iar- 
ther  consideration  of  this  uoint  is,  thetefore, 
proposed  to  be  deferred  tjlf  the  n^t  aessions, 
when  tlie  accounts  due  tliis  year,  of  which  a 
complete  series  is  not  yet  «nivedf  shall  be 
upon  the  table  of  the  I^pu^,  an^  when  an 
early  opportunity  may  be  taken  of  bringiDg 
before  parliament  the  most  ample  infprmauoi^ 
upon  these  interesting  and  important  topics. 

If,  in  alluding  to  the  ppliticalefef^ts  \vhi^ 
have  lately  occurred  in  Inc(ia,  I  do  not  endca-  • 
vour  to  occupy  the  time  of  the  committee,  t 
trust  that  I  snail  not  be  supposed  to  ^  insen- 
sible of  their  n^iagnitude  and  importai|ce : 
they  arc,  however,  so  completely  withu^l^ 
knowledge  of  every  gentleman,  that  it  is  uq- 
necessary  to  dwelf  upon  them  for  anj  Consi- 
derable time.  It  appears  (ro«ii  th^  dispatch^  . 
of  Sir  G.  H.  Barlow,  that  the  treaty  wbidi 
was  <x)ncluded  with  Scindia,  in  November, 
1805,  having  been  ratified  by  him,  has  beei^ 
since  ratified  by  Scindia.  Its  principal  points 
consist  in  establishing  the  river  Chumbul  a) 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  territory  qi 
Scindia,  in  a  line  drawn  from  Kotan  to 
Gohud  ',  and  iu  a  renunciation,  on  our  part, 
of  all  interference  with  the  petty  states  00  tint 
western  bank  of  ihe  Jumna,  that  may  .have 
been  formerly  tributary  to  $cipdia.  Tne  lot 
6vent  of  considerable  importaoo^  is  the  tieaty 
concluded  with'Holkar.  It  appsart  thi^I^ml 
Lake  having  reversed  the  line  of  match  ei 
the  old  conquerors  of-  Hiodostan,  pur«2cd 
the  fugitive  to  the  second  river  of  ninjab; 
with  a  degree  of  vigor  and  energy  whidi  haaf  , 
inarked  au  his  military  exertions,  and  placed 
him  in  a  situation  from  which  itwardi&cul^ 
for  him  to  retreat,  iukI  impossible  to  advance, 
withoutalmost  the  certainty  of  defeat.  T^e 
consequence  h^S  been,  the  conclusion  of  a 
treaty  of  peace,  by  which  Holkar  it  restored 
to  a  cotlsiaenble  part  of  his  ancient  territory ,- 
He  has  thus  regpned,  by  our  generosityj^ 
what  he  had  forfeited  by  ^isevering  sind  de« 
term! lied  hostility.  I  will  ndt,  at  pr^nt, 
enter  into  any  discussion  of  the  treaties,  as 
thev  are  not  regularly  before  the  House ;  but 
will  merely  aay^  that  thpu^  there  am^  ^ 


Digitized 


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•irl 


View  of  the  Rfuuices  of 


points  that  might  iastify  obtenration  and  n* 
mark,  they  are  advantageous  and  honorable 
to  the  En^ish  name,  and  calculated  to  place 
thepacilicatkm  of  India  on  a  solid  and  per- 
inanent  foundation. 

In  endeavouring  to  perform  the  duty  I  have 
imdertaken,  I  am  aware  that  tlie  task  is  un* 
graciouSf  and  the  prospect  I  have  been  luider 
tae  necessity  of  exhibiting  is  by  no  means  of 
a  brilliant '  or  animating  appearance.  My 
object  has  been,  to  give  a  correct  statement  of 
the  affairs  of  the  Company  \  and  though  1 
ahoukl  be  onft  of  the  last  persons  to  endeavour 
to  embody  forms  of  visionary  wealth  and 
ideal  prosperity,  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  I 
should  be  unwilling  to  give  way  to  unmanly 
and  unavailing  despondency.  The  resources 
pf  India,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  lo  ex- 
amine the  subjeol,  appear  to  me  great,  poit-er- 
fiil,  and  extensive.  Much,  1  trust,  may  be 
affected  by  economy.  I  do  not,  however, 
ipoean  that  speeies,  which  woukl  merely  re- 
strict and  retrench  the  hard-earned  provision 
of  laborious  merit,  the  wages  of  honest  and 
^ooorable  aerviee,  nor  even  that  species 
which  would  materially  affect  and  impair  the 
|}ignity  and  representation  of  executive  power : 
#uch  reform,  and  luch  economy,  might  only 
haye  the  effect  of  diminishing  tne  respect  that 
fs-duetogo%*enunent,  and  might  enfeeble  the 
administfation  gf  authority  which  it  was  in- 
tended to  confirm  aqd  iayigorate.  Much,  I 
trtist,  maybtt  d^egi^  hy  i^  pwteif  and  judi- 
cious system  of  economy,  acting  upon  more 
cnlaified  and  eoUghteiied  principles,  whfch 
most  oe  applied  to  the  collection  as  well  as  the 
iSisbmseinent  of  revenues,  and  which  in  its 
equal,  impaftial,  and  unerring  operation, 
inust  pervade  all  bianch^  of  the  administra- 
tiqp.  fiat  it  is  not  economy  alone  tliat  will 
|iave  the  desired  cfiect ;  it  must  be  combined 
with  the  mild  and  moderate,  at  the  same 
time  the  finn»  steady*  and  uni^axed  exercise 
f»f  legitimate  authontv :  it  must  be  combined 
wiUi  the  anxious  ana  unremitting  endeavour 
to  consult  the  wants  and  conciliate  the  affec- 
tions of  that  extended  population,  )¥hich  as 
ft  own*  (he  influence,  as  it  acknowledges  tlie 
aaomdmcv  of  this  country,  so  it  ought  to  ex* 
liferienoe  the  advan^ges  of  our  alliance,  and 
the  beocfit  of  our  protection  : — it  must,  in 
fhoct,  be  combined  with  those  principles  of 
moderation  and  justice,  which  as  tlic  surest 
line  of  policy,  and  tliepM»t  stable  foundation 
of  grctHMt,  ought  ever  to  be  interWoven  in 
fh€4>niqtice,  and  evej[  inheneot  in  the  luume 
^  chancterof  Britam. 

Our  readers  will  have  obeerved  wilk  coo- 
^am  the  ealaroitous  efiect  of  the  dionghtt 
oa'  the  East  Indian  Presidenctct. — ^We  are 
extreme^  sorry  to  repoit,  that  our  hst  ad- 
Vicei  ii^  Indk  aie  AotmuefefooiaU^i  it 


the  &tal  India  C^mpanij.  ^  if 

appears  by  the  following  extracts  tmtA  thif 
Calcutta  Gaaettes. 

Calcutta^  Tuesday,  13/*  JIfay,  1805^ 

We  understand  that  the  want  of  rain,  siiice 
the  end  of  March,  has  been  very  detrimental 
to  indigo  planters  in  the  southern  districts  of 
Bengal,  ti:.  Jcssore,  Kilhenmr,  &c.  How 
the  season  has  turned  Out  in  fiehar  aQ4 
Benares,  we  are  not  informed.  Thecultiva* 
lion  there  being  inobily  by  raitoon  crops,  the 
want  of  rain  may  not  prove  so  injuriou%asia 
the  southern  disixicts,  where  the  crop  is  raised 
from  spring  sowi  ng.  The  fall  of  rain  has  been 
so  long  protracted,  that  it  is  problematical 
whether  the  late  sowing  mIH  produce  a  crop  to 
cover  charges  J  unless  indeed,  the  remainder 
of  the  season  is  uncommonly  propitious.  The 
drought  has  occobioned  much  iiulufe  in 
lands  sown  in  March,  and  the  cooaequent 
demand  for  seed  to  re-sow,  has  enhanced  the 
price  gready,  ab  far  we  understand  as  160 
rupees  jpermaund.  We  ara  inclined  to  con* 
elude  from  pre^^ent  appearances,  that  the  «• 
neral  supply  of  (he  present  season,  will  be 
scanty,  and  consequently,  that  indigo  will 
support  high  prices.  It  is  probable  al^,  that 
indigo  of  the  last  crop,  if  any  remains  in 
hand,  may  shortly  experience  an  advAnccg 
unless  the  prospects  of  the  ensuing  crop  im« 
prove, 

7\iesday,  20th  3tay^ 

In  confirmation  of  what  we  advanced  19 
o^r  last  Tuesday*s  paper,  we  publish  the  ibU 
lowing  extract  of  a  letter  from  TirhooL 

*'  I  believe  we  shall  never  get  another 
shower  of  rain,  and  all  indigo  is  much  stints 
ed  in  its  growth,  in  consequeiice  of  the 
drought.** 

Our  information,  as  stated. before,  only  ex* 
tended  to  the  district  of  Jessorc  and  Bbnagar, 
and  the  country  to  the  south  of  the  great  river. 
We  arc  sorry  to  observe  from  the  a£io\-e,  that 
the  drought  has  extended  to  Tirhoot.  Since 
the  rain,  near  the  time  of  the  equinox, 
scarcely  any  had  faHen  for  a  period  of  forty 
days.  Such  an  interval  of  drought,  we  know 
must  be  very  detrimental  to  indigo  cropB»  and 
considerably  diminish  the  returns.  It  must 
cause  a  groat  part  of  the  spring  sowing  to  pe« 
rish,  >and  consequently  Hiake  a  re-sowing  ne- 
cessary, at  this  advanced  period  of  die  season. 
It  is,  we  believe,  a  general  rule  wii  the 
planters,  to  prognosticate  an  indifferent  sea- 
son, if  the  generality  of  the  crop  is  not  suf- 
ticiently  rooted  by  the  end  of  April.  The 
proper  business  after  the  15th  of  April,  ia 
weedlngp  and  not  sowing,  and  If  tnm  ia 
inuch  land  to  sow  after  that  date*  sanguine 
expectations  of  a  good  crop,  by  those  at  all 
tux)uaintcd  with  the  cultivation,  cannot  be 
enteruine4  i,  and  therefore  m  the  firat  week 
in  May,  a  general  agricultural  estimate  of 
returns  may  be  formed. 


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Administraiion  of  Justice  at  Bomhay, 


[62a 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  JUSTICE  AT  BOMBAY. 

The  sentiments  expressed  in  the  following 
address  are  so  proper  and  suitable  to  the 
oecasion,  and,  besides,  contain  such  gene- 
ral principles  of  honour,  that  we  take  a 
pleasure  in  publishing  it  at  length.  The 
itsiie  is  extremely  crcdilabk  to  the  justice 
of  the  British  nation  in  India,  and  cs|^- 
ciaUy  to  Sir  James  Macintosh,  the  dig- 
nified minister  of  that  justice  at  the  Presi- 
dency of  Bombay. 

(Bombay  Courier,  3d  May,  I8OC.) 
Recorder's  Court,  April y  £2. 
■  This  day  came  on  the  trial  of  lieutenants 
CauteyanaMacguire,  for  a  conspiracy  to  way- 
ky  anS  ill-treat  two  Dutch  gentlemen,  named 
Vandcrsloot,  on  the  night  of  the  Slst  of  Fe- 
bruary last. 

A  jury  having  been  chosen,  the  Honour- 
Mt  Company's  counsel  addressed  them,  at 
•ome  length,  on  the  part  of  the  crown.  He 
<jbser\ed,  that  it  could  ^ot  fail  to  be  an  ex- 
tremely painful  discharge  of  his  duty  to  the 
public,  to  be  obliged  to  call  their  attention  to 
the  conduct  of  persons,  whose  profession 
f^accd  them  in  the  rank  of  gentlemen,  while 
their  actions  degraded  that  character,  and 
^ere  a  disgrace  to  the  cloth  which  they  had 
the  honor  to  wear. 

^  The  persons  mentioned  in  the  indictment 
as  the  cmjects  of  brutal  attack  and  violence, 
^were  also  gentlemen,  sons  of  an  aged  and  re- 
spectable inhabitant  of  Cochin,  who  formerly 
peld  the  rank  of  surgeon-major  in  the  Dutch 
service.  Their  object  in  coming  to  Bombay, 
%f*»  to  obtain  redfress,  by  legal  means,  for 
wrongs  vvhich  they  and  their  family  conceived 
themselves  to  have  sustained,  when  the  regi- 
ment to  which  Lieutenant  Cantey  belongs 
was  quartered  at  C^hin — ^wronjpjs  of  a  most 
ontrageous  nature,  and  in  which  they  ac- 
counted that  gcQileman  a  principal  actor. 
They  had  accordingly  commenced  a  suit 
a^nH  him,  which  was  stiH  pending ;  and  it  ' 
greatly  aggravated  the  guilt  of  the  conduct  I 
changed  in  the  indictment,  that  the  defend-  ! 
ants  made  no  secret  of  its  being  in  revenge  of 
these  ptoceeciings  that  they  had  formed  the 
resolution  of  assauUinc  the  Messrs.  Vander- 
sloott  in  the  dend  of  night,  on  the  King's 
highway,  and,  for  that  purpose,  to  watch 
their  return  to  their  own  nouse,  which  is  si- 
titatcd  in  the  woods,  abotit :-.  mile  frOm  the 
fdrt.  To  obtain  an  additioniJ  levy,  ihey  re- 
paired to  a  trnt,  where  some  brotber-ofncers 
were  at  dinner,  and  having dismie«ed  the  na- 
tive attendants,  proceeded  to  unfold  their  base 
and  nefarIoubucrip:n,  and  to  solitit.  aid  in  car- 
nnng  it  into  excniition.  They  at  tirst  obiainr 
td  an  assent  to  their  proposal ;  but,  on  second 


thoughts,  these  gentlemen  ooncdved  it  quite 
as  proper  to  remain  at  home.  Wheth^  thejr 
were  informed  of  this  defection  from  their 
number  or  not,  did  not  appear;  certain  ic 
was,  that  tliey  themselves  (accompanied  bv 
one,  whose  yotuh  and  inexperience  seemeil 
to  have  placed  him  under  the  complete  con- 
troul  of  ncrsons  anxious  to  reduce  him  to  the 
degraded  level  of  their  own  depravity)  pro- 
cceded  most  gallantly  to  the  woods,  not  only 
armed  with  sticks  and  b)udgeons,  but  with 
fire-arms  likewise  ;  and  that  the  King's  and 
Honourable  Company's  uniform  might  not, 
for  the  first  time,  be  worn  by  midnight  assas- 
sins, they  had  the  ^racc,  or,  more  properly 
speaking,  the  precaution,  to  sally  forth  dis- 
guised in  coloured  clothes.    • 

To  the  last  honr  of  their  lives  thejr,  proba- 
bly, would  have  reason  to  be  thankhil  to  Pro- 
I  vidence,  that,  by  some  moans  or  other,  tlic 
Dutchmen  passed  to  their  own  home,  with- 
out being  perceived ;  for  if  a  rencontre  had 
taken  place,  nothing  seemed  more  probable 
than  that  blood  would  have  been  spilt,  l^t 
though  such  a  fate  had  b^en  averted,  it  would 
be  the  duty  of  tlic  jury,  and  their  satie^M^tion 
also,  to  shew  their  sense  of  what  had  actually 
happened,  by  finding  a  verdict  for  the  conspi- 
racy to  assault,  if  the  case  on  that  head  waa 
made  out  against  th^ro:  It  would  then  be  for 
the  Court  to  assert  its  insulted  dignity,  by  its 
sentence  on  such  ofienders. 

ITie  evidence  fully  confirmed  eveiy  part  of 
Mr.  Threipland's  opening.  It  partioilariy 
appeared  that  the  defendants  carried  loaded 
fire-arms  to  the  woods :  and  an  expresaion  of 
Mr.  Macpuire's  was  positively  sworn  to,  that 
•*  if  the  l>utchmen  proved  obsfrop^lous,  be 
**  had  a  pair  of  poppers  at  their  service." 

The  defence  attempted  to  shew,  that 
though  a  purpose  of  the  kirwl  had  been  enter- 
tained in  the  early  part  of  the  cnening,  it  had 
been  abandoned  before  the  party  set  out  for 
the  woods,  where  their  only  attraction  wa»  a 
punch-house,  at  which  uncommon  good  hem 
could  be  procured  for  supper,  while  the  ex- 
pected attacks  of  Pariar  do^Sj  in  their  pro- 
press  thither,  afforded  an  excuse  for  proceed- 
mg  armed.  This  defence  nltogither  failed. 
The  jurj',  after  an  eloquent  and  mo«t  impres- 
sive charge  from  the  Honourable  the  Recorder, 
returned  a  verdict  of  GuUttj  against  both  de- 
fendants. ^  .  ' 

Mr.  Threipland  then  mwed  that  they 
might  stand  committed,  which  was  ordered 
accordingly,  and  that  they  he  broii^t  uto  to 
receive  sentence  on  Weilnesday  the  30th.-— 
On  which  day,  the  Court  being  moved  for 
jtidgmenl  on  the  part  of  tho  crown,  and  no- 
tiiing  havirg  been  alleged  to  arrest  the  same, 
or  in  mitigation  of  punishment,  except  the 
senieuoe  of  a  court-martial,  puhlisherf  the 
day  before,  by  which  it  appcnJ-ed,  that  both 
dtleudttntt  were  dismissed  tiicscnice  for  adif- 


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Administratum  of  Justice  at  Bomlay, 


[821 


^«rent  offence,  the  Hoaourabk  the  Recorder 
addressed  them  to  the  following  tfkci : 

firyan  Macguire  and  Geor^  Cautey,  you 
have  been  convicted  of  the  offence  of  con- 
spiring to  way-lay  and  assault  by  night,  two 
unarmed  foreigners,  John  and  Jac^  Van- 
dersloot ;  and  it  appears  that  3rou  lay  in  wait 
for  theifi,  to  execute  your  design,  with  the 
assistance  of  two  other  persons,  all  of  you 
armed  with  blw^^ns,  pistols,  or  muskets. 
Your  avbwed  motive  for  this  project  of  barba- 
rous revenge  was,  that  one  of  these  foreign 
gentlemen  had  brought  an  action  against  one 
of  you  in  this  Codrt.  The  observations 
which  you  have  now  made  on  the  evidence 
in  support  of  this  charge  would  have  been  too 
late,  even  if  they  had  been  nc\%*  or  impor- 
tant. 1  am  not  the  judge  of  evidence — that 
is  the  province  of  the  jury,  and  after  their 
verdict,  1  can  sec  only  with  their  eyes,  and 
hearonly  with  their  ears.  But,  in  fact,  jou 
have  only  now  repeated  the  observations 
which  you  made  on  your  trial,  which  I  then 
stated  to  the  jury,  ttcid  which, -in  my  opinion, 
they  did  well  to  disrefi^rd. 

It  is  now,  Uierefore,  my  duty,  to  pro- 
nounce the  judgment  of  thb  Court  upon  you, 
and  I  should  content  myself  with  the  aWe 
short  statement  of  the  nature  and  circum- 
stances of  your  offence,  if  I  were  not  in- 
duced to  make  some  observations,  by  some 
feint  hope  of  being  usefiA  to  you,  and  by  a 
strong  sense  of  the  duty  whicn  any  man  of 
experience  owes  to  the  tiumcrous  inexperi- 
enced young  men,  such  as.  I  -see  around  me, 
Who  are  deprived  so  early  of  parental  guid- 
ance, and  who  may  see,  m  your  deplorable, 
but  most  instructive  example,  how  easily  con- 
viviality may  degenerate  into  excess,  and  how 
infallibly  habitual  excess,  with  its  constant 
attendant,  bad  society,  leads  to  such  unhappy 
situations,  as  those  in  which  you  now  stana. 

I  know  that  the  brutish  vice  of  drunken- 
ness, with  all  the  noisy  and  turbulent  vices 
which  follow  in  her  train,  has  a  false  exterior 
<  of  spirit  and  manliness,  which  sometimes  se- 
duces weak  and  iimorant  boys. — Not  that  this 
can  be  said  in  this  ease.  A  plan  for -over- 
powering tviro  defenceless  men,  undercover 
of  darkness,  with  more  than  double  their 
numbers,  armed  with  deadly  weapons,  can 
have  nothing  attractive  to  any  but  such  as  are 
"  the  stain  of  manhood  and  of  arms.*' 

But  1  know  that  the  mischie^'ous  character 
from  which  such  acts  spring,  sometimes  daz- 
tles  and  allures  inexperienced  eyes.  Let  me 
rub  off  a  littk  of  the  varnish  which  hides 
'from  them  its  deformity.  A  disposition  to 
engage  in  quarrds  and  mils,  is  not,  as  they 
may  suppose,  a'  mere  excess  of  the  martial 
spirit  which  is  to  actuate  tbem  on  greater  oc** 
casions :  it  is  the  very  reverse  of  it.  It  is  as 
unmilitavy  a*  it  is  unsocial  and  imn;ioral.  It 
Isaaoffvnce  acfunst  the  first  principle  which 


holds  armies  together.  It  is  a  violation  of 
that  prompt,  eager,  active  obedience  to  autho- 
rity, far  more  necessary  in  armies  than  any 
other  bodies  of  men,  and  without  which 
thev  must  speedily  degenerate  into  a  ferocious 
rabble.  One  of  the  greatest  and  wisest  ot 
men  has,  in  one  comprehensive  sentence,  con* 
centrated  every  thing  that  can  be  said  on  th^ 
relation  of  an  army  to  the  internal  order  of 
the  state.  <*  An  armed  disciplined  body  is 
dangerous  to  liberty :  an  armed  undisciplin- 
ed body  is  dangerous  to  society  itself.**  Much 
more  is  this  turbulent  disposition  inconsisttnt 
with  the  r)eculiar  character  of  a  British  sol- 
dier. That  which  distinsuishes  him,  not 
only  from  a  mere  rufiian,  but  from  a  meroe- 
naiy  slave,  is,  that  he  has  taken  up  arms  to 
protect  the  rights  of  his  feilow-dtizens,  aiMT 
to  preserve  the  public  quiet.  He  is  an  armed 
minister  of  tiie  laws,  and  we  expect  from 
him  a  peculiar  affection  and  veneration  for 
those  unarmed  laws  and  magistrates  whom  he 
has  girt  on  his  sword  to  protect  Every  true 
soldier  must  have  too  great  a  reveronce  for  the 
noble  virtue  of  courage,  tP  sully  and  degrade- 
it  in  the  wretched  frays  of  sottish  rufiians.  i^ 
is  reserved  for  nobler  objecuj  he  wiU  not 
prostitute  it  on  such  vile  and  ignoble  occa- 
sions. True  fortitude  is  too  serious,  too 
grave,  too  proud  a  quality  to  endure  such  de- 
gradation. Such  vices  are  most  unoffrqer-like, 
because  they  are  most  ungentlemao-Uke.  As, 
long  as  courage  continues  to  be  one  of  the  di« 
stinctive  qualities  of  a  gentleman,  so  long 
must  the  profession  of  arms  be  regarded  as 
the  depo^iitory  and  guardian  of  all  the  feelingi^ 
and  principles  which  constitute  that  charac-  ~ 
ter.  A  gentleman  is  a  man  of  more  ce6i»eA 
feelings  and  manners  than  his  felfow-men.*— « 
An  otiicer  is,  or  ought  to  be,  peculiarly  an4 
eminently  a  eentleman.  But  there  is  nothitijr 
so  low  and  \'ulgar  as  the  fame  of  a  buUy,  aij 
the  renown  of  m idnigh  t  brawk.  They  imp^ 
every  quality  of  a  highwavman  but  his  oos* 
ra^,  and  they  very  often  lead  to  his  fate* 

In  considering  the  punishment  to  b%  h^ 
flicted  on  you,  1  observe  that  you  build •HMi 
hopes  of  mercy  oil  your  dismissal  froai  the 
service,  by  the  sentence  of  a  court-mitttal. 
for  other  offences.  ^  As  these  offenoii  have 
proceeded  from  the  same  wretched  vioeof  dk» 
position  which  has  placed  you  a<  this  bar,  I 
am  not  unwilling  to  cpnsioer  them  it  |fnt  of 
the  visitation  whidi  your  mischievous  turbu* 
lence  has  already  brought  tipon  yoa,  au4 
therefore  as  somejustification  for  mild  punish- 
ment, to  a  Court  which  eafler^*  looks  out  for 
such  justifications.  It  has  been  qny  fiite.  ia 
this  place,  to  be  obliged  to  justify  the  lenity, 
rather  than  the  seventy  of  the  pcnaliiss  in- 
flicted here.  I  thiiik  it  is  li^ly  to  continue 
so.  I  have  more  confidence  in  the  cei^n- 
X^  than  in  the  severity  of  punitihment.  I 
c9Dcei\'e  it  tft  b«  the  tirst  duty  of  &GiiAUii4 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


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Proposita  PkUanthrftpica.'r-Rev,  Basil  JVood, 


[824 


judge,  to  exert  and  to  strain  every  faculty  of 
»he  mind,  to  di«co\'cr,  in  c\'cry  c*ase,  Uie 
•Nnalle^t  possible  quantiiy  of  punishment  that 
may  be  effectual  for  the  ends  o^  amendment 
ano  example ;  I  consider  every  pang  of  the 
rriminaK  not  necessary  for  these  object*,  as  a 
crime  in  the  judge.  And,  in  conformity  with 
these  principles,  J  was  employed  in  consider- 
ing the  mildest  judpnient  which  public  duty 
would  suffer  mc  to  pronounce  on  you,  when 
I  learned,  from  undoubted  authority,  that 
your  thoughts  towanls  me  were  not  quite  of 
the  wmac  nature.  J  wa!«  credibly,  or  rather 
certainly,  informed,  that  you  had  admitted 
inta  your  minds  the  di^p^^faie  project  of  de- 
itfoymg  your  owi>  lives  at  the  bar,  where  you 
utand,  and  of  siffnalizing  )X>ur  suicide  by  the 
frdiont  destruction  of,  at  least,  one  of  your 
jfudges.*  If  that  murderous  project  had  been 
Executed,  1  should  have  been  the  first  British 
iMgkfrate  who  e\er  stained  with  his  blood 
ihe  bettch  on  which  he  sat  to  adminiiter  jus- 
lice.  But  1  can  never  die  better  than  in  the 
dtischaroe  of  my  duty.  When  I  accepted  the 
^fl^ce  of  a  minister  mi  justice,  I  knew  that  I 
SMist  be  unpopular  among  the  enemies  of  jus- 
tice—I  knew  that  1  ought  to  despbe  unpopu- 
iaiityand  slander,  and  e\'en  death  itself. — 
Thank  God  \  1  do  despise  tliem ;  and  so- 
leiDnlt  assure  you,  that  I  feel  more  couipas- 
iron  tot  the  gloomy  and  desperate  state  of 
ttiinds,  which  could  harbour  such  projects, 
^UTB  resentment  for  that  iMirt  of  them  which 
tr^dhrectcd  against  m)'^t\t 

It  K  my  duty  to  remind  you,  that  your  dc- 
Ipair  is  preinature  and  groundless.  'At  your 
^f  in  a  new  society,  where  you  m^y  not  be 
|»Uowed  by  the  memory  of  your  faults,  you 
may  yet  atone  for  them,  and  re^in  that  sta- 
lioD  in  society,  to  which  the  fond  hopes  of 
yotir  uofortuodte  relations  had,  probvblv,  at 
ianitif  ,  destined  yon.  The  road  which  leads 
V^ck  to  character  and  honour  is,  and  ought  to 
\tf  leieep,  but  ought  not  to  be,  and  is  not, 
inaccessible/     *    • 

€)t»  the  oihcr  hand,  if  any  of  the  eom- 
Himoi  your  exce^ses  be  present,  anv  of  those 
wbD  have  been  arrested,  on  the  bnnk  of  de- 
amjction,  by  their  penitence,  or  by  their 
timely  fears,  or  by  fortunate  accidents,  or  bv 

I..        i.>iv  .1.  ', - 

•  The  Kecordefs  private  information  of 
jliis  at^cious,  and  almost  iiicredible  project, 
itimtt  ofeotirse,  have  been  confidential,  and 
iberefof^  ean  never  be  disclosed.  A! any  gen- 
d^men  saw  in  the  hand ^  of  the  ShcniTthe 
4Tmi  whkh  hdd  been  sei^^d  on  B.  Macguire. 
*— They  eonsif ted  df  fomr  pistob,  of  \*arious 
tfftienktens  three- of  them  dc^ble-bjirrelled, 
ifliMftr  ittada  to  rrsnvhie  a  writing-drsk; 
^frirh  he  had^ith  him  in  Court  oh  the  day 
♦f  tbi$  (rial,  under  pretence  of  carr^'ing  hb  pa- 
iMm*  The  pktols  were  loaded  tcUh  tlu^s,  in  a 
kifmef  f(W  whieh,  in  this  islaird,  it  19  noi 
•My  10  asfigii  an  loncnreta  snotive^  I 


the  mercy  of  others,  I  most  earnestly  conjure 
them  ne%'er  to  forget  the  situation  in,  which 
the\-  this  day  see  you. — I^t  those  who  stand 
take  heed  lest  they  fall.  The  dedinty  is  slip- 
pery from  the  place  where  they  stand  to  that 
where  yop  lie  prostrate. 

I  should  consider  myself  as  indelibly  dis- 
graced,  if  a  thought  of  your  prf^ects  apinst 
me  were  to  influence  my  judgment.  That, 
however,  I  believe  you  yourselves  will  scarcely 
suppose. 

1  ne  judgment  of  this  Court  is— 4hat  yon, 
the  said  Bryan  Maqeuire  and  George  Cautey, 
be,  for  this  your  oiknce,  imprisoivra  in  tne 
Gaol  of  Bombay,  for  twelve  calendar  months. 


PROPOSITA  PHILAKTHROPICA. 


-Homo  sum. 


Btrmani  nihil  a  mealienum  pulo, 

90CI£TY    FOR    PROMOTING    CURISTIAH 
KMOWLKDOZ. 

The  Annual  Heport  of  this  Sodety,  which 
has  recently  been  published,  states  the  number 
of  childrtn  tauebt  in  the  charity-schools  in 
and  aix3ut  London  and  Westminster,  to  be 
7 108,  viz.  4180  bo\^,  and  5^8  gills,  and 
the  ijiunber  of  book's  which  have  boen  distri- 
buted by  them  during  the  preccdii>g  year  to 
he  as  follows,  viz.  8,490  hibles,  11,406  new 
testaments  and  |jsalters,  16,096  common 
prayers,  20,460  other  bound  books,  ami 
112,440  small  tracts. 


REV.  MR.  BASIL  WOODS  EXERTIONS  IS 
FAVOUR  Of  THE  EDINBURGH  MISSION  TO 
TARTART. 

The  Rev.  B.  Wood  writes  to  the  Chrtstiaii 
Obbcrvcr,  that,  after  reading  the  last  report  of 
the  Edinburgh  mission  to  Karass,  he  could 
not'  forbear  mentioning  it  to  some  fri^tub  in 
the  congregation  at  Bentinck  Chapel,  who 
suggested  the  idea  of  his  reading  that  passage 
from  the  pulpit.  *'  This  I  accordingly  did  on 
the  12th  instant,  and  mentioned,  that,  if  any 
present  were  disposed  to  join  to  add  a  tride 
to  the  relief  of  these  poor  children,  I  should 
be  very  happy  to  be  their  almoner  in  so  good 
a  cause.  1  have  the  pleasure  to  at^te  that 
donations  were  made  in  the  course,  of  the 
week,  far  beyond  mv  expectation,  ^nd  a 
solicitation  was  received  that  the  plates  ^u^t 
be  held  at  the  chapel  doors  gn  bunday,.  the 
igtli  instant,  J  therefore  felt  very  happy  in 
meeting  this  charitable  request,  anci  preached 
from  Deut.  i.  39.-^* •  Your  little  oneft  whicb 
ye  said  should  be  a  prey,  aiui  your  childreiv 
which  in  that  day  had  no  ki^owled^  betw^ 
good  and  e%il,  tney  shall  go  in  thither,  an^ 
unto  them  will  I  give  it, ^Mid  they  shall  p{»ssc39 
h." 

I  have,  by  the  blessing  of  God,  the  p!es^ 
iuie  to  make  the  following  rett^m : 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


^2^1 


Pfoposita  Philanthropica.^^JtiiiiiJt  Free  School. 


Donations  received  .... 
Collected  in  the  plates  ... 
Jponations  for  redeeming  two 
Tartar  slaves  at  £'^5  each  . 
Four  axmuai  suhicf  iptious     .     . 

^^17(5     14    0 
dory  to  God  in  the  highest,    pe5ce  on 
l^rth,  good  will  to  inan. 

Paddingtorit  lam,  yojrs,  &c. 

Oct,  25.  1800.  Basil  Wood. 


£. 

s. 

d. 

51 

10 

i) 

71 

0 

0 

60 

0 

0 

4 

4 

0 

HIBERNIAN   SOCIETT. 

Exiracts  from  the  Iteport  nff  the  Committee 
qf  the  Hibernian  Society,  for  the  Diffu- 
sion of  Re/'fgioug  Knowledge  in  Ireland, 
The    province    of  Connaught,     which 
'Tomprehcnds  se^•eral  counties  In  the  we<t  of 
Ireland,  seems   to  be  the  most  deslhute  of 
icplicious  instruction  of  any  part  of  Ireland. 
The  province  of  Munstcr,    which  com- 
prises several  counties  in  the  south,  appears, 
next  to  Connaught,  the  most  destitute.     In 
the  courities  of   Watcrford,    Cork,    Kerry, 
Limerick,  Wexford,  and  Caflow,  there  are 
very  few  Sunday  Schools,  and  those  badly 
attended.    The  proportion  of  Papists  to  Pro- 
testants in  diese  counties  is  twenty  to  one. 
Saifcely  any  of   the  fortner,    and  but  few 
of  the  latter,'  posse?!*  copies  of  the  Scripture. 

The  province  of  Leinster,  though  much 
more  favourably  circumstanced  than  the  other 
prmlnces>  is  stated  to  be  in  some  places  desti- 
tute of  all  means  of  acqniring  religious  in- 
struction. In  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  in  this 
province,  there  is  a  monthly  meeting  of  cler- 
gymen of  the  Established  Church,  whoie 
zeal  has  stirred  up  very  many,  and  whose 
exertions  have  beeti  attended  with  blessed  ef- 
fects. 

The  province  of  Ulster,  more  generally 
called  the  North,  is  by  far  the  most  enlight- 
ened part  of  Ireland. 

Many  difficulties  stand  in  the  way  of  the 
establishment  of  Sunday  Schools,  as  most  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  priests  are  hostile  to 
^m ;  but,  in  many  instances,  these  difficul- 
ties have  been  overcome.  Much  depends  on 
the  character  and  prudence  of  the  teacher. 
Many  of  the  ProlestanU  would  send  their 
<:hikiren. 

As  children  in  the  south  have  no  employ- 
Jnent,  it  is  thought  that  week-day  schools 
would  meet  with  more  encoura^ment  there. 
The  annual  expeiise  of  supporting  a  free 
school  for  instructing  lifty  children  on  work- 
.ing-days,  in  reading,  writing,  and  arith- 
metic, would,  in  some  places,  amount  to 
jC«0,  where  port  of  the  parenu  would  pay 
,for  ihcir  children :  in  other  places,  between 
Ji30  and  J^40.  In  some  places,  a  salary  of 
^10  would  induce  gentlemen  to  contribute 
ikr  remainder^     Some  judicious  eorrespon- 


m0 


dents  recommend,  that  all  the  ehildrcn  shoukl 
pav  a  small  sum;  which  woiJd  cause  the 
scfiool  to  be  better  aiieiidcd  tlian  if  it  were 
entirely  or  in  part  free. — \'idc  Mr.  Can's  opi- 
nion: .Panor.una,  p.  (j(}8. 

It  is  tliought  thai  no  pCrSons  (|iia1ified  to 
tcQch  ihesp  schools  could  be  obtained  in  ihe 
south  ;  that  sonve  niigbt  be  had  in  the  iiortli 
of  Ireland ;  but  thai  teachers  frpm  Kngland 
would  be  preferable  to  either.  In  many 
places  the  disposition  of  persons  of  properly 
and  influence  is  friendly  to  the  improvcmenf 
of  the  inferior  class  of  inhabitants. 

It  is  thought  that  many  of  the  Roman 
Catholics  would  thankfully  receive  and  eagerly 
read  the  Scriptures,  could  thev  obtain  them  i 
at  the  same  time»  it  is  to  I>e  feared,  that 
many  of  tlieir  priests  would  exert  their  in« 
flucnce  to  prevent  them. 

Under  tW  auspices  of  the  Society,  bibld 
and  testaments,  to  the  number  of  sexcnA 
hundreds,  gratuitously  sent  by  the  public, 
have  been  forwarded  to  Ireland,  to  be  distri* 
buted  by  persons  in  -tvhom  the  Committee  cas 
mostimpUcitly  confide. 

The  Committee  have  also  paid  great  atten- 
tion in  forcing  a  plan-  for  instituting  schools 
in  every  parish  in  Ireland  j  in  which,  ta  h 
respects  religious  instruction,  no  tract  or 
catechism  of  any  religiot'iS'  sect  <ir  party  Li 
to  be  introduced,— but  the  Holy  ScriptoiM 
only. 

Proposed  Means  ff  Support: — l.  Land 
proprietors  to  furnish  ground  for  houses  and 
schoolmasters : — 2,  Houses  to  be  built  by  tbe 
parishes : — 3,  Subscriptions  by  the  inhaht* 
tants:— 4,  Money  to  be  paid  by  schA* 
lars  * — 5,  Amount  of  subscriptions^  dona* 
tions,  and  bequests. 

It  is  to  be  lamented,  that  the  state  c( 
Ireland  has  not  made  that  impression  on  the 
minds  of  those  who  profess  Chribtianity» 
which  its  wretched  circumstances  wen;  calcur 
latcd  to  produce.^ 

♦^*  Subscriptions  and  donations  will  be 
thankfully  received  by  the  Treasurer, SanoijM, 
Mills,  tsq.  No.  20,  Finsbury  Place. 

FREE  SCHOOL    FOR  JEWISH  CHILDRBV  IV     ' 
LONDON. 

A  Committee  of  the  Directors  of  th^ 
Missionary  Society,  which  superintends  the 
attempts  now  made  for  the  conversion  of  the 
Jews,  d^i^  shortly  to  open  a  Furc-Schoot, 
for  the  instruction  of  the  children  of  that 
people  f  and  have  circulated  the  ibllowlxif 
notice : 

"  The  posterity  of  Abraham  are  re^>eet* 
fully  informed.  That  a  Free-School  £ot  the 
instruction  of  their  children,  both  male  and 
female,  will  he  opened  under  the  patronage 
of  a  Society  of  Christians,  at  No.  5,  Kavcu 
How,  Artillery  Lane,  Spiul fields,  oir  Mobp 
day,  the  5th  of  January,  1807- 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


»n 


Froposita  Liieraria.'^Corresponience. 


fen 


••  Application  for  admission  to  be  made 
before  the  openiog  of  the  school,  at  the 
tdiool-house,  on  Tuesday  moming,  from 
ten  to  one  o'clock;  ana  after  that  time, 
tvery  day  (Sundays  excepted)  during  the 
•chdol-hours. 

**  Grown  up  females,,  who  wish-  for  in- 
struction, may  receive  it  from  ladies,  who 
•will  attend  every  day  (Sundays  excepted)  to 
superintend  the  girls'  school,  from  the  hours  of 
ten  to  one  o'clock." 


BRITtSH   AKD   FOREIGN  BIBLE  SOCIETY. 

This  Society  has  commenced  a  oorrespon- 
dence  with  the  Archbishop  of  Moscow,  with 
a  view  to  the  printing  of  the  Scriptures  in  the 
Russian  language.  At  present,  it  is  said. 
Bibles  are  so  scarce,  that  there  is  but  about 
one  Bible  to  16,000  Russians.  Compaie 
Panorama,  p.  362. 

Some  well  disposed  persons  in  Denmark 
have  be^n  to  print  an  edition  of  2000  co- 
pies of  tne  Icelandic  New  Testament.  The 
Society  have  voted  a  sum  of  money,  to  enable 
them  to  add  3000  more  to  the  number ;  and 
intend  to  assist  them  hereafter  in  printing  the 
whole  Bible. 


We  have  intimated  to  our  readers,  that  b 
was  in  contemplation,  to  attempt  some  fur- 
ther means  for  the  reformation  of  a  numerous 
and  wretched  class  of  women,  who  are 
perishing  in  their  sins.  We  have  now  the 
pleasure  to  say,  that  the  following  notice  is  in 
circulation. 

ASYLUM  FOR  UNFORTUNATE   FEMALES. 

V"  The  friends  of  the  intended  London  Female 
Penitentiary  are  rejipcctly  informed.  That  a 
General  Meeting  wiU  be  held  on  Thursday, 
the  1st  day  of  January,  1807,  at  the  New 
London  Tavern,  Cheapside,  at  Twelve 
o'clock  precisely,  when  a  Plan  will  be  sub- 
mitted to  their  consideration. 

W.  Alers,  J.  Buiterworth,  G.  Burder, 
A.  Clarke,  R.  Cowie,C.  Crawford,  Rowl, 
Hill,  J.  Hughes,  Alex.  Maitland,  S. 
Mills,  G  Meyer,  T.  Pellatt,  J.  Reyner, 
C.  Sundius,  Matt.  Wilks,  T.  Wilson,  A. 
Wau^. 


PROPOSITA  LITERARIA. 

CORRECTION   OF  AN  EXPRESSION    OF    POFE, 
OVID.  MET.  ix.  373. — PROPOSED  BY  D.  L.  S. 

Mr.  Pope,  in  his  translation  bf  the  fable  of 
Dryo[>e,  appears  to  have  committed  an  error, 
by  rendering  the  words  of  Dryope,  on  her 
metamorphosis,  as  follow: 

In  fkutual  inmcence  our  lives  wc  led, 
alluding  to  herself  and  husband.  , 

in  the  original,  we  merely  find  Vuvimus 
inl^o^Kff^i-applv^ng  solely  to  heneff-,  but 
using  the  plural  as  a  mark"^  of  dignity. 


CORRECTION  OP  A  STAGE  ERROR. 
PROPOSED  BY  riTZ-JOHN. 

I  beg  leave  to  offer  a  remark  upon  a  pas- 
sage in  Macheth,  act  1,  scene  9,  as  now  used 
on  the  stage: 

If  when  'tis  done,  it  were  well  done,  'twere  well 

It  were  done  quickly. 
I  have  seen  it  as  folfews : 

If  it  were  done,  when  tis  done,  then  'twere  well 

It  were  done  cjuickly  ; 
which  I  take  to  be  the  true  meaning  of  the 
author ;  as  is  more  evident  by  the  lines  im- 
mediately following : 


-If  th'  assassination 


Could  trammel  up  the  consequence,  and  catch 
With  its  surcease  success,  that  but  this  blow 
Might  be  the  «<  Be  al>"  and  the  <*  End  ai"  herc» 
Here  only,  on  the  brink  and  shoal  of  time ;. — ^ 

Macbeth  beime  represented  throughout  as  a 
weak  man,  influenced  by  his  supersiition  pri* 
marily,  and  urged  on  by  his  wife,  to  the  com- 
mission of  a  deed  which  his  duty  as  a  sub- 
ject, his  love  as  a  kinsman,  and  nis  honour 
as  an  host,  revolted  at ;  the  innocence  and  vir- 
tues of  the  King  pleading  in  bis  breast  *'  like 
angels,  trumpet  tongued,  against  the  deep 
damnation  of  his  taking  oil.'*  I  think  the 
latter  lines  more  proper  than  those  now  in 
use,  as  I  conceive  the  former  to  allude  onlj 
to  his  dread  in  executing  *<  well'*  his  bloody 
commission,  while  in  the  latter  he  conteiu- 
plates  the  guilt  and  the  chances  of  future  dis- 
covery and  dangers  in  which  he  involves  him- 
self. 


CORRESPOKDBirCE    WITH    TBS     PROPOSITA 
LITERARIA. 

W.  G.  in  answer  to  T.  C.  on  the  opening 
lines  of  Cymbeline,  proposes  to  read, 
YoQ  do  not  meet  a  man  but  frowns  :  our  hlooJf 
No  more    obey-fW^  the  heavens,    than   oilr 

courtiers, 
StlH  setm  as  docs  the  King's. 

The  sense  I  think  is  pretty  clear  in  this  waj^. 
If  every  man  frowns,  it  shews  that  our  bloods 
cannot'  bniok  the  decisions  of  Piovldencc,  any 
more  than  the  courtiers  can,  who  p^ap 
might  be  as  profli^te  as  their  brethren  m 
other  ages  and  nations.  And  as  the  Kirljg 
was,  no  doubt,  under  a  cloud  of  disgust  {Tt 
this  period,  his  hloodf  and  those  of  all  his 
subjects,  were  Kkely  to  beat  in  unison. 


Fitzjohn  on  the  same  subject,  observes,  I 
have  seen  in  some  editions  the  fblbwing  lincrf, 
which  I  think  are  nearer  to  the  author's 
meaning : 

You  do  not  meet  a  man  but  frowns ;  our  l9oh 

No  more  obey  the  hearty  evn  than  our  courtiers; 

But  seem  as  do  the  King's. 
The  harshness  in  the  ending  of  thef  second 
line  may  be  easily  obviated  by  a  trifling  ahc- 


DiQitiz^db/^Od^J^ 


8791 


Spire  of  St.  Bride's  Church. 


[S30 


tation ;  which,  while  it  adds  to  the  melody  of 
the  verse,  contributes  maicriairy,  and  I  think 
fnHy  elucidates  the  meaning  of  the  author. 
I  propose,  therefore,  to  place  it  as  follows  : 
-You  do  not  rficct  a  man  but  frowns  ;  our  looks 
Vo  more  obey  ihe  heart  than  do  our  courtiers; 
But  seem  as  do  the  King's. 

Meaning  thereby,  that  "  onr  looks"  (like  the 
looks  of  our  courtiers)  speak  not  the  language 
of  the  heart  by  our  frowns,  which  we  wear 
in  imiution  of  the  Kins:  but  that  (like 
tl\em}  we  are  heartily  <*  gbd  at  the  thing  we 
acoulat." 

*^*  If  we  understood  our  correspondent 
T.  C.  rii^tly,  his  proposal  went  on  the  sup- 
position that  a  transposition  of  words  at  the 
end  of  two  long  lines  was  an  error  very  likely 
to  happen,  either  in  the  MS.  or  at  the  press  ^  it 
is  therefore  easily^accounted  for :  but  tlie  va- 
rifetitons  proposed  by  the  pieseat  writer,  are 
uot  only  numerous>  but  appear  to  he  of  a 
kind  not  likely  to  occur  either  in  transcrip- 
tion, or  in  printing.  We  believe  it  b 
now  esteemed  a  part  of  sound  criticism  to 
enquire  into  the  easiest  and  most  probable 
cause  of  verbal  error :  and  to  propose  correc- 
tions on  this  principle. 


Our  correspondent  has  added  a  I^tin  epi- 
gram, written  by  a  Papist,  in  ridicule  of  the 
^vnodatDort;  which,  tliough  not  to  be  ad- 
mired for  the  malice  and  ill-will  it  abounds 
with,  may  deserve  notice  for  the  curiosity 
•f  the  oompositiou. 


Dodraci  Sifnodus  f 
Chorus  integer  ? 
Conventus  ? 
Sessio  stramen  f 


Nodus. 
JEger. 
Ventus, 
Amen. 


X.,  in  answer  to  W.  G.  on  John  xix.  5, 
observes,  that  four  successive  times,  during  the 
examination  of  our  Lord,  the  Roman  governor 
werit  out  to  the  Jews  and  their  rulers,  and  is 
repreaeoted  as  addressing  himself  to  the  peo- 
ple on  his  coming  forth.  The  occasion  of 
pronouncing  the  words  under  consideration, 
was  the  third  time  of  his  appearance,  aiul  it 
was  after  our  Lord  had  sunercd  the  torment 
of  scourging,  and  the  cruel  mockery  of  the 
imperial  crown  and  purple.  The  Gentile 
chief, 'who,  to  the 'shame  of  the  Jews,  was 
so  much  mote  just  than  they,  as  to  '<  seek  to 
release  Jesus"  tells  the  people,  <'  behold,  1 
bring  him  forth  to  v-ou,  th;;t  ye  may /»oi/? 
that  /  find  no  fault  In  nim.*'  Immediately  Jesus 
appears,  weariujg  the  crown  of  thorns  and 
tne  purple  robe  ;  and  wJiat  could  be  more  na- 
tural tliarf  for  Pilate,  as  the  passage  reads,  to 
say,  '5  behold  the  man  ?"  which  is  exactly 


conformable  to  what  he  afterwards,  when  he 
brought  forth  Christ  again  from  the  Judg- 
ment-hall, unquestionably  did.  In  verse  14, 
we  find  that  he  again  calls  the  attention  of  the 
Jews  to  the  sad  appearance  of  the  Redeemer, 
and  saith  unto  them,  ««  Behpld  your  King! 
—the  same  sentiment  as  before,  only  heignt- 
ened ;  and  almost  the  same  expression,  out 
more  offensive. 

No  person  understanding  the  text  in  thi^ 
sense,  can  thereby,  ea  necessitate,  derogate 
from  the  grandeur,  the  inexpressible  subli- 
mity of  the  deix)rtment  of  Grod  manifest  in 
the  flesh — or  for  a  moment  wish  to  •*  ro$ 
him  of  the  merit  of  a  voluntary  humilia- 
tion." He  did,  indeed,  "  lay  down  his  life 
for  us  all :"  but,  to  all  accusations,  revilings* 
and  tortures,  before  the  Roman  maglstraie, 
be  opposed  a  collected,  dignified,  ana  patient 
silence^  insomuch  that  the  governor  mar\'^l- 
Icd  greatly  at  his  conduct.  vVhcn  he  was 
brought  out  by  Pilate,  the  second  tiriie,  to 
the  multitude,  we  are  sure  he  spake  not.  I 
can  see  no  more  beauty  in  his  suppc;sed  speak- 
ing on  the  fiiBt  time,  than  on  the  second. 
Besides,  surrounded  by  enemies,  to  whom 
was  the  suflcit^r  likely  to  address  himself?  To 
the  ffovenior?— he  gave  him  up  to  malice, 
cruelty,  and  death.  "To  the  Jews  ? — they  de- 
rided him,  and  panted  for  his. blood — the 
Lamb  of  God  was  dumb  before  those  shearer?.  * 
To  his  disciples? — the^  all  forsook  him,  and 
fled. 


Another  corrcsf:oadent  proposes  to  place 
the  words  descriptive  of  Jesus'  appcamiicc  bc^ 
tween  brackets,  and  to  read  the  other  secC 
tences  as  one  continued  speech. 

Pilate  £Kid,  **  I  bring  him  forth  to  vou, 
that  ye  mav  know  that  1  find  in  hii  *  no  crime. 
—Behold  the  man."  But  jt  so  happened,  tliat 
in  the  middle  of  Pilate's  sj^cch,  JcbUi  a<l- 
vanced  forward  ;  which  point  of  time  is  ' 
marked  by  the  parenthesis,  or  bracketed  ob- 
servation of  the  Evangelist,  «*  at  that  ia^lant 
came  Jesus  forth,  wearing  ilic  ciovvn  of 
thorns,"  &c. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  STATE  OF  THE  SPIRE 
OF  SAINT  BRIDE*S  CHURCH,  LONDON,  BE- 
FORE ITS  REPAIRS  :  WITH  THE  PRINCI- 
PLES ON  WHICH  THE  PINNACLE  HA^  BEEN 
RECONSTRUCTED. 

The  elegant  spire  of  St.  Bride's  Church,  in 
Fleet  Sircet,  has  been  a  subject  of  admiration 
amon£;cur  connoisseurs  in  Architecture,  e\er 
since  its  erection.  Itisoneof  the  man  v  churches 
for  which  wc  are  indebted  to  the  genius 
and  science  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren  ;  who 
finuhed  it  A.  l!).l()80.  In  the  year  176'4  the 
upper  part  of  this  spire  was  struck  bv  li;5lu- 
nmg ;  and  it  was  thought  prppcr  to  talicdown 
about  thirty  feet  of  the  top,  and  tcbOil^  it. 


Digitized  by  CjOOQIC 


•»»> 


Popular  Progress  0/  Pecondke  Learning. 


i^ 


In  ^  coune  oTthe  la^  year,  a  stone  was 
gbacrveU  to  project  from  the  upper  patt  of  it, 
in  a  singular  and  dangerous  manner ;  which 
^ve  occabion  to  on  inspection  into  the  condi- 
tion of  this  part  of  the  edifice.  A  description 
of  the  state  m  which  it  was  found  i^  neceisaiy 
to  a  proper  understanding  of  the  ingenuity 
unployed  in  teconbiructing  it. 

The  whole  of  the  pinnacle  standi  on  four 
poncipal  corner  stones,  called  the  die  stones, 
with  apertures  between  them.  These  were 
CTam()ea  together  with  iron  bars^  and  cross 
bars  of  the  same  metal  strengthened  the  coni- 
cal part,  internally.  The  exposure'  of  these 
iron  bars  in  soq»c  parts  to  the  humidity  of  the 
atnospherc,  subjected  them  to  agencril  osi- 
^tion;  and  the  metal  expanding  in  conse- 
qucnccy  had  raised  the  crcat  weight  of  solid 
stone  above  it  no  less  than  three  quarters  of 
an  inch ;  besides  cracking  off  pieces  of  con- 
siderable surface,  some.of  them  twehc  inches 
$quare.  This  fact,  being  reported  to  tlie  Pa- 
lish commhtcc,  by  the  sun-cyor  employed, 
appeared  so  extraordinary,  that  they  deputed 
some  of  their  members  to  inspect  the  pinnacle, 
who  confirmed  the  report  in  even-  point. 
The  whole  was  therefore  ordered  to  ne  taken 
down,  and  means  were  thought  of  how  to 
obviate  the  CA-il. 

As  tht  mode  of  connecting  the  stones  by 
,  cr»mpiugs  was  indispensable,  recourse  was 
bad  to  copper  cramp  collars,  and  chain  bars, 
tbii  metal  not  being  liable  to  rust,  nor  swell : 
and  where  the  cxpence  would  have  been  too 
great  if  these  bars  had  been  wholly  of  copper, 
a  socket  is  cut  in  the  stone,  into  which  a 
collar  of  copper  entirely  lining  it,  is  inserted, 
tmd  the  benaed  hook  of  iron,  part  of  the  iron 
bar  which  holds  the  stone,  is  bedded  and  fixed 
in  this  coj^r  collar  j  bO  that  no  part  of  the 
iron  comes  into  cont;ict  with  the  stone  :  the 
remainder  of  the  iron,  where  it  parses  along 
the  stone,  is  surrounded  with  lead  nm  upon  it, 
of  consequence,  interposed  between  the  stone 
and  the  baif.  The  oihtr  patts  ot  the  bar  are 
coated  with  a  surface  of  thick  oil,  into  which, 
when  in  a  boiling  state,  the  bars  were  repeat- 
edly plunged, 

i:.very  attention  having  been  thus  paid  to 
the  exclusion  of  the  atmuspherical  moisture 
from  the  iron,  it  Is  hoped  that  these  burs,  so 
defended,  w  ill  not  be  subject  to  rust ;  but 
should  that  happen,  it  is  next  to  impossible 
that  any  part  of  them,  so  rusted,  should  im- 
.  pinge  against  the  stone,  and  damage  it,  by 
bracking  off  any  of  its  jxirts  from  their 
places.  If  the  fron  should  swell,  the  lead 
vvould  ffive  w^ay  a  little,  and  humour  the  fij^ure 
assumed  by  tlie  expansion  of  the  bar :  and  if 
the  oxidation  should  penetrate  so  far  iis  to  the 
copper  collar,  tliis  would  effectually  protect 
the  stone  from  injury  ;  partly  by  its  ductility 
to  such  pressure,  [aitly  by  Its  ro>i»tancc,  or 
t6u^Des$4 


The  same  care  is  taken  tbrougb<uit  thii 
pinnacle,  that  no  iron  counes  into  coiitaci 
with  any  stone ;  but  wherever,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  spindle,  which  passes  tbroush  8e\'eral 
feet  of  stone,  not  less  tnan  ten,  it  has  here- 
tofore been  united  to  the  stone,  pqw,  a  coat 
of  te;::!,  at  least,  covers  it  like  a  case,  and  by 
its  interposition  prevents  the  ru^ty  iron, 
should  it  ever  rust,  from  haringan^  mjurious 
effect  on  the  stone.  Messrs.  Hobinson  and 
Roper  where  the  architects  who  conducted 
these  repairs. 

,   We  have  thovight  this  narrative  entitled  to 
a  place  in  our  w^rk,  because,   1.  It  may  in* 
duce   architects   to    examine    tuch  parts  of 
buildings  as  they  know  to   be  crantipcd  with 
iron,  which  otherwise  they  might  ovoiook) 
2.  It  may  lead  them  to  pay  great  attention  ti? 
the  proper  placinc  of  their  cramp  bars  and  col- 
lars }  that  there  be  a  suihcient  substance  of 
stone  in  all  parts,  to  delbid  them  cfTectuaUy 
from  the  inAuenceof  the  atmosphere :  3.  The 
idea  of  employing^opper  in  works  exposed  tct 
humidity,  to  currents  of  water,  in   oridgn; 
canal  works,  &c.  appears  to^be  peculiarly  ap 
plicable ;  and  we  should  think  might  be  adop- 
ted with  advaiuage :   4.  Perhaps  bars  of  non, 
coated  with  copper,  might  answer  noanj  other 
valuable  pur|X)ses;  especially  in  such  situa- 
tions, as  great  heights,  &c.   where,  though 
security  is  absolutely  indispensable,  yet  they 
cannot  be  examined  without  much  labour 
and  expense. 

We  take  this  opportunity  of  stating  that 
the  report  of  this  pinnacle  being  lowered  siV 
or  seven  feet,  either  on  this,  or  we  former  oc- 
casion b  nierely  a  deception  of  sight ;  there  be- 
ing no  reason  to  conclude  that  an  j  of  the  dimen- 
sions adopted  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren  haie 
been  departed  from.  ^  It  is  greatly  to  tke  credit 
of  the  mason,  that  during  the  whole  opera- 
tion, neither  in  taking  down  the  former  heavy 
stones,  nor  in  raising  the  new  ones,  did  any 
accident  happen ;  not  even  the  parting  of  a 
rope,  or  the  cracking  of  a  pane  of  glasb  in  Cbe 
adjoining  buildin^B. 


POPULAR     PROGRESS     ^P     RBCOlTDtTB 
LBARVING. 

ril  take  a  word  with  this  same  teamed  Thebaa  ( 
What  is  your  study  ? 

Kinff  tear, 

A  correspondent  who  describes  himself  rt 
a  native  of  IfRey,  a  village  about  a  coupk  of 
miles  from  the  uiiiversiiy  of*  Oxford,  aiid  as 
having  been  in  his  early  days  singuUrly  de- 
lighted with  Visits  to  that  seminary  of  learn- 
ing, and  with  listening  to  the  nobly-tt'^i^ 
ing  phrases  and  nenphraset  in  langjiag^ 
which  he  usecl  to  hear  when  perambulati(>S 
High  Street,  or  in  (he  coll^  cjuadranglct. 
has  thouglit  proper  tp  corapUment  m  on  the 


Digitized 


by  Google 


833J 


Popular  Progriu  tf  Becondiie  Learning. 


i$34 


,  Offe^iam  of  our  title,  at  the  same  time  to 
complain  of  sundry  innovations  in  learning  to 
which  be  finds  himself  unequal.  It  does^not 
appear,  from  his  epistle>  that  he  ever  received 
instruction  at  any  of  the  colle^$  though, 
he  says,  he  once  had  an  offer  of  being  put 
on  one  of  the  foundations;  but,  the  pleasure 
Ti^ich  his  ears  experienced  in  theiK>norou8 
expressions  of  some  of  the  grave  gentlemen, 
and  the  exquisite  modulations  of  voice  ainone 
other  gentlemen  who  were  not  distin^ished 
for  gravity,  has  induced  him  ever  smce  to 
watdi  with  attention  the  progress  of  learned 
woids,  which  he  8uppoees>o  be  synonimous 
with  loarning,  among  ur." 

I  was,  says  he,  unspesJcably  edifie^n  my 
yoQih  with  the  pronunciation  of  the  Greek 
language ;  and  never  failed  when  the  univer- 
sity ^pit  .resounded  with  a  dozen  lines  of 
Hesiod  or  Homer,  to  stand  up,  with  every 
mark  of  admiration !  Besides  that,  many  a 
long  pennyworth  of  erudition  have  I  drawn 
in  by  studying  what  the  showman  called  Aran- 
dcUansi  and  was  perfectly  fiupiliar  with  his 
kappathetas,  or  tombstones,  which  tell  to 
a  moment,  at  leapt  so  he  said,  how  long  the 
owner  lived  before  hedied  -,  and  this  so  many 
years  after  his  death ! 

I  remember,  when  I  came  to  settle  in 
London,  what  they  called  Latin  was  the  pre- 
valent tongue,  and  many  names  of  things 
were  derived  by  John  Bull  from  the  dialect 
of  his  ancient  tyrants  the  Romans :  there  was, 
however,  a  conflict  between  the  language  of 
Aose  ancient  tyrants,  and  that  of  our  would 
be  modern  tyrants,  the  French  :  but  I  saw 
clearly  that  the  Latin  could  never  stand  its 
eround  alone ;  and  happy  was  I,  when  the 
Mreek  was  cdled  in  to  support  it :  for  the 
Greeks  never  conauered  us,  you  know.  Sir. 
We  soon  expelled  French  denominations,  for 
how  could  that  frivolous  language,  or  the 
sing  song  Italian,  cope  with  the  truly  ma- 
iestic  appellations  of  Lyceum,  Atheneum, 
"Nauniachia,  Eidophusicoo,  Eidouranion, 
Polygraphicon,  Polyplasiasmos,  Plocacosmos, 
Phantasmagoria,  or  Rmorama  ?  what  melo- 
dy !  what  descriptive  signification !  what 
Glossological  enunciation !  what  Caidiphonian 
emphasis ! 

Well,  Sir,  the  cq>ious  language  of  Greece 
pTomised  an  in«pdiaustible  supply  of  sonorous 
nominatives,  capable  of  infinite  metamor- 
phoses, and  perfectly  ductile  to  the  any  thing, 
and  the  ereiy  thing,  of  fashion  itself.  Gmk, 
in  short,  became  so  national  and  familiar, 
ihat  it  composed  part  of  those  popular  ephe- 
nend  essays,  our  j^y-bills.  How  I  exulted, 
when  I  saw  that  salubrious  stream,  die  New 
River,  ennobled  under  the  title  oT  ^IxioinMa^ 
the  Ocean  itself !  in  flaring  Greek  letters  seve- 
ral inches  in  length,  cat  on  p«irpoee,  and 

VoL.1.    [Li7,  P«n. /a«.  1807] 


ornamenting  every  \vall,    by  order  of   tht 
learned  proprietors  of  Sadler's  Wells ! 

But  here.  Sir,  begins  my  misery  :  for  those 
profound  erudites  perceiving  that  Greek 
Drought  them  crowded  audiences  during  a 
whole  season,  thought  proper  on  the  20th  of 
March  1805,  the  day  of  the  vernal  equinox^ 
to  inform  us  that,  *<  that  most  famous  danoer 
of  dancers,  o^^W  b^O  would  cut  his  first 
entr^  "  that  very  night !  What  could  I  do  ? 
I  had  never  seen  such  characters  at  Oxford  f 
nor  did  anjj  body  of  my  acquaintance  know 
their  meaning.  After  walking  many  a  street's 
length  in  meditation,  I  at  la^t  discovered  in^  a 
bill  that  was  level  to  my  eye  sight,  a  note, 
which  informed  me,  that  they  were  the  name 
of  "  Miguel  Sanchez,  the  Sevilian  Jew." .  A 
plague  on  all  Hebrew  letters,  and  all  Sevilian 
Jews,  say  I,  and  on  all  Judaizing  Chriftians^ 
at  Sadler's  Wells,  or  elsewhere,  for  so  deep 
were  my  cogitations  before  I  made  the 
discovery,  that  I  ran  against  a  post 
and  knocked  out  two  of  my  teeth,  which 
all  the  s*mouset  in  the  world  can  never 
compensate  or  replace.  But,  Sir,  I  abi 
doomed  to  still  further  vexation/;  for  of  late 
the  ele^nt  Greek  stile,  which  once  wiis 
every  thmg,  is  now  abandoned  for  the  E^- 
tian :  we  have  Egyptian  window-curtams^ 
Egyptian  lamps,  Egyptian  letters,  Egyptian 
beds,  Egyptian  waiters,  toa-tabks,  and  tea- 
boards  ;  Egyptian  door-plates,  knockers,  and 
knobs;  aye,  and  Egyptian  stove  grat§8, 
tool  our  wine  coopers  are  Egyptian  saroo- 
phagi,  and  a  man  cannot  draw  a  cork  with 
his  friend  without  reminding  him  of  the 
tomb — the  Serapeum,  or  theMemnonium, 
the  last  repository  of  the  Pharaohs  or  the;, 
Ptolemies. 

1  learn  also  to  my  inexpressible  mortifica- 
tion, that  af\er  having  suffer^  a  defeat  of 
my  learning,  by  my  inability  to  construe  a 
play-bill,  I  am  to  be  further  pestered  with 
Hieroglyphics,  directly  as  the  Managers 
Coptic  Dictionary  arrives  from  Grand  Cairo. 
Sir,  I  intreat  your  serious  attention  to  this-^ 
for  if  this  rage  proceeds  as  it  has  begun^ 
I  dread,  lest  we  may  hereafter  meet  with 
phrases  employed  by  our  public  writers, 
or  perhaps  our  parliamentary  speakers,  whidi 
being  unlike  any  thing  Endish,  may  be 
passed  upon  us  as  elegant  CopUcisms,  or  fign"  ' 
rative  HierogUphiciams ;  we  may  be  treated 
with  the  very  language  of  Thoth,  or  Ameno- 
phis,  of  Pharmenoth,  and  Phannuthi ;  dead 
languages  surely !  fbt  ilo  man  living  can  pro- 
nounce or  comprehend  them  l-^^md  tnese 
shall  be  praised  as  beauties  in  the  haranguet 
of  My  Lord  or— Sir  John 1  * 

Not  c^'en  yourself,   M^.  Panomma,  can 
explain  the  deep  import  of  Kneph,  Bnbastis, 
Hermcmpthe  ;  of  tne  Andn»phynges,  Anie^ 
ris,    Typhou,    Osiris,    Isis,   and   Neuthe :  . 
still  less  of  the  liarb  ^*nrrr*»***^tf'^'*nr^  the  »u* 

2  fi  ^*'    * 


?^6y  Google 


S351 


Oration  on  exhibiting  the  Fiamlorough  Lights. 


[836 


p^nt  Uphfum,  or  the  birds  Baicth,  Cuci*- 
pham,  Cictimam:  and  a  million  of  otl)er», 
equally  dark  and  mysterious. 

As  howeincr,  I  was  determined  to  possess 
learning  enough  to  read  iher  public  papers, 
if  possible,  I  thought,  I  would  study 
Sanserit  and  Hindoo,  and  would  take  a  few 
lessons  in  the  Chinese  ofmy  worthy  friend, 
Tqsxotlmzbqua,  (now  in  London,  to  oblige 
the  English)  for  I  concludcJ,  that  these 
would  he  the  characters  next  adopted"  to  fami- 
liarize a  novcltv  to  the  public.  And  I  was 
right ;  for  spccdiJv  I  saw  announced  the  won- 
derful virtues  of  Iletheringlon  and  51ackie*s 

which  no  1anguȣ;e  but  tlie  Chinese  had 
terms  sufticiently  energetic  to  express. 

I  also  understand,  that  besides  a  number  of 
Hieroglyphic  works  expected  in  circulation 
ior  the  amusement  of  the  public  this  winter : 
that  several  new  founts  of  Cjiinese  great  pri- 
mer, ptragon,  cannon,  and  scrip,  are  in 
preparation  at  a  celebrated  foundry,  not  far 
from  St.  Luke's ;  and  that  there  is,  worse 
still !  a  talk  of  adooting  some  of  the  nail- 
formed  letters,  the  Persepolitan.  or  Babylon- 
ish characters,  such  as  are  shewn  at  the  East 
India  House,  in  those  illustrations  of  the 
History  of  England,  long  promised  by  an 
ripincnt  statesman :  moreover,  because  these 
Persepolitan  characters  in  their  original  run 
down  the    margins  of  windows,   they  are 

^  expected  to  look  peculiarly  beautiful  in  side 
notes.  As  your  title.  Sir,  implies  that, 
'^Argus-like,  you  look  sharply  all  round  about 
vou,  do  pray.  Sir,  see  inU)  this  :  intreat  the 
learned  to  give  me  a  little  time ;  not  to  be 
more  obscure  than  Orcek,  this  winter,  and  to 
^pare  me  the  mortilication  of  being  again 
imnted  in  vain  to  peruse .  a  play  bill,  though 

.  adflressed  to  the  public  at  large  ;  or  of  being 
left  in  ignorance  ot  the  virtues  of  the  •*  Ceylon 
Soap,"  though  tlie  vtry  comfort  of  my  chin 
may  depend  on  my  adopting  it  without  tlelay. 
I  am,  &c.  Barnaby  Banirr, 
Greek  Street,  Scho.  Philellcuot. 

LIGHT    HOUSE    AT    Cl-AMDOftOUGH    HEAD. 

The  establishment  of  light  houses  on  our 
coast,  for  the  ad\'antage  of  navigation,  is  gra- 
tifying to  humanity,  while  it  promote^  the 
security  of  our  commerce.  Flambohough 
HEAD,  is  a  considerable  promontory  in  York- 
shire, whose  snow-wluie  cliffs  have  hither- 

.  t  >  bevn  the  only  direction  to  navigators  :  but 
a  light  house  is  now  creeled  on  it.     It  ia  five 

•  nulci  N.  E.  of  Bridlington. 


The  height  of  the  building  fiom  the 
basis  to  the  summit  is  cFghly-five  feet,  and 
from  the  level  of  the  sea  two  hundred  and 
fifiv  feet. — ^The  la nthom  contains  three  frames, 
with  seven  lai^gc  lamps  and  reftectors  in  each 
making  in  the  whole  twenty-one — the  lights 
revolve,  and  the  motion  is  horizontal— one 
of  the  lights  is  red,  tadistingursli  FTom bo- 
rough lights  from  alf  otners,  and  in  a  dbar 
night,  tney  may  be  seen  at  the  dii-tance  of 
thirty  miles. 

On  the  1st  instant  the  following  oration 
was  delivered  by  Benjamin  Milne,  Em.  Col- 
lector of  his  Majesty's  C>ustoros  at  BndLiiig- 
lon,  An  the  Exhibition  of  these  Li^ts. 

Rome,  in  the  plenitude  of  pou-er,  enrieh- 
ed  with*  the  |»lunaer  of  conquered  provinces, 
and  edited  with  pride,  erected  stately  pillars 
ornamented  with  exqaisite  sculpture,  to  com- 
noemorate  the-  achievcmeirts  of^  her  illustrious 
citizens ;  but  those  splendid  embelWshments 
were  the  ostentatious  monuments  of  an  an- 
bounded  ambition  which  grasped  at  univcBal 
dominion,  and  in  the  career  of  victory,  ex- 
tended a  wide  scene  of  ruin  and  desolation. 
Under  the  influence  of  a  beuer  principle,  and 
for  purposes  infinitely  more  useful,  this  su- 
perb edlBce  for  the  exhibition  of  lights  is 
erected. — It  was  raised  with  the  benevoltnt 
iiitention  of  securing  the  property  of  indivi- 
duals, and  of  preserving  human  life  from  the 
caliamities  of  shipwreck.  To  the  honour  of 
the  Elder  Brethren  of  the  Trinitj'-housc, 
Deptfbtd  Strond,  London,  it  must  be  ob- 
served,, that  with  laudable  zeal  they  ha\-e  pa^ 
troniscd  the  undertaking,  and  completed  the 
bttilding  in  a  stile  superior  to  every  other^of 
the  same  class  in  the  United  Kingdonk — nn 
eminent  dispTay  of  taste  and  judgment.  Tlie 
grandeur  of  its  situAiion  on  this  ere\'ated  ppo- 
montory  is  unequalled — the-  sublimit)*  of  the 

Crospect  must  Qncke  the  admiration  of  excry^ 
eholdcr — the  vast  sweep  of  the  northern 
ocean  fills  the  eye  with  its  rauneasurable  ex- 
panse,, and  exhibits  a  scene  which  inspires 
exalted  ideas.  Innumerable  fleets  laden  whU 
the  produce  of  the  coal-mines,  and  rich 
trading  vessels  from  Scotland,  daily  pass  in 
view — Shijis  freighted  with  naval  stores  anA 
valuable  merchandize,  from  Archangel,  froii» 
Norway,  the  ports  of  the  Baltic,  and  HoU 
land,  and  Others  from  the  Whalc-Fbheiie*, 
direct  their  course  to  tliis  distinguished  pro- 
montory. Scenes  of  this  kind  are  character 
ristic  of  national  grandeur. — ^The  hold  enter* 
prize  and  mercantile  spirit  of  Britain  astonish 
the  world. — The  magnitude  of  her  commerce 
covers  die  sea  wiili  her  flet't*— her  flag^  waves 
triiimpliant  in  everv  quarter  of  tlie  globei** 
the  unrivalled  skill,  iuduotry,  honorable 
conduct,  and  opulence  of  the  country,  am 
flic  holid  basis  ot  iu>  stability.  Surely,'  sufU 
important  interests  merit  a  sedulous  alieiiuoit 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


«37] 


Fumigaiions  Remedy  far  Consumption* 


[838 


to  their  security.— While  you  view  mth  com- 
placency the  multitude  of  ships  floating  on 
the  extended  ocean,  should  you  at  the  same 
moment  takainto  consideration  the  immense 
value  of  their  cargoes,  and  the  many  thou- 
sands of  seamen  by  which  they  are  navi^ted, 
you  would  then  be  able  to  form  some  judg- 
ment of  the  extensive  advantages  which  must 
result  from  the  execution  of  a  plan  so  highly 
useful  and  beneficent.     If  prompted  by  cu- 
riosity, you  have  ever  surveyed  the  formidable 
rocks'  which  line  the  adjacent  shore,    and 
have  obscn'ed  the  foamuig  waves  of  the  stormy^ 
ocean  dashing  with  irresistible  fury  against  the 
^rpendicular  cliffy,  the  sight  alone  must  have 
filled  you  with  astonishment  and  dread  ! — 
Figure  then   to    yourselves  tlie  melancholy 
scene  of  some  unfortunate  vessel  enveloped  in 
midnight  darkness,  driven  by  the  tcm[)cst,  and 
suddenly  stranded  on  the  tremendous  coast- 
paint  to  your  imaginations  the  crew  of  help- 
less seamen  sinking  among  the  overwhelming 
billows,  and  raising  their  supplicating  voices, 
in  vain,  for  aid ! — reflect  on  the  inexpressible 
agony  of  their  tender  connections,  deprived 
in  one  sad  moment  of  all  that  ii  esteemed 
dear  in  life,  and  left  perhaps  desolate  and  for- 
lorn,   in  a  state  of  helpless   indigence,    to 
mourn  the  loss  of  a  husband,  a  father,  or  a 
son ! — ^thcse  are  not  visionary  ideas,  they  are 
scenes,  akis,  which  have  too'  frequently  Ibcen 
realized. — With  such   impressions    on  your 
minds  you  must  assuredly  acknowledge  the 
utility  of  a  design  calculated,  under  Provi- 
dence, to  prevent  consequences  so  wounding 
to  the  tencfer  sensibilities  of  human  nature. 
Had  this  building  been  erected  ut  a  more 
early  period,  the   lass  of  his  Majesty's  ship 
the  Nautilus,  Captain  Guntcr,  from  the  Bal- 
tic, and  several  of  the  \e3sels  under  her  convoy, 
witli  many  valdable  lives,  might,  in  all  hu- 
man probability,  have  been  prevented.  From 
the  exhibition  of  these  brilliant  lights,  innu- 
merable will  be  the  advantages  to  navigation. 
I  will  detail  the  most  prominent — the  si^ht 
of  them   will  di.^pcl  the  gloom  which  Irc- 
<|uendy  seizes  the  boldest  and  most  skilful 
navigator,  in  a  critical  moment ;  and  direct 
him,  when  surrounded  by  the  obscurity  of  a 
winter's  night,  to  avoid  the  dangers  of  this 
projecting  coast.  .They  will  guide  the  tern - 
pesi-beaten  mariner  to  the  H umber,  or  to  a 
^afe  anchorage  in  £ridlington-bay,  famed  for 
its  convenience  and  security— <llffusiflg  their 
irieodly  lustre  afar,  they  will  shine  as  leading 
stars  to  enable  ships  in  a  large  otting,  to  ajcer- 
ttio  their  situations  with  accuracy,  and  to 
take  a  new  dep^irture ;  and  also  warn  others 
contending  wuh  easiertt  gales,  i9  keep  at  a 
proper  disunce  from  the  dangers  of  a  loe- 
sliore — to  tlie  flshcrmen,  who  axe  fieqtiently 
exposed  to  great  petils  on  the  unstable  ele» 
meut,  they  will  be  eminently  useful  in  the 
BJght;  they  will  guide  them  to  the  proper 


fishing  grounds,  and  direct  them  on  their  re« 
turn  to  the  shore,  to  a  place  of  safc^.     Nu<- 
merous  have  been  the  disasters  of  this  indus« 
trious  race  of  men  at  Flamborough — ^I  am 
persuaded  that  many  of  you  who  are  now 
present,  have  witnessed  the  painful  scene  of 
the  whole  villa^  in  mourning  ! — the  lamen- 
tations of  the  disconsolate  widow  and  mother 
must  have  pierted  your  soub— with  inexpres- 
sible anguish,  /  have  seen  the  tcar»  or  the 
helpless  orphan  flow  for  an  indulgent  parent^ 
who  perished  ill  the  merciless  wave :  while  I 
retain  the  faculty  of  memory,  the  sad  impres- 
sion will  never  be  erased ;  and  at  this  mo- 
ment it  is  diflicult  to  restrain  my  emotions ; 
but  the  consideration  that  my  humble  exer- 
tions have  been  instrumental  m  promoting  a 
d^gn  to  prevent  those  calamities  in  future, 
will  be  a  source  of  satisfaction  to  me  to  the 
remotest  period  of  life.     This  description  of 
an  undertaking  so  conducive  to  the  security 
of  navigation,  will  not,  I  trust,  be  deeme(l 
too  highly  coloured— -the  facts  are  moontro- 
vertible,  the  utility  is  indisputable.    So  long 
as  this  noble  edifice  shall  stand  un^ken  ou 
its  firm  foundation,  and  lift  its  aspiring;  sum- 
mit to  the  view  of  the  admiring  speetator,  it 
will  remain  a  corrsprcuous  monument  of  the 
humanity  and    muniticence   of  the  British 
nation,  unparalleled  by  any  other  of  the  ma- 
ritime states  on  the  face  of  the  globe.     May 
the  kind  Pnwidcnce  of  Almighty  God  favour 
this  and  every  other  eflbrt  of  national  utility 
with  success,  and  crown  with  glory  the  ar-f 
dent  courage  and  determined  resolution  of 
our  matchless  seamen,  in  the  defence  of  then- 
native  land !     While  aflSicted  Europe  mourns 
her  desolated  provinces  and  subjugated  states, 
may  this  United  Kingdom,  firm  in  loyalty, 
in  patriotism,  and  CA'cry  exalted  virtue,    op- 
pose an  insurmountable  barrier  tct  the  impe- 
tuous torrent  vvhidi  threaten*  to  overwhelm 
the  earth.     May  Britain  e^•er  contrnue  in  the 
envied  possesbJon  of  the  empire  of  the  main, 
and  iiftmg  her  unclouded  head  with  distin- 
guished lustre  amid  the  gloom,  which  at  this 
awful  crisis,  overshadows  the  workl,  exhibit 
to  desjx)nding  nations  a  bright  example  of 
glory— invincible  by  every  hostile  shock,  un- 
shaken as^  the  pocks'  which  guard  our  sea-girt 
bliore. 


IROPOSAL    FOR    EMPLOYIWa    FUMIOiiTlONS 
AS   A    REMZDY    FOR   GOKSOMPTIOW. 

To  the  Editor  qf  the  L<TKRAitY  Favkxraua. 

Sir  ; — The  following  insUnce  of  medical 
heroism  cannot  be  too  extensively  known ; 
1  therefore  beg  you  U)  insert  it  at  length,  and' 
to  this  I  have  added,  an  extract  fiiom  a  French 
Journal,  which  is  ty  the  same  purpose. 

An  experiment  trred  at  Curlka^vtia,  n't- 
long  ago,  of  tiie  efficacy  of  aati-coaujiou* 

2E2 


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[34& 


fumigations,  liAs  been  liberally  rewarded  by 
the' King  of  Si)ain,  a»  stated  in  the  following 
lloial  Decree. 

"  The  King  has  read  the  different  reports 
made  by  Don  Francois  de  BcrgOt  Com- 
mandant General  of  Carthacena,  relative  to 
the  iinportant  and  distinguished  services  ren- 
deretl  by  iW  Mithcl  Calancilas,  during 
the  conugion  which  made  such  havoc  in  that 
}>bce.  Mis  Majesty  was  especially  mucU 
pleased  v.ith  the  merits  of  the  expcrimciit 
tried  by  Don  Michel  Cahanellas,  in  the 
hospital  of  the  Antegones  of  tlic  sa»e  cily, 
where  heshut  himself  up  with  50  other  pevsoBs, 
to  prmc  the  efficacy  of  the  fumigations  of 
Mr.  Guy  ton  de  Mon'cau,  and  slept  with 
every  one  of  those  individuals,  including  two 
of  his  own  children,  in  the  very  same  beds  in 
which  many  victims  of  the  contagion  had 
expired,  who  had  left  honlblc  marks  of  blood 
and  vomiting:  without  having  u.5ed  any 
Other  prescnative  than  acid  mineral  fumip- 
tions.  His  Majesty  has  felt  great  satisfaction 
tipon  beingj  informed  that  the  result  had  been 
attended  with  such  succc,^s>  that  the  fifiy-one 
individuals  after  havicji,  been  Strictly  confined 
in  the  lazaretto,  were  in  a  perfect  state  of 
health  when  tliey  left  it.  In  consequence,. 
His  Majesty,  as  a  testimony  of  his  lioyal 
munificence',  has  granted  each  of  the  galley- 
slaves,  who  have  voluntarily  submitted  lo  the 
•xperiment,  without  having  previously  had 
die  yellow  fever,  to  be  released  from  his 
confinement  a  twelvemonth  sooner  titan  his 
sentence  ondaincd ;  and  moreover  approves  of 
the  gratificatiiwn.  granted  to  them  by  his  Cap- 
tain GettcraK  %'itli  negard  toDon  Michd 
C'abaneUas>  Hii*  Majesty  grants  hiju  the 
priyileae!^  attached  to  the  sitoaliiwi  of  physi- 
cian of  the  chamber,  with  an- annual  pension 
of  24,00a  reals,  to  be  paid  monihty.'oiU  o£ 
the  ch(^  of  tlie  community  ol'  Carthagena ; 
and  entillj?8  him  to  vote  with  the  municlpid 
curixmition  of  that  city,  as  if  he  were  a 
member  by  birth.  The  munificence  of  the 
King  will  also  reward  the  trial  to  which  his 
two  children,  after  their  fathers  example, 
have  eypo^cd  their  lives,  for  the  welfare  of 
tlie  state  and.  &it  tJioir  fellow -creatures.'* 


««  This  preventive  discovered  by  M. 
Guyton,  is  now  in  universal  use  in  France. 
M.  Desgcncttes  has  l)ecn  very  attnitive  in 
ascertaining  its  efticacy,  in  the  military  hos- 
pital of  Val-de-Gr.icH  J  and  from  the'coui- 
j^aiative  reiurns  \vl  It'o  he  has  made,  it  is 
evidrnlthat  th«e  fumigations  houmjIv  prcrenl 
tlje  iiifection,  but  appear  to  be  advaniagtous 
t^)  the  jKiiioiU. 

**  Mr.  Piiiel  has  met  with  the  hamr  success 
in  the  most  infected  wards  of  tlje  hospital  df 


I  would  request  any  of  ycmr  medical  cones- 
poiKlents  to  mform  me  vvhethcr  they  hare 
e\'er  knofwn  fumigations  employed  as  a  remedy 
against  consumptions  ?  I  am  persuaded  that 
if  some  composition,  equally  cheap  and  fa- 
miliar as  that  of  the  muriatic  acid,  but 
supplyin^j  that  kind  of  gas  which  is  most, 
benehcial  to  consumptive  lungs  could  be 
devised,  it  might  prove  restorative.  I  do- 
not  mean  that  it  should  be  inhaled,  i» 
draughts^  Tike  as  in  certain  late  experiments  : 
hut  that  a  small  room  should  be  filled  with  it, 
and  the  patient  residing  in  this  room,  suppose 
for  sexeral  houri  in  a  day,  should  breathe 
this  air  thus  impregnated.  We  all  know  the 
effect  wliich  the  smell  of  v^tation,  when, 
we  walk  out  into  the  fields,  nas  on  us :  and 
the  reviling  effect  of  the  smell  of  certain, 
plants.  I  would,  however,  caution  against 
the  adoption  of  perfumes,  generally:  and 
conceiving,  that,  in  consumption,  the  lungs 
part  too  freely  with  certain  gases  whicu. 
abound  in  the  atmosphere,  I  would  propose 
to  try  tlie  effect  of  tnc  vaporisation  of  sub- 
stances of  the  most  solid  kinds,  in  which 
these  gases  predominate:  thereby  to  restore 
to  the  lungs  what  they  too  freely  part  with  : 
or.  otherwise  endeavouring  to  brace  them  up, 
aad'eoable  thcni  to  rctain.it,  instead  of  parting 
with  b 

Perhnps  experiment  may  lead  to  the  ingre- 
dients ot  a  mixture  proper  fnrsuch  fumigation. 
The  observation  of  what  trades,  &c-  are  least 
exposed  to  this  disorder,  might  assist.  Tlie 
powers  of  fumigation,  as  having  immediate 
jicces*;  to  the  lungs,  are  ver}-  great :  and  we 
know  that  in  the  last  plague  of  Lon<)on, 
the  disorder  never  penetrated  into  Bucklers- 
bury,  then  filled  with  dealers  in  herbs,  &c. 
oaW'*:^  si m piers  :  nor  into  Petticoat  Lane,^  then, 
occupied  by  those  who  burnt  various  offensive 
matiers,  i^'e.  called  homers.  \{  tho^c  trades 
\yere  salutary  by  fumigation,  and  if  fumiga- 
tion be  salutary  to  the  extent  announced  in 
the  Sjianish  coinmunication,  I  sec  no  reason 
why  it  may  not  be  pashed  one  degree  further, 
and  l>econre  salutary  hy  opposing,  neutfalia:- 
iiiff,  or  correcting  that  mslXq  of  the  lungs, 
which  appears  to  be  one  caus<.  of  consumption. 
Possil.ly,  another  kind  o^  mixture  might 
under. smillur  management  relieve  tlie  asthma^ 
Youni,  &:e..    Spes. 


GRKAT  EFFECTS   >R^)M  UTTLE  CAUSES  : 
ISLANDS  PRUiiJUCBD  B"SS  INSECTS. 

The  whole  group  of  the  Thousand  Islauds 
and  indeed  the  greater  |>art  of  all  those  whose 
.snrlaces  are  flat,  in  the  neigh Iwurhood  of  the 
cfjuator,  owe  their  origin  to  the  labours  of 
that  order  of  marine  worms  which  Linnajus 
hiii.  arranged  under  the  name  of  Zonphfla. 
These  litilc  animals,  in  a  most  surpriVins 
manner,  construct  their  calcareous    hahiia- 


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tions,  under  an  infinite  variety  of  forms,  yet 
•  with  that  order  and  regularity,  eaeh  after  its 
own  manner,  which,  to  the  minute  inquirer, 
is  so  dLjcernible  in  every  part  of  the  creation. 
But,  althoush  the  eye  may  be  convinced  of 
the  fact,  it  is  diiHcnli  for  the  human  mind 
lo  conceive  the  possibility  of  insects  so  small 
being  endued  with  the  power,  much  less  of 
being  furnished  in  their  own  bodies  with  the 
materials  of  constructing  the  immense  fabrics 
^vhich,  in  almost  everj  part  of  tlic  Eastern 
and  Pacific  Oceans  lying  between  the  tropics, 
are  met  within  the  shape  of  <letachcd  rucks, 
or  reeft  of  great  extent,  just  even  wiUi  the 
surface^  or  islands  already  clothed  with  plants, 
whose  buses  are  fixed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  several  hundred  feet  in  deptJi,  Habere 
light  and  heat,  so  very  essential  to  ani^nal 
.  lile,  if  not  excluded,  arc  sparingly  received 
and  feebly  felt.  Thousands  of  such  rocks, 
and  reefs,  and  islands,  are  known  to  exist  in 
the  Eastern  ocean,  within,  and  even  beyond, 
ihe  limits  of  the  tropics.  The  eastern  coast 
of  New  Holland  is  almost  wholly  girt  with 
ccefs  and  islands  of  coral  rock,  rismg  pcrocn- 
dicularly  from  the  bottom  of  the  abyss.  Cap- 
tain Kent,  of  the  Buffalo,  speaking  of  a  coral 
ceef  of  many  miles  in  extent,  on  the  south* 
west  coast  ot  New  Caledonia,  observes,  that 
*'  it  is  level  with  the  vvratcr's  edge,  and  to- 
wards the  sea,  as  sieep  io  as  a  wall  of  a  hausc  ; 
that  he  sounded  freouenilv  within  twice  4bc 
ship's  length  of  it  with  a  Tmc  of  one  hundreil 
ana  fifty  £thoms,  or  nine  hundred  fcct,  with- 
out bcui^  able  to  readi  the  bottom.**  How 
wonderful,  how  inconceivable,  that  such 
stupendous  fabrics  should  rise  into  existence 
from  the  silent  but  inces>ant,  and  almost  im- 
perceptible, labours  of  such  insignificant 
worms ! 

Barrow* s  Voijatie  to  Cacftin-China^ 
p.p.  \63.  l()d. 

GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  QUKSTtONS  PRO- 
POSED By  THE  SOCIETY  OF  SCIENCES  AT 
HAERLEM. 

This  Society  held  its  fifty-fourlh  general 
assembly  May  21  j  but  their  transactions  were 
'I  cry  unimportant,  owing  to  the  small  num- 
ber of  Prize  essays  come  in. 

Out  ot  twelve  standing  questions,  only  one 
had  found  a  competent  answer ;  that  on  the 
>>cotch  Pine  (Pinu*  Silvesirh),  and"  other 
trees  for  the  cultivation  of  dry  sandy  aistricts. 
Of  five  answers,  that  of  Mr.  A.P.C.  van 
<ler  Borch,  of  Verwolde,  near  Zutphen,  re- 
ceived the  prijcc  ;  and  the  acces^it  was  decreed 
to  an  essay  in  the  German  language.  Of 
■  the  unanswered  questions,  some  are  annul- 
led ;  some  prolonged  to  November  I,  1807. 
Seven  new  questions  are  proposed  against  the 
kame  time;  with  otheiti  for  gn  \udefiuite 
porio<L 


The  questions  announced  as  unanswered 
are  the -following : — 

l8t.  How  ranch,  do  we  know,  since  the 
latest  adx'ances  in  the  knowledge  of  the  ma- 
ture of  plants,  in  what  manner  ditferent 
kinds  of  manures,  on  different  soils,  encou- 
rage the  growth  of  plants^  And  what  in- 
struction can  be  educed  from  tlu:  knowledge 
acquired  in  manvring  or  ii>nctifytng  ihe  poor 
and  uncultivated  sanddittncts^ 

«.  What  have  the  latest  obsen^ations 
taught,  on  the  influence  of  the  oxy2;en  of 
the  atmosphere,  when  united  with  light  'or 
nof,  on  the  change  of  colours  ?  and  what  Ad- 
vantage can  be  drawn  from  such  knowledg^  ? 

3.  Wliat  do  we  at  present  know^of  the 
course  or  motion  of  the  sap  in  plants  and 
trees  ?  and  how  can  we  attain  to  more  jierfect 
kno\vledge  of  what  is  obscure  or  d(mbtful 
therein  ?  Can  anjr  useful  information  be 
educed  for  the  cultivation  of  trees  and  plants, 
out  of  what  has  been  jptQvtd  on  this  sulked 
by  exj:>erimcnts?     < 

4.  As  experience  from  time  to  tirpe 
teaches  us  the  more  fullv,  that  rain-wa- 
ter, which  runs  through  leaden  spouts,  pr 
standi  in  leaden  cisterns,  takes  from  them  so 
much  of  the  matter  of  lead  as  to  be  vcrj*  inju- 
rious to  health  (indeed  it  occasions  mortal 
disorders)  ;  and  as  meats  and  drinks  which  by 
other  means  are  chaxg»'d  witli  the  matter  <»f 
l^ud,  arc  ii^jurious  to  health  in  various  de- 
crees, the  Society  wishes  to  see  this  subject 
treated  in  a  clear,  concise,  valid,  and,  at  thft 
same  time,  full  and  complete  s^mer  ;  that 
the  means  whereby  tlie  danger  of  jxaison  from 
lead  may  be  aNoided,  may  be  more  generally 
known,  nnd  as  much  as  possible  improvcci. 
Tins  Society  requires  especially,  that  it  be 
shewn  by  expernncnts  and  observations,  in 
what  cases  liie  lead  coinmunicaies  riiatler  to 
the  water?  If  lead  in  this  or  the  other  man- 
ner prepared  is  less  subject  to  it  ?  If  any  dan- 
ger may  be  ajiprehended  from  the  use  of  ce- 
ruse, or  white  lead,  in  leaden  spouts?  and 
further,  what  is  tlie  surest  means  of  counter- 
acting the  poison  of  lead  in  the  use  of  leaden 
3|K>uis?  That  it  be  shewn,  if  sufficient  proof 
has  been  alleged  (as  was  insisted  a  few  years 
ago)  for  the  a.ssertion,  that  the,  glazing  of' 
certain  pots  antf  dishes  communicates  lead  to 
some  kinds  of  food,  and  wfiut  means  should 
be  taken  to  obviate  tliis  evil  ? 

6,  What  are  the  general  and  certain  rules, 
agreeing  with  the  laws  of  mui>4C,  which,  in 
ktnguage,  accurately  define  harmony  in  the 
pronunciation,  and  how  far  does  the  beauty 
of  language  de{>eud  thereon  ? 

6.  An  accurate  spccCoalion  of  the  suck- 
ling animals,  birds,  and  amphibia,  which  are 
natural  (not  introduced  from  other  coiintries) 
itthabitants  of  these  countriesf  with  the  ad- 

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Society  of  Sciences  at  Haerlem. 


L844 


ditioti  of  their  different  names  in  the  scleral 
districts  of  the  Netherlands,  with  their  gene- 
ric and  specific  distinctions,  according  to  the 
Unnaean  System,  accompanied  >vith  one  or 
more  drawings  of  each  animal. 

7.  What  light  have  modem  discovrries, 
in  relation  to  the  combination  of  water  and 
atmospherical  air,  thrown  on  the  maniuer  in 
which  plants  receive  their  nourishment ;  and 
what  instruction  can  be  educed  from  what  is 
already  knovim  on  this  sulyect,  in  the  cultiva- 
tion 01  useful  vegetables  ? 

8.  What  has  experienpe  satisfeptprily  esta- 
blished with  r^ra  to  the  purification  of  foul 
ivater,  and  otper  unclean  substances,  by 
charcpal?  Anci  how  far  can  we  explain  the 

'  manner  in  which  this  takes  place,  on  chemi- 
cal principles ;  and  what  further  advantages 
pan  he  drawn  from  them  I 

VEW  QUESTIONS. 

•  9.  What  is  properly  the  diHerence  i[i  prp- 
perdet  and  <dementary  part$,  bctweep  sugar 
^tracted  frpm  ^e  §U|[^r-cane,  and  the  slimy 
fugar-like  matter  of  some  trees  and  plants  ? 
does  die  fatter  contain  real  sugar,  or  can  it  be 
transfonned  into  It  j 

Ip.  What  is  the  cause  pf  the  luminous  ap- 
pearance of  the  sea-water?  does  this  arise 
.from  the  presence  of  living  animalculs? 
/What  are  these  animalculs  ?  and  may  they 
have  a  tendency  to  communicate  to  the  atmo- 
sphere proiperlu's  noxious  to  man  ?  It  is  re- 
<quesied  that  this  may  be  determined  by  ac7 
^ual  c^servations  or  experiments  j  and  that, 
above  all,  may  be  examined,  how  far  the  il- 
,  lumination  of  the  sea  water,  which  is  very 
remarkable  in  some  ptirt  of  our  countrj*,  may 
have  a  connexion  with  epidemical  sick- 
nesses in  unheal  thy  seasons. 

\\.  To  remove  the  uncertainty  which  ex- 
ists in  distilling  the  several  sons  of  vinegar  for 
different  uses,  as  for  food,  against  putrefac- 
tion, and  in  some  Ihanufaciorici,  &c.  tVc. 
alio  for  the  fundamentiil  imptovonicTit  v( 
the  vinegar  manufactories,  it  i^  a^jkcd,  wliat 
are  the  jicculiar  properties  and  component 
Jf)arts  of  the  Uitfcrent  sorts  of  vinegar  which 
are  in  use  amongst  us,  and  which  iffr*  cither 
manufactured  here  or  imported  from  other 
countries  ^  and  how  can  the  strength  of  the 
different  sons  of  vinegar  be'  sufticicntly  de- 
termined ma  simple  manner,  without  an  ex- 
tensive chemical  appratus?  Which  of  the 
kinds  of  vinegar,  according  to  these  chemi- 
cal experiments,  is  the  fittest  for  iht:  several 
\\%ti  to  which  vinegar  is  applied,  and  wiiai 
inferences  arise  from  these  enquiric;*  tending 
to  the  improvement  of  the  mamifaeture  of 
vinegar?    • 

V2.  What  is  the  apparent  origin  of  sperma- 
ceti* so  called  ?  Cafi  this  material  beeeparai- 
ed  from  train  oil,  or  produced  therein  ?  and 
can  this  le  done  with  advauti?c  ? 


13.  As  it  is  a  rule  in  agriculture,  confinned 
bv  experience,  that  different  kinds  of  ^-egeta- 
bles  should  be  interchangeably  planted  on  the 
same  soil,  and  as  it  is  highly  important  for 
the  growth  of  vegetables,  and  to  keep  up  the 
fruilfulness  of  the  soil,  that  a  proper  succes- 
sion be  observed ;  tlie  Society,  therefore,  re- 
quires, that  it  be  shewn  by' experiments  in 
agricidturp,  according  to  the  principles  of 
natural  philosophy  and  chemistry,  in  what 
order  and  succession  the  different  plants  grown 
among  us  may  be  cultivated  with  the  most 
advantage  on  the  same  field,  on  day,  moor, 
sand,  and  mixed  soils.  Esl^ecially,  what 
chapge  of  herbs,  of  fodder,  and  other  plants, 
must  be  obsened  on  high  sandy  soils :  and 
principally,  when  it  is  nearly  broken  up,  to 
save  dunging,  and  to  exhaust  the  fertility  of 
the  soil  as  little  as  possible. 

14.  What  of  all  the  prognostics  of  a  oonti- 
mwnce  or  change  of  weather  may  be  consider* 
ed  as  true,  and  well  established,  which  are  be- 
lieved to  be  found  in  the  flight  of  birds,  in  the 
cries  and  sounds  which  these  or  other  animals 
niake,  and  also,  from*  noises  made  by  many 
kinds  of  animals  ?  Has  experience,  in  this 
country,  sufficiently  confirmed  one  6r  the 
other,  so  that  they  may  be  depended  upon  1 
XVhat  is  doubtful  on  this  subject,  or  contra- 
dicted by  ex|)erience,  in  what  has  been  as* 
serted  on  it ;  can  a  reason  be  given  for  what 
we  perceive  on  r^is  subject,  from  the  known 
nsrture  of  the  different  animals  ? 

15.  What  diseases  are  the  fruit  trees  com- 
mon amongst  us  subject  to  ?  and  from  what 
different  causes  do  they  for  the  most  part 
arise ,  and  what  arc  the  best  ipe^uis  to  coun- 
teract or  hcsl  th-ra? 

The  jK-rlod  of  the  fojlowing  questions  is 
indcfmite : 

16.  What  docs  experience  teach  on  the 
uses  of  bome  animals  which  appear  to  be 
noxious,  esperiallv  in  the  Netherlands,  and 
what  means  are  therefore  to  be  observed  to 
extirpate  thojHnic? 

17.  Whatdomc:,(ic  plants,  hitherto  little 
n^cd,  may  lie  introduced  into  our  apotheca- 
ries' shops,  and  uacd  with  advantage,  instead 
^f  foreign  medicines  ? 

iS.  What  domestic  plants,  hitherto  not 
used,  may  be  applied  as  a  good  and  cheap 
nourishment ;  and  what  foreign  plants,  not 
used,  can  be  cultivated  for  this  object  in  Mi 
country? 

19.  VVhat  domesuc  plants,  hitherto  not 
used,  will  yield  a  good  matter  of  colour,  ac- 
cording tojjroofs  made  and  verified,  which 
nmy  be  prepared  w  iU/iid\autage  and  hrought 
into  use;  and  ^vbat  foreign  plants  may  he 
cultivated  here,  especiallv  on  |X)or  and  uncuK 
tivated  grounds,  which  yield  with  ad\antagc 
a  colouring  matter  ? 
The  prize  h  a  gwkl  medal,  or  thirty  ducats. 


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846]  Pei$ry.--P/^kgye  to  Adrian  and  OrriU^Song  in  the  same. 


[a-ie- 


POETRY.      ^^ 

-SWITTO  D»L  COKTB  VITTORIO  AtrURI. 

JneJito* 
Di  Hbcrta  Maestri  i  GM  ?  Insegni 

Pria  servagj^o  il  Brftaimo,  inscgni  pria 
*  Umiltadc  I'Espano,  codardia 
L'EWcio,  c  a  Trace  a  |>orrc  infiorc  i  Rc^ni : 

Sicn  dell  irto  Lappon  gli  acccnti  pregni 
D'ApolHnco  soavc  melodia, 
Taide  anXi  cscropio  allc  donzcUc  sia 
Di  verccondi  alti  pndichi,  c  degni. 
Dlliberta  Maestri  i  Galli  ?  Eanui 
Fcr^ide,  ardiic  Italiiine  mcnti 
D'ogni  aliro  bene  apportairici  altrui  ? 
Servi  siam,  si,  ma  fcrvi  ognor  frcmciUH 
E  non  quai  foste,  e  ancora  U  sictc  vui, 
ScUiavi,  al  potcr,  goal  ch'  egli  sia  plaudcnti. 

SONG  PROM   **  HOLiOOaNE  DROLLERY,'*   &C. 
LUKDOK,    1673. 

When  you  the  sun-burnt  pilgrim  see, 

.  Faiuiing  with  thirst,  haste  to  the  springs ; 
Mark  how  at  first  with  bended  knee 

He  courts  the  chrystal  nymph,  and  flings 
His  body  to  the  earth,  and  he. 
Prostrate,  adores  the  flowing  deity. 
But  when  his  sweaty  face  is  drencht 

In  her  cool  waves,  when  from  her  sweet 
Bosom  hii  burning  thirst  is  quencht ; 

Then  mark  how  with  disdainful  feet 
He  kicks  her  banks  and  from  the  pl?ce. 
That  thus  rcfresht  him,  moves  with  sullen  pace. 
Thus  Shalt  thou  be  despised,  fciir  maid. 

When  by  tliy  sated  lover  tasted ; 
What  fiisi  he  did  with  tears  invade. 

Shall  atlervards  in  scorn  be  wasted  ; 
When  all  thy  virg^  sp'^ng^  grow  dry, 
Asrtl  no  streams  Uft— but  in  thine  eye. 

fONO  BY  TJIE  LATE  H«SS  MIDDLETON,   OP 
APFLEDORE,    DEVON. 

My  infant  years  were  calm  and  gay, 

No  care  or  pain  I  knew. 
Sweet  passd  thc^hours,  Health  crowned  the  day, 

In  happmcis^hey  flew ; 
No  anxlout  thougtow  distressed  my  mind. 

No  fears  distutb'd  my  rest. 
My  wants  wewftw,  Content  combtn'd 

To  fiU  with  peace  my  breast. 
Bnt  now,  how  cliang'd  my  present  lot, 

To  every  former  scene ; 
By  Fortune^rott'd,  by  friends  forget. 

What  bliss  can  now  beacen  ? 
Ko  moie  rcturas  the  happy  mora 

With  every  prospect  gay, 
Joy  •ccmt  her  old  abode  to  scorn, 

>Vad  winp  her  flight  away. 


raOtOGUR  TO  the  new  play  op  ADRIAN  AND 
ORRIIA  ;  OR,  A  mother's  VENGEANCE,  tfrit' 
Uft  0Y1.ST.  O.  SKEFFINCTON,  ESft.  ^Z**^" 
BY  MR.  BRONTON. 

Long  has  the  Stage,  determined  to  Impart 
Such  scenes  alone  as  meliorate  the  heart, 
Barr'd  from  all  avenues,  whhtigid  sway, 
Plots  which  corrupt,  and  maxims  that  betray. 
With  elevation  now  the  alter'd  Mose 
That  pniife  rejects,  which  Virtue  should  refuse  i 
In  Pancy'sj^osc  no  vivid  colour  sees. 
Unless  that  vividness  the  Just  can  please:; 
In  Wit's  gay  brilliant  ow^  no  sparkUng  gem. 
Unless  allow'd  as  brilliancy  by  them ; 
Proud  of  no  praise,  of  no  disiinciioa  vain. 
Unless  distinguish'd  in  the  moral  train. 
Celebrity  she  holds  as  disrepute. 
And  scorns  all  laurel  from  a  shamcfvfl  root !    . 
Licentious  f*ll its  rarely  intervene. 
And  truth,  and  sense,    and  honour  claim  the 
scene! 

When  Love's  distress  shall  in  our  story  rise. 
Let  sighs  break  forth— for  those  are  Nature's  si^hs. 
When  persecuted  Worth  in  grief  appears. 
Be  proud  to  weep— for  those  are  Virtue's  ttars. 

But  to  our  author :  each  Dramatic  Bard 
Solicits,  but  in  vain,  a  long  regard  ; 
Form'd  to  attract  the  Fashion  of  the  Day, 
They,  like  that  fashion,  swiftly  |>ass  away. 
They  gain ,  at  most,  employed  m  s«ch  a  cattse. 
Uncertain  honour,  fugitive  applause  I 
Now  hopes,  now  fears  his  anxious  heart  compose, 
yfalf  sunk  by  these,  and  just  uphcM  by  those  ; 
For  in  our  days,  when  Envy  smiles  to  sting. 
Grief  follows  joy,  and  praises  censure  bring.  - 
Then  Wits  and  Heroes,  and  the  Critic  few. 
Here  let  me  pass,  and.  Ladies,  plead  to.r««r  j 
You,  for  whose  favour  cv'ry  wit  is  bright, 
AU  critics  comment,  and  all  heroes  fight ! 
Protection  from  the  fair  at  once  conveys 
Ample  renown,  coosoUdated  praise ; 
For  Truth  acknowledges,  in  Nature's  name. 
The  smiUs  of  Beauty  are  the  ^Dreuas  of  Fame ! 
Urg'd  still  by  tbem,  by  their  reward  impressed. 
Each  noble  passion  animates  the  breast  j 
They  farm  the  heart  to  ev'ry  aim  refin'4» 
Exalt,  delight,  and  dignify  mankind ! 

SONO  IN  /ADRIAN  AND0R1LLA« 

Ga^ly!  gaily!  gaily  I 
To  break  ajancc  at  Tourney-fight, 
On  prancing  steed  each  gallant  Knight, 
.    By  sunbeam  led,  or  moonshine  white. 

At  honor's  call  would  fly ' 

GaUy!  gaUy!  gaily! 
Around  the  ring,  on  rising  seats, 
A  c;owd  of  rival  beauty  nieets, 
In  radiant  pomp,  to  n>ark  the  featt 

Of  love  and  chivalry ! 
2E4 


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MT)  Poetry.— Dwt  in  Adrian  and  OnUa.^Diamtmd  tut  Diamond. 

Cheerly  r  chccrly  \  cheerly ! 
The  biiricrs  close— the  traropets  soQnd ; 
The  neighing  coursers  forwird  bound. 
And  toss  their  manes,  and  ptw  the  ground, 
Impatient  ofdelay. 


Cheerly!  cheerly!  cheerly  I 
Now  Knights  to  deadly  challenge  rush. 
And  lancea  shiver,  bucklers  crush, 
;  Thro*  battcr'd  mail  red  life-drops  gush, 

O  Jove,  how  fierce  the  fray  i 
Hurra !  hurra !  hurra  ! 
The  Pagan  falls-4ie  biti*^  the  dust : 
No  more  in  war  or  mimic  just 
To  oope  with  knight  of  holler  trust— 

What  shouts  assail'  thjB  sky ! 
Hurra!  hurra!  hurra! 
The  victor  kneels  to  claim  the  prize,     * 
But  while  he  kneels,  with  love  he  sighs,, 
And  seeks  in  beauty's  melting  eyes 

His  boon  of  victory.. 


DUBT  IN  AOaiAN  ANDOaiLLA. 

The  queerest  of  goblins,  the  quainrest  of  sprites. 
Who  in  gpoddeedtand  mischief  alternate  delights. 

Is  he  who  dwells  high  on  the  mounttin—- 
^l.  winter  be  toils  and  blows  fire  in  the  mine, 
Sut  ramifies  abroad  when  the  weather  is  fine, 

Aod  eats  the  fit  frog  o'the  founti^in. 
He  milks  Ciceiy't  coif  long  before  it  is  dawn — 
Whilf  Uxmtn  lie  snoring,  he  freshes  their  pom ; 
Then  dowii  af  bis  lefigth  he  sprawls  ^  on  the 

Chaff 
An<i  greets  the  scar*d  clown  with  a  riotous  laugh. 

Number  Nip !  Number  Nip ! 
0!  moi^itainous !  mischievous!  marvellous! 
Nip! 

T*pther  night  ti  poor  Eogcr  was  crossing  the 

'moor, 
And  sought  thro'  the  darkness  his  own  cottage 
4o«r, 
The  fiend  met  him  niantled  in  vaponr-— 
Now  here  and  now  there  danc'd  the  fanciful 

sprite. 
O'er  swamps  and  stale  pooh,  with  a  wicked  blue 
light, 
Which  Roger  mistook  for  %  taper. 
For  hours  the  night-wanderer  was  fein  to  pursue, 
ptill  further  and  further  the  knavish  light  drew ; 
The  ground  sudden  quaked— P^to !  vanished  the 

'  'fire, 
And  poor  Roger  sank  up  to  his  ears  in-the  mire  I 

Number  Nip !  Number  Nip ! 
p!  mountainous!  mischi<^-ou> !  marvelloos 
Nipl 

J^'«^— Number- Nip  b  among  the  popnlir  so- 
pt«sitit:otts  of  Middle  Gcrm^y. 


DIAMOND    CUT   DIAMOND. 


A  Sent  mtBertim,  of^thtr  thma^-^PhderUk  Oi  Owe 
waUiMg  aloHt  iifrre  his  PaUet^Enttr  iw  Co- 
tfi0lic  Prints,  toith  offieers  ofthtpoUa:  s  Cttfmmi 
of  tie  Prmssusn  Gmrds  in  tkeir  euttotff. 
1st.  Priest . 

Justice,  my  Liege !    Justice  is  what  we  seek. 

KtHg, 

Tm  always  ready  to  dispense  it  ;«speak. 

ut,  P'iat. 
This  soMier  (so  degenerate  are  our  timet) 
Has  practised  sacrilcge-the  worst  of  crimes  f 
These  cosUy  pearls,  which  did  last  night  surround 
Our  blessed  Virgin's  neck,  on  him  were  found. 

King, 
Corporal,  Is  it  thou?^Thy  lote  of  plunder. 
I  fear  has  led  thee  to  some  shameful  blunder. 

Cvfonsl. 
My  courage  has  to  you,  Sire,  kmg  been  known^ 
My  honour  too  onblemlsh'd  shall  be  shewn. 
Entering  yon*  ehurcb,  I  could  not  but  admiie,  ' 
The  ^rgin's  beauteous  fiuxj,  and  rich  attire ; 

And  while  I  gax-d  with  pletwrc  and  with  awe. 
Her  eyes  upon  me  turn,  iyrpri**d,  1  stw 
Her  hands  then  r»b'd,  from  off  her  bosom  drew 
That  string  of  pearU, and  held  ih^  forth  to  view; 
Her  lips  I  saw  divide,  and  thus  she  spake ; 
«'  Soldier  I  this  present  for  thy  merit  tike," 
And  add«?d,— whUf  I  sunk  upon  my  knee, 
«  Accept  thesppearU  5  theyVe  of  no  qse  id  mc* 

Xiitg, 
Why,  as  to  that,  doubtless  'tis  true  enough : 
But  sirrah !  ihink'st  thou  I  beUeve  this  stuff? 
Do'st  thou  presume  I'm  void  of  ooramdn  sensff 
I  stond  asionish'd  at  thy  Impudence  I 

C^rparal. 
Your  Majesty  is  Icam'd,  and  wise,  and  Vive ; 
Yet  rashly  censures  your  devoted  slave ; 
Stre,  had  jrwir  eyes  beheld  what  I  relate, 
Y<m  must  have  ownM  the  Virgin's  glory  gie^. 
And  to  these  Rev'rend  Fathers  I  appeal, 
If  such  things  ^oivmi  Ar,  as  I  reveal. 

K*»g*    O^mirtJ 
Acunaingdagl— ThejokcisnotaaOii, 

Well  then,  my  sentence.  Holy  Priests,  it  thk  1 
You  shaU  decide  his  fate  .-^if  stone  can  nftyve 
And  see,  and  speak,-his  conduct  I  appiovf  * 
But,  if  you  say,  that  all  such  talcs  are  liea,  * 
He  shall  be  punishM.  and  restore  the  prije. 

lit.  Priest, 
That  such  Oiiagp  casmot  Ar,  we've  no  pieteoce  s 
But,  Sire !  I  question  much  his  evidence. 
So  please  your  Majesty,  I  crave  pcrmisiiqB. 
To  ask  my  brother  here^  ^  h|i  deqiiftt. 


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*49] 


OiteriMuida  aHtrtut.-^.dmtriea. — Atutria. 


CM* 


(Wtving  withdrawn  with  fie  other  PriettJ 
Brother !  what  think  yon  of' this  sUpp'ry  trkk  ? 
r  wish  the  rascal  foirly  with  old  Nlc. 

04/.  Priest, 
Brother  1  you  make,  me  tremble  1--Can  you  doubt 
The  Virgin's  power  to  speak,  or  move  abou^  i 
A  miracle's  perform*d— «  splendid  act ; 
A  heretic  converted  swears  the  iact. 
1*/.  Pruit.     (apmrt.) 
The  man's  a  downright  fool !  or  else— lei's  ?ee. 
Perhaps  a  craftier  hypocrite  than  me. 
At  all  events,  best  take  him  at  hi$  word. 
If  this  odd  tale  is  dcem'd  not  too  absurd. 
Twill  prove  worth  twenty  necklaces  to  nt : 
At  least  'tis  safe  to  make  no  farther  ftiss. 

(aiomdj 
VThat  you  remark,  dear  Brother,  has  gre  at  force  ^ 
The  Soldier  will  our  convert  be,  of  course ; 
And  when  he  venerates  our  holy  faith,  . 
Yfho  can  disprove  the  truth  of  what  he  saith  ? 

(Haviffg  returned  to  the  Compaaj.) 
An't  please  your  Migcsty,  we  have  agreed. 
Your  S  oldrer's  statement  tallies  with  our  creed; 
And  if  henceforth,  the  Virgin  he*i  1  adore* 
We'll  charge  him  with, defrauding  her  lu)  moit. 

K'ing, 
That  you  may  settle  at  some  other  time ; 
As  what  he  now  has  done  is  not  a  crime, 
I  shall  at  once  dismiss  him :  no  condition 
Shall  be  attacb'd  to  his  complete  remission. 
—Corporal !  you're  free ;  no  law  condemns  what's 

past; 
But,  hear  me.  Sir  \  to  make  (he  future  fast. 
If  presents  you  accept  from  stone  or  wood, 
.    Your  shin  toidjlesh,  my  lad,  shall  make  them  good. 

S.  G. 


ste 


,       Llirtt   WaiTTKW    IM    A     THUIIDiaSTO&M. 
ir   O.   DAVltS. 

The  gath'iing  tempest  now  with  horror  teems. 
Thro'  the  dread  gloom  die  vivid  lighming  gl( 
Ftal  follows  peal !— still  nearer — and  more 
Contending  clouds  convey  th'  electric  war. 
Griev'd  at  the  tempest  (that,  to  ruin  sweeps 
Her  bounteous  produce)  gen*rous  Namre  weeps  ^ 
And  as  the  elemenul  wariare  ends. 
In  whelming  floods  the  pond'rous  rain  descends. 


BYlTAtH  Iir  CUDOBSDOWW  CHURCB,  OZON,  BT 
TUB  LATK  BlSHOr  LOWTH  ;  OH  A  BXAUTIPOL 
SAUOUTSa  WHO  OIID  SOODXITLY. 

Can,  vale,  ingenio  prssstans,  pietate,  pudorei 
Et  plttsquam  natss  nomine,  cara,  vale ! 
Cam  Maria,  vale:  at  venict felicius  sevum, 
fiuando  iierum  tecum,  slmmodo  dignus  ero. 
Cara  redi  '<  Iseta  turn  dicam  voci,  paternos 
^  JBt  1^  >n  ampletus^  cara  Maria,  ledi/' 


OBSERVANDA  EITERNA- 

AM^RICA. 

Rimedy  against  the  Bit$  qf  a  mad  Dog. 

It  is  said  that  red  pimpernel,  by  the  bo« 
taoists  named  anagaliis  lar^eneie,  has  lately 
been  found  in  America  to  be  a  certain  reme- 
dy for  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog,  evea  aitcr  the 
dreadful  symptoms  of  hydro^obia  had  taken 
place.  It  should  be  gathered  when  ripe,  and 
dried  in  the  shade.  Then  it  must  be  reckioed 
to  a  powder,  of  which  a  table  spoonful  may 
be  given  to  an  adult,  in  any  convenient  ve-- 
hicie,  such  as^water,  beer,  honey,  or  mo- 
lasses,  taking  care  the  wetght  ot  the  do9» 
dnet  not  exceed  one  drachm  and  one  scneple. 
The  same  quantity,  divided  into  three  equal 
parts,  may  be  administered  to  a  child  in  the 
course  of  a  day. 

This  plant  is  common  both  in  England  aAd 
Ireland,  as  well  as  on  the  continent :  and  is 
generally  called  red  chick-weed,  or  redtkmi, 
wf  country  people.  Linnets  and  other  maU 
buds  are  very  fond  of  its  seeds, 

AUSTltlA. 

Astronomical  Instruments .'^SBnes^ 
The  Emperor  has  granted  to  the  obsenft* 
tor}r  at  Ofen,  in  Hungary,  the  sum  of  7600 
florins  for  the  purchase  of  astronomical  instfiif 
ments.  He  has  also  given  pemrission  to  lh# 
following  gentlemen  to  visit  the  mines  in  ^f 
Hereditaiy  States:  to  Mr.  Chenevix,  Endish 
chemist ;  to  Don  Gimbemat,  Director  ol  the 
royal  cabinet  at  Madrid ;  to  Mr.  Beker,  in* 
spector  of  the  mines  at  Altenbeig  ^  and  (tf 
Mr.  (rrellman,  merchant,  of  Vienni. 

BOBBMIA. 

Pffs^  Qnestiont, 

The  Royal  Academy  of  Prague  bet  fi^ 
pescd  the  following  questions :  *<  "What  as* 
the  defects  from  birth,  or  contracted  aftev^ 
wards,  which,  accordii^  to  anatomical,  pW 
siolo^tcal,  and  mechanical  principles,  noim 
saddle,  chaught,  and  pack-horses  ahftfljlutcly 
unfit  for  military  service?  aqd  what  aw  th« 
defects  that  exclude  them  horn  that  scmoe  V 

Hie  priase  fif^y  ducats  in  ffU,  iad  Pfmi/f 
to  the  accessit. 

The  second  question  is  principaRyaddMial 
to  cavalry  officers,  virfao  have  itflacted  om  te 
subject:  '*  What  may  wo  oooolude  for  ot 
against  the  use  of  staflionsy  and  partioihrif 
fot  or  against  mares;  la  r^tJ  to  tbemiltttty 
service  ?  And  in  tactics,  supposing  an  m^ 
li^  of  force  and  Qualities,  4iould  %^  fpe%  urn 
preference  to  tall^middk  siaed  hoMifof 
cavalry  ?" 

The  prize  twenty  dooiKi,  and  ton  lo  At 
aecessit.  The  treatises^  may  ha  wiitlHi  im 
German,  Freod),  fii^M«h«  mUm!*  8p«iniH 
or  Latin, 


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Hi} 


01  servanda  exlerna.'-^ChinA . — Denmark, »- East^Indies. 


[SS2 


CHrWA. 
Drought,  April  1806. 
By  accounts  from  China,  wc  arc  informed' 
that  4he  drought  had  been  so  great,  for  more 
than  three  months  past,  as  to  occasion  an  an- 
Yxsual  scarcity  and  clearness  of  every  article  of 
eonsumptioR  and  trade  at  Canton. 

Dr,  Buchanan's  Journey  to  Cochin, 

Lately  the  Rev.  Dr.  Claudius  Buchanan, 

Vice  Provost  of  the  CoUcRe  of  Fort  William, 

proceeded  on  his  intended  journey  to  Cochin 

and  Travencore,  for  the  purpose  of  iavesti- 

Siting  the  ancient  writings  and  history  of  tlie 
ews  and  Syrian  Christians  in  tliose  places. . 
We  understand  that  J.  C.  Leyden,  M.  D. 
who  has  been  lately  employed  by  the  Govern- 
noent  of  Fort  St.  George,  and  who  is  making 
literary  researches  in  the  Mysore,  will  ac- 
cosnpaiiy  Dr.  Buchai^an. 

American  Trade  at  Canton, 
Then  were  fifty  sail  of  American  ships  in 
China  last  year,  who  took  from  thence  to 
AfBeiica  from  eight  to  ten  thousand  tons  of 
lis,  41  great  part  of  which  finds  its  way  to 
£«irope.  The  Eugenia  was  freighted  te  Ame- 
rica with  near  800  tons  of  teas,  at  the  rate  of 
100  Spanish  dollars  per  ton.  Canton  is  full 
of  American  adventurers,  many  of  whom  re- 
liitewith  large  fortunes  in  a  few  years:  there 
ffe  at  least  a  dozen  who  have  been  resident 
lor  a  year  or  two,  and  have  already  realized 
Mmething  handsome. 

DENMARK. 

Tow  through  Greenland. 
Counsellor  Gieseke,  of  Copenhagen,  has 
obtained  permission  from  the  King  to  niakc  a 
tour  through  Greenland,  for  the  purposes  of 
geography  and  mineralog) % 

EASr  INDIES. 

Officers'  Widows  Fund  at  Calcutta, 
Hief  managers  of  the  Bengal  Military  Wi- 
dows' Fmid  have  much  satisfaction  m  rfri- 
noimcing  to  the  army  the  prosperous  state  of 
the  institution.  Ana  to  enable  all  who  may 
be  interested  in  its  success  to  form  a  just  opi- 
nion on  the  snbjcct,  they  have  deemed  it  cx- 
]^ient  to  pnbiish  th6  following  minnte, 
drawn  np  by  one  of  the  committee : — 
▼In  «n  institution  of  so  great  iuiportanrc  as 
that  for  the  relief  of  officers'  widows,  it  is 
jpltrtictilarly  necessary  that  thev  who  have  the 
imm^iate  maftagement  of  tfie  funds  should 
be  guarded  against  every  erroneous  founda- 
tion of  confidence  in  the'ir  resources,  lest  they 
slioukl  be  induced  to  extend  the  operation  of 
the  ftind  beyond  those  limits  which  are  ne- 
efosary  to  secure  the  permanency  of  the  in- 
stitution. If  this  inbtttntfon  were  to  raise 
expectations  which,  though  they  may  be  re- 
attz^d^ '  for  fifteen  or  t^vcnty  years,  would 
eventually  be  disappointed  by  bankruptcy^  it 
i^bYKOK^  not  •aly*tbal*it5  entire  end  and 


purport  would  be  defeated;    but    also    that 
nutnbers  of  claimants  would  be  exposed  to 
.  distress,  at  the  moment  they  thought  them- 
selves secure  of  support  from  the  society.     In 
order,  therefore,  to  prevent  injustice  and  dis- 
appointment to  future  claimants,  H  will  be 
pro])dr  to  state  the  true  criterion^  by  'v%'hich 
the  prosperity  of  tliis  institution  may  be  esti- 
mated,— tlie  grounds  on  which  it  may  be  ex- 
pected to  answer  the  nurpose  for  whicn  it  has 
been  happily  established.     It  may,  perhaps, 
bethought,  on  a  superficial  view  of  the  sab- 
ject,  that  the  increase  of  capital  most  be  a 
sure  proof  of  the  prosperous  state  of  the 
funds  'y  but  this  is  a  milacious  test,  for  while 
the  capital  accumulates  the  number  of  datm- 
ants  also  increases ;  nor  will  this  number  come 
to  a  maximum  till  the  expiration  of  sixty 
years. 

The  true  criterion  of  the  prosperity  of  the 
institution  is  the  annual  mcome,  exclusive  of 
the  interest  of  capital. 

In  order  to  ascertain  the  income  necessary 
for  giving  the  widows  on  the  Society's  list  a 
certain  pension  annually,  the  following  rales 
have  been  deduced  from  13r.  Price's  eelehra- 
ted  work  on  Reversionary  Payments : — 

I  St.  Determine  the  purchase  of  a  widow's 
life  at  the  time  of  her  husband's  death. 

2dly.  Find  the  number  of  Widows  that  will 
annually  come  upon  the  Society's  list, 

3dly.  Multiply  the  two  numbers  so  fonnd 
by  each  otheis  and  the  product  by  the  intend- 
ed pension,  and  the  number  resulting  will  be 
the  income  required. 

1st.  Dr.  Price  calculates  the  purchase  of  a 
widow's  life,  at  the  time  of  her  hnsbaod's 
death,  in  suck  a  society  as  this,  to  be  is^i  years, 
interest  being  reckoned  at  4  per  cent.  1  hcrer 
fore,  if  interest  be  reckoned  ai  8  per  cent,  the 
purchase  of  a  widow's  Hfe  will  be  6:  37 
years ;  for  the  present  value  of  an  annuity 
for  12—6  years,  at  4  per  cent,  is  equal  to  the 
present  value  of  the  same  annuity  for  6  :  37 
years  at  8  per  cent. 

2dly.  bay  666  :  IQ.  8  :  :  lC}n  (the  number 
of  members)  to  a  fourth,  and  this  shall  be 
the  number  of  widows  that  will  annually 
come  upon  the  list,  viz.  5 — 8. 

3dly.  Suppose  the  inteaded  pension  to  be 
1600  rupees,  then  58,113  (=i6.  37+5.  8 
+  16OO)  win  be  the  income  necessary  to  give 
stability  to  the  Soclttyt  exclusive  of  the  inte- 
rest or  accumulating  capital ;  but,  as  in  the 
f>rcsent  instance,  throueh  the  liberality  of  thr 
ate  revered  Marquis  Comwallis,  tlic  Hon. 
the  Goveriror  Gveneral,  the  Right  Hon.  Lord 
Lak^,  and  a  number  of  other  friends,  both 
civil  and  military,  the  institution  cauimencc4 
with  a  capital  oi  1,20,000  rupees,  the  imo- 
rest  pi  this  sum  will  reduce  tlic  income  ner 
ce^sary  to  give  stability  to  the  institulipn  frod^ 
58,ir3  rupees  to  48,513  rupees. 


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«533 


Ohervanda  Externa. — SJdp  launched  at  Bomlay, 


few 


To  provide  for  this  incomci  there  will  be 
The  annual  subscriptions  of  IQd       Rupees. 

members     - 20,724 

The  annual  subscription  of  410  un- 

uumarried  officers      -    -    -    -      20,892 


Total        -        47,610 
Add  to  this  sum  th'e' donations  of . 

11—4  new  members^  at  400       -      4,560 


Total 


52,170 


It  may  b^  satisfactory  to  see  how  the  pre- 
sent fund  has  been  formed. 

There  has  been  subscribed  as  follows : 

Rupees, 

By  65  i»trons 22,060 

195  married  officers*  donations  -  74,300 
Ditto  six  months  subscriptions  -  13,302 
410  unmarried  officers*  six  months 

ditto -       10,440 


Total 


1,20,758 


N.  B.  A  considerable  prt  of  this  sum  has 
not,  from  various  unavoidable  circumstances, 
been  yet  received ;  there  cannot  be,  how- 
ever, the  smallest  doubt  but  that  it  will  be 
ail  very  soon  realized. 

Wm.  Harvey,  Sec.  to  the  Managers. 

CalctUhi  Circulation^ — and  Establishment  qf 
the  New  Bank, — April,  I8OO. 
^Everyone  must  have  noticed  with  satisfac- 
tion the  favourable  change  which  has  lately 
taken  place  in  the  course  of  circulation,  by 
which  the  currency  of  pper  and  specie  nre 
nearly  equalized,  ah(l  there  is  reason  to  hope, 
from  tile  very  great  attention  paid  to  this, 
that,  'erclono;,  they  will  be  at  par. 

The  circulation  also  of  this  great  settle- 
ment will  be  supported  by  the  astablishmcnt 
-of  the  new  bank,  about  to  be  opened  under 
the  guarantee  of  Governmciu.  VVc  nndcr- 
otand  that  the  whole  of  tho  shares  (in  num- 
ber 500)  have  already  been  subscril)ed,  al- 
though the  subscription  was  to  continue  open 
till  the  15th  of  the  montii.  The  capitui  of 
the  bank  is  50  lacks  of  sicca  n:pcc9,  divided 
into  500  shares  of  10,000  rupees  each.  From 
.the  rapidity  with  which  the  subscriptions 
have  been  filled,  we  may  conclude  that  a 
much  greater  sum  would  have  been  sub- 
•cribed^  if  required,  and  we  have  alrendv 
,ieard  the  regrets  of  those  who  deferred  thoiV 
intentions  too  long.  The  utihty  of  this  esta- 
blishment is  above  our  praise,  as  it  must  gra- 
dually supersede  shroft'age,  or  the  premium 
ivhicn  specie  bears  to  na|)er  currency. 

It  is  much  to  be  wished,  iliat  a  clear  and 
comprehensive  dissertation  on  the  circulation 
pf  Htndostan,  which  absorbs  so  great  a  part 
tf  th^  precious  metals,  with  the  interest  and 
snfliuuce  whica  f  c  Shrofb  have  in  it,  was 


before  the  public ;  as  it  would  indicate  the 
certain  means  of  rendering  it  independent  of 
any  undue  influence  or  monopoly.  Nor  is 
^  the  question,  we  apprehend,  very  difficidt  of 
elucidation  by  the  application  ot  those  rules 
wltich  regulate  the  circulation  of  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Holland,  for  by  attending  to  these, 
we  may  readily  discern  where  the  analogic*, 
and  where  the  anomalies  exist 
^  Although  the  plan  of  this  institution  was 
circulated  onlv  in  the  course  of  last  month, 
and  th?  first  Instalment  on  the  shares  will 
not  be  payable  before  the  first  proximo,  we 
understand  shares  already  bear  a  premium  of 
two  or  three  per  ccnL  We  shall  not  be  sur- 
prised if  the  premium  rises,  as  many  are 
anxious  to  hold  shares,  and  as  there  can  be 
little  doubt  of  the  dividends  being  consider- 
able. 

Of  all  countries,  Hindostan  possesses  the 
greatest  resourqps  for  banking,  from  the  urn- 
mcnsc  sums  which  must  be  in  the  countigr- 
A  peculiar  cast,  who  devote  themselves  ta 
the  business  of  exchange  and  rcmittaiiocs, 
possess  millions ;  and  it  h  owing  to  their  ip« 
fl  ucncc,  co-operating  with  immemoriai  custom 
tlkit  the  interest  of  money  is  so  high  tliioiigh- 
out  Hindostan.  The  influence  of  a  di£Psrefit 
policy  has  effected  a  partial  reduction  of  the 
per  ventage  in  the  British  possessions;  but 
the  immense  capital  of  the  ShroHs  pervac)e» 
the  circulation,  aud  influences  it  occasion- 
ally. 

Portuguese  Inspector  of  Setilemenis. 

The  Governor  General  at  Goa  has  the  au- 
thority of  nominating,  triennially,  the  gover- 
nors to  the  subordinate  Portuguese  settle- 
ments in  India,  viz,  Demaun  and  Di«,  as 
well  as  JVIacao  and  Timor ;  previous  to  the 
expiration  of  their  respective  gm»emments,  a 
judge  bsent  to  investigate  and  inquire  how 
they  have  coiulucted'  themselves,  in  the  i^- 
rious  trusts  reposed  in  them  ;  he  is  to  listen, 
and  attend  to  any  complaints  that  may  be 
made  against  them,  also  to  inquire  into  the 
conduct  of  the  Recorder,  Custom-home 
Master,  Pay-Master,  kc.  &c.  and  report  the 
whole  to  the  Governor  General.  Thif 
judge  is  denominated  JSciidica7ite, 
Ship  launched  pj  Bombai/,  Tuesday  2?  May. 

On  Monday  sc'nnight  was  launched  ftojn 
the  vnrd  of  Messn.  John  Gil  more  and  Co.  a 
noble  ship,  of  nearly  12(J0  ton?!  admeasure- 
mcnt;  she  was  named  the  Fort  William, 
and  afforded  n  grand  spectacle  to  a  numerous 
assemblage  of  persons,  who  attended  to  wit- 
ne.<is  the  inti-restinq  scene. 

We  understand  thi*  ship  is  destined  fi>rthe 
China  trade,  in  the  service  of  the  Hon.  Com- 
pany, agreeably  to  pro}>x)sab  published  by  the 
Court  of  Directors,  for  engaging  India-built 
ships  of  Fiiificient  dimensions  for  thcreguhj^ 
Chh^  trade,  in  consciucncc,    it  is  yndn- 


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«55] 


O'fserVandj.  Externa. '^  France, -^Germany, — Nem  Holland. 


[«3« 


9tood,  of  restricilons  which  Go\xrnraent  has 

*  XM  on  building  any  more  large  China  ships 
in  England  who^e  scantling  of  timb^  is 
•equal  to  that  of  line  of  battle  ships,  from  an 
apprehended  scarcity  of  such  timber  for  the 
public  service. 

FRANCE. 

Mode  of  makmg  mrtificial  stontt  at  Dunkirk, 

This  manipulation  is  very  ingenious,  and 
the  stones  arc  used  for  the  foundations  and 
angles  of  buildings ;  they  are  quadrangular, 
and  in  the  shape  ot  a  parallellogmm. 

The  materials  used,  are  tlie  ruins  of  die 
^tadel ;  which  are  u  mixture  of  brick,  lime, 
•nd  sand. 

This  is  broken  by  means  of  a  miH  com- 
posed of  two  stone  wheels,  one  before  the 
other,  drawn  by  a  single  horse.  Water  is 
added  to  it:  the  matter  retains  a  reddish 
colour ;  and  is  placed  in  a  trough,  where  it 
is  kept  moist  by  pouring  water  over  it. 

The  trouffh  being  filled,  calcined  lime, 
which  is  left  to  be  extinguished  in  the  open 

*  air,  ts  mixed  with  about  one  eighth  of  cement. 

A  mould  made  of  boards  is  prepared,  in 
which,  after  having  laid  a  thin  bed  of  sand, 
to  prevent  the  cement's  sticking  to  the  mould, 
ihey  throw  in  a  bed  of  cement  and  one  of 
brick  bats:  then,  successively,  two  other 
'  beds,  of  brick  bats  and  cement,'  the  last  must 
-l)e  of  cement  only  ;  then  the  mould  is  taken 
off,  and  the  stones  ranged  in  a  heap  to  dry. 
IIm  lime  beinf^  very  absorbent,  soQii  makes 
.|he  whole  a  solid  body.  These  stones  are  not 
long  before  they  are  dried  hard,  and  fit  for 
ftse. 

It  is  thought  there  exists  a  similar  qiaim- 

factoiy  in   Pnissian  Poland,  where  they  arc 

more  successful  in  making  good  stones,  of 

.  the  ruios  of  basalt,  which  combines  better 

M'ith  lime  and  alumine. 

The  pebbles  around  Boulogne  would  be 

*  stiU  preferable,  and  there  is  no  doubt  but  of 
them,  artificial  stones,  equtil  in  quality  to 
jiatural  stones,  could  be  made. 

Analysis  of  Human  Hair. 
M.  Vauquelin,  the celebnited  French  che- 
mist, ha^  published  the  remit  of  some  inte- 
inesting  experiments  which  he  lately  made,  to 
ascertain  the  nature  of  the  animal  matter 
which  forms  human  hair.     From  these  itap- 
■  pears  that  black  hair  is  formed  of  nine  difl'er- 
errt  substances,  viz.  animal  matter,  a  white 
concrete   oil,    another    greenish    grey    one, 
^vhich  is  very  abundant,  iron,  some  |>nrticlcs 
of  oxyde  of  man^nese,  a  phosphate  of  lime, 
carbonate  of  lime,  silex,  and  a  considerable 
quantity  of   sulphur.     Red   hair  contains  a 
icA  oil  in   place  of  a  greenish   black  kind ; 
.and  white,  orvery  light  hair,  differs  from  all 
^the  others,  as  the  oil  is  nearly  colourless,  and 
^t  contains  some    phosphate    of   magnesia, 
'M'hicli  ]^-  not  fou^d  in  others. 


Prize  Question( 

Tlic  Free  Society  of  Physical  and  Medici- 
nal Science  at  Ue^  have,  in  their  lasc  as- 
sembly, on  tlie  12th  June  180(>,  oBiered  a 
prize  of  200  livres  on  the  question  **  What 
influence  have  tile  passions  in  producing  dis- 
eases?" The  answers  must  be-seot  m  bcfote 
the  1st  of  April  I8O7. 

The  Chateau  of  Compilgne, 

After  having  been  for  some  time  einptv> 
was  converted  into  a  national  school,  l^n 
chAteau,  built  by  Louis  XI.  and  Francis  I. 
and  decorated  by  Louis  XIV.  and  XV.  is  si- 
tuated on  the  river  Oiat,  io  a  for^t  contaia- 
ing  29,600  acres.  The  kings  of  the  last  dy- 
nasty used  to  retire  there  every  year  to  enjoy 
the  pleasures  of  the  chaoe.  it  is  to  be  re^ 
stored  to  the  royal  domains,  and  arrangements 
are  making  for  the  reoeptioQ  of  the  court. 
PhanomenoH  of  Prematurity, 

A  child,  threes-ears  and  eight  months  old, 
•on  of  a  poor  vme-dresscr,  was  lately  pre- 
sented to  the  Medical  School,  as  an  extraor- 
dinary phenomenon.  He  bears  aH  th€  marks 
of  puberty,  and  his  cheeks  and  chin  are  co- 
vered with  hair.  He  ^ly  lifts  a  weight  of 
aolbs,  eats  one  or  two  pounds  of  meat,  bread 
in  proportion,  and  drinks  three  bottles  of 
wine.  We  know  of  maxxy  examples  of  ani- 
mal powers  equally  precocious,  but  there  are 
none  of  children,  arrived  so  soon  at  a  state  tff 
virilit}',  in  whom  luiture  was  not  neariy  ex- 
hausted at  the  same  time.  The  present  sub- 
ject would  be  a  still  more  curious  plumomt- 
non,  if  he  was  an  exception. — [Aurmre  dr 
France  for  August.^ 

GERMANY. 

Profesfr  Adclung's  new  Work, 
Professor  Adelunior,  wdl  known  by  hi* 
works  on  the  Gennan  language,  h;isbecii  en- 
gage*! some  years  in  a  work  on  Latlgoages  in 
general,  to  form  three  \'oivimes  in  octavo.  li 
wiil  ap|)ear  under  the  tide  of  •*  Mithridates, 
or  a  Creneral  Knowleilge  of  Languages. "^  The 
words  are  divided  into  monosyllables  and  po- 
lysylnbles.  The  first,  ivhich  contains  the  Asia* 
ttc  languages,  has  been  published  atBeilin* 
sErrLEMEjns  at  new  Holland. 
Removal  from  Notfoik  liiantL 
Extract  of  a  Utter  dated.  Ship  Sidmey^ 
Sidney  Cove,  June  8,  1805. — «*  1  wrote  li> 
yuu  on  leaving  the  pilot  in  Ballasorc Roads,  of 
my  intended  voyage  to  Van  Dieman*s  land, 
with  a  cargo  of  cattle,  &c.  and  have  nofw  the 
pleasure  of  informing  you,  that  alter  a  paa- 
sage  of  two  months  and  nine  dap,  I  reached 
in  safe^'  Port  Dalr\mple,  the  pLioe  of  my 
destination,  where  1  h«nd  the  satisiaction  of 
landing,  all  in  high  health,  ()22  cows,  two 
horses,  and  64  ewes. 

**  I  am  at  present  at  Sidney,  on  the  point 
of  sailing  for  Norfolk  Islnnd,'for  the  purpose 
of  removing  that  settlemeat  to  Port  Lmr^^m- 
pie,  ySxtx  wku:h  1  am  desijaed  for  tlie  rivcr 

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Ohservanda  Ex(ema  — Poland. — Russia.-^Sf^ain.'^Sweden. 


[659 


3[>envent»  in  onkr  to  take  on  board  a  cargo 
of  oil  and  «k  ins  for  Ixmdon. 

Thb  u  not  a  quarter  of  the  world,  from 
'^vhich  veu  are  to  expect  much  ncMPS. — His 
J^ajesty^s  ship  Investigalor,  Capt.  Kent,  kft 
this,  on  the  d6th  May,  wkh  some  dispatches 
concerning  Cant.  CampbcU,  of  the  Brig 
iiarrhigton,  belon^ng  to  a  hmisr  in  Madras. 
The  Harrington  had  been  on  the  coast  of 
Peru,  and  captured  two  Spanish  merchant 
vessels  and  a  schooner,  belonging  to  the  King 
<»f  Spain ;  and  as  a  ship  is  ardvui  here  in  six 
months  from  Europe,  bringing  an  accou^, 
that  there  was  no  war  with  Spain,  but  only 
expected,  the  Governor  has  thought  proper  to 
4ttUin  the  HarringtMi,  Capt.  Campbell,  and 
his  oilicen,  mMil  further  accounts  from  Hu- 
rope.  -^  The  two  prizes  are  fitting  out  for 
the  purpose  of  being  restored. 

POLAND. 

Polish  and  Sclavonian  Dicthnary. 
Mr.  Linde,  Director  of  the  Lyceum  at 
Warsaw,  is  engaged  on  a  Polish  and  Sclavo- 
nian Dictionary'.  Many  ef  the  first  nobility 
have  contributed  ^eady  towards  defraying, 
the  ex^jenses  of  printing  it.  Prince  Adam 
Czartorinski  has  subscribNHl  4000  rxd.  :  Count 
Zamoiski  2000:  Count  OssolinskidOO:  the 
i;ouniess  of  Wurciel  500,  &c.  &c, 

RUSSIA. 

Colonies  9H  the  Black  Sea, 
Lctitrfrom  Odessa,  July  12,  )806.  "The 
sewly  established  colonics  in  the  southern 
Hussian  provinces,  lyin^  on  the  Black  Sea, 
flourish  estceedingly ,  me  inhabitants  have 
3lt  good  houses,  conveniently  furnished,  and 
are  likely  to  reay  an  abundant  liancst  fwm 
their  new  ly  culuvatcd  ficWs.  Except  a  few 
rll-dbposed  indi\iduals,  incapable  of  grati- 
tude, all  fed  \nd  esteem  thciD3el¥es  happy, 
and  gratefii'  o  a  beneficent  gorcrnnient, 
Tv'hich  hi'*  -oated  them  with  so  much  good-  I 
ness  and  care.  Such  measures  have  been 
adopted  to  furnish  the  dwellings  completely 
with  necessaries,,  that  more  than  250  fami- 
lies could  now  find  their  support  in  these 
countries.  About  60  families  are  already 
arrived  from  diffcfcnt  countries,  partly  prw- 
▼ided  with  carriages  and  hon>es.  They  have 
fiMind  a  welcome  reception.  Tlicre  remains 
room  and  conveniencies  for  near  iiOO  more, 
who  in  like  manner,  with  those  who  have 
preceded  thcin,  may  l)e  assured  that  with 
industry  and  good  exertions,  thev  cannot  fail 
cf  procuring  an  easy,  and  comfortable  sub^ 
sistcnce.  The  worthy  Govcunor  General, 
^e  Duke  of  Richulieu,  who  lately  returned 
from  a  jounwy  to  his  government,  is 
unceasingly  attentive,  with  as  much  prudence 
as  philanthropy,,  to  establish  and  increase  the 
weUkrcofthc.se  colonies.  The  cultivation  of 
Silk  .  increases  by  degrees  in  the  southern 
proVinoes  of  the  cnipii-e.  On  an  estate  Ih:- 
ionging  to  Mr.^  von  Lngel,  actual  counselloc. 


and  secretary  of  state,   to  the  Emperor  of. 
iiussia,    in    tlie  neighbourhood   of  Odessa* 
where  he  planted   a  quantity  of   mulberr? 
trees  a})out  4  years  ago,   60  pounds  of  silk 
hare  this  year  oeen  produced.**  , 

The  late  events  on  the  continent  are  Ukdy» 
if  .he  Russians  exert  but  the  smallest  skill  in 
beating  up  for  recruits,  to  induce  a  great 
number  of  individuals  to  try  their  fortuikes  ia 
these  new  countries.  We  conclude,  there- 
foie,  that  they  will  probably  soon  be  much 
increased  in  inhabitants. 

Professor  Forsier,  Mineralogist, 

Science  has  lost  a  very  able  advoeats  ia 
the  death  of  Mr.  Jacob  Forster,  profewor  of 
mineralog)',  who  died  May  last  at  Peters- 
bunh  at  the  age  of  6? ;  he  had  bee^ 
resident  there  the  last  10  years :  he  collected 
several  considerable  cabineta  of  ores,  and  eiv- 
riclied  among  others  that  of  the  King  of 
Sjiain.  About  3  years  ago,  he  sold  his  owa 
valuable  collection  of  ores  to  the  Emperor  oC 
Russia  for  60,000  roubles,  for  the  use  of  the 
corps  of  Mine  Cadets.. 

SPAIX. 

Antiquities. 
The  academy  of  fine  arts  have  just  publish- 
ed a  complete  collection  of  the  antiquities  of 
Grenada  and  Cordova. 

Christmas  Custom  at  the  Couri  of  Spain, 
About  twenty  years  ago  a  rather  whimsical 
custom  was  introduced  at  the  Court  of  Spain^ 
on  Christmas  day ;.  which  is  the  Nasinuento^ 
or  nati;iity.  In  the  interior  of  the  palace 
llicre  is  a  very  spacious  wainscoted  room ;, 
every  year  during  se\'e'ral  months  hands  are- 
employed  141  preparing  a  kind  of  laiKiscape  ii» 
this  large  room.  Thousands  of  wooden  fi- 
gures one  foot  high  arc  represented,  all  re- 
markably well  finished,  and  dressed  accord- 
ing to  the  different  costumes  of  the  country  ;. 
}Kd)i<ations  are  seen,  Roman  and  otlier  edi- 
fices well  executed,  rhers,  fleets  :  in  short 
a  whole  country  whose  horizon  seems  to 
meet  the  skies.  The  object  of  tlie  inhabi- 
tants is  to  rejoice  at  the  nativity  of  Christ. 
The  three  Kings  are  seen  with  a  numerous 
suite,  coming  to  visit  J.  C.  and  offer  magni- 
ficent presents.  Thousands  of  wax  tapers^ 
artificially  concealed,  difluse  a  moderate  yet 
blight  li^ht.  Nothiiigcan  con\ey  a  true  idea 
of  \\\thasimicnto,  which  is  quite  an  extraor- 
dinan'  thing.  It  is  to  be  seen  for  about  a  fort- 
nia:ht';  the  King  invites  whomsoever  he  hkes." 
The  Nasimiento  is  said  to  cost  annually 
twenty-five  or  thirty  thousand  pounds. 

SWEDEN. 

Ttoyal  Corps  ij'  Hcoinetriciuns, 
The  king  has  ordered  the  formation  of  » 
roviU  cor})S  of  Gtx>nietricians  for  the  purpose 
of' pr<»jccling  plans  and  luilitiiry  charts,  for 
arnjDging:  the  descriptions,  and  collecting  all 
the  documents  and  papers  relating  to  the^ 
.  niiliurv*  oi>crutioni  of  the  Swwlijh  uioiy.        "* 


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«6il 

grttiftil  testimonies  of  regard  which  the  citi- 
zens of  Bristol  annually  pay  to  the  meinory 
of  the  late  eminent  and  charitable  Edward 
Colston,  Esq.,  are  as  honourable, to  them- 
•rfvcs,  as  they  are  respectful  to  that-exaltr^d 
character ;:  and  time  seems  not  in  the  least  to 
abate  their  Tenerniion  for  him.  On  Tbars- 
day,  Nov.  20th,  ihcanni^'eTsary  of  his  birth- 
^y,  the  bells  of  the  diiferent  parishes,  were 
ran((  throughout  tlie  ilTiy,  ana  the  societies 
imstiiuted  for  the  commemoration  of  it,  and 
ibr  iniitatinc  his  exemplary  muni6cence, 
met  as  usoaU  and  liberally  contributed  to- 
vanla  the  relief  of  their  necessitous  fellow- 
creatures,  by  laising.  among  them  ^694  for 
thai  beBerolent  purpose. 

WARWICKSHIRB. 

Birmingham  Dispnisari/.  —  Wc  have  to 
•ongratuiate  the  friends  of  tin's  institution 
«m  the  progress  of  the  subscription  for  erect- 
ting  a  new  building  for  the  use  of  the  cha- 
rity. Several  large  sums  have  been  rpcfivcd 
lately  and  the  genriemen  who  have  kindly 
undertaken  to  f  olicit  subscriptions  give  a  favo- 
lable  report  of  their  proceedings.  Mr.  Hol- 
ciofl  is  executing  a  plan  of  the  new  dispen- 
sary. 

TORKSlflRB. 

TTaier  in  Skecp. — ^It  has  been  often  re- 
marked how  little  the  disorders  incident  to 
theep,  are  ever  known  in  sheep  countries. 
The  common  shepherds  keep  pace  with  the 
common  farriers,  a;id  only  obscn-c  that  the 
aniiijuls  have  always  died,  and  they  cannot 
ielp  it.  A  fanner  near  Kilham  in  York- 
ihire,  turned  his  dock  of  sheep  into  a  field  of 
turnips  he  had  hired,  which  were  remark- 
ably strong  and  good.  In  a  short  time  he 
lost  20  of  them  by  the  disorder"  called  the 
mrater.  He  grew  so  alarmed,  that  he  re- 
moved his  sheep,  and  would  not  permit  tlicm 
to  eat  any  more  turnijjs.  On  this,  the  ow- 
ner of  the  land  remonstrated  and  insisted  on 
the  turnips  being  eaten  on  the  ground.  After 
some  little  time  and  altercation,  the  farmer 
brought  back  his  flock,  and  six  more  of  them 
died.  On  this  he  to^k  his  final  leave  of  the 
tnmipsand  said  "  they  killed  shecp>  and  he 
would  have  nothing  more  to  do  with  them.** 

The  owner  of  the  land  had  them  publickly 
cried,  but  the  turnips  had  got  so  bad  a  name, 
that  widi  no  little  difiiculty  they  were  let  at 
half  price. 

The  uext  farmer  sent  in  his  sheep,  and  in 
a  short  time  lost  about  eight  or  ten.  On 
this  second  disaster  the  reputation  of  the  tur- 
nips was  gone  entirely,  and  a  farmer  had 
the  otler  of  them  lor  nothing,  provided  he 
would  cat  them  up,  towhicli  he  agreed. 

He  sent  there  ()30  sheep,  so  that  the  ex- 
periment was  a  very  fuli  and  fair  one.  The 
i^iethodhe  pursued  he  heard  of  in  Korthnm- 
^land.    As  soon  as  tlic  sheep  had  fiUed 


Yorhhire, — JTales. — Ireland, 


[802 


themselves  with  the  tarnipt,  he  xoMdc  his 
shepherd  go  among  them  and  more  them 
about.  They  voided  in  consequence  a  good 
deal  of  water.  He  did  this  for  some  days,  at 
stated  intervals/  and  sometimes  ma<ic  his 
shepherd  go  among  them  in  the  middle  of 
the  night.  By  this  method  they  were  neict 
suffered  to  lie  long,  and  swell  with  what  th^ 
had  eaten.  The  consequence  of  this  pio- 
ceeding  was,  that  af\er  euting  up  the  wnole 
of  these  faulty  turnips,  he  removed  his  630 
sheep,  all  in  good  condition  \  without  the  loss 
of  a  single  slieep. 

Two  circumstances  may  be  deduced  from 
the  above  experiments :  the  complaint  of  the 
water  which  so  frequently  kills  sheep  when 
put  out  to  turnips,  arises  from  their  goirang 
themselves  w  ith  this  watery  Ibod,  and  then 
continuing  witliout  exercise  to  carry  off  the 
beginning  of  the  complamt ;  the  second, 
that  this  method  may  tend  to  prevent  the 
disorder,  at  the  small  expense  of  a  little  trou- 
ble to  tlie  shepherd.  Should  th'is  method 
prove  on  trial,  as  successful  as  the  experiment 
gives  hope,  the  farmer  will  have  many  rea- 
sons to  thank  the  man  who  tried  it,  and  the 
public  will  be  obliged  by  the  cominuoicatknu 

WALES.' 

New  sptcies  of  CoUon.^A  manufactory 
of  a  new  species  of  cotton,  the  invenrion  oJT 
an  Irish  ^ntleman  is  about  to  be  established 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Llanclly. 

IRELAND. 

Bedford  Asylum.  —  November  28,  bis 
Grace  the  Duke  of  Bedford  visited  the  house 
of  industry  in  Dublin,  and  laid  the  first 
stone  of  ahuilding  for  the  reception  of  lOOd 

IrooT  children  of  every  religious  oenominatioa. 
iis  Grace  was  pleased  to  pennit  it  to  be 
called  the  Bedford  Asylum.  We  are  grati- 
fled  in  reflecting,  that  by  the  increase  of 
these  establishments  for  the  education  of 
youth,  in  honest,  active  induitrv,  and  by 
the  extirpation  of  religious  prejudicesj^,  those 
distinctions  which  have  been  hitherto  a  wall 
of  separation,  dividing  man  from  man,  will 
in  time  be  done  away  and  give  place  to  a» 
more  enlightened  policy,  and  more  enlaiged 
benevolence,  imdcr  the  protecting  patrotDag^ 
of  our  revered  viceroy. 

Irish  language  in  Down, — ^Mr^  Harris  ia 
his  History  of  the  County  of  Down,  says^ 
"  the  Irish  tongue  is  in  a  manner  banished. 
from  among  the  common  people,  and  what, 
little  of  it  is  spoken,  can  Ihj  heard  only 
among  the  inferior  ranks  of  Catholics  \  and 
even  tnat  little  diminishes  even-  day,  by  the 
great  desire  the  poor  natives  have,  that  theit 
children  should  be  taught  to  read  and  write 
the .  English  tongue,  in  the  charter  or  other 
protestant  sthools,  to  which  tliey  willingly 
send  them.**  Compare  Mr.  Carr«  opinion* 
Panoramp,  p.  CqS.. 


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OBSERVANDA  INTERNA. 

*  Comraercc-^The  spirit  of  commercial  en- 
'  terprisc  in  this  country,  and  the  optnion  en- 
.  teitai^ed  of  the  importance  of  our  recent 
cohquesis  In  South  America,  are  strongly 
manifested  by  the  fact  of  72  vessels  of  up- 
wards of  44,000  tons  burthen,  having  already 
sailed  for  Buenos  Ayres.  About  halfthe  \'es-r 
bels  are  from  London. 

lieporis  under  the  Manifest  Act,^-^V^^ 
understand  that  the  commissioners  of  the 
customs  have  si^ified  their  dctcrnunation  to 
enforce  very  stnctly  a  due  observance  of  the 
Muniftst  Adf  and  have  directed  their  officers 
particularly  to  require,  that  **  masts  and 
**  every  other  description  of  wood,  be  regu- 
*'  larly  reported  under  their  proper  denomi* 
*'  nations.**  As  the  rafiF  trade  forms  so  very 
'  considerable  a  part  of  the  imports,  wc  insert 
this  notice  by  way  of  caution  to  the  captains 
•f  merchant  ships,  in  general. 

Royal  Academy.-^ A,  fter  li.  variety  of  coun- 
ter cabals  and  intrigues,  which  have  dis- 
graced this  academy  for  a  considerable  time 
past,  Mr.  West  is  at  last  restored  to  the  pre- 
sidency of  this  society. 

BERKS. 

Yellow  Okcr.'^A  very  valuable  stratum  of 
yellow  okcr  has  been  lately  discovered  in  a  field 
belonging  to  Mr.  G.  Fratikum  at  Woolhamp- 
ton,  which  is  likely  to  prove  of  infinite  ad- 
vantage to  the  owner ;  it  appears  to  be  more 
pure  tnan  any  hitherto  tried. 

CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 

Oil  from  Su/i'Fiower  Seeds. — A  gentle- 
man in  the  Fens  of  Cambridgeshire,  had 
lately  growing  fifteen  acres  of  sun-flovvcr?, 
tlie  stems  of  which  are  amazinglv  tall  and 
thick,  amir!  tlie  heads  very  large.  They  pro- 
mise much,  seed,  which  many  persons  en- 
gaged ig»  <Ml**milU  expect  will  produce  oil, 
.  ecmal  in .  quality  to  what  is  called  Gallipoli 

DURHAM. 

Sttndav  School s.^^li  appears  from  the 
Annual  Ueport  published  on  the  ist  Dec. 
that  27s  poor  children  are  educated  in  the 
SufMiay  Bcboob  of  the  city  of  Durham,  under 
tlie  care  of  eight  teachers  and  tlieir  assistants. 
The  schoob  owe  much  of  their  present  pros- 
perity to  the  benevolent  attention  of  the  lad  its 
of  Durham,  whose  visits  have  produced  the 
most  beneficial  efiects  in  the  improvement  of 

'  the  scholars.  The  committee  have  unani- 
mously determined    *'  to  reward   the  mo^t 

•  dilimit  at  Easter,  with  such  gratuities  as 
thali  be  thought  proper,  at  a  meeting  to  be 
held  for  tliat  purpoise." 

OLOUCESTERSniRR. 

Gloucester  Cathedral,  —  Great  improve- 
ments have  been  made  in  this  beautiful  cathe- 
iImI,  by  the  removal  of  the  former  most  incon- 


sistent Corinthian  altar-piece ;  and  the  erection 
of  one  of  a  Gothic  design,  in  unison  with 
the  remaining  building.  By  .  this  alteration, 
so  long  the  wish  of  every  man  of  taste,  we  are 
afforded  a  fascinating  view  of  the  interior  of 
the  chiipel  of  our  lady.  The  Very  liberal 
conduct  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  on  tbit 
occasion,  must  be  a  sul^ect  of  general  ap- 
probation. 

yL  LAirCASHIRE. 

Sight  suddenly  regained. — It  is  noledl  re- 
markable than  true,  that  Joshua  Albin8on,'a 
resident  of  Denton  near  Manchester,  who 
had  been  quite  blind  for  tl»e  last  CwAre  years 
had,  a  short  time  ago  snidenly  antt  unex- 
pectedly, h  is  ocubr  faculty  reMoied  »  him, 
without  any  means  whateier  h«\'ing  been 
used  for  the  purpose,  and  the  old  man  is 
now  in  good  health  and  tpiritt,  thanitfuNy 
enjoying  the  blessing  which  kind  providence 
has  thus  bestowed  on  hint. 

LIVERPOOL. 

Prodigious  Fossil  Bones  from  America.'^ 
A  gentleman  who  has  just  returned  from  a 
mineralogical  tour  of  se\'cral  years  in  -Ame- 
rica, bas  brought  from  New  Orleans  such 
objects  of  natural  history  collected  during  hit 
researches,  as  will  astonish  the  naturalists  of 
this  country.  Among  others  b. the  remains 
of  an  aniiiial  of  tlie  lion  or  tyser  kind,  of 
such  stupendous  magnitude,  as  aunost  to  ex- 
ceed the  bounds  ot  credibility ;  being  on  a 
moderate  calculation  fifty  feet  long.  A  tin- 
gle carnivorous  grinder  weighs  ten  pounds, 
one  foot  coven  a  space  of  four  feet  by  three, 
and  the  tail  mtist  have  been  three  feet  m 
circumference.  It  is  clear  from  the  stcuctufe 
of  the  bones,  that  the  animal  must  hava 
been  very  Heet,  and  capable  of  making  im- 
raente  bounds  or  leaps. 

What  coidd  'have  resisted  the  impetuosity 
of  sijch  a  creature  with  such  power  and  in- 
clination for  destruction.  A  untvexMl  car- 
nage must  have  followed  wherever  he  moveil. 
The  whole  of  the  collection  has  been  pur- 
chased fur  the  Museum,  the  proprietor  of 
which  has  publbhed  the  interesting  manus- 
cripts of  the  gentleman  who  discovered  and 
brought  them  to  this  country. 

RADNORSHIRE. 

Singular  Discovery, — On  Wednesday  c\en- 
ing  tlie  3d  of  December,  was  found  in  a  fieM 
at  a  farm  house  belonging  to  Mr.  Roberts,  of 
Pyermor,  near  Knighton,  Radnorshire,  se- 
veral hundred  pieces  of  gold  coin,  supposed 
to  have  lain  there  many  ccninriej  if  not  a 
thousand  years  ;  tlicy  were  depoiited  in  pip- 
kins, and  aie  now  in  a  perfect  stale,  abovt 
the  size  of  a  half  crown  and  of  the  value  of 
eighteen  shillings  or  thereabouts. 

SOMSRSETSBIRE. 

Colston's  commemoration  at  Bristol. — The 


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Obs$r»mda  hUenui  Lord  VaUsUik^  Effect  f^fSta  Salt. 


C864 


Lord  FalenHt^s  Return  from  hi$  SdenHJlc 
Voyage  to  India,  the  Red  Sea,  ^c.  and 
Mr.  Salt  from  Abyssinia, 

Lord  Viscount  Valentk  has  icoently  arriTed 
in  London  on  his  retam  from  India,  by  the 
wi^  of  Suet,  with^  his  teeietaiy  Mr.  Salt, 
after  nearly  five  years  absence  fiomEag^d 
Id  Tarioas  part$  of  India. 

His  Loraship  made  some  months  stay  on  the 
coast  of  the  Bed  Sea,  and  parts  adjacent,  and 
has  made  some  valuable  charts  of  those  diffe- 
lent  pluoes.  His  Lordship  had  by  order  of  the 
fovemment  of  India  the  Panther,  Company*s 
cruiser,  captain  Court,  to  assist  him.  Mr.  Salt 
made  an  excursion  into  Abyssinia  ivith  Major 
Arunddof  the  Honourable  Company's  service, 
as  fiur  as  the  cs^ital,  Gondar.  Lord  Valentia's 
stale  of  health  at  that  period,  would  not  ner- 
mit  him  to  accompany  Mr.  Salt.  The  Public 
will  be  gratified  by  much  valuable  information 
collect^  by  hb  lordship  during  tliis  long,  la- 
borious, and  laudable  research .  A  young 
Abyssinian  prince  is  in  his  lordship's  suite, 
who  is  a  near  relation  of  Negade  Ras  Mahomet, 
one  of  the  principal  officers  of  suite,  so  often 
mentioned  by  Mr.  Bruce  in  his  travels,  as 
being  his  friend.  Thu  youns  prince  appears 
to  be  possessed  of  great  natural  endowments, 
and  is  anxious  to  become  acquainted  with  the 
manners  and  customs  of  Great  Britain. 


Calor\fere,  Properties  of  a  Good  Stove. 

Many  attempts  have  been  made,  with  alter- 
nate success  and  disapuointment,  to  improve 
die  means  of  varyins  tne  temperature  of  tlie 
atmosphere  in  our  nouses ;  and  it  is  well 
known,  that  the  rousing  English  fire  is  the 
common  topic  of  ridicule  and  contempt  among 
our^brthern  neighbours,  who  prefer  the  stove 
to  the  broad  chimney,  and  glowing  combusti- 
bles, to  indicative  of  ^ntish  hospiulity.  It 
must  be  confessed  that  our  partial  adherence  ta 
ancient  custom,  in  preference  to  modern  inge- 
nuity, is  not  alwayv  justifiable.  The  Swedes 
were  the  first  who  discovered  (in  1766)  the 
method  of  animating  the  flame  by  concealed 
tubes,  which  g^vc  also  the  additional  ;idvan- 
tt^  of  convening  away  tlie  noxious  vapour 
with  which  all  materials  for  domestic  burning 
are  impregnated.  But  whatever  may  be  the 
objections  to  which  that  contrivance  is 
liable,  they  have  been  all  ob\'iated  by  the  dis- 
covery of  a  person  of  the  name  of  Oliver, 
whose  inviention  has  been  laid  before  the  na- 
tional institute  of  Piris  by  Mr.  Guyton. 

Thu  Caiorifere  (such  u  the  name  it  has  re- 
vived) possesses  the  foUowtipg  recommendati- 
t»t :—  ' 

Itt.  The  tube  of  the  chtmney  is  reducible 
to  so  snttUa  sixe,  that  the  escape  of  the  smoke 
%Ma  the  apartment  is  impo:)sihle. 

&d.  This  appratus  bums  the  combustibles. 


introduced  into  it  witboot  waele,  toeii  11 
pable  powder,  or  perfect  ash. 

dd.  It  emits  a(l  the  heat  into  the  1 
without  sofiering  any  portion  of  it  ueeleafij 
to  escape. 

4th.  The  heat  is  capable  of  being  regulated 
to  any  degree  of  the  tnermometer  required. 

6th.  A  very  snoall  quantity  of  wood  is  apf- 
ficient  to  warm  a  larae  apartment  for  IS  boors* 

6th.  The  fire  is  fdways  visible  to  every  per* 
son  in  the  room. 

7th.  The  chimney  is  capable  of  receivins 
all  the  embellishments  whicn  wealth  can  sup- 
ply, or  art  contrive. 

We  have  been  so  often  disappointed  by 
French  professions,  that  we  have  no  extraor- 
dinary confidence  in  the  present  discorciy. 
Nevertheless,  we  insert  the  article,  because  we 
think  it  descriptive  of  what  a  good  stove  ahovki 
be. 


Polyantograpky.    Impressions  from  siomo. 

Among  the  patents  latdy  obtained  ii  one 
for  a  very  important  artcalled  Polyantograpliy. 
or  the  art  of  takmg  impressions  -from  dnwiogk 
made  on  a  stone,  without  any  engraving.  It 
appears  from  the  specification*  that  the  draw- 
ings may  be  made  with  a  pen  and  a  partieular 
kind  of  ink,  and  with  chalk  prepared  for  the 
purpose,  with  the  same  facility  and  fieedoai 
as  on  paper.  By  a  simple  chemica]  orpceM 
the  drawing  is  rendered  capable  of  vieidiiig  a 
greater  number  of  impressions  than  any 
copper-plate;  aiul  these  impressions  must  ne- 
cessarily be  fac-similes  of  the  original  draw* 
ings.  A  specimen  of  the  engravings  has  ap- 
peared ;  and  several  artists  in  London  are  eiu- 
ployed  in  continuing  the  work. 


Artemisia  Absinthium  used  as  Hops, 

In  some  parts  of  the  kingdom,  whece  the 
artemisia  absinthium  grows  in  abundanoe,  it 
is  used  instead  of  hops,  having  the  peculiar 
quality  of  destroying  aoescency  in  beer  grown 
hard  for  want  of  them.— The  leaves  of  (he 
same  plant,  steeped  in  boiling  water  and  le- 
peatedly  applied  to  a  recem  bruise,  resDovfn 
the  pain,  and  prevent  the  discokmiation  of  the 
paru 


J^ects  of  Sea  Salt  as  Manure. 
Mr.  Arthur  Young,  the  ^thcr  of  the  agrl^ 
cultural  science  in  England,  ofier  many  tx* 
periments  and  observations  on  tlie  suujct^t* 
affirms,  that  i»ea-6alt  acuas  a  very  powciful 
manure,  especially  when  added  to  dung.  Ue 
says  also,  that  very  considerable  benefit  has- 
been  found  from  tne  application  of  sca-H'ater 
to  vegetables ;  and  tliat  when  mixed  u  i|h 
dung,  or  compost  dunghills,  it  })osscsbes  asept^ 
power  that  promotes  puuelactioo. 


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CMS 


POLITICAL  PEillSCOPE. 
'  Many  and  dissimilar  are  the  emotions  of 
mind,  which  occupy  a  cahn  and  dispassionate 
temper,  when  refiecthig  on  the  state  of  public 
^fiurs,  as  they  concern  our  own  country,  or 
the  world,  at  large.  We  see  on  one  hand 
our  enemy  prospered  in  his  undertakings  hi- 
herto,  afber  a  manner  entirely  unprecedented : 
yet  we  see  ourselves,  the  chief  object  of  his 
nnoour,  no  less  wonderfully  preserved  from 
the  consequences  of  his  fury.  We  see 
powers^  formerly  thought  of  the  first  magni- 
tude, and  whose  very  **  note  of  preparation," 
was  dreaded  by  their  neighbours,  annihilated, 
as  it  wer^,  in  a  moment ;  yet  Britain  after  a 
loi^  period  of  combat,  becomes  rather  inur- 
ed to  war,  and  this  island,  to  which  her  op- 
ponents with  reluctance  ascribe  the  dignity 
of  a  power  of  the  second  rank,  maintains 
the  conflict  against  that  colossal  au^tnenta- 
tion  of  strength,  which  subju^tes  Europe. 
We  see  the  comforts  of  life,  matched -from 
the  lips  of  many  thousands  of  subjects  to 
states  not  long  since  independent  and  power- 
Ail ;  yet  no  sense  of  want  has  prevailed  in  this 
counory,  though  long  acknowlcded  to  be  un- 
able to  supply  her  own  necessities.  We  see 
our  enemy  panting  after  the  acquisition  of 
Ships,  Colonies,  and  Commerce,  led  by 
eveiy  acquisition  further  off  from  obtaining 
'them,  directing  all  his  efforts  to  quarters 
where  those  objects  are  not  to  be  procured  ; 
while  Britain  is  almost  glutted  with  distant 
possessions,  and  her  rery  acquisitions  arc  bc- 
neM  with  sentiments  not  absolutely  the  off- 

3>ring  of  complacency.  If  we  consider  the 
ifferent  employments  of  the  population,  ap- 
pertaining to  the  contending  powers,  one  is 
drawn  oflf  for  military  services,  to  contract 
habits  of  life  utterly  unprofitable  to  the  na- 
tion, in  future  year&,  even  if  permitted  to 
return  in  safety  home :  the  other  is  either 
following  its  customarv  occupation  on  land, 
or,  employed  in  marine  adventures,  is  ac- 
quiring that  knowledge  which  will  render  the 
individual  useful,  and  be  the  means  of  his 
maintenance  after  his  imitiediate  engagements 
are  expired.  What  will  Buonaparte  do  with 
his  sotdiers  after  he  has  accomplished  his  per- 
poses  by  their  means  ?^  Disband  them.  Will 
their  military  hnowledge  become  their  future 
tuppo/t  ?  No.  They  will  be  the  worse  hus- 
bandmen, artisans,  artists,  mechanics ;  they 
have  every  atom  of  such  professions  to  learn, 
and  not  a  single  rudiment  of  either,  can  have 
been  taught  them.  Will  the  sailors  of  Bri- 
tain be  at  a  loss  for  employment  when  peace 
permits  them  tohe  discharged  from  theirsnips  ? 
JJo : "  they  will  only  change  their  employers, 
and  after  a  short  inter\'a1,  will  navigate  mer- 
.Chant  vessels,  instead  of  men  of  war.  They 
will  still  man  our  ships,  still  trade  V>  oar  co- 
kmiea*  stiil  convey  our  commeiot  \  and  tli«s 
Vol.  L    [LijP,  P«n,  Jan.  1W7] 


the  essential  strength  of  this  fiatiott,  Ibt^opu- 
lation,  will  be  preserved  to  it,  unbroken,  and 
almost  undiminished,  till  the  course  of  natui^ 
removes  our  gallant  seamen,  as  it  rbnoi'es  til 
mankind,  to  the  land  of  perpetual  repOse. 

Bu t,  witliout  presuming  toan ticipate  the  ter* 
raination  of  the  contest,  our  §^eotion  is  tuf^ 
ficiently  attracted  by  tlie  occurrences  of  iba 
moment.  If  we  divide  these  into  foreign,  and 
domestic,  we  shall  find  in  cither  divjsioa 
sufficient  matter  for  serious  reflection. 

Buonaparte  tells  the  world,  that  he  has 
annihilated  the  power  of  Prussia :  there  is  no 
rel)Mng  on  French  representations  \  but,  8q|H 
posing  it  to  bo  so,  how  far  does  the  fact  affect 
Great  Britain  ?  In  a  political  view  5  not  far. 
Because,  I .  Prussia,  from  its  situation,  never 
was  a  power  on  which  we  placed  a  principal 
reliance.  «.  It  has  of  late  years  been  % 
power  on  which  we  placed  no  reliance.     3. 

'  it  was  at  the  time  of  commencing  hs  war 
widi  France,  in  a  state  of  eumicy  against  us: 
of  course  rtliunce  of  any  kind  for  services 
was  out  qf  the  question.  If  we  had  not  in- 
fluence enough  on  her  councils  to.preserve  her 
amity ;  if  we  harboured  well  founded  distrust 
rather  than  confidence ;  if  her  promises,  her 
conventions,  her  treaties,  her  engagemems, 
could  not  hold  her,  what  injury  do  we  sustain 
in  her  loss  ?  However,  destructive  to  Uersctf, 
however  calamitous  to  Europie,  her  present 
fate  may  be,  the  event  was  long  anticipated, 
by  those  among  us  who  could  combine  effecVi 
with  their  causes.  What  we  actually  hj^ 
hold,  hardly  reaches  the  full  extent  of  v/liat 
many  a  mind  had  confidently  expected.  'V'heie 
is  another  consideration  distinct,  yet  cr^nect- 
ed  with  this  subject.  The  suddenne.-^  of  the 
Prussian  qverthrow  is  of  the  utmojt  advan- 
tage to  Britain.  It  has  suffered  us  */}  entertain 
no  false  hopes  ;  we  have  not  beej  amused  by 
alternate  success  and  defeat;  we  have  not 
been  induced  to  send  men,  -or  money,  to 
form  subsidiary  treaties,  to  li'jger  put  our  ex- 
pectations. We  are  so  far,  whole  and  nn- 
broken  ;  our  army  is  no',  diminished  by  a 
single  batallion  ;  our  treasury  is  not  dmined 
o(  a  single  guinea.  Th «  enemy  folknvs  his 
course  eastward,  and  even  his  growls  are 
heard  at  still  further  and  further  distances. 
The  voice  of  this  Providence  cannot  be  mis- 
taken, "  Britain  look  to  yourself;  depend  on 
yourstilf :  employ  your  own  means :  advert  to 
your  own  experieacc :  exercise  your  own  sa- 
gacity: and  build  no  trust  on  assistance  pro- 
curable from  others.  Banish  fear,  falsehood, 
and  faction.  House  every  energy;  Improva 
the  interval  allotted  you;  while  you  hopa 

'  the  best,  prepare  for  the  worst :  and  baviiw 
long  boasted  of  your  freedom,  and  vauntS 
of  what  freemen  can  do,  justify  those  boastt 
b3r  vour  readiness  and  ala^ri^;  meet  events 
with  promptitude,  and  maiMin  thtm  witli 
omsuncy-.'* 

a?     • 


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Political  Periicope. 


leA 


The  British  nfttioD  hot  for  «|^  been 
.excftipt  froQi  actual  suffering :  we  have  no 
ipai  but  it  would  meet  an  enemy  with  firm- 
ness j  yet  we  confess  our  apprehensions  that 
reverses  might  put  \o  the  test  that  national  en- 
.  durance  which  i«  no  less  necessary  than  co\i- 
rage  and  vigp^r.  We  strongly  advise  our 
countrymen  to  demonstrate  to  uie  world,  that 
they  can  support  pri\'ations9  when  necessary, 
^ually  as  firmly  as  they  can  meet  a  charge. 

Little  need  Be  said  on  the  other  nations  of 
the  Continent :  Russia  and  Sweden  are  our 
allies :  the  first  is  mighty,  but  her  might  is 
local,  and  she  mau  have  enough  to  do  to  de- 
ibnd  herself.  Ihe  latter  is  willing,  but 
weak.  Nature  has  placed  bounds  to  the 
exertions  of  Sweden,  which  nowise  monarch 
will  attempt  to  overpass.  Denmark  holds  a 
precarious  existence.  The  Germanic  powers 
are  in  distress :  the  honest  among  tlicm  in 
gricf^  the  traitors,  at  present  tnumphant. 
Austria  is  half  alarmed,  half  expectant.  That 
the  disasters  of  Prussia  yield  it  any  gratifica- 
tion, it  would  be  ungenerous  to  suppose,  but 
if  events  might  favour  the  wishes  ot  Austria, 
could  poliliaans  wonder  at  her  taking  advan- 
tage of  those  events  ?  Holland  and  Spain  are 
provinces  of  France :  their  colonics  are, 
therefore,  exposed  to  the  power  of  Britain. 
Xhey  are  useful  lessons  of  the  consequences 
.4^^  admitting  French  principles  and  nreten- 
sious,  in  the  first  instance  :  for, — had  these 

'f tates  uniformly  repelled  them  \ Italy  is 

'  i^'jench  'y  but  of  no  great  advantage  to  France . 
•J>irkey  is  an  anoimilous  government,  and 
vib.'?ites  tMJtwecii  the  alternately  prevailing 
fears  of  pifending  Russia  and  disobliging 
Francv\  The  Sultan  weeiw  over  present 
weakne  ^ses  ;  and  reads  in  tne  book  of  fiite, 
event*  m^ch  more  desolating  and  disastrous. 

The  domestic  siioation  of  Britain,    calls 
aloud  for  iNankfulncss :    hithbrto  unvak- 
.  QuisHBD  is  tiV  motto  which  should  be  inscribed 
on  the  shield  t>f  Britannia.    We  shall  not  90 
Ux  ^tter  our  tX)untry  as  to  boast  of  resources 
unbroken,    blo\\>  unfelt,  injuries  of  which 
we  are  not  sensiMe,    and   the  calamities  of 
war  supported  without  inconvenience.     We 
know,  tnat  great  difficulties  always  attend  a 
state  of  vvarfare.     Oar  very  victories  cost  us 
.dear  5  our  exertions  occupy  our  strength :  our 
attempts  are  attended  wrih  hazard^   It  always 
was  80 ;  always  will  be  so.     Our  principal 
danger,    however,  does  not  arise  from  our 
enemies,  overtly,  but  covertly:   not  directly 
^but  indirectly.     Our  governors  may  be  urRed, 
.*by  the  pressure  of  the  moment  to  a  false 
step :  that  false  step  may  produce  consequen- 
ces fell  when  tlie  pressure  is  forgot.     If  we 
disgust  our  population,  .tliat  dl:^st  may  re- 
.  mam,  long  alter  the  occtt^ion  :  if  we  drain 
.  too  cli»sely  the  Sj>ri«gs  of  individual  prosperity^ 
Yi'^X  |iQt   iudivitii^lf .  complain  ?    and    with 
reason,  since  tlie  sum  of  ludivldoai  pwsi;er- 


ity  19  the  irrKmnt  of  the  pmspcrity  of  ft» 
nation.  Happily,  Britain  enjoys  internal 
peace.  We  are  not  aware  of  any  rankling  Ac- 
tion, the  nuiiLil>ers  of  which  are  considerable  % 
still  less  are  they  formidable.  If  there  be  any 
direct  communication  between  our  eneoay 
and  internal  traitors,  it  is  extremely  feeble^ 
and  confined  :  that  such  a  ihiug  mm  be» 
we  know,  because  such  thiu^  have  beea  : 
but  the  mass  of  the  public  has  litde  of  tkui 
leaven  in  it.  Difference  of  opinion  on  poli- 
tical matters,  openly  avowed,  never  iscUii*> 
gerous.  When  John  Bull  speaks  out,  he 
never  intends  mischief.  He  wisely  compare* 
his  present  situation  with  that  m  his  cofUi- 
nental  neighbours :  he  knows  that  the  Victor 
has  adojite^  as  his  inotto^  **  Woe  to  the  van- 
quislied : "  and  he  endures,  not  without 
anxiety,  yet  still  lie  endures,  with  a  dignified 
satisfaction,  tliosc  evils  which  he  feels  eon* 
scions  tliat  they  are  much  lighter  than  bis  ad- 
versary would  rejoioe  to  inflict. 

We  should  be  glad  if  we  could  say  what 
our  wishes  dictate  respecting  irekna :  thai 
part  of  our  empire  is  valuable  but  vulnerabte  f 
we  doubt  whether  its  true  value  lias  hiiheita 
been  understood.  A  wise  policy  is  necessary 
to  bring  up  that  country  to  its  level. 

Our  colonies  in  North  America,  suffer  as 
little  by  the  war,  as  may  be  supposed.  Those 
in  the'  West  Indies,  have  always  been  es- 
teemed hazardous:  and  ditficuiues  attend 
every  step  which  can  be  taken  with  reapccc 
to  them^  lo  hear  some  people  talk,  it 
might  be  sup|>osed  they  were  wiilun  a  hair*s 
breaddi  of  ruin  ;  yet  others  maiutaixi  that 
they  are  prosjierous.  The  truth,  as  usual, 
lies  between  these  extremes.  In  all  waes 
they  have  experienced  privations :  why  'HOC 
then  in  the  present  virar  ?  We  are  convinced 
that  delicate  management  is  requisite  on  their 
behalf:  but  this  we  trust  they  will  receive. 

India  we  hope  will  recover  from  its  late 
distractions  :  that  this  part  of  the  globe  may 
eujoy  peace,  is  our  sincere  desire:  sboukl 
fresh  wounds  be  inflicted  before  the  old  aie 
healed,  we  fear  for  the  constitution  and 
strength  of  the  patient.  It  b  true  that  caa- 
barassment  is  not  despemtion ;  perplexity  b 
very  consistent  with  lihe  most  solia  grounds 
of  highly  fiivourable  fesult^:  yet  speaking  of 
present  facts,  we  rest  our  hopes  on  the  con- 
tinuance of  Indian  traoquilli:}-,  Mo/mayztve 
time  to  an  enlightened -government,  to  adopt 
such  measured  as  may  place  India  in  an  ele- 
vation at  once  honourable  and  advantageous, 
both  to  itself  and  to  the  empire  at  large. 

We  say  nothing  on  our  minor  settkments, 
because  the  purjH)3e  of  this  article  is  only  to 
revive  in  the  reader's  mind  the  recollection  of 
tiuKie  more  important  interests  which  are 
likely  to  come  under  discussion  in  the  ensuing 
session  of  parliam^it.  A  hint  is  all  we  can 
allow  for  eacir;  but  more  detaiL4  aoooaots 


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Polkical  Pmtcopir^King's  IfynfIL 


Cwa 


tt£  everjF  ooloDf  Wi^uMt  esctplkm^  ekher 
hmt  beeu,  or  will  be,  given,  in  our  wMi, 
We  ptesume  to  tty,  that  our  numberB  will 
pesent,  va  fiat  as  iaey  arrive,  more  particn- 
lart  of  local  iDfbrmation,  than  have  hitherio 
been  presented  to  the  public.  The  result  of 
die  whole  is,  that  the  sitaation  of  Europe 
-is  deplorable :  but  the  real  oonditioa.  of  toe 
ali-grasping  tyrant  of  our  day  is  verif  suspi^ 
cicMs :  he  follows  his  fortune,  not  bis  reason, 
or  his  judgment :  he  is  raised  up,  to  punish 
Europe  for  its  crimes :  he  is  the  minister  of 
TengKince  :  he  strikes  as  .  commissioned^ 
when  the  measure  of  punishment  is  complete, 
when  those  who  have  transgressed  have  suf- 
fered, each  in  turn,  then  shall  this  tempest 
be  dispersed,  the  clouds  be  scattered,  and 
tnnquillity  resume  its  'dominion  among  the 
sons  of  men. 

'  ^  And  this  is  a  cheerful  view  of  the  subject  : 
if  indeed^  blind  chance  governed  the  affairs  of 
meo,  or  if  human  violence  could  effect  all 
its  desires,  there  would  then  be  little  to  sup- 
port the  hopes  of  humanity :  we  should  see 
croelty  perpetuated  :  ambition  mdically  esta^ 
bhshed,  hypocrisy  permanently  successful ; 
and  atheism  completely  triumphant.  But 
we  cheer  ourselves  in  the  conlkieuce  that  pro- 
•yidence,  who  has  hitherto  averted  from  this 
.ishmd,  by  means  not  within  our  contempla- 
tion, the  escecution  of  those  threats  which 
have  been  vented  against  us,  will  still  be  our 
protector:  and,  directing  the  storm  toother 
climes,  will  turn  away  its  rage  from  us.  Per- 
fectly agreeable  to  this  suggestion  is  a  remark 
which  we  wish  to  submit  before  we  conclude. 
.It  appears  that  Prussia  waged  war  acaiust 
.France,  ex  mere  motu,  pertccily  unsoticited 
■  by  us :  we  had  not  even  an  agent  at .  her 
.court.  Whatever  this  was  to  ner,  it  was 
jMOtection  to  us :  if  Bonaparte  really  was,  as 
ne  said,  ready  to  invade  us,  yet  felt  himself 
.forced  to  employ  hb  armies  elsewhere,  with- 
.out  any  interference  of  Britain,  wliat  U  this, 
•butan  inter|io&ition  of  Providence,  which  it 
becomes  Britain  to  improve  with  alacrity 
and  gratitude? .  We  cIok,  by  hinting,  that 
.those  states  which  have  hitherto  suffered 
-most  severely  by'  late  calamities,  are  those 
^  where  the  most  general  reception  had  been  gi- 
.▼en  to  the  principles  of  Voltaire.  They  had  un- 
doubtedly a  tendency  to  destroy  the  very 
•foundations  of  morality,  patriotism,  and  civi- 
lized society :  whether  pnn'idence  has  merely 
•ofiered  these  principUs  to  issue  in  what  is 
their  jiatural  effect,  or  has  directed  ounish- 
ment  to  follow  wherever  these  principles  had 
preceded,  b  a  question,  the  discussion  of 
.  wbichlwill  DDtat  this  time  be  expected  from  us. 
In  w  House  of  Commons  Mr.  Abbott  was 
•le  elected  Speaker ;  but,  the  Parliament  was, 
.pio^y  speaking,  opened  Dec.  19,  by  the  foU 
lowing  speech  on  thepart  of  the  crown ;  it  was 
delivoco  by  oomaitsioncrf  of  whom  the  Lord 


Pl^aaoeUor  was  Oie  speaker.  They  were  die 
Archbishop  of  Omterbuiy,  the  Lord  Cban^ 
ceUor,  Lord  Sidmouth,  and  Lo'id  HoUand. 

**  My  Lords  and  Gentlemen,— His  Ma- 
jesty  has  commanded  us  to  assure  you,  that 
m  the  difficult  and  arduous  circumstances  un- 
der which  you  are  now  assembled,  it  is  a  great 
satisfaction  to  him  to  recur  to  the  firmness 
and  wisdom  of  hb  Parliament,  after  so  re- 
cent an  opportunity  of  collecting  the  sense  of 
hb  people. 

"  Hb  Majesty  has  ordersd  the  papers  which 
have  been  exchanged  in  the  course  of  the  late 
negociation  with  France,  to  be  laid  befbi« 
you.  Hb  Ms^esty  has*  employed  every  effort 
for  the  restoration  of  eeneral  tranquillity,  on 
terms  consbtent  with  the  interest  and  honour 
of  hb  people,  and  with  that  invioUble  feood 
faith  towards  his  allies,  by  which  the  con- 
duct of  thb  country  has  always  been  dbtin- 
guished. 

'*  The  ambition  and  injustice  of  the  ene« 
my  disappointed  tllfese  endeavours,  and  in  the 
same  moment  kindled  a  ftesh  war  in  Eun>pe4 
the  progress  of  which  has  been  attended  with 
the  most  calamitous  events. 

**  After  witnessing  the  subversion  of  the 
ancient  constitution  of  Germany,  and  tha 
subjugation  of  a  liree  proportion  of  its  most 
considerable  states ;  Prussia  found  herself  still 
more  nearly  threatened  by  that  danger,  which 
she  had  vainly  hoped  to  avert  by  so  many 
sacrifices.  She  was  therefore  at  length  com- 
fjelled  to  adopt  the  resolution  of  Ojxmly  re- 
sisting this  unremitted  system  of  aggrandize- 
ment and  conquest.  But  neither  this  determi** 
nation,    nor  the  succeeding  measurer,  were 

Kreviously  concerted  with  Hb  Majesty;  nor 
ad  any  dis)x)sition  been  shewn  to  offer  any 
adequate  satisfaction  for  those  aggressions  whicnt 
had  placed  the  two  coimtries  in  a  state  of  mu« 
tual  hostility. 

"  Yet,  in  thb  situation,  Hb  Majesty  did 
not  heiiiate  to  adopt,  without  delay,  such 
measures  as  were  best  calculated  to  unite  their 
councib  and  interests,  against  the  common 
enemy.  The  rapid  coune  of  the  calamities 
which  ensued,  opposed  insurmountable  diffi- 
culties to  the  execution  of  thb  purpose. 

"  In  the  midst  of  these  disastrous  events, 
and  under  the  most  trying  circumstances,  the 
good  faith  of  Hb  M^est/s  allies  has  remain- 
ed unshaken  The  conduct  of  the  King  of 
Sweden  has  been  distinguished  by  the  most 
honourable  firmness.  Between  HisMi^esty 
and  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  the  happiest 
union  subsists ;  it  has  been  ceme^tad  by  re- 
ciprocal proofs  of  good  foith  and  confidence ; 
and  His  Miuesty  doubts  not  that  you  will  par- 
ticipate in  hb  anxiety  to  cultivate  and  con- 
firm an  alliance  which  affords  the  only  re- 
maining hopa  of  safety  for  the  continent  bf 
Huropt* 
2  F2 


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ten 


**  Gentlemen  6f  the  House  of  Commoitt, 
««-'Hi»  Majesty  looks  with  ooniidenoe  to  your 
assbtance  m  those  exertions  which  the  heooar 
and  independence  of  joar  country  demand. 
The  necessity  of  adding  to  the  public  bur- 
thens will  be  pinful  to  your  feelingi,  and  is 
deeply  distressing  to  His  Majesfey.  In  con- 
sidering the  estimates  for  the  various  branches 
of  the  public  service,  you  will  best  consult 
His  Msyesty's  wishes,  by  combining  all  prac- 
ticable oeconomy  with  those  efforts  which  it 
is  necessary  to  make  against  the  formidable 
and  increasing  power  of  the  enemy. 

"  My  Lonls  and  Gentlemen, — ^The  long 
series  or  misfortune  which  has  afflicted  the 
continent  of  Europe,  could  not  fail  to  affect, 
in  some  degree,  many  important  interests  of 
this  country.  But,  under  every  successive 
difficulty.  His  Majestjr  has  had  the  satisfoc- 
tion  of  witnessing  an  increasing  energy  and 
firmness  on  the  part  of  his  people,  whose 
toiform  and  determined  resistance,  has  been 
DO  less  advantageous  than  honourable  to  them- 
selves, and  has  esdiibtted  the  most  striking 
example  to  the  surroonding  nations.  The 
unconquerable  valour  and  discipline  of  His 
Majesty's  fleets  and  armies,  continue  to  be 
displayed  with  undiminished  lustre.  The 
great  sources  of  our  prosperity  and  stren^ 
are  unimpaired ;  nor  has  the  British  nation 
been>  at  any  time,  more  united  in  sentiment 
and  action,  or  more  determined  to  maintain 
inviolate  the  indepeodance  of  the  empire^  and 
the  dignity  of  the  national  character. 

"  With  these  advantages,  and  with  a 
bumble  reliance  on  the  protection  of  Divine 
Providence,  His  Miyesty  is  prepared  to  meet 
the  exigencies  of  this  great  crisis  ^  assured 
of  receiving  tlie  fullest  support  from  the  wb- 
dom  of  your  deliberations,  and  from  the  tried 
affection,  loyalty,  and  public  spirit  of  his 
brave  people." 

Tlie  address  was  nuwcd  in  <hc  House  of 
Lords  by  the  Earl  of  Jersey,  and  seconded  by 
Lord  Somers.  It  was  commented  on  by 
Lord  Hawkcsburv;  who  was  answered  by 
Lord  Grenville.  The  discussion  was  not  very 
vigorous  5  and  when  the  Negjociatioiv  Papers^ 
with  other  information,  is  before  the  House, 
a  more  interestinj;  consideration  of  them  may 
beexpcctedr  Addresscarricd  without  division. 

December  22,  Lord  Grenville  moved  the 
thanks  of  the  House  to  Sir  John  Stuart,  the 
officers  and  sodicrs  whose  \'alour  triumphed  in 
the  batde  of  Matda :  naming  also  Generals 
Cole  and  Acktand.  Agreed  Mm,  dis.  Ad- 
journed to  Dec.  31. 

In  the  House  of  Commons,  Mr.  W. 
Lamb  moved  the  address,  ofndofcoure,  paint- 
ed in  strong  coteurs  the  claims  of  the  minis- 
ttwi  to  the  gratitude  of  their  country.  Mr.  | 
John  Smith  seconded  the  motion.  Mr.  Can- 
ning anima^erted  ou  the  address^  as  proposed  > 


and  took  :a  very  cxtmrive  view  -of  poinicii 
nffkin :  he  also  read  another  address  1)^  way 
of  ameodment,  but  pvoteing  his  desire  ot 
unanimity,  did  not  orasAton  theaoeeptanoe 
of  the  House.    Lora  Howick,  in  reply,  gave 
A  good  deal  of  rnCbnnatite,  observing  thai- 
Prussia  was  lost  bv  her  own  ac»^«her  precipi- 
tancy: that  she  bad  neither  tnformed  Bri- 
tain, nor  even  Russia,  from  whone»  she  eat- 
pected  assistance  :•— that  with  regard  to  the  ne- 
gociation  with  France,  the  papers  to  be  pro- 
duoed  would  prove,  that  the  proposal  originated 
with  France ;  that  France  hao  agreea  to  the 
general  basis  of  the  treaty,    but  afterwanb 
abandoned  the  agreement ;  that  no  delay  waa 
imputable  to  ministers,  they  being  guided  by 
the  incident  of  D*Chibril,  the  Roman  oeoo- 
ciator    liaving  signed    a    treaty ;    but,    the 
Emperor  refusing  to  ratify  it,  this  delay  was 
terminated ;  and---that  with  regaid  to  any  ex* 
ploits  performed  by  the  French  squadrons, 
they  were  little  to  be  dreaded  on  the  part  cif 
Britain,   though  somewhat  to  boast  of,  on 
the  part  of  France.     Lord  Castlereaeh  diffeicd 
from  liOrd  Howick ;  censured  the  di»olution 
of  tbe  last  Parliament  ^  censured  the  supine- 
ness  of  ministers  in  not  encouragins  Pruaia 
to  concert  with  Britain ;  censured  Uie  recaS 
of  Sir  D.  Baird,  and  Sir  H.  Pqdnm,  (wfa» 
having  acted  without  ordersr  are  at  present  in 
somewhat  of  a  dilemma :  we  hope,  however, 
that  all  will  end  well ;  and  that  unexpected 
advantages  may  be  derived  from  their  acti- 
vitv) .    Address  carried  without  a  division. 

Dec.  21,  Mr.  Secretary  Windham  moved 
thanks  of  Uie  House  to  Sir  J.  Stuart,  &c.  aa 
mentioucd  in  the  House  of  Lords ;  hb  motioci 
was  seconded  by  Sir  J.  Doyle.  Agreed  mem. 
cnn.  As  we  stated  in  a  fcw  woids  oar 
thoi^ts  on  the  sal^ect  of  thb  brilKant  ea- 
pk>it  when  we  recorded  it,  vide  Panorama, 
p.  184,  we  shall  only  add,  that  the  ntnnber 
of  the  French  appears,  by  returns  foiHid  on 
their  ofitcecs,  to  nave  bc«naix>ut  dOOO,  oi>« 
posed  to  less  than  AOOO  Briu'sh.  The  num- 
ber  of  the  enemy  killed  was  1300,  prisoners 
1800,  taken  afterwards  2000.  The  uxwnded 
carried  oflF  by  the  enemy,  were,  no  doubt, 
considerable.  The  Frendi  kept  tfieir  cou- 
rage till  within  about  a  yard  of  the  British 
troops ;  of  whom  a  very  few  were  woondecf 
by  the  French  bayonets. 

Dec.  22,  No  debate,  but  meitly  a  few 
wonis  on  amending  the  works  at  tlie  London 
Docks;  on  Mr.  Bo\v\'er's  {letition  for  a  Lot- 
tery Bill  for  his  Galfer}-  of  Pictures ;  on  the 
non-returo  of  tne  Election  for  Gal  way.  Agreed 
that  a  supply  be  granted  to  His  Majesty. 

Dec.  23.  Expknation  concerning  the  Gal^ 
way  election.  Ksti mates  for  the  na^y,  army, 
and  ordnance,  laid  before  the  House.  Dh- 
cussion  of  salary  attached  to  the  ofllce  of  chaii- 
nun  of  ways  and  means.    Adjourned  t»  Deo. 


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SUCCINCT  STATEMENT  OF  THE  LATE  VRGO* 
CIATION   FOR   PEACE  WIT0   FRANCE. 

S^tracted  from  *<  Papers  relative  to  the 
egociation  with  France,  presented  by 
**  His  Majesty*s  Command,  to  both  Houses 
**  of  P^iament,2ddDecember,  I8O6."] 

Panorama  OJict,  Dtc,  23,  I8O6. 
The  importance  of  the  following  iniorma- 
tion  to  the  Pablic,  has 'induced  us  to  unusual 
exertions,  with  intent  to  communicate  an  or* 
derly  and  dear  view  of  the  conduct  of  that 
pacific  Negociation  which  during  the  last 
summer  exercised  the  expectations  of  the  Bri- 
tish Nation,  and  of  the  world,  at  large. 
Haying  been  favoured  with  a  Copy  of  the  Pa- 
pers relative  to  the  subject,  which  yesterday 
were  presented,  by  His  Majesty's  conmiand, 
to  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  we  have  care- 
fully abstracted  these  documents.  They  are, 
as  usual,  given  both  in  French  and  English, 
in  159  folio  pages.  As  the  proportioi;  of  En- 
glish is  at  least  100  pages,  it  must  be  evident 
that  a  sketeli,  though  a  faithful  one,  is  all 
which  our  limits  can  possibly  admit. 

It  appears  from  these  pa|)ers  that  a  proposal  to 
assassmate  Bonaparte,  vwis  made  to  Mr.  Se- 
cretary Fox,  by  an  adventurer,  in  the  course 
of  tlie  month  of  February,  I8O6.  Of  this 
proposal,  Mr.  Fox  gave  speedy  notice  to  M. 
Talleyrand,  Minister  in  France  for  Foraign 
Afiairs :  expressing  at  the  same  time,  the 
anreision  of  Britain  from  all  such  conduct.  Bo- 
naparte directed  Talleyrand  to  return  Mr. 
Fox  his  thanks  for  this  commimication. 
This  official  note  was  accompanied  by  anotlier 
in  which  M.  T.  writes  thus : 

•«  Paris,  5th  March,  I8O6.— 1*1  may  be 
agreeable  to  you  to  receive  news  from*  this 
country. — ^1  send  you  tlie  Emperor's  Speech  to 
the  L^slative  Body.  You  will  therein  see 
that  our  wbhes  are  still  for  peace.  I  do  not 
ask  what  is  the  prevailing  mclination  with 
you ;  but  if  the  advantages  of  peace  are  duly 
appreciated,  you  know  upon  what  basis  it 
may  be  discussed.*' 

"  Extract  fiom  the  Speech  ahove  r^erred 
U,  March  2,  I8O6.— I  desire  peace  with  Eng- 
land. On  my  part,  I  shall  never  delay  it  for 
a  moment.  I  shall  alwaji  be  readv  to  con- 
clude it,  taking  for  its  basis  the  stipulations  of 
|he  treaty  of  Amiens." 

Mr.  Fox  replied  to  this  hint,  by  stating  the 
readiness  of  Britain  to  concur  in  the  desirable 
attempt  of  terminating  hostilities :  waving  all 
i^ferenoe  to  past  misunderstandings,  and 
adopting  such  bases  in  this  undertaking,  as 
the  present  situation  of  afiaiis  demanded.  His 


Histwry  of  the  N^odation  with  France,  [87:4 

"  March  26, — The  true  basis  of  such  a  ne- 

Sociation  bctvi^een  tH'o  great  powers,  equally 
espbing  every  i<lea  of  chicane,  would  be  the 
reoiprocal  recognition  of  the  following  princi- 
ple 5  viz.  That  the  object  of  both  parties 
should  be  a  peace,  honorable  for  both*  and 
for  their  respective  Allies ;  and  at  the  same 
time,  of  a  nature  to  secure, '  as  far  as  is  in 
their  power,  the  future  tranquillity  of  Europe. 
Enzland  cannot  neglect  the  interests  of  any 
of  ner  Allies ;  and  she  is  united  to  Russia  by 
such  close  connections,  that  she  would  not 
treat,  still  less  conclude  upon  any  thing,  but 
in  concert  with  the  Emperor  Alexander  ;  but 
whilst  awaiting  the  actual  intervention  of  a 
Russian  Plenipotentiary,  some  of  the  prinei- 
pal  points  miglit  however  be  discussed,  and 
even  provisionally  arrangi^/* 

M.  Talleyrand's  answer  considers  Mr.  Fox 
as  referring  to  the  *'  mediation,*'  the  "  in- 
tervention of  Russia.  He  thereupon  writes, 
"April  l.'^The  Emperor  covets  nothing 
that  England  possesses.  Peace  with  France 
is  possible,  and  may  be  perpetual,  provided 
there  is  no  interference  in  tier  internal  affairs, 
and  that  no  attempt  is  made  to  restrain  her  in 
the  regulation  of  her  custpm  duties ;  to  cramp 
her  commercial  rights  -,  or  to  offer  any  insult 
to  her  flag.'*  ...  He  afterwards  adds, 
**  Two  enlightened  and  neighbouring  nations' 
wpuld  be  wanting  in  the  oinnion  they  ought 
to  entertain  of  their  power  and  wisdom, 
should  they  call  for  the  intervention  of  foreign 
and  distant  powers,  in  the  discussions  of  the. 
great  interests  which  divide  them :  Thus,  Sir, 
peace  may  be  treated  upon  and  concluded  im* 
mediately,  if  your  Ck)urt  really  entertains  the 
desire  of  attaining  it. 

"  Our  interests  are  reconcileable,  inasmuch 
as  they  are  distinct.    You  are  the  rulers  of  the 
ocean,  your  naval  forces  are  equal  to  those  of. 
all  the  sovereigns  of  the  world  united.  ^  We 
are  a  great  Continental  power ;  but  there  are 
man^  who  equal  our  power  by  land,  and  your 
maritime  preponderance  will  always  place  ouf  . 
commerce  at   the  mercy  of  jrour  squadrons,  *, , 
immediately  afler  your  declaring  war.    Do 
you  think  it  reasonable  to  expect  that  the 
Emperor  should  ever  consent  to  submit  him- 
self to  your  discretion,  in  continental  affairs 
also  ?     If,  masters  of  the  sea  through  vour 
own  power,  you  propose  beins  masters  of'  the 
land  likewise  by  a  combined  force,  peace  is 
im)  o>sible ;  for  in  tliat  case  you  will  be  striv- 
ing for  an  object  which  vou  can  never  attain. ** 
**  I  conclude,  by  declaring  that  his  Majes- 
ty fully  adopts  the  principle  laid  down   in 
your  dispatch,  and  onered  as  the  basis  of  the 
negociation,  "  that  the  peace  proposed  should 
"  be  honourable  for  the  two  courts,  and  for 
"  their  respective  allies." 

Mr.  Fox,  to  repell  the  idea  of  Russia  being 
omitted  in  this  negociation,  writes  exp^citly, 
2  F  3 


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ttiiiory  af  the  NtgtfciaAon  mth  France. 


[•?• 


"  That  in  whatever  relates  to  peace 
and  war  between  England  and  France, 
Russia  can  never  be  considered  9i  foreign  pow- 
er, inasmuch  as  she  is  in  actual  alliance  with 
En^nd,  and  at  war  with  France.  For  which 
reason  the  interposition  of  the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander was  proposed  in  my  letter,  not  as  a  me- 
diator but  bsa  party,  April  6.- 

The  next  letter  from  the  French  Minister, 
April  16,  is  of  considerable  len^,  and  cre- 
ditable to  his  abilities  :  it  shews  his  perception 
of  diinas,  but  he  cautiously  avoids  the  inten- 
tion of  Uie  English  Statesman.  He  concludes  by 
abstracting  the  question  into  dhort  propositions. 
*'  I  see  in  the  proposed  negociation,  only 
^ree  possible  forms  of  discussion  : 

"  Isegociation  with  England  and  the  Allies 
which  she  ao(^uired  at  the  time  of  the  forma- 
tion of  the  third  coalition  : 

**  Nc^iation  with  all  the  powers  of  Eu- 
rope, with  the  addition  of  America : 
**  N^ociation  with  England  alone. 
*«  The  first  of  these  forms  is  inadmissible, 
because  it  would  subject  the  Emperor  to  the  in- 
fluence of  the  third  coalition,  which  no  longer 

exists The  second  form  of  nroociation 

would  eternalize  the  War The  third 

therefere  is  the  only  one  which  can  be  desired 
liy  those  who  really  wish  for  peace.** 

Mr.  Fox's  answer  is  extremely  important. 
*'  April  20. — Your  Excellency    mentions 
that,  in  the  proposed  negpdation,  you  know 
)>ut  of  three  possible  forms  of  discussion. 
**  The  first  appears  to  you  inadmissible. 
'•  According  tp  what  I  have  had  the  honour 
to  write  to  you,  you  must  be  convinced,  Sir, 
that  the  ^hird  is  incompatible,  b«th  with  our 
j^ndamental  ideas  of  justice  and  honour,  and 
with  our  conception  of  the  interests  of  our 
country.    The  second  is  not  perhaps  bad,  so 
for  as  regards  its  principle ;  but  besides  the  de- 
lays which  it  would  occasion,  it  would  scarce- 
ly be  practicable  in  the  present  conjuncuire. 

«*  It  is  therefore  with  much  regret,  that  1  am 
obliged  to  declare  frankly  to  your  Excellency, 
that  I  see  no  hope  of  peace  at  this  moment,' if 
you  should  not  be  disposed  to  negociate  in  the 

manner  which  we-  hax-e  proposed The 

gffair,  in  fine,  is  reduced  to  one  single  point. 
Will  you  n^^ociate  oonjoindy  with  Riwsia  ? 
We  answer,  yes :  But  if  you  require  us  to  ne- 
jgociate  separately,  we  answer,  no.*' 

The  clear  and  decisive  tone  of  this  hn- 
guage,  it  fnight  have  been  thought,  could 
never  have  been  misunderstood  or  e\'aded,  by 
any  crafty  politicians  ca^cepted. 

M.  Talleyrand  docs  not  in  his  next  letter, 
June  »,  give  up  his  point,  or  employ  language 
iequally  frank  ;  but  renouiices  the  yi^liculou's 
idc»  of  excluding  Britain  from  the  continent, 
by  alliances,  or  otherwise  3  Z3^  thinks  it  h^ 
4utj  to  proposal 


"1st.  To  negociate  in  the  same  prelirmxiftffl^ 
forms  which  were  adopted  during  the  ad- 
ministration of- the  Marquis  of  Rockingham, 
in  \f%2 )  Forms,  which  weie  not  renewed 
with  so  much  advantage  iti  the  negodatioiis 
of  Lisle,  but  which  were  perfectly  sucoeaafril 
in  the  negociations  which  preeeded  the  treaty 
of  Amiens ;  2dly,  To  establish  as  a  bwb, 
two  fundamental  principles ;  the  first,  which 
I  take  from  your  fetter  of  the  26th  Maxvh, 
namely,  '<  That  the  two  siates  should  have 
*'  for  thfir  object  that  the  peace  he  konaur^ 
*«  able  for  them  and  their  respective  allies^ 
f  and  at  the  same  time  of  a  nature  lo  se- 
**  cure,  as  far  as  is  in  thetr  potoer^  tkefis^ 
'*  ture  tranquillity  of  Ewrope,**  The  second 
principle  shall  be,  an  acknovi'ledgement  oq 
the  part  of  the  two  powers  of  their  mutoal 
right  of  intervention  and  ^;iianinty  in  conti- 
nental and  in  maritime  affiurs.  His  Majesty, 
far  from  be'mg  unwilling  to  make  this  avowal, 
delights  in  raising  it  to  a  principle;  and,  in 
thus  ex)ilaining  his  real  intentions,  I  think  I 
have  ^iven  vou  a  decisive  proof  ^  hb  pacific 
disposu'ms. 

To  this  Mr.  Fox  replies,  June  14. 
-  '<  After  the  open  disavowal  which  you  bare 
made  of  the  intention  falsely  imputed  to  ymi 
with  respect  to  our  continental  connections, 
no  doubt  can  exist  upon  that  essential  point, 
and  it  would  be  the  more  distressing  that 
difficuUies  in  form  rather  than  subsftuice, 
should  prolong  a  war  which  the  two  govern- 
ments equally  desire  to  tera&inate. 

**  Let  us  come  to  what  your  Excellenpj 
proposes. 

**  The  form  of  ncgociation  which  look  place 
during  Lord  Rockingham's  administration  h 
more  panicularly  present  to  my  memory,  as  i 
then  held  the  same  office  with  which  His  Ma- 
jesty has  lately  bmi  pleased  to  honour  me. 
Let  France  and  England  change  situations, 
and  the  fonn  you  mention  is  e^ctlv  similar 
to  that  which  I  projKMed. 

«•  We  then  treated  with  France  and  her  aU 
lies ;  let  France  novv  treat  with  us  and  our  allies. 
The  basis  offered  in  your  secotKl  proposititm 
is  exactly  confonnabie  to  the  views  of  ouf 
goveminent,  provided  It  be  well  nnderstood, 
that,  whilst  we  mutually  acknowledge  our 
respective  rights  of  intervention  aixl  guaranty 
with  regard  to  the  affairs  of  Europe,  wealsq 
mutually  agree  to  abstain  from  all  encroach- 
ment  ujxm  the  gres^ter  or  lesser  siates  wbidi 
comppae  it.** 

So  far  the  intei^urse  between  the  minister 
of  the  respective  countries  was  direct  \  but, 
in  the  month  of  June,  Lord  Yannoulh  being 
relc^stid  from  the  jlenAt  of  British  prisoner* 
at  V^crduu,  and  visitmg  Paris,  was^  sent  for  by 
M.  Talleyrand }  and  commissioned  to  pM| 
over  into  England,  with  a  confidential  n^es^ 
sage  to  Mr,  F^x.    His  |or?bhip,  mmk^  fi 


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C«r# 


hi9  hockour,  dedin^  this  interfrrcBce,  unless 
tlie  free  lestoratioa  of  V  mover  was  pre- 
viously agreed  to:  atid  ^0  j^os  wriies  to 
Mr.  Fox—June  13. 

'*  M.  Talleyrand  tiien  broke  off  the  conver- 
sation, desiring  me  to  return  the  third  day 
after.  At  the  expiration  of  this  time  I  waitetl 
upon  him  again,  when  he  informed  me  tliat, 
considering  tlie  extreme  stress  which  ap- 
peared to  be  laid  upon  this  point,  Hanov^ 
should  make  no  diiEculty. 

"  Authorised  by  the  concession  of  that  in 
which  the  honour'of  the  King  and  tbatofth6 
nation  appeared  most  interested,  I  inquired 
whether  the  possession  of  Sicily  would  be 
demanded,  it  having  been  so  said,  "  Fous 
**  tttveZf  nous  ne  voUs  la  demandom  pasi 
*'  ^i  nous  la  possddions  elle  pourroU  augmen- 
'*  ter  dc  hcfiucoup  les  d^jjicultis,'*  [You 
Q^e  in  possession  of  it ;  wc  do  not  a^  it  of 
you ;  if  we  possessed  it,  it  mij^ht  very  much 
augment  our  dilHculties.]  Considering  this 
ta  be  very  positive  both  From  the  words  and 
the  manner  of  delivering  them,  I  conceived 
it  improper  to  make  further  question.  •*  Nous 
ne  voUs  demandons  rien"  [We  ask  nothing 
from  youl  amounting  to  an  admission  of  the 
uti  possidetis  as  applicable  to  His  Majesty's 
conquests.** 

In  the  mean  while,  Bonaparte,  as  it  should 
seem,  was  infonned  by  his  brothers,  that  the 
kingdoms  of  Holland  and  Naples  were  not 
worth  their  holding.  Concerning  Holland 
the  French  plenipotentiary  afterwards  writes, 

"  Supposing  that  the  Cape,  Suiinapi,  and 
other  Dutch  possessions  could  have  been  final- 
ly detached  from  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  is 
it  not  certain  that  its  existence  as  a  nation 
would  become  trom  that  xTxy  cause  impossi- 
ble ;  and  that  its  incorporation  with  the 
French  empire  would  have  been  the  necessary 
consequence  of  a  refusal  given  hv  England  to 
restore  to  it  its  colonics?  W/ut,  m  fact, 
cmiM  be  the  means  of  maintaining  a  nation 
which  wDuU.  have  nothing  but  debu,  and 
from  whieh  the  total  deprivation  of  all  com- 
;neroe  woukl  take  avray  the  possibility  of  pav- 
ing them  ?  Whatever  their  excellencies  the 
plenipotentiaries  of  His  Britannic  Majesty 
may  aUedg^  it  is  impossible  that  they  shoold 
not  be  convinced,  that  it  is  a  very  different 
thing  for  Great  Britain,  to  se^  thte  Texel  and 
the  mouths  of  the  Rhine  and  of  the  Meuse  in 
the  power  of  the  French  revenue  oiHcers,  or 
to  see  them  in  the  power  of  the  Dutch, 
11ms,  therefore,  Holland,  without  tlie  resti-* 
tution  of  its  colonies,  would  necessarily  be- 
come a  province  of  the  French  empire ;  for, 
on  accepting  the  crown  of  Hollaiid,  Prince 
Lewis  (ormallv  declared  his  intendon  of  re- 
nbuncing  it.  if  the  Dutch  colonies  >vere  not 
lestored  at  the  general  peace.** 

Keitba  opuU  Napkt  exist  without  alao 


possessing  Sicily.  [The  reason  of  thb  im- 
portance of  Sicily  to  Naples,  may  probably  be 
expluiued  in  a  mture  number  of  ourVvork.] 
Sicily  in  fact,  proved  to  be  a  ^eat  obstacle ; 
as  Lord  Yarmouth  very  seiisiblj  fbresaw. 
Mr.  Fox*s  disections,  June  £6,  m  reply  to 
his  lordship,  are  of  great  consequence,  4a 
exposing  the  fallacies  of  'the  stat^cnt  pub- 
lisned  bv  France,  purporting  to  be  the  his- 
tory of  this  negociation. 

"  I  have  no  conception  on  what  CTOunJ 
M.  Tall'jvrand  can  recede  from  what  he  said 
so  distinctly  to  your  lordship  before,  upon  the 
subject  of  Sicily :  "  Fous  Vavez,  nous  e 
VOUS  demandons  rien,**  [You  are  in  posses-* 
sion  of  it ;  we  ask  nothing  from  you.]  are 
words  that  made  the  more  impression  on  me, 
because,  those  contained  in  the  latter  clause 
of  thtv sentence  had  been  used  by  his  Excel- 
lency in  one  of  his  letters  to  me.  It  was  on 
the  faith  of  the  uti  possidetis  being  to  be 
strictly  observed  as  the  basis,  and  particularly 
Sicily,  on  which  satisfaction  had  been  given 
to  your  lordship,  that  His  Majesty  was  in- 
duced to  authorize  your  lorJship  to  hoki 
further  conferences  with  M. '  Tallcj^rand. 
Any  tergiversation  or  cavil  therefore  on  that 
article,  vtrould  be  a  breach  of  the  principle 
of  the  proposed  ba^is  in  its  most  essential 

pert Your  lordship 

should  fiiirly  state  to  M.  Talleyrand^  that  you 
are  not  authorised  to  make  any  use  of  them 

iyour  full  powers]  formally,  until  M. 
^alleyrand  returns  to  his  former  ground  with 
respect  to  Sicily.  Your  lordship  b  directed 
further,'  to  acquaint  that  minbter,  that,  if 
Aussia  offers  to  treat  separately,  it  b  only  in 
the  way  in  which  we  do  5  that  is  to  say, 
separately  in  form,  but  in  substance,  in  con- 
cert with  each  other.  And  here  you  will 
recollect  that "  this  very  circumstance  \iras 
canvassed  in  your  former  conversations  with 
M.  Talleyrana,  when  that  minister  expressed 
himself  clearly  that  there  would  oe  no 
objection  on  the  part  of.  France  to  sUch  pie- 
concert ,  The  result  of 

what  I  have  stated  to  your  lordship  is  thb : 
1st,  That  Sicilv  is  a  sine  qnh  non  i  on  which 
subject,  if  the  1^'rench  minister  reced^  from 
hb  former  answer,  it  b  in  vain  that  any 
further  discussion  shoukl  take  place.** 

On  bein^  chafged  with  e<|ui vocation,  in 
expressing  his  hopes  of  obtaining  Sicily,  M. 
T*.  communicated  Buonaparte's  expecutions 
of  taking  that*  island  by  force;  which  the 
battle  or  Maida,  not  known  at  this  time, 
happily  frustrated.  The  discussion  concern- 
ing Sicilv  continued :  but  the  British  n^o- 
o'lator  refused  to  open  hb  powers,  till  he  had 
satisfaction  on  thb  point.  He  writes,  July  1 , 
imWjti^A/.frhatTalleyrand  had  ag^inseen  hl^  ^ 
and  proposed  the  Hanse  Towns,  as  an  esta- 
bishment  for  the  King  of  Naples,  iu  lieu 
aF4 


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of  Sicily.    This  oflfer  being  refused  :  he  af- 
tenvardi,  July  9,  proiXMed  Dalniatia,  Alba- 
n(ix,  and  Ragiuia,  as  an  indemnity   for  the 
loss  of  Sicily,  to  his  Sicilian  Majesty.    This 
«l$o    inet   with   insurmountable  objections: 
and  ihou^  it  was  considered  by  tlie  British 
ministry,  yet  they  deemed  the  very  considera- 
tion of  it,  a  favour.     About  this  time,  M. 
D*Oubnl,  the  Russian  ne^:ociator,  opened  his 
commission  at  Paris ;  and  being  very  desirous 
of  concluding  a  peace,  fell  into  the  snare  laid 
for  him  by  the  French  ministers,  to  induce 
him  to  sign  a  separate  peace.     Lord  Yar- 
mouth writes,  July  19, — 12o*clock  at  night, 
^lat  **  remonstrating  with  M.  D'Oubril,  both 
upon  his  conduct  and  the  impropriety  of  dis- 
guising his  intention,  I  drew  from  him  these 
word.*,  which  1  wrote  down  in  his  presence. 
*«  Que  vovant  le  danger  immcdiat  de  TAu- 
**  triche,  sMl  pouvait  l;i  sauver  il  croiroit  de  son 
**  devoir  de  le  faire,  meme  par  une  paix  par- 
"  ticuli^."     [**  That  bein^  aware  of  the 
<*  immediate  danger  of  Austria,  if  it  wan  in 
**  his  power  to  sa^e  it,  he  should  think  it  his 
*'  duty  to  do  so,  even  by  a  separate  peace."] 
^1  he  DOW  appears  to  claim  is  the  return  of 
the  trooiKi  from  Germany ;  and   if  he  is  will- 
ing to  make  peace  o"n  receiving  an  assurance 
that  orders  to  ihatcflect  shall  be  sent,  nobody 
(can  doubt,  but  that  it  will  be  signed,  and 
probably  not  a  battalion  make  a  retrograde 
movement  of  fifty  miles." 

**  I  haveused  every  argument  to  dissuade  M- 
d'Oubril  from  so  unadvised  and  unwise  a  mea- 
sure, I  hope  more  than  I  belie\'e,  with  suc- 
cess. Indeed,  I  feared,  from  the  first  hour 
I  met  him,  that  he  was  come  determined  to 
^ike  a  peace,  good  or  bad,  with  or  without 
G/eat  Britain.  I  may  perhaps  gain  a  day, 
which  may  be  a  great  deal,  if  that  day  should 
produce  dispatches  from  M.  de  Strogonpfif. 
On  the  17th,  at  night,  the  new  arrai>gemenis 
(br  Germany  were  finally  determined  upon. 
fPhc  princes  fmd  the  ministers  who  signed 
were  scarce  allowed  time  to  read  the  deed. 

**  There  is  a  consic^erable  army  forming  at 
Bayonne ;  thirty  thousand  men  ^re  there  al- 
ready. This  army  is'  Gfstensibly  destined 
ligainst  Portugal^  but  will  t^ke  Sp^in  likewise.'* 

It  appears  that  one  of  the  conferences  of 
thh  negoci^tor  wi^  the  Freucb>  lasted /otp*- 
teen  hows, 

fhe  tuddentiess  of  d'Onbrirs  conduct,  in 
ugoing  the  peace,  appears  to  have  perplexed 
I^rd  Yarmouth  extremely;  as  it  seemed, 
that  Britain  noyir  waa  left  tp  terminate  the 
war  by  herself;  and  all  further  debates  ^bout 
treating  as  allies,  Russia  and  Britain  in  con- 
junction, were  superseded-  The  Ffcnch 
pushed  the  success  they  had  obtained  over 
d'Oubril,  by  instantly  demanding  Lord  Yar- 
mouth's full  powers:  displaying  the  evik  he 
fpi^ht  prevent,   by   immed^lp  compliance. 


Hlsicry  of  thi  NegodatUm  tidih  tVsnce.  [MO 

Their  urgency  did  not  aft  hit  Lovd«faip  nnic 
to  cool :.  and  instead  of  asking  advice  of  hm 
court,  in  this  new  and  vcfjr  delicate  conjunc- 
ture, with  the  best  intentions  in  the  wwid, 
he  produced  his  powers,  July  21 ;  and  thus 
gave  to  the  negociation  the  appearaiKe  of  be- 
ing conducted  by  Britain  solely  ;  unconnected 
with  any  ally.  General  Clarke,  confidential 
secretary  to  Buonapart^,  was  appointed  to 
confer  with  him  ;  and  talked  a  grwt  deal 
about  various  possessions:  •*  the  King  of 
Prussia  was  to  have  the  Hanse  Towns'* — refus- 
ed decidedly  :  then  he  was  to  have  "  some 
smaller  ports."  The  French  negociator  also 
tempted  the  British,  with, the  idea,  that  Bri- 
tain "  might  occupy  some  of  the  Portuguese 
foreign  possessions.**  Lord  Yarmouth  writes, 
**  in  discussing  for  many  hours  these  demands* 
I  ne\'er  for  an  instant  admitted  the  possibility 
of  his  Majesty  consenting  to  the  cessions  rc» 
quired.*' 

The  British  ministry  now  felt  the  cmbar* 
rassments  of  their  situation :  and  Mr.  Fox 
thus  writes  U>  Lord  Yarmouth : 

*'  In  writing  to  your  Lordship,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  dwell  on  the  humiliating  condi- 
tions to  which  M.  d'Oubril  has  thought  pro- 
per to  bind  his  sovereign.  Of  that  minister's 
misconduct  your  Lordsnip  appears  fully  sen* 
sible ;  and  1  doubt  not  you  exerted  yourself 
to  the  utmobi  to  prevent  it  When  tnis  was 
found  impracticable,  your  Lordship  was  na- 
turally placed  in  circumstances  of  considerable 
diflicidty,  and  for  which  every  allowance  is 
to  be  made.  But  it  is  necessary  ibr  me  to  say, 
frankly,  tliat  it  would  on  the  whole  have  been 
more  satisfactory  to  the  King's  servants  if 
your  Lordship  had  waited  to  know  the  im^ 

f)re8sion  which  this  new  event  might  create 
lere  before  you  had  produced  your  full  powers. 

ILxcn  as  the  matter  now  stands,  it  does 

not  certai]ily  preclude  discussion.  But  tJiis 
mi^t  have  been  continued  unofiBcially.  And 
it  18"  apprehended  that,  by  producing  your 
powers  on  the  very  day  after  tne  signature  of  ' 
the  Russian  treaty,  an  impression  may  have 
been  created  very  unfavourable  to  the  further 
progress  of  the  negociation.*' 

It  is  but  just  that  we  should  give  Lord 
Yarmouth's  reasens  for  his  coiKloct.  They 
open  a  view  of  projects,  which  is  at  once 
curious,  and  interesting.    July  30., 

•*  The  fiite  of  Holland  and  Naples  were 
settled  befbre  I  was  honoured  with  his  Ma- 
jesty's confidence.  My  conversation  here 
with  M.  Talleyrand  sopn  convinced  me  tha^ 
these  were  only  preludes  tp  still  greater  chan- 
ges in  the  system  qf  EuropCt  I  saw  at.  the 
^me  time  a  great  desire  of  negotiation,  bcv 
fore  the  final  execution  of  some  of  the  Em- 
peror's schemes  should  have  removed  ti^ 
nope  of  iu  being  iitteoded  wit)i  succ^^ 


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[S«- 


**  Hiit  opiiiion»  not  preconceived  or  light- 
ly taketi  up,  but  gradnally  formed  from  a 
variety  of  circumstances,  was  confirmed  by 
the  datttte  of  the  offers  held  out,  nnofficiaUy 
indeed,  but  in  such  dear  and  unequivoc^ 
terms,  that  it  was  impcftsible  to  entertain 
any  doobt  of  the  intention  of  this  government 
to  adheie  to  them. 

*•  The  point  virhich  of  all  others  was  the 
most  essential,  and  that  on  which  satisiaction 
was  due  to  the  national  honour  and  to  that  of 
hn  Majesty,  Hanover,  wquld,  1  was  assured, 
be  given  up  without  restiiction ;  for  I  did 
not  then  4Lnow  ive  should  be  asked  to  allow 
the  King  of  Prussia  to  obtain  the  sovereignty 
of  some  of  the  lesser  principalities. 

"  I  received  similar  assurances  about  Mal- 
ta, and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  nor  have  I 
any  reason  to  doubt  but  that  before  Russia 
had  made  her  peace  separately,  these  terms 
might  have  been  obtained,  and  the  treaty 
have  had  solely  for  its  basis  the  uti  possidetis, 
with  the  sole  exception  in  our  favour  of 
Hanover  restored,  and  latterly  indeed  of  some 
arrangements  tolerable  to  all  parties  in  ex- 
change for  Sicily. 

^  M.  Talleyrand  held  the  same  lang^ge 
to  me,  with  respect  to  Russia,  which  he 
had  before  held  with  regard  to  the  affairs  of 
Germany.  "  You  have  now  been  here  a 
**  month  ;  wc  liave  been  willing  to  converse 
*^  with  you,  to  give  you  an  insight  into  our 
*'  views,  and  to  oommunirate  tnem  to  the 
«'  British  government.  We  told  you,  that 
•'  if  you  IukI  the  powers,  and  would  enter 
**  into  negotiation,  we  would  not  sign  the 
**  arrangement  of  Germany.  A  reasonable 
**  time  was  kft  for  you  to  consult  your  go- 
'«  verament ;  we  had  no  answer.  The  ar- 
**  rangement  was  signed,  ct  nous  tCeu  re- 
*'  vicndrons  jamais,  [and  wc  will  never  recede 
**  from  it].  We  now  ask  you  whether  you 
'<  will  treat  before  Russia  has  signed,  which 
•'  will  not  pass  two  dap.'* 

**  It  cannot  be  necessary  to  state  my  answer 
to  such  a  proposition.  I  will  only  add,  that 
the  treaty  with  Russia  was  signed  within 
the  time  mentioned,  and  then  commenced 
the  difficulty  of  my  situation. 

*•  Switzerland,  I  was  told  by  the  same 
authority,  *«  is  on  the  eve  of  undergoing  a 
great  change."  This  cannot  be  averted 
*'  but  by  a  peace  with  England ;  but  still  less 
**  can  we  alter,  for  any  otlier  consideration, 
"  our  intention  of  invading  Portugal.  The 
«'  army  destined  for  that  puroMC  is  already 
*'  assembling  at  Bayonne.  This  is  for  the 
*•  determination  of  Great  Britain." 

*<  But  I  confess  the  point  of  all  others  the 
inoe(  deciave  in  inducing  me  to  produce  my 
full  powers,  was  the  language  held  rcspeot- 
i^  Frussia. 

^*^Prusia  demands  from  us  a  declaration 
f  |cipccting  Hanover)  we  cannot  consent 


**  wantonly  to  lose  the  only  ally  France  has 
'<  had  since  the  re^*olution ;  the  declaration 
"  once  made,  nous  tCen  pourojis  nous  ?r- 
*'  trader,  [wc^  cannot  retractl.  Would  you 
«•  have  us  break  entirely  with  Prussia,  wnen 
'«  we  cannot  even  say  that  Great  Britain  will 
"  negotiate  with  us?  Are  you  here  only 
*'  with  orders  to  delay  our  measures  tj?l  the 
*'  season  of  the  year  makes  exertion  impos- 
**  sible,  or  can  you  treat  ?  If  so,  is  not  the 
*'  assurance  we  give  you  that  Hanover,  Md- 
"  ta,  and  tlie  Cape,  shall  not  be  contested, 
'*  sufficient  to  induce  you  to  do  so  ?  Must 
*•  we  lay  before  the  British  go\erDment  our 
*'  exact  terms,  before  they  will  even  avow 
**  negotiation  with  so  great  a  power  as  that 
**  of  France  ?  or  shall  we  execute  our  other' 
'*  projects,  as  we  did  those  in  Holland  and 
«  Naples?" 

**  undoubtedly.  Sir,  conversations  of  this 
sort,  confirmed  even  as  they  were  by  the 
events  passing  under  my  eyes,  could  never 
have  induced  me  to  commit  his  Majesty*s  con* 
fidential  ser>'ants  upon  any  point  upon  which' 
.1  had  not  received  their  instructions,  and 
which  left  no  time  to  receive  them  ;  but  I  did 
iK>t  think  myself  at  liberty  to  shift  from  my- 
self the  res|>cnsibility  thus  thrown  upon  me, 
at  the  risk  of  seeing  Portugal  and  Switzerland, 
share  the  same  fate  which  Germany  has  just 
experienced,  and  Hanover  confirmed  to  Prus- 
sia, until  such  time  as  his  Majesty's  arms 
should  recover  the  possession  of  it. 

*'  The  mode  ol  proceeding  of  this  govern- 
ment left  me  no  alternative.  Either  to  aVow 
negotmtion,  or  shut  up  every  opening  to  it« 
was  my  only  option. 

**  1  felt  that  1  pledged  his  Majesty  to 
nothing  except  the  fact  of  negotiation,  al- 
ready privately  known  to  every  court  in  Eu^- 
rope. 

••  I  carefully  forbore  giving  any  writteij 
paper,  or  admitiing  even  the  possibility  of  any 
odier  basis  than  that  of  the  uli  posndelh, 

**  I  have  ascertained  the  real  extent  of  the 
pretensions  of  France ;  and  I  did  consider 
myself  to  have  prevented  a  great  evil  at  a. 
small  'expense  bv  having  given  time  to  your- 
self and  his  Majesty*s  otner  confidential  ser- 
vants, to  provide  by  the  further  instructions 
you  miglit  judge  proper,  for  the  interest  of 
the  powers,  thus,  for  the  moment  at  least, 
saved  from  the  grasp  of  France." 

,  The  step  taken  by  the  British  cabinet  was, 
perhaps  the  most  prudent  that  could  be  ;  they 
publicly  joined  lord  Lauderdale  in  commission 
v^ith  lord  Yarniouth,  and  gave  their  commis- 
sioners instructions  to  bring  the  adversary  to 
the  point  at  once,  either  to  treat  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  *«  each  party  holding  what  it  was  ii^ 
possession  of,"  which  includ^  the  admission 
of  Sicily,  that  being  held  by  Britain  for  her 
ally ;  or  of  closing  discussions  which  were 
perfectly  useless,  as  to  any  jjood  purpose  or 


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event.  Accordingly*  wlicn  lord  Ltiudenkik 
aniTed  in  Paris,  and  had  bc^n  recognized  in 
his  public  character  August  6,  he  delrvered  a 
long  note  August  7»  in  which  he  insisted  on 
the  direct  admission  of  this  principle  by 
France ;  stating,  that  it  was  in  consequence  of 
the  proposition  of  M.  TallcjTand,  **  the  em- 
peror desired  nothing  which  Enghnd  held,** 
that  Mr.  Fox  had  Seen  induced  to  continue 
the  negociation,  and  that  England  vhaM  not 
abandon  this  proposition. 

TTiJs  note  receiTed  a  marked  and  decided 
answer:  in  which  tlie  French  negociator. 
General  Clarke,  declares, 

"  The  court  of  France  has  constantly  re- 
Ibsed  to  admit  in  the  same  negotiation,  the 
oofirtt  of  England  and  Russia,  and  whatever 
ibsire  his-  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  the  French, 
King  of  Italy,  may  have,  to  see  a  general 
peace  shortly  re-estaiblished,  no  consideration 
conld  induce  him  to  violate  that  principle  of 

bis  policy After  several  months  of  db- 

ctission,  the  cabinet  of  London  yielded  this 
point,  and  his  excellency  tlie  Earl  of  Yar- 
mouth arrived  puhlickly  at  Calais,  and  after* 
iprards  as  Paris,  for  the  purpose  of  treating 
fcr  peace. 

**  As  to  Sicily,  in  this  very  supposition 
his  Majesty  the  Emperor  and  King  would 
Qot  have  left  it  to  his  enemies  ;  but  nis  Ma- 
jesty would  only  have  thought  that  the  con- 
quest of  this  island  should  have  preceded  the 
opening  df  the  negocjations ;  and  while  Prus- 
aia  and  Russia  have  either  guarantied  or  re- 
cognized the  changes  which  have  taken  place 
in  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  is  it  to 
l^  sQdposed  that  England  could  have  pre- 
vented the  conquest  of  Sicily,  which  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  Continent  onl^  by  a  channel 

of  less  than  two  thousand  toises  ? His 

Itfajei^  >he  Emperor  of  the  French,  King  of 
Italy,  co»ild  not  consider  the  peace  as  ho- 
nourable, if,  by  one  of  its  conditions,  he 
was  to  lose  a  single  subject,  and  of  however 
little  importance  the  colony  of  Tobago  may 
be,  it  sumces,  that  it  made  part  of  the  Fiencn 
empire  at  the  time  his  Majesty  took  the  reins 
of  government,  to  prevent  his  ever  signing  a 
treaty  in  which  the  alienation  of  that  colony, 
or  or  any  other  which  belongs  to  him  in  the 
fame  manner,  shall  be  comprized.  No  rea- 
sonable Englbhman  can  have  flattered  him- 
•elf  with  tlie  contrary  j  and  his  Majesty,  in 
the  position  in  which  he  stands,  would,  by 
consenting  to  it,  lose  the  esteem  of  eveiy 
brave  and  generous  person,  even  among  his 

enemies The  undersigned  is  directed  to 

declare,  that  his  Majesty  the  Emperor  and 
King  considet;s  as  a  disgrace  the  very  idea  of 
a  negotiation,  founded  on  the  uti  possidetis. 
It  is  tne  more  contrary  to  his  principles,  inas- 
much a.^  hi^  Majesty  has  restored  his  con- 
miests^  and  that  he  snoukl  he  now  reining 


over  a  popolation  the  double  of  that  wbi<^ 
he  in  fact  gorems,  if,  at  the  conclusion  of 
the  treaties  of  newe  which  he  made  at  the 
expiration  of  the  several  oonKtiont,  be  bad 
taken  the  uti  possidetis  for  bia  only  principle.** 

The  British  plenipotentiaries  answered  this 
epistle,  by  repeatinc  their  afliirmatioos  of 
what  Mr.  Talleyrand  had  origtnaHy  said: 
and  deep  legrct  that  by  so  absolute  and  decided 
a  departure  from  that  basis  on  the  part  of  tbe 
French  government,  the  hopes  and  expocta- 
tions  of  tac  two  nations  must  be  entirely  frus- 
trated." . 

The  delivery  of  this  paper  may  be  consider- 
cd  as  the  close  of  the  attempt  to  ef^t  a  peace. 
The  concurrent  delay  occasioned  by  the  time 
<>ccupied  in  learning  Orom  Pctersburgh,  whe- 
ther d'Oubril's  treaty  would  be  ratified  hy  the 
em|)eror  of  Russia  was  consumed,  partly  in 
excuses,  partly  in  tlie  delivery  of  official  notes^ 
and  in  conversations  with  little  or  no  object. 
Tlie  British  having  fruitlessly  insisted  on 
"  keeping  what  they  had  got,*'  repeatedly  ap. 
plied  for  their  passports ;  but  they  applied  in 
vain,  for  the  French,  justly  dubious  whether 
the  emperor  Alexander  would  sanction  the 
conduct  of  d'Oubril,  gradually  soiWnod  in 
their  tone,  as  the  time  drew  near  for  the  ex- 
pected answer  from  Pctersburgh  j  and  when 
the  news  of  the  (anticipated)  refusal  arrived, 
September  3,  they  proposed  sundrv  matters  to 
the  English  negociarors,  %vhicli  they  thought 
would  prove  agnfeablc.  But,  tlie  basb  b^ng 
rejected  by  the  French,  of  •'  each  party  kecor 
ingwhat  he  possessed"  (the  Britisli  clearly 
possessing%\ci\v)  rendered  the  whole  abortive. 
Lord  Yarmouth  had  been  some  time  in  Eng- 
land, and  lord  Lauderdale  was  left  sole  neg»r 
ciator.  This  nobleman  demanded  his  pass* 
ports  repeatedly  ;  and  after  many  delays,  e%en 
after  both  Bonaparte  and  Talleyrand  nad  left 
Paris  for  Mentz  with  a  view  to  operations 
against  Prussia,  whose  afiairs  with  France, 
assumed  a  warlike  aspect,  and  issued  in  war, 
he  at  length  received  them,  and  quitted 
Paris,  October  7. 

These  paj>ers  are  accompanied  by  a  copy  of 
his  majesty's  declaration  of  October  81,  vide 
Pknorama,  p.  317,  and  termmate  by  oolioeof 
an  affront  offered  Russia,  by  tbe  Ottoman  Porte, 
at  the  instigation  of  tbe  French  ambavndor 
there,  Sebostiani :  with  a  copy  of  a  rescript 
delivered  by  that  ambassador  to  the  Beis  £A 
fendi,  Sept.  IQ,  I8QQ4  in  which  be  ui^ 
otiier  measures,  still  more  iiyurious  to  Kussia 
and  England :  no  lest  tbaa  the  abutting  «|i 
the  passage  of  tbe  PanlaneUes  fiom  botla 
those  powers.  But,  thid,  with  other  Infor- 
mation, is,  of  necessity,  postponed  iox  ^ 
present  month. 


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OUtuary.'^Mai.  Bochfoucauld. 


l^^ 


OBITUARY. 
A  letter  from  SoissoDS,  dated  June  1806,  in- 
forms us  that  Madame  Marie-Charlotte  de  b 
Kochefeucauld-Memont,  the  last  abbess  of 
Notft-Dame,  of  duit  eity,  had  just  died  there. 
She  was  appointed  abbess  of  Paxuclet  in 
1768.  Teti  yciTS  she  governed  that  house 
founded  by  Abelanl>  of  whieh  Elelsa  had  been 
first  Abbess  $  and  where  had  been  preserved, 
vn^  the  revolution,  the  relics  of  those  two 
unfortunate  personages,  whose  tomb  was  like- 
wise to  be  seen  there. 

In  1778«  Madame  de  la  Rochefoucauld 
kft  the  abbey  of  Paraclet,  being  promoted  to 
that  of  Notre-Dame  of  Soissons,  one  of  the 
moat  ancient  in  France,  and  one  of  the  first  in 
maid  to  revenue,  to  the  dbtingoished  birth 
piits  abbesses,  and  especially  to  the  regularity 
4t(  religious  discipline  which  was  observed  in 
the  house.      Madame  de  la  Rochefoucauld 
had  succeeded  to  four  abbesses  of  the  same 
name,  who  had  been  eminent  for  their  bene- 
Tolent  munificence,  and  other  virtues.    Ma- 
dame Marie-Charlotte  de  la  Rochefoucauld 
followed  in  the  same  path ;  ardent  piety,  ten- 
dex^nd  liberal  charity  towards  the  poor,  atten- 
tion to  the  discharge  of  her  duly,  and  kincl 
Services  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  Soissons,  were 
4ter  principy  characteristics,  and  had  procured 
her  their  universal  gratitude,  and  heartfelt  at- 
tention. In  the  intenor  of  her  cloister, she  shcw- 
td  herself  less  an  abbess  or  a  superior,  than  a 
friend  amongst  her  friends  j  or  rather  a  tender 
mother  encircled  by  her  daughters.     She  con- 
tinued so  till  the  time  of  the  revolution,  mark- 
ing evtry  day  of  her  life  by  sdmc  act  of  bene- 
ficence, and  without  having  ever  been  outside 
of  th^  premises,  notwithstanding  she  had  a 
carriage  at  her  disposal,  allowed  by  an  ancient 
eustom,  on  account  of  the  high  rank  of  the  ab- 
|)csses.      This  coach  was  not  to  her  an  article 
af  useless  luxury ;  it  was  at  the  sen- ice  of  all 
the  families  in  town  on  occasion  of  marriages, 
or  other  occurreoces  whenever  they  wanted  it. 
The  inhabitants  generally  ttiplicd  to  the  noble 
abbess  for  all  manner  oi  services,  and  she 
never  refused  assisting  them,  whether  out  of 
per  own  pocket,  or  by  using  her  interest. 

At  the  critical  period  of  tne  rexolution,  she 
)iad  her  share  of  those  calamities  which  hefel 
persons  of  her  rank  and  situation  in  life,  and 
poR  them  with  patient  resignation.  For 
a  time  she  was  deprived  of  her  liberty.  Re- 
duced to  poverty,  we  liave  seen  her  almost 
blind,  'attended  by  a  lay  sister  who  had  been 
tnfinn  from  her  youth,  and  who  never  forsook 
her ;  partly  supported  by  hef  ^mily,  and  the 
trifling  sdary  wtiich  the  nuns,  who  had  con- 
tinuecTwith  her,  receive4  for  instructing  4 
few  children.  She  after  a4ime  entirely  lost 
Her  sigl^t ;  but  her  h^ic  patience,  her  even 
femper»  and  her  truly  christian  resignation, 
lievcf  ODoetuled  her^  although  slie  had  severe 


trials  to  encounter ;  two  of  her  brothers,  tba . 
one  bishop  of  Beauvois,  and  the  other  of 
Saintesi  were  massacred  in  the  convent'of  the 
Carmelites,  at  the  dreadful  epoch  of  Septem- 
ber 1792,  which  days  ou^t  to  be  edao^  ftofa 
the  calendar,  and  should  be  attributed,  to  rM> 
age,  as  the  chancellor  de  l*Hopital  said  of  S^L 
Barihnhmeuft  day.  Madame  de  la  Rockefoo* 
cauld  died  May  27,  180(^,  agjed  74.« 

Her  fimeral  was  accompanied  with  howwr- 
able  pomp.  The  whole  town  lamented  hep 
loss  ;  all  remembered  xhat  this  bdv  hid  for* 
merly  been  their  benefactress,  altnough  for 
above  fifteen  years  she  had  beenanold,  inform, 
distressed  nun — an  instance  of  the  inatabiliy 
of  earthly  happiness,  and  at  the  same  ttiiM»  %■ 
raodel  or  every  christian  virtue. 

M.  H.  C.  Boie  expired  at  Meldorf  in  Hbl« 
stein,  in  hb  Olst  year,  February  *5.  Oennaa 
literature  was  ^considerably  indebted  to  his  ex* 
ertions.  In  1770  he  commended  the  GermaA 
Almanach  of  the  Muses  j  afVerwards  he  editei 
the  respectable  pubKeation,  theI>a(/xrAff  JIfti* 
seum,  A  very  great  number  of  bis  poeticri 
pieces  have  at  various  periods  appearea  in  the 
different  periodical  works  of  tne  time,  and 
many  of  thein  hove  been  translated  or  imita- 
ted  m  English  and  in  French, 

M .  r  Abb^  dc  Fontenay,  author  of  several  B- 
terarv  pnxluclions,  and  editor  successively' of 
the  Petiirs.  Affichts  de  Province,  of  the  4^- 
ches  de  Paris,  and  of  the  Journal  g^^ral  de 
France,  died  at  Paris,  March  S%,  9^  69. 

M.  TAbb^  Lyonnais,  member  of  several 
academics,  and  author  of  the  History  of  Lor* 
raine,  died  at  Nantz,  June  14. 

The  right  reverend  Steven  Alexander  Johm 
Baptist  Maria  Bomicr,  latebiahopof  Orleans* 
ano  formerly  one  of  the  most  formidable 
chiefs  of  the  Chouan  army,  died  at  Paris, Okk 
tohcr  1 .  He  was  bom  at '  Daon ,  October  3 1 , 
17()4,  and  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Orleans 
April  U,  1802,  after  having  disbanded  there-v 
bel  royalists,  who  served  under  his  command 
at  the  time  when  the  unfortunate  Georges, 
conjointly  with  himself  was  in  the  zenith  of 
his  celebrity  ^  he  was  buned  with  funeral 
pomp. 

We  are  informed  by  letter  from  Auch,  of 
the  death  of  Pierre  Monncde,  who  had  attain- 
ed his  1  lOth  ^r.  He  worked  as  a  common  b- 
bourer  till  within  a  few  days  of  his  dea«h.  Ho 
remembered  the  war  of  the  suooeision  of 
SjMin  iu  Lotiis  the  XlVih's  tio^.  In  oon- 
sequence  of  his  extreme  weakness,  which  pre- 
vented him  from  swallowing  food,  he  was  lit- 
terallv  starved  to  death.  What  is  very  remark- 
able ne  had  never  experienced  a  day's  illness. 

*  For  an  account  of  the  assaasiiuitidn  of  her 
family,  vide  Pftnorama,  pages  754«  and  765^ 
in  pur  Hfo  of  Condofcct^ 


J 


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T«» 


UTERARY  PROSPECTIVE. 

^  GREAT   BRITAIN. 

Mr.  C.Budcr  of  Cheami  is  preparing  for 
the  piessy  an  ea^y  Introduction  to  the  Mathe- 
loaticsy  on  a  popular  plan ;  designed  as  a  useful 
introduction  and  companion  to  those  elemen- 
tary books  which  are  usually  put  into  the 
hiods  of  the  student,  and  a  necessary  assist- 
ant to  those  who  study  without  a  master :  it 
will  be  published  by  subscription. 

The  publication  of  a  Hebrew  Bible^  prints 
<^  with  a  literal  and  interlineary  English  tran- 
•ktion  wiU  commence  this  month,  in  num- 
bers at  one  shilhng  each.  That  part  of  the 
Hebrew  nation  resident  in  England,  has 
Ions  been  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  an 
coM&rtaking  of  this  kind,  particularly  as 
conducive  io'the  character  of  their  youth.  The 
nore  wealthy  of  that  nation  have  subscribed 
libnally  to  the  extensive  and  unprecedented 
undertaking. 

The  fifth  volume  of  tlie  Poetical  Register, 
Qtrntaining  a  great  variety  of  original  ixtems 
by  eminent  writers,  numerous,  scarce,  and 
fugitive  pieces,  and  brief  criticisms  on  the 
poetic  and  dramatic  publications  of  1805,  is 
m  the  press,  and  will  appear  at  an  early  pe- 
riod in  the  month  of  January. 

Shortlywill  be  published  by  subscription, 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Burnet,  in  one  foolscap  oc- 
tavo volume,  illustrated  with  an  elegant  fron- 
tispiece, the  Sweets  of  Solitude,  and  other 
poems. 

It  may  gratify  the  curious  in  Oriental  Li- 
ttrtture,  to  be  informed  that .  a  number  of 
articles,  principally  in  the  Ben^ee  language, 
sent  by  the  Bapust  Missionaries  in  Bengal, 
9n  now  on  lak,  at  Mr.  Bordit^^,  Paternos- 
ter Row. 

There  is  at  present  printing  at  Edinburgh, 
an  account  of  a  Tour,  throush  the  Orkney, 
and  Shetland  Islands,  by  Mr.  Keill,  Secretary 
to  the  Natural  History  Society  in  Edinburgh. 
The  author,  after  describing'  the  objects  of 
natural  history  which  occurred  in  nis  pro- 
gress, treats  fully  of  the  state  of  agriculture 
and  the  fisheries,  in  those  much  iveglccted 
and  interesting  islands.  The  tour  is  to  be 
followed  by  mmeraloigcal  tunrors  of  Shetland, 
£rom  the  pen. of  pr.  Traill  of  Liverpool*  who 
lately  visited  those  northern  islands. 

Mr.  Bolingbroke  of  Norwich,  who  has 
recently  retimed  from  Demerara,  «fter  a 
residefu^  of  five  jears  in  that  and  the  ad- 
joining colonies,  intends  to  publish  an  account 
of  his  voyage,  including  new  apd  interesting 
particulars  of  the  present  condition  of  the 
various  European  settlements  on  that  coast  of 
South  America. 


Mr.  Blore  has  made  considerable  progresi 
in  a  topographical  accouirt  of  Rutlandshise. 

Mr.  Fortescue  of  Gray's  Inn  is  said  to  be 
engaged  in  a  Topographical  Dictionary. 

Dr.  Callcot  annoimces,  in  the  preface  of  hit 
Musical  Grammar  btcly  published,  that  he 
has  not  abandoned  the  design  formed  some 
years  since  of  oompiline  a  Musical  Dictiooaiy. 
His  original  plan  merely  professed  to  oompco- 
bend  an  abridgement  of  Walther,  Rousseau, 
&c.;  but,  when  the  friendship  of  Mr.  Kott- 
man  (organist  of  the  chapel  s(t  St.  James's) 
had  assisted  htm  with  some  valuable  treatises^ 
he  found  it  necessary  to  relinquish  the  idea  o£ 
immediate  publication. 

The  publication  of  an  improved  edition 
of  the  Encyclopssdia  Perthensb  oooiineoces 
with  this  Y^r :  it  will  be  comprised  in  45 
parts  of  half  a  volume  each,  containing  36(1 
pages,  super-royal  octavo ;  they  will  be  pub- 
lished monthly. 

The  Rev.  Rogers  Ruding,  B.  D.  Vicar  of 
Maldon  iu  Surrey,  proposes  to  publish  by 
subscription,  an  historical  account  of  the 
Coinage  of  Britain  and  its  depeixlencies, 
from  the  earliest  periods  of  authentic  history 
to  the  present  time.  In  this,  work  will  be 
found  all  the  facts  relating  to  the  subiect» 
which  the  author  has  been  able  to  coflect, 
from  Caesar's  discovery  of  Britain  to  this 
time,  in  chronological  order.  These  &cts 
have  been  gathered  from  recojds  iu  the 
Tower  Roll's  Chapel,  Exchequer,  aiMl  other 
public  offices ;  from  the  Rolls  and  Journals 
of  Parliament ;  from  statutes,  proclamations^ 
chronicles,  and  histories. 

The  Rev.  John  Brown,  of  Vlliitbum,  is 
about  to  publish  a  second  edition  of  the  Me* 
moirs  of  tne  Rew  James  Her\'ey.  He  would 
feel  himself  particularly  obliged  to  any  persoa 
who  could  conununicate  unpublished  ietten» 
or  authentic  anecdotes  of  Mr*  Hervey. 

Mr.  Reid,  of  Berwick  upon  Tweed,  de- 
sigiu  immediately  to  print  a  new  edition  (the 
fourth)  of  the  Select  Remains  of  the  Rev.  J 
Brown,  late  of  Haddington.  They  contain 
Memoirs  of  his  Life,  £ietters  to  his  Friends, 
Religious  Tracts,  Addresses  to  his  Children, 
An  Account  of  his  Dying  Sayings,  and  his 
Dying  Advice  to  hb  Congregation. 

The  late  Mrs.  Chariotte  Smith  having 
drawn  up  Memoirs  of  Part  of  her  Dterary 
Life,  the  same,  accompanied  by  a  CoUectioti 
of  her  Letters,  will  shortly  be  presented  to 
the  worU,  by  one  of  the  members  of  her  &- 
mily.  • 

Dr.  Herdman  has  in  the  press  his  seoond 
discourse  on  the  interesting  subject  of  the 
management  of  Infants  and  the  treatment  of 
their  diseases.  It  is  written  in  a  plain  fii* 
iniliar  st)  U  tp  render  it  intelligible  and  useful 


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{?tf> 


Co  mothere  and  aU  those  who  have  the  ma- 
nagement of  inCantt. 

The  first  part  of  Dr.  Clutterhuck's  inquiry 
'  into  the  seat  and  nature  of  Fever  b  expected 
fiD  make  its  appearance  in  the  course  of  the 
ensuing  month. 

'  Sir  John  Sinclair  has  nearly  ready  for 
publication  in  four  volumes  octavo,  his  long 
promised  Code  of  Health  and  Longevity ; 
consisting  of  a  detail  of  the  circumstances 
which  tend  to  promote  health  and  longevity, 
with  rules  for  preserving  health. 

Dr.  Davis  is  preparing  for  the  press  an 
abridgement  of  that  rart  of  professor  PineVs 
celebrated  work  on  Philosophical  Nosogia- 
phy,  which  treats  of  febrile  disorders. 

The  fifth  edition  of  Parkinson's  medical 
adq^onitions  to  families  is  now  in  the  oress. 
To  this  edition  has  been  added  several  im- 
portant instruotions  respecting  the  treatment 
of  diseases,  by  an  early  attention  to  which 
the  progress  oi  diseases  may  be  stopped,  and 
further  aid  rendered  unnecessary.  Sudi  ob- 
8er\'atioQs  are  also  introduced  as  will  mark 
•  the  degrees  of  danger  in  the  sick,  shew  the 
difference  between  one  disease  and  another, 
point  out  the  duties  of  those  who  attend  on 
\  the  sick,  and  teach  the  proper  management 
of  complaints  incident  to  children. 

In  the  course  of .  nest  nondi  will  be  com- 
menced the  Political  Review,  and  Monthly 
Repster,  by  B.  Flower,  of  Harlow,  con- 
taining remarks  on  the  state  of  public  alTairs, 
a  recora  of  the  most  important  events,  foreign 
and  domestic,  state  papers,  parliamentary 
proceedings,  a  review  of  the  principal  pubh- 
cations  relating  to  general  politics  and  civil 
and  religious  liberty,  original  correspondence, 
&c  &c. 

J.  GifFoid  and  H.  R.  Yorke,'  Esqrs.  have 
In  ^reat  forwardness,  the  History  of,  the 
administration  of  the  late  William  Pitt, 
which  will  be  comprised  in  four  octavo  vo- 
lumes. 

In  a  few  days  will  be  published  in  six 
laraje  vdumes  octavo,  the  speeches  made  in 

Saniameot  by  the  Right  Honourable  Charles 
ames  Fox,  and  the  Right  Honourable 
William  Pitt,  in  the  order  in  which  they 
were  actually  delivered  in  the. House  of  Com- 
mons, and  opposed  to  each  other  in  recular 
order.  The  public  will,  by  this  mode  of 
arrangement,  be  put  into  possession  of  all 
the  main  ar^ments  that  have  been  produced 
for  and  against  ever)*  great  political  question 
that  has  been  agitated  during  the  last  thirty 
years  ^  a  period  of  imcommon  interest  to 
every  lover  of  his  countr\%  and  indeed  to 
every  individual  of  the  civilized  world.  Pre- 
fixed to  the  first  volume  will  be  given  me- 
moirs, drawn  from  amhentic  sources,  of  the 
gentlraien  whose  characters  the  work  is  in- 
tended tQ  iiiustiatc  j   and  the  whole  will  be 


accompanied  with  such  botes  and  introducto- 
ry observations  as  will  render  it  a  brief  his- 
tory of  the  times  in  which*  these  cdh^bn^ed 
statesmen  flourished. 

In  the  course  of  this  year,  M.  C.  Malorti 
de  Martemont,  Master  of  Fortification  and 
Artillery,  at  the  Royal  Miliury  Academy  at 
Woolwich,  will  publish  by  subscription,  (to 
be  paid  on  delivery)  An  Essay  on  Military 
Reconnoitring ;  with  the  Method  of  Survey- 
ing in  the  Field,  either  with  or  without  In- 
struments,  by  lacing,  on  Horseback,  and  by 
the  Eye.  ' 

A  new  work  commences  with  diis  year  in^ 
titled.  The  Fathers  of  the  En^sh  Chuich  ; 
or  Selections  fipom  the  Writings  of  the-  Re- 
formers and  early  Divines  c?  the  Bngltsh 
Protestant  Church.  The  series  will  oom* 
mence  with  the  Works  of  Tindal,  and  a 
number  will  continue  to  be  published  regular* 
ly  on  the  first  day^f  each  succeeding  month. 

The  Leadmz  Features  of  the  Gospel  de- 
lineated, bv  the  Rev.  N.  Sloan,  Minister  of 
Domock,  Dumfrieshire,  will  appear  in  a  few 
da>-s.      ^ 

A  new  edition  of  Clavigero*s  History  of 
Mexico  is  in  preparation. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Patteson,  M.  A.  author 
of  a  General  and  Classical  Atlas,  will  speedi- 
ly publish  An  Introduction  to  Ancient  and 
Modem  Geography,  in  one  small  octavo  vo- 
lume, in  the  preface  to  which  Mr.  P.  will 
particularly  describe  a  method  of  applying  the 
Atlas  to  purposes  of  geographical  instruction* 

The  fifth  edition  of  Curiosities  of  Litem* 
ture  is  now  in  the  press  :  the  work  is  entirely 
recast:  the  most  interesting  topics  are  more 
completely  and  curiously  investigated,  and  it 
has  oeen  the  study  of  the  writer  to  class  and 
to  compress  as  many  c\-ents  of  Literary  His- 
tory as  the  limits  of  the  work  alfowed. 

The  Dramatic  Mirror,  containing  the  Pro- 
gress of  the  English  Stage  from  the  Days  of 
Julius  Ciesor  to  the  present  TuiiOv  will  be 
published  next  month. 

An  Abrickement  of  Search's  Light  of' N)sl* 
ture  Pursued  is  in  the  press. 

A  new  translation  from  the  last  P^ris  edi* 
tion  of  Voltaire's  History  of  Charles  Xllth, 
King  Oi  Sweden,  with  a  Biographical  me- 
moir of  the  author,  will  ajipear  eariy  in  thia 
month. 

FKANCB. 

On  account  of  the  late  changes  in  forei^ 
relations,  as  well  as  the  internal  affairs  of  va- 
rious countries,  many  alterations  both  with 
regard  to  authorised  codes  of  law,  and  natio- 
nal catechisms,  which  deserve  to  be  noticed, 
will  tak^  place.  As  such,  the  new  French 
civil  codex,  as  soon  as  the  Italian  translation 
thereof  shall  have  been  completed,  will  be 
immediately  introduced,,  without  exception. 


Digitized 


byGoogk 


mn 


lAlerary  PratpecdviP. 


[sgfi 


mko  tht  kmgdom  of  Itafy»  and  most  probably, 
ftl^o  ftoto  the  kmedoRi  of  Nafjks.  Some  ad- 
iFkes  seem  to  lead  to  a  supposition  that  these 
codes  will  also  be  introduoed  into  the  States  of 
the  Rhcuihh  confederacy. — ^Whether  the  new 
Freodi  catec'hi^m  will  be  introduoed  into  the 
ttth«r  catholic  confederate  states,  is  not  yet  so 
ceitain.  Tliey  calcnlate  on  &o  great  a  tiv- 
ffuind  for  4he  catechism,  that  it  is.  to  be  print* 
.  ed  ip  ftueotvpe,  and  a  bookseller  has  purchas- 
€«i  the  eopy right  Ux  25,1000  dollars. 

The  ascendancy  vihich  l^n^ish  literature^ 
lias  obtained  in  France,  is  most  clearly  eviocrd 
hy  |Jm  pr<^ected  commencemeiu  of  a  ^ionthly 
]Upertory  of  Englbh  literature,  to  be  printed 
isi  Englifh,  at  Biris.  It  is  to  contain  a  cuta- 
iogup  of  all  books  published  io  Great  Britain, 
wd  reviews  of  every  work  deserving  notice, 
(poUtics  eKcepted),  together  with  the  proceed- 
ings of  Icftmed  Societies  $  the  progress  of  the 
inearts;  theatrical  pKxiiictions ;  patenu  for 
Mtw  discoveries ;  biographical  memoirs  of  re- 
foarkable  diaracters  deceased ;  reports  on  the 
state  of  commeicey  agriculture,  &c. 

M.  L.  Dubut  intends  to  publish  a  work 
intftlcd  Chril  Architecture ;  it  is  intended  to 
exhibit  more  particularly.  Country  Hoiises  of 
all  speeies  and  forms,  intended  for  erection  On 
domains  of  different  extent ;  far  the  senicc, 
not  only  af  persons  whose  professional  occu- 
fctions  are  enpged  in  this  department,  but 
also  (or  such  as  may  wish  to  superintend  the 
cxection  of  their  own  buildings. 

8W£DEV. 

The  Swedish  law  Jiod  the  old  Swedish  cstte- 
chism  of  Serebelius,  arc  introduced  into  Swe- 
dish Pomerania.  The  court  chaplain,  Lude- 
ke,  at  Kordkoping[,  has  been  appointed  to 
tranalatf  the  catechism  into  German,  for  the 
.  uicof  theichgols  in  Pomerania ;  and  the  court 
chapbin.  Dr.  Hackenburg,  of  Stockholm, 
Iranslates  the  Swedish  lituw  into  German. 
A  Qcrman  translation  of  the  Swedish  laws  is 
alseady  prepared. 

AHOHXTECTURAL     NOMIKCLATURE.- 

From  Bntton't  Architectural  Antiquities. 
The  usual  common-place  tenns  of' 
Saxon  and  Gothic,  are  not  only  extremely 
vague,  hut,  ftom  indiscriminate  appKcation, 
ate  o!>mpletely  nugatory.  It  is  time  this  was 
temedisd ;  and  it  is  ratner  a  reproach  to  anti- 
C'jarian  literature*  that  such  improper  and 
'«mperfea  words  should  have  so  long  continued 
in  general  use.  Though  almost  ever>  writer 
on  tills  subject  reprobates  the  latter  term  as 
applied  to  architecture,  yet  all  continue  to  asc 
it,  as  if  it  were  criminalio  correct  inaccuracy, 
or  oppose  an  absurd  custom,  that  wouM  be 
*•  more  lioiKmred  in  the  breach,  than  in  the 
^bscrvinoe.*'  Tliough  I  am  not  disposed  to 
emplcy  an  imperious  dictatorial  tone,  to  en- 
ibrce  uift  necessity  of  the  following  arranged 

'     )'-'    ^    -  oJ 

■   y  /  '    *. 


i  f 


SMtnt  and  classHieiSioii,  yet  FanpetMiatal 
that  every  one  who  feels  tiie  aeoessiiy  of  vea* 
deting  language  unequhtcal*  of  being  definite 
and  precise  io  his  own  writings,  and  who 
hopes  to  avoid  all  mistakes  in  construing  tise 
terms  employed  by  others,  will  adanit  the  pro- 
priety of  the*^  plan  now  si^ggrstrd,  or  give  it  a 
Letter  iiicdiBcation. 

I  would  recommend  that  each  dec*isi\'C  va- 
riety uf  style,  in  ancient  buildings,  be  do- 
signaled  by  one  of  the  following  plirases. 
agreeably  to  the  esa  of  its  prevalence  ^  and  to 
be  more  precise  in  these,  it  may  be  necessary 
to  specify' five  divbions,  or  eras  of  time  j  each 
of  which  is  marked  bv  a  distinct  style  of 
architecture  in  the  public  buildings  erected 
during  tlie  respective  penods. 

First  style. — Anglo-Saxon,  This  %vin  em- 
brace all  buildings  that  were  erected  betweea 
the  times  of  the  conversion  of  the  Saxons,  and 
the  Norman  conquest,  from  A.  D.  6g7»  *> 
A.  D.  1006, 

Second  style.^Anglo-Norman,  by  which 
will  be  meant  that  style  which  prrvafiled  from 
1 066  to  11 89,  including  the  reigns  of  Wil- 
liam  I.  and  II.  Henry  I.  Stct^en,  and 
llcnrv  H. 

Third  style.— E«^/i*A,  from  1189  to  1272t 
embracing  ihe  reigns  of  Richard  I.  John,  and 
Henry  III. 

Fourth  style. — Decorated  En^lisk^  from 
1272  to  1401,  tncludinff  the  reigns  of  Ed- 
waid  I.  II.  and  III.  Ricnard  II.  and  Henry 
IV.  V.  and  VI.' 

Fifth  style.— ^A/y  decorated,  w  Jiarii 
English,  irom  1401  to  1509»  tnehiding  the 
reigns  of  Kdward  IV.  and  V.  Bicbaid  III. 
and  Henry  VII. 

From  this  eta  we  lose  aiji^t  of  all  style  ud 
conaruity ;  and  the  public  buildinn  erected 
during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.  may  be  characterized  by  die 
terms  of  debased  English,  or  Ang^Italian. 

Though  each  is  very  distioct  and  difiemt 
from  the  other,  yet  during  the  intemscdiale 
time  when  one  style  was  growing  into  repote 
and  the  other  tunkins  in  favour,  there  wiU  be 
found  a  mixture  of  both  in  one  building 
which  is  not  leferable  to  either,  and  whi^ 
has  constituted  the  greatest  probkm  in  anti- 
quarian science. 

^  Engravings  of  the  Moon  in  P/«iio.— The 
late  Mr.  Russell  celebrated  among  men  of 
science  for  the  production  of  the  lunar  globe, 
left  at  his  death,  two  lunar  planispheric 
drawings,  the  result  of  nnmberless  teleseopie 
observations,  scnipulouslv  measured  by  a 
micrometer :  one  of  which  drawings  exhibit^ 
the  lunar  disk  in  a  state  of  diiect  opposition 
to  the  sun,  when  the  eminences  and  de« 
pressions  arc  undetermined,  and  ereiy  intrir 
cate  part,  arising  from  colour,  form,  or  itt^ 
explicable  causes,   is  surprisiBgly  i^nkfti 


\    L 


Digitized  by 


8^3  Sialea/Tradii 

and  cscquisitdy  deUaeatcd^  thf  other,  of 
piecitely  the  same  proportion,  represenu  the 
cmiocnoes  and  depnusions  of  the  moon  He- 
tcrmincd  as  to  their  form  with  the  utmost 
accuracy,  producing  their  shadows  when  the 
sun  is  only  a  few  degrees  ahov6  the  horizon 
of  each  part.  The  former  of  these  was  bcau- 
tiiuUy  and  most  correctly  engraved  hy  Mr. 
Russell,  who  had  likewise  very  considerably 
advanced  in  the  ens^ravin^jof  the  latter,  when 
death  terminated  Ins  labours ;  it  is,  howe\-er, 
left  in  such  a  for\^'arf{  state,  that  it  will  be 
finished  with  the  greatest  exactness,  and  all 
poasibk  disixttch.  ^ 

Mr.  Williaita  Russell,'^  son  of  the  htc 
Mr.  RusscD,  proposes  to  publish  by 
subscription  these  lunar  plates,  which  have 
been  long  promised  to  the  scientific  world" ; 
and  the  hrst  engraving  is  now  offered  for 
their  inspection.  The  whole  will  be  ineom- 
parably  the  most  complete  lunar  work  ever 
ofiefed  in  any  age— «  work,  the  more  care- 
fully it  is  examined,whether  as  to  itsuow-mracy 
or  elegance  (effected,  indeed,  by  extreme 
jafaour  during  twenty -one  years),  the  mwe  it 
will  excite  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  the 
dUliffent  inquirer. 

The  utility  of  these  engravinas  is  best 
expressed  in  the  author*8  own  words :  •*  The 
principal  use  of  the  moon  to  astronoiners,  is, 
that  of  ascertaining  the  longitude  of  places  by 
the  tnmsit  of  the  earth*s  shado\y,  when  the 
moon  is  eclipsed.  The  shadow  of  the  earth 
coaling  in  contact  with  many  known  spots, 
if  the  obsenration  be  made  in  different  places 
at  diit  same  time,  the  longitude  of  each 
•  place  oould|  by  this  msans  ue  ascercained 
wish  gveai  precision, 4)rovided  the  spots  to  be 
made  choice  of  be  sutTiciently  re{iresented 
and  recognised  ^  but  there  being  no  faithful 
ddineation  of  the  moon,  and  the  cdzes  of 
thots  which  are  known  being  undefined,  the 
observations  made  have  not  been  so  useful  ns 
> could  be  wished :  for  this  purpose,  it  is 
believed,  Mr.  RusselPs  labours  will  be  found 
very  useful^  and-will  venr  much  add  to  the 
oertainty  and  procbion  of  the  observations  on 
»limar  ecUpses;  as  the  chief  design  of  his 
'  planispheie,  representing  the  moon  in  a  state 
of  ojq>6sition  to  the  sun,  is  directed  to'  this 
end,  and  which  he  has  spared  no  pains  in 
bringing  to  perfection." 

These  engravings*  it  is  expected,  will  not 
only  prove  of  great  utility  to  the  astronomer,    j 
but  lead  to  many  important  speculations  in   , 
natural  philosophy.   Tne  remarkable  changes  | 
of  forms  in  various  eminences,  the  different 
radiations  of  light  observable  at  one  age  of 
the  moon  and  not  at  another,  with  iu  nu- 
merous surprising  pheiMKnena,  are  in  tliese 
plates  faithfully  and  fully  expressed,  so  as  to 
form  a  work,  it  u  presumed,  highly  interest- 
ing in  the  departmcuts  either  of  astronomy , 
or  natural  philosophy. 


'J 


[894 


STATE  OF  TRADE. 
Commerce  is  that  generally  connectiitg 
bond  which  unites  mankind  :  It  caimot  be 
disturbed  or  destroyed  in  one  place,"  so/efy. 
Those  who  raise  the  article  originally,  and 
those  who  consume  it  \  those  who  deliver, 
and  those  who  receive,  are  reciprocally deej]!y 
interested,  if  not  equally.  By  custom  and 
habit,  that  becomes  a  necessary,  which  at  first 
might  Easily  have  been  dispensed  with,  or,  if 
it  had  never  been  introduced,  the  want  of  it» 
would  not  have  been  felt.  Such  is  the  de- 
scription oi  very  many  of  the  subjects  of 
commerce.  Nature  has  distributed  to  idl 
parts  of  the  earth  sufficient  sustenance  fo( 
its  inhahituuts :  commerce  exchanges  sup<y* 
iiuities;  but,  after  a  lapse  of  time,  these  su- 
perfluities become  comforts,  and,  at  length, 
necessaries.  Whoever,  then,  prohibits  the 
exchange  of  commodities,  prohibits  the  re- 
ception of  comforts  and  necessaries,  by  those* 
to  whom  habit  is  become  a  second  nacu«e» 
and  these  &u filer  little  less  by  the  privatian*  , 
than  those  who  raise,  or  tliose  wlio  deliver, 
suffer  by  the  interruption  of  their  industij. 
It  is  true,  that,  for  a  time,  severe  edicts  may 
terrify  dealers ;  but,  after  a  while,  so  many 
will  fiiKl  their  advantage  iu  eluding  the  mea- 
sures taken  to  enforce  them,  that  in  soma 
place  or  other,  and  gradually  in  many  places, 
the  barrier  will  be  broken,  and  what  daie 
not  shew  itself  publicly,  will  be  introduced 
by  stealth.  Such  will  prove,  in  all  probabt" 
lity,  the  consequences  of  those  oppositions  to 
and  interruptions  of,  the  British  commerce  in 
Etiro|x;,  wliich  Buonaparte  has  projected  and 
endeavoured  to  establish.  Neither  will  his 
BLOCK.ADE  of  Greut  Britain,  vaatX  with  more 
effectual  success.  He  has  not  power  to  en- 
force it,  and  e3|)ecially,  as  it  is  the  mutusl 
interest  of  thousands  of  individuals,  indeed 
of  %vholc  nations,  to  counteract  the  intentions 
of  this  violent  chief.  We  hope,  therefore, 
in  no  very  distant  period  to  congratulate  our 
country  on  the  undiminished  \alue  of  its 
trade  ^  and  we  intend  to  present  in  our 
Monthly  Report,  such  iufonnaiion  as  facts 
may  warraut,  and  which  we  doubt  not  from 
the  quarter  whence  we  are  fiivoured  with  it, 
will  fully  justify  the  dependence  and  confi- 
dence of  our  readers. 

Lleyits  Coffc'C'IiOUse,  Dec,  16,  1806. 

Time  sufficient  has  not  yet  pasiied  for  the 

return  of  tlie  ships  which  'sailed  with  goods 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


«95l 


State  tf  Trdik. 


lor  BuBvos  Atrbs.  Six  w«eks  h  the  time  * 
for  a  sinjgle  ship  in  full  lading ;  eight  weeks 
ike  medium  time  for  a  convoy  of  merchant- 
men, to  accomplish  the  passage  in,  between 
the  British  West  Indies  and  the  ports  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The  distance  to 
Buenos  Ayres  is  so  much  fiirther,  that  three 
months  may  be  allotted  as  the  term  for  that 
Toyage.  Tne  returns  of  the  ships  which  have 
gone  thither,  cannot  then,  be  within  less  than 
»ix  months  from  the  period  of  their  depar- 
ture. 

It  is  not  improbable  but  the  conquest  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  other  places  on  the  conti- 
nent of  South  America,  may  be  viewed,  at 
first,  with  no  hi^  satisfaction,  by  many  in- 
Habitants  of  the  British  West  India  isles. 
Th^  smuggling  trade  bv  the  West  Indies  to 
Spanish  America  yielded,  a  hundred  years 
i^^  between  one  and  two  Jiiiilions  ster- 
ling. It  was  pnrticubrKr  encouraged,  in 
1706,  by  the  opening  dt  a  number  of  free 
ports,  to' admit  raw  materials— -excepting  only 
t]ie  staple  articles  of  British  colonial  produce ; 
and  to  send  out  British  manufactures ;  both 
■  free  of  duties*  From  those  free  ports  the 
Sponbh  dominions  in  America  have  receivc^d 
ever  since,  by  Smuggling,  a  great  share  of 
their  supplies  of  European  conmiodities. 
But  our  conquest  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  our 
new  views  on  the  continent  of  South  Ame- 
rica, now  threaten  to  change  almost  the 
whole  course  of  this  trade. 

At  Hamburgh,  and  in  other  p^rts  of  Ger- 
many, the  French  have  seized  much  less  Bri- 
tish properly  than  they  had  expected.  But, 
British  mercnants  have  not  lati-ly  hazarded 
too  much  of  their  property'  within  the  reach 
of  the  French^  upon  either  consignments  or 
unpaid  bills  of  exchange.  A  good  part  of 
the  Britisli  property  at  Hamburgh  was  re- 
shipped,  and  sent  down  the  Elbe,  as  the 
^^rencb  troops  approached.  In  other  in- 
stances, the  British  property  has  been  more 
or  less  covered  by  the  seasonable  transferrence 
of  it  to  protected  foreigners.  Not  a  few, 
however,  of  those  who  had  British  produce  or 
mannfacturej,  the  property  of  persons  of  this 
country,  in  their  liandj»  have  dishonourably 
betrayed  it  to  the  French,  and  gone  itiacks 
<%'ith  the  plunderer;}. 

Tonningcn  is,  it  seems,  shut  against  the 
British  trade.  Dantzick  is,  also,  within  the 
power  of  the  French.  As,  at  this  season, 
the  last  freights  were  prepared  to  be  sent  off 
for  the  ports  of  Britain,  before  the  shuninjr 
np  of  the  Baltic  by  tlie  winter-frosts,  it  is 
probable  that,  wherever  the  exports  of  the 
countries  on  the  Baltic  have  not  been  inter- 
cepted by' the  French  in  the  interior  country, 
they  may  have  been  shipped  for  this  country 
in  a  |>rpp'^r.ion  unusually  large.  Tlie  Baltic 
being  *nut  in  winter  by  frosts,  the  French 
progress  in  that  quarter  \vill  not,  for  some 


momhs,  materially  iiyure  tn.  Bet  it 
terrupts  cultivation,  and  breaks  into  the  steacii* 
ness  and  regularity  of  commcroial  underf  kings 
and  correspondence. 

The  port  of  Gotteabur^  is,  for  the  pre- 
sent, much  a  gainer  by  tne  obstacles  to  tlie 
British  trade  in  Germany  and  the  Baltic.  Otar 
commodities  must,  for  some  time,  be  teol 
ta  it  in  laroe  quantities. 

Although  the  amount  of  the  British  pfv>» 
perty  seizM  at  Hamburgh  be,  compatatiTi^r^ 
inconsiderable,  yet  our  trade  suffers  much,  by 
the  capture  of  that  city.    Bilk  had    been 
drawn  from  the  West  Indies  upon  the  00a- 
signmentsof  produce;  were  aa^ed;  vrere 
to  be  paid ;  could  not  be  paid  but  upon  the 
faith  of  bilb  again  drawn  upon  consignments 
to  Hambuigh.    Since  the  consignments  tt> 
Hamburg  are,  if  not  lost,  returned  un9#14» 
what  berames  of  the  bills  of  exchange  drawn 
in  dependence  on  their  sale  I    And  now  aie 
the  consignees  in  London  to  pay  the  bills  4€ 
their  West  India  correspondents?  or,  htannf^ 
raid  them,  to  replace  the  money  with  their 
bankers,  for  the  fumre  business  of  their  tnwn 
trade  ?    Besides,  so  much  West  I  ndia  produce 
being  thus  left  unsold,  sugars  and  coiiees  be- 
come quite  a  drug  in  the  market.    The  cost 
of  sogar  is  such,  that,  at  its  present  Gaxene 
price,  the  planter  can  scarcely  clear  1 2s.  per 
cwt.  by  it.    The  continent  of  Europe  is  for 
coffees,  still  more  than  for  sugars,  the  grand 
place  of  sale;  England  but  a  temporaiyde- 
pAt.    What  a  severe  blow  then,  does  the  pre- 
sent exclusion  of  British  commodities  from 
Germany  and  Hobtein  give  to  the  hopes  pi 
the  West  India  coffee  planter,  who  was  ex- 
tending his  plantations?      It   is,  however^ 
some  comfort  to  reflect,  that  the  people  oa 
the  continent  cannot  subsist  without  coffise. 
and  cannot  have  it  in  any  adequate  propor- 
tion from  Arabia  and  Turkey,  nor  tvea  by 
the  intermediation  of  the  Angio-^mericaDs, 
or  the  Danes.     It  is  also,  remarkable,  that 
our  trade  to  the  continent  of  Europe,  and 
even    that  part  of  its  export  whi<£  b  in 
colonial  produce,  shoukl  have  been,  hitherte, 
so  little  injured  by  all  Buonaparte's  malidous 
ende4>-9urs.  Its  aimual  real  vakte  still  exceeds 
.€C5,000,(KX)  sterling ;  of  which,  more  than 
ii;i3,0(X),000,  is  in  West  India  produce. 

Buonaparte  has  wildly  declared  aU  neutnl 
-ships,  entering  or  quitting  Britidi  or  Irish 
harbours,  to  be  subject  to  capture  by  Freneh 
ship  of  M-ar  or  privateers.  The  proud  for- 
mality of  declaring  th^.ports  of  the  British 
empire  in  a  stale  oT  blockade,  may  swdH  his 
presumption.  It  may  even  enhance  the  ter- 
ror witn  which  he  is  r^^dcd  on  the  conti- 
nent. W*hat  more  can  it  do  ?  The  Dancst 
the  Portuguese,  and  the  Anglo- Amcricaas, 
are  excluded  by  it,  so  iiir  as  France  has  naval 
power  to  enforce  the  blockade  trom  taking 
part,  hereafier^  in  the  carr}  ing  nafigatioa»of 


Digitized 


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•97] 


State  §/■  Trade. 


im 


British  commerce.  But»  will  dils  take  away 
the  necessity  for  British  goods  on  the  con- 
tioenty  or  in  any  other  quarter  where  they 
are  now,  in  ordinary  consumption  ?  Not  at 
ali.  It  can  operate,  only  as  a  boon  to  our 
ship-owners.  It  must  restore  to  them,  come 
.part  of  that  carrying  trade  which  had  passed 
to  neutrab,  because  neutrals  could  perform 
it  chtoper.  It  must  enhance  'the  prices  to 
the  French,  and  other  foreigners,  by  increas- 
ing the  expense  of  freight,  insurance,  and 
other  conungencies. — This  is  all. — It  will 
not  eten  encourage  the  institution  of  manu- 
factures abroad,  to  rival  ours.  The  obstacles 
of  the  wars  on  the  continent  are  too  insur- 
.mountable.  It  caunot  but  prove  teizing  to  the 
Anglo-Americans :  and  it  must  t^nd  to  en- 
iiame  their  previous  irritations  against  France. 
Our  trade  to  the  Levant,  and  to  the  Black 
•Sea,  WIS  threatened  with  some  interruption 
by  difierences  breaking  out  between  Kossia- 
.and  Turkey.  Hitherto  it  has  not  been  dis- 
turbed in  the  Turkish  ports.  In  the  ItaHan 
•teas,  and  on  the  coast  of  Barbary,  it  is  suiH- 
ciently  active.  Nor  is  it  less  so  m  the  Portu- 
guese ports,  for  the  supply  o(  Portugal,  Spain, 
and  the  Brazils. 

'  The  country  trade  of  the  British  in  India, 
•both  thai  of  the  company,  and  that  of  private 
merchants,  is  constantly  enlarged.  From  the 
Red  Sea  to  the  most  eastern  coast  of  Asia  is 
its  ran($e.  British  goods,  those  of  Abyssinia, 
Arabia,  and  Persia,  those  of  Hincfoostan, 
.China,  &c.  are  the  subjects  of  its  traffic.  It 
.carries  its  enterprises  a  great  way  inland.  It 
is  incessantly  enlarging  the  Oriental  markets 
.i>r  British  manufactures. 

The  agricultural  colony  at  Botany  Bay  is 
•advancing  gradually  into  a  great  mart  for  both 
British  and  East  IiKlia  produce.  It  is  expected 
that  the  colonists  of  that  settlement  may  be 
shortly  able  to  furnish,  from  hides  and 
wool,  hemp  and  flax,  their  share  in  the 
Southern  Whale  Fishery,  and  from  the  nart 
the|y  may  take  in  the  fuf-tmde  between  Inaia, 
ana  the  north-west  coast  of  America, — ex- 
.pcnrts  sufficaeat  to  repav  for  all  the  imports 
which  the  progress  ot  toe  colony  demands. 

It  is  proposed,  as  an  object  liighly  impor- 
tant in  a. commercial  view,  to  make  a  small 
establishment,  on  the  now  almost  depopulated 
island  of  Otaheitc ;  and  to  render  it  useful  in 
•  th^  navifi^ion  to  and  from  liotnuy  Buy,  as  a 
place  where  ships  may  procure  abundant  siip 

gies  of  pork  and  vegetables.     The  King  of 
whyhee  is  making  himself  ma'Jtcr  of  the 
other  Sandwich  IsU'5;  is  improving  them  to 
the  greatest  prosperity  of  agriculture  and  po- 
pulation ;  is  ambitious  to  make  them  .^^eats  of 
,  juanofuctaresand  oommcrcc ;  and  even  proposes 
lo  open  a  trade  to  Nootka  Sound,  and  to  Bengal. 
The  trade  for  furs  to  the  north-webt  coast  of 
America  is  entirely,  or  almost  entirely,  in 
ihe  hands  of  the  subjects  of  the  United  S'tates. 
Vol.  I.     ILit.  Pan.  Jan.  I807.] 


It  is  lucrative.  India  and  China  are  the  pbces 
of  sale  for  the  furs.    One  should  think,  that 
It  might  have  been  shared  by  British  subjectf . 
But,  our  Canada  fur  trade  is  profitable ;  as  is, 
likewise,  that  of  thcs  Hudson's  Bay  company. 
The  progress  of  the  Anglo  American  com- 
merce desen-es  particular  notice.  The  United 
States  avail  themselves,  every  day,  moredf 
their  extent  of  sea-coast,  their  great  rivers^ 
their  ship-timber  and  all  their  other  advan- 
tages for  navigation  and  commerce.  They  tnwk 
directly  to  our  estabPishments  in  the  East;  and 
supply  not  orily  America,  but  even  Europe 
with  East-India  commodities.    They  are,  at 
the  present  time,  carriers  of  the  greater  part  of 
imports  to  the  value  of  between  nine  and  ten 
millions  sterling,  which  America  receives,  an- 
nually, fsom  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  They 
have  long  carried  on  a  vast  trade  to  the  French 
and  Spanish  West-Indies.  They  acquire  con* 
tinually  more  of  the  provision  and  lumber 
trade  of  our  British  sugar  colonies. 

The  commercial  intercourse  between  Lon« 
don  and  Ireland  is,  now,  in  full  activuy. 
The  exchange  with  Dublin  is  but  at  13  per 
cent,  3i  above  par,  against  Ireland.  The  im- 
ports from  Ireland  into  the  port  of  London, 
m  the  14  days,  ending  December  3th,  wei% 
40  tons  of  beef;  5g5  tons  butter;  40  toosba* 
con ;  10  tons  paper ;  40  cwt.  bees  wax ;  24,830 
gallons  of  Irish  brandy;  1,100,000  qmlls; 
653,623  yards  of  Irish  linen.  Of  these  arti- 
cles there  are  so  many,  not  in  raw  produce, 
but  in  different  states  of  manufacture,  as  to 
evince,  that,  if  the  political  turbolenoe  of  their 
country  were  once  entirely  at  rest,  the  Irish 
might  quickly  enrich  themselves  by  manu* 
facturihg  industry,  to  a  degree  that  should  leave 
them  nothing  to  envy  in  the  manufacturing 
wealth  and  activity  ot  Great  Britain.      ' 

The  3  per  cents,  now  fluctuate  between  68 
and  5y.  The  necessit)-  tliat  many  stockhold* 
ers  are  under,  to  sell  out  more  or  less,  for  the 
payment  of  their  Christmas  bills,  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  chief  cause  of  tit.-  .e 
decline  in  the  prices  of  Stock.  The  late  dis- 
appointments at  Hamburg  have  aided  this  ef- 
fect. It  is,  besides,  natural,  however  mode- 
rate the  loan  immediately  wanted  for  the  ser-  ' 
vice  of  Government,  that  die  cxpecution  of 
such  a  loan,  should  operate,  in  some  sort,  to 
the  dcpretiation  of  the  present  Stocks.  Omni- 
um, a  few  months  since,  at  13  percent,  prem. 
is  now  below  l  per  cent  premium.  The 
following  facts  are  interesting  in  the  review  of 
the  fluctuations  of  our  stocks  since  1792. 
3  i)ercentConsoI.  March  1792  .  .  .  gsf: 

May  19th,  1797  .  .  .  47i 

May  3Ut,   1802  .  .  .  7of 

. April  8th,    .  .  .  76I 

April  2l8t.   1802  .  .  .  78i 

— — —  Feb.  iJJrd,   1803  ...  72 
'  ■■  ■   ■      March  8th,  1803.  .  .  63 
-  Nov.  3pth,  1800*  .  .  .  a8i 


2  Q 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


S99l 


List  of  Bankrupts. 


[900 


BANKRUPTCIES   SUPERSEDED. 
H^f  99.    E»  ATcmnje)os>  of  Chiispin-fttreet,  Spitil- 

fields,  merchant. 
D«c.  6.    Joseph  Steel,  East  Retford,  Nottingham- 

ihiie,  check-manufrcturer. 

BANKRUPTS. 
Kotf.  22.    R.  Hamilton,  Stalbridge,  linen-draper. 

jUtaniey,  Warry,  New-inn. 
W.  Dingle,  Exeter,  flour-merchant.    j4u.  Sard, 

Smrgr-«treet,  Strand. 
J.  A.  Whitcomb,  Gosport,  common-brewer.    Att, 

Shelton>  Session-house,  London. 
C.  Field,  Bath,  hatter,    j^tt.  Nethersole  and  Co. 

Essex-street,  Strand. 
J.  Wareing,  Goosnargh,  farmer.    Att.  Barrets, 

H6lboro-court,  Gray's-inn. 
T.   Harris,  Oxford-«tTcet,    and  B'ackfriars-road, 

mattrass-maker.    jitt.  Berry  and  Co.  Walbrook. 
T.  Bywater,  Tadcastcr,  common-bre^r.     JU. 

Barber,  GrayVinn. 
J.  Dalton  and'  C.  Wilton,  Birmingham,  dealers  in 

flax.    Att,  Egerton,  Gray's-inn. 
T.  Canurll,  Manchester,  straw-hat  manufiicturer. 

AU,  Ellis,  Chancery-lane. 
T.  Morgan,  of  Downend,  Glocestershire,  com^ 

factor.    Att.  James,  GrayVinn. 
5.  Chamberlain,  PrinccVplace,  Lambeth,  dealer. 

An,  Webb,  St.  Thomas-street. 
J,  G.  Smyth  f  Dycr's-court,  Aldermanbury,  in- 

siirance-broker.     Att.  Dennetts  and  Greaves, 

King's  ArmVjrard,  Colcman-strect. 
'    £.  Baildon,   Manchester,  grocer.    Att.  I  lolland, 

Manchester. 
H.  Lee,  HoUywell-street,  Shoreditch,  silversmith. 

Alt.  Lodington  and  Hall^  Crown  Oflice-row, 

Temple. 
J.  Percival,  New  Lohdon-«treet,  merchant.    Att. 

Druce,  Billiter-square. 
G.  Williams,  Bristol,  broker.    Att.  Shephard  and 

Adlington,  Bedford-row. 
%  Baddeley,  Wbitechapel,  grocer.    Att.  Riving- 

ton,  Fcnchurch-buildmgs. 
T.  Whallcy,  Liverpool,  merchant.    ^«.  Black- 
stock,  St.  Mi  Idred's-court,  Poultry. 
Tf  Williams,  Swansea,    4^c<'*    ^^t.  Blandford 

and  Sweet,  Inner  Temple. 
R.  F.  Saunders,  Enfield  Chace,  grazier.     Att. 

Nettkfbld,  Bouverie-strcet,  Fleet-street. 

Nov.  25.    Gustavss  Clay,  Totnesu,ricvonshirc,  car- 
penter.   Att.  Alexander,  Bedford-row. 

John  Kent  the  younger,  Southwick,  Southamp- 

-    ton,  builder.    Att.  Atheson  and  Morgan,  Au- 
stin-friars. 

Geo.  Bradley,    Warrington,    Lanc^ter,   grocer. 
Att.  Blackstock,  Poultry. 

I  ten.  Weeks,  Edgwarerroad,  Middlesex,  carfipf. 
Att.  Sale,  Strand. 

John  PindcT,  Cudworth^  York,  maltster.    Atf. 
Blcasdale,  New-inn. 

Sjfah  Stiles,  and  Mason  Stiles,  Dorking,  Surrey, 
plumbers.    Att.  Mills,  Ely-place. 

Win.  Roiwc,  Worcester,  silversmith.    Alt,  Becke, 
BreamVbuildings,  Chancery-lane. 

Robr.  Pfiugic,    Northumberland-Street,    Strand, 
jeweller.  Alt.  Jennings  and  Co41i6c,  Sbkerlane. 

^'or.  99«    Clement  Clements,-  Dagenham,  Essex, 
potatoc-merchant.      Att.  'Harding,    Primrose- 
ftreet,  Buhop^g  At. 
Thos.  Edwards,  "Duek's^foot-laac,  Upper  l,\juii:3- 


street,   cotton-mamiftLCtuiet.      Att.    Edwaidi 

Castle-street. 
Thos.  J.  Hopkins,  Chigwell^  Essex,  brcwrcr.    Att, 

Martin,  Vintner's-hall. 
Thos.  E.  Smith,  Great  Trinity-lane,  leather-seller. 

Att.  Bolton  and  Co.  Lawrence  Poancney-hill. 
Chaa.  William  the  elder,  'Tumham-green,  butchec 

Att.  Kibblewhite  and  Co.  Grajr's-inn-place. 
Wm.  Manby,  Strand,  oil  and  colourman.    Alt 

Spike,  Elm-court,  Temple. 
Isaac  Mcncelin  and  David  Amick,  Cheapside,  per- 
fumers.   Att.  Clark,  Sadlers-hall,  Cbcapade. 
Luke  Severn,  Colcman-strect,  trunk-maker.    Att. 

Popkin,  Dean-6treet,  Soho. 
Chas.  Cartv^right,  Compton-strect,  Soho,  leadia* 

seller.    Att.  Heath,  Bermondsey-square. 
Chas.  Miles,  Bermondsey-street,  Soutfawark,  fcfl- 

monger.    Att.  Sykes  and  Co.  New-inn. 
David  Rees,  Swansea,  dealer.      Ait.   Bimitotd 

and  Sweet,  Temple. 
John  G,  Bradley,  Warrington,  Laacashiie>  gfooer. 

Att.  Blackstock,  St.  Mildred's-cooft,  Poultry. 
Dec.  a.    Franc.  Marshall,  Strand,  jcwdlef.    Att. 

Atkinson,  Castle-street,  Falcon-square. 
John  Cook,  Widford,   Essex,   victualler.     AtU 

Aubrey,  Took's-court,  Cvrattot-street. 
Wm.    Hopkins,    Lemon-street,    London,    silb 

thrower.    yf/<  Pamell,  Spitalfields.    , 
Dec.  6.    Chas.  Manley,"  Angel-court,  Tbrognior- 

ton-street,  merchant.    Att.  Stevens,  IjitdcSt. 

Thomas  Aposde. 
Wm.  H.  Pullen,    Dartmouth,  spirit-merdiant 

Att,  Wright  and  Bovill,  Chancery-lane. 
Jesse  Johnson,   Macclesfield,  Cheshire,   cotton- 
spinner.    Att.  Edge,  Inner  Temple,  London. 
Emanuel  Parquet,  Goswell-place,  City-road,  rec- 
tifier.    Att.  Palmer  and  Co.   Copthall-court, 

Throgmorton-street. 
John  Cherry,  St.  John-street,  cabmet-maker.  Att. 

Jones  and  Rcynall,  Lord  Mayor's  Court-ofllcr. 
Wm.  Ticken,  Marlow-bridge,  Berkshire,  dealer. 

Att.  Edmunds  and  Son,  Exchequer-office  of 
.     Pleas,  Lincoln*s-inn. 

Jos.  Rowland,  Grcystoke-place,  Fetter-plane,  car- 
penter.   Atf.  Lee,  Castle-street,  Holbom. 
Jas.  Richmond,   South  Shields,  merchant.    Att. 

Bell  and  Brodrick,  Bow-lane,  Cheapside. 
Sam.  Pearson,  Kexby  Bridge,  Yorkshire,  con*- 

factor.    ^».  Evans,  Thaviflt-inn. 
Sam.  Dyke,  Bartholomew-olost,  tea-dealer.    Att. 

Highmoor,  Queen-ctreet,  Cheapside. 
Sam.  Bcswick  and  John  Grime,  Hulmt,  Man^ 

Chester,  oommon-brewec^.    Att.  Kay  and  Rcb- 

shaw,  Manchester. 

Dec.  9.    Step.  Hambidge,  Fetter-lane,  and  Wm. 

Hambklge,  of  Stroud,  Qlocestershiie,  doihien« 

Att.  Constable,  Sjrmond's-inn. 
Piercy  Roberts,  Long-acre,  victualler,    Att.  Mur- 
phy, Bouveric-strect. 
Wui.  Thompson,  Woodford,   Essex,  apothecary. 

Atf.  Mills  and  Robinson,  Parliament-street. 
Thos.  Wright,  Bollington,  Cheshire,  inoholdcr. 

Att.  Hall,  Macclesfield. 
John  Dyson,  Tottenham,  gardener.    Att.  Tiykjr, 

Waltham-Abbcy,  Essex. 
Sam.  Strctton,  Willingdon,  Sussex,  shopkeq^r. 

Alt.  LanxridgcAud  Kell,  Lewes. 
John  Edwaids,  Liverpool,  merchant.    AtL  Blacip* 

siocl^  St.  Mildred Vcourt,  Poultry. 


Digit 


zed  by  google 


901] 


Army 
merchtnt.     AU* 


Promotions. 


m 


Att. 


Hloi.   Btilow,   Manchester, 

MUne  and  Parry,  Old  Jcwty. ,    . 
Dec,  13,    J.  Wiic,  Manchester,  ootton-mcrdiant. 

An,  Duckworth  and  Chippindall,  Manchester. 
Edw.  Roberts,  Bush-lane,  merchant.    AtU  Sher- 

wood.  Cushion-court,  Old  Broad-street. 
Edw.  Morgan,  Noble^trcet,  warehouseman, 

Swain  and  Stevens,  Old  Jewry. 
Thos.  Steadman,  late  of  Redmire,  Yorkshire,  gro- 
cer. An,  E.  Chippendale,  KingVBcnch  Walks, 

Inner  Temple. 
John  Mouk,  King-street,  Covcnt-gardcn,  vmtner. 

^«.  James  Richardson, New-inn. 
John  Shoolbred  and  Whi.  Williams  of  Mark-lane, 

merchants.    -rf(«.  Walton,  Girdlcrs'-Hall,  Ba- 

singhall-fitireet.  ^ 

Albert  Vodcll,  of  Paul's-Chain,  tirrier. 

Dec.  16.    John  S.  Peacock,  Gray*8-inn-toe,  vie- 

toalkr.    Att.  Shaw,  Dyer's-buUdings,  Holboro. 
John  EndaU,  Ovemorton,  Oxfordshire,  carrier. 

AU,  Mcyri<*  and  Biodcrip,  Red  Lion-square. 
John  Martin,  jun.  and  John  Russell,  Liverpool, 

merchants.    -rf«.  John  Cukitt,  Liverpool. 
Jot.  Goodwin,  Manchester,  calioo-manufecturer. 

AtL  Cheshyre  and  Walker,  Manchestw. 
Wm.  Heywood,  sen.  Marsden,  Yorkshire,  cotton- 

spinner.    ^«.  Evans,  Tharies-inn. 
Jw.Woodbumc,  Lancaster,  druggist.    ^«.  Blake- 
lock,  Elm-court,  Temple. 
Jolm  Crocker,  Go8port,ship-chindlcr.    AtuYfiV 

liams  and  Brooks^  Uncoln's-inn. 
Jas.Milne8,jun.  Saddleworth,  Yorkshire,  clothier. 

AlU  Bd«?n"«^«  and  Son,  LincolnVinn. 
i>cc.  00.     Thof.  Sutton,  Rmgmore,  Devonshire, 

ship-builder.     Att.  Williams  and  Manning, 

Exeter. 
Geo.  Leathern,  Topsham,  Devonshire,  shipwright. 

Att.  Bowring,  Exeter. 
Bobi.  Mason,  Purleigh,  Essex,  dealer.  Att,  Druce, 

BUliter-square. 
John  Hubbard,  Bcthnall  Green,    brewer.    Att, 

Collins  and  Waller,  Spital-square. 
John  Rensford,  of  Fleet  Market,  victualler.    Att, 

Bhndford  and  Sweet,    King's  Bench  Walks, 

Temple. 
Wm.  Wright,    Borough  High-strcrt,    plumber. 

AU,  Barrow,  Threadneedle-street. 
James  Milhtf,  Liverpool,  merchant.    Att.  John 

Cukit,  Liverpool.       / 
Thoa.  Bancutt,  LongBuckby,  Northamptonshire, 

money-scrivener.    Att,  Burton,  Daventry. 
Geo.   Hawkes,    Longfleet,  Dorsetshire,   tanner. 

^C/.  Parr,  Poole. 
Jas.  Burt,  N<^  Lisle-street,  Leicester-fields,  straw 

hat  manufacturer.    Att.  Beaurain  and  Dalton, 

Union-street,  Bishopsgate. 
John  Bowman,  Water-lane,  Tower-street,  bnndy- 

mercfaant.    -<^M.  Druce,  BiUiter-^juare. 


ARMY  PROMOTIONS. 

VaOM  THE  LOHDOW  OAZ«TTE-— Oct   14* 

^th  Poot^^M^k  Htm,  B.  Cochrane,  9^  foot,  to 
be  lieot.  col. «.  Hart^-^Sns.  R.  Robison,  to  be 
lieut.— T.  L*Estrange  to  be  ens.  v.  Robison 

37^  <fo.— Ueat.  B.  F.  Hall,  I4  foot,  to  be  lieut. 
V,  Drewiy 

38M  <io.— Ens.  J.  Minchia  aod  T^  Bat««U  to  be 


;      rKuts.^-F.  B.  Sonndwith,  to  be  ens.  v.  Minchin 

-^P.  Blake  to  be  ens.  v.  Batwell 
2Sth  ^.— Ens.  1.  A.  Jones  to  be  lieut.  v.  Chufdi. 

— G.  Shuttleworth  to  be  ens.  v.  Jones 
4fiih  ^.— Ens.  A.  CameiOD  to    be   lieut.-^. 

Moore  to  be  ens.  v.  Cameron.^-C.  Smith  to  be 

ens.  V.  Watson 
4f2d  do,^  Milne  to  be  ens.  v.  Bissett 
SOth  ^.— L.  W.  Stapleton  to  be  capt.  v.  Ford.— 

Ens.  R.  North  to  be  lieut. — Ens.  T.  Bate  to  be 

Ueut.  V.  Stapleton. — R.  Sanderson  to  be  ens.  v. 

North 
Sith  ^.'-^pt.  W.  Burgh,  60  foot,  to  be  cape  «• 

Howard,  exch. — ^Ens.  T.  Chatteris  to  be  lieut. 

V,  Kirby. — ^E.  Hall  to  be  ens.  v,  Chatteris 
Sgth  (/o.-<-Ens.  H.  Pitman  to  be  lieut.  v.  Dawsom 

— W.  Waring  to  be  ensign  r.  Pitman 
€Oth  ^.— Capt.  T.  Howard,  54  foot,  to  be  capc* 

v.  Burgh.— J.  Pageto  be  ens.  v.  M'Intosh 
63d  do. — ^H.  Harrison  to  be  lieut.  v,  Snape  . 
66th  do.— -W.  Fillingfaam,  Esq.  to  be  paymastei; 

V.  Nicholb 
67th  do. — Assist,  surg.  T.  Batt,  44  foot  to  be  as«st. 

sure.  V.  Vetch 
71f/  <to.— Assist.  Surg.  C.  H.  Quin,  from  half 

pay,  to  be  assist,  surg. 
82d  do.^Ens.  J.  F.  Delmont  to  be  lieut^-Jaa. 

Jackson  to  be  ens.  v.  Delmont 
87a  do.— Ens.  C.  Cox  to  be  lieut.—  •—  Haddick 

to  be  ens.  v.  Cox 
88M  dowLieut.  G.Boidwine  1  G.  B.  to  be  lieut. 
89^^  ito.— Ens.  J.  Maguire  to  be  lieut.— R.  Shnp^ 

son  to  be  ens.  v.  Maguire. 
901k  do.— JEns.  F.  Mason  to  be  lieut.-^W.  Swee- 
ney to  be  ens.,  v.  Mason 
S6th  do. — Ens.  and  adj.  J.  Cudbertson  to  have  the 

rank  of  lieut. — ^Ens.  G.  Gofdonto  belreut;^— M. 

Balfour  to  be  ens.  v.  Goidon.-^.  Omsby  to  bt 

ens.  V.  Dougan  ^ 

Ut  tr.  I,  A^— Eos..  J.  Biasett,  42  foot  to  be  ens.  v. 

Anton 
6tkdo. — Lieut  Hon.  H.  Percy,  7  foot  to  be  capt. 

V,  Henry  ' 

Royal  j(frican  Corps^ — ^Ens.  A.  L3rmbumer  to  be 

lieut.  V.  Higgins  appointed  to  46  foot.— C.  Red- 
mond to  be  ens.  t).  Lymbuyner 
5M  R.  F,  B.— Capt.  D.  Nixon,  6  R.  V.  B.  to  be 

capt.  V,  Campbell 
Brevet. — ^Maj.  G.  W.  Phipps,  inroector  of  the 

Royal  Military  Academy,    Woolwicb,   to  be 

lieut.  col. 
SM  fr.  J.  R.~-S.  Gner,  lately  soperieded  as  liesc 

to  be  reinstated 

Octo^lS. 
2d  Life  Guards. — J.  Moore,  Esq.  to  be  stugeooy 

V.  Bactar 
4th  i>ra^oR5.— Cornet  D.  J.  Webb  to  be  lieut. 

V.  Phibbs 
9/A  Lt,  Dragonw.^»Ucot.  T.  Foister  from  h.  p. 

1  drag.gvuirds,  to  belieut. 
loth  do, — ^Hon.  J.  Coventry  to  be  comet, «.  Wil- 
liams 
lith  do. — Comet  T.  Gaitskle  to  be  lieut  v.  Cra- 

cralt.— 4ieut.  T.  Crawfofd,  95  foot  ta  be  ooniet,  • 

V.  Gaitside  ^ 

I6th  do.—Lieut.  G.  Vernon,  33  It  drag,  to  be 

lieut  V.  Bolton  who  exch. 
33d  dd. — Lieut.  A.  Bolton^  16  h.  drag,  to  be  lieot* 

V.  Vernon. 
1st  Poot4 Hendcnoo  to  be  ens.  «.  Canxeiple 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


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Arm  5    ProfHotionf, 


{SM 


9ih  AK»e..-Siit.  J.  M*Mahoa  to  be  lieut.  v.  G. 

Brown 
ilth  do. — Uea.  G.  P«ale  lobccuit.  o.  Baion  Ebm 
IStk  do^^Em,  J.  F.  King  to  be  lieat. 
^th  do, — Lieut.  II:  Bloomfield,  Ballltc's  reg.  to 

be  ens.  v.  Wheeler  who  exch. 
aSd  d6:^J2d  lieut.  L.  Ball  to  be  Ut  licutw^W.  H. 

Brovmson  to  be  3d  lieut.  v.  Ball 
3^k  io.-~Maj.  J.  Bodkin,  h.  p.  9  foot  to  be  maj. 

V.  Browne,  who  exch. 
4*2^  do. — A.  Burnett  to  be  ens.  v.  Heathoote 
43d  'do. — E.  Edge  to  be   ens.  v,  Ridout.— »  — 

Creighton  to  be  en8.  r.  Price 
46m  do. — S.  L.  Calder  to  be  ens.  t;.  Prevott    i 
4,9'h  (£o.— Capt.  C.  Plenderleath  to  be  maj.  v. 

Cxoif .— G.  Knox  to  be  ens.  v.  Pasher 
60ih  do.-^«Ckpt.  P.  I  lay » 69  foot  to  be  ca.pt.  v.  For- 

tescue  who  exch. 
73d  do.-^MM^.  hi.  C.  O'Coanell,  5  W.  I.  R.  to  be 

maj.  V.  McDonald,  dismissed. — H.  Jackson  to 
.    be  ens.  v.  M*iX>nald' 

l5lh  do. — Ueut.  J.  L.  Young,  h.  p.  60  foot  to  be 
,    lieut.  V.  WiUcins  who  exch. 
y^th  c/o.—Ens.  C.  Hatchell,  17  foot,   to  be  Ueut. 

«. Shears 
B3d  rfo,— Honp.  mate,  W.  Ward,  to  be  assist,  surg. 
#9£fc  do, — Capt.  W.  L.  Fortcscue  to  be  capt.  v.  I  lay 
90tk  do. — Lieut.    F.  Livingstone,  ^6  foot,  to  be 

capt.  V.  Paterson 
Ut  fr.  I.  /ir.— Ens.  W.  R.  Lewin,  90  foot,  to  be 

lieut.  V.  Stuart 
BaiUi/s  /2<^.*-Ens.  R.  Wheeler,  20  foot,  to  be 

Cld  lieut.  V.  Bloomfield 
tat  &.  ^.-^Ueut.  H.  Mayhew,  88  foot,  to  be 

lieut.  c.  Bordwinc--X.  Smith  to  be  ens.  v.  Dillon 
W  R*  y*  M,F^  ^  tiicks,  late  73  foot,  to  be  ens. 

V.  Early 
M  do^-^'iaftL  C«  Robom,  37  foot,  to  be  capt; 

ff.  Nixon 
M  ^.--Xrieuti  Jai  Bccwart  to  be  adj.  v.  Ashurst 
Staff'. — U.  J.  Reynett,  Esq.  to  be  paym.  of  a  re* 

icroittng  district.^-Ai8ist.  comniis.  R.  Manby, 

to  be  a  dep.  comm.  of  sec.  to  the  forces. — G. 

T.  Courteney  to  be  assist,  comm.  of  stores,  ^c. 
GcrrisotL — Litut.  N.  Ashurst,   8  R*  V.  B.  to  be 

town  major  of  Portsmouth,  r.  Grant 
Jkftmpramtujk. — ^Eos.  C.  Hannam,  5  foot,  is  su- 

l^medpd,  being  absent  without  leave 
The  undermentioned  appointments^  as  statfd  in  the 

Gtscettet  V*  25fA  MarcK  9^^  August,  and  qth 

October  last,  hai^e  not  taken  place 
Sth  Lt.   Dragoons. — Assist,  surg.  J.  Arthur,   6 

drag,  to  beasflst.  surg. 
nth  Foo/.— Ens.  C.  Hatchell  to  be  lieut. 
4Jth  do. — L.  Campbell  to  be  ens. 
J5th  do. — Ens.  J.  Scott  to  be  lieut.  v.  Cooper 

October  21. 
0th  Lt.  Dragoo7}s. — Capt.  G.Gosc,  15  foot,  to  be 

capt.  V.  Blake,  who  exch. 
I5lh  Foo^-— Capt.  M.  G.  Blake,  9  It.  drag,  to  be 

capt.  V,  Gore 
lifemoraJulum.'-^The  exchange  bet\yecn  surg.  Jor- 
dan 7th  It.  drag,  and  surg.  Stratton,  90  foot,  as 

stated  in  the  Gazette  7th  ituK.  his  not  taken  place 
October  05. 
4ih  Drflfoani.— H.Patrtckson,  Esq.  (late  capt.  io 

the  r<g.)  to  be  paym.  r.  Sloper 
91&  Lt.  Dra0S^nsj^'4riMp.  mate,  —  Luby,  to  be 

assist,  surg.  v.  Davis  superseded 
l«<Fo^{^— J  .^Harding  to  be  ens.  v,  Graham 


d,d  Fant.-^tx.  I.  Colthunt  to  be  capt.  v.  ODell 
gtk  <&.-— -Ens.  Percivall  00  foot,  to  be  ens.  ^« 

White  who  exch.-*J.  Ackland  to  be  ens.   tt. 

Corhewall 
litk  do.-^En$.  W.  Baggot  to  be  lieut— E.  Lew^ 

to  be  ens.  t.  Baggot 
isti  <6.— Hospital  mate,  W.  Scamtn  to  be  assis^ 

surg.  V.  Ligertwood 
2A/A  ^0.— Capt.  M.  Aylmer  H.  P.  to  be  capt^  9. 

Drew,  who  exch. 
sa«/<A  — Ens.  W.  H.  Tborntin  to  be  Ueut.— H.  G. 

Carpenter  to  be  ens.  v.  Thornton 
34M  do.^-2d  Lt.  A.  Ferguson,  Dl  foot,  to  be  lieut; 

v.  Brown 
30/i  A.— Ens.  0«  Jones  to  be  lieut.  v.  Johnstone^ 

superseded. — R.  Barton  to  oe  ens.  «.  Jones' 
Sff^  Ji.-^-Capt.  G.  Brock,  Canada  feneiblet,  to-te 

capt.  V  Roberts 
41//  do.^T.  Gould  to  be  ens.  v.  Lundie 
AQtA  ^f  .*~Hosp.  mate,  W.  Robcrt$on  to  bt  assist. 

surg.  V.  Brown 
50/A  */•.— Capt.  W.  A.  Gordon,  H.  P.  to  be  capt. 

V,  Rogers  who  exch. 
59tk  <^.— <J.  Black  to  be  ens.  «.  Sbeehy 
60tA  <^.— Ens.  J.  Gregory  to  be  lieut.  v.  De  B'in  ' 
011/4^.— J.  Bear  to  be  ens.  *.  Masterton 
02^  ^•.^Assisc.  Surg.  H- Blown,  4Q  foot,  to  fa* 

assist,  surg.  v.  Hill 
64tk  dQ-^Em,  J.  Benneu  to  be  lieut.  v.  Nickaoa  . 
OsM  Foof.-— Capt.  J .  Atkinson,  York  L.  I.  V.  10  be 

cap.  V.  Stewart 
70tA  Jo. Lt.  H.  Mc.  Giegor  to  be  capt.-**BDs. 

Eraser  to  be  lieut.  v.  Mc.  Greeor*  scfj.  nuv- — J* 

Cameron  to  be  ens. — Brown  do.^G.  Campt>cn 

do. 
BQti  4^.— Capt.  H,  Anofsley,  isL  G.  B.  to  be  capt, 

T.  O  Dunogtiue  exch. — ^^Ens.T.  Shechy*  5g  loot 

to  be  lieut. — Ens.  J.  Armstrong  do.->Malonc  tm 

be  ens.  t.  Armstrong 
QOM  ^0.— Ens.  T.  Whitew  0  foot,  to  he  ens.   '94 

Pcicival  / 

Ut  fV.  L  R.-^U.  J.  Patterson,  a$  foot,  to  be  ca|>t4 

V.  Mc.  Guflbg 
2i^.— Lt.  Col.  J.  Irring,  H*  P.  lobe  lieut.  ool. 

V,  Sir  G.  Leith  exch. 
fork  L.  I.  y. Capt.  J.  Stewart,  08  foot,  to  be 

capt.  9.  Atkinson 
\st  G.  5.— Capt.  D.  ODonoghue,  89  foot,  to  be 

capt.  V.  Anneiley.— Ens.  A.  Graham,  royals,*i» 

be  jcns.  *v.  Gibbs,  superseded 
Canadian  feticlbUs.-^hu  R.  Burke,  10  foot,  to  be 

capt.  V.  Brock 

The  King'r  German  Legmi, 

Q J  Dragoons, — V.  Sergei  to  be  surg. — F.  Dettmar 

to  be  assist. do.  bosp.  mute-^Seiier  to  be  4o«  v/ 

Cramer  superseded 
is/  Lt.  Dragoons.-^ — H.  Bergmann  to  be  assist. 

surg. 
aJdo.—C.  F.  Schmersal,  do. 
3i^o.-- C.  Groskopf  to  be  surg. — G.  Risaking  t* 

be  assist,  do.-^.  Wli^l .  4o. 
1st  Lt,  Inf. — Grupe  to  be  pyig.  v.  Dynely. — Fciv* 

land  to  be  assist,  surg.       '  ''  * 

idLt  fnf.-^H.  F.  A.  Mmi«/to  be  assbt.  stif- 
isf  Line. — Kessler  to  be  su/g. 
Oi/  Jo. — Rathje  to  be  assist,  do. 
3</  Jo. — Schu^termann,  do. — L.  K*eine,  do. 
Atk  1^.— Neumann,  do.~Mattheiet,  do. 
ith  <^.*-Kohrs,  do.— ^.  D^ppe,  do. 


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§w1 


Oxfori  and  CeanhrtSge    ProviQiions. 


\m 


1^ 


aVERSlTY  PROMO  riPNS. 

•Nor-  !*•  The  appointment  of' the  Rcy..  J. 
Cole.  J>1X  Fellow  of  Exeter  College,  as 
on«  of  the  Puhlic  Pscachers,  in  the  lOom  of 
the  Re^r.  Mf.  PhUpotts  of  Magdalen  C<dr 
lege,  Miio  has  fesigiJed,  was  appcovdl4n  full 
oonvoofttion. — In  4he  same  ooavocation,  the 
iq>pointaient  of  the  Rev.  G.  Shield,  M.A. 
FdlQw'  of  University,  and  the  Rev.  R. 
Dixon,  M.A'  Fellow -of  Queen's,  to  be  Pub- 
lic Examiners,  was  approved. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  ton  Riblic 
Preachers :— The  Rev.  M.  Marknv,  D.D. 
President  of  St.  John's  i  Rev.  J.  Fanons, 
l^.D.  Master  of  Balliol :  Rev.  J.  Cple,  DJ>. 
Fellow  of  Sceter J  Rev.  R.  Lawrence,  D.C.L. 
of  Univemty;  Rev.  J.  Bncklzmd,  B.D.  of 
Corpus  Christi  j  Rev.  W.  Wood,  3  J).  Stu- 
dent of  Christ  Church ;  Rev.  R.  Churton, 
M,A.  of  Brasenose;  Rev.  H.  Hutton,  M.A. 
of  Balliol  J  Rev.  G.  Heathcotc,  M.Arof  New 
College;  Rev.  J.  Browne,  M.A.  of  Corpus 
Christi. 
The  six  Public  Examiners  are  the  follow- 
:'— the  Rev.  G.  Smith,  Fellow  of  Mag- 
i^p:  Rev.  J.  Dean,  oT  Brasenose;  Rev, 
.  a>me,  Student  of  Clprist  Church;  Rev. 
R.  Hughes,  FeUow  of  Jetus;  Rev.  G.  Shep- 
herd, f  dlow  of  Univewty ;  Rev.  R.  Dixon, 
of  Queen**. 

Nov.  19.  Rev.  T.  A  Methuen,  B.A.  of 
Oriel,  admitted  M.A. ;  Messrs.  W.  Vaux  of 
Chrbt  Church,  and  R.  H.  Came,  of  Exeter 
Colle&e,  admitted  B.A. 

Nw.  26.  Rev.  T.  Welles,  B.D.  of  Wor- 
cester  CoUe^,  admitted  D-D.—Mr.  Towns- 
end  Selwyn,  of  Christ  Church,  andtheRo-. 
C.  D'Ovfcy  Aplin  of  Lincoln  Collegts,  B.A. 
admittea  M.A.^Messrs.  W.  M.  HoWyn  of 
Christ  Church,  T.  Knox,  of  Brasenose  j 
C.  Mcryon  and  C.  J.  Craven  of  St.  John*s, 
admitted  B.A. 

Nov.  att.  The  Rev.  Dr.  W.  Cleaver  was 
presented  to  his  Majesty  by  Earl  Snencer, 
upon  his  being  translated  trom  the  Bishop- 
rick  of  Bangor,  to  St.  Asaph,  when  the  Rev. 
Pcelaie  <lid  boma^  before  his  Majesty  with 
the  usual  ceremonies. 

Nov.  29.  The  following  gentlemen  duly 
appointed  to  succeed  those  of  the  Public 
Preachers  who  will  go  outof  office  at  Michael- 
mas next,  were  approved  in  convocation : — 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Beeke,  of  Oriel ;  Rev.  Dr.  Bar- 
row, of  Queen's ;  Rev.  Mr.  Kett,  of  Trinity ; 
Rev.  Mr.  Williams,  ofChrist  Church  5  Rev. 
Mr.  Crow,  of  New  College. 

The  same  day  Mr.  T.  Moore,  B.A.  was 
admitted  Actual  Fellow  of  Balliol  College  ; 
and  Mr.  W.  Vaux,  B.A.  of  Christ  Church, 
acd  Mr.  C.  Barter,  Scholar  of  Balliol,  weie 
clt  cted  Probationer  Fellows  of  thfU  society. 

Dec.  3.  Mr.  D.  Hughes,  B.A.  and  Mr.  E. 
7  homas,  Commoner  of  Jesus  College,  elected 
Scholars  of  that  society. 


Camhrtdge. 

Noiv.  Ip.  Mr.  W,  L.  Pinder,  »of  Pe«il>ioke 
Hall,  and  Mr.  F.  $.  Bev^i,  of  Emmnod 
College,  admitted  M^ 

Mr.  T.  Turton,  B.A.  elected  a  Sfcrne 
Fdlow  of  Catharine  HaB. 

The  Rev.  J.  Walker,  M.  A.,   Tuto^  of 
Trinity  Hall,  haa  been  instituted  bv  the  Loid 
Bishop  of  Lincoln  to  the  rectory  or  Cottered, 
in  Herts,  vacated  by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  A 
TroUope..  ; 

ThcRw.  R.  Jones,  BJ>.^fSt  Joha'j,  ^ 
presented  bv  the  Master  and  Fallows  fo  the 
rectory  of  S«ulderne  in  Oxfordshire,  yip^M, 
W  the  death  6f  the  Rev.  John  Horsemam. 
B.D.  /> 

The  Rev,  P.  Leigh,  B.A.  of  Trinity  CqU 
lege,  is  instituted  by  the  Lord  Bishop  U 
Chester  to  a  mediety  of  the  rectory  of  Lymm, 
in  the  county  of  Chester,  in  the  frtsintaticm 
of  Eg^rton  Leigh,  Esq.  of  Twcmk)w^  iq  tb% 
same  county. 

IlieRev.  J.  MitcbslI,  L  L3.  is  iaatit^ted 
to  the  rector)^  of  Toyotoo*.  in  tha  oomnw,  of 
Gloucester,  in  the  presentiuoii  of  tjbe  9dJeaw 
and  Chapter  of  the  Cathediai. 

The  Rev.  C.  CoxweU,  M.A.  Cha^n  tvi 
the  Lord  Bishop  of  Bristol,  is  empowered,  by 
a  dispensation,  to  hold  the  viqirs^  cf  BibiidSr* 
together  with  the  rectory  ^  BaMey,  Mb 
in  the  couj^ty  and  diocese  of  Gloupester. 

At  an  ordination  held  in  Ely  Cathedral, 
November  16,  the  fgUowing  gmtlcme^  w«re 
ordained  by  the  Lord  Bisbop  of  the  diooett  3 
•^Deacons.  F.  H.  Mabcrly,  B.  A.  alid  H. 
Wiles,  M.A.  bothofTrinityCollegei  E.  Si- 
mons, B.A.,of  St.  John's;  W.Da^-ey,  B.A. 
ofBene't.— Pn>#/i.  W.  Clarke,  B.A.,  of 
Bene*tj  J.  Rose,  M.A.,  of  Tiiniiy:  H, 
Finch,  M.A.,  of  Christ's. 

The  Rev.  J.  Barker,  B.A.,  of  Trinity,  is 
instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Newmarket  St. 
Mary,  with  the  vicarage  of  Wood  Ditton  an* 
nexed,  in  tike  presentation  of  the  Duke  o£ 
Rutland.  .    .   • 

The  Rev.  M.  Whish,  B.A.,  of  Caiut. 
Prebendary  of  the  Cathedral  Church  at  Salis- 
bury, is  instituted  on  hb  own  petitioD^  by 
the  Lord  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Weils,  to  the 
vicarages  of  B^mintter  and  Abbots  Leigh, 
with  the  chapels  of  St.  Mary  Redoliffe,  and 
St.  Thomas  m  Bristol. 

Tbe  Rev.  J.  Doyd,  M.A.,  one  of  the 
senior  Fellows  of  King's,  ii  presented  by  tlie 
Provost  and  Ft  I  lows  to  the  valuable  vicaragav 
of  Lewesden,  in  Northamptonshire,  ^^acated' 
by  the  death  of  the  Rew  J.  Goodiyin. 

The  Re\'.  W.  Hardyman^    BuI).,,fi«iMor' 
FeUow  of  Emmanuel,  is  pfesenied  by  the 
Master  and  Ftlfuws  Ht^  ih^  recto^  of  Gitat ' 
Lussenham,  in  'the  county  of  Rutland,  va- 
cant by  the  deattk  of  the  Rev.  W.  Afileck. 


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8u  James'.* 

Ray.  Stratr. 

KoT.  2t  £4  10  0  £2    8  0 

88     4  14  ^     2  18  6 

4  12  0     2  15  6 

4  f  8  0     2  a  O 

4  15  a    2  14  o 


Whitechapel.* 
tfar.  Straws 

18  0  j^2    8  0 
12  0      2    8  0 


£4 

4 

4  18p 
4  16  0 
4  16  0 


10  0 
8o 
6  0 


Kent    £^   o  to  £6  2 

Sussex     5    0       6  0 
5    0        6  0 


fRics  #r  fiors. 

Pbckets. 
Kent  £4  i4^£S  l2 


Sussex 
Flarn. 


14 
t    0 


PRICK   or    LCATUER.* 

Btftts,  50  to  561b.  each    —    -,    —    -.  24rf. 

I^ening  Hides         —   »    ..    -^    ^  i8^ 

CiOfHkkff  for  catting     *-.    -w    ..-.-.  24 

yiatOfdinary  —    —    —    —    —  l8| 

QUf  Sftiosy  3a  to  40lb.  per  dozen,  per  lb.  40 

Ditto      50  to  70  —    —    — -    —    -^  41 

'     '    TiLLOW,*   London  average  per  stone 
of  81b.  3^.  8|(f. 
Soapy  ydlow,  74^.;  mottled,  86*.;  curd,  90#. 
Cbodles,  per  dozen,  lOf .  6d.\  moulds,  l  u,  6d, 

COALS    IN   THE    RIVER.  ' 

Sunderland.  Newcastle. 

*  Kov.  24  41'*  0<f.  to  43^.  0d.    42«.  od.  to  501.  Cd, 
Dw.    1    39  3        40    0       38    0       49   0 
8  34  3        40    o      37    3       49    6 
15  33-0       39     9       39    o       50   0 
Defivered  at  12«.  per  chaldron  adrance. 


Kbv. 
I>ec. 


27 
4 
11 
18 


rmCK.OP    BRSAD. 

Feck  Loaf.    Half  Peck. 


4^  5<t 
4    5 
4    5 
4    4 


2i.  2^. 
2    2i  ' 
2     2§ 
2    2 


Quartern. 

1  1* 
I  H 
1     1 


Those  marked  thus  *,  are  taken  at  the  highest 
Price  of  the  market. 


Nor. 


Dec. 


Not. 


Dec. 


toih>otr  wEittr  ttTirtift  or  witc^r. 


14 
21 
28 
5 
12 


65M  quarters.    ATenge 

7551 ,    _ 

8878    —     —    .^    — 
11770 


73Z  Mi. 

75  H 
72  3# 

76  ^ 


riouK. 
15521  sacks. 

13535   -^ '—  73 

21736 73 

41014    — 73 

20974 74 


Avenge  73s.  lOfS* 


METE0ROtX>O!CAL  TABLE. 


AmstsfQam 
Ditto  at  sight 
Eotterdam,  a  f. 
Hamburgh 
Altona      — 
Ptois         — 
Ditto  2  OS* 
Bordeaux  — > 
Cftdiz        — 
Madrkl      — 


COURSE  OF  EXCHANGE. 

I  November  28 
b6-^— 2  u. 


Lighoni  — 

Naples  — 

Cenoft  — 

Vfaiosy  flkC 

LibOou  -— 

Oporto  — 

Dublin  — 

Cork  «. 


35-11 
IMl-^o. 
34-8—2  u. 
34-9— 2  u. 
24-4  liv. 
24*8 
248 

391  iffect. 
394  effect. 

51 
44  • 

47  liT.  pfc. 
>i  ditto 
*2 
'*2 


!  Decembers. 

.36-8—2  u. 

35-11 

11-11— 2  u. 

34-8--2  u. 

34-9-^  u. 

24-8  Uv. 

2M2 

24-12 

39i  effect. 

39i  effect. 

381 

51 

44 

47  liv.  pic. 

52  ditto 

62 

62 

111 


PRICES  OF  BULLION* 
December  l2.   December  I9. 

36-9-^  u.  36*9—3  u. 
36                 /  36 
11-IU-2U.       IMl— ^Q. 

34-8— 2  u.  34-8— 2}  u. 

34-9—2  u.  34-9— 2I  u. 

24-8  liv,  24-10  liv. 

24-12  24-14 

24-12  24  14 

39i  effect  391  effect. 

J9i  effect  39i  effect. 

m  381 

50  48i 

44  44 

47  l'^-  pic,  47  liv.  pic 

52  ditto  52  ditto 

614  m 

6ii  61 

i2  12 
12* 


121 


g 


Digitized  byTj06?  (fe^  * 


LoKDON  PXftlftXOMS  <Nr  IkIVSANCB,   19th  t)£CSMBBI»   l806. 


ToBengdyOotandbooie l^g'* 

Madiss  and  China,  omaDd  home  ,,.... 18  gi. 

Beo^  or  China 7f*. 

Seneg^bia 10  gs. 

Mad^ ^ 6  gt.  ret.  3 

Windward  and  Leeward  Itkmda  ...8  gs,  ret.  4 

Jamaica 8  gs.  ivL  4 

South  Whale-fl^Kry and  back   ........ J^f#. 

Vtiited  States  of  America 3  gi. 

Smyrna,  Conttantin.  Mediter.  i  oa  *.  *-♦  in 
Nii, Genoa, Leghorn, Naples  \^8''^^^ 

Lisbon  and  Oportd 8g«.  ret.  4 

Bremen  and  Hambro* 3  gi. 

Bakic,  Lebaw,  and  Petersbtirg^ 

Carron,  Leith,  Perth,  and  Aberdeen 2  gt, 

GhMQOW 4gf. 

DubUn,Cork,Waterford,and  Ncwry  1     3  „ 

Belfast  and  Londondeny    j        *' 

Limerick   4gs,  ret  1^ 

Portsmouth If  g. 

Poole,  Exeter,  Dartm.  Plym.  Falm H  gt. 

Bristol,  Chester,  and  Liverpool 3  gs. 

Yarmouth,  Lynn,  Hull  and  Newcastle    lig. 

London,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool, 
Africa,  and  thence  to  Place  Sale  in  ?    .^ 

West-India  or  America >        «  * 

Brisioi  to  Dublin,  Waterford,  and  Cork,  If  g. 

Bristol,  Liverpool,  Dublin,  and  Cork, 
Madeira ()  ss.  ret.  3 


Windw.  and  Leeward  Isl 8gf.  ret4 

Jamaica ...8g*.  ret.  4. 

United  States  of  America  £gt, 

Canada 6g»« 

Mediterranean    18  gs,  ret  9 

Lisbon  and  Oporto 6g«.  ret3 

Poole  ^  Darimoutk^Exeter  fst  Plynmak 

Newfotmdland ^.,....4  gs» 

Dublin  to  Liverpool  and  Chester    S0$* 

BoatoD,  New- York,  and  Pbikdel^ia  ..3  gsj 
NtuifirtmdlandtoJamsMaLf'W,  &L.  Isl.S5gt. 

Mediterranean  ^ ^5g9* 

Portugal  15  (t.  ret* 

Bay  of  Honduras  to  Charles-Town,  7   ,  ^ 

ftiiladelphia,  and  New-York   ...$   '^^ 

England  or  Ireland  35  gt. 

«/iam(itca/oLond.  BristDubl.  1  ^^         ^   , 

Liverp f  «^P-W^  « 

frindward  and  Leeward  Islands, 
London,  Bristol,  Dublin,  and  ^     ,^        .    ^ 

Liverpool S     >»P-'ct5 

Islands  to  New-York  or  I^iladelphia,  13  gs* 
Africa  io  Windward  and  Leeward  \ 

Islandr6r  America J    **^- 

East'Inaies  to  London    15  gt. 

St.  Helena  to  London 8  gs,  vet  4 

Canadato  London 10-gi.  ret  S 

Baltic  to  Lwequ  Cork,  and  Dublin,  8  gs.  retJi 
Riga  and  Prussian  Ports  to  London    . .  .6  g3t» 


Current  Pbices  OF  Merchandize,  Jgth  Dbcbmbbr,  I8O6. 


American  pot-ash,percwt.;f 3  15  Oto^3    5    0 

Ditto      pearl     3  10  0  4    00 

BarUla    i  I4  0  3    0    0 

Brandy,  Coniac    ....gal.    0  18  0  0  I9    6 

Ditto  Spanbh    0  15  6  0  17    0 

Camphire,  refilled.... lb.    0    5  6  0    6    0 

Ditto       uniefincd,cwt,  20    0  0  23  l5    0 

Cochineal, f;arbled.... lb.    1    4  0  1    8    0 

Ditto      East-India    ..033  0    6    0 

Coffee,  fine cwt.    6  10  0  7    0    0 

Ditto  ordinary    4  10  0  5    5    0 

CottDo-wool,  Surinam,  lb.     1    9  0  1  11    0 

Ditto         Jamaica    . .     0     1  4§  0     18 

Ditto         Smyrna. , . .     0    13  0    16 

Ditto         Ea«t-1ndia..     0    1  9  0    2    0 

Currants,  Zant  ....  cwt.    3  17  0  400 

Deals,   Dantz piece    1  13  0  1  17    0 

Ditto  Petersburgh  . .  H.  22    0  0  24    0    0 

Diuo  Stockholm   ....  39    0  0  4I    0    0 

Elephants  Teeth.,.. cwt. 25    0  0  38    0    0 

ScriwcU     18    0  0  25    0    0 

Flax,     Riga ton  69    0  0  70    0    0 

Ditto  Petersburgh  ....   67    0  0  68    0    0 

Galls,  Turkey .cwt.    55  0  7    0    0 

Geneva,  HoUands  ..ga).     1     0  0  110 

Ditto    English '  0    8  0  OHO 

Gum  Aiabic,Turkey,  cwt    6    0  0  16  15    0 

Ditto  Sandrach 12  10  0  I4    0    0 

Ditto  Tragacanth I9  10  0  21     0    0 

Gum  Seneca cwt.     6    0  0  7    0    0 

Hemp,  Riga ton66    0  0  0    0    0 

Ditto  Petersburg  ....   66    0  0  000 

Indigo,  Carracc    ....lb.    p  U  3  0  12    9 

Ditto  East-India    Oil  0  0  I4    6' 

\ton,    «Briti^,  bars,  ton  18    0  0  I9    0    0 

DittoSwedish    25    0  0  26    0    0 

Ditto  Norway    24    0  0  25    0    0 

Ditto  Archangel • —  25    0  0  26    0    0 

^cid  in  pigs fod.  38    0  0  — 

Pitto  red      I  u      ■  top  3^    0  0  37    0    0 


Lead  white- 
Logwood  chips 


Ditto  whale 

Ditto  Florence,  §  chest 
Pitch,  Stockholm  — cwt. 
Quickftilver  lb. 
Raisins,  bloom  cwt. 
Rice,      Carolina  

Ditto  East-India 

Rum,    Jamaica 


^^54 

«       —14 

Madder,  Dutch  crop,  cwt.    4 

Mahogany  « ft.-    0 

Oak  plank,  Dantz.  ^Ust  11 

Ditto       American  —    9 

Oil,    Lucca,— 25  gal.  jar,  13 

Ditto  spcrmacaeti  — ton  68 
.....  ^ 

2 
0 
0 
4 
1 
1 
0 
0 
2 

4 
1 

0 

1 

1 
1 
I 

6 
0 
0 


Ditto  Leewaid  I. 
Saltpetre,  East-India,  cwt. 
Shellack- 


Tbrown-silk,  Italian,  lb. 

Raw-silk,         1>itto 

Ditto  China 

Ditto  Beng.  nori 

Ditto  organzine 

Tar,  Stockholm ^bar. 

Tin  in  blocks  • cwu 

Tobacco,  Maryl.  ^Ib. 

Diuo    Virginia  — ^-. 

Whale-fins    -^ ton  20 

Red  port pipe  66 

Lisbon  ■  45 

Madeiia -—  70 

Sheny = — : butt  80 

Mountain —  72 

Vidonia — r-hos>*  ^ 

Calcavella    ■    ■    — pipe  84 

Claret ^hogs.  35 

Tallow,  Ehglish— cwt.  3 
Ditto  Russia,  white-—  2 
Ditio    — ^    yoUow—    2 


0    Oto;e55    •   • 

0    0  16    #    o 

5    0  4  18    o 

10  095 

0    0  12    O    p 

50  10  15   • 

15  0  14  0  # 
0  0  70  0  # 
0  0  29  0  o 
70  290 

14    6  0  15    i 

6    0  O    7    9 

10    0  6  12    0 

5    0  23^ 

16  0  1  18  o 
3  «  0  4  6 
30  030 

12    0  2  13    0 

0    0  11     5    # 

12    O  2  10    o 

18    0  1  14    O 

17  8  2  0  o 
16    0  2    0    0 

90  I  IS    o 

90  1  10    1 

60  — 

10  Oil 

0    41-  O     00 

0   0  25   O   u 

0    0  98    0    o 

0    0  91    0    o 

0    0  122    0    o 

0    0  95    o   o 

0    0  80    0    0 

0    0  76    0    0 

0    0  95    «.# 

0  0  9t   0  • 

4    6  — 

16    0  2  17    • 

16    0  2  17    0 


M 

8 

N 


2 

H 


I 


qsiJi 

1  1  1  I'l  1  1  1  li^^I  1    I.I  ill  if  11  1 

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1  1 1 1 1 1 li  1 1 1 1 1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  II  1  1  1 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 

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PIO 

1 1  r  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  i  1 1 1 1 1 

1 1 1 1 1 lii  1 1 1 II 1 1  i  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

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5?ir3rS^^«:!:-'*i:«^-**:S^****<»'*|  | 

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'%U9Q  *d  5 

1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  i  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 

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10SU03 

1  1  1  1  1 :?  1 1  1 :?  1 1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 :?:?  1 1  1  i  I 

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-^ 

S  U  35  S'g  &S  g"- <>•"*'««•  ®2  =  2  2i22  S:*  ®8 

ErraM.— Page  57(5,  line  19,  for  Bldlten  read  5/fll//fr  j  line  22,  for  Censurae- 
clvere  read  Censuraie  here.  Line  5  from  ihe  bottom,  for  ^^  elegant  wilt  read  die  elegant 
welt.    The  Siege  of  Beauvais  marked  A.  D.  14/1,  Panorama,  p.  622,  is,  b;-  Hewiult 


99d  Me^erajr,  placed  in  1472. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


THE 


LITERARY  PANORAMA. 


For  FEBRUARY,  1807. 


Tai  subject  next  in  order  among  those 
not  published,  on  which  we  might  have 
suhmitted  our  thoughts  to  the-  public,  is 
of  too  delicate  a  nature  to  be  divulged,  as 
it  refers  less  to  the  defence  of  the  kingdom 
m  times  pa$t,  which  therefor©  may  be 
spoken  of  without  hazard,  than  to  time 
present,  when  every  honest  subject  will 
4X>nsider  caution,  and  sometimes  silence, 
as  an  important  part  of  his  duty  to  his 
country.    What  other  articles  of  a  simitar 
description  we  have  been  favoured  with, 
cannot  well  be  comprised  in  the  remain- 
ing numbers  of  this  volume  5  they  will 
therefore  appear  in  the  succeeding  vo- 
lume }    and  we  propose,  at  this  time,  to 
avail  ourselves  of  what  intelligence  has 
been  officially  communicated  in  the 
Pal)€rs  relative  to  the  Negotiation  uith 
France,    presented,  by   His  Majesty  s 
Command,  to  both  Houses  oj  Parlia- 
ment, 22d  December,  I8O6. 
These  papers  have  been  already  re- 
viewed, as  to  iheir  main  subject,  by  two 
Most  Honourable  corps  of   Reviewers; 
which  have  reported  their  opinion  con- 
cerning  them.     Undoubtedly,  we  have 
not  the  smallest  intention  of  i  mpugning  the 
decision  of  those  eminent  critics,  who,  we 
learn,  expressed  their  approbation  "  with- 
out a  division  )••  but,  as  we  have  often 
«een  circumstances  that  escaped  the  first 
reporters  on  works  of  importance,  be- 
come  interesting  under  the  consideration 
of  others,  we  are  tempted  to  hazard  a 
few  thoughts  on  the  contents  of  this  pub- 
Ucation.    We  believe  that  our  remarks 
have  not  been  anticipated  by  any  of  the 
literati  who  had  taken  their  seats  in  those 
critical  assemblies  to  which  we  refer. 

It  appears  by  these  documents,  that  the 
negotiation    commenced    about   March, 
1606.    That,  it  was,  at  first,  understood. 
Vol..  I.     [Xi^  P^n.  Feb.  I8O7.] 


that  each  party  should  keep  the  coun- 
tries, then  in  its  actual  possession,  unless 
exchanges  should  induce  either  to  accept 
others  in  compensation,  whether  for  a 
part,  or  for  the  whole  of  them.  M.  Tal- 
fevrand  states  expressly,  April  1,  that, 
tie  Emperor  of  France  covets  nothing 
England  possesses.  This  may  be  admii- 
ted,  as  to  Buonaparte  himself;  but,  if 
we  reflect  on  the  possessions  of  £nglaiid 
at  that  moment,  we  shall  discover  ^>sta- 
cles  which  we  wonder  Buonanart^ 
should  be  so  blind  as  to  have  overlo^tad, 
though  but  for  a  time.  The  ancient  and 
established  possesions  of  England  could 
not,  on  the  slightest  pretence,  be  called  to 
recollection  on  this  occasion  1  they  oouM, 
on  no  account,  be  separated  from  the  pa- 
rent state  :  but,  the  recent  acquisitions  of 
Britain  could  hardly  be  foi^otten  by  a 
well-informed  statesman.  These  were, 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  taken  from  the 
Dutch ;  Sicily,  held  on  behalf  of  the  King 
of  Naples  ;  and  lastly  Buenos  '  Ayres, 
very  lately  taken  from  Spain.  Buonaparte 
having  placed  one  of  his  brothers  as  King 
over  the  Dutch,  and  another  brother  as 
King  of  Naples,  disco\ered,  or  more  pro- 
bably  was  informed  by  them,  during  the 
negociation,  that  their  respective  king- 
doms were  not  worth  holding,  undcu'  these 
privations.  The  reasons  uf  this,  may  be 
worth  our  inquiry. 

Holland  is  a  country  of  den^  popula- 
tion, but  of  small  extent  ^  and  part  of 
its  surface  produces  little  that  can  serve  as 
food  for  man.  Unable  to  support  its  in- 
habitants, it  draws  supplies  from  abroad  5 
and  receives  corn  for  iis  susienance  from 
foreigners.  For  this  accoran>()dation 
Holland  must  pay :  and  hi^vijg  t nioyed 
a  flourishing  coainierce,  it  was  ab'?  10  pay, 
with  great  ease,  for  whatever  foreigners 
could  furnis'.u  Biu  if  once  the  Mmvcc  of 
its  ability  to  pay  le  interrup«eJ  or  ex- 
hausted, b/  what  means  ishould  it  acijuire 
2  H 


Digitized 


by  Google 


915] 


Papers  relative  to  the  Negociation  with  Frana, 
glory,  is  fiUitig  up. 


teitf 


that  wealth  which  might  enable  it  to  re- 
munt  rate,  foreigners  for  their  coinmodi- 
ttes  ?  and  that  this  source  of  its  ability 
was,  and  still  is,  in  the  power  of  Britain, 
may  eysly  be  demonstrated. 

Foreign  colonies  belonging  to  Holland, 

were some  in  the   West'  Indies,   the 

Cape, Ceylon,  the  Spice  Islands,Batavia,&c\ 

Those  in  the  West-lndses  had  been' 
taken,  and  occupied  by  the  British,  some 
years  ago ;  whtn  a  British  capital  of  near- 
ly, or  quite,  ^^'20,000.000  had  been  em- 
ployed in  improving  them.  This  natu- 
rally led  to  British  connections  :  and  the 
interest  of  this  capital  was  a  debt  due  to 
.  Britain  j  to  be  paid  before  any  prqfits 
could  be  thought  on.  Add  to  this,  the 
customary  expenses  attending  all  govern- 
meirts,  and  some  peculiar  to  tlie  most 
consideraWe  of  these  setilementJ,  such  as, 
the  necessity  of  maintaining  a  force  ca- 
pa'ole  of  overawing  the  run  away  rjegroes 
established  Hi  the  woods,  and  we  shall 
perceive  that  the  wealth  derived  from  the 
West-Indies  by  Holland  could  be  but 
Tery  moderate. 

The  commerce  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  never  was  worth  mentioning,  in  a 
national  point  of  view.  The  importance  of 
the  Cape  consists  in  its  situation,  as  being  a 
kind  of  half-way  house,    where    vessels 
bound    to  India,      (Batavia,    &c.)     find 
•uccour  and  refreshment.    The  directors 
«f  the  British  East-India  Company  gave 
k  up,  without  reluctance,  at  the  peace  of 
Amjens  j  because,  their  ships  were  under 
iio  necessity  of  calling  there,  being  pre- 
pared adequately    to    the  voyagd,    and 
visiting  other  ports  on  their  passage  r  but 
tiie  Dutch  ships  mvM  make  the  Cai>e,  as 
they  sail  slower  than,  the  English,  and  are 
more   liable  to    disorders    among   their 
crews,  from  which  alone  the  land  can 
felievc  them.     Moreover,   whoever  pos- 
sesses the  Cape,  and  stations  a  cruising 
fleet  there,  commands  the  high  naval  road 
to  the  er.5t,aud  interrupts  all  commerce  but 
what  he  protects.    If  then,  the  commerce 
of  Holland  with  her  eastern  possessions 
was  interrupted,  or   the  accommodation 
of  those  who  engaged  in  it  was  abridged, 
Batavia,   with  its  dependencies,  was  pro- 
portionately diaiinislied   itr  value.      And 
this  was  to  them  a  serious  evil  3  because, 
Batavia  as  a  seat  of  commerce  is  not  what 
It  was :   1.  The  expenses  of  government 
are  more,   while  tlie  commerce  of  the 
place  ia  liess :  2.  The  ])ort>  which  was  its 


The  spice  islands, 
too,  have  .lost, much  of  their  importance  ; 
because,  1.  ITiey'have  sufFeied  by  ^e 
inroads  of  the  Enelisli :  -2.  The  spites 
themselves  have  been  transplant^  to 
other  countries,  so  Uiat  these  productions 
are  no  longer  exclusively  found  in  Xhm 
Dutch  islands,  Ceylon,  which  furnisher 
cinnamon,  &c.  is  British  property.  We 
may,  therefore,  safely  infer,  that  the 
east  was  not  likely  to  pour  an  abim^ 
dance  of  riches  into  the  lap  of  Holland^ 
while  England  detained  her  present  pos* 
sioBs. 

We  refer  to  Panorama,,  p.  68-1,  iA 
proof  that  the  European  establbhmeot  of 
Holland  has  sufTeitsd  in  its  very  vitak  :  1. 
As  iCs  carr}'ing  trade  is  diminished:  2. 
As  its  independence,  and  conseauently  its 
political  dignity,  is  now  out  of  the  qnes* 
tfon  :  3.  As  the  recovery  of  its  mercaotii^ 
connections  to  a  political  extent  is  ex- 
tremely problematical*  To  these  eoo- 
slderatlous  may  be  added  others,^  arisinj^ 
from  the  actual  state  not  so  much  of  \h» 
inhabitants  as  of  the  country  :  and  these 
we  shall  now  submit  to  the  reader. 

Dftc.  5,  180&,  the  following  observe 
tions  were  addressed  from  the  Dutch  King 
to  the  Dutch  States :  their  authority, 
therefore,  is  indisputable.  *'  We  cannol 
conceal  that,  independently  of  the  enor* 
mous  imposts  which  render  the  situation 
of  our  subjects  so  afflicting,  the  suppress 
sion  of  all  the  neutral  fliigs^  and  parti* 
cularly  the  general  blockade,  have  annU 
hilitated  the  last  resonrees  of  commerst^ 
As  to  tlie  finances, — we  are  justly  asto* 
nishi^d  at  the^  prodigality  of  expenses, 
and  the  want  of  economy. — We  attribute 
this  to  party-spirit.  Holland  has  beea 
every  year  in  danger  of  losing  its  exists 
ence,  political  and  natural." 

We  shall  not  here  repeat  what  we  have 
sdid  concerning  the  general  languor  of 
commerce  in  Holland:  commerce  will 
long  continue  in  transitu  there :  but  not, 
comparatively,  in  a  flourishing  state.  The 
danger  of  Holbnd*s  losing  its  natural 
existence  has  been  noticed,  and  coui'- 
mented  on  by  several  j  but  none  has  yet 
Explained  the  full  import  of  the  phrase^ 
To  us,  it  appears  to  refer  to  two  distinct 
objects:  the  iirst  is  the  conservation  of  the 
dykes,  the  artificial  defences  of  this  coun- 
try from  the  Ocean ;  these  require,  an- 
nually, great  reparations,  and  of  course 
gieat  sunas  of  money,    lliese  sums  hav^ 


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been  of  late  years  but  ill  paid ;  and  tbe 
works  have  been  accct'dingly,  ill  executed. 
Should  an  uncommon  storm  produce 
breaches^  the  extent  of  the  evil  would  be 
prodigious^  and  probably  beyond  the 
power  of  this  state  to  repair. 

We  have  seen  (Panorama,  p.  412,)  that 
the  port  of  Amsterdam  is  Uireatened  with 
being  choked  up,  hy  an  increasing  accu- 
mulation of  mud ;  and  it  is  suspected, 
that  the  rivers  which  pass  through  this 
country,  and  have  grealJy  contributed  to 
its  riches,  are  gradually  filling  up  with 
silt,  sand,  &c.  in  different  places,  forming 
bars,  U  both  these  evils  should  prevail, 
broken  dykes,  and  shallowed  rivers,  the 
natural  existence  of  Holland^  a  country 
wrested  from  the  sea,  must  inevitably 
incur  great  danger.  And  botli  these  evils 
are  avoidable  only  by  labour,  which  must 
be  paid  for,  the  funds  for  which  payment 
raust  ultimately  be  derived  from  com- 
merce. There  is,  then,  a  peculiar  em- 
phasis in  the  language  of  the  French 
negociator  (Panorama,  p.  877),  sup- 
posing that  Holland  were  deprived  of  its 
colonies,  what  could  maintain  such  a. 
nation,  having  nothing  lut  debts  and  no 
commerce?  We  presume  that  a  state- 
ment, not  remote  in  its  reasonings  from 
those  we  have  here  adduced,  was  among 
the  new  circumstances  which  M..  Talley- 
rand assigned  to  Lord  Yarmouth  as  causes 
of  his  tergiversation. 

We  shall  now  direct  our  attention  to 
the  state  of  those  dominions  over  which 
another  branch  of  the  Buonaparte  family 
has  been  placed  by  ih&Jiat  of  his  imperial 
brother. 

On  contemplating  the  state  of  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  we  shall  find  grounds 
for  many  of  the  same  inferences,  as  those 
we  have  made  concerning  Holland.  The 
revenues  of  this  kingdom,  used  to  be 
taken  at  about  ^750,000 :  and  though 
the  present  king  may  not  think  himself 
bound  to  pay  the  creditors  of  the  state,  to 
whom  more  than  half  of  this  reveuue 
was  mortgaged,  yet  the  expenses  of  his 
government,  the  little  dependence  he  can 
place  on  tlie  loyalty  of  his  subjects,  which 
-  implies  an  extensive  espionage,  and  some 
douceurs,  either  openly  or  secretly,  wiih 
the  almost  total  stagnation  of  commerce  in 
bis  dominions,  will,  of  course,  impover- 
ish his  finances.  Nor  is  this  all ;  for 
though  the  Italian  provinces  of  the  Nea- 
politan governmeut  produce  corn>  wine. 


Negociation  with  France,  [pi  8 

oil,  silk,  wool,  and  fruit,  yet  the  major 
part  of  these  articles  which  was  consumed 
in  Naples  came  from  Sicily,  by  sea,  rather 
than  from  the  interior,  by  land;  and  t  ho 
customs  on  these  importations  formed  a 
considerable  portion  of  tlie  royal  receipts. 
Naples  had  few  or  no  manufactories  worth 
mentioning,  in  regard  to  exportation  ;  of 
course,  its  commerce  was  a  trifle.  The 
burden,  also,  of  superintending,  and  oc- 
casionally (in  policy)  of  supporting  30,000 
hou.ieless  Lazaroni,  must  be  felt  by  the 
new  sovereign,  on  whom  the  effect  of 
suspended  conimerce  falls  with  all  its' 
weight.  Tlie  taxes  were  enormous  :  even 
the  silks,  when  manufactured,  paid  25 
per  cent,  if  sent  from  one  province  to 
another.  To  diminish  these  taxes,  is  to 
diminish  the  revenue  j  to  increase  them, 
is  to  extinguish  commerce  entirely.  Nor 
had  the  people  of  this  country  that  just 
sense  of  the  importance  of  activity  in 
labour,  which  might  serve  as  a  founda- 
tion for  better  regulations.  A  multitude 
of  ecclesiastics,  was  unfavourable  to  la- 
bour. A  multitude  of  festival  days  was  ao 
incredible  interruption  to  labour.  TIio 
heat  of  the  climate  is  an  absolute  prohibi- 
tion to  labour  \  and  the  very  fertility  of 
the  country  confirmed  in  the  inhabi- 
tants habits  of  expecting — without  exert- 
ing themselves  to  insprc  the  attainment 
of  their  expectations.  The  ecclesiastics, 
monks,  and  nuns,  were  reckoned  at  about 
110,000:  being  one  in  thirty-six  of  the 
population ;  and,  in  the  city.of  Naples, 
nearly  one  in  twenty.  Under  these  em; 
bafrassments,  the  first  considerable  exer- 
cise of  the  new  sovereign's  power  has 
been,  to  suppress  three  of  the  best  en- 
dowed convents,  that  he  might  receive 
then-  revenues  j  a  pretty  cleir  proof  of 
the  necessities  of  his  treasury !  The  taxes 
drawn  from  the  Calabrias  cannot  lately 
have  been  effective,  nor  from  ravaged 
countries  can  they  soon  be  rendered  so :  the 
stores  in  the  publjc  mngazines  Iiave  been 
exhausted,  in  securing  the  consts.  Of^ 
his  fleet,  indeed,  we  hear  nothing ;  bat 
it  is  clear,  that  if  the  king  endeavours  to 
form  a  maritime  strength,  he  incurs  fresh 
expenses,  to  an  amount  which  his  king- 
dom has  no  means  of  defraying.  The  na- 
ture of  the  tenures  in  this  sovereignty,  the 
low  stale  of  husbandry,  the  superstitions, 
and  other  lazinesses  of  the  pa^ple,  whd 
content  themselveaj  with  a  bare  exis- 
tence, will  long  be/msuperabkjobstaclis 
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to  in  the  adroitness  which  the  FVench 
can  exert,  and  all  the  activitj  which  Gallic 
vivacity  Can  inspire. 

We  are  now  prepared  to  consider  Sicily 
as  of  great  importance  to  the  possessor  of 
NaplM.  This  island  is  not  only  valuable 
by  Its  productions,  but  by  situation,  dso  j 
It  commands  tlie  whole  Italian  coast;  can 
at  anv  time  effect  incursions  in  any  point ; 
can  keep  up  a  correspondence  with  the 
interior  of  the  country:  affords  a  sure 
retreat  for  mal-contents :  and,  while  in 
the  hands  of  a  power  possessing  ship- 
ping, it  renders  the  whole  Neapolitail 
dominions  insecure.  But,-  even  suppos- 
ing that  no  attempts  were  to  be  feared 
from  it,  the  exportation  of  Sicilian  com- 
modities to  any  other  place  than  Naples, 
the  detention  of  Sicilian  com  from  Na« 

Sles»  and  the  non-importation  of  Neapo- 
tan  productions  into  Sicily,  would  render 
the  Italian  territories  insufficient  to  sup- 
port a  monarch.  The  knowledge  t>f  this, 
justly  alarmed  Bonaparte's  brother,  and 
added  to  the  perplexities  of  Bonaparte 
)]iimself.  These  sug^tions  are  indepen- 
dent of  any  results  from  the  formation  of 
British  connections  in  Sicily ;  from  the 
succession  of  a  more  vigorous  prince  than 
the  present,  to  the  Sicilian  throne  3  or 
from  any  obstacle  which  Sicily  might 
prove  to  the  projects  of  Bonaparte  on  the 
provinces  of  Greece. 

By  the  mention  of  Greece,  we  are  led 
to  the  consideration  of  a  third  sovereignty, 
which  is  implicated  in  the  conduct  of 
Talleyrand  and  Bonaparte.  In  Lord 
TamtQOthf's  dispatch  of  June  13,  his  Lord- 
ihip  states  his  enquiry  of  M.  T.  **  whether 
the  French  govemmen|t  would  guarantee 
•the  integrity  of  the  Ottoman  Empire?'* 
The  answer  was,  '^  yes,  but  it  must  be 
MOGa^^^Biaucoup  se  prepare,  mais  rien 
n'est  fait,  much  is  preparing,  but  no- 
thing is  executed.**  lliis  incautious  ex- 
presMon  of  M.  T.  explains  clearly  what 
Bonaparte  means,  when  he  talks  of  {;ua- 
laoteetng  the  intonritv,  the  independence, 
he.  of  tbe  IWkish  dominions.  He  in- 
tends to  render  them  as  independent  on 
himself,  as  Holland,  Italy,  or  mrhaps, 
as  Spain !  This  he  will  find  dimcult  to 
accomplish,  while  £n{^d  holds  Malta 
and  Sicily,  and  Rnssia  holds  Cattaro  and 
Corfou.  He  can  send  no  fleet  from  Tou- 
lon t9  the  Morea,  without  hazarding  a 
rencontre  -At  Atalta.  He  can  march  no 
aQUy  from  Daimatia,   without  comQiit- 


ting  its  flf^sty,  unless  accompanied  by  a 
fleet  I  neither  dare  he  leave  Cattaro  in 
the  rear  of  his  army,  marching  by  land, 
without  exposing  himself  to  absolute  ruin, 
in  case  of  a  reverse. 

'  It  is  difficult  to  say,  whether  Bona- 
parte depends  on  the  professions  of  the 
Greeks,  in  favour  of  liberty  :  if  he  doe^r 
we  think  them  very  likely  to  fail  him, 
when  most  needed.  But,  we  may  safely 
infer,  the  little  vigour  possessed  by  that 
power,  which  suffers  rebellion,  yearaftet- 
year,  to  occupy  its  fait  est  provinces,  and 
to  desolate  those  which  are  unfortunatdr 
its  neighbours.  More  than  one  revoft 
at  this  time,  weakens  and  ravages 
the  Turkish  empire.  We  cannot  esti- 
mate very  highly  the  opposition  which 
this  power  could  make  to  the  armis  of 
France,  unless  the  necessity  of  erenti 
should  call  out  some  man  of  superior  in- 
tellect, vigour,  and  good  fortune,  whos^ 
enlightened  understanding  might  turn  to 
account  those  capabilities  of  which  this 
empire  is  not  yet  wholly  deprived,  and  that 
strength  which  is  rather  shrouded  in  its 
imbecility  thdn  absolutely  departed,  from 
it.  Such  a  man  may  arise :  and jhen— 
woe  to  every  Frenchman  found  on  Otto- 
man territory !  That  the  Sultan  himself 
is  not  that  man,  neither  has  yet  fixed  his 
eye  on  any  one  answering  to  this  charac- 
ter, we  inter,  from  M  Pouqueville's 
description  of  Sultan  Selim.  He  is,  sayS 
that  writer,  '^  just,  humane,  but  anxious ; 
— this  sovereign  has  constantly  in  hit  taio- 

fination  the  idea  0/  a  disastrous  futurity, 
)uriHg  the  last  ten  years  he  frequently 
sheds  tears  at  the  state  of  the  empire  under 
his  sway  ;  and  the  greater  his  knowledge, 
the  deeper  is  his  conviction  of  the  ta/r- 
riority  of  his  subjects  to  Europeans.  The 
various  revolts  in  his  empire  leave  him  no 
rest  I  the  last  war  plunged  him  Into  per- 
petual alarms ;  and  his  resolution  unhap* 
pily  fluctuates  too  frequently  fbr'^a  situa- 
tion only  fitted  for  the  mon  detennined 
mind.'* 

A. weeping  sovereign,  roost  assuredly, 
is  not  tJie  hero  to  revive  an  empire  of  hsdf 
civilized  subjects :  with  a  rebellion,  as* 
suming  a  religious  character,  rising  up  to 
defy  his  power  in  Arabia ;  another  strog-^ 
gling  for  political  preponderance  m 
£gypt$  a  third  and  a  fourth  in  Sef^a« 
and  the  adjacent  provinces,  under  Passwaa 
Pglu,  and  Czcmi  Georges,  r— Various 
other  insdrr^lions  redcu^  the  Ottomsia 


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aoUumty  to^sbadowj  titlef,  instead  of  effi- 
caujr ;  to  the  ennroerattoD  of  provinces — 
invaded  by  its  own  olpcers,  now  in  revolt } 
and  of  towns — tbe  inhabitants  of  which 
Vifiife  to  obey  the  numdates  of  their  mas- 
itf,  and  lord. 

We  intend  on  a  future  opportunity  to 
introduce  such  cej^resentations  from  late 
travellers,  as  naay  justify  this  account  of 
tbe  situation  of  the  Turkish  empire.  We 
could  not  have  believed  the  decree  of  in* 
•  ibordination  e^tautln  many  of  the  Turk- 
ish provinces,  and  pervading  their  popu- 
Jation,  if  we  had  not  had>  beside  various 
published  accounts,  the  advantage  of 
perusing  the  MSS.  of  British  officers, 
whose  services  to  that  government  were 
performed  amidst  perils  and  dan^rs, 
arising  no  less  from  friends  than  from 
foes. 

It  is  proper,  here,  that  we  should  no- 
tice the  date  of  the  change  in  Bonaparte's 
politics.  He  had  sufi'ered  the  Dutch  colo* 
nial  possessions  held  by  England,  to  have 
been,  at  first,  so  determinately  mention- 
ed in  the  conferences,  and  in  written  evi- 
dence, that  nothing  could  be  done,  in 
a  direct  manner,  by  way  of  recovering 
them }  and  his  idea  was,  if  we  may  judge 
by  his  later  actions,  to  compensate  the 
privation  of  these,  by  encreasing  the  ter- 
ritories of  Holland,  on  the  side  of  Grer- 
mai^.  But,  there  were  no  territories  in 
Italy  which  could  compensate  Sicily  to 
Naples.  The  commanding  position  of 
that  island,  its  accessibility  to  British  as- 
sistance, by  means  of  a  fleet,  and  the 
check  which  the  occupier  of  it  would 
idways  possess  on  operations  in  the  Le* 
vant,  rendered  the  expulsion  of  the  En* 
{^ish,  with  that  of  the  present  sovereign, 
fnd  the  admission  of  the  French,  abso- 
lutely necessary.  The  idea  of  exchang- 
ing other  dominions  for  this,  was  started, 
diough  unsuccessfully }  but,  supposing  it 
iuid  been  accomplished,  9  new  difficulty 
had  now  arisen  in  tbe  capture  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  firom  Spain.  The  London  G^ 
sette,  coQununicating  this  event,  was 
published  September  13.  kt\^  the  first 
,  direct  written  refusal  on  the  part  ofTal 
leyrand,  was  delivered  to  Lord  Lauder- 
dale, Sept.  18.  In  this  Interval  of  five 
or  six  davs,  the  intelligence  must  have 
feached  riris.  Poiiaparte,  unable,  con^ 
•sistwify  with  his  schemes,  to  propose  an 
IH^uiTilieiitfoir  Sicily^  (m^>  fomid  vm^ 


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still  more  perplexed  to  propose  equivalents 
for  Buenos  Ayres  ako :  yet,  imless  this 
cokiny  was  restored  to  Spain,  he  woul4 
not  have  made  a  peace  **  honourable  for 
his  allies."  The  ill-humour  into  which 
this  perplexity  appears  to  have  thrown 
him,  marked  the  paper  which  Talleyrand 
bronght  firom  St.  Cloud,  and  probably 
composed  there,  iir  conjunction  with 
Bonaparte:  and  it  should  seem,  thatth^ 
idea  of  still  further  conqt^ests  being  made 
by  Britain,  for  which  hie  coold  io^gii^ 
no  compensation,  consistently  wita  kts 
schemes,  as  already  observed,  was  the 
turning  point  on  wluch  his  mind  revolved 
from  some  desire  of  peace,  to  an  aban- 
donment of  that  desire^  persuaded  that 
war  would  answer  his  purposes  better. 

It  may  be  tn^  then,  that  «*  the  Eoh 
peror  Aiffuc^^jcovcted  nothing  that  England 
Dossessed :  "  but  it  is  equally  true^  that 
his  connections  forbad  him  firooi  accent- 
ing the  terms  of  utt  possidetis  \  since  tkey 
perceived  their  inconvenience,  though  h$ 
did  not. 

We  might  proloi^  these  remarks  b^ 
rarticularizing  those  other  sutes  whidh 
Bonaparte  intends  to  subject  to  grsit 
changes,  snch  as  Switzerland  and  l^ottJ^ 
gal;  but  these  do  not  appear  to  have  beea^ 
prominent  oonsiderations  in  the  negncia^ 
tion  before  us.  Neither  shall  we  enquire 
what  progress  his  misunderstanding  with 
Prussia  was  now  making.  T)ie  M^babi* 
lity  is,  that  the  firee  surrender  of  Hanover 
to  its  lawful  sovereign  by  Bonaparte^ 
disgusted  Prussia,  who  saw  this  loss  re* 
placed  by  nothing  adequate.  She  now 
held  Hanover :  but  was  commanded  to 
resign  it :  and  this  resignation  'fexing  her 
aviditv,  she  crumbled  so  loudly,  that  her 
friend  thought  proper  to  teach  her  better 
manners.  But  these,  with  other  qonsi* 
derations,  involved,  we  doubt  nor,  in  the 
labyrinth  of  politics,  we  wave,  and  ooo^ 
tent  ourkelves  with  having  elucidated  those 
which  more  intioutely  concerned  usaa 
Britons. 

We  presume  that  we  have  now  ex« 
plained  the  reasons,  which  induced  M. 
Talleyrand  to  consider  ''change  of cir« 
cunistances*'[he  should  have  said ''  farther 
information  ;**  as  indeed  he  do^.  **•  •  • 
Tersation  with  Lord  Tmnocith,  June  19, 
**  the  Emperor  had  recejived  nqMirtt  from 
his  brotiifrr,  and  the  general  othcers  nn* 
4er  hia  orders^  stating  that  Naplti  could 

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Communijoations  to  the 


not  he  held  untkout  Sicily,*"']  as  reasons 
for  a  partial  change  of  terms! — and  to 
•observe,  "  that  Bonaparte  had  been  but 
lately  convinced,  and  felt  more  and  more 
ike  al solute  necessity  of  obtaining  Sicily, 
to  make  Naples  and  the  neighbouring  ter- 
ritories  ^tenable:*  We  have  explained, 
too,  his  meaning  in  the  phrase  of  making 
a  peace  "honourable  to  the  two  Courts, 
and  their  respective  allies : "  and  more- 
over, we  have  shewn  clearly  the  'reasons, 
why  *'  Prince  Louis,  on  accepting  the 
crown  of  Holland,  formally  dcMdared  his 
intention  of  renouncing  it,  if  the  Dutch 
colonies  were  not  restored  at  the  general 
peace.*' 

•  As  none  of  these  ideas  have  been  pre- 
sented to  the  country  in  any  other  pub- 
lication, we  take  a  pleasure  in  submitting 
them  by  the  present  article.  If  they 
filiould  appear  to  our  readers  equally  well 
founded  as  we  suppose  them  to  be,  we 
doubt  not  but  they  will  meet  with  a  can- 
did acceptance;  we  shall  be  rewarded 
with  the  consciousness  of  having  perform- 
ed our  duty,  with  the  applause  of  those 
Ivhoare  capable  of  appreciating  ourfexer- 
Xions  }  and  with  the  honour  of  the  con- 
tinuation of  that  confidence  with  which 
the  public  lias  en^inently  distinguished  our 
work. 

.Communications  to  the  Board  of  ylgricul- 
iure;  on  Subjects  relating  to  Husban- 
dry, and  internal  Improvement  of  the 
Country.  Vol.  V.  Part  I.  4to.  pp.  334. 
London,  Nicol,  &c.  1800. 

Agbiculture  is  of  the  first  impor- 
tance to  a  nation.  That  under  peculiar 
circumstancjps  Commerce  may  support  a 
people,  must  be  admitted  while  we  have 
the  instance  of  Holland  before  our  eyes. 
But  an  extensive  kingdom,  and  a  nume- 
rous population,  must  depend  for  supplies 
on  cultivation  of  the  field.  Errors  in 
•griculture  are  serious  :  improvements  in 
agriculture  are  valuable.  The  diftiision  of 
knowledge  among  that  class  of  the  -com- 
munity which  attaches  itself  to  these  la- 
bours is  extremely  desirable,  and  the 
conimunications  of  a  number  of  intelli- 
gent practitioners  to  one  central  repertory, 
cannot  i^il  of  producing,  at  length,  a 
^tock,  from  which  many  particular  bene- 
fits must  be  derived.  Such  is  the  inten- 
tion of  the  Board  of  Agriculture :  and 
the  contents  of  the  present  Part  fully  jus- 
tify this  intention. 


Board  of  Agriculture.  C924 

Tliis  is  the  first  part  of  a  fiflh  volume, 
published  by  the  Board :  we  shall  not  di- 
rect our  attention  to  thci  former,  but  con- 
tent ourselves  with  reporting  the  principal 
subjects  of  the  part  before  us. 

The  first  article  is  an  account  of  Im- 
provements made  on  a  Moss,  by  John 
Wilkinson,  Esq.  of  Castlehead,  in  Lanca- 
shire. JVraong other  things,  we  learn,  that 
by  the  embankment  of  Lancaster  sands, 
at  an  expence  from  150,000Z.  to  200,000/. 
about  38,710  acres  might  be  recovered 
from  the  sea,  which,  when  improved 
would  be  worth  1 ,340,000/.  Mr.  Wil- 
kinson nobly  oiFered  to  subscribe  50,000/, 
towards  this  national  undertaking.  Mr. 
W.  gives  the  delineation  of  a  patten  for 
horses,  adapted  to  mossy,  and  boggy  so]ls. 
There  are  some  good  observations  in  this 
paper. 

But,  in  our  opinion,  the  chief  value  of 
this  volume  arises  from  the  view  it  aflbrds 
of  the  comparative  prices  of  labour,  and 
other  ex pences,  attending  the  cultivation 
of  land,  between  the  years  1790  and 
1803.  We  shall  give  as  an  instance,  the 
price  of 

BEDFORDSHIRE,    LABOUR. 

1790  1804 

£  s.    d.  4  #.    (/, 

Price  in  winter  0    6  10  O    g    4 

Price  in  summer  0    9    0  0  1«     8 

Price  in  hanest  0  J 1    9f  0  15    3f 

Head  man's  wa^       9  12    0  13-  13     4^ 

Second  man's  ditto       5  12     0  7  10    9^ 
Reaping  wheat,  per 

acre     ---  067  0110 

Mowing  bariey  0     1     8|  0    2    8j 

Threshing     wheat, 

per  quarter    --0S3  03  10i 

Threshmg  bariey  0     1     4i  0    3    2i 

Filling  earth,  per  yd.     0    0    3i  0    0    ai 

Fillingdung,  per  load    0    0     li  0    0    2| 

The  same  calculations  are  continued 
throughout  all  the  counties  of  England : 
the  average  shewing  a  rise  of  from  36  .to 
58  per  cent,  in  various  branches  of  la- 
hour. 

BEDFORDSHIRE,    ARTISANS. 

1790         1804 
s.  d.      s,    d. 
Blacksmith^  Tire  per  lb.     -    0    3      0    5§ 
Plough  irons,  do.  0    4i    0    6i 
Chain?,  do.  0^0    5^ 

Shoeing,  do.  0     5       0     6| 

Carpenter,     by  day      -     -       1     9       2     5 
'Vinson,     -     do.      -     -     -       I     h\     2     H 
Thatcher,      do       -    -     -       1     9i    2    6i 
Collar-maker'e-work    -     -       15      ^04 
Average  rise  per  cent,  .from  30  to  50. 


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Communj4Xi!ions  to  the 


BBOVORDSBIRB,  RENT,  TITHE,  PA  RISH  TAXBS . 

Rise  of  rent  from      -       1790  to  1804 

6Si  p&r  cent.  s,  d.      i.    d. 

Tithe  per  acre    •    *    •    3    0      5     5 

Pajrish  taxes  in  the  £.       3    Of    4    6i 

Average  rise  per  cent,  from  39  to  89. 

BEDFORDSHIRE,    CULTIVATION. 

1750  1804 

£  5.  d.  £  s.  d. 
Acre  of  tnmips  3  14  6  5  0  6 
Acre  of  barley  2  I9  2  4  12 
Acre  of  wheal  4  0  10  5  2  6 
Manure       -      -    0    3    0      0    4    7* 

Average  rise  per  cent,  from  ^6  to  62. 
Taking    the  average    rise    per   cent, 
throughout  Eligland,   it  appears  that  the 
increased  expences  on  the  whole  stand 
Chiis :  (Fractions  ondtted,) 

Labour  in  winter    -    -    -    -    36| 
Labour  in  summer  -    -    -    -    38  J 
Price  in  har>-est      ..    -    -    -    44 
Head  man's  wages       -    -     -    42 
Second  man's  wages    -    -    -    41 
Reaping  wheat  -----    54 
Mowing  barley       -    -    -     -     58 
Threshmg  wheat    -    -    -    -    54f 
Threshing  barley    -    -    -    -    50| 

Filling  earth 51 

Filiiug  dung      -    -    •    -    -    52 


47 


Average    -    -    ..  35 

Carpenter     ----.,.  50 

Mason    ----»--  47 

Thatcher 45 

Collar-maker     -     -     -    -    *  41f 


A^^ragc    -    - 

. 

blacksmith 

Tire  -    -    - 
Plough  irons 
Chains    -    - 
Shoeing 

- 

34J 
33 
35 
36 

Average    •    -    -» 

Rent  --------39 

Tithe 48 

parish  taxes      -----  89 

^    Avenige    -    -    - 

Acre  of  turnips       -    .    .    ,  33 

Acre  of  barley  -----  39 

Acre  of  wheat   -/  -    -    -    -  36 


](lani,ire 


Average    -    - 


41 


691 


38 


6g 


Tlie  whole  averages  -  -            52 

.      SCOTLAND  (east  LOTHIAN),  LABOUR. 

1790  ^804 

£    s.    d.  £  s,    d. 

Winter,  per  week        0    5    6  0    g    0 

Summer  do.       -     -    0    5     6  0    9    0 

H^est  do.       --O60  O9O 


Board  of  Agriculturt.  [9^5 

1790.  1804. 

Head  man,  Ktncar-  £,  s.  d.  £.  s.  d, 

dine  Shire,  nun.      8     0     0  14     0    0 ' 

Second  man       -    -    6    0    0  10    0    0 
Reaping  wheat,  |)er 

acre      ----050  080 

Mowing  bnrley,  do,     0    4     6  0     8     0 
Threshing  wheat,  per 

quarter      ---010  060 

Threshinpharlcy,do.    0    0     8  0     10' 

Fillingcarth,  jjer  yd.    0    0    4  0    0    6 

Filliugdung,  per  load    0     0     2  0     0     3 

ARTISAKS. 

s.    d.      s,  d. 

Blacksmith,  Tire  per  lb.   -    doubled. 

Plough  irons,  do.  doubled. 

Chains,  do.    -    0    5      0    7 

Shoeing'    -     -     0    6      0     8 

Carpenter,    by  day        -    -     1     6      29 

Mason,         do,        -    -    -     1     6      2    9 

Thatcher^      do  ---2026 

Collar-maker,  do.       ..-16      3    Q 

CULTIVATION. 

s,    d.      s.  d. 
Acre  of  turnips  Increased  as  13  to  24 

Acre  of  barley      -    -    -    -  the  same. 

Acre  of  wheat      -    -    .    -  Uiesame., 

Manure 26      50 

RENT  AND  PARISH  TAXES. 

s,   d.      s.  d. 
Rise  of  rent     ^    -    -    -    -  doubled. 

Parish  taxes 1     7i     2  U 

Average  increase  throughout  Scotland. 
Rent  «  -  .  -  73 
Rates  -  -  -  .  69 
LabiHir  -  -  -  56 
Artisans  -  -  -  65 
Manure      -    -     -    89 

Average  increase  per  cent.     70 

T.  A.  Knight,  Esq.  Herefordshire^  men- 
tions an  increase  of  tithe^  within  fourteen 
years,  of  556  per  cent. 

Much  additional  information  is  selected 
from  the  letters  in  which  the  above  parti- 
culars were  communicated.  Amoi^  other 
things,  we  are  sorry  to  learn,  that 

The  late  tax  on  malt  has  not  only  lowered 
the  price  of  barley,  consequently  haschccked  its 
cultivation,  but' also  precludes  the  poor  man, 
and  the  next  class  of  housekecjKrs,  from  brew- 
ing ;  and  is  a  strong  inducement  to  the  coni- 
njon  brewers  to  give  tJieir  beer  an  intoxicating 
qi^alttj',  without  malt  j  as  well  as  to  encou- 
rage the  use  of  spirits,  p.  41,  The  supervisor 
at  Chichester  reporis,  that  more  than  half  the 
malt-houses  in  his  district  arc  shut  up ;  in- 
deed, it  cannot  be  otherwise,  when  the  duty 
is  36s.  per  quarter,  or  150  percent,  on  the 
present  price  of  barley,  24s.  I'hcrc  are  now 
brewers'  chemists  (see  a  pamphlet  written  by 
one  Chllds  on  this  subject),  where  you  uiaj[ 

2H  4 


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CmmunietUi0iu  i9  ike  Board  e/  Jgricutiur^. 


(0^ 


be  supplied  with  cdhuriug,  t.  «.  sugtf  boiled 
doWD  to  the  consistence  of  pitch  ;  bittertf 
inrhich  is  also  sugar  heated  in  a  brass  cauldron, 
till  red  hot ;  heading,  and  many  other  arti- 
cles :  so  that  not  above  one  bushel  of  malt  ^i 
four  is  used  for  this  liquor,  p.  72,  Since  the 
increased  duty  on  maU,  tlie  Vime  kilns  at  Rud- 
borough,  near  Petworth,  formerly  worked  at 
Candlemas,  for  lime  to  be  laid  on  the  barley 

Sound,  have  not  been  used  this  spring  for 
iat  purpose,  ^re  being  no  demand  for  lime. 

Very  many  farmers  have  malting  oonveni- 
ehctes,  by  means  whereof  they  can  malt  not 
only  their  own  growth,  but  much  more—- 
they  can  run  floorinjgs  of  malt  yv\ih  scarce 
an^  chance  of  detecuon ;  and  it  is  a  fact,  that 
this  is  done  to  a  very  great  extent.  I  am  well 
aasured,  that  malt  can  he  bought  in  distant 
counties,  and  carried  io  Bristol,  on  cheaper 
terms  than  it  can  be  made  there.  The  smug- 
fl^er  makes  better  malt,  which  makes  better 
beer,  than  the  fair  trader,  pp.  85,  SO,  Charles 
Hassall,.  Esq.  Pembroleshire, 

We  need  iayiiothing  in  eicplanatioa  of 
the  magnitude  and  importance  of  this 
evil ;  which,  should  it  become  popular, 
aa  it  is  not,  we  hope,  at  present,  will  defy 
all  the  power  and  skill  of  the  excise  to 
aybdue  it. 

Our  readers  irill  obsene,  that  thecal 
eolations  we  have  transcribed  refer  to* 
^m  J  and  that,  were  corn  only  in  ques- 
tion, the  inference  would  be  undeniable, 
that  agricultare  is  in  a  fair  way  to  become 
unprofitable  But,  in  fact,  a  farmer 
draws  his  profits  from  various  sources  > 
and  his  sufferings  by  one  kind  of  crop  are 
compensated  by  his  enjoyments  {rom  ano- 
ther. He  deals  in  animal  food  as  well  as  in 
com>  and  this  sometimes  pro\'e8  more 
advantageous  tlUin  the  direct  prodn^  of 
land.  If  he  sells  hit  beef  and  mutton  to  a 
pront,  this  is  a  part  of  his  business ;  if  his 
pork,  or  his  veal,  he  is  still  a  farmer.— 
Diflc^nt  districts  have,  no  doubt,  difter- 
ent  inconveniencies ;  and  in  ^me  places 
the  rales  and  expences  are  extremely 
oneious.  But  the  rates  in  town  keep,  at 
least,  equal  pace  with  tho^e  in  the  coun- 
try :  and  when  manufactures  are  stagnant, 
the  evil  is  pregnant  with  distresses  of  a 
severer  kind  than  those  of  what  a  ^rmer 
calls  a  bad  time.  Tith^,.  undoubtedly, 
also,  as  several  correspondents  with  the 
Board  observe,  are  burdens  on  agriculture; 
but  iio  ons  has  suggested  a  better  modecf 
accomplishing  the  purposes  of  this  impost. 
In  Scotland  however,  there  are  neither 


poor  laws  nor  tithes ;— what  then  ir  re* 
ported  from  the  North  ? 

Mr.  Robert  May  writies  from  the  conn- 
tv  of  Mearm,  in  "Scotlatid,  that  in  this 
district  the  price  of  labour  is  93.  per  cent, 
higher  than  tn  1790.  yet  the  farmers  are 
thnving.  This  he  ei^lains  by  obsefvingA 
tha(  this  neighbourhood  resprs  or  feeds 
many  cattle,  of  which  Glasgow  market 
makes  no  small  consumption,  being  about 

Bullocks,  0OWS,  and  heifors  7^38 

Veab       ...        -  6740 

Sheep      ....  87316 

Lambs     .        ^        .        -  29621 

llogs,  or  swine         -.       -.  329, 

71544 

The  prices  of  all  these,  hc^  excepted,  are 
upwards  of  150  per  cent,  higher  now  Uion 
in  1790. — The  produce  of  tlie  dairy  has  also, 
advanced  more  thaA  110  per  cent.  It  is  a 
moderate  calculation,  to  say,  a  farmer  will 
profit  by  each  cow  ^12  pet  annum.  From 
the  improvement  of  all  kmds  of  utensils,  &c. 
the  same  quantitv  of  work  i3  performed  w^ith 
a  less  number  of  men  and  horses :  formerly t. 
fpur  horses  were  used  to  each  pipu^Ti,  with  a 
driver;  note,  few  have  any  driver,  and, 
mostly,  two  horses  are  sufRcient. — The  breed 
of  horses  al^so  is  improved.  The  w^k  being 
better  done,  the  land  produces  more  than  for- 
merly. But  these  advantages  are  not  general 
throughout  Scotland.    Poor's  rates  very  light. 

aXAT^MENT  or  THE  POOR*8  HOUSE  AT 
GLASC^OW,  MARCH,  1804> 

In  the  Cbarity-house        -        -  .     40a 
Children  aiul  frail  people  at  nune      393 
Families  receiving  support         -        435 
The  expense  Of  this  charity  was  last  yeat 
^4663  13«.  7d'    The  f*ind  is  raised  bv  an  as- 
sessment on  the  ^lonied  interest  widiin  the 
ci^y ;  no  i^erspn  is  assessed  utiless  his  property 
amounts  to  j£300.    Last  year's  assessment 
was  2^.  2i.  per  il^lOO  upon  j^4,01^,4<M). 

Many  other  poor,  but  supported  by  collec- 
tions at  the  church  doors,  on  the  Sundays. 
In  the  Mains  parish,  wheve  I  reside,  of  1745. 
souls,  16  are  Support^  by  pharity  collecied 
at  the  church  door :  I  do  not  reooUect  that  we 
were  ever  called  u|)on  jfor  an  exuraovd^naiy 
collection ;  and  it  b  not  ^onsisleBt  with  my 
knowledge  that  any  pidividual  fpn  out  to  ask 
supply.  Tlie  rental  of  the  city  of  Glasgow 
(exclusive  o(  those  below  J^,  and  which  pay 
no  tovvn*s  di^es^  is  j£l68,970.  The  assess- 
ment9  iop  lightmg  the  city,  &c.  &c.  amount 
to  6id,  in  the  pound.  There  is  no  other  bur- 
den on  the  inhabitants  that  I  know  of,  but 
yf\mi  is  collected  kit  Government,  p.  g6. 

Tlie  report  on  com-farmiog  is  not  so 
favourable :  the  expences  appear  to  have 


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CmmuiOaiHoHs  h  rt«  Board  ifJgrkutUre: 


te3d 


increased  comidenbly,  and  to  be  increas- 
ing. Yet  where  adequate  capital  i»  em- 
ployed, improveniettts  are  rapidlj  ad- 
vancing; and  '*in  ia04,  the  ground  is 
much  cleaner  and  easier  dressed,  much 
ficher,  and  requiring  less  dung — more 
ground  will  be  plcAghed,  ddnged,  and 
hoed,  with  th^  same  horses  and  hands, 
and  it  the  same  time,  than  in  179O ;  and 
there  will  be  a  saving  of  manure,  labour, 
expense,  and  trouble— because,  weeds 
always  decrease  as  good  husbandry  ad- 
vances." p.  90.  Tl)is  seems  to  be  prettv 
nearlythestate  of  corn-farmingin  Scotland. 
We  may  fairly  submit  these  statements 
Xo  our  readers,  without  any  comments  of 
our  own:,  but  shall  close  our  extracts  by 
the  recollecttoas  of  an  elderly  husband- 
snan  on  the  proportionate  prices  of  kine. 

«*  I  can  remember,  when  a  boy,  forty- 
IbuT  years  since,  going  with  my  father  to  a 
nei^boar^  to  buy  horned-  cattle— Crom  two 
to  thre^  four  and  five  pounds  per  hewi  :— 
At  that  time  but^ar  sold  in  Liverpool  market, 
from  ^d.  to  .^Id.  the  ^b.  of  18  oz.  My  re- 
mark on  this,  from  that  time  to  the  present 
U.  that  as  butter  has  either  gradually  or  ra- 
pidly risen  in  price,  in  the  course  of  twelve 
months,  or  less,  that  catile  has  4one  the 
same  in  proportion  ;  and  that  as  many  j^en- 
nics  per  lb.  as  butler  sold  for  ^  Liverpool 
market  forty-four  years  since,  tliat  the  ave- 
rage price  of  a  sood  fair  calving  cow  sold  for 
so  many  pounce,  which  is  the  case  at  this 
piesent  t^me.  From  ng5,  179^*.  the  average 
has  been  from  4X2  to  £iH.  The  average 
fisc  of  butter  has  been  nearly  one  farthing  pet 
lb. :  butcher's  meat  nearly  half  a  farthing  per 
year  ia  the  lb.  of  16  oz.  Forty  four  years 
ago  butcher's  meat  sold  in  Liverpool  market 
mm  Id,  to  lid,  and  2d,  and  2id,  the  best 
prime  meat :  now  it  sells  at  Sd.  and  from 
H>i-  to  If.  Pork  fiom  5d.  to  (^,  but  beef, 
glutton,  and  veal,  keep  up  their  prices. 
p.  60. 

Unquestionably!,  the  above  forms  an 
important  article  in  our  national  statistics : 
when  we  connect  with  it  the  recollectipn 
of  the  sums  annually  paid  for  foreign 
com  imported ;  the  occasional  distresses 
Urising  Irom  indifferent  harvests,  and  the 
augmented  price  of  every  article  of  ac- 
commodation and  comfort,  it  must  be  oM-n- 
cd,  that  the  respot^sibility  attached  to  the 
ruling  powers,  as  purveyors  for  the  peo- 
ple, to  very  great  5  they  ought  never  to 
Ibrget  the  motto  chosen  by  the  wortliy 
fecretary, 

Aratro  dignm  Hbno5— -GaoRo, 
Suspending  at  present,  our  consider- 


ation of  com,  as  the  food  of  man,  let  u* 
notice  that  part  of  our  sustenance  which^ 
in  this  country,  is  derived  from  tho 
breeding  and  management,  of  animals. 
No.  Iv.  and  V.  are  memoirs  on  the  adr 
vantages  of  miilk.  A  cow  of  Mr.  Cramp, 
of  I^ewes,  yielded  in  48  weeks,  1  day» 
4g!21  quarts.,  Profit  «£41.  5,  IJ.  Mr* 
CurM'en  made  sundry  experiments  as  to 
the  feasibility  of  supplying  milk,  as  an 
advantageous  aliment,  during  winter.  He 
does  not  consider  his  management  as  hav^ 
ing  been  perfect :  his  new  milk  was  told 
at  2d.  per  quart :  skimmed  id.  The  cart 
was  met  before  it  reached  the  towo»  and 
the  whole,  87  ijuarts  daily,  yras  disposed 
of,  morning  and  evening,  in  little  mor^ 
than  an  hour. 

The  following  averages  shew  the  ncin^ 
ber  of  cattle  and  sheep  annually  sold  ia 
Smithfield. 

Cattle.  Sheep. 

1732  to  1740  -  83,905  b6A,b50 
1741—1749  -  74,194  559,89* 
1750  —  1758  -  75,331  623,091 
1759  —  176'7  -  83,432  615,323 
1768  —  1776  -  $9,362  627,805 
1777  —  1785  -  t)9,285  687.588 
1786  —  1794  -  108,075  707,456 
The  average  weight  of  bullocks  about 
100  years  ago,  compared  with  that  of  the 
present'  time. 


1700  i8oa 

lbs.  lbs. 

370  to  800 

50  140 

28  80 

16  50 


Oxen,      -    - 

Calves,  -  - 
Sheep,  -  - 
Lambs,    -    - 

So  that,  Smithfield  market  has,  princi- 
pally within  fifty  years,  doubled  the  Weigl^ 
of  ilesh  sold  in  it. 

The  reader  will  consider  tliis  statement 
in  connection  also  with  our  account  cMf 
the  supply  of  this  article  in  the  days  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  Panorama,  p.  240. 
We  understand,  that  Mr.  Mdlish  the  con- 
tractor, has,  in  many  successive  years, 
delivered  3,500  oxen,  in  seven  month^ 
to  the, government  stores:  which  didees 
greatly  from  the  estimate  of  Mr.  Edward 
^ishe,  1586. 

Mr.  Curwen  agrees  in  the  sentiment 

Every  Vutden,  which  .the  necessity  o^  the 
state  has  imposed  since  1773,  has  been  a 
direct  ux  on  the  plough,  and  consequently 
operated  as  a  bounty  on  turning  latid  from 
iiibge  to  grazing,    llie  incrca:>ing  demand 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


e3ij 


CoMfnunicaiians  to  }he 


for  workmen,  for  our  maniifactories,  has 
united  with  other  causes  lo  enhance  the  price 
of  labour,  and  operated  as  a  further  cneck 
\ipon  aajiculture.  p.  145. 

He  informs  us  that  the  number  of  hor- 
ses that  pay  duty  is  1,178,000,  but  he 
thinks  this  number  should  be  considera- 
bly encreased.  He  estimates  their  an- 
nual consumption  of  food  as  requiring 
Acres  ea.     Acres. 

200,000  pleasure  horses    6     1  ,'200,000 

30,000  cavalry     -     -       5        150,000 

1,000,000  husbandry    -       4    4,000,000 

200,000  cdts,  mares,  &c.  3        600,000 


1,430,000  5,950,000 

But  he  thinks  that,  1,500,000  acres 
might  be  spared  from  the  pastures  appro^ 
priated  to  horses  and  cattle. — So  that, 
if  the  labouring  horses  were  fed  on  po- 
tatoes, carrots,  and  straw,  and  milch 
cows,  and  fattening  cattle  with  green 
food,  Mr.  C.  thinks  that  {lie,  quantity  of 
acres  mentioned  above  as  what  might  be 
converted  to  the  produce  of  human  food, 
"would  be  justified. 

Mr.  C.  also  states  the  gain  of  victual  to 
the  public,  by  converting  the  proiluce  of 
land  into  milk,  instead  of  into  com,  at 
more  than  4  to  1,  which  may  tend  to 
moderate  the  apprehensions  of  those  who 
«ee  nothing  but  calamity  in  the  diminu- 
tion of  tillage,  and  the  increase  of  pasture. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks  has  a  paper  on  the 
cultivation  of  spring  wheat,  which  we  re- 
commend to  tiie  attention  of  the  practical 
former.  This  grain  is  valuable,  and  on 
certain  occasions,  on  certain  soils,  expo- 
sures, &c.  offers  resources  which  may 
•prove  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the 
<iommunity.  The  board  has  proposed 
premiums  for  its  culture  ;  and  the  know- 
ledge of  its  iiivantages  is  increasing.  Other 
Experimentalists  have  also  considered  this 
gubject.  Freedorn  from  mildew  is  a  great 
recommendation  of  this  species. 

A  paper  on  the  mildew,  by  Mr.  Jones 
of  Somersetshire,  deserves  attentive  con- 
.sideration.  This  gentleman  thinks  that 
frost  is  the  primary  cause  of  this  disease  : 
that  it  acts  by  means  of  heavy  and  exten- 
sive dews,  which  being  frozen,  expand, 
■whereby  they  chill  and  crack  the  parts  of 
tlie  plant  on  which  they  have  settled. 
Tills,. with  other  effects  allied  to  the  ope- 
rations of  frost,  Mr.  J.  supposes  to  aflect 
late-sown  wheats,  and  others  not  sufficient- 
ly forward  to  repel  th^  attack,    Tliipking 


Board  of  Jgricubure.  [jgaj 

too,  that  the  harvests  are  now  later  than 
heretofore,  he  considers  the  plants  ^ 
being  more  exposed  to  this  disease. 

An  essay  on  the  cultivation  of  potatoes, 
by  the  Rev.  Edmund  Cartwright,  is  per- 
fectly well  calculated  to  puzzle  philoso- 
phers ',  not,  indeed,  from  the  modes  of 
culture  recommended,  but,  from  the  va- 
rieties of  sorts  produced  by  a  single  seed, 
when  that  method  of  raising  potatoes  is 
resorted  to.     Mr.  C.  inform  us,  that 

In  the  year  1804  he  raised  ei^iy-four 
plants  from  seedlings  of  the  preceding  year, 
all  from  the  same  kind  of  potatoc.  Tue  pro- 
duce of  scarcely  any  two  roots  was  alike^, 
either  in  form,  colour,  size,  or  taste.  Some 
ripened  early  in  August  j  others  were  not 
ripe  even  when  the  frost  set  in ;  some  were 
very  prolific,  others  but  moderately  so ;  some 
were  so  rank  and  offensive  to  the  palate  as 
scarcely  to  be  eatable  ;  and  others  again  (but 
these  were  few  in  number,  not  more  than 
three  or  four)  were  equal  to  the  best  potatoes 
now  in  use.  One  of  them,  indeed,  was  of 
so  superior  a  quality,  that,  unless  it  should 
degenerate  on  furtner  cultivation,  it  will 
ecfipse  almost  every  other  species  known. 

On  what  principle  shall  we  account 
for  these  different  propensities  in  the  off- 
spring of  the  same  root  ?  The  seeds  of  the 
same  individual  plant,  are  sure,^  when 
cultivated,  to  produce  many  and  very 
distinct  varieties :  yet  the  cuttings  of  this 
plant  are  expecte<l  to  resemble  each  other 
in  the  fruit  which  they  produce.  This 
espay  is  valuable  j  it  treats  the  subject  at 
large,  and  in  a  commendable  order. 

*'  Potatoes  which  cut  hird,  or  woody,  will 
infallibly  produce  curied  plants:  while 
such  as  yield  freely  to  the  knife,  may  be 
expected  to  produce  healthy  ones."  The 
practical  cultivator  knows  the  value  of 
such  remarks. 

Mr.  W.  Pitt,  of  Wolverhampton,  has 
contributed  ^  paper  on  the  subject  of 
weedr^  but  some  of  what  this  worthy 
writer  calls  weeds,  are  capable  of  being 
turned  to  very  good  account. '  We  must 
pass  this  article  in  order  to  mention  ano- 
ther, by  the  same  author,  on  the  con- 
sumption of  com  in  Britain,  an(l  the 
means  of  increasing  human  subsistence. 

Mr.  P.  takes  a  general  and  enlarged 
view  of  his  subject,  Ih  which  we  cannot 
follow  him  3  but  must  content  ourselves 
with  general  commendation.  It  may^ 
however,  be  proper  to  communicate  ^ 
few  extracts  to  our  readers. 

The  a^-erage  price  of  the  best  wheiU  ii|   \ 


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Windsor  market  from 

per  bushel*       -        -        " 

'    From  1700  to  lyC-l-    - 

From  1731.  to  1740    - 

From  1741  to  17^0    - 

DuTADg  the  last  ten  years 


C(mmurucoii(m%  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture. 


168S  to  1700,  was 

-  5*.  9^- 

-  4    (i 

-  4     2 

-  3     9        ^ 
tlie  exports  of 


•crain  ^-ere  8.029,136  quarters.  Jiounty 
1.514,962,  produce  of  about  200,000  acres.^ 

For  nineteen  years  ending  1765.  Hntain 
gained  by  its  corn  trade,  perannum^OM  ,000. 

From  1765  to  1776,  exports  and  imports 
were  nearly  equal.  —  In  1777  the  import 
prevailed  by  337,147  quarters. 

Since  that  time  impoft  has  regularly 
continued,  to  the  annual  loss,  ending  1797 
of  ^600,000.  To  grow  the  grain  then 
imported,  would  require  an  increased 
cultivation  of  148.064  acres.  The  im- 
Twrtsof  1796,  cost  the  nation,  bounties 
inchided  ^4,500,000,  those  of  1801  are 
stated  at,  quarters  2,623,  l62.  Value 
5^12,919.020.  Produce  of  acres  871,738. 
^ides  Indian  com,  meal,  and  rice. 


The  prices  of.  com  were  in      s. 
1797  Wheat,  per  bushel  6 


6 


1798 


F799  Ladv-day    -    - 
.  Micliaelmas     - 

, Christmas  -    - 

1800  Michaelmas      - 
Christmas   -    - 

1801  March    -    -    - 

t June      -    -    - 

. September  -    - 

1802  Average       -     - 

1803  Do.  -     - 

1804  First  7  months 
-— —  Last  4  months 

1805  Average     -     - 
Population  of  Great  Britain,   about 

England  -  -  -  8,322,545 
Wales  -  -  -  -  544,375 
Scotland     -  -     1,600,000 


7 
6 

9 
13 
13 
16 

19 

16 

11 

8 

7 

6 

10 

11 


3 
4 
3 

1 
1 
4i 

6 
9 


10,466,9^0 
Agricultural  population  Mr.  P.  estimates 
at  4^  in  100.  Commercial  population  at 
54  in  100.  Number  of  houses  in  Eng- 
land, 1,467,870.  Of  families  1,77S,420. 
Square  miles  55,833,  inhabitants  to  each, 
152,  France  contains  inhabitants  on  a 
square  mile,  157-  Naples,  203  .[China,  251. 
Mr.  P.  states  the  population  in  1688  at 
A\  millions.  The  increased  population  since 
that  period  has  unquestionably  required 
a  proportionate  increase  of  cultivation : 
and  it  might  be  thought  that  M6'increase 
iiad  not  taken  place,  whence  the  ne- 
cessity for  importation  ;  but,  the  sudden- 
ness of  the  change  from  exportation  to 
importation  refetcs    thii   argument.    If 


rg3* 

our  population  be  increased,^  If  grass  land 
pays  better  than  com  land,  if  our  maoa* 
factures  drain  away  our  bands  from  the 
plough,  if  what  can  be  enticed  from  la- 
bour are  converted  into  soldiers  or  sailors, 
by  the  circumstances  of  the  times,  the 
necessity  of  our  importing  corn  ceases,  at 
once,  to  be  a  woncfer. 

Mr.  P.  also  considers  butcher's  meat, 
with  the  quantity  of  land  necessary  to 
sustain  the  consumption  of  this  kind  of 
food:  also,  horses,  their  necessity,  and  sup- 
port: improvements  of  various  kinds: 
boimties,  public  granaries,  and  several 
otlier  subjects. 

.  We  cannot  resist  our  inclination  to 
transcribe  another  passage. 

Qriantitij   of  land   necessary    to^  sulslst 
8,000,000  of  people  in  England,  acdordir^ 
t0  the  present  mode  of  living.     Acres, 
Bread  com        -        -      3,000,000 
Barley,  for  drink       -       1,500,000 
Potatoes,  &c.    -         -  500,000 

Grass  land,  for  butclier's 

meat    -         -        -     12,000,000 
Qivasy  land  dahy         -      4,000,000 

S  1,000,000 

Supposing  other  consumers  lo  r^ 
quire  5,000,009  of  aeres,  this  makes 
26,000,000  :  which  is  about  the  quantit/ 
of  land  in  cultivation.  -I'he  waste  land  is 
supposed  to  be  about  6,000,000  acres. 

The  energy  of  our  ciiltivation,  then, 
should  be  directed  to  the  utmost  improve- 
ment ot  the  lands  at  present  under  hus- 
bandry :  to  a  frugal  use  of  our  means  of 
supporting  those  animals  which  circum- 
stances induce  us  to  retain  j  to  the  adoption 
of  viands  independent  of  the  produce  of 
land  \  to  tlie  accession  of  new  lands ;  and 
to  the  diminution  of  such  expends  as 
can  be  diminished  on  the  productions  now 
raised.  Agriculture  demands  protection, 
encouragement,  and  honour.  Our  rea- 
ders will  perceive  that  the  view  we  have 
set  before  tliem  is  not  general  as  to  all 
the  resources  of  the  kingdom,  but  parti* 
cular,  as  to  one  very  important  branch  of 
them.  This  is  the  province  of  the  Board 
of  Agriculture,  and  it  gives  us  greal 
pleasure  to  see,  that  the  attention  of 
ihis  institution  is  directed  to  objects  of 
magnitude  and-  national  interest ;  while 
the  Correspondents  of  this  establishment, 
in  seconding  the  views  of  those  who  pre- 
side in  it,  have  manifested  a  spirit  and  abi- 
lity, which  does  them  great,  houoor. 


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*W] 


Memoralilia  of  Perth. 


Memorahilia  of  Perth  $  with  the  Rev. 
Alexander  Dufi^s  (late  of  Tibfaermuir) 
traditional  Account  in  the  Town  of 
Rrth,  of  the  De^th  of  John,  Earl  of 
Gowrie,  and  his  Brother,  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Ruthven,  in  1600.  8vo.  pp.  366, 
with  a  Map  of  the  Town,  and  other 
Plates.  Price  lOs.;^  Boards.  Morison^ 
Perth,  1806. 

PxBTH  contends  for  the  distinction 
af  sitting  on  the  right  hand  of  the  Lord 
Provost  of  Edinburgh,  in  the  convention 
of  Burghs.  This  prerogative  Glasgow 
disputes.  Perth  founds  its  pretensions 
on  superior  antiquity ;  on  having  been . 
long  the  seat  of  royalty,  and  on  various 
privileges  derived  from  the  Scottish  rao- 
narchs.  This  volume  leaves  tlie  point 
undetermined ;  and,  most  certamly,  we 
shall  not  deviate  firom  the  same  prudence. 
Perth,  however,  is  an  interesting  city, 
and  uf  late  years,  the  improvements  made 
in  it^  and  the  enlargements  added  to  it  in 
various  places,  have  kept  pace  with  that 
general  spirit  of  exertion,  which  has  per- 
vaded the  whole  kingdom. 

This  volume  opens  with  a  guide  to,  and 
fbroiigh,  the  city  and  its  neighbourhood  ; 
Biarkiug  those  stations  £rom  whence  the 
best  views  of  the  city  and  its  adjacencies 
may  be  taken.  These  are,  of  course, 
more  interesting  to  the  citizens,  or  to 
travellers,  than  to  general  readers.  Wliere 
tbe  ancient  abbey  of  Scone  stood,  a 
palace  is  now  erecting ;  yet  part  of  the 
4iisle  of  the  abbey  still  remains.  The 
acene  of  a  btoody  light  between  the  Scots 
and  Danes  is  now  converted  into  a  bleach 
ield,  believed  to  be  the  nv>6t  extensive 
In  the  kingdom.  Perth  was  formerly  a 
jplace  of  ^eat  consequence  in  the  linen 
trade  ^  but  now  attends  chiefly  to  cotton, 
which  is  woven  in  every  £ibric  and  qua- 
lity to  a  lai^  amount,  annually.  Not  far 
from  Perth  is  BirnamHiU,  where  Bimsm 
Wood  was. 

The  second  division  of  this  work  com- 
prises Historical  Memoranda,  including 
from  the  earliest  times,  when  the  jftomaos 
•stablisbed  here  a  military  station,  to  the 
present.  On  this  occasion,  we  are  in- 
ftUibiy  presented  with  Agricola  and  his 
«rmy,  who.,  when  they  first  saw  the  river 
iTay,  and  the  adjacent  plain  on  which 
Ijfexih  now  stands,  tiiey  cried  out  with 
one  consent,  "  Ec^e  Titer  /  Ecce  Cam- 
pus Alurtiusr  by  what  they  sawhein^ 


reminded  of  Boncye,  and  its  river.  That 
General  is  reported  to  have  pitched  hi* 
camp  oo  the  aitf  of  tbe  nraent  dty, 
llie  histoiy  of  Pefth,  with  the  list  of  ii^ 
magistrates  follows,  and,  as  may  be  es* 
pected,  various  city  events;  especialljr 
about  the  time  of  the  reformation^  and 
the  reign  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  The 
character  of  that  so^ereigp,  we  imagine^ 
is  not  held  in  great  vveneration  at  Pertli  $ 
as  the  historian  transcribes  pretty  freelj 
from  Buchanan.  The  congregationalists 
not  only  *'  puiged  the  kirks  of  idols,** 
formerly,  but  are  held  in  reverence  to  tiria 
day.  The  same  spirit  was  active  under 
James  and  Charl^:  yet  the  receptioa 
wliich  this  city  gave  to  its  sovereign,  waa 
generally  very  flattering.  ThefoUowixig 
may  serve  as  an  instance  of  the  atteottoo 
paid  to  Charles. 

His  entry  into  Perth  is  recorded  in  the 
register  kept  by  the  Glover-calliog,  as  foW 
Iowa :  '*  His  Majesty  King  Charles,  of  his 
gratlous    favour  and  love,    denzeit  (conde- 
scended)  himself  to  vizit  his  own  city,  and 
burgh  of  Perth,    the    eight  day  of  July» 
quhair,  at  the  entrie  of  our  S<rath  Iqch  port, 
he  was  receivet  honourablie,  be  the  Provest, 
Bailzies,  and  Aldermen,  and  be  delivery  of 
an    speache  mounting    to    his  pra^e,  and 
thanksgiving,    for  his  Majestte's  coming   to 
viseit  this  our  city,  wha  stayit.upoo  horse- 
backe,  and  heard  tlie  sam^yn  patientlie,  and 
therefra,  oonvoyeit  be    our  young  men  m 
guard, .  with  partizans  clad  in  red  and  whyle» 
to  hb  ludging  at  the  end  of  tbe  South-gate, 
(Gowrie^s  palace),  belongina  now  beiitablie 
to  George  Earl  of  KinnouT,  Heigb  Chan- 
cellor of  Scotland,  &c.    The  morrow  thaim 
efter  came  to  our  churche,  and  in  h»  royal 
seat  h^ird  ane  neverand  sermone,  immediately 
thairefter  came  to_hb  luc^geing,  and  went  . 
downe  to  the  gaidine  thauof,  hisM%iestie 
being  thayre  set  upon  the  vtrall  next  the  waa* 
tir  of  Tay,  quhair  up|ione  was  ane  fleeting 
staige  of  tymoer,  cled  about  with  birks,  upon 
the  quhiike,  for  his  Majestie^s  welcome  aii4 
entrie,    thretteine  of  our  brethren,  of  thia 
our  calling  of  Gkivefs,   with  green  cappb. 
silver  strings,  red  ribbons,  quhyte  shoes,  and 
bells  about  thair  Icggi^s,  shewing  laperis  in 
thair   handis,   and   all    uther  abwIzwnanC 
daundtour  svirord-daunce,  withmony  diffictle 
knottis,  fyve  being  under,  and  fyve  abovcj, 
upone  thair  shoulderis,  three  of  tlieme  daunr 
cmg  tl;^ough  thair    feet  and  about  them, 
drinking  wme  and  breking  glasses.    Qnhilk 
(God  be  praisit)  wes  actit  and  done  witheut 
hurt  Of  skaith  till  any.    Qabilk  dre^w  us  till 
great  chairges  and  expensis,  amounting  te  the 
sowme  of  350  merks,  yet  not  In  be  rcae«iF 
herit,   because   gmeaoiiftUe  apccjfiijt  be  <M 


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ne  Banhntpt  itnA  Creditor's'  F^iendfy  Assistant. 


l»9 


Sofvtmt^  and  both  csiiittiy  to  iMir  honour 
and  great  commcndttion.** 

Wben^Cromwell  sat  down  before  Perth, 
^ith  his  army,  he  fbund  the  gates  shnt. 
John  DaTtdfon,  a  bold  and  enterprising 
centleman,  ordered  carts  to  drive  up  and 
down  the  streets,  and  a  drum  to  beat 
continoaUy  through  the  town,  and  at  all 
the  ports,  to  deceive  the  £ngli!^  generals. 
Herenpon  the  town  wa»  summoned,  and 
Cromwell  ofl^sred  honourable  terms,  which 
were  accepted. 

The  events  of  the  years  1715  and  1745, 
Bfe  tenderly  told ;  those  which  promoted 
the  overthrow  of  popery  are  more  folly 
related  with  some  curious  anecdotes.  It 
appears,  however,  that  certain  popish 
Impositions  long  retained  their  existence  ; 
for,  we  are  told,  under  the  year  176O,  that 
''  St.  Feter  was  the  tutelar  saint  of  the 
Flesfaers.  Before  their  eeat  in  the  kirk, 
they  had  an  altar  ilhiminated  with  wax 
candles.  A  tax  was  laid  on  all  slaughtered 
'  cattle  for  supporting  St.  Peter's  altar: 
they  usually  called  it,  "  Patie's  altarage 
penny .••  This  tax  was  regularly  exacted 
till  this  year,  v^hen  Provost  Gray  abo- 
lishedit.  p.  2 1 6.  Whose  property  had 
k  been  after  it  ceased  to  be  Peter's,  till  this 
time? 

Perth  appears  to  suffer  occasionally  from 
inundatious. 

The  bridge  over  the  Tay,  which  is  a 
handsome  structure,  was  begun  in  the 
year  17^. 

The  Seminaries,  and  some  other  build- 
ingB  are,  also,  deserving  of  praise. 

A  considerable  article,  In  this  volume, 
it  the  traditional  account  of  the  death  of 
Earl  Gowrie.  We  approve  of  ihe  preser- 
vation of  even  traditional  accounts :  though 
unsatisfactory,  they  may  contribute  to  tlirow 
light  on  mysterious  tmnsactions.  We 
cannot  describe  the  present  as  perfectly 
clear ;  yet  the  publication  of  it  is  proper. 
The  charters  of  privileges  of  Perth,  list 
of  ministers,  of  rectors  in  the  grammar 
achool,  account  of  the  Academy,  which 
appears  to  be  a  very  laudable  institution, 
are  given.  A  list  of  the  subscribers  to 
building  the  bridge,  with  those  for  esta- 
t)lishing  the  Seminaries,  concludes  the 
work. 

Had  the  contents  of  this  volume  ap- 
peared in  a  pocket  size,  tliat  would  have 
oeen  in  onr  opinion,  more  appropriate, 
both  as  to  convenience,  and  value,  than  the 
*]>nMint.    Yat  we  think  that  this  city  is 


well  entitled  to  commemoration ;  and  that, 
abating  a  little  parade,  the  work  is  not  ill 
executed. 

The   Bankrupt    and   Creditor's    Friendly 
Assistant  £   or,  the  Spirit  of  the  Bank- 
rupt Laws,  with  the  Statutes  relat.og  to 
Bankruptcy ;  Orders  for  the   Proceed- 
ings :  Rales  and  Examples  for  the  last 
Examination,  and  various  useful  Obser- 
vations, by  Joseph  Montefiori,  Solicitor. 
8vo.  Price  8s.  boards.    London,  Lack-  ' 
ingtonand  Co.  I8O6. 
The  author  of  this  useful  treatise  has 
had  frequent  opportunities  in   the  coarse 
of  his   profession,   to  combine   practice 
with  theory  3  and  to  the  mercantile  classes 
of  society,  as  well  as  to  tiie  gentlemen  of 
the  law,  be  has  rendered  a  service  by  the 
present  publication.     It  is  dedicated  by 
permission  to  Lord  Eldun,  the  late  Lord 
Chancellor.     We  may  observe,    by  the 
way,  that  permission  to  dedicate  should 
never  be,  and  seldom  is,  granted,  without 
a  previous  inspection,  or  general  approba- 
tion of  the  plan  and  tlie  subject,  by  the 
patron.      This  remark    will  enable   our 
readers  to  distinguish  between  dedications 
without  permission,     which    convey  00 
sanction  to  any  work ;  and  those  which 
are  permitted  by  persons  of  distinguished 
rank  and  learning,  who  are  competent 
judges  of  the  merits  of  the  publication  they 
patronise. 

The  plan  of  the  work  under  consider^ 
ation  deserves  commendaiion  j  it  has 
brought  the  extensi^'e  system  of  the  bank- 
rupt laws,  within  a  concise  compass,  and 
exhibits  them  in  a  clear  manner.  It  naay 
benefit  a  great  number  of  individuals, 
whose  misfortunes  subject  them  to  the  un- 
fortunate predicament  of  bankruptcy,  and 
of  a  still  greater  number,  who  daily  run 
the  risk  of  being  the  creditors  of  bank- 
rupts. 

The  statutes  relating  to  hankruplcy 
were  originally  founded  on  those  princi- 
ples of  humanity  and  equity,  which  are 
the  basis  of  the  British  code  of  hiws,  tem- 
pering justic&with  mercy ;  but  like  all 
other  human  institutions,  ihey  havo  been 
exposed  to  many  abuses,  through  the  de- 
pravity of  designing  professors  of  the 
law ;  and  the  artifices  of  fraudulent  and 
CiHTupt  insolvent  debtors.  Tc.  guard  against 
wnmg  conceptions  and  erroneous  inter- 
pretations, to  point  out  itbuseA,  and  to 
guide  the  nufurtuuate,  in  their  application 


Digitized 


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' The' Bankrupt  ahd  Creditor' i  Prienditf  Aaisiant. 


[S4f^ 


for  legal  redress,  are  the  benerolent  de- 
signs of  this  volume. 

The  general  reader  will  readily  per- 
ceive, that  this  is  not  a  book,  •  necessarily 
to  be  read  through  page  by  page,  but  a 
compendium  of  references  to  be  con- 
sulted as  the  various  cases  of  particular 
persons  may  require :  we  therefore,  shall 
not  enter  into  the  various  details  of  the 
explanatory  parts  of  this  treatise,  but 
shall  lay  before  our  readers  such  select 
articles  as  appear  to  us  to  be  most  exten- 
sively useflil.  Such,  for  instance,  is  the 
abstract  from  the  last  act  of  parliament, 
the  4(5th  Geo.  III.  I8O6,  entitled.  An 
Mt  to  amend  the  Laws  relating  to  Bank- 
rupts, 

After  reciting  that  great  inconveniences 
end  injustice  had  been  occasioned  by  reason 
of  the  fair  and  honest  dealings  and  transac- 
tions b«:tween  traders,  having  been  defeated 
by  sepret  acts  of  bankruptcy  in  cases  not 
provided,  or  not  sufticienily  provided  for  by 

law,  this  statute  enacts  as  follows,  viz. 

That  in  all  cases  of  commissions  of  bank- 
ruptcy hereafter  to  be  issued,  all  conveyances 
by  all  payments  by  and  to,  and  ail  contractt 
snd  otlicr  dealings  and  transactions  xby  and 
tilth,  any  bankrupt,  bon&Jidc  made  or  entered 
Into  more  than  two  calendar  months  before 
the  date  of  such  commission,  sliall,  notwith- 
llanding  any  prior  act  oi'  bankruptcy  com- 
mitted oy  such  bankrupt,  be  good  and  ef- 
iiuctual,  to  all  intents  and  purposes  whatsoever; 
in  like  nianner,  as  if  no  such  prior  act 
of  bankruptcy  had  been  comniitlcd,  pro- 
vided the  person  or  persons  so  dealing 
with  such  bankrupt,  had  not,  at  the 
time  of  such  conveyance^  payment,  contracts, 
deuiiugs,  or  transactions,  any  notice  of 
a  prior  act  of  bankruptcy  committed  by  such 
bankrupt,  or  that  he  was  insolvent,  or  had 
stopped  payment. 

Before  the  passing  of  this  act,  notorious 
abuses  had  been  practised  by  attorneys 
and  counsel,  advising  creditors  under  a 
commission  of  bankruptcy,  to  lay  claim 
to,  and  recover,  cftlcts  sold  and  delivered 
by  a  bankrupt,  who  perhaps  a  year  or 
more  before  a  commission  of  bankruptcy 
had  issued  out  against  him,  had  com- 
mitted some  prior  act  of  bankruptcy,  un- 
known to  the  person  or  persons  who  had 
bought  goods  of  him  and  actually  paid 
for  them  ;  which^  being  proved,  the  as- 
signees under  the  commis&ion  were  em- 
powered to  bring  actions  for  the  recovery 
of  such  goods,  and  to  oblige  the  purcha- 
ser to  come  iu  as  a  creditcr  under  the 
commission  :  ou  the  olker  haod^  goods 


bought  by  the  bankrapt,  afler  he  had 
committed  some  act  of  bankruptcy,  on 
credit,  if  not  paid  for  when  the  commis- 
sion of  bankruptcy  issued,  were  consi- 
dered as  the  common  property  of  the 
bankrupt  -,  and  the  seller  was  obliged  to 
accept  the  general  dividend,  with  the  rest 
of  the  creditors,  instead  of  the  whole 
amotitit  of  his  debt. 

Debts  contracted  by  thebankmpl,  before 
the  date  of  issuing  a  commission  of  cvii\krupt- 
cy  against  him,  shall  be  admitted  to  be 
proved,  notwithstanding  any  prior  act  of 
bankruptcy,  provided  the  creditor  had  not,  at 
the  time  tJie  debt  was  contracted,  any  notice 
of  any  prior  act  of  bankruptcy,  committed  hf 
the  bankrupt. 

In  all  cases  in  which  under  commissions 
of  bankruptcy  hereafter  to  be  issued,  it  shall 
appear  that  there  has  been  mutual  credit 
given  by  the  l)ankrupt  and  any  other  person, 
or  mutual  debts  between  the  bankrupt  and 
any  other  person,  one  debt  or  demand  may 
be  set  off  against  another,  notwithstanding 
any  priir  act  of  hsftikruptcy  committed  by 
such  bankruptJPefore  the  credit  was  given  to, 
or  the  debt  was  contracted  by  such  bankrupt, 
provided  such  credit  was  given  to  the  bankrupt 
two  calendar  months  before  the  date  and 
issuing  forth  of  sudi  commission,  and  pro- 
vided the  person  cbiming  tlie  benefit  of  such 
set-ofl*  hud  not  at  the  time  of  giriogsiich 
credit  any  notice  of  any  prior  act  of'  bank-m 
tuptcy  by  such  bankrupt  committed,  or  that 
he  was  insolvent,  or  had  stopped  payment. 

Hut,  the  sti  iking  of  a  docket  tor  the  pur-^ 
pose  of  issuing  a  cum  mission,  whether  anj 
commission  shall  have  aclually  issued  or  not, 
or  the  superseding  of  a  commission  if  issued, 
shall  be  deemed  projK'r  notice  of  an  act  "of 
bankruptcy  to  the  contracting;  of  such  mu- 
tual debts,  and  shall  set  aside  the  cUiin.'of 
set-ofls. 

Bankrupts  upon  obtaining  their  certificates 
shall  be  nisehan;ed  from  all  debts,  by  iliis 
act  made  provealile  under  such  commission, 
and  shall  have  the  benefit  of  the  several 
statutes  now  in  force  au;ainst  bankmpt^Jn  like 
manner  and  to  ail  intents  and  purposes,  as  if 
such  secret  act  of  bankruptcy  had  not  been 
committed  prior  to  the  contracting  such 
debts. 

No  commission  of  bankruptcy  that  shall 
be  hereafter  issued,  shall  be  avoided  or  de- 
feated by  a\ison  of  any  act  of  bankruptcy  hav- 
ing been  conmiitted  by  the  person,  or  any  of 
the  persons,  against  whom  such  commissioa 
shall  have  issued,  prior  to  the  contracting  the 
<lebt  of  the  fcreditor,  or  any  of  the  creditors, 
upon  whose  petition  such  commission  shall 
have  issued,  ii  such  pcntioning  creditor  had 
not  any  notice  of  sucn  act  of  bankruptcy*  at 
the  tinac  vvhea  the  debt  due  ta  hiiQ  was  eoa* 


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The  Banirupi  and  Credttot's  tHendty  JisistanL 


f9*a 


iracted,  but  that  such  commission,  and  all 
the  proceedings  under  the  same,  shall  be 
valid  and  effectual  to  all  intents  and  purposes 
notwithstanding  such  prior  act  or  acts  of 
bankruptcy  sh3l  have  been  committed  by 
such  bankrupt. 

That  creditors  and  bankrupts  may  reci- 
procally enjoj  tbe  benefits  of  this  new 
^ct,  and  avoid  the  fatal  consequences  of 
being  ignorant  of  a  system  ot  laws  of 
which  it  has  been  said,  with  great  truth, 
•'  that  it  is  such  as  may  crush  the  most 
honest  and  upright  man,  if  lie  be  igno- 
rant of  the  conduct  he  ought  to  pursiw, 
and  fall  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies ; 
while  the  knowing  and  designing  may 
find  means  to  evade  all  the  efferts  of  his 
^creditors  to  obtain  justice ; "  the  best  ad- 
vice and  information  is  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance to  both  parties. 

In  this  publication,  a  general  know- 
ledge of  the  law  on  tlie  subject  is  conveyed 
in  a  simple  and  familiar  dress,  divested  as 
much  as  possible  of  the  trappings  of  tech- 
nicality, which  frequently  tend  more  to 
perplex  than  elucidate. 
•  The  first  point  that  ought  to  be  clearly 
understood  is,  what  actions  subject  a  man 
to  become  a  bankrupt,  or  in  other  words, 
what  are  acts  of  hankruhtcy  :  these  are. 

Departing  the  realm  witn  intent  to  defraud, 
and  de^y  creditors;  a  voluntary  departure 
from  the  dwelling-house,  or  secreting  one's 
person,  for  ever  so  short  a  time,  if  douc 
tlearly  with  an  intent  to  delay  creditors,  and 
Accompanied  by  an  actual  delay  to  some  legal 
creditor ;  but  it  is  no  act  of  bankruptcy,  if 
done  to  avoid  an  attachment  for  non-delivery 
of  goods,  or  process  to  comjx;!  the  [lerform,- 
ance  of  a  mere  duty  \  U  musl  be  respecting 
the  payment  of  money. 

Keeping  house,  or  staying  at  home,  with 
intent  to  defraudr^iinder  or  delay  his  credi- 
tors, is  also  an  act  of  bankruptcy,  if  any 
delay  be  consequent.  The  usual  e\'idence  of 
this  act  of  bankruptcy  is,  proof  of  hb  being 
denied  by  his  own  order  to  a  creditor  who 
calls  for  money,  having  a  debt  due  and  de- 
mandable  at  tne  time,  or  his  clerk  or  servant 
calling  on  the  creditor's  behalf,  but  a  denial 
to  a  creditor  who  holds  a  note,  or  bill  of  ex- 
change payable  at  a  future  dau,  is  no  act  of 
bankruptcy.  An  order  to  be  denied  to  every 
hody  includes  creditors ;  and  being  follovved 
by  an  actual  d<mial  to  a  creditor,  is  such  a 
keeping  house  asconstitutes  this  an  act  of  bank- 
ruptcy ;  and  the  shortest  time  is  suflicient. 
'*  But  denial  to  a  creditor,  at  an  unreason- 
able hour,  or  in  sicknes:},  is  no  act  of  bank- 
ruptcy.'* And  it  is  material  to  observe,  liiat 
in  all  tbe  above  mstaaoes^  the  intend  to  dc- 


lay,  and  the  ociaa/  dxldy  must  ccnatr  to. 
constitute  an  act  of  bankruptcy. , 

Suffering  a  willing  arrest  for  a  fictitioua 
debt,  or  yielding  himself  to  prison  for  even  a 
just  debt,  if  done  with  the  intent  to  defraud, 
hinder,  or  delay  creditors ;  or  even  remain- 
ing in  prison  involuntarily ^  two  lunar 
months  (fifty  six  days)  of  which  the  day  of 
arrest  is  to  be  reckoned  one ;  or  being  arrested 
for  j^lOO  or  more,  on  a  just  debt,  and  after 
such  arrest,  escaping  out  of  prison,  are  pcr^ 
sonal  acts  of  bankruptcy. 

The  following  are  acts  of  bankruptcy  which 
relate  to,  or  arise  from,  the  disposal  of  the 
effects.  The  willingly  or  fraudulently  pro- 
curing goods,  monies,  or  chattels  to  be  at- 
tached or  sequestered,  or  the  making,  or 
causing  to  be  made,  ?ny  fraudulen tyrant 
or  conveyance  of  lands,  tenements,  goods, 
or  chattels  by  deed,  to  the  intent,  or  where- 
by his  creditors  may  be  defeated  or  delayed, 
A  disposition,  even  though  frayidulently,  o( 
proixirty,  nierelv  by  delivery  or  otherwise, 
without  deed,  Ts  not  an  act  of  bankruptcy. 

Any  disposition  of  property  by  deed,  either 
of  the  whole  or  part,  made  with  a  view  Ut 
defeat  an  equal  distribution  among  crcdito^s^ 
is  considered  as  a  fraud,  and,  as  such;  held  to 
be  an  act  of  bankruptcy  ;  and  a  general  sm. 
signment  oi  a  trader's  effects  by  decxl,  though 
for  the  benefit  of  all  his  creditors,  unless 
they  all  assent  to  the  deed,  ha^  been  held  to 
be  an  act  of  bankruptcy.  The  compounding 
a  petitioning  creditor's  debt  by  payment,  or 
giving  security,  whereby  such  person  shall 
privately  receive  more  in  the  pound  than  tha 
other  creditors  is  also  an  act  of  bankniptcy, 
on  which  another  commission  may  issi\e, 
making  void  that  which  has  been  obtained  by 
such  petitioner.  And  the  siiid  petitioning 
creditor  receiving  goods  ur  other  satisfaction 
or  security  for  his  debt,  after  issuing  a  com- 
mission, from  the  bankrupt,  whereby  he 
shall  receive  more  in  the  j^ourul  than  the- 
otjier  creditors,  is  liable  to  refimd  the  same, 
and  forfeit  his  whole  debt. 

No  act  done  out  of  England,  though  by  a 
trader  residing  in  England  will  sustain  a  com- 
mission. But  a  person  who  has  left  off  trade 
mav  commit  an  act  of  bankruptcy  afterwards, 
with  respect  to  those  persons  wnose  (Jcbts  wefe 
contracted  during  the  trading,  or  existing  at 
that  period,  having  been  previously  contracted. 
Here  our  author  isdeficientj  for  he  should 
have  informed  us,  if  the  new  creditors, 
after  a  man  lias  retired  from  business,  can 
prove  their  debjs  under  a  commission  of 
bankruptcy,  obtained  by  petitioning  cre- 
ditors for  debts  incurred  while  he  re- 
mained in  trade. 

Friendly  co'.nmissions  are  frequently- 
mentioned  in  conversj^tion,  with  an  idea 
annexed  of  fraiid^  deceit^  aud  collusion^ 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


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TKe  Banlrupi  awd  CredUcK^s  Fnendly-  AsmUni. 


(944 


Mr  .M.has  therefore  very  oroperly  observed^ 
That  the  law  acknowledges  no  friendly 
cominissioQ,  and  \t  the  fact  of  its  being  so  be 
proved,  the  commission  is  set  aside  ;  yet  no- 
thing is  more  common  than  what  are  called 
by  mat  familiar  appellation.  When  bank- 
ruptcy it  unavoidable,  the  insolvent  can 
scarcely  incur  blame  for  endeavouring  to  pro- 
cure a  friend,  to  whom  he  is  truly  indebted, 
as  the  petitioning  creditor,  in  preference  to  a 
man  who  might  treat  him  wiui  severity ;  as 
far  as  he  only  acts  in  self  defence,  and  with- 
out fraudulent  intentions,  neither  the  law 
of  nature,  nor  the  common  law  of  the  land, 
considers  this  a  crime,  nor  is  it  punishable  by 
the  bankrupt  bws.  But  it  is  another  case, 
where  a  person  having  it  in  his  power  to  avoid 
bankruptcy,  hurries  it  on,  or  procures  a  pe- 
tition to  be  presented  against  him,  in  order  to 
become  a  ^bankrupt,  to  suit  his  own  pur- 
poses. This  is  Clearly  fraudulent,  and  pro- 
perly styled  a  collusive  commission ;  yet,  the 
oankrupt  laws  make  no  distinction  whatc\*er 
between  the  two  :  for  either  being  prored  is 
sufficient  to  set  aside  the  commission,  a  man 
being  in  no  case  allowed  toco-operate  or  assist 
in  procuring  a  commission  against  himself. 

But  as  it  is  necessary  to  guard  against  col- 
lasive  bankruptcies  calculated  to  defraud 
legal  creditors,  it  is  no  less  essential  on 
the  part  of  unfortunate  traders  to  point 
out  the  remedy  against  a  malicious  com^ 
mission, 

Eveiy  petition ine  creditor  m  suing  for  a  com- 
mission, in  order  to  obtain  it,  is  obliged  to 
gi\'e  a  bond  to  the  I^rd  Chancellor  m  tlie 
sum  of  j^200  for  duly  nroceedinfl;  in  the 
commission, .  which  is 'called  Striking  the 
Docket,  aud  if  he  neglects  to  get  the  com- 
mission sealed  in,  four  days^  exclusive  of  the 
day  of  striking  the  docket,   and  does  not 
prosecute  it,  if  the  bankruptcy  is  in  London, 
within  fourteen  days,  or  if  m  the  country 
within  twenty-eight  datfs,  another  commis- 
sion may  be  opened  makmji;  the  first  void,  on 
the  petition  of^another  creditor.    Or  if  it  shall 
appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Lord  Chan- 
celfor,  by  the  petition  of  a  bankrupt  that  a 
malicious  commission  has  l)cen  sued  out  -,  his 
lordship  may  assign  over  the  petitioning  crcv 
dito^s  lona  to  such  bankrupt,  and  he  may 
proceed  at  law^  to  obtain  rearess  for  the  in- 
jury, and  may  recover  damages,  if  proved, 
beyond  the  penalty  of  the  bond  ;  but  it  is  in 
the  power  of  the  court  of  chancely,  if  the 
bankruptcy  is  doubtful,   and  the    commis- 
sion is  superseded,   either  to  direct  an  en- 
quiry before  a  master  in  cliancery,  of  the  da- 
mag^  sustained,  or  to  order  an  ibsue  at  law  to 
awaid  dama^. 

A  commission  cannot  b^  issued  for  a  debt 
in  canity,  it  must  he  for  a  debt  at  law. 
Tne  petitioning  creditor  must  disburse  all 


costs  and  charges  in  prosecud^g  the  commis- 
sion until  assignees  are  chosen,  on  failure  of 
which  the  commission  is  void. 

A  trader  entering  into  the  service  of  a 
foreign  minister  to  the  Court  of  London,  to 
^avoid  personal  arrest  for  debt,  cannot  be  made 
a  bankrupt. 

Upon  tlie  bieich  of  an  agreement  to  trams*' 
ftr  stock  at  a  fixed  day,  the  party  may  piove 
a  debt  under  a  commission  for  the  valuye  of 
the  slock  at  the  price  it  bore  on  that  day,  pro- 
vided it  was  before  the  bankruptcy. 

Respecting  annuities;  though  annui- 
tants are  in  some  cases  admitted  to  prove  for 
the  value  of  their  annuities,  the  court  of 
chancery  will  give  the  general  creditors  an 
opportunity  of  objectiDgon  the  ground  of  an 
iiiadc^uate  consideration.  In  the  case  of 
annuities  on  lives,  securod  by  hood,  or  po- 
licy with  a  penalty,  the  growimr  pavmeots 
bcmff  contingent,  nothing,  strictly  speakipg, 
but  the  monies  due  can  be  coiuidepedas  prove- 
able  debts;  therefore,  an  annuitant  cannot 
prove  under  such  bond  or  policy,  unless  the 
condition  thereof  has  been  forfeited,  by  fai- 
lure in  payment  at  the  times  stipulated. 

The  benevolent  actofGeo.  IIL  1793, 
in  favour  of  Friendly  Societies,  is  the  last 
article  of  importance  to  be  made  gene- 
rally known,  through  the  medium  of  our 
circulation. 

Persons  intrusted  with,  or  having  money 
or  eflfccts  in  hand,  dyiny  or  becoming  bank« 
nipts,  the  assignee  or* assignees  shall,  widiia 
forty  days  after  the  demand  made  by  oitler  of 
such  society,  deliver  o\er  to  the  society  all 
such  effects  and  sums  of  money  doe,  which 
the  bankrupt  recci\Td,  before  any  of  his 
other  debts  are  paid  or  satisfied. 

The  maxims  advanced  In  thi»  treatise 
are  confirmed  by  their  proper  vouchers ; 
such  as,  acts  of  parUanient,  proceedingi 
under  commissions  of  bankruptcy,  and 
orders  pf  successive  Lord  Cliancellora; 
and  under  a  firm  persuasion  that  a  second 
edition  wiU  be  required,  we  .suggest  the 
following  tmprovemeptt.  It  is  a  well 
known  ^t  that  some  attorneys  and  soli- 
citors,  especially  such  as  are  newly  come 
into  practice,  advise  the  suing  out  of  com* 
missions  of  bankruptcy,  to  answer  their 
own  private  purposes,  it  being  a  recom- 
mendation in  their  profession  to  be  clerks^ 
i.  e,  attorneys,  under  a  commission  5  and 
to  have  it  in  their  power  thereby,  to  ex- 
hibit the  great  seal  0/  the  Untied  King- 
dom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  oq  their 
desks  in  their  chambers.  With  this  view, 
and  for  the  profits  annexed  to  the  charge, 
their  unfortunate  clients  have  been  per* 
suaded  to  sue  out  commissions  in  cases,' 


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9«3 


CEuvres  iniSUeS  dt  M.  le  Pr&ident Henauli,  Vc. 


rs^tf 


the  bankrapl's  effects,  being  sold 
by  the  assignees,  have  prodaced  little  more 
than  the  costs  of  the  commission,  and  of 
the  proceedings  under  it  j  whereas,  if  the 
creditors  and  the  insolvent  debtor  had 
agreed  to  a  composition,  the  creditors 
vQonld  have  received  a  handsome  divi- 
dend y  and  the  repntation  of  the  trader 
would  have  been  preserved.  Mr.  Montefiori 
^  i«  therefore  desired  to  state  the  general  and 
allowed  expenses  incurred  from  the  suing « 
out  of  a  covmnission  to  its  completion. 
This  request  is  founded  on  cases  in  which 
the  effects  of  the  bankrupt,  did  not  pro- 
duce jgl50,  consequently  there  was  not 
a  dividend  of  &ne  shilBng  in  the  pound, 
whereas  by  a  composition,  all  the  credi- 
tors, few  ip  number,  and  small  in  value, 
might  have  received  a  dividend  of  ten 
shilAngi  in  the  ptmnd. 

We  are  sure  that  we  recollect  a  peti- 
tion to  the  Lord  Chancellor,  that  the  at- 
torney under  such  a  non-productive  com- 
mission, and  who,  as  was  clearly  proved, 
had  advised  the  issuing  of  it,  should  pay 
the  costs  himself,  A  few  more  such  in- 
stances would  be  of  essential  advantage  to 
the  property  both  of  bankrupt  and  cre- 
ditor. 


CEuvres  in^tes  de  M.  le  Prdsideni  He- 
nault,  tS^c.  Works  not  befoie  pub- 
lished of  the  President  Renault,  &c. 
1  vol.  8vo. 

Fbw  literary  men  in  the  last  century 
were  more  deservedly  esteemed,  and  dis- 
tinguished, than  the  President  Renault. 
In  the  double  capacity  of  a  man  of  learn- 
ing and  a  man  of  the  world,  he  succeeded 
in  raising  and  iustifying  a  high  repu- 
tation, to  which  his  long  career,  added 
still  increasing  renown,  and  gratification. 
Being  the  son  of  a  fermier-gin^al,  he 
was  heir  to  a  considerable  fortune,  but 
was  induced,  in  a  fit  of  devotion,  to  join 
the  congregation  of  the  Oratory.  In  this 
house  he  acquired  a  taste  for  learning, 
and  composed  several  works.  Rowever, 
he  soon  left.them,  to  enter  the  Parlbment 
of  Paris,  and,  notwithstanding  his  youth- 
ful period  of  life  he  was  received  president 
of  one  of  the  Chamhres  des  Enquites, 
Ambition  never  prompted  him  to  rise  one 
step  higher^  neither  would  he  have  ac- 
cepted of  any  promotion,  had  not  the 
partiality  of  the  Queen  consort  of  Louis 
ypi,,  1,    lUt.  Pan.  Feb.  I8O7.] 


XV.  induced  her  to  appoint  him  ^per« 
intendant  of  her  household. 

To  a  peculiar  talent  for  every  banch  of 
hterature  President  Renault  joined  a  sweet 
and  amiable  disposition,  for  which  he 
was  ever  welcome  in  company.  Ha 
was  long  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
ornaments  of  the  brilliant  and  numerous 
court  which  the  Duchess  de  Maine  in- 
vited to  Sceaux,  where  literature  and 
other  amusements  consoled  her  for  the 
political  nullity  of  her  husband,  and  his 
disappointed  ambition. 

However,  neither  the  pleasures  of  high 
life,  nor  the  partiality  of  many  ladies  of 
quality,  could  supersede  his  love  of  lite- 
rature, which  he  cultivated  all  his  di^ys. 
From  his  application  to  study  he  derived 
not  only  his  chief  reputation,  but  assured- 
ly his  most  real  happiness. 

So  early  as  1707  he  obtained  the  prize 
of  TOetry  at  the  French  Academy,  of 
which 'he  became  a  member  in  1723. 
He  wrote  two  tragedies  that  were  per- 
formed at  the  Th6&tre  Fran9ois  $  the  nrst^ 
entitled  Compile  Festale,  in  1713,  to 
which  was  prefixed  the  name  of  FuseUer, 
had  but  little  success  ;  ^he  second,  Marias 
d  Cyrthe,  performed  in  1 715,  of  which 
Decaux  was  the  supposed  author,  met 
with  a  &vourable  reception,  a»  it  deserved. 
Official  decorum  withheld  President  He- 
nauit  from  acknowledgrag  these  works* 
But  his  chief  glory  is  derived  from  his 
jibr4g4  chronulogi^ue  de  CHistoire  de 
France,  This  usetul  work,  which  con- 
tains so  much  in  so  small  a  space,  was 
published  in  1744  3  the  author's  last  edi- 
tion was  in  176O,  augmented  nearly  two* 
thirds. 

It  is  the  most  handy  and  easy  for  con- 
sultation, and  the  best  digested  repertory 
that  was  ever  published.  Not  one  im- 
portant evept  ot  the  history,  of  France  is 
omitted  j  and  the  date  is  always  coirect: 
indeed,  it  may  be  affirmed  that  a  man 
well  acquainted  with  this  Abr6g6woald' 
appear  to  know  French  history  better 
than  by  pondering  for  30  years  over  Join^ 
ville,  Philip  de  Oomines,  Patqider,  Father 
Daniel,  Me%eray,  his  commentators. 
&c.  &c. 

In  1770,  the  vcar  in  which  he  died. 
President  Renault  published  a  volume 
containing  several  theatrical  pieces.  Re 
did  not  intend  Francis  II.  a  tragedy  in 
prose,  for  a  regular  drama*  so  much  as 


Digitizedby  VjOOQ  IC 


•^73  ^orlts  0/  Louis  XIV. 

for  an  hUtorlcal  review  of  events  so  con- 
nected, as  to  produce  ^eat  effect :  his 
comedy  in  three  acts,  entitled  La  Petite 
I^Iaison,  debcribes  correctly  the  licen- 
tious morals  of  the  times.  The  other 
pieces  are,  Le  Jaloiix  de  lui-meme ;  Le 
Htvcil  dEpiminide  ;  Le  Temple  dts  Chi- 
meres. 

This  volame,  though  entitled  CEu- 
trcs  iuedites,  contains  some  pieces  that 
are  well  known }  such  as  the  tragedy 
of  Murifis,  but,  owing  to  corrections 
and  aheratious,  it  will  be  read  with  new 
pleasure,  by  those  who  interest  them- 
selves in  tlie  literary  reputation  of  the 
author.  The  fugitive  pieces  occupy  100 
p^es  'y  they  shew  great  talent,  grace,  and 
facility,  though  uearly  all  relating  to  pri- 
vate occurrences.  To  these  succeed  let- 
ters fiom  the  Duchess  de  Maine  to  Pre- 
sident Henault,  marked  with  wit  and 
elegance;  then  an  instruction  presented 
to  Louis  XV,  relative  to  the  declaration 
of  his  majority,  which  contains  a  brief 
review  of  the  minority  of  the  French 
kings  since  Charles  VI.  Reflections  ou 
various  subjects  conclude  th«  volume: 
^We  shall  quote  a  specimen. 

••  We  begin  with  believing  every  thing, 
which  is  the  effect  of  fducailon ;  nex^  we  be- 
lieve nothing,  which  is  the  consequeiKC  of 
libertinism:  ii»en  we  examine  and  enquire, 
wliich  is  the  result  of  reflection  j  happy  is  he 
KvtM>  finishes  as  he  begun ! 

*'  li  has  oAen  occurred  that  not  finding 
•n  accuied  man  to  be  as  guilty  as  i^-e  thou^^ht 
hkn,  we  declare  him  noore  innocent  Uian  he 
fqally  is. 

**  If  certain  individuals  were  to  shake  off 
what  is  ridiculous  in  them,  they  would  have 
nothing  left.  Every  man  who  strives  to  be 
rmiuent,  must  not  overpass  the  circle  of  his 
natural  (acuities.  I!ippocrates  is  the  only 
man  amou;;  the  ancicr\ts  who  has  surv  iveii 
ancient  physic.     He  b  both  ancient  and  mo- 

(Ettvres  de  Louh  XfF.  The  works  of 
Louis  XIV.,  (resumed  from  page  Jl^,) 
Wb  have  considertxl  Louis  XIV.  as  a 
politician,  Wf'  shnll  n^w  describe  liim  as 
a  warrior.  To  form  a  just  idea  of  his 
military  merit  we  need  no  other  evidence 
than  that  of  his  own  military  memoirs. 
They  are  unqut»stionably  his  genuine  pro- 
ductioD,  being  entirely  in  his  own  hand 
writing;  and,  no  doubt,  but  they  coo- 
tain  the  most  that  could  be  said  in  his 
tdtour. 


rs^ 


As  we  find  It  hnpossibley  fron  the  xit-^ 
ture  of  these  memoirs,  >  to  offer  any  ex- 
tracts, which  might  guide  the  judgment 
of  our  readers,  we  shall  honestly  and 
candidly  submit  our  own  opinion  with- 
out a  wish  to  detract  from  the  merit  of 
Lou's,  but,  at  the  same  time,  without 
being  dazzled,  by  tht>  terror  or  the  splen- 
dour of  that  monarch's  conquests. 

I^ais,  in  his  military,  as  well  at  ia 
every  other  career,  derived  from  <Srcuiu- 
stances,  he  could  not  have  foreseen,  the 
greatest  advantages  towards  obtaining  that 
lame  which  was  his  idol  ;  and  which  htt 
too  often  undeservedly  enjoyed.  At  the 
death  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  he  foond 
himself  master  of  the  nK36t  nomereus*  tbm 
best  di^iplinedj  and  the  best  appointed 
army  in  Europe  ;•  commanded  by  the 
ablest  generals  of  the  age^  and  the  best, 
officers  in  every  branch.  With  these  ad- 
vantages over  other  powers,  Louis  might 
have  been  sure  of  victory  by  his  generals, 
had  he  never  shewn  himself  at  the  head 
of  his  troops :  but,  the  leading  feature 
of  his  character  was,  an  eager  desire  for 
every  kind  of  glory,  and  be  determiticd 
to  shine  as  a  hero. 

His  campaign  of  1667  may  be  consi- 
dered as  his  debut  in  the  career  o(  arms ; 
in  setting  off  to  join  the  army,  he  dedar- 
ed,  that  he  wished  to  learn  the  art  o£  wm . 
under  Turenne. 

In  the  campaign  of  l666,  also,  Loois 
wisely.  Mid  modestly,  followed  the  plans 
of  Condc.  He  however  hardly  speaiks  of 
these  two  great  general,  cither  in  hia 
memoirs,  or  in  his  instructions ;  and  the 
little  he  ^js  tends  to  set  ibem  in  the 
light  of  ordinary  officers,  executing  kit 
orders,  and  folk^vijgr  his  glory.  This 
\  want  of  candour,  wb:<:h  frequently  ocean 
in  his  military  writings,  leaves  him  0|)ea 
to  the  accusation  of  wishing  to  engross 
the  merit  of  others  j  which  is  not  the 
conduct  of  a  man  who  feels  consdoos  of 
his  ou-n. 

His  successes  in  16/2  were,  also,  on- 
doubtedly,  owing  to  the  able  advices  of 
Condc  aud  Turenne :  but  in  this  cam- 
paign he  began  to  exhibit  the  trae  stand- 
ard of  hli  military  capacity.  His  ordi- 
nances for  infantry  aiid  ca\alry,  his  or- 
ders for  the  marches  of  the  army,  and  all 
the  derail  of  the  daUy  ser\'ice,  are  written 
with  his  own  hand  3  his  letters  to  his  ge- 
nerals, and  to  bis  war-minister,  evince 
his  extreme  application  ;    whklf  ^ifs  • 


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fTorks  of  Louis  XIF. 


l95» 


that  he  embraced  with  regularity,  a  mul- 
titude of  objects,  that  he  followed  them 
with  unwearied  attention,  in  the  minutest 
details^  however  unimpoitant.  But  these 
objects  vfere  mostly  of  too  trifling  a  na- 
lore^  much  below  his  rank  as  a  king,  dr 
at  a  genera],  and  better  suiting  a  licute* 
Dant-cobne),  or  a  major.  Yet  his  humble 
abilities  in  the  military  department  were 
eminently  useful  to  him.  As  he  was 
known  to  enter  in  the  most  insignificant 
particulars  of  the  service,  every  one  was 
kept  strictly  to  his  duty,  from  the  dread  of 
his  scrutinizing  vigilance.  The  greatest 
regularity  prevailed  in  every  branch.  We 
cannot,  however,  suppose  that  it  was 
a  view  of  obtaining  this  result,  which  di- 
rected Louis  in  his  choice  of  occupa- 
tion'. 

.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that,  in 
this  line  ,  he  could  rise  no  higher.  His 
dispatches  to  his  generals  do  not  contain 
more  briUiant  conceptions  or  more  en- 
larged views.  He  always  keeps  within 
the  narrow  limits  of  trifling  details.  After 
long  and  idle  discussions,  he  leaves  to 
them  the  choice  of  the  plans  they  pro- 
posed I  but,  to  do  him  justice,  he  omits 
none  of  the  minutest  circumstances  which 
might  insure  their  success.  When  Cond6 
wasflent  to  infuse  a  new  spirit  into  the 
army  of  the  Rhine,  cast  down  by  the  recent 
loss  of  Turenne,  and  atlliesame  tinie  to 
form  anew  that  of  the  Mozelle,  which  had 
been  lately  defeated  5  Louis  writes  to  him 
(}6th  August,  1675)  "  /  have  sent  this 
day  from  Paris  two  thousand  coats  to  clothe 
the  soldiers,  and  m  many  muskets  with 
their  straps  to  arm  them  "I  His  most 
elaborate  military  productions,  those  re- 
lating to  the  campaigns  of  1672,  16/3, 
1676,  and  \QQ%  are  written  in  the  same 
spirit.  Vainly  should  we  look  in  them 
for  a  spark  of  that  military  genius,  for 
which  some  of  his  contemporaries  were  so 
conspicuous.  They  contain,  indeed,  nu- 
Uierous  regulations,  hardly  above  the  ca- 
pacity of  a  young  staff  officer  $  tedious 
accounts  of  every  petty  affair  in  which  he 
was,  any  way,  personally  concerned, 
on  which  he  dwelU  with  unusual  pro- 
ffkity.  They  are,  however,  remarkable 
by  a  pedantic  affectation  to  dogmatize  in 
common  place  subjects.  In  short,  Louis's 
writing  on  military  affairs,  reminds  %is  of 
m  honest  veteran  half-pay  captain  '^fight- 
jpg  old  battles  o'er  again/' 

Yet  Lotus  would  be  a  warrior^  and 


flattery  at  last  persnnded  him  that  he  was 
one.  In  a  letter  to  Louvois,  his  war  mi- 
nister, {27th  December,  16/2)  he  plainly 
tells  him,  '*  you  know,  that  vow,  I  can^ 
not  command  an  army  lut  ly  myself', 
and  writing  to  the  Marshal  of  Luxem- 
bourg (28th  Julv,  1691)  he  attempts  to 
draw  a  similitude  between  his  n)ilitary 
conceptions,  and  those  of  that  able  gene- 
ral, to  whom  he  says,  in  a  tone  ot  fellow- . 
ship,  not  usual  ^\^th  him,  when  we  have 
been  campaigning  together,  we  always 
understood  each  other  well.  It  appears  to 
me  that  even  at  a  distance,  our  ideas  coin" 
cided  pretty  much,  I  am  glad  of  \t,  for . 
many  reasons;  and  above  all,  for  thn 
good  of  the  service.  Luxembourg,  who, 
of  all  celebrated  warriors,  took  least  trou- 
ble in  foreseeing  events,  must  certainly* 
have  smiled  at  the  conceit. 

ITiere  is  another  point  relating  to  the 
milit?ry,  in  which  many  contemporary 
writers,  and  those  who  have  followed, 
them,  have  censured  Louis  XIV.  They 
impeach  his  courage,  for  not  having  swam- 
across  the  Rhine  with  his  cavalry,  in  1672, 
and  for  not  having  attacked  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  near  Valenciennes,  in  l676u 
His  reputation  has  certainly  suffered  from 
these  two  circumstances ;  yet  it  would  be 
unjust  to  infer  from  them,  t'hat  nature 
had  refused  him  that  kind  of  bravery 
which  is  indispensable  to  every  man  going 
to  war.  It  has  been  said  also,  that  he 
was  fond  of  sieges,  because,  in  those  en* 
terprizes  a  king  exposes  himself,  only* 
when  he  chooses  ;  which  is  not  the  case 
in  a  pitched  battle  ;  yet,  at  the  siege  of 
Lisle,  Louis  shewed  no  want  of  cool  cou- 
rage, as  all  historians  testify  5  and  when 
his  courtiers  were  pressing  him  to  retire 
from  a  post  of  immii^nt  danger,  he  mani- 
fested his  approbation  of  the  soldier- like 
advice  of  the  old  Duke  of  Charost,  who 
whispered  in  his  ear.  Sire,  the  corh  is 
drawn,  and  you  must  drink  the  bottle. 
He  did  not  indeed  wantonly  expose  him- 
self 5  nor  was  it  his  duty  to  do  so.  As  to 
his  fondness  for  sieges  above  campaign 
war,  we  should  think  it  arose  from  a  con- 
sciousness of  his  deficiency  in  military  ca- 
pacity ;  the  mere  conduct  6t  a  siege  beiag 
in  general,  and  from  his  lang  practice,  a 
kind  oi  routine  basiness.  J^esides,  sucres* 
was  insured  by  Vauban  h  talents  ;  while 
covering  armies,  under  his  best  generals, 
secured  to  the  vain  monarch  the  acquisi- 
tion of  an  ea«iy  s;lor/. 
212 


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[952 


Louis's  character  as  an  administrator  of 
national  concerns,  will  be  best  introduced 
to  our  readers*  attention,  by  bis  own 
statement  of  the  difficulties  he  had  to  en- 
counter, when  ho  assumed  the  reins  of 
government.  After  expatiating  on  the 
various  sentiments  which  filled  his  bosom 
frum  the  time  he  first  adopted  this  resolu- 
tion, to  his  taking  upon  himself  the  ar- 
duous task,  he  proceeds  to  the 

8TATB  OF  FRANCE  IH  IG6I. 

At  last,  several  years  having  thus  elapsed, 
the  gfiUTal  neacc,  my  marriage,  and  the 
death  of  Carainal  Mazarin,*  compelled  me  to 
delay  no  longer  >^'hat  1  had,  for  a  long  time, 
both  wisheil,  and  dreaded. 

I  be^an,  tlien,  to  cast  a  look  on  the  several 
departmenu  uf  the  state  ;  not  a  look  of  in« 
ditTereuce,  but  that  of  a  sovereign,  deeply 
aflccted  to  see  that  there  was  not  one  branch 
but  what  pmsingly  called  for  my  remedyiug 
hand ;  while  at  tne  some  time*  I  caretully 
watched  for  what  times  and  citcumstances 
might  allow  me  to  execute. 

Things  were  every  where  in  confusion ; 
my  court,  in  general,  was  still  very  far  from 
those  sentiments  in  which  I  hope  you  will 
fiml  it.  Men  of  quality,  accustomed  to  per- 
petual ncpxiations  with  a  nunister  who  was 
not  averse  to  it,  and  who  had  (bond  it  some- 
timea  useful,  constantly  alleged  pretended 
risihts,  or  whate\er  suitcti  their  con\'enience. 
Ko  ci>vemor  but  was  uns^tvemable  ;  no  de- 
Qumu  but  was  united  witn  some  reproach  of 
the  past,  or  with  some  insinitaiioo  of  future 
di$sAU»^etion  bv  way  of  threat;  fiivours 
were  exacted  and  wrc>ictl,  rather  than  waited 
'  for ;  each  grant  bid  the  fouiKbuion  c^.a  fti- 
t»»reclum;  imk<d»  no  owe  teU  ol»!:^  by 
fUviHU>;  which  answered  no  other  punk>»e 
but  K>  en  ate  disoni  tent  among  thofc  io  whom, 
they  were  refused, 

Fu.aucr*.  which  ^ave  life  and  motioa  to 
the  w  Ih)W  UxK  of  thiJ  wai  moiurchy,  weie 
et>tiirly  exhukMed.  ai^i,  to  $wch  a  dejLree, 
ihjt  hiSirvllN  *  ny  resouives  coukl  be  dtscw^red  ; 
wvxpx  i»l'  the  r.v\;4  uecessanb*  and  roost  pri- 
Tiix^-d  e\'i<iHiUv;re*  of  my  ho%«seho)d»  and 
U  uiv  o\*  u  perwHEi.  were  etiher  %k;mcfviUy 
io  jr'vMr*,  tvr  >«efe  su(>ptMr«d  only  by  «  c«s 
diu  the  c\H«*t^w«we*  of  wbWti  were  b«f^ 
lhct^>viuo.  t.>«  ihe  otber  hami,  ih«  «siabit:sh- 
n?er,t>  ot'  ihe  Fjtruiers  of  tec  te^esiue  super- 
abooix^vvl  with  w^ih;  ai^i  while  ihej-  \%tfe 
a'V"  ;  I  i«c  K>  cvwer  their peeu\u;vt*>  by  eNvry 
kit\l  oi'  aTtitk>f»  iftok-  be  rjL«d  ihvtr  sroui  tv 
tbe  *RMdt>«^  Ji-j  by  ot  urboixrvSrd  luxury ; 
a*  if  j^)|MeheEt<tve  V»t  I  sbo«i*i  o«VTkx«.  iu 

•  1>»  tscttty  U  thte  Pvrvtin<«h*dl  been 
?;  -wt  km>  the  fi^*  «*'  DeeeiuSer.  lixv),  Tbc 
i««uaU  vUd  ou  ^  ^  «f  A&Mcd^  ;ct>i. 


The  church,  besides  its  usual  eWb,  was, 
at  last,  openly  threatened  with  a  schism,  by 
men  the  more  dangerous,  as  they  could  be 
eminendy  useful ;  men  of  great  merit,  had 
they  been  less  conscious  of  it  The  smallest 
fault  in  the  order  of  nobilttV  was,  its  being 
mixed  with  an  infinite  number  of  usurpefa  : 
without  any  tides,  or  with  titles  bov^^  lor 
money,  ana  not  acquired  by  services.  The 
tyranny  which  that  order  exercised  in  my 
uroviuces  on  its  vassals,  and  on  its  neigh* 
Dours,  could  no  lonoer  be  tolerated,  nor 
could  it  be  repressed,  out  by  striking  exam- 
ples of  severity. 

Justice,  to  which  the  reformation  of  ill 
other  abuses,  properly  bcloneed,  offered,  from 
a  variety  of  circumstfnces,  thegieatest  obsta- 
cles  to  its  own  reformation,  races  had  been 
filled  by  clumce  or  by  money,  ratber  than 
by  choice,  or  by  merit ;  many  of  the  judges 
had  but  little  experience,  and  less  learning. 
The  statutes  of  my  predecessors  respecting 
age  and  standing,  were  almost  every  whero 
evaded ....  My  council,  itself,  instead  of 
regulating  the  courts  below,  too  often  em- 
barrassed their  proceedings,  by  a  strange  mid- 
tiplicity  of  contradictory  decrees,  all  eqnaUj 
pronounced  in  my  name,  arKl  as  if  by  my^ 
self,  which  made  It  the  more  shameliiL  AH 
those  evils  together,  or,  at  least,  theii  iihi- 
matc  consequences,  fell  oo  the  pooicrclasK 
of  the  people,  merloaded  bendes,  with  t 
weighed  down  by  misery,  in  many 
in  others,  weaned  by  their  want  of  < 
tion  since  peace  had  taken  plxe,  and  wauat« 
ing,  above  all  things,  assistance  »id  employ- 
ment. 

This  report  ofthe  state  of  tfaecomitry, 
is  cykiently  by  a  omo  wiabiiig  to  niigntiy 
the  disease,  io  order  to  obcmn  a  greaUi 
etiat  by  the  cure.  It  oaigfat  inikcd  \mm 
beeo  a  Uithful  one  during  Loois's  miao 
rity,  but  times  vcre  greatly  altered  soxe 
thoD.  Those  oonily  i»obfes  bad  bng  be- 
fore lost  the  pover  of  being  dHgemB : 
the  weakness  cf  a  regency,  and  tbe  s^k 
ponof  aocDeof  tbeprincetof  tbe  blood, 
had  afforded  tbcm  an  n|n  intMnij  cf 
lieing  tiooblesonie,  but  tbe  leeoncSatHQ 
of  tbeterenl  biancbea  of  tbe  n^  £1. 
milT  with  tbeir  aupnaae  bead,  lad  left 
tbetnvitbentsnfliafft.  liaotin  b^acil^ 
so  aixiisionicd,  as  Lobb  aqrs,  to  Mgn- 
tijte  witb  tbon,   iMd,    iat  anne  Imb 

be  no  kogcr  aaooped  to  deceive  tbcm  by 
procai«ai>  hatbfcMHiyiiiiii  Itbeptkrrf 


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tFarhrfLowsXm 


[954 


who  composed  the  court,  neither  the 
clergy  nor  the  parliaments^  could  venture 
a  shew  of  resistance  to  the  authority  of 
the  monarch;  to  become  absolute  mas- 
ter, Louis  had  only  in  fact  to  rule  des- 
potically over  his  ^mily,  and  over  his 
cosrtiers,  akeady  prone  to  servility.  In 
this  he  was  eminently  successful.  He 
fomented  their  divisions,  completed  their 
ruin  by  the  luxury  he  introduced  and 
encouraged ;  disposed  arbitrarily  of  their 
sons  and  daughters  in  marriage }  and  pu- 
nished by  exile  and  imprisonment  the 
slightest  mark  of  resistance,  or  even  of 
hesitation.  With  his  usual  attention  to 
details,  he  pryed  into  all  their  actions, 
even  the  most  private,  and  seemingly  the 
most  indifferent  to  him;  he  finally 
brought  them  to  think  and  feel  only  as  he 
did,  while  the  rewards  he  bestowed  on 
them,  stamped  with  the  magical  word 
honour,  heightened  their  natural  frivolity, 
and  eradicated  the  last  latent  sparks  oif 
manly  judgement  and  freedom. 

As  soon,  however,  as  Louis  had  finally 
determined  to  take  upon  himself  the  ma- 
nagement of  his  afifairs,  he  set  about  it 
with  much  real  attention.  He  professed, 
above  all  things,  his  utter  abhorrence  of 
a  prime  minister;  and  pretended  to  see, 
and  to  do,  every  thing  himself.  Yet  in 
the  various  improvements  he  mentions  as 
his  own  work  with  much  self  compla- 
cency, few,  if  any,  actually  originated 
with  him.  Many  were  the  results  of 
Richelieu*s  establishments;  many  had 
been  planned  by  Mazarin,  whose  very 
expressions  Louis  oflen  adopts.  The  na- 
ture of  the  French  monarchy  to  which 
the  return  of  peace  never  fails  of  restor- 
ing prosperity,  without  the  intertereuce, 
and  often,  in  spite  of  its  rulers,  had  done 
still  more  towards  the  happy  change  of 
things.  Louis  had  besides,  the  assistance 
of  the, ablest  ministers  of  the  age,  Lionne, 
Le  Tellier,  and  Colbert,  whose  merits  he 
passes  unnoticed,  or  appropriates^  to  him- 
self, as  he  did  those  of  his  generals.  In- 
deed, their  wise  measures  were  most 
frequently  defeated  by  his  own  eager 
desire  of  filling  the  world  with  his  name ; 
and  when,  at  his  most  sober  moments, 
they  succeeded  in  leading  him  to  adopt 
their  suggestions,  his  pride  made  him 
believe,  and  enforce  the  belief,  that  they 
were  his  own  genuine  ideas,  and  he  per- 
sisted in  them,  with  as ^much  obstinacy, 
as  in  his  own  designi. 


Nothing  proves  more  that  Louis's  mea« 
sures  of  administration  did  not  originate 
'  with  him,  than  his  frequent  fluctuation 
in  tl^e  principles  he  followed.  He  in- 
veighs against  venality  in  the  places  of 
judicature,  and  in  the  privileges  of  nobi- 
lity, yet  he  extended  it  in  both ;  he  at 
first  encouraged  more  particularly  agri- 
culture ;  and  was  an  enemy  to  luxury, 
which  he  afterwards  promoted,  with  com* 
merce,  and  mann&ctures ;  he  professes 
his  contempt  for  theological  dispute,  and 
his  abhoirence  of  intermeddling  clergy- 
men; yet  he  became  the  tool  of  two 
intriguing  monks;  lastly,  he  professed 
sentiments  of  toleration  not  common  in 
his  day,  but  he  became  a  persecutor  -,  we 
mean,  in  respect  to  his  protestant  sub- 
jects. 

Our  readers  cannot  but  perceive  the 
immense  proportion  of  vanity,  which 
entered  into  the  composition  of  Louis 
XIV.  Could  we  believe  the  secret  his* 
tory  of  the  times,  and  the  private  reports 
which  were  then  in  constant  and  rapid 
circulation,  as  to  the  notorious  profli- 
gacy of  the  depositaries  of  ministerial 
power,  and  the  question  of  his  legitimacy, 
perhaps  we  should  find  motives  of  urgen- 
cy to  the  display  of  whatever  talents  he 
possessed,  and  a  kind  of  imperious  ne- 
cessit)  for  his  engrossing  of  authority, 
and  centering  it  in  himself,  by  every 
means.  It  was  necessary,  that  he  should 
appear  as  a  demi-god,  in. order  to  silence 
defamation;  and  that  he  should  tak» 
every  advantage  of  the  character  of  the 
people  over  whom  he  ruled,  in  order  to 
display  a  lofty  superiority,  proof  against 
all  contravention.  But,  that  it  was  the 
natural  turn  of  his  mind,  independent  of 
state  policy,  we  have  every  reason  to 
conclude;  and  cannot  but  resent  it,  by 
dis-esteeminj^  the  man  who  could  plume 
himself  on  factitious  abilities,  and  stritt 
with  preposterous  self  gratulation,  like 
the  poor  jay,  in  the  faWe,  in  the  borrow* 
ed  feathers  of  superior  birds. 

We  shall  close  our  account  of  this  in- 
teresting publication,  by  an  attempt  to 
trace  the  gradual  change  of  his  senti- 
ments respecting  that  unfortcmate  and  in- 
teresting class  the  Protestants  of  his  king- 
dom; frequently  called  Hugonots^  This, 
however,  we  must  defer  to  a  fucceeding 
number.  \ 

313 


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Essays  on  the  Anatomy  of  Expression  in  Painting. 


{gM 


Essays  on  the  Anatomy  of  Expression  in 
•    Painting:    B7  Charles  Bell.      Royal 
quarto*  pp.  I95.  Price  i2.  2s.    Long- 
man arxl  Co.     London,  180d. 

Anatomy  stands  relatctl  to  the  Arts  of 
Dcsijrn,  as  tbc  grammar  of  that  language  in 
vhioh  thn-  addro^s  us.  The  expressions,  at- 
titudes, ar^  movements  of  the  human  figure, 
•iire  the  cbaraviers  of  this  language,  ivhich  is 
adapted  lo  convey  the  effect  of  historical  nar- 
latic^n,  as  well  as  10  show  the  working  of 
buma:i  passion,  and  give  the  most  striking 
ftnd  li-.ely  indications  of  intellectual  power 
^d  energy.  Tlie  art  of  the  painter  con- 
sidered with  a  view  to  these  interesting  repre- 
sentations, assumes  a  high  and  dignified 
character.  Ail  the  lesser  embellishments  and 
tniimteness  of  representation  are,  by  an  ar- 
tist who  has  those  more  enlarged  views  of  his 
f>rofcssion,  regarded  as  foreign  to  the  main 
€ubject,  as  distracting  and  hurtful  to  the 
grand  effect,  as  admired  only  because  tliey 
nave  the  merit  of  accurate  imitation^  and 
Almost  appear  to  be  what  they  are  not.  This 
disliiiction  must  be  felt,  or  we  shit II  never 
see  \k\e  giand  style  in  painting  ^e^•I^ed.  The 
painter  must  not  be  satisfied  merely  to  copy 
«n<!  represent  what  he  sees ;  he  must  culti- 
vate this  talent  of  imitation,  merely  as  bes- 
towing those  facUities  which  arc  to  give  scope 
to  the  exertions  of  hb  genius,  as  the  instru- 
inenuaiKl  means  onlv  which  he  is  to  employ 
for  communicating  \\\s  thoughts,  and  pre- 
senting to  others  the  creations  of  his  fancy. 
It  is  by  his  creative  powers  alone,  that  ne 
can  bea>me  truly  a  painter  ;  and  for  these  he 
Is  to  trust  to  original  genius,  cultivated  and 
enriched  bv  a  'scrutinizinji  observation  of 
Nature.  *  Till  he  has  acc^uired  a  poet's  eye 
4br  nature,  and  can  seize  with  intuitive  ouick- 
ficas  the  appeanxnccs  of  passion,  and  all  the 
effect  produced  upon  the  body  by  the  opera- 
tions of  the  mind,  he  has  not  raised  himself 
above  tlie  mechanism  of  his  art,  nor  docs 
lie  rank  with  the  poet  or  the  historian. 

Such  are  the  sentiments  expressed  by 
Mr.  Bell  in  his  preface,  and  we  willingly 
ttibscribe  to  their  justice.  The  origin  and 
th*t  termination  of  art  is  mental :  the 
interval  between  those  points  is,  the 
mode  of  expressing  and  communicating 
Ideas.  This  mode  some  consider  as  Paint- 
ing ;  and  suppose  it  includes  the  whole 
-Art,  because  it  exhibits  the  labours  of 
manual  dexterity  :  but,  when  Art  limits 
its  attempts  to  such  contracted  operations, 
it  a  character  is  very  low;  or,  at  least, 
\ery  iui|)crrcrt.  We  must  not  beunder- 
ttood  as  depreciating  a  skilful  execution, 
0r  even  tiic  clevcruesb  ai  niaaual  prac- 


tice J  these  are  absolutely  indispensable : 
and  we  censure  decidedly  the  negligenc* 
of  the  greatest  masters  in  such  to  them, 
trifles,  but,  not  trifles  to  the  spectator.  Ne- 
vertheless, we  agam  affirm,  that  whoever^ 
being  capable  of  superior  attainments, 
rests  in  these,  does  injury  to  his  own  repu- 
tation, and  violates  the  dignity  of  his  art. 

The  great  Author  of  our  frame  has  ma- 
nifested wonderful  though  limited  skiU  in 
the  formation  of  animals  and  creatures  of 
lower  ranks :  but  he  has  comprised, 
in  the  person  of  man,  as  it  were,  an  epi- 
tome of  whatever  excellencies  he  has  ex- 
hibited elsewhere.  Hence  the  study  of 
the  human  figure  presents  beauties  ever 
new,  ^nd  ever  interesting.  It  possesses  d 
kind  of  infinitude,  and  those  most  mtr- 
mately  acquainted  with  it  are  most  deeplj 
convinced  of  its  unlimited  variety  and 
beauty  of  appearance,  motion,  effect,  and 
expression.  This  is  true,  generally,  of 
the  figure ;  but,  especially  of  the  counte- 
nance, which  is  particularly  marked  as 
tiic  residence  of  expression. 

It  may  well  be  supposed,  that  in  fol- 
lowing omniscient  skill,  the  study  must 
be  both  delightful  and  difficult.  Every 
artist  has  felt  this  truth,  and  will  readily 
confess  his  obligations  to  whoever  assists 
in  diminishing  tlie  difificulties  attendant 
on  this  branch  of  his  profession. 

Mr.  Bell  has  enga<;ed  in  this  laudable 
attempt,  with  a  spirit  and  intelligence 
which  do  him  honour.  He  professes 
not  to  *'  aim  at  any  thing  like  a  complete 
theory  of  expression :  *'  but,  merely 
"  ventures  to  hope  that  some  of  his  sug- 
gestions may  prove  useful  to  those  who 
indulge  in  these  pleasing  speculations ;  or 
be  serviceable  to  artists,  who  derive  satJs- 
action  from  studying  the  principles  of 
their  art.**  After  this  ingenuous  confes- 
sion, to  expose  too  severely  the  deficien- 
cies of  the  work  before  us,  would  mark 
us  as  cynics,  not  as  critics.  The  subject 
is  apparently  new  to  the  writer  :  it  cer- 
tainly is  new  to  the  British  public.  Mr  B. 
has  succeeded  in  some  things :  he  has  failed 
in  others  :  he  has  omitted  others :  as  might 
be  exixjcted.  Artists,  who  are  competent, 
may  derive  information  from  his  vo- 
lume ;  and  the  very  thought  of  directing 
his  labours  in  this  channel,  demandis  the 
acknowledgement  of  those  who  not  only 
delight  in  the  effects  which  art  produces, 
but  wish  to  understand  the  causes  tt|i 
principles  of  what  delighu  them. 


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£ssays  on  the  Jnatcmy  of  Etprtssuin  in  Paintthg. 


t9» 


This  volume  comprises  six  essays ;  the 
•first  cautions  against  faults  to  which  artists 
may  be  betrayed  in  studying  from  the  an- 
tique exclusively  :  (at  which  Mr.  B.  is, 
in  our  opinion,  more  frightened  than 
.hurt,)  and,  e  contra,  placing  too  much 
.dependence  on  the  flaccid  contours,  and 
wearied  expressions  of  an  academy  living 
model :  a  failure  which  no  master  com- 
petent to  the  study  of  general  nature,  is 
likely  to  retain,  af^er  his  ideas  have  be- 
eoroe  familiar  with  the  instantaneous  flash- 
ings of  expression  which  nature  presents. 
No  eye  but  that  of  an  artist  can  keep  pace 
with  these  ever  varying  appearances,  or 
trace  them  to  their  sources. 

llie  second  essay  is  on  the  skull  and 
form  of  the  head.  This  subject,  from  its 
interesting  nature^  may  justly  claim  our 
attention. 

The  differences  in  the  general  form 
ef  the  head  between  that  of  an  infant^ 


and  that  of  a  full  grown  person,  are  well 
known  An  infant's  head  is  oval  and 
elongated  :  the  forehead  flat :  the  nose 
scarcely  rising:,  the  jaw  bones  small, 
sliort,  and  shallow.  As  life  advances,  the 
head  becomes  rounder :  the  nose  rises : 
the  addition  of  teeth,  produce  a  different 
form  of  the  jaws ;  and  when,  in  old 
age,  the  teeth  are  lost,  the  falling  in  of 
the  parts  which  they  formerly  supported, 
is  no  slight  mark  of  this  period  of  life. 

But,  there  is  another  pinciple  which  not 
only  distinguishes  man  from  his  feijow, 
but  man  from  brute  ;  and  this  being  lesa 
familiarly  known,  we  are  desirous  of  set* 
ting  it  before  our  readers  in  an  intelligible 
manner,  by  the  help  of  the  following  out*> 
lines.  '  We  shall  not  be  understood  at 
aiming  at  any  thing  like  precision,  but 
merely  at  an  attempt  to  illustrate  a  gene- 
ral principle.  In  these  figures  we  have 
accepted  assistance  from  Camper. 


Fio.  2. 
If  w«  assutne  the  nostril,  in  a  profile 
face,  as  the  center  for  a  circle  which  is 
to  be  struck  around  it,  we  shall  find,  that, 
}n  proportion  as  the  radii  from  this  center 
deviate  firom,  or  approach  toward,  the 
perpendicular  line,  A.  B.  in  fig.  1 .  they 
vary  the  character  of  the  countenance. 
The  line  A.B.,  itself,  describes  the  facial 
line  of  the  finest  form  of  the  human  coun- 
tenance, as  it  appears  in  the  mostcele- 
aAti({ue^fletii!».    CD.  d««crib«s 


Fio.  I. 


the  general  profile  of  what  are  considered 
as  handsome  European  faces.  £.  F.  is 
the  facial  line  of  a  negro.  G.  is  the  facial 
lineof  anOran-Otan  5  the  general  figure  of 
which  animal  is  the  nearest  approach  to 
the  human.  We  say  "  general  figure," 
because,  if  other  apes  or  monkeys  may  be 
found,  the  form  of  whose  heads  ap« 
proaches  somewhat  nearer  to  that  of  man  ; 
yet  the  proportions  and  conformations  of 
their  members,  remove  theo^t  very  much 
2l  4 


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'959]  Stsays  on  ihis  Anaiomy  of 

further  from  the  idea  of  compflriaon  with 
cor  race.  If  we  lower  the  facial  line  still 
more,  as  to  H.j  towards  the  horizontal 
line  I.  K.  we  arrive  successively  at  the 
form  of  a  dog's  head ;  a  bird's  beak;  and  at 
that  of  the  long-shouted  fishes,  e.  gr,  the 
tobacco-pipe  fish,  or  any  other. 

I'he  second  figure  shews  two  human 
countenances  distinctly,  divested  of  the 
radial  lines :  in  which  this  principle  is 
conspicuous.  That  which  approaches 
nearest  to  the  perpendicular^  is  the  Euro- 
pean >  that  which  projects  most  at  the 
chin,  is  the  negro. 

Our  readers  will  easily  imagine  the 
existence  of  a  great  variety  of  interme- 
diate lines,  as  C.  D :  E.  F.,  &c.  and  others 
affected  by  unlimited  combination  of  parts. 
Hence  character  is  so  infinitely  diversi- 
.  fied,  and  no  two  persons  precisely  re- 
semble each  other.  Yet  hence  the  ap- 
proach to  resemblance  in  persons  of  the 
same  family,  whose  ^cial  lines  are  differ- 
ent yet  the  same.  We  are  obliged  to 
Professor  Camper  for  first  reducing  these 
principles  to  regularity  and  order.  He 
attempted,  inde^,  mathematical  demon- 
stration:  in  this  he  failed^  for,  though 
true  in  the  general,  his  theory  is  subject 
to  many  exceptions.  Blumenbach  in  his 
Decad.  Col.  Craniorum,  has  shewn,  that 
we  must  not  apply  it  too  extensively,  too 
implicitly^  or  too  precisely. 

Mr.  Bell  has  taken  much  pains  on  this 
subject :  he  corrects  a  misapprehension 
of  Wiukelman  on  the  depth  of  the  eye 
in  antique  heads;  observing,  that  this 
efiect  is  by  comparison  only,  and  should 
rather  be  referred  to  the  greater  elevation 
of  the  firontal  and  nasal  bones.  Winkel- 
man  though  an  amateur,  did  not  possess 
the  advantages  arising  from  anatomical 
knowledge.  But  this  principle  of  distin- 
guishing between  bestial  and  human  con- 
formation, was  not  only  adopted  by  the 
antient  artists  in  the  general  lines  of  the 
^countenance,  it  also  regulated  the  fea- 
tures. By  dismissing  the  facial  indica- 
tions of  the  lower  propensities  of  our  na- 
•  ture,  they  gradually  refined  the  human 
physiognomy,  till  it  preseuted  only  the 
^marks  of  tlie  superior  qualities  of  man  : 
these  combined,  give  that  wonderful  ele- 
vation of  character  to,  the  antique  statues 
of  deities,  which  all  admire,  but  few  cora- 

Erehend.     It  will  also  be  jobsened,  that 
y  rejecting  these  inferior  parts,  the  an- 


Expression  in  Tainibig.  fpA) 

tients  at  the  same  time  acquired  a  breadth, 
an  openness,  an  extent,  presenting  an 
unbroken  but  not  unvaried  surface,  caps* 
ble  of  intimately  harmonizing  with  parts 
around,  and  thereby  of  corabini^  the 
united  effort  of  the  whole,  in  the  subli*^ 
mities  of  art.  Mr.  B.  observes,  that  xhm 
ancient  artists  studied  bestial  forms  inti^^ 
mately. 
We  trace  this  method  of  study*  in  many 

Sieces  of  antiquity,  where  the  artist  has  en- 
eavoured  to  convey  the  character  of  dionity, 
or  bodily  strength,  or  oourage,  by  transtosiiig 
into  his  ^  coinposidon  some  of  the  peculiar 
forms  of  animals,  as  in  the  personifkatioa  of 
gods  and  heroet.  p.  40.— Moreover, 

The  frequent  representation  of  lawns, 
satyrs,  centaurs,  and  masks,  necessarily 
forced  the  artists  of  antiqui^  to  study  the  pe-* 
culiartties  of  brutes,  ana  to  engraft  them  on 
the  human  form.  What  then  was  nnore  d»* 
tural  or  obvious,  while  observing  the  effect  of 
these  forms  and  expressions  transferred  to  tba 
human  countenance,  than  the  persuasion 
that  this  character  should  be  sedulously  avoid- 
ed,  and, the  proportions  which  mara  it  re- 
versed, in  oraer  to  convey  the  dignified  aiul 
characteristic  form  of  man  ?  The  ancient 
artists  in  representing  the  sylvan  deities,  ccn* 
taurs,  favens,  or  satyrs,  did  not  merely  give 
them  hair  and  cloven  feet,  but  bestowed  on 
them  a  certain  combination  of  character,  very 
difficult  in  execution,  but  which  akme  can 
reconcile  us  to  the  palpable  absurdity ;  a  colt- 
ish wildness  in  gesture  {  a  goadsh  expressioo 
of  countenance  or  festive  hilarity,  with  fea- 
tures in  which  there  is  more  ofcommon na- 
ture than  of  dignity,  and  which  are  in  some 
conformity  with  the  hair  and  the  lioof^  a 
body  and  limbs,  muscular  and  powerful ;  9^ 
skill  browned,  and  of  a  high  colour,  sudi  as 
the  savage  wiklness  of  their  life  may  be  sup-> 
posed  to  produce,  pp.  41.  42. 

Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  has  given  an  inge- 
nious view  of  the  theory  of  beauty,  by 
considering  beauty  as  the  center  of  the 
various  forms  of  individuals :  these  forms 
vibrate  in  all  directions  from  this  center  | 
very  few  of  them  coincide  truly  with  it  j 
vet  all  approximate  more  or  less,^  and 
hence  beauty,  (or  a  near  approach  to  it) 
is  more  frequently  produce^,  than  any 
one  kind  of  defi^rmity.  Ifir.  B.  admits 
this  principle  in  reference  to  the  parts  <^ a 
face,  yet  fiiuis'great  difiSc^lty  in  admitting 
it,  as  to  the  head  at  large.  We  rather 
wonder  at  his  hesitation  :  since,  midoubt- 
edly,  nature  intends  perfectioD  in  all  her 
^  orks  ;  and  her  efibrts  to  jUtain  it  Bm 
more  hetpst^y  attended  with  sncgan. 


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JBnay>  <M  rt<  AiuUmy  ^  Bxpresmtim  PamOb^. 


that  the  power  of  any  ooe.i^ent  to  thwart 
them,  is,  by  produciDg  any  one  species 
of  deformity.  That  nature  does  not  al- 
^  ways  succeed  exquisitely^  need  not  sur- 
prise any  who  consider,  that  her  efforts 
are  not  alwa3r8  uniformly  active  in  every 
part:  and  that  circumstances  are  not 
Universally  and  equally  favourable  to  her 
intentions.    Mr.  B.  proceeds — 

In  concluding  my  lemarlu  on  the  form  of 
thehead>  I  may  veoture  to  afidnD,  that  there 
caonot>  in  this  pait  of  Kis  study,  be  a  more 
important  sul^ect  for  the  observation  of  the 
ar^t,    than  the  form  of  the  frontal  bone. 
Much  of  the  character  of  the  whole  head 
will  be  firand  todepend  on  the  contour  of  the 
foidiead,  the  njagss  of  the  temples,  the  pio- 
mihences  formcn  by  the  cavities  in  this  bone, 
and  lasdy,  the  arch  of  the  orbit ^For  ex- 
ample, we  often  see  a  paipting  in  which  the 
whole  fiffoie  and  the  general  design. of  the 
..picture,  is  subservient  to  the  disj^y  of  the 
li^t  [4ayipg  on  the  temple  of  an  old  man. 
.  Some  painters,  in  these  profiles  of  old  heads, 
ate  satisfied  with  the  effect  of  light  merely  on 
the  furrowed  brow  and  on  the  rough  hair ; 
.  but  how  much  more  beautifiil  is  the  picture, 
when  the  anatomy  is  di^|>iayed,  the  thinness 
of  a  care-worn  face,  the  ridge  of  the  frontal 
bone  highly  illuminated,  the  veins  in  their 
oourse  over  the  temple,  the  delicate  transpa- 
rent colours  of  the  skin,  the  shade  of  float- 
ing girey  hairs  I  So  much  character  will  often 
be  pioauced  by  the  simplest  touch  presenting 
the  true  anatomy.^— -Instead  of  ntechanical 
ndes  for  drawing  the  face,  I  would  recom- 
.  mend  to  the  young  painter  to  have  the  skull 
much  in  his  hands,  to  observe  the  bearing  of 
certain  points,  the  ridge  of  the  orbit,    the 
'  ^  prominence  of  the  cheek  bone,  the  angle  of 
the  jaw,  as  he  terms  it,  and  to  draw  from  it 
in  every  possible  variety  of  position ;  by  ih&e 
means  ne  will  lay  a  foundation  for  more  oc- 
'  curate  drawing  and  foreshortening,  while  he 
.will  acquire  a  turn  for  observation  on  the  hu- 
man countenance  which  he  cannot  otherwise 
attain,  pp.  46.  48. 

In  the  third  essay,  our  author  considers 
the  muscles  of  the  hoe  in  man  and  ani- 
mals. Here  we  meet  with  many  inge- 
nious remarks,  accompanied  by  plates, 
the  explanations  of  which,  form  the  pro- 
per study  of  ^e  subject.  Mr«  B.  has  not 
restricted  his  demonstrations  to  the  human 
fiice  ;  but  has  added  the  head  of  a  dog, 
and  of  a  horse. 

The  fourth  essay  illustrates  the  motions 

•  of  the  muscles  of  the  face,  when  excited 

by  passion  :  it  includes  a  pleasingdiscovery 

4>f  certain  muscles  peculiar  to  man ;  and 

happily^  tbey  are  such  as  mark  the  afiec- 


esKK 


tionate  and  comi^aoent  sensations  of  the 
human  mind. 

Companng  man  with  animals,  /Mr.  Bw 
observes. 

But,  besides  the  muscles  analogoos  to 
those  of  brutes,  there  is  an  intertcxture  of 
muscles  in  the  human  countenance,  whid^ 
evinces  a  provision  for  expression  quite  inde* 
pendent  ol  the  original  destination  of  those 
muscles  that  are  common  to  him  and  ani- 
mals. There  are  muscles  not  only  peeuli^ 
to  the  human  countenance,  but  which  act 
where  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  any  oUier 
ol^ect  for  their  exertion  than  that  of  expres- 
sing feeMiig  and  sentiment.  These  muscles 
indicate  emotions  and  sympathies,  of  which 
the  lower  animals  are  not  susoeptible,^  and  as 
they  are  peculiar  to  the  human  face,  they 
may  be  considered  as  the  index  of  mental 
eneigy,  in  opposition  to  mere  animal  exprei- 
sion^ 

The  narts  of  the  human  face  most  move- 
able ana  the  most  expressive,  are  the  inner 
extremity  of  the  eyebrow  and  the  angle  of 
the  mouth,  and  these  are  precisely  the  pacta 
of  the  face  which  in  brutes  have  least  ex« 
pression ;  for  the  brutes  have  no  eye-brows, 
and  no  power  of  elevating  or  depressing 
the  angle  of  the  mouth.  It  is  iti  these 
features,  therefore,  that  we  should  ex^ject 
to  find  the  muscles  of  expression  peculiar  to 
man. 

1.  The  most  remarkable  of  the  musdes, 
peculiariy  human  is  the  c&rrugator  supercilii. 
It  arises  from  the  frontal  bone,  near  the 
union  with  the  nasal  bones,  and  is  inserted 
into  the  skin  of  the  eytibrow.  It  knits  the 
eyebrows  with  a  peculiar  and  energetic  mean- 
ing, which  unaccountably,  but  irresistibly, 
conveys  the  idea  of  mind  and  sentiment.  Tne 
anterior  portion  of  the  occipilo  front(Ui$ 
muscle  IS  the  antagonist  of  the  orbicuku 
muscle  of  tlie  eyelid.  It  is  wanting  in  the 
animals  we  have  already  examined,  and  in  its 
stead,  fibres  more  or  less  strong  are  found  to 
be  directly  inserted  into  the  eyehds.»  The 
motion  of  the  features,  which,  next  to  that 
produced  by  the  corrugator  superciMi,  is  the 
most  peculiarly  expressive  of  human  sensibility 
and  passion,  is  at  the  angle  of  di^  month*; 
and„  at  one  'time  I  had  conceived,  that  the 
muscle  which  is  called  the  superbus,  and 
which  elevates  and  protrudes  the  under  lip, 
waspeculiar  to  roan ;  but  I  was  deceived. 

The  peculiarity  of  human  expression  is  in 
the  triangularis  oris,  a  muscle  which  I  have 
not  found  in  any  ether  animal ;  which  I 
believe  to  be  peculiar  to  the  human  face,  and 
for  which  I  have  been  able  to  assign  no  other 
use  than  belongs  to  an  oigan  of  exprc^ioQ. 
It  arises  frpm  the  base  of  the  lower  jaw, 

•  The  expanded  muscle  of  the  skull  in 
brutes  is  reflected  off  to  the  ear.  - 


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Essca^s  di»  Ae  Anatwny  of  Expreuton  im  PamH/ig.  [gM 

Mr.  B's,  manner  of  treating  the  ezpre»- 
tions  of  the  couutenauce.  He  has  o^t 
bucceeded  equally  in  all. 

We  turn  frojn  an  unplcasing  sobject,  aad 
it  may  be  well  to  dissipate  the  thoughu 
which  it  excites  by  sun'eying  the  luore 
ludicrous    expressions  of   the   ccunienance« 

Laughter  makes  these  changes  on  Uie  face  : 
the  cy<H)rows  are  someiiraes  drawn  douij,  but 
more  frequently  their  or.ter  half  is  >er}-  much 
arched;  while,  in  consequence  of  thi«  ele- 
vation their  inner  extrtniity  is  pointed  dowh« 
wards,  and  this  is  a  turn  o[  the  eyebrotv 
whicli  never  fails  to  give  an  archness  to  the 
expression.  Tlie  mouth  is  open,  and  the 
teeth  appear ;  the  angles  of  the  niofith  are 
drawn  backward  and  upward;  the  nostrfla 
arc  dilated  ;  the  cheek  raised,  and  in  riolent 
laughter,  tears  sometimes  suffuse  the  eye. 

'i  he  muscles  in  action  are  first  the  Occipito 
Fronfalis,  and  tiie  orbicular  fibres  of  the 
c\clids. 

[  It  is  the  combined  action  of  these  whidi 
gives  so  very  particular  and  acute  an  aich  to 
the  eyebrow,  and  a  different  eflRect  to  the 
action  of  the  orbicular  muscle  of  die  eye  from 
that  which  it  produces  in  ciyiog. 

Next  the  Levator  Alte  Sasi  raises  die- 
nostril  and  dilates  it  in  a  very  particular,  and 
characteristic  manner.  Further  the  cheek  is 
raised,  and  the  lips  drawn  by  the  combined 
effect  of  all  the  muscles  which  are  inserted 
into  the  lips  from  the  surrounding  points  of 
bone;-  if  we  except  the  Triangularis  Oris. 
The  action  of  this  last  muscle  conreitB  the 
broad  grin  into  the  contemptnons  aneer. 

A  smile  has  more  variety  of  expression  than 
laughter.  It  may  convey  a  thousand  different 
meanings.  The  placid  smile  of  benignity  j 
the  eontemptuous  arching  of  the  lower  lip;* 
the  smile  of  sorrow  ;  the  simper  of  conceit  f 
the  distorted  smile  of  the  drunken  man  when 
the  eyes  with  difficulty  perform  their  office  i 
the  leer,  &c. 

The  smile  is  produced  by  a  less  degree  of 
the  same  action  as  in  laughing.  The  coneen-> 
trated  muscles  near  the  an^e  of  the  mouth* 
dimple  the  cheek>  and  give  it  some  degree  of 
fulness,  w»hile  a  slighter  elevauon  of  the  C}e* 
brow  produces  a  cheerfulness  in  the  eyes. 

But  there  is  an  exprcbsion  still  more  charm- 
ing;  a  certain  mobility  of  the  features  which 
indicates  the  susceptible  mind  of  a  lovely  wo- 
man, and  is  more  er. chanting  than  the  dim- 
pled cheek  :  an  evanescent  illumination  of  the 
countenance  which  words  cannot  convey* 
and  in  the  representation  of  which  the 
painter  has  the  superiority  over  the  poet.  pp. 

Weeping  follows  laughter: — but  ve 
need  only  transcribe  the  title  of  one  of 


.  and  passes  up  to  be  inserted  with  the  con- 
verging fibres  of  almost  all  the  muscles  of  the 
tide  ^1  the  face  at  the  comer  of  the  mouth. 
It  products  that  arching  of  the  lip  so  expressive 
of  contempt,  hatred,  jealousy;  and  in  com- 

.  bination  with  the  elevator  of  the  under  lip, 
and  the  orbicularlE,  it  has  a  larger  share  than 
any  other  muscle  in  the  infinite  variety  of  mo- 
tion in  the  mouth,  expressive  of  seniiiiient. 

When  we  com|Kire  the  di^secied  muscles  of 
fbt  head,  with  ihorc  of  animals,  we  may  j)er- 
4.-cive  many  smaller  distinctions,  into  a  deuil 
of  which  I  shall  not  at  j^resent  enter.  The 
Depressor  Alee   Nasi;    the  Naioiis    Lalii 

'  Supericres;  the  descending  fibres  of  the 
Occipilo-rrojita/is,  are  not  in  the  brute  ; 
and  in  general  the  more  minute  and  fascicu- 
lated structure  of  all  the  muscles  of  the 
lijjs,  >n  the  face  of  man,  indicates  a  de- 
cided superiority  in  the  provihion  for  the 
motion  of  the  features,  pp.  94 — p7« 

By  the  combination  of  the  giosser  fea- 
tures of  expression,  many  of  the  lesser  trjiis, 
?nd  much  of  that  vai/ous  play  of  the  fea- 
urcs  most  expressive  of  human  passions,  are 
produced  in  joy,  hoj)e,  admiration,  anxiety, 

'  fear,  horror,  despair ;  and  thus,  while  the 
human  countenance  is  capable  both  of  the 
rage  of  the  more  ferocious  animals,  and  of 
the  timid  expression  of  tlie  milder,  it  pos- 
sesses powen  of  expression  almost  to  infinity, 
by  the  combined  action  of  a  few  superadded 
and  peculiarniuscles.  p.  100. 
Mr.B.  in  noticing  the  motions  of  themus- 

,  des,  does  not  take  their  singly,  or  suggest 
any  cause  why  one  swells  and   another 

•  sinks;  ovwhyihai  muscle  which  in  one  pas- 
sion is  extremely  prominent,  is  In  another 
barely  visible.  Neither  has  he,  in  treat- 
ing of  the  countenance,  explained  the 
ofnce  of  the  blood  in  passions  :  under 
what  impulse,  in  some  it  fills  every  vein, 
and  marks  it  with  a  turgidity,  almost 
ready  to  start}  all  the  blood  in  the 
body  rushing  into  the  head ;  while  in 
others,  the  blood  is  banished.  This  es- 
say wants  finishing ;  much  more  might 
have  been  said,  and  to  advantage.  1  he 
following  essay   (the  fifth  properly)  ad- 

'  verts  to  the  external  symptoms  of  pas- 
sions ^  describes  the  relaxation  of  the 
muscles  in  languor,  faintness,  and  sor- 
row ;  with  their  appearance  in  bodily 
pain,  anguisb>  and  death.  Under  this 
division,  Mr.  B.  shews  bis  acquaintance 
with  the  poets }  and  introduces  various 
specimens  of  their  descriptive  powers,  in 

.  reference  to^  the  deaths  of  their  heroes, 
and  principal  personages. 

We  forbear  this  subject  for  another, 
which  we  thall  quote^  as  a  specimen  of 


•  Vii^.lX.74a    lb.  X,74«. 


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jQBi]  Essays  on  the  Anatomy  vf 

•Mr.  B's.  diTisions  *'  of  joy  and  discontent/* 
to  proTe  that^  a  better  order  of  combina- 
tion migbt  have  been  adopted.  Jea- 
)ousy>  rage,  revenge,  terror,  horror,  des- 
pair, folk>w  :  but  we  do  not  think  that 
these  are  drawn  from  nature,  simply. 
They  are  partly  the  result  of  observation : 
but  partly  are  intermingled  with  fancy. 
The  subject  of  madness,  which  surely  is 
rather  a  disease,  than  a  passion,  (Mr.  B. 
thinks  it  is/wir)  has  occupied  our  author's 
attention :  the  nature  of  his  profession 
has  afforded  him  advantages  on  this  sub- 
iect,  which  an  artist  of  sensibility  would 
be  painfully  affected  in  obtaining. 

The  last  essay  refers  to  the  figure  at 
large:  and  htrt  Mr.  B.  describes  the 
nervous  system,  by  which  the  will  is 
brought  into  action,  and  the  vascular  sys- 
tem, by  which  the  blood  is  conducted 
through  the  body.  We  should  have 
thought  some  of  these  remarks  might  have 
been  properly  placed  among  the  affections 
mani/ested  in  the  countenance. 

Mr.  B  says  a  very  little  on  the  skin  :  a 
subject  which  every  artist  knows  would 
have  justified  a  distinct  dissertation. 

The  bones  and  muscles  are  also  consi- 
dered in  this  essay;  and  proper  direc- 
tions are  given  for  the  study  of  them.  This 
part  also  derives  advantage  from  p  »etical 
extracts,  and  from  observations  on  some 
of  the  most  famous  antiques :  it  termi- 
nates., by  exempliiying  the  characteristic 
attitudes  of  sleep  and  death. 

Thi#  essay  treats  its  subject  generally : 
Mr.  B  does  not  trace  the  muscles  of  the 
body  or  lirnbs,  in  their  course,  or  offices, 
neither  does  he  select  any  one  for  ex- 
amination with  particular  attention.  Un- 
doubtedly, any  thing  like  justice  done  to 
this  enquiry  would  have  demanded  a  se- 
cond volume.  If  Mr.  B.  meditates  such 
an  addition,  he  may  have  done  right  in 
submitting  only  a  cursory  view  of  this 
part  of  his  subject  We  frankly  own  we 
ahould  be  glad  to  see  him  examine  it  at 
large,  combining  with  his  skill  as  an  an- 
atomist his  freedom  of  hand  as  an  artist. 

Perhaps  it  would  be  an  improvement 
on  this  Miggestion,  if  an  artist  by  profes- 
sion accompanied  Mr.  B's.  investigations : 
aiooe  only  such  an  one  can  feti  the  diffi- 
culties of  his  art,  or  point  out  the  orrors 
^  which  students  are  apt  to  commit,  the 
places  where  such  qrrors  occur,  and  the 
incidents  which  commonly  lead  to  them. 
Such  an  one,  too^  by  reversing  tbecbirur- 


Exprmion  In  PakHnf, 


Cgfii 


gical  order,  might  open  principle  not  \a 
Mr.  B's.  contemplation.  He  would  per- 
haps enquire  first  as  to  the  skin  j  its  tex* 
ture^  variety  of  tint,  and  appear^ces,— « 
in  youth  or  age,  in  Europe,  Africf, 
America,  &c. — in  health,  or  sickness, 
as  quiescent  or  as  excited }  the  integn* 
ments  beneath  this  covering  might  next 
engage  his  attention  :  some  of  which  h« 
sees  through  the  skin.  Then  the  muscles, 
the  play  of  which  he  discerns  on  the  sur- 
face, though  not  the  muscles  themselves ; 
these,  as  to.  their  origin,  their  course, 
their  insertion,  their  tendons,  ligament^^ 
and  the  arrangement  of  the  various 
vessels  among  them :  as  to  their  fibres 
also,  and  the  directions  of  those  fibres, 
too,  since,  in  some  instances,  they  a^t 
the  superficies :  for  wrinkles,  and  fiirrowa 
in  the  skin,  which  are  proper  subjects  for 
a  painter's  attention,  always  cross  th« 
course  of  the  muscular  fibres  beneath 
them.  He  might  proceed  to  themorfi 
deeply-seated  muscles,  the  motions  of 
which  are  only  visible  in  ceruin  violent 
actions  (as  the  upper  among  the  iuter* 
costals,  under  the  arm-pit  of  the  Fighting 
Gladiator)  or,  bv  their  effect  on  the  more 
conspicuous.  He  would  come  to  the  bko 
leton  in  the  last  place,  and  explain  tlie  na- 
ture of  its  motions,  the  changes  of  its  mea- 
sures, and  proportions,  by  attitude,  or  kf 
age,  by  weariness  or  by  dikcase.  Mr.  Bell, 
inverting  this  order,  would  study  first, 
the  bones  which  deteroune  the  propor* 
tions,  would  clothe  them  with  muscles 
for  the  purposes  of  morion,  would  coat 
these  muscles  with  fat,  and  other  integu- 
ments,  to  modenite  and  soften  their  exer- 
tions ;  over  the  whole,  he  would  throw 
that  complete  covering,  tho  skin,  which,' 
though  it  manifests,  in  some  degree,  what 
it  conceals,  yet  has  properties  aud  appear- 
ances strictly  its  own  j  beyond  which  the 
uninhtructed  rarely  examine.  Nor  let 
these  opposite  courses  be  condemned,  as 
attended  by  no  advantage.  Only  that  man, 
if  there  be  one  such,  who  is  capable  of 
demonstrating  both  of  them,  secundum 
ortem,  can  conceive  the  benefits  proper 
to  each  :  or  how  far  it  is  adapted  to 
make  a  lasting  impression  oh  the  minds 
of  that  class  of  students  for  which  each  is 
respectively  intended.  It  should  be  re- 
membered that  painting  is  a  work  of 
imagination,  which  surgery  is  not:  and 
that  it  is  conversant  with  external  ap- 
pearances, while  surgical  operation^  are 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


-9(W  Mikdp  ff  Si\  JfttpVs  Charge  l6  the  Ctergf. 

more cle6[^  tested.    Iris  also  a  result  of 
and    by  whatever  means    the 


ft» 


memory^  ana    Dy  wnatever  means 
memory  may  be  most  eiTectually  assisted, 
that  18'  mofi  to  the  advantage  of  paint- 
ing. 

Our  readers  percdve,  that  aUhoagh  we 
consider  Mr.  'B*s.  labours  as  entitled  to 
respect,  we  do  not  regard  them  as  perfect. 
But  knowing  that  the  arts  stand  in  great 
need  of  assistance,  in  this  very  depart- 
ment wherein  Mr.  B.  has  ofiered  it,  we  are 
desirous  of  encouraging  the  attempt ;  and 
have  extended  our  remarks,  in  hope 
of  improving  succeeding  labours  of  a 
Similar  kind,  by  hinting  at  those  omis- 
aions  which  in  our  opinion,  are  disadvan- 
«tageous  to  the  work  before  us. 

Before  we  dismiss  Ihis  yolume,  we  must 
praise  Mr.,  Bell  as  a  designer,  and  his 
engravers  as  workmen.  Some  of  the  plates 
are  exquisite — We  doubt  not  but  Mr.  B. 
derives  from  his  proficiency  in  the  art  of 
-drawing,  great  advantage  in  his  profes- 
sion :  that  he  has  found  it  a  source  of 
pleasing  amusement,  he  acknowledges ; 
and,  we  take  advantage  of  the  merit  he 
lias  exhibited  on  this  occasion,  to  recom- 
mend the  acquisition  of  this  art,  as  ser- 
viceable on  innumerable  occasions  to 
gentlemen  of  the  faculty. 

j$  Charge  to  the  Clergy  at  tbe  Primary 
Visitation  in  the  Month  of  August, 
IS06,  of  the  late  Right  Reverend  Fa- 
ther in  God  Samud,  by  Divine  Permis- 
sion, Lord  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph.    Lon- 
don, Hatchard,  1806.     Price  2s.  6d. 
This  discourse  is  marked  with  the 
genuine  characters  pf  its  author:  it  is 
commendable  for  ability,   acuteness,  and 
information  ;  but  censurable  for  a  certain 
kauteur,    whkh  partakes  of  asscunption. 
The  subjects  on  which  it  treats,  are  im- 
portant; some  indeed  are  local,  but  others 
are  general;  and  the  Bishop* s  remarks  on 
these  cannot  be  too  extensively  known. 
This  will  justify,  our    abstracting    the 
contents,  more  fully  than  can  be  our  ge- 
neral custom  in  regard  to  publications  of 
this  description.     We  have  ever  highty 
respected  \he  talents  and  learning  of  Dr. 
Horsley :  and  some  of  us  stood  very  fairly 
with  htm,  even  though  he  knew  we  some 
times  differed  from  him  in  opinion. 

His  Lordship  reprimands  his  clergy,  in 
the  beginning  of  his  discoufve,  for  en- 
gaging officiating  curates  without  a  li- 
cense :  this  he  insists  on  beipg  Teformed. 
Secondly,  he  exposes  the  ei^or  of  pub« 


lishing  banns  of  marriage  aecorHnff  to  the 
Rubric,  at  the  altar,  afier  theNiceoe 
creed  I  the  marriage  act  directing  that  thejr 
shoukl  be  published  e^  the  second  U$^ 
son.  But,  a  much  more  serioua  ensor 
has  been  committed  on  this  subject 

•By  the  8th  section  of  the  marrii^  act, 
"  no  marriage  can  be  lawfully  solemnized, 
unkffi  bv  virtue  of  special  liceme  fixxn  die 
Archbisnop  of  Canterbury,  in  auy  other 
place  than  a  church  or  chapel,  in  which  bannp 
had  been  usually  published  antecedently  to 
the  passing  of  that  act :  and  all  marriages  so- 
lemnized after  Lady-day  1754  in  any  other 
place  than  a  church  or  such  public  chapel, 
unless  by  virtue  of  such  license,  are  made  null 
and  voicl  tm  all  intents  and  purposes  whatso- 
ever ;  and  any  person  who,  after  d^e  said  25lh 
day  of  March  1754,  should  solemnize  ma- 
trimony in  any  other  place  than  a  church  or 
such  public  chapel,  unless  under  the  authoritv 
of  such  special  license,  is  to  be  deemed  ana 
adjudged  to  be  guilty  of  felony,  and  is  to  be 
transported  for  foarteen  years,  according  to 
the  laws  in  force  for  the  transportation  of 
felons.'* 

Now  it  is  a  notorious   fact,   that  many 
churches  and  chapels  have  been  erected  arid 
consecrated  since  tne  time  when  this  marriage 
act  was  passed;  and  in  such  chapels  there 
could  hare  been  no  usage  of  publication  of 
banns  anterior  to  the  marriage  act,  which 
was  itself  anterior  to  their  existence.    And 
yet  in  many  of  these  chapels  the  officiating 
clergy  have  perpetually  solemnized  matrimony, 
not  aware  that  they  were  doing  any  thing  un- 
lawful.   A  short  time  before  I  was  removed 
from  the  see  of  St.  David's,  it  came  to  my 
knowledj^e,  that  in  a  very  considerable  town 
in  that  diocese  the  irregularity  of  marrying  in 
a  chapel,  in  which,  though  indeed  it  was  an 
ancient  chapel,  banns  never  in  any  one  in- 
stance had  been  published,  had  gone  to  such 
an  extent,  that  tnere  was  hs^dly  a  couple  in 
the  town,  who,  while  they  conceived  ttiem- 
selves  to  be  man  and  wife,  were  not  actually 
living  in  the  eye  of  the  law  in  concubinage  ; 
nor  a  child  in  any  family  bom  hi  lawful  wed- 
lock ;  nor  a  cleiWman  in  the  place,  thouj^ 
the  clergymen  in  the  place  were  highly  res- 
pectable, who  had  not,  not  once  or  twice^ 
but  repeatedly,  for  many  years  of  his  Uk^ 
been  committing  acts  of  ielony. 

However,  this  error  is  set  to  rights  bj 
44th  (veo.  in.  cap.  77,  which  ooofirmod 
all  such  marriages,  as  had  been  sciem- 
nized  before  March  25,  1805,  buinofitr^ 
ther :  whidi  may  be  of  oonsequenoe  to 
some  clergymen,  &c.  to  know. 

The  Bishop  very  properly  recomraeada 
to  the  clergy  an  acquaintance  with  the 
laws  und^  which  they  officiate^  bidding 
the  further  information^  that^ 


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gcsl 


B^^Uial  Efects  of  the  ChrUlian  Temper. 


A  book  has  been  p^iWisbcd  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford,  under  the  title  of  *•  The 
Cilergyiiian's  Assistant,"  very  moderate  in 
skc,  and  cheap  in  price.  It  contains  almost 
aH  the  laws  prescribiiig  the  deigyman's 
<hity  in  the  public  offices  of  the  Church, 
with  some  others  in  which  the  clergy,  arc 
much  interested.  I  would  advise  every  clergy- 
roan  to  posses  himself  without  delay  of  this 
«*  Clergyman's  Assistant." 

The  Bishop  proceeds  to  notice  the  in- 
crease of  Methodists,  a  sect  which  he  de- 
scribes as  not  dissenters  from  the  doctrine 
o€  the  church. 

It  may  seem  strange  to  some  that  I  should 
hsfe  iiaa,  that  none  of  the  Methodists  are 
dissenters  from  the  established  chureh  in  doc- 
trine, when  at  the  same  time  I  have  said, 
that  they  consist  of  two  principal  branches, 
the  one  Arminian,  and  the  other  Calvmisiic ; 
since  it  has  been  the  fashion  of  late  to  talk  of 
Anoinianism  as  the  system  of  the  Church  of 
England,  and  of  Calvinism  as  something  op- 
po^  to  it,  to  which  the  church  is  hostile. 
Katl  may  not  be  misunderstood  in  what  I 
have  said,  or  may  have  occasion  further  to  say 
upon  this  sulgect,  I  roost  here  declare,  that 
I  use  the  words  Arminianism  and  Calvinism, 
in  that  restricted  sense  in  which  they  are  now 
general^  taken ;  to  denote  the  doctrinal  part 
of  each  system  as  unconnected  with  the  prin- 
ciples eiUier  of  Arminians  or  Calvinists,  up- 
on church  discipline  and  church  Kovemmcnt. 
This  being  premised,  I  assert,  what  I  often 
hkve  before  as^rted,  and  by  God's  gra^  I 
will  persist  in  the  assertion  to  my  dying  day, 
that  so  far  is  it  (mm  the  truth  that  the  Church 
of  England  is  decidedly  Arminian,  and  hos- 
tile to  Calvinism,  that  uie  truth  is  this ;  that 
upon  the  principal  points  in  dispute  between 
the  Armmians  and  the  Cahimsts,  upon  all 
the  points  of  doctrine  characteristic  of  the 
two  secte,  the  Church  of  England  maintains 
an  absolute  neutrality.    Her  articles  explicitly 
assert  nothins  but  what  is  belie\ed  both   l^ 
Arminians  and  by  Calvinists.  The  Calvinists 
indeed   hold  some  opinions  relative  to  the 
same  points,  which  the  Church  of  England 
has  not  gone  the  length  of  assertinz  in  her 
articles.    But  neither  has  she  gone  the  length 

of  explicitly  contradicting  those  oninions 

Any  one  may  hold  all  the  theological  opi- 
nions of  Calvin,  Hard  and  extravagant  as  some 
of  them  may  seem,  andyet  be  a  sound  mem-^ 
her  of  the  Church  of  England  and  Ireland  ; 
certainly  a  much  sounder  member  than  one, 
who,  foudly' declaiming  agjunst  those  opi- 
nions, which,  if  they  be  enroneous,  are  not 
trrors  that  affect  the  essence  of  our  common 
feith,  runs  into  all  the  nonsense,  the  impiety, 
the  abominations,  of  the  Arian,  the  Unita- 
rian, and  the  Pelagian  Heresies,  denying  in 
$^ct  **  the  Lord  who  bought  hlnu" 


1970 

Of  all  things  I  entreat  you  to  amid,  what 
18  notr  oecome  very  common,  acrimonious 
abtise  of  Calvinism  and  of  Calvin.  Remem- 
ber, I  beseech  you,  that  some  tenderness  b 
due  to  the  errorsand  extravagancits  of  a  man* 
emineiht  as  he  was  in  his  day  for  his  piety,  his 
wuKiom,  and  his  learning,  and  to  wnom  the 
reformation  in  its  beginning  is  so  much  in- 
debted. At  least  take  especial  care,  before 
you  aim  your  shafts  at  Calvinism,  that  yoa 
know  what  is  Calvrnisra,  and  what  is  not : 
that  in  that  mass  of  doctrine,  which  it  is  of 
late  become  the  ftishion  to  abuse  under  the 
name  of  Calvinism,  yoncdn  distinguish  with 
certainty  between  mat  part  of  it,  which  is 
nothing  better  than  Calvinism,  and  that 
which  odongB  to  our  common  Christianity^ 

This  address  concludes  ynth  the  fd- 
lowing  advice  to  the  dargy. 

Apply  yourselves  with  the  whole  strength 
and  ix>wer  of  your  minds  to  do  the  works  of 
Evangelists.  Proclaim  to  those,  who  are  at 
enmity  with  God,  and  children  of  his  wrath, 
the  clad  tidings  of  Christ's  pacificatioD.^ 
Sound  the  alarm  to  awaken  to  a  lite  of  righte* 
ousness  a  worid  lost  and  dead  in  trespasses  and 
sins.  Lift  aloft  the  blazing  torch  of  revela- 
tion to  sc|itter  its  rays  over  them  that  sit  in 
darkness  and  the  shadow  of  death :  and  guide 
the  footsteps  of  the  benighted  wanderer  into 
the  paths  of  life  and  peace. 

We  presume  that  this  advice  will  bo 
found  suitablt^,  beyond  the  bounds  of  Su 
Asaph  ;  and  we  hope  it  will  be  foUowed 
with  diligence^  as  certainly  it  is  en^titled 
to  serious  and  careful  consideration^    ' '    , 


The  Ben^cial  Ejects  of  the  Christian 
Temper  on  Domestic  Happiness,     8vo. 

Sp.  91.    Price  2s.  6d.  Hatchard.  Loi^.- 
on,  I8O7. 
Wb  commend  without  hesitation^  the 
intention^    the  execution,  and  the  tea» 
dency^  of  this  pan(iplet :  which  we  have 
perused  with  much  satis&ction.     It  ap« 
pears  to  have  originated  in  a  desire  to  en^ 
force  eertaia  arguments,  on  which  the 
Bishop  of  London  in  his  late  valuable 
treatise  on  the  Beneficial  Effects  of  Chris« 
tianity,  did  but  slightly  touch.     It  is  not)' 
however,  conduct^  on  the  Bishop's  plan, 
which  demonstrated^  by  admitted  facts, 
the  point  intended  to  be  proved  in  his 
work.    The  present  author  adduces  the 
precepts,  and  ^he  principles,  which  should 
influence  Christians,  and  shews  what  th^ 
shouk  effect;  the  Bishop  shewed  what 
they  had  effected }  and,  as  all  competent 
judgea  amst  admit  the   force  of  toch 


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971]' 


ScaeJUM  Efeeis  of  the  Christian  Temper, 


lS7t. 


proofs,  his  lordship  had  an  advantage, 
">^hich,  in  our  opinion,  may  very  fairly  be 
carried  into  domestic  life,  and  its  undenia- 
ble importance  appreciated,  in  the  various 
reJaiions  of  consanguineous  society. 

We  believe  that  tl»e  effects  of  CMiris- 
tianily  have  softened  the  human  heart, 
have  made  better  fathers  and  children, 
husbands  and  wives,  brothers  and  sisters, 
than  were  so  frequently  met  with  be- 
fore this  divine  dispensation  ri&ited  our 
eartk.  But,  the  work  which  should  prove 
tbis^  must  expose  the  deficiencet  of  Pagan 
(and  merely  natural)  conduct,  as  well  as 
)iu>tive,  and  must  contrast  these  with  the 
powerful  results  actually  produced  by  the 
unrestrained  operations  of  gospel  princi- 
ples in  those  who  have  affectionately  re- 
ceived them : — good  teed  falling  on  good 
ground. 

This  work  describes  the  duties  incum- 
bent on  parents  and  children,  brothers  and 
l^isters^  wives  an4  husbands,  the  general 
temper  of  Christians  in  society,  the  im- 
portance of  humility.  Christian  conduct 
under  injury,  and  in  near  views  of  death. 
We  discern  a  masterly  band  in  this  per- 
formance ;  and  though  it  is  not,  (as  what 
is  ?)  faultless,  yet  we  regard  the  author 
as  a  man  of  sense^  and  a  gentleman,  as 
an  able  writer,  and,  what  is  still  better,  as 
a  Christian.  Afler  these  commendations 
be  shall  speak  for  himself. 

Envy,  says  our  author,  may  be  called  a 
weed  of  the  human  mind,  which,  like 
other  weeds,  grows  with  far  greater  rapidity, 
^n  useful  and  wholesome  plants  ;  it  isa  weed 
loo  of  that  rancorous  quality,  tliat  it  poisons 
everything  wilhiif  its  reach ;  and,  if  not  root- 
ed up  to  the  very  foundation^  it  destroys, 
eveotuallv*  every  seed  of  virtue,  and  every 
ferm  of  human  nappiness. 

On  the  subject  of  marriage,  the  writer 
makes  a  sort  of  apology  for  digressing : 
we  see  no  necessity  for  this  apology.  His 
sentiments  are  judicious. 

It  rarely  happens,  that  wisdom  is  taught 
by  any  means,  but  experience ;  and  in  those 
unfortunate  cases  of  inclinations,  where  the 
wishes  of  yonng  persons  are  in  direct  opposi- 
tion to  those  of  tneir  parents,  it  is  the  duty  of 
the  latter  to  remonstrate,  with  all  Christian 
gentleness : — If  that  fail,  it  then  becomes  ab- 
solutely necessary  to  exert  the  authority  which 
Proricfence  has  given,  to  prevent  every  tfiing 
that  threatens  to  be  injurious  to  the  happirress 
or  virtue  of  the  child.— -But  there  the  pRrent*8 
authority  ceases;  thouffh  he  has  a  nght  to 
^rbkl  ene  connexion,  he  has  no  right  to  uige 
another,  thoqgh  it  is  happy  ipr  both  parent 


and  child,  where  the  wishes  of  cKh  can  be 
brought  to  coincide :  and  here  the  Christiaa 
precepts  will  have  their  effect,  by  disposing 
ix)th  parties  to  bend  as  much  to  il'ie  wishes  in 
each  other,  as  the  happiness  of  the  object  in 
question  will  admit. 

/  The  following  portrait  of  that  most 
estimable  of  human  blessings,  a  good 
wife,  is  worth  any  woman's  studying.  It 
appears  to  be  drawn  from  nature,  and  we 
believe  that  it  may  be,  very  frequent^, 
verified,  by  appeal  to  thelife^  among  the 
ladies  of  Britain. 

What  then  is  the  summary  of  the  duties' o^ 
a  Chrbtian  wife  ? 

Constant  subiection  to  her  husbaod,  ^ 
e\cry  thing  which  is  not  inconsistent  with  her 
duty  to  her  Maker  ;  the  highest  respect  for 
his  character  and  conduct,  to  the  utmost  ex- 
tent she  can  preserve  it ;  forbearance  with  his 
faults,  follies,  and  failings;  mildness  and 
cheerfulness  in  her  manners  and  conversatioo; 
and  a  minute  attention  to  every  article  con- 
nected with  his  happiness,  comfort,  and  in- 
terests;  regular  precepts  aiid  example,  to  tiain 
his  children  and  servants  in  the  paths  of  ho- 
liness, and  daily  prayers  to  Heaven  for  his 
welfm,  and  j^race  to  perform  the  duties  of  ft 
good  and  Christian  wifis. 

To  husbands  our  author  gives  this  ad« 
vice  J 

Let  a  husband  therefore  who,  would  pos- 
sess himself,  and  communicate  to  his  wife, 
that  happiness,  with  which  Providence  has 
blessed  the  married  state,  attend  to  all  those 
rules  of  Christian  equity,  which  subdue  sel- 
fishness in  the  human  breast;  let  him  consi- 
der his  wife  as  a  part  of  himself;  and  make 
her  comfort,  interest,  and  character,  equally 
dear  to  him  with  his  own  ;  let  him  neat  her 
with  tenderness,  gendeness,  and  attention, 
administering  his  reproofs  with  candour  and 
indulgence,  and  with  iheaole  view  of  her  hap* 
pine^  and  improvement ;  always  feeling  and 
expressing  the  highest  value  lor  her  virtues, 
and  approbation  of  her  good  conduct. — Let 
him  comfort  her  in  sickness  and  distress,  pro- 
tect her  from  injury  and  calumny,  and  con- 
scientiously discharge  the  duties  ne  promised 
at  the  altar  in  the  presence  of  the  Alniighty, 
to  love,  comfort,  and  cherish  her. 

We  add  an  extract,  from  ano^ier  part 
of  the  work,  but  on  the  same  subjecL 

If  a  married  couple  unite  themselves,  from 
interested  motives  only  ;  if  they  set  out  in 
life,  with  the  hope  of  drawing  all  their  com- 
fort from  wealth  and  splendour;  let  them  ex- 
tract from  those  sources  all  tnc  good  they  are 
capable  of  bestowing ;  but  let  Siem  not  ex- 
pect to  find  their  happiness,  where  they  did 
not  intciMl   to  seek  it :    or^    if   th^^y  'hai§ 


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isr* 


thov^tlessly  united  themselves  with  ric^, 
they  ipust  submit  to  pay  the  price  of  their 
UBprincipled  folly. 

Possibly  80  trying  ao  event  may  occur,  as 
a  disappointment  in  our  domestic  happiness, 
even  when  due  caution  and  pure  motives 
seem  to  have  guided  us  in  the  choice.  In 
such  a  case,  the  sufferers  must  rest  all  their 
comfort  on  religion,  and  all  their  hopes  on  a 
future  state.  •*  *  Nor  let  them  sorrow,  as 
those  without  hope  f  if  their  duties  are  well 
porformcxl,  and  their  trials  patiently  home, 
•'  t  all  things  shall,  for  them,  work  toge- 
ther for  good." 

.  Other  excellent  momtions  occur:  but 
we  must  now  execute  the  painful  part  of 
our  office,  that  of  pointing  out  defects. 
We  never  take  this  trouble  with  works 
which  we4o  notiesteem. 

In  p.  7,  our  author  speaks  of  "^  expect- 
ing forgiveness  of  our  own  sins  in  the. ex- 
Qct  proportiofT,  that  we  forgive  others  :** — 
Not  this  exactUude  of  proportion,  may  it 
please  a  gracious  God !  The  same  phrase 
occurs  in  another  passage.  We  have 
marked,  in  our  first  extract,  the  word 
Joundathn : — this  term  refers  to  a  build- 
ing j  a  plant  has  roots,  but  no  Jounddtion. 
lu  p.  45,  line  12,  is  an  unlucky  mis- 
print, "  men  extract  from  their  wives 
services  and  benefits" — read  exaci.  In 
p!  64,  65,  we  find  the  following  sen- 
timent— — 

Wc  are  told  to  "  be  perfect,  even  as  our 
Father  wnich  is  in  Heaven,  is  perfect;  J"  life 
w.U>  be  a  constant  labour  to  attain  it  j  and  if 
wc  use  Qur  unceasing  and  earnest  endeavours*, 
the  meri^  and  p\ec)iation  of  our  Saviour  will 

aionefor  the  rest 

''Atone  for  the  rest  r — No,  Sir,  you  do 
nbt  mean  this:  every  thing  which  poor  hu- 
man nature, can  do  requires  atonement : 
Forgive  ovT  faults  !  forgive  our  virtues  too  j 
Those  lesser  faults,  half  couvcrU  to  the 

right! 
We  wonder  the  more,  by  what  acci- 
di^nt  this  escaped  our  author,  as  the  fol- 
lowing   paragraph  aUnds    in    the    same 

page  5 

Then,  it  is  \irged  again,  "  we  cannot  at- 
twn  all  this;  we  must  be  short  of  perfec- 
tion."—The  knowkd^  of  this  unhaj^jr  truth, 
is  only  applied  by  pious  Christians  in  one 
,^y, — to  increase  their  hamility  and  self- 
abasement  ;  and  their  faith  in,  and  gratitude 
fpr,  the  ORPAT  pfiopiTjATiOM  for  the  sins  of 
the  world. 


f  1  Thessalonians,  iv.  18.  f  Romans  viii.  28. 
J  Matt.  V.  48. 


Weshal)  be  happy,  soon,  to  see  these^ 
with  a*  few  other  peccadilloes,  which  th* . 
author  will  discover  on  revision,  carefully 
corrected,  in  a  second  edition. 

A  Manual  of  Orthodox  Divinity ;  or. 
Religious  Principles  in  plain  and  easy 
Language,  suitable  for  aU  Persons,  aixl^ 
especially  adapted  to  instruct  the  Young* 
the  Poor,  and  Uninformed  -,  to  ground 
them  in  the  Doctrines  of  the  Christian 
Church,  and  preserve  them  from  £r« 
rors  in  Religion,  by  the  late  Oliver 
St.  John  Cooper,  M  A.  8va.  Price  2a^ 
Boards.  Printed  for  the  Endeavour  So- 
ciety. Sold  byRivingtons,  &c,  Lonn  ^ 
don,  1806. 

The  object  of  this  work  i^  dearly 
expressed  in  the  title,  and  after  a  careful 
perusal  of  it,  we  must  acknowledge  that . 
the  author  has  done  every  thing  that  could 
be  expected  in  so  small  a  compass.  Wa.. 
do  not  find  any  thing  objectionable  in  his 
doctrines,  which  are  evidently  and  strongly 
corroborated  by  numerous  references  to  , 
scripture,  a  plaa  (by  the  bye)  well,  cal- 
culated to  lead  the  serious  reader  to  a 
duty,  alas,  too  much  neglected  by  all, 
that  of  **  searching  the  scriptures".    If 
the  texts  had  been  given  at  length,  the 
bulk  of  the  book,  and  its  price,  would 
have  btjen  increased,  and  of  course  itt . 
circulation  dhninished.    We  recommend 
it  to  our  readers,  who  would  be  gratified 
with  perusing  it,  and  might  thereby  bo 
better  disposed  to  purchase  it  for  their, 
children,  servants,  and  poor  neighbours. 
We  most  sincerely  join  in  the  prayer  of 
the  late  worthy  author.    That  this  work 
may  be  blessed  to  those  who    use   it» 
and  that  it  may  tend  ^'  to  promote  the 
"  glory  of  God,  and  the  salvation  of 
''  souls,  through  Jesus  Christ  our  Lord . 
'^  and  only  Saviour. — Amen." 

For  an  account  of  the  Endeavour  So- 
ciety, see  our  Proposita  PhilanthropicSy 
p.  1048. 

The  Friend  of  Youth ;  or.  Candid  Adv^ 
to  Parents  and  Guardian  son  the  Choice 
of  such  Trades,  Professions,  and  Em- . 

§k)yments,   as  may  be  suited  to  the 
?a8te  and  Genius,  to  the  TalenU  aiui 
Propensities,   to  the  present  Circum-. 
stances  and  future  Hopes,  of  their  re« 
spective  Chilean  aud "Wards.    i2mQ. . 
pp.  3^6i     Pnce6s.    Ridgway,  X<o^^^' 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


8^5) 


Account  oj  the  Inifduction  qf  the  (kw  Poxwta  India* 


ThTB  long  title  sufficiently  exfrewes 
Ae  purport  of  5ie  work  before  us.  Books 
of  this  description  are  useful^  because^  it 
often  happens  that  the  judgment  of  a 
parent,  in  itself  undecided,  is  determined 
by  a  trivial  occurrence,  as  to  what  profes- 
sion may  best  suit  his  child.  Among  the 
infinitdy  varied  situations  of  life,  cir- 
cumstances not  to  be  controuled  by  wish- 
iiig,  or  even  by  endeavour,  almost  neces- 
•kate  youth  to  the  adoption  of  such 
ocCTipations  as  are  within  their  attain- 
nicnt.^  Nevertheless,  at  a  period  when 
enquiry  is  duty,  a  work  like  the  pre- 
sent may  be  consulted  with  advant^e  j 
»fid  choice,  if  a.  choice  be  permitted, 
may  be  made  by  prudence  assisted  by 
good  information.  There  are  also,  at  all 
fimes,  a  considerable  number  df  men 
grown  up  to  maturity,  who  have  not  been 
regularly  twined  to  any  business  5  others, 
ygfhose  businesses  have  failed  them,  or  who 
wish  to  change  those  which  they  have 
followed }  to  these  such  works  are  useful  -, 
ahd  by  consulting  them,  they  may  be  less 
«t  the  mercy  of  crimps  and  kidnappers, 
with  which  most  of  the  lower  kinds  of 
employments  abound,  at  least  in  the  me- 
tropolis, no  less  than  in  too  many 
branches  of  the  public  service. 

Ihe  author  introduces  his  work,  by 
advice  to  parents  of  rank  and  fortune,  in 
which  he  discusses  the  relative  advantages 
of  the  learned  professions  5  and  of  naval 
ahd  military  employments.  After  this 
follows  advice  to  parents  of  the  middle 
classes,  to  which  the  author  refers  the 
Arts,  Agriculture,  &c.  in  alphabetical 
order.  His  endeavour  is,  to  give  a  general 
idea  of  the  capital  necessary  for  beginners 
in  each  profession,  and  of  the  emolu- 
ments deriveable  from  it.  He  alio  distin- 
gtiishes  such  as  are  peculiarly  injurious  to 
health,  and  introduces  various  cautions, 
the  observance  of  which  would  pove 
highly  beneficial. 

It  could  not  be  expected  that  the  modes 
of  conducting  businesses,  or  the  unplea" 
skninesses  inseparable  from  them,  should 
teve  been  communicated  even  to  the  most 
catefiil  enquiries  of  a  stranger  to  such 
businesses :  these  can  be  taught  by  no- 
thing short  of  experience.  It  is  evident, 
therefore,  that  a  general  notion  is  all 
which  can  be  obtained  firom  this  volume  \ 
and  tinder  that  view  of  it,  it  ii  intitled  to 
phdM* 


[97* 

The  author  contiders  himself  as  having, 
taken  advanti^of  a  hint  derived  from  sl 
friend  ^  and  professes  to  give  ns  the  resolt' 
of  personal  enquiries.  He  might  have 
known,  that  many  years  aeo,  forty,  per- 
haps, or  more,  a  work  of  Uiis  nature  was 
published,  of  which  the  editor,  we  be- 
lieve, was  Mr.  Collyer.  This,  (or  others 
of  the  same  nature)  has  been  since  re*- 
printed,  from  to  time,  so  that  the  present 
volume  is  not  the  cmly  one  from  wbidi 
similar  information  may  be  derived. 

Account  of  the  Introduction  of  the  Com* 
Pox  into  India.  8vo.  pp.  111.  fiom-^ 
bay.  Printed  by  Moroba  Damothjsr- 
jeePrabhoor,  18Q3. 

We  register  this  little  volume,  with 
no  other  intention  than  that  of  recording 
a  history  of  the  transmission  of  the 
Cow-Pox  to  a  country  so  remote  ai  India. 
This  fact  alone,  demonstrates  the  impor- 
tance of  commerce,  and  the  powerful 
effects  of  intercourse  between  distant  na- 
tions. Had  not  commerce  induced  £u» 
ropeans  to  settle  in  India,  this  event  coukl 
not  have  occurred :  an  enlightened  natioti 
only  could  manifest  such  zeal  in  promo- 
ting what  was  understood  to  be  so  great 
a  public  blessing,  or  could  have  produced 
the  means  of  conveyance,  and  the  persons 
capable  and  willing  to  take  advantage  of 
its  powers. 

Dr.  Keir,  the  author  of  this  woik,  as- 
serts, that  "ther*  is  no  country  wfaero 
the  small-pox  proves  so  great  a  scourge  as 
it  does  in  India,  owing  to  the  climate^ 
as  well  as  to  the  prejudices  of  the  inhabi- 
tants," p.  7,-  and  the  Medical  Board  at 
Bombay,  write,  August  4,  1801. 

"  The  small  pox  from  inoculation  is  certainly 
here  a  much  more  dangerous  disease  thta  ia 
Europe;  for  a  greater*  proportion  die  of  it, 
and  of  those  who  escape,  great  numbers  sufTer 
severely  from  it.  We  think  that  one  third  if 
those  who  get  the  dutease  naturally,  are 
destroyed  by  it ;  at  times,  uideed,  it  appeus  • 
under  a  much  m«lder  form,  but  occasionally, 
the  mortality  from  it  is  still  more  depJora^ 
hie." 

Circumstances  so  diatresiiog  most  sore» 
ly  justify  the  anxie^  of  these  gendeman 
to  obtain  whatever  prev^tiina  thef  had 
reason  to  hope  was  sakitary.  Many  at- 
tempts were  made  to  send  the  virus  to 
India,  by  sea;  but  from  the  length  of ' 
the  voyage,  they  foiled.  Afler  varioua 
miscarriagai,  the  mt^  vmrt^M^ 


Digitized'by  VjOOQIC 


9771 


An  Historical  Account  of  Cor  sham  House.' 


t978 


Con»tantinople,'from  Dr.  De  Caro  at 
Vieona*  and  the  disease  was  established  at 
Constautinople ;  Lord  Elgin,  the  British 
Ait)bassador  there^  inoculating  his  child 
QD  S^tember  6,  who  was  bom  August 

«!. 

From  Constantinople  the  vaccine  mat- 
ter was  carefully  conveyed,  by  land,  of 
course,  to  Bagdad  j  a  journey  of  from  25 
to  30  days. 

From  Bagdad  to  Bussorah  the  distance 
is  much  shorter^  so  that  Mr  Milne  the 
Buigeon  at  Bussorah  received  it  in  a  few 
days. 

The  next  difficult  step>  perhaps  the  most 
difficult  of  the  whole,  was  to  produce  it  in 
Bombay,  after  a  sea  voyage,  and  after  it  had 
been  kept  for  weeks  bciore  we  could  use  it. 
This  will  accouut  for  the  many  failures  ex- 
perienced before  success  was  obtained. 

The  Recovery  left  Bussorah  late  in  May, 
and  as  the  season  was  favourable  for  making  a 
quick  {xissage,  r^clKd  Bombay  in  three 
weeks,  brining  supplies  of  virus,  carefully 
put  up  in  dittcrent  wirys.  IJelwecn  20  and  30 
objects  were  immediately  inoculated,  among 
which  only  one  instance  of  success  occurred. 
Anna  Dusihiill,  the  child  of  a  female  servant 
belondng  to  Capt.  Hardie,  was  inoculated  by 
Dr.  .*S:ott,  June  14.  She  waj  about  three 
years  of  age,  healthy,  and  certainly  never  had 
twd  the^  small-pox.  She  was  remarkably 
good  tempered,  and  to  her  quietness  and  jja- 
tience  in  suffering  the  ojjefation,  its  success 
is  in  some  measure  to  be  attributed.— —The 

disease  succeeded: .here   was   only    one 

pustide  on  the  inoculated  spot,  nor  did  the 
child  suffer  any  material  inconvenience  during 
the  whole  progress  of  the  complaint. 

From  Anna  Dusthall.  on  the  8th  day  of 
her  disease,  seven  children  were  inocu* 
lated  J  and  thus,  this  discovery  has  l?een 
established  in  India. 

The  island  of  Bombay,  does  not  con- 
tain less  than  150,000  people,  so  that  the 
disease  may  certainly  be  kept  up.  The 
Hindoos  and  Parsees,  both  here,  and  at 
Surat,  shew  the  utmost  desire  of  having 
their  children  inoculated. 

The  Medical  Board,  impressed  with  a 
just  sense  of  the  important  acquisition 
they  had  made,  and  anxious  to  diffuse  it 
thrcugbont  India,  directed  the  virus  to  be 
forwarded  to  Bengal,  Fort  St.  George, 
Ceylon,  and  to  all  the  other  principal 
•tations,  every  week  5  till  they  had  the 
•iitisfactiofl  of  learning,  that  the  disease 
was  produced  at  Hyderabad,  Masulipa- 
tam,  at  different  stations  on  the  island  of 
Ceylon,  m>d  elsewhere. 

Vot.  I.     [Li/.  Pan,  Fal.  I8O7.] 


We  have  no  occasion  to  quote  any  part 
of  the  descriptions  of  this  disease^  which 
compose  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
volume  before  us :  but  it  appears^  from 
p.  41,  that  several  instances  occurred 
in  Ceylon,  of  secondary  pnstules  oa 
parts  of  the  body  distant  from  the 
seat  of  inoculation.  In  one  uistance,  Mrct 
pustules  ran  theit  course  regularly. 

From  Madras,  the  cow-pox  was  com- 
municated to  Port  Jackson  .*^  three  chiU 
dren  being  inoculated  during  the  voy* 

The  cows  of  India  have  not  this  diseaiej 
p.  71. 

If  the  cow-pox  should  succeed  in  ex* 
terminating  the  small  pox  from  India. 
this  history  of  the  conveyance  of  tb^ 
means  by  which  it  was  efl^ected,  will  b4 
read  with  peculiar  interest ;  or  if,  on  aijy 
future  occasion,  a  similar  coitimunicfltion 
should  be  desirable,  th$  measures  takeA  in 
this  instance  pay  be  recurr^  to  with  a4* 
vantage. 

Dt,  Meek,  at  Cochin,  had  inoculated 
J, 044  subjects  February  1,  J803,  ana. 
had  put  25  of  them  to  the  test  q/t  vario* 
lus  contagion^  without  prodacmg  th# 
small  pox. 

No  less  than  145^840  persons  were 
vaccinated  in  India,  between  Sept.  1^ 
1802,  and  April  30,  1804.  The  Rajah 
of  Tanjorc  is  a  zealous  supporter  of  it  -, 
and  the  Divan  of  Travancore  has  submit* 
ted  to  this  process.  Among  those  va^ 
cinaled  were 

Brahmins  -  -  4,141 
Malabars  -  -  -  4l,806 
Mahometms  -    -     10,c^^ 

An  Historical  Account  of  Corsham  House, 
in  Wiltshire  j    the  Seat  of  P.  C.  Me- 
thuen,   Esq.  with  a  Catalogue  of  his 
Collection  of  Pictures,  &c.  by  John 
Britton.    Crown  8vo.  pp.  108.    Price 
5s.     For  the  Author.    London,  1800. 
A  pleasing  and  useful  little  volume, 
which  certainly  shall  be  a  pocket  com- 
panion in  our  next  excursion  into  Wil^ 
shire:    when    we  shall    alfto   endeavoor 
to  take  advantage  of  Mr.  BrittoQ*s  Inform^ 
ation,  and   contrive  to   visit   Corsham, 
either  on  a  Tuesday  or  a  Friday,  those 
being  open  days  for  viewing  the  pictures, 
which  form  a  principal  attraction  a(  this 
mansion. 

Mr.   B.  has  added  an  interest  to  his 
work,  by  dedicat'mg  it  to  the  pitrons  •& 
2  iL 


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A  Cdmplete  Serial  Index  to  tht^lays  of  Shakspeare. 


fgw 


(he  British  Institution  for  promoting  the 
arts,  the  purposes  of  which  he  states  with 
great  satisfaction^  and  takes  advantiigo, 
xrora  the  nature  of  the  institution  itself,  to 
predict  flourishing  times  for  graphic  merit. 
The  prices^  of  the  pictures  sold  in  this 
gallery  daring  its  first  exhibition,  which 
closed  June  10^  iSQQ,  amomiteil  to 
^5,450. 

A  sketch  of  the  distinctions  between 
the  schools  of  painting,  also,  an  historical 
ghmpse  at  the  estimation  in  which  the 
fine  arts  have  been  held,  precede  the  ca- 
talogue of  pictures,  to  which  is  appended 
AOtes^  and  which  i«  followed  by  some 
accoiuits  of  the  masters  whose  works  the 
)'eader  is  supposed  to  have  been  visiting, 
^mong  whom  are  several  names  not  in 
,  common  dictionaries.  A  historj  of  this 
»eat,  concludes  the  work. 

Such  assistance  is  very  useful  to  who- 
fver  intends  to  enjoy  ^he  inspection  of  a 
Cabiiiet  pf  Pictures,  or  other  performances 
of  art :  and  the  perusal  of  a  work  of  this 
kind,  not  onlv  prepares  and  enabled  the 
piind  to  dwell  with  most' satisfaction  on 
the  principal  articles,  but  supersedes  a 
number  of  questions,  which,  sometimes, 
whiie  they  interrupt  the  contemplations  of 
%  connoisseur^  vex  hio^,  by  the  little 
bofioor  thty  do  to  the  inquirer.  A  va- 
riety of  information  comprised  in  a  small 
compass,  renders  this  compilation  useful 
>o  several  other  respects,  even  to  those 
who  have  no  such  visit  in  prospect. 

Dismissing  this  volume  with  the  gene- 
ral praise  it  deserves  5  we  take  the  oppor- 
tunity it  ofli'ers,  to  recommend  in  works 
jrelatmg  to  the  arts,  a  more  than  customary 
attention  to  correctness  in  the  names  of 
persons,  places,  and  things:  and,  we 
» choose  to  select  our  instances  in  explana- 
tion of  this  principle,  from  the  work  of  a 
gentleman  well  known  for  his  indefatiga- 
.ble  researches  and  general  information, 
rather  than  from  performances  of  dubious 
.  merit,  in  order  that  our  intention  may  not 
be  subject  to  misconstruction.  Such  slips, 
when  detected,  are  no  greater  drawbacks 
from  Mr.  B/s  merit,  or  from  the  rea- 
fler's  entertainment,  than  they  are  from 
the  gratitication  oi  inspecting  these  un- 
questionable  chefs  itcevf  e  of  art. 

First,  we  observe,  that  abbreviations  of 
ever}'  kind  arc  inconvenient;  they  are  im- 
posed by  necessity,  and  not  to  be  adopted  by 
f  choice:  we  would  not,  therefore  put/xz/i. 
for  parmel :  can,  for  canvas :  or  cop*  for 
m>pper, ,  it  ib  a  blemiih ;  and  that  abbre- 


viations, of  names  especially,  may  be 
deceptive,  is  evident,  by  the  instance 
of  Fran.  fFran  Mola.l  which  may  be 
either  Francis,  Francisco,  or  Francois  ^ 
yet,  the  first,  if  v^rrtten  at  length,  would 
mark  the  artist  as  an  Englishman,  the 
second,  as  an  Italian,  and  the  third,  as  a 
French  man.  It  would  be  better  to  risk 
the  seemtnq  affectation  of  putting  the 
Christian  name  at  Icngtli.— A  directly  con- 
trary error,  though  of  the  same  nature,  is 
committed  in  *•  No.  8.  Portrait  of  To^- 
ftAso  Mas  Anyello,'*  the  Neapolitan. 
Here  the  Christian  name  is  twice  m- 
serted ;  Mas  being  the  Italian  mode  ol 
abbreviating  TobTaso  :  whereas,  we  saj 
in  English,  Tow. — Av.  Ostade.  p.  51, 
should  be  either.  Ad,  for  Adrian,  or  A.  r. 
for  Adrian  van  Ostade. — GiacomK  Bas* 
san,  p.  53,  has,  as  we  conceive,  two 
errors :  we  should  read  Giacomo ;  and 
Bassano  :  as  no  native  of  Italy,  to  which 
country  this  artist  appertained,  would  omit 
tlie  o;  and  it  is  desirable,  that  each  country 
should  be  supposed  to  retain  its  own  modte 
of  expressing  its  own  names.  For  the  same 
reason  we  remark  Bus(achius  Le  Sueur : 
a  Frenchman  would  write  it  Eustache  : 
ulso,  Bartholomew  Stephen  Murillo  :  this 
is  English,  not  Spanish.  *'  Peter  van 
Lear,  born  at  Laeren^^  should  certainly 
have  beea  written  Laer,  correspondingly 
to  the  place  of  his  birth.  Cahert  i« 
also  printed  Calvari,  John  Lanfranc^o] 
p.  81,  should  be  Giovanni.  *'  Carlo  Ma- 
ratti  called  Cava/iere,**  is  also  impro- 
per :  Cavalier e  imports  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  conferred  on  this  eminent 
painter. — ^The  same  remark  applies  to 
"  Titiano  Vecelli  Cavaliere;'  p.  97.  Fi- 
nally, we  must  protest  against  introducing 
knighthood  among  saints,  contrary  to  au- 
thority. *^No.  98,  Sir  Charles  fiorro- 
mens  visiting  the  sick  :**  and  the  same  in 
•'  No.  167>  5ir  Francis  Xavire  (Xavcrius) 
jdying  on  the  coast  of  China." 

A  complete  Verbal  Index  to  the  Plays  rf 
Shakspeare  ;  adapted  to  all  the  Editions, 
comprehending  every  Substantive,  Ad- 
jective, Verb,  Participle,  and  Adverb, 
used  by  Shakspeare;  with  a  distinct 
Reference  to  every  individual  Passage 
in  which  each  Word  occurs.  By  Fran- 
cis Twips,  Esq.  2  vols.  8vo."  pp.  1 190. 
Price  i£3  ds.  Egerton,  London,  1805. 

Wb  always  supposed  that  Reviewers 
had  no  equals,  for  patience ;  and  that  in 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


gfii] 


A  Letter  to  Samuel  IVhitlregd,  E^q,  M.  P. 


tfl^ 


the  walks  of  literature,  tliey  stood  fore- 
most in  the  persevering  line,  and  in  the 
exercise  of  indefatigability.  We  ac- 
knowledge, however,  a  formidable  rival 
in  Mr.  Twiss,  who,  by  incessant  atten- 
tion to  substantive,  adjective,  verb,  par- 
ticiple, and  adverb,  has  almost  shufBed  us 
out  of  our  precedence.  We  confess 
freely,  tliat  when  we  find  works  of  which 
duty  alone  urges  us  to  the  perusal,  we  do 
not  scruple  to  pay  much  less  ceremony  to 
both  nouns  and  pronouns,  than  Mr.  Twiss 
has  paid  to  mere  participles.  But,  then, 
the  writers  whom  we  thus  treat  with 
accelerated  mdtion,  are  not  Shakspeares, 
nor  of  the  Shaksperean  family ;  and  we 
consider  it  as  a  great  abatement  of  the 
applause  due  to  Mr.  Ts.  exertions,  that 
he  could  find,  wherever  he  went,  some 
agreeable  idea,  or  poetic  beauty,  to  sup- 
port his  spirits  j  while  we,  alas !  have 
drudged  through  many  a  volume  without 
finding  any  such  thing:  without  any 
mitfgation  of  our  labour,  and  with  hopes 
truly  forlorn,  till  we  joyfully  bsheld  the 
best  word  in  the  book — Finis.  We  sab- 
rait  therefore,  that  if  Mr.  T.  should  be 
thought  to  excell  in  patience,  yet  that  we 
exceed  in  long-suffering. 

These  volumes  contain  several  hundred 
thousand  references  j  and  the  author  boldly 
*'  puts  in  his  claim  to  general  correctness, 
though  he  lias  not  tlie  presufhiption  to 
imagine  that  such  a  work  will  be  found 
entirely  free  from  errors.*' 

Mr.  T.  has  collated  in  addition,  the 
play  of  Pericles,  that  having  been  admitted 
by  Mr.  Malone  into  his  edition  of  1790, 
and,  on  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Fanner, 
reprinted  by  Mr.  Steevens. 

It  appears,  that  after  Mr  T.  bad  made 
a  progress  in  his  work,  which  included 
all  the  then  published  editions,  a  new 
edition  of  Shakspeare  in  fifteen  volumej, 
appeared)  and  this  he  has  also  com- 
prised in  bis  references,  **  wishing  to 
profit  by  the  last  labours  of  so  acute  a 
critic  as  Mr.  Steevens.*' 

We  are  almost  tempted  to  accomcnodate 
to  our  author,  the  words  of  ihe  satirist  on 
another  subject, 

Rtm  dupUetu  «  Ftci. —  Jam  triplex  ;   jam  mihi 
*  ^varto, 

*  Jam  decieir  redit  in  m^am,  D^pun^e  iili  sistam, 

•  InvdUoT,  Chy^ipptt  tui,  ct  Jinitor  actni  !* 


A  Letter  to  Samuel  JVhitbread,  Esa.  M.  P. 
containing  Observations  on  the  Distress- 
es peculiar  to  the  Poor  of  Spitalfields, 
arising  from  their  local  Situation ;   by 
William  Hale    8vo.  pp.-  35.  price  Is. 
Williams  and  Co.  London,  1906. 
Mr.  Hale  has  been  very  active  as  an 
inspector  of  the  poor  of  the  parishes    of 
Sphalfields^  St.  Mathew  Bethnal  Green, 
and  Mile  End  New  Town,    which  are 
considered  as  forming  one  district.    He 
has  witnessed  the  most  pungent  distress, 
and  in  the  present  p:miphlct  he  states  a 
case  of  extreme  misery.    It  appears  that 
this  quarter  was  principally  built  for,  and 
peopled  by,  the  French  refugees,  who  left 
their  country  in  consequence  of  the  revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  and  the 
persecutions   attending     that    iniquitous 
measure.    Of  these,  some  were  rich  j  but 
the  main  body  was  poor,   and  the  rich 
have  gradually  withdrawn  to  what  they 
think  more  respectable  situations,  leaving 
the  poor  to  burden  each  other. 

This  mass  of  poverty,  accumulated  no 
doubt  by  the  increase  of  families,  and 
affected  by  every  disadvantageous  fluctua- 
tion in  the  market  price  of  provisions, 
feels  its  own  misery,  but  knows  not  how 
to  relieve  it.  From  the  hand  of  those 
already  poor  is  wrung  the  parish  rate 
which  is  to  support  those  who  receive 
parish  assistance  j  and  this  has  been  so 
severe  a  trial  to  humanity,  that  "  the 
collector  6f  the  poor  rates,  appalled  at 
tlieir  miserable  situation,  and  well  know- 
ing the  total  impossibility  of  wringing  the 
money  from  them,  gave  up  his  books, 
though  at  the  expense  of  losing  a  salary  of 
about  eighty  pounds  a  year  " 

It  appears,  that  this  parish  has  had 
three  or  four  acU  of  parliament  for  its 
direction :  and  beside  what  assistance  it 
received  from  the  Patriotic  Society  at 
Lloyds*  a  few  years  ago,  it  had  also 
<i  20,000  from  his  Majesty  at  the  request 
of  the  House  of  Commons.  Yet  «H11  it  is 
greatly  in  debt,  and  barely  able  to  pay 
tJie  annuitanu  whose  money  it  has  bor- 
rowed. 

The  distress  of  this  case  needs  no  filr- 
ther  proof,  and  it  strongly  excite*  our 
compassion }  but,  whoever  might  wish  to 
devise  a  remedy,  would  desire  better  in- 
sight into  the  causes  of  this  peculiar  state 
of  suffering.  We  should  wish  to  know 
the  population  of  this  district,  the  era- 


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ployracnts  of  its  inhabitants,  the  occupa- 
tions of  the  youth,  the  period  when  it 
%as  free  from  these  evil$,  on  what  occa- 
sl^  they  commenced,  and  by  what  gra- 
dii lions  they  have  reached  their  actual 
•everity .  Mr.  H  ^  say s  these  people  labour 
for  non-resident  merchants,  &c.  >  but,  if 
these  merchants  reward  them  for  their 
labour,  this  reward  should  be  their  main- 
fi^nance.  They  may  miss  the  donations 
of  their  employers,  but  not  tlicir  pay- 
ments. Jf  ir  apjwars  that  the  manufactory 
is  over-stocked  with  faand»,  why  not  add 
some  other  branch  of  business  ?  Either 
employment  is  diminished,  and  therefore 
does  not  support  the  number  it  did  some 
j^rs  ago ;  or  the  number  is  increased  and 
the  same  quantity  of  employment  is  in- 
capable of  supplying  the  present  population 
with  necessaries.  The -evil  certainly  lies 
dee|>er  than  even  acts  of  parliament  can 
leach ;  nor,  till  the  cause  be  justly  under- 
itood,  can  any  regulations  effect  a  cure. 
Appeals  to  compassion  can  succeed  only 
for  a  moment  j  ap|>eals  to- policy  are  more 
likely  to  prov^  permanently  advantageous  ; 
but  policy  to  be  serviceable  shotild 
be  eniightened, 

Mr.  H.  states  some  anecdotes  truly 
fconoarable  to  Mr.  Colquhoun,  Mr.  Rose, 
and  Mr.  Pitt,  but,  especially  to  Mr.  H. 
Thornton  j  we  believe,  with'  perfect  rea- 
-•dmess,  what  he  says  of  the  liberality  of 
this  gentleman ;  as  we  have  cause  to  know 
that  it  seeks  opportunities  of  doing  good. 
£ach  instances  shonld  be  meiitioned  3  that 
fniblic,  though  silent,  respect  may  attend 
them:  a|id  tlwit  such  examples  may  act 
either  as  excitements,  or  as  encourage- 
ments, toother.sr. 
f  .     ■    -.     I    ,  ■,        ,   ,  — 

Tki  gxperieaced  Miltitright :  or,  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Construction  of  some  of  tlie 
mott  utefbj  Madiines,  with  the  latest 
Improvements,  to  which  is  jTrefixed  a 
short  Account  of  the  general   Print  i- 
|iles  of  Mechanics,  and  of  the  mecha- 
nical Po>werr.     Illustrated  with  44  En- 
gravings.     By  Andrew   Gray,    MiH- 
wright.     Square  folb.     Price  ^'2. 2s. 
Constable  and  Co.  Edinburgh.   Taylov, 
London,  ifeOd. 
This  is  the  second  edition  of  a  valua- 
ble work.     We  shall  not  enter  at  large  in* 
to  its  merits^  which  we  c<m imate  higlily, 
btit  shall  refer  those  of  our  readers  to- 
whom  such  treatfscs  are  peculiarly  nsefu^ 
%(}  the  work  itst^lf,    wlnck  comains  the 
tbllowiug  sabjtrc^ 


Th^  ErperknceS  MiUwrighi.  f  8«4 

An  essay  on  priticiplcs  and  defini- 
tions^ in  mechanics,  and  on  mechani- 
cal powers:    which  is,  of  course,  con* 


formable  to  the  received  elements  of  ihi* 
science. 

We  have  next  the  author's  thoughts 
on  friclron,  powers,  motion.  See.  with 
practical  directions  for  tiie  construction  of 
machinery.  Our  author  being  a  practical 
man,  we  regard  this  chapter  as  entitled  to 
considerable  attention  5  also  the  following, 
on  the  strength  of  die  different  parts  of 
machinery,  of  proportioning  power  to 
the  eflfecf  required,  and  of  the  method 
of  cUculating  the  velocity  of  machines. 
We  are  next,  somewhat  suddenly,  in- 
troduced to  the  consideration  of  water 
m-lls  'r  whkh,  if  we  could  have  bad  an 
opportunity  of  advising  the  author,  in 
the  first  arrangement  of  his  work,  should 
have  been  preceded  by  a  few  examples 
of  simpler  combinations  of  wheels,  with 
distinct  exphiuations  of  the  mode  of  ac-* 
lion  of  ditferent  parts  on  each  other,  be- 
fore he  had  introduced  more  complex 
maclunery.  Supi>osing,  liowever,  that 
the  experienced  millwright  understand* 
these  things  (though  as  he  professes  to  pay 
some  attention  '•  to  Umj  general  reader,** 
our  author  should  have  consulted  hlspro- 
gress  in  knowledge)  we  are  next  led  la 
the  construction  of  threslung  machines,, 
moved  by  water,  wind,  or  Iwrsesj  or 
one  or  otlier  of  these  powers,  occasionally. 
Then  follow  a  snuff  mill,  corn  mill,  malt 
mill,  flour  mill,  sheeling  mill,  flax  mill> 
bleaching  machines,  beetling  machines, 
oil  mill,  paper  miU,  and  lastly  a  fulling 
mill»  with  figures  of  tlie  various  kinds  of 
pumi>s  for  raising  water.  The  explana- 
tions of  the  plates  are  useful,  and  some 
are  clear,  and  explicit  j  but  we  think,  Xh^ 
author  has  hardly  condescended  enough  to- 
his  reader  in  several  instauces. 

Mechanics  are,  no  doubt,  a  mental  atid 
mathematical  study,  yet  we  believe,  that 
few  of  the  most  popukr  and  useful  ma- 
diines have  derived  their  origin  from  pure 

•  contempbtion.  Accident  and  ohscr\'a- 
tion  gave  ilu?  first  hint  of  tliem,  expexi-' 
ment  and  reflection  improved  what  ob- 
servation suggested,,  and  repeated  trials^ 
errors,  dehbt: rat  ions,  and  corrections,  of- 
ten txMithmed  throughout  the  lives  of  in- 

V  dividuals,  and  perhaps  of  s^cceshlve  ge- 
neration^ contributed  to  cstablijih  thoj^e 
improveivicntft  wiiich,  at  length,  Ikivc  at- 
tained the  hight.^importance. 


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Tfwelf  in  Cortkm. 


fd8B 


To  be  a  good  roechamc  requires  the  la- 
bour of  a  whole  life  j  a  power  of  direct- 
ing the  attention  and  researdies  of  the 
mind  to  a  single  subject,  or  to  the  devis- 
ing of  a  single  part  of  a  subject,  when 
need  requires  it :  yet  capable  of  compre* 
tending  tiie  conveyance  of  the  principle 
of  action  throughout  a  varied  series  of 
jpovements,  to  the  very  res«lt  ii- tended. . 
Add  to  this,  much  practii:al  knowledge, 
a  fiimiliarity  with  the  powers  of  nature, 
and  what  they  can  be  made  to  effect  j  an 
acquaintance  with  the  best  specin^ns  of 
arr,  and  the  principles  on  which  thcv  are 
<:onstructed.  The  Icnowledge  of  what 
the  ingenuity  of  others  has  accomplished, 
is  often  of  grjeat  advantage  to  a  mechanic, 
as  it  keeps  him  from  attempting  impossi- 
fciJilies,  yet  encourages  him,  under  cir- 
cumstances of  difficulty  •iQ^'  embara$»* 
IDent. 

We  promote  with  pleasure  publica- 
tions l^ke  the  present  3  and  as  ihere  are 
many  kiuds  of  machines  at  which  our  au- 
thor has  not  even  bin^ed^  we  would  en- 
courage him  to  communicate  these  also  to 
the  public.  He  wild,  however,  attend,  by 
'Our  advice,  to  an  orderly,  and  luminous 
arrangement  of  them;  and  he  should 
|iot  tliink  it  beneath  him,  to  pay  pro|)er 
attention  to  the  effect  of  his  plates,  both 
iu  whole  and  in  part.  Let  him  remem- 
ber, that  what  the  ^'e  comprehends  with 
ieast  difficulty,  tiie  mind  also  uiMer- 
stands  with  least  fallacy.  A  wheel  is 
rouncf,  not  fiat,  it  thci:^fore  should  ap- 
pear round  in  a  design,  tliough  a  merely 
4)ractical  operator  disregards  this  nicety, 
iron  should  be  carefully  distinguished 
from  wood.  By  the  repneseotatioos  on 
some  of  these  plates,  it  might  be  thought 
that  water  was  a  so^id  body.  These  are  cer- 
tainly blemishes  in  a  work  of  merit :  we 
remark  them,  not  merely  with  a  view  to 
Mr  Gray*8  future  attention;  but,  byway 
of  instruction  to  whoever  may  follow  in 
his  track  That  which  is  worth  doing,  is 
is  worth  dping  well :  and  we  are  certilia 
that  whoe\'er  attempu  to  render  a  diffi- 
cult subject  comprehensible  by  general 
readers,  will  act  wisely  in  protiting  by 
^very  advantage  within  his  power. 

The  public  are  under  considerable  obli- 
^tions  to  artists  who  are  masters  of  use- 
ful professions,  for  every  communica- 
tion, whereby  the  principles  of  their  art 
are  opened  to  practitioners  in  distant  resi- 
dences :  and  in  this  iommendation  Mf. 
G.  is  well  intitled  ta  partake. 


Vtaggio  di  Ucomede  CJrri^hij  in  Corsica , 
e  sua  relatione  s torico-fi htq^hica  sui 
costumi  antichi  e  attu(ili  dt  Curst :  nd 
un  suo  Amico,  Travels  pf  Licomedes 
(Arrighi)  in  Corsica,  and  his  historical 
and  philosophical  account  of  the  an- 
cient aiul  present  manners  of  the  Corsi- 
cans  :  to  one  of  his  friends.  9vq,  price 
ps.  Lerouge.     Paris: 

Tjjib  is  oneof  tliose  affected  puWica- 
tions  which  have  endeavoured  to  distin^ 
gvish  themselves  at  the  French  press ;  as 
appears  by  the  author*s  assuming  a  Greek 
name,  and  giving  Qreek  names  to  his 
iiiends  with  whom  he  corre^nds. 

From  the  circumst»ice  of  Bonaparte 
being  a  native  of  Corsica,  that  islaiKl  has 
of  late  received  a  kind  of  comparative 
importance,  and  its  history  has  assimied 
an  interest,  to  which  the  subject  of  it  is, 
assuredly,  not  ^entitled,  by  its  magni- 
tude, its  population,  or  its  productions.  The 
ancients  were  little  acquainted  with  the 
cgrly  state  of  its  hrst  inhabitants :  af^er  its 
conquest  t>y  the  Romans,  we  have  some* 
wliat  more  information  of  the  manners  of 
the  people:  but  the  picture  drawn  of 
them  is  little  to  their  advantage.  I'he 
opinions  of  Strabo  and  of  Diodoms  Sicu» 
lufl  are  contradictory.  The  present  wri- 
ter, as  Boswell  before  him  had  done, 
follows  Strabo.  The  municipal  govern* 
met3t  was  established  in  ttiis  island,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century^ 
and  the  writers  of  those  times  describe  it« 
as  having  beefi  highly  advantageous  to  the 
(>eople.  ThsX  vindictive  <^%«rac/er  which 
is  imputed  to  the  Corsicans,  our  author 
attributes  to  the  oppressive  tyranny  of 
the  Grenoese.  He  is,  however,  unable  to 
vindicate  them  from  this  charge ;  but  ob- 
serves, that  their  personal  enmities  ceas- 
ed  when  the  defence  of  their  country  and 
its  liberties  were  in  que^tioa.  He  also 
praises  in  strong  terms  their  hospitality. 
The  state  of  civU  war  to  which  they  have 
been  so  long  accustomed,  has  rendered 
them  passionately  fond  of  the  chace: 
bt3t  has  almost  excluded  them  from  ac- 
quaintance with  the  labours  of  agriculture) 
with  commerce,  or  the  arts  of  lite.  The 
population  of  this  island,  which  he  seems 
to  have  derived  from  authentic  informa- 
tion, our  author  states  at  166,000  souls  : 
whereas,  Conica,  from  its  extent, 
mi^it  be  thought  capable  of  sustaining  14 
least  a  miUion. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


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If\flucnce  des  Beaux  Arts. — Eloges  Historiques.  ,   [988 

are  k^t,  tlie  whole  brood  would  die. 
They  also  choose  to  take  the  money  it 
produces,  themselves ;  but  their  reasons 
for  this,  as  they  do  not  divulge  then),  we 
cannot  presume  to  penetrate. 


Jjetires  sur  V  Education  des  Vers-t'Soie, 
t!fc.    Letters  on  the  rearing  of  Silk- 
Worms,    and  the  cultivation   of   the 
white   Mulberry  Tree ;  in  which  the 
author,  founding  his  Opinion  on   the 
Experiments   of   the  most  successful 
Breeders,  and  on  a  Method  practised 
by  himself,  demonstrates  that  both  the 
Insect,  and  the  Tree,  may  succeed  and 
prosper    in    Latitudes    much    further 
North,   than  those  comprised  in  the 
French  Empire,  and  may  be  a  source 
of  Pleasure,  and  Wealth  to  Families. 
By  A.  R.  Ang^leny,  Professor  of  Ma- 
thematics at  BesanQon.    12mo.    price 
2s.  6d.  Marchand.     Paris. 
Although  we  are  not  without  infor- 
mation on  the  subject  of  this  useful  in- 
sect, and  on  the  mulberry  tree,  yet  this 
wprk  contains  absolutely  new  views,  as 
;to  the  possibility  of  the  multiplication  of 
these  valuable  worms,    or  rather  cater- 
pillars, and  of  the  plants  on  which  they 
subsist.    This  information  regards  prin- 
cipally those  climates  which  hitherto  have 
b.'*en  considered  as  too  far  north,    too 
chilly,  for  this  undertaking. 

As  Bonaparte  has  lately  prohibited  the 
exportation  of  silk  from  Piedmont,  and 
other  districts  under  his  dominion,  we 
r«»gister  this  Kttle  work  with  some  degree 
i>f  satisfactory  opposition  to  him.  We 
merely  remark  further,  that  there  rfre 
several  kinds  of  silk  worms;  and  that 
they  differ,  as  in  other  qualities,  so  in 
hardiness,  and  capability  of  rcsistiog  the 
ejects  of  temperature.  Moisture  is  in- 
jurious to  them  :  ^vet  food  is  fatal :  but 
the  art  of  hatching  them,  sooner  or  later, 
according  to  tlic  season,  is,  of  the  greatest 
consequence,  in  this  uncertain  climate. 
As  a  very  few  weeks'  attendance  pro- 
duces this  valuable  commodity,  and  silk 
never  need  fear  any  hazard  of  not  rinding 
a  market,  we  think  it  pity,  but  that  it 
should  be  naturalized  among  us.  ,  The 
.finest  and  softest  piece  of  silk  we  ever 
felt,  ,was  made  from  webs  produced  in 
this  country.  We  recommend  the  pro- 
secution of  the  experiments  connected 
with  this  article  to  the  female  sex  :  be- 
cause we  recollect  that  the  Grecian  wo- 
men, (many  of  whom  make  a  profit  of 
^'80  or  5^100  a  year,  by  their  silk)  are 
imanimous  in  their  opinion,  that  should 
^ny  man  enter  the  rooms  wiiere  the  worms 


De  rif{fluence  des  Beaux  Arts,  tS^c,  On 
the  Infiuence  of  the  Fine  Arts  on  pub- 
lic Felicity.  Pamphlet.  8vo.  Rati&bon. 
Montag. 

This  work  is  divided  into  seven  dia- 
logues, and  consequently,  has  a  dramatic 
form.  The  speakers  are  Anaxagoras, 
Pericles,  Phidias,  Alcibiades,  and  Aspa- 
sia.  These  determine  that  tlie  fine  arts 
have  very  important  influence  on  the  hap- 
piness of  nations,  and  communities,  when 
they  are  employed  in  constructing  monu- 
ments of  public  gratitude;  in  painting 
memorable  events »,  in  raising  statues  to 
ilkistrious  characters;  in  setting  heroic 
examples  before  tlie  eyes  of  spectators ; 
and  in  celebrating  efforts  of  virtue,  by 
songs  of  praise.  They  become,  on  the 
contrary,  instruments  of  corruption,  when 
employed  to  nourish  the  luxury  and  effe- 
minacy of  individuals.  This  is  especially 
insisted  on  by  Pericles,  now  near  his  end, 
in  the  last  dialogue,  wherein  he  explains 
to  Aspasia  his  apprehensions,  ^at  the 
.influence  of  Alcibiades  will  be  prejudicial- 
to  the  prosperity  of  Athens.  This  the 
more  impresses  the  mind  of  the  expir- 
ing^tatcsraan,  because  Alcibiades,  in  the 
preceding  dialogue  had  not  concealed 
from  Pericles  his  inclination  for  magni- 
ficence, pomp,  and  enterprizing  ambi- 
tion. 

These  dialogues  are  distinguished  by  a 
profound  knowledge  of  the  theory  of  the 
fine  arts,  *and  a  noble  enthusiasm  for  the 
public  wel^re.  Their  author  is  M.  de 
Dalberg,  Arch-Chancellor  of  Germany. 

Eloges  Historiques,  Wc.  Historical  Com- 
memorations composed  for  the  Medical 
Society  of  Paris,  accompanied  by  a  dis* 
Course  on  the  connection  of  Medicine 
with  the  sciences  of  natural  knowledge, 
and  of  morals.  By  J.  L.  Alibert,  MD, 
member  of  several  societies.  8vo.  price 
5s.  Crapart.     Paris. 

This  volume  contains  memoirs  of 
Lazarus  Spallanzani,  Galvani,  and  Rous- 
sel  ;  with  a  discourse  on  physic. 

The  writer  has  carefully  stated  the  pro- 
gressive discoveri^  of  the  subjects  cfhii 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


S89] 


Farmers Travebin  Dijon — De  la  Semiologie.'^EUzaleth. 


£990 


.  coxnmeDdations^  and  has  sacrificed  to 
Mdelity  whatever  of  oratory  or  elegant 
composition  he  might  have  introduced  : 
He  has  not,  therefore,  degraded  into  the 
notes  the  main  facts  which  are  the  most 
worthy  of  attention,  but  has  considered 
them  as    forming  the    principal  object, 

'  when  the  merit  of  the  persoA  of  whom 
lie  is  giving  an  account  is  under  dis- 
cussion. The  lives  of  Spallanzani,  and 
of  Galvani,  cannot  hW  ol  being  interest 
ing:  bat  the  progressive  view  taken  of 
the  discoveries  which  they  were  so  for- 
tunate as  to  make,  renders  such  interest 
<ioubIy  pleasing. 


yovages 
Tra    " 


gues,  kSfc.      Farmer's 
i'avels  m  the  district  of  Dijon,  con 
taining  an  explanation  of  the  method 
successfully  employed,  for  more  than  a 
century,  to  correct  the  abuses  arising 
£tom  the  excessive  subdivision  of  land, 
1>y  the  manner  of  laying  down  roads 
for  agricultural  purposes,  &c.   Price  5s. 
Mad.  Hazard,  Paris, 
This  work  is  interesting  to  the  coun- 
try to  which  it  refers  :  but  not  much  of  it 
is  applicable  to  Britain.    We  should  not 
have  noticed  it,  but  for  a  remark  it  has 
drawn  from  the  Editor  of  a  French  jour- 
nal, when  reporting  it* 

While  we  applaud,  says  he,  the  en* 
lighted  views  of  the  author  of  these  tra- 
vels on  the  advantages  of  uniting  lands 
into  extensive  premises,  we  ought  to 
guard  against  falling  into  the  opposite  ex- 
treme. 

Andalusta,  so  celebrated  in  antiquity, 
under  the  name  of  Baetica,  on  account  of 
its  extreme  fertility,  is  for  the  most  part, 
«t  present,  actually  struck  with  barren- 
ness, occasioned  by  #  the  excessive  extent 
of  its  farms.  The  ^reat  proprietors  of 
these  £utns  keep  registers,  in  which  un- 
due importance  is  given  to  the  most  pro- 
ductive pieces  of  land,  while  they  pro- 
scribe from  cultivation,  not  only  those 
which  their  owners  judge  would  yield 
unprofitable  crops,  but  also  those  which 
are  in  disrepute  for  being  of  a  secondary 
fertility,  however  capable  they  might  be 
of  contributing  to  the  general  increase, 
under  proper  management.  From  this 
abuse,  says  the  writer,  hardly  the  third 
pari  of  Andalusia  is  in  full  cultivation : 
8o  &mous  as  this  province  was  formerly 
/grits abundance  l^^'^Ferbum  sat,  (Sfc.^ 


De  la  Semiologie  huccale,  ^c.  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Symtoms  which  may  be 
discovered  in  the  Mouth,  from  which 
Prognostics  may  be  drawn  as  to  the 
Cachexy,  the  'numerous  disorders  prp- 
duced,  or  augmented,  by  it,  and  others 
with  which  it  may  be  complicated  ;  as 
well  those  affectmg  the  Teeth,  as  those 
aflfecling    other    Parts    of  the  Body. 
By  L.  Laforgue,  Dentist.      Pamphlet. 
Price  2s.  dd. 
What  this  writer  calls  Semiology,  is 
the  art  of  detecting  cachexy,  the  diseases 
dependent  on  it,  and  the  decisive  symp- 
toms which  determine  the  presence  of 
this  malady,  though  hitherto  not  regard- 
ed.    Cachexy  is  taken  for  that  state  of 
the  blood,   in  which, the  proportion  of 
serum  in  the  blood  is  superabundant  -,  and 
this  disposition,  together,  with  the  pre- 
valence of  other  watery  humors,  indicates 
the  approach  of  the  disease,  or  its  neai 
incipience,  even  before  it  can  pcoperly  be 
said  to  be  present. 

This  hint  may  be  of  use  to  practitida- 
ers.  The  state  of  the  mouth,  and  the 
juices,  exhibited  by  the  saliva,  may  occa- 
sionally afford  a  glimmering  light  on  iho 
nature  of  a  complaint,  when  otlier  re- 
sources have  failed.  Or,  when  suspicion 
arises  of  some  concealed  disease,  which 
suspicion  has  so  little  apparently  to  justify 
it,  that  it  is  not  thought  worthy  of  being 
inentioued,  a  more  accurate  examination 
than  usual  of  the  teeth,  gums,  palate, 
saliva!  glands,  &c.  may  produce  useful 
discoveries. 

Elizabeth,  ou  les  ExiUs  de  Sibhie,  -a 
novel.  By  Mad.  Cottin.  2  vol.  I2mo. 
Giguet  et  Michaud.  Paris. 
This  tale  is  founded  on  a  real  occur- 
rence which  happened  in  Russia,  some 
time  ago.  Deep  in  the  deserts  of  Siberia, 
where  her  father  and  mother  reside  as 
exiles,  a  young  lass  of  sixteen,  medi- 
tates the  bold  attempt  of  penetrating  to 
Petereburgh,  a  distance  of  800  leagues, 
to  solicit  from  the  Emperor  the  restora- 
tion of  her  parents.  This  undertaking 
she  executes,  with  invincible  courage,  and 
overcomes  an  infinity  of  obstacles.  The 
circumstance  of  the  coronation  of  the 
Emperor  Alexander,  at  Moscow,  some- 
what shortens  her  journey.  She  visits 
this  city,  obtains  an  audience  of  the  Em- 
peror, and  succeeds  io  her  object:  the 
2K4 


Digitized 


by  Google 


991] 


well-earned  reward  of  her  courage,  con- 
stanqr,  and  fatigues. 

Mde.  Cottin  has  embellished  this  anec- 
.  ifote  with  the  charms  of  style  and  the 
beauties  of  sentiment :  forming  a  strik- 
ing picture  of  innocence,  frankness,  and 
heroism,  combined  in  a  young  person, 
who  is,  of  course,  uncommonly  beauti- 
^1.  The  temptation  to  enlarge  in  des- 
criptions of  dreary  forests,  desolate  wjistes, 
interminable  wildernessesi  and  other 
wonders  of  nature,  has  been  too  strong 
for  the  writer  to  resist.  Criticism  might 
perhaps,  discover  that  these  incidents 
•ometimes  delay,  the  progress  of  the  nar-" 
tative  :  but  those  who  have  no  objection 
to  making  works  of  this  kiiKl  the  chan- 
nels of  information  will  consider  this  as 
a  trivial  blemish. 


The  Russian  Coufier. 
eilher  felt, 


Le  Courier  Russe,  The  Russian  Courier, 
&c.  By  Mad.  ••♦.  2  vols.  l2mo. 
price  4s.  6d.  DemonviUe.  Paris. 
The  attempt,  and  the  success,  of 
Mad.  Cottin  to  form  an  interesting  novel, 
on  the  subject  of  an  extraordinary  Rus- 
sian incident,  has  pt^obably  had  its  in- 
flatoce  in  inducing  this  lady  to  combine 
Hn  ideal  course  of  events  which  are  tt»- 
Mebj  to  have  happened  any  where,  and 
impossible  to  have  happened  iq  Russia. 
In  the  progress  of  the  novel  the  Emperor 
of  Russia  bi-.nishes  the  separated  husband 
cf  the  heroine,  into  Siberia:  where, 
whiks  in  sickness,  abandoned  hf  all  na- 
ture,  he  is  suddenly  succoured  under  his 
distresses,  by  a  youth,  iiained  Subow, 
who  describes  himself  as  a  courier  of  ike 
Spanish  Ambassador,  who  also  brings 
orders  for  hit  release :  this  disguised  cou- 
rier is  the  forsaken  wife  of  the  culprit. 
*  ■  -This  is  saying  enough,  by  way  of 
caution,  to  all  who  may  incline  to  write 
Russian  novels,  with  Siberian  incidents. 
At  any  rale,  let  not  probability  be  shock- 
ed, by  the  absurdity  of  Spanish  couriers, 
under  Russian  names,  and  females  per- 
forming ofiices  from  which  the  most  ro- 
bust of  men  slirink,-»-riding  post  "  au 
fond  de  la  SilMe.'^  [For  a  more  correct 
description  of  Siberia,  see  the  Life  of 
Bince  Menzikoff,  Panorama,  p.  336. J 

Pasilogie,   or  Music  considered    as    an 
Universal  Language.    By  M.  Devisme. 
Pamphlet.  Price  28.  6d.  ,  Paris. 
This  work,  accompanied  with  music- 

plitcs,  preseuts  the  system  of  the  author. 


l9da 

fancied,    found,  or  61ched' 
A  specimen  may  serve.     "  God  speaks/* 
says  he,  "  and  in  what  language  dpeii  he 
speak  ?  In  the  heavenly  language. — And 
what  is  the  Lmgciage  of  lieaven?    It  is 
music. — ^Therefore,    God  speaks  in  ran- 
sic. — Man  is  made  in  the  image  of  God. 
Moreover,    the    angels   taught    man   to 
speak,  that  is,  to  sing. — Jn  this  language 
of  the  infant  world,  there  was  neither 
nasals,  nor  dentals,  nor  gutturals ;  -there 
were  not  even  words.      This  angelkal 
language    Jlnwing   ftom    heaven,    was 
nothing  more  than  a  continuation  of  purely 
melodious  sounds  \'    in   a  word,    a  vocal 
music.'*     The  author  after  having  indulg. 
ed  himself  in  dissertations  on  ^flwi//5  and 
alphabets,     pronounces    postiively    that 
music  is  the   only    language  spoken  by 
angels ;    and  that,  our  souls,  when  de- 
livered from  their  tabernacles  of  day,  will 
rise  diatonically  from  octave  4o  octave, 
till  they  have  attained  the  mansions  of 
the  blessed. 

Molifere's  Maitre  de  Musique  was  mo- 
dest compared  with  M.  Devisme,  for  he 
restricted  the  etficacy  of  his  art  to  this 
world',  not  attempting  to  pry  intofutu- 
niy-'-Sans  la  musique,  un  Etai  ne  peut 
subsister  !  but,  perhaps,  since  their  pub- 
lic permission  for  a  celestial  world  to  exist, 
the/rec  pe<»ple  of  France  arc  determined 
to  scraps  acquaintance  with  its  manners; 
and  why  not,  also,  favour  the  inhabitanU 
with  some  valuable  improvements,  d  la 
Franpise when  they  arrive  there  } 


Anatomie  du  Gladiateur  combattant,  fjfc. 

Anatomy  of  the  Fighting  Gladiator, 

&c.     ^y  Gilbert  Sauvage,  MD.     Paris. 

Published    in    numbers,    price  about 

7s.  6d.  each. 
This  work  is  unique  in  its  kind  :  and 
consists  of  anatomical  examinations 
and  denudations  of  capital  instances  of 
art  J  and  of  whatever  may  assist  the  stu- 
dies of  youth,  in  this  part  of  the  Arts  of 
design.  It  is  recommended  as  an  ele- 
mentary work  by  the  National  Institut  of 
France,  in  the  class  of  fine  arts.  Each 
number  contains  four  plates  with  their 
explanations.  Whether  such  an  assis- 
tance to  the  students  of  the  fine  arts  in 
this  country  might  be  acceptable,  we 
recommend  to  the  notice  of  those  whg 
are  interested  in  their  culture, 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


99^1 


A  SeUclion  of  Portraits  of  Celebrated 
Running' Horses,  illustrated  with  their 
Pedigrees  and  Performances,  from  Pic- 
tures painted  by  permission  expressly 
for  this  work.    By  J.  Whessell.  Extra 
foKo.     In  colours  j^^l.  l6s.  plain  J8s. 
This  number  (the  6rst)  contains  T)or- 
traits  of  Eleanor,  the  property  Sir  Char- 
les Bunbury  j  and  Penelope,  ihe  property 
of  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Grafton, 

The  nature  of  this  work  is  ^utficiently 
expressed  in  its  title:  it  will,  no  doubt, 
be  thought  deserving  of  encouragement, 
by  gentlemen  of  the  turf,  and  by  those 
Vho  pique  themselves  on  their  knowledge 
in  horses.  Considering  that  this  artist 
is,  as  we  presume,  of  no  very  loug  stand- 
ing in  this  department  of  the  profession, 
we  think  his  labours  are  entitled  to  con- 
siderable applause.  The  first  plate  is  by 
no  means  ill  composed,  and  it  cooiprizes 
whatever  properly  belongs  to  the  subject. 
The  second  plate  has  merit :  but  the  eye 
of  this  mare  appears  to  us  to  mark  an 
expression  not  warranted  by  her  state  of 
tranquillity.  It  is  possible,  indeed,  that 
she  might  thus  cast  her  eye  toward  the 
artist  J  but  that  was  an  incident  which  he 
ought  not  to  have  inserted  The  land- 
scape of  these  plates  is  touched  with  free  • 
dom  5  and  the  use  of  the  (ool  in  tlie 
^ies,  is  judicious. 

y^he  Genuine  U'orks  of  jyUliajn  Hogarth , 
illustrated  with  Biographical  Anecdotes, 
a  Chronological  Catalogue,  and  Coro- 
mentary.      By  John  Nichols,   F.S  A. 
Edinb,  and  Perth :  and  the  late  Geo. 
Steevens,  Esq.  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A.  4to. 
Longman   and    Co.    London.     1806*. 
Ko.  I.  containing  eight  plates,  10s.  6d, 
This  is  the  first  number  of  a  work 
intended  to  comprise  reduced  engravings 
from  the  prints  of  Hogarth.    The  extent 
of  the  whole  is  calculated  at  sixteen  num- 
bers, amounting  to  eight  guineas.     From 
this  suite  is  excluded  those  subjects  lately 
published  after  this  master,  and  conse- 
ouently,  under  the  protection  of  the  act 
lor  preserving  copy-right  in  prints. 

The  works  of  Hogarth  were  originally 
publislMfd  in  prints  of  a  -proper  size  for 
decorating  apartments :  and  they  were 
.  the  tirst  of  that  description  which  ap- 
.peared  in  Brita'm.  If  the  artist  had  print- 
ed explanations  for  the  purpose  of  being 
pasted  on  the  back  of  the  prints  when 
framed^  he  woulcl  have  prevented  a  mul- 


The  Jfbrks  of  /Ti/fiow  Hogarth.  l994 

tiplicity  of  guessey,  as  to  the  immediate 
subjects  of  some;  and  more  than  one 
frivolous  undertaking  which  has  professed 
to  derive  interest  from  the  illustration  of 
his  designs.  The  immortal  Dr.  Truslcr, 
was,  we  believe,  the  first  who  attempted 
this  :  and  that  his  prints  might  be  perfect 
fac  similia  of  the  orfginajs,  they  were 
committed  to  the  exectition  of  an  artist 
who  faithJuUy  reduced  them  by  the  aid  tf 
proportional  compasses  ' — and  these  were 
to  copy  correctly  the  spirited  touches  of 
the  eccentric,  the  uncopyable  Hogarth  I 

Hogarth's  composition  was,  constantly 
so  crouded  with  thought,  that  he  found 
great  difficulty  in  maintaining  those  mas-* 
sesof  tender  shade,  which  were  necessary 
to  support  his  lights,,  to  maintaiif  the 
keeping  of  his  ordonnance,  and  to  preserve 
any  tcSerable  approach  toward  repose, 

Tliis  difficulty  he  did  but  barely  over- 
come when  he  himself  carefully  con- 
ducted his  engravings  :  but  in  the  "present 
case,  this  diffipulty  has  overcome  the  en- 
graver, who  possessing  no  feeling,  pater- 
nal or  technical,  as  to  the  necessity  of  thk 
part  of  the  art  of  composition,  has  suf- 
tWed  his  lights  to  glare  and  glitter  indis^ 
crinnioately  in  every  part  of  his  subject  ^ 
broadlydispb}  ingthedefects  of  his  author, 
thougti  unable  to  display  his  beauties. 
That  character  which  we  admire  in  Ho- 
garth, is  here  the  shadow  of  a  shade  ;  and 
if  any  thing  worchy  of  being  called  expres- 
sion does  exist,  we  have  not  been  so  happy 
as  to  discover  it.  Indeed,  whatever  of  il- 
lustration Hogarth  imparted/;^  writing,  ic 
excluded  from  these  plates.  In  the  subject 
of  the  Enraged  Musician,  we  no  longer 
lind  ourold  friend  '*  John  LongPewterer }" 
nor  in  that  of  the  Rake's  Levee,  the  des- 
cription of  the  Bully ;  nor  the  satire  con- 
veyed in  the  list  of  presents,  which  hangs 
down  from  the  musician's  chair.  Wedonot 
even  learn  in  the  tirst  plate  of  Marriage 
Alamode,  that  the  writings  concern  **  Lord 
Viscount  Squanderfield ;  "  the  whole 
mass  of  wit,  too,  in  (he  portrait-picture 
of  Jupiter  it  utterly  obliterated  and  unin« 
telligible.  In  short,  those  who  have  never 
seen  Hogarth  in  his  works,  elsewhere,  will 
not  see  him  here  ',  and  those  who  have  er^" 
joyed  his  good  impressions,  at  large,  will 
behold  him  in  the  present,  sadly  reduced 
indeed  !  We  give  it  as  our  opinion,  that 
in  a  Court  of  professional  Judicature,  an 
action  of  ^apAico/ (/^ma/ion  might  ea- 
sily be  maintained^  against  the  do€ro£tbli 
job  before  uf. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


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jieeount  of  J.  A.  Boucher. 


C99tf 


80MB  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  PERSONS  INCLUDED 
IN  THE  PROPHECY*  OF  M.  DE  CAXOTTfc. 

[Continued  from  page  759.] 
J.  A.  Rougher, 
Was  author  of  se\'cral  n;^tire  pieces  of 
poetry,  but  particul|trly  Le$  Mois.  He  was 
wtm  at  Montpelicr,  where  he  resided  for 
some  time,  till  his  poetic  genius  and  the  atari 
sacra  fame$  spurred  him  on  to  aspire  to  shine 
among  Uie  literati  of  Paris,  where  he  at  tirst 
Kfed  in  gieat  obscurity ;  but  gaining  the  ac- 
quaintance of  some  of  the  philosophic  sect, 
who  imagined  he  would  be  serviceable  in 
fpreading  their  doctrines,  they  vehemently 
extolled  blm  on  every  occasion,  and  in- 
troduced him  into  all  tne  feshionable  circles, 
where  by  means  of  his  poem  of  Les  Mots, 
which  he  often  read  to  them  in  manuscript, 
long  before  it  made  iu  appearance  in  print, 
(a  long  standinff  and  prevalent  custom  among 
the  authors  of  France)  he  g^iined  a  reputation 
which  it  appears  the  critics  denied  him  when 
it  was  publisned.  However  he  was  as  staunch 
an  anti-religioniat  as  Condorcet  or  any  of 
them,  and  looked  upon  the  Philosophical 
Dictionary  of  Voltaire,  and  the  other  wri- 
tings of  his  friezKls,  as  the  precursors  of  that 
new  system  which  was  to  destroy  the  mon- 
#/*rf"  Christianity,  and  exalt  poor  frail  hu- 
inanily  to  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  perCcction— and 
he  fondly  haile^  the  revolution,  which  has 
nearly  unhinged  the  world,  as  the  beginning 
of  that  exalted  state  j — he  therefore  decidedly 
declared  himself  one  of  its  violent  supporters, 
and  vindicated  the  tenth  of  August  and  all 
Its  horrors  with  great  warmth.  "As  he  and 
his  faction  made  vcr\'  little  ceremony  in  pre- 
paring and  rejoicing  over  the  misfortunes  of 
the  Koyul  Family,  and  glorying  in  their  fall 
from  the  throne,  so  Robespierre  and  his  sa- 
tellites when  it  came  to  their  turn  to  benefit 
themselves  by  the  weaker  %  atrocity  of  these 

*  Vide  Panorama,  pages  70,  533,  747- 
t  For  this  infamous  epithet,  vide  Pano- 
rama, page  7^7.  in  the  lite  of  Condorcet — 
Amidst  the  horrible  eccentricities  of  Uie  re- 
vohuion,  no  thinking  mind  can  possibly  for- 
get that  a  boasted  proselyte  to  Mahometism 
shmild  insist  upon  his  being  venerated  as 
the  temporal  head  of  the  Christian  rclieion, 
and  that  too  in  a  few  years  after  the  prophecy 
of  its  total  downfal. 

t  In  point  of  cruelty  and  sanguinary  pro- 
ceedings certainly  the  Brlssotine  faction  were 
much  mferior  to  their  successors.  Even  Ra- 
bautdcSt.  Etienne  (brother-in-law  toBrisiiot) 
wa^  hurt  at  the  tyrannical  part  he  was  obliged 
to  perfonn,  although  it  was  timidity  it- 
•self  in  comparison  of  RcVl^espierre^s  system. 
•*  Jcbuislas  de  ma  {lortion  de  tyrannic. — I 
"  aiu  tired  of  my  portion  of  tyranny,"  said 


pioneers  of  murder,  regicide,  and  the  galllo* 
tine,  and  to  act  the  more  savage  tyrant,  paid 
as  little  respect  to  Roucher  as  he  had  done  u> 
his  sovereign  and  family,  and  sent  him  writh- 
out  scruple  to  the  jirison  of  St.  Laxare, 
under  pretence  of  being  suspected ;  not  per- 
haps having  any  thing  to  charge  him  with  in 
reality. — ^Howcver  that  was  not  of  any  great 
consequence,  for  they  dispa-tched  him  hy  the 
revolutionary  tribunal,  gtiillotining  him 
under  pretext  of  a  conspiracy  in  his  prison. 

Dunng  his  captivity  he  constantly  corre* 
sponded  with  his  daughter ;  their  letters  were 

Srinted  and  published  some  tilae  afler  hk 
eath.  They  evince  at  once  the  work  of  a 
poet  and  of  a  woman  of  the  most  delicate 
taste  and  refined  literature.  On  the  day  of 
his  death,  July  27,  1794*  he  sent  his  por- 
trait to  his  wife  and  daughter,  with  the  follow- 
ing verses : 

Ne  vous  ^tonncz  pas,  objets  charmans  et  doox. 
Si  qaekjue  air  de  tristesse  obscurcit  men  visage  ; 
Lors(|U*un  savant  crayon  dessinoit  cette  ima|;e9 
On  dressoit  Tecba^md,  et  je  pensois  k  tous. 

Notwithstanding  the  Parisian  erities,  we  do 
not  think  his  poetic  talents  have  been  justly 
apnreciated;  we  shall  therefore  present  thie 
following  extract  in  appeal  from  their  fiat, 
to  our  reader's  judgment.  We  are  inclined 
to  agree  with  his  brother,  who  has  spoken  so 
favourably  of  his  abilities,  and  given  many 
extracts  from  his  poems  in  hi3  whimsical  work 
entitled  Melanges  de  Physiologie,  (^c.  »• 
viewed  in  Panorama,  page  525. 

Lm  Glaciers  des  Mpes, 

Moots  chant^s  par  Haller,  receves  on  poeie. 
Erjant  parmi  ces  monts,  impo^ntc  rctraite, 

Au  front  da  Grindelval  je  m*clcve,  et  jc  vois 

Diea,  quel  pompeuz  spectacle  etal£  devant  moi ! 
Sous  mcs  yeux  enchant^  la  nature  rassemble 
Tout  ce  qu'elle  ad*borreurset  de  beaut^  ensemble. 
Dans  un  lointain  qui  fuic  un  monde  eotiers'tead. 
Et  comment  embrasser  oe  melange  ^clatant, 
De  verdure,  de  fleuis,  de  moissons  ondoyantd, 
De  paisibles  ruisseauz,  de  cascades  bruyanies, 
De  fbntaines,  de  lacs,  de  fleuves,  de  torrens, 
D  hommes  et  de  troapeaua  sur  les  plainescmns^ 
De  (whs  de  saptns  an  lugnbre  feuillage, 
De  terrains  dboul^,  de  rocs  min&  par  TAge, 
Pendans  sur  des  valloos  oii  le  printemps  tiieurit, 
De  c6teauz  escarp^  ou  I'automne  sourit, 
X>*abtroes  t^6breuz,  de  ciracs  felair6es, 
De  neiges  couronnant  de  briUantes  conu6a  ! 
Et  de  glaciers  enfin,  vaste  ct  solide  mer. 
Oil  rigne  sur  son  tnJne  un  ^temel  hivcr  j 


he.— He  prophecied  too,  but  forgot  to  foreset, 
or  at  least  to  predict,  his  own  deatfi.  Ife 
was  guillotined  on  account  of  being  attache^ 
to  the  party  of  t)ie  Gironde,  or  Bri^sotii^. 


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Uje  of  M.  rtcq-fPJxyr. 


13S» 


JJk,  pressant  80U9  ses  pteds  les  nuaps  humidesi 
II  h^risse  les  monis  de  hautes  pyramides, 
Dont  \t  bleu4tre  ^lat  au  soleil  s'enflammant. 
Change  ces  pics  places  en  rocs  de  diaroant. 
Lk  viennent  ezpircr  tous  les  feux  du  solstice. 
En  vain  Tastre  du  jour  embrasant  r^revissc, 
jyvLQ  deluge  de  fiamme  assi^  ces  deserts; 
La  masse  in6btanlable  insulte  au  roi  des  airs. 
Mais  trop  souvent  la  neige  arrach^e  k  leur  cime, 
Rouleenblocbondissant,  court  d*abime  en  abtme, 
Gronde  commc  un  ronnerre,et  giossissant  toujours, 
A  travers  les  rochers  fracass^s  dans  son  cours, 
Tombe  dans  les  vaUons,  s'y  brise,  etdescampagnes 
Remonte  en  brume  ipaisse  au  sommet  des  mon- 
tagnes. 


M.  Aimer  Charles  Marie  Nicolai 

Had  been  before  the  revolution  President 
of  the  chamber  of  accounts,  and  in  173? 
was  a  member  of  the  assemby  of  nota- 
l>le9,  and  though  he  does  not  appear  as 
a  literary  aid-dc-camp  to  the  sect  of  the  new 
system,  yet  he  was,  according  to  the  fashion 
of  that  day,  strongly  tinctured  with  their 
prevailing  tenets.  It  was  no  \yonder  therefore 
that  lie  tfhould  enter  a  little  mto  the  spirit  of 
the  revolution,  and  that  he  should  find  his 
way  to  the  scaflbldj  *' for,"  as  Mannontel 
says,  speaking  of  him,  **  not  only  men  of 
**  distinguished  merit  like  Nicolai  were  sent 
'*  there,  but  those  also  who  were  merely 
•'  rich  }  h«ncc  the  venerable  M.  Magon's  so- 
'*  litary  answer  was,  before  tKe  revolutionary 
**  tribunal,  when  they  put  interrogatories  to 
**  him,  and  demanded  his  name  : — /  am 
*'  Ttehr 

III  the  plenitude  of  Robespierre's  power, 
when,  as  tne  Abb^  de  Lille  exjircsscs  it  in  liis 
Malheur  et  la  P'UiS, 

La  hache  est  sans  repos,  la  crainte  sans  cspoir, 
Le  matin  dit  les  noms  des  victimes  du  soir  :* 

M.  Nicolai  was  thrown  into  the  Luxembui^h, 

♦  Alluding  to  the  newspapers  that  reported 
an  account  of  the  deaths  of  the  victims, 
sometimes  in  the  morning,  sometimes  in  the 
evening,  for  they  were  occasionally  guillotined 
by  torch  light.— -One  morning  81  were  guillo- 
tined : — 30  or  40  a  day  vras  merely  a  common 
occurrence.  Nor  can  this  be  wondered  at, 
when  "  with  a  perfidious  and  equivocal  Ian- 
*«  goa^  an  hypocritical  quackery  instituted 
"  the  jurisprudence  and  arbitrary  proceedings 
**  of  our  criminal  tribunals — no  proofs — no 
**  witnesses — the  conscience  of  the  juries 
*'  was  all  that  was  necessary ;  and  of  what 
*'  juries? — the  oigans  and  su))porters  of  Ro- 
*•  bcspierre,  Lebon,  Carrier,  Fnuicastel, 
**  and  so  many  other  tigers  insatiate  of  human 
**  blood.** — M6moires  de  Marmontel,  Vol. 
IV.  p.'«66. 


at  that  time  converted  into  a  prison' 
because  all  the  prisons ^  in  Fhriis  were  al^ 
ready  filled  with  victims ;  he  was  shortly  aftar 
condemned  to  death  by  the  revolutiouary  tri- 
bunal, uiKier  pretext  of  bein^  an  accomplice 
in  the  conspiracy  of  that  prison,  and  guillo- 
tined at  the  age  of  47 — His  eldest  S9n  was  sa- 
crificed with  him  under  the  same  pretext,  after 
having  been  confined  in  the  Luxembuigh  also; 
he  was  24  years  old. 


M.  Felix  Vicq-d*Azyr, 
Was  physician  to  the  Queen  of.Francc, 
member  of  the  French  royal  academy,  and  of 
the  royal  academies  of  sciences,  medicine,  &^c 
&c.  He  was  born  at  Valognes  in  1748, 
where  his  father  practised  as  a  physician. 
He  finished  his  philosophical  studies  at 
Caen,  and  wished  to  become  a  member  of 
the  ecclesiastical  order  ;  but,  in  compliance 
with  his  father's  piedilecticm  for  his  own  pro- 
fession, he  studied  phasic :  and  arri\'eu  ia 
Paris  in  1705  where  ne  finally  establi.^ied 
himself  as  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  fa- 
culty. 

His  profession  and  many  oUier  circumstances 
caused  Vicq-d*Azyr  to  form  numberiess  con- 
nections in  society.  He  passed  successivelj 
from  the  sittings  of  the  academy  to  the  court, 
and  from  the  most  princely,  brilliant,  and 
lively  circles  to  the  bed  of  sickness,  to  holij 
consoling  conversation  with  the  dying,  to  whom 
his  professional  aid  was  not  less  salutary  than 
his  soothing  elpquence,  in  dispersing  that 
niixiety  and  fear  which  frequent  I  v  attend  the 
appro;ich  of  death.  Sometimes  he  purposelj^ 
sou<];ht  the  company  of  the  literati,  to  whose 
conversation  he  listened  with  such  close  at^ 
tcntion  on  every  occasion,  tiiat  he  obtained 
a  \'ariety  of  anecdotes  and  materials  for  his 
historical  f  iilogia''  which  he  wrote  in  honor 
of  so  many  eminent  men.  When  mixing  m 
the  world,  an^  ?M>metimes  even  in  the  midst 
of  pleasure,  he  discovered  sources  of  instrue* 
fiou  as  numerous  as  pleasing,  and  it  may 
truly  be  said  that  be  studied  books,  nature, 
and  society,  with  equal  spirit  and  advantage. 
Many  of  those  hours  which  men  in  ge- 
neral rob  existence  of  by  wasting  in  sleep, 
Vicq-d'Azyr  de\-oted  to  close  application, 
and  gave  himself  up  to  the  exercise  of  his 
profession  and  all  the  avocations  which  parri- 
cular  circumstances  reouired  of  him,  without 
even  abandoning  his  favorite  literary  studies. 
His  numerous  occupations,  and  the  effects  of 
an  irregular  and  jxainful  life,  united  to  a 
Blind  extremely  irritable,  produced  a  severe  at- 
tack upon  his  nealth;  ana  the  Revolution  en- 
creased  his  sufferings  by  the  cruel  calamities  it 
heaped  upon  him. 

In  that  deluge  of  overwhelming  horrors, 
Vicq-d'Azyr  found  numberless  sources  of  jj;rief 
and  misery.     Among    those  who   sufleitd 


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Account  of  the  Duchess  de  Grammont. 


[lOOO 


in  the  dreadful  e%'cnt»  ivhich  succeeded  each 
•other  with  such  rapidity  he  daily  di9co\*ered  a 
■lulutade  of  his  friends,  and  his  best 
benefacton;  he  was  not  such  a  cold  insensi- 
ble ^^ottst,  nor  was  he  so  much  mxrcoine  by 
the  spirit  of  party  as  not  to  feel  for  their  mis- 
Ibrtuoes ;  and  very  soon  the  agony  of  terror 
nflkcted  him  to  such  a  decree  that  it  embittered 
every  moment  of  his  Rfe.  He  vainly  en- 
deavoured to  overcome  it,  but  his  efforts  only 
rendered  it  more  poignant.  Bailly,  La- 
vobier,  and  many  more  of  hb  very  intimate 
friends  were  gone,  llevolutionaiy  tyranny 
threateacd  all  men  of  superior  abilities.  How 
ivas  it  possible  then  for  Vicq-d'Azyr  to  ima- 
gine  that  he  should  escape  in  such  a  state  of 
alarm,  and  amidst  sucn  a  mass  of  afflict- 
ing emotions;  of  whicli  the  occasions  were 
•0  numerous  in  these  times  of  crime  and  mis- 
fortune? He  was  also  occupied  with  re- 
vising a  number  of  reports  relating  to  the 
temporary  commission,  whose  benign  tn* 
fluence  prevented,  at  that  time,  the  vandalism 
of  the  aay  from  destroying  the  monuments 
and  the  ehef-d*ccuvrcs  of  the  arts ;  he  was 
likewise  charged  with  the  guidance  of  the 
.section  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  he  still  con- 
tinued to  visit  a  great  number  of  sick  persons, 
particularly  those  belonging  to  the  proscribed 
dasses,  to  wlu«ai  it  was  oangcrrms  to  shew 
tren  the  sli^hlcat  attention.  Against  such 
a  multiplicity  of  causes  it  was  i>ot  possible  to 
resist,  and  the  first  tenl|)ettuous  circumstanee 
«|uitc  overpowered  him.  Forced  to  assist  at 
snc  of  those  des])icaUe  fetes  *  in  which  the 
Great  Nation,  with  an  hypocritical  and  ambi- 
tious monsu-r  at  their  head,  acknowledged, 
with  affected  pomp,  the  Supreme  Being,  and 
the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  &c.  &:c.  he 
suffered  much  from  tlie  extreme  heat  and  the 
-very  great  fatigue  the  long  procc^.'^ion  pro- 
4u^,  and  was  attacked  by  a  disorder  on  his 
ungs.  It  was  in  vain  tl'iat  e\'ery  attention 
and  care  was  administred.  bis  constitution 
was  completely  changcdi  and  moral  affec- 
tions being  initludcd  in  the  disorder,  the 
horrid  image  of  the  revolutionary  tribunal  be- 
ing every  moment  before  his  eyes,  united  with 

*  The  person  who  ofBciated  as  the  God- 
fiess  of  Reason  in  one  of  these  insulting  spec- 
tacles, was  the  wife  of  a  printer  nam^  Mo- 
moro,  a  cruel  and  severe  husband,  and  a  most 
outrageous  revolutionary  s^rarian.  After 
serving  alternately  Robespierre  and  Danton, 
the^  mutually  rewarded  hun  t^  very  cordially 
f«  liiing  him  to  the  scaffokl,  where  he  finish- 
xA  his  career,  unpitied  and  unlamented.  He 
freiuently  obl'^  his  wife  to  perform  the 
n.ost  menial  oftices  ;  and,  as  she  had  a  fine 
8hew;.y  person,  he  forced  her  to  exhibit  herself 
MS  the  Godiless  of  Reason — from  the  low  si- 
-  tuatlon  oi  cook  in  his  kitchen,  elevatifi^  her  to 
iiiQ  sdizv  of  ^t  AsidU  dc6  Axes. 


the  dread  of  being  himself  sent  to  the  9caflfbld» 
working  on  his  imaginaHon  almost  to  mad- 
ness, prompted  him  to  order  that  operation  of 
which  M.  de  la  Harpe*s  paper  has  given  an 
account.  Panorama^  page  67,  and  which 
Moreau  de  la  Sarthc,  the  editor  of  his  works, 
and  M.  Jean  Roi,  his  nephew,  have  taken 
great  pains  to  hkle  tlie  recital  from  the  public 
eyy,  aldiough  the  calamity  terminated  in 
his  death,  which  it  is  supposed  was  Vicq- 
d'Azyr's  intention  it  should  do.  He  diol 
eoth  June,  1794,  at  the  time,  (the  horrors 
of  the  revolution  excepted)  when  he  had 
formed  numerous  nrojecu  and  hopes  totally 
attached  to  the  advancement  of  the  science^ 
in  which  he  excelled,  and  which  he  flattered' 
himself  would  be  mdre  worthy  the  attention 
of  pobtertty,  than  any  thing  he  had  hitherto 
accompU!>hed. 


Mme,  Beatrix  de  Choisedil,  Duchxs«« 
DB  Grammont, 

Was  condemned  to  death  by  the  revola- 
tionary  tribunal,  and  was  guillotined  at  the 
age  of  C>4  at  iWis,  in  1792,  under  the  pre- 
-tence  of  being  a  counter-revolutionist.  In 
the  same  vcar  was  hkewise  imitloYined  her 
relation  >f  me.  (rrammont.  Duchess  of  Os^ 
sun,  at  the  age  of  44.  She  was  one  of  the 
bdies  in  waiting  l>clonging  to  the  Queen. 

Neither  of  these  interestingandaaiiable  wo- 
men were  allowed  e\'en  a  confessor  (vide  Fano« 
rama,  jKige  (ip),  yet  did  they  not  evince  the 
least  pusillaniniitv  ;  and  indeed  it  must  be 
nicntionc<J  to  the  honour  of  the  fair  sex,  tliac 
almost  all  the  ladies  *  who  were  murdered 


•  We  hardly  recollect  more  than  one 
exception,  Madame  du  Barry.  She  was  99 
mucti  intimidated  at  the  tremendous  apparatos 
of  death,  that  she  fiiinted  at  the  foot  of  the 
scaffold*  and  when  she  ascended  it,  she 
shrieked  most  pttcously,  frequently  cr}*ing  •ut 
to  Samsrm  the  executioner,  M,  le  brntrreoM^ 
encore  un  momcm.  Notwithstanding,  not  long 
before  her  death  she  ^ve  a  most  remarkable 
proof  of  her  contem})t  for  it,  prelerring  to 
save  the  life  of  her  friend  rather  than  her  own, 
and  in  justice  to  her  memoir,  we  insert  the 
anecdote-^the authenticity  of  which  cannot  b^ 
doubted,  as  we  find  it  certified  in  the  Rcv« 
Mr.  l>utens*  •*  Memoirs  of  a  Traveller^  now 
in  Retirement,'*  Vd.  V.  p.  If?- 

<<  A  few  days  before  the  Coimtess  da  Barry 
was  guillotined  (8th  December  1793)  so 
Irisli  priest  found  means  to  see  her  in  prison, 
in  die  Condergerie,  and  offered  lo  eileet  bet 
escape,  if  she  could  command  a  certain  sum 
to  bribe  the  jailors  and  defray  the  expenoei  of 
a  journey.  She  asked  him  whether  he  could 
not  save  two  persons.  He  replied,  his  plan 
would  admit  of  saving  only  one.  ««  Then.'* 
said  Madame  ia  Barry^  "  here  is  an  owr 


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lOOT]  Jnecdote  tftkt  Queen  of  France.— Life  of  HI,  Jaqites  Cazotie. 

during  th«  system  of  terror,  dwco\'er«a  a  coo- 
rage  equally  herolo  if  not  suuenor,  to  the 
most  undaunted  of  ilie  men.  But  above  all, 
the  Queen's  magnaounity  ought  ne\'er  to  be 
jorgot.  The  dignity  with  which  she  con- 
ducted her»eh' on  her  trial  deserves  the  great- 
est lionour,  and  was  at  once  a  proof  of  Uie 
tabitics  of  the  scandal  and  opnrobrium  with 
which  she  had  been  libelled  j  it  .may  be 
truly  said  that  she  never  appeared  greater  than 
when  before  the  blood-distilling  revolutionary 
tribunal.  After  treutmg  with  the  utmost 
contempt  the  silly  miserable  charges  against 
her,  she  dius  concluded :     ••  I  was  9.J^aiien, 

"  and  you  dethroned  me— I  was  a  Wile,  and 

•*  you  murdered  mv  husband — I  was  aMo- 

«'  Uier,  and  you  tcibk  my  children  from  me. 

««  Nothing  now  remains  for  you  but  my 

«•  Wood  J  glut  yourselves  with  it,  then— but 

••  do  not  make  me  suffer  any  longpr.'* 


M.  Jaques  Cazottb, 
Author  of  the  poem  d^Olivier,  and  ot  the 
romances  le  Diable  amureux,  le  Lord  Im- 
prompiu,  and  a  number  of  little'  pleasing 
nieces,  previous  to  the  revolution  had  been 
commissary  of  the  marine  in  the  West-Indies. 
He  retired  to  live  at  Pierry  in  Champagne, 
with  a  numerous  family  of  which  he  was 
the  only  support.  He  had  been  long  celebra-. 
ted  in  Parts  m  the  conversazioni  of  the  great 
for  his  pleasmg  discourse,  and  the  smartness  of 
his  repartees,  and  as  M..de  la  llarpe  yenr 
justly  obser\-cs,  for  his  "  original  turn  of  mind, 
•*  and  for  his  infatuation  with  the  revcnes  of 
*•  the  illuminati.**  At  mulnight  of  the  2 1st 
August,  1792,  he  was  arrested  in  his  bed,  in 
consequence  of  the  domiciliary  visits,  and 
committed  to  the  prison  of  the  Abbayeat  Pii- 
ris,  under  the  pretence  of  being  su8i>ected  of 
attachment  to  royally.  He  remained  there 
tuitil  the  massacres  of  the  urisons  of  the  2d 
and  3d  of  Sei)tembcr  j  most  diUifully  attended 


"  for  the  sum ;  but  go  instandy  to  the  Du- 
«*  chessdeMorlemart  and  save  her:  you  will 
*«  find  Iter  concealed  in  a  garret  in  a  certain 
«'  house  in  Calais."    The  priest,  after  urging 
Madame  du  Barry,  in  vain,  to  seize  the  op- 
portunity of  escaping  from  her  fate,  yielded 
to  her  generous  resolution,  took  the  money, 
prweeckxl  to  Calais,   drew  the  l>uchess  dc 
Mortcmart  from  her  asylum,  disguised  her 
as  a  woman  of  ordinary  rank,  and  made  her 
travel  with  him  on  foot,  sayino;,  as  he  passed 
along,  that  he  was  a  poor  consututional  Fjeat, 
and  that  the  Duchess  was  his  wife.     They 
were  hailed  by  the  people  with  testimonies  of 
joy ;  and  in  ill  is  manner  they  travelled  through 
the  French  armios,  and  arrived  at  Ostendr 
from  whence  the  priest  passed  into  Endand 
with  Madame  de  Mortcmart,  whom  i  have 
sipccscen  in  London- 


by  his  amiable  daughter  Elizabeth,  who  was 
only  17  years  of  age,  and  who  nwcr  quitted 
him  an  mstiint.     After  the  horrid  assassina- 
tion of  the  (uitliful  Swiss  guards  in  that  prison, 
and  that  of  the  ComU  de  Montmorin,  am} 
several  other  noblemen,  >L  de  Cazotte  wa# 
brouglu  forth,  and  in  the  rev<^utionary  jargor^ 
ordered  a  la  Force — diat  being  their  phiiaii^ 
for  instant  murder.    The  momerkft  the  mon- 
sters were  beginhhig  tlieir  horrible  butcherv» 
his  daughter  ihrcw'hcrself  round  hb  necK, 
dung  to  his  body,  and  prevented  the  nplifked 
instruments  of  death  from  faHing  on  himp 
exclaiming,  No,  you  skallnot  touch  him  um~ 
til  you  have  taken  all  my  blood.    Her  yoat^ 
her  innocence,  her  beauty,  and  her  puercing 
cries,  together  with  the  venerable  appearance 
of  her  father,  quite  disarmed  the  cutrthraats, 
who  were  so  much  affected  that  thev  uninft* 
mously  cried  out,  <<  let*s  save  blm,  (et*t  saire 
**  him,"  at  the  same  ttmedtmandinjpofhiio 
where  his  enemies  ^ere  that  they  ought  rcn- 
de^  hhn  justice.     Poor  Cazottc  was  quite    . 
overcome  at  such  unexpected  conduct,  and 
uttered,  with  tears  streamia^  down  hb  agad 
cheeks,  and  falling  upon  his  dan^hter,  «  I 
"  cannot  have  any-^or  I, never  did  haim  ta^ 
**  any  body." 

It  is  very  singnlar  that  the  same  nif^t 
Mile.  Sombreuii  saved  her  fiithcr  by  the 
same  means,  at  the  same  prison,  and  that 
their  ages  should  be  exactly  the  same ;  M.  de 
Caxotte  was  74  and  M.  de  Sombreuii  the 
same,  (vide  Panorama,  p.  7^2-')  smd  wkai  m 
more  dreadful  to  relate  they  both  were  afW« 
wards  sent  to  the  scaff<^  by  the  revolutioiuury 
tribunaL 

M.  deCatotte  was  immediately,  transported 
to  the  C^uciergerie,  where  that  example  of 
filial  pit'ty  his  £mgbter  accompanied  him,  ad* 
miubtering  every  comfort  in  aer  power  until 
the  25th  September,  when  the  savage  rejoin* 
tionar)'  tribunal  coodemned  htm  to  the  guil- 
lotine, and  he  expired  at  Place  Louis  XW 
exactly  four  years  and  a  half  after  his  prapheey 
of  his  own  death. 

We  add  the  following  beautiful  lines  from 
the  Abb^  de  lilk's  Malhem  et  la  Piti^,  as 
they  allude  particularly  toM.  deCaaotte's  fate*, 
and  that  of  M.  de  Sombreuii. 

Cependant  au  milieu  de  lant  de  barbaric, 
Lorsque,  parmi  les  maax  de  ma  triste  patrie, 
La  timide  Pitie  n'osoit  lever  la  voix, 
Dcs  rsyons  de  vcrtus  ont  brilU  quelquefois. 
On  a  vu  des  cnfans  s'lmmdler  a  leurt  pcres,- 
Det  frfa'es  dispater  le  tr^pas  k  leurs  fr^res« 
Qnedts-je?  Quand  Scptembre,  anx  Pran9ois  si  fatal. 
Do  massacre  partout  donnoit  raflSrcnx  signal, 
€^  a  vu  les  bpurreaux,  fatigu&{  de  carnage, 
Aux  cris  de  la  Piiie  laisscr  fl^cbir  leur  rage, 
Rendre  k  sA  fille  en  pkars  un  p^  malhcurcux ; 
Et,  tDutcouverts  de  san;,  s'attcndrir  avcc  eux. 


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mos] 


Particulars  relating  to  Louis  XFVs  Death. 


We  shall  now  subjoin  a  few  pardculars 

.  icspecting  the  last  person  who  was  allowed  a 

cof^essor,  which  was  the  King,  as  M.  Ca- 

xoite  foretold.     (Vide  Panorama,  page  111.) 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Abb^  £dgeworth> 
an  Irish  priest,  was  chosen  by  the  unfortunate 
Louis  XVI.  to  confess  and  prepare  him  for 
death.  This  worthy  ecclesiastic  then  resided 
with  his  mother  and  sister  at  Paris,  and  the 
following  b  an  extract  from  a  letter  he  wrote 
to  one  of  his  friends  in  England,  December 
21,  1792,  just  one  month  before  the  murder 
of  the  king. 

**  Paris,  2\st  December,  1792.— You  are 
undoubtedly  sur{)ri8ed,  my  dear  and  Iionoured 
friend,  that  while  the  clergy  of  France  are 
flocking  to  England  for  shelter  and  support, 
I  should  remain  here  amidst  the  ruins  of  this 
afflicted,  persecuted  Church.  Indeed  I  have 
often  wished  to  fly  to  that  land  of  true  liber- 
ty and  solid  peace  ;  and  to  share,  with  others, 
of  your  hospiuble  board,  where  to  be  a  stran- 
ger in  distress  is  a  sufiicient  title.  But  Al- 
mighty God  has  baffled  all  my  measures,  and 
ties  me  down  to  this  land  of  honor,  by  chains 
which  I  am  not  at  liberty  to  shake  off.  The 
case  is,  the  malkeureux  mattre  charges  me 
not  to  auit  the  country  j  as  I  am  the  person 
whom  he  intends  to  prepare  him  for  death, 
if  the  iniquity  of  the  nation  should  commit 
that  last  act  of  cruelty  and  parricide.  I  pre- 
pare myself  for  death,  for  I  am  convinced 
that  popular  rage  will  not  allow  me  to  survive 
one  hour  after  that  tragic  apt;  but  I  am  re- 
signed. My  life  is  of  no  consequence :  the 
preservation  of  it,  or  the  sheddingof  my  blood, 
U  not  connected  with  the  happiness  or  misery 
of  millions.  Could  my  life  save  him  qui  po- 
situs  est  in  ruinam  et  resurrectionem  mulio- 
rum,  I  should  willingly  lay  it  down,  and 
should  not  then  die  in  vam :  Jial  voluntas 
tua  !  Receive  this  unfeigned  assurance,  per- 
haps for  the  last  time,  of  my  respect  and  af- 
fection for  you,  which  I  hope  even  death  will 
not  desUoy." 

We  shall  close  with  an  extract  from  a  let- 
ter the  Abb^  Edgeworth's  sister  nTote  to  a 
friend,  February  10,  1793,  near  three  weeks 
after  the  king's  death. 

*'  .     .     ...     .    The  King,  perceiving 

that  hb  life  was  aimed  at,  sent  to  request  my 
brother  would  attend  him  ;  who,  without  the 
smallest  hesitation  complied  with  the  request. 
Though  he  carefully  avoided  mentioning  the 
nptter  to  me,  I  had  a  pre^ntmient  of  dan- 
ger, which  haunted  me  incessantly.  My 
brother,  fully  aware  of  the  hazard  he  should 
iiicur  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  to  the 


[lom 

King,  set  his  aflairs  in  order;  and,  not  to 
shock  our  sensibility,  he  departed   witfaom 
bidding  us  the  adieu  which    he  supposed 
would  be  an  eternal  one.     He  had  already 
prepared  a  neighbour  to  brins  the  afflicdng 
tidings  J  it  was  then  necessary  I  should^  in- 
formed of  It,  as  soon  as  he  should  be  gone.  We 
still  concealed  it  from  mv  mother,  pretending 
he  was  gone  to   pass  the  night  with- a  sick 
person.     On  the  evening  of  January  20,  be 
was  taken  from  hit  house,  and  conducted   to 
the  Committee,  where  he  was  examined  and 
interrogated  whetlier  he  was  wiljing  to  un- 
dertake the  awful  function.     He  was  thence 
conducted  to  the  sad  and  dark  dwelling  of  the 
most  innocent,  as  well  as  most  unfortunate, 
of  men.     I  cannot  describe  to  you  the  ago- 
nies I  experienced  in  knowhig  he  was  shm 
up  within  a  hundred  bolts,  and  surrounded 
by  a  thousand  tigers.     He  passed  the  night  in 
bearing  the  last  farewell,  or  rather  the  cries 
and  groans,  of  an  inconsolable  family,  sufli- 
cient  to  pierce  the  most  hardened  hearts.     It 
would   even  have  been  some  consolation  to 
have  been  left  without  the  unfeeling  witnenes 
of  their  anguish,  but  this  little  boon  was  re- 
fused them — their  guards  never  lost  sight  of 
them.     The  King  once  abproaching  my  bro* 
ther,  said, — *  This  is  indeed  a  dr^fui  mo- 
*  ment  ;•  yet  in  an  instant  he  recovered  his 
fortitude,    and  talked   of   different  subjects, 
particularly  of  the  Church  of  France;  asked 
after  many  of  its  dignified  pastors,  expressed 
the  most  lively  feehng  of  the  generosity  of 
the  English  towards  them,  and  this  with  a 
coolness  and  steadiness  of  mind  that  was  sur- 
prising.    After  which  he  said,  he  had  omit- 
ted to  speak  of    a   more  important   afiair, 
meaning  with  respect  to  himself.    My  bi^ 
ther  reminded  hjm  that  there  were  some  pp&- 
parations  to  be  attended  to : — he  had  no  need 
to  speak  of  them ;  ail  had  been  done.     The 
King  then  went  to  bed,  and  slept  some  hours. 
Knowing  that  his  hair  woula  l)e  cut  ofl*  br 
the  executioner,  and  desiring  to  avoid  llia't 
indignity,  he  reciuested  in   Uie  morning  the 
atteiid^nce  of  a  hair-dresser,  but  that  smaJQ 
indulgence  was  also  barbarously  denied  him. 
Early  in  the  morning;  my  brother  proposed  tO 
celebrate  mass ;  to  wnicn  his  illustrious  disd« 
pie  acceded  with  visible  pleasure,  but  doubt- 
ed whether  permission  could   be  obtained. 
My  brother    repaired   immediately    to    the 
Council,  then  sitting,  to  solicit  this  privilege. 
They  expressed  great  surprise,    and  started 
many  difRculties,  all  of  which  my  brother 
removed.     « If,*  said  he,  *  a  priest  is  want- 

*  ing,  I  am  one ;  if  ornaments,   they  may 

*  be  found  in  the  next  chapel ;  and  the  Host 
'  you  yourselves  may  furnish.*  At  length 
they  consented ;  desinng  him  to  write  down 
what  was  nece<»ary  to  oe  provided,  for  ther 
knew  nothing  about  it.  Mass  was  then  per- 
formed, at  which  the  faithful  Clery  assi^ud; 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


1O05]         ^  Refl^ftions  €»  the  Papers  kft  is  M,  iie  fa  Harpe, 

and  the  King*  baring  received  the  comma- 
Bton»  retired  ^ith  my  brotlier  \nto  a  closet, 
the  partition  of  which  was  only  paper.  Some 
•ne  knocked  at  the  door.    *  Behold/  he  said 


[1000 


calmly,  •  they  summon  me,*  It  was,  how- 
ever, merely  to  sav  something  to  him.  They 
knocked  a  second  time,  to  announce  the  fa- 
tal moment.  He  understood  it  so^  and  look- 
ing at  hb  watch,  said,  *  The  hour  is  come.' 
He  entered  the  carriage  with  a  majestic  step, 
accompanied  by  my  brother  and  two  fusileers, 
and  holding  a  book  in  his  hand :  he  repeated 
prayers  all  the  way.  Coming  to  the  f:ital 
spot,  he  said,  '  We  are  anivcd  ;*  and  expres- 
sed a  wish  that  nothing  might  happen  to  my 
brother,  who  offered  his  hand  to  assist  him 
in  ascending  the  scaffold.  The  Kins  walked 
aeross  it,  vnih  an  intrepid  air,  to  the  other 
side;  when,  with  a  loud  voice,  he  uttered 
'  the  f<^k>wiii(  words:—*  About  to  appear  be- 
«  fore  God,  I  declare  for  the  last  time,  tliat 

*  I  am  innocent  of  the  crimes  of  which  I  am 

*  accused.  It  is  not  to  the  French  nation 
'  that  I  impute  the  ^ilt  about  to  be  commit- 
'  ted ;  but  to  some  individuals  alone,  whom 
<  1  pray  God  to  pardon,  as  I  now  pardon 

*  them  with  all  my  heart.'    He  would  have 
continued  to  speak;  butSanterrc,  fearing  the 
impression  the    King's  words  might  make 
upon  the  surrounding  multitude,  ordered  the 
drums  to  beat,   and  the  Monarch  was  si- 
lenced.   The  executioners  cut  off  his  hair, 
while  he  uncovered  his  neck  himself.    They 
offered  to  tie  hb  hands ;  he  opposed  them. 
They  insisted :  there  were  four  ot  them.    My 
brother,  apprehending  violence,  said  to  him, 
<  Sire,  this  submission  is  a  sacrifice  you  have 
'  yet  to  make ;  it  will  be  another  ))oint  of 
*  resemblance  to  your  Divine  Master.'    The 
King  instantly  yielded  with  the  meekness  of 
a  lamb.'— I  can  no  more—I  weep  tears 
of  blood  when  I  tell  you  he  is  gone.    This 
prodigy  of  fortitude  and  patience,  this  Chris- 
tian hero,  b  gone  to  receive  the  reward  of 
his  virtues  !     My    brother  continued  with 
him  to  the  last :  and  he  did  not  die  of  grief ; 
he  did  not  men  faint ;  but  had  strength  to 
place  himself  on  his  knees,  and  did  not  rise 
till  hb  habit  was  stained  with  the  bfood  flow- 
ing from  his  sovereign's  sacred  hca^l,  which 
was  borne  round  the  scaffok)  amidst  the  shouts 
•f  F.ive  la  Nation  !  &c." 

We  expect  to  be  able  in  some  future  niim- 
ber  to  present  our  readers  with  more  parti- 
culars relative  to  the  latter  momenta  of  the 
truly  illustrious  Loub  XVI.,  as  we  knoiv 
there  exists  an  affecting  account  of  this  sub- 
ject (entitled  tur  les  derniers  moracns  dc 
Louis  XVL)  which  b  not  yet  published,  said 
to  be  written  by  the  Abb<$  Edgcworth  him- 
self. In  the  mean  time  we  thought  the  above 
letters  (extracted  from  Dulensianu)  would 
pfove  not  uninteresting  to  our  readers. 


We  have  now  concluded  ottr  attempt  to 
appropriate  those  events  hinted  at  in  the  paper 
which  M.  de  la  Harpc  left  behind  him.    Wc 
have  traced  the  characters  of  the  persoiis  men- 
tioned, in  a  variety  of  instances,  and  have  con- 
victed se^•eral  of  tljem  of  amply  desening  the 
fate  they  met  with .     Charity  may  induce  us  to 
hope,  of  some,  that  they  tiid  not  foresee  the 
consequences  of  tlieir  actions  and  conduct,  or 
the  fate  of  their  country ;  as  they  would  not 
believe  the  fate  which  awaited  themselves: 
but  charity  itself  finds  no  apology  for  tha 
enormities  we  have  exposed,  nor  discovers  any 
palliation  for  those  uncommon  and  inhuman 
atrocities  of  which  others  were  guilty.    May 
the  lesson  taught  by  the  deaths  of  these  men, 
warn  all  who    are  endowed  with    talents, 
learning,  influence,  activity,  and  energy,  to 
moderate  the  ebullition  of  their  unhallowed 
passions,  and  to  check  those  emotions  which 
originate  in  pride,  self  conceit,  and  arrogance, 
but  terminate  in  personal  destruction,  in  ge^ 
neral,  and  widely  extended  calamity.    When 
too  late. 

The  monstrous  sight 
Struck  them  with  horror  backward,  but  f^r  worse 
Urged  them  behind, 
Hell  heard  th'  insufferable  noise ;  Hell  saw, 

——and  would  have  fled 
Aflrighted ;  but  strict  Fate  had  cast  too  deep 
Her  dark  foundations,  and  too  fast  had  bound. 
Had  the  abilities  of  these  literati  been  directed  V> 
the  real  advantage  of  their  countr)*,  as  result- 
ing from  order,  respectability,  and  rectitude, 
what  blessings  might  they  not   have  lived  to  - 
enjoy  from  tlieir  sovereign  and  his  people  !— 
what  honours  might  not  have  attended  their 
racniories  to  the  latest  jKHtcrity ! 

Itdcberves  remark,  that  M.  Caxottte  in  his 
predictions  does  not  include  the  master  of  the 
house  where  tlie  meeting  took  place:  this 
may  be  added  to  a  hint  we  have  already 
dropped,  in  pro*if  that  this  **  man  of  the 
higiiest  talents"  was  the  Duke  de  Nivcrnois ; 
as  that  nobleman  died  a  natural  death. 

The  life  of  M.  de  la  Harpe  ir.  translated  for 
insertion  in  the  Panorama  ;  but  as  it  cannot 
be  comprised  in  one  number,  we  postpone  it 
to  the  commencement  of  our  second  volume ; 
aswedr^not  wish  that  any  mutilated  sul>^ 
jcct  should  injure  our  work  in  ilio  opinion  of 
ourstibscribt-rs.  That  tXmphiltjsopher  sliould 
live  to  become  a  christisn,  as  he  really  did, 
was  esteemed  not  the  Icaul  extraordinary  ar» 
tide  in  M.  Cazotte*s  prediction.  His  litb  is  a 
history  of  the  sUile  of  liicr-iurc  in  his  time. 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


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LidascaUa.'^Drury  Lame.    Cvveni  Garden. 


[lOOl 


DIDASCALIA. 
Drury-Lanb  Theatre. 

On  Friday,  Dec.  2(>,  a  new  pontomtme 
was  brought  out  at  this  Theatre,  called  the 
£twhanlcr4,  or  Harlequin  Sultan.  We  trust 
imr  readers  will  not  expect  a  long  account  ofpro- 
Auctions  of  this  kind ;  we  shaU  therefore  only 
ffctnork  that  the  plot  is  in  the  usual  stile  of 
tluft  species  of  entertainment — fine  scenery » 
auchiuery,  dresses,  d«corations,  &c. 

Saturday,  Dec.  27,  Mr.  Ray,  jun.  from 
Cheltenham,  appeared  in  the  character  of 
Yonng  Marlowe,  in  She  Stoops  to  Conquer. 
He  vr^s  very  favorably  received  ;  his  action  is 
«osy,  and  his  deliveiy  good. 

On  Monday,  Jan.   12,  a  new  opera,  en- 
titled False  Alarms,  or  My  Corwn,  written 
SMr.  Kenny,  was  produced  at  this  Theatre, 
c  characters  of  which  are  as  follow. 

Sir  Damon  Gayland    Mr.  Wroughton. 

Edgar  Gayland  .     .     Mr.  Braham. 

Tom  Surfeit   ..    .     .     Mr.  Bannidter. 

Lieutenant  M*Lary     Mr.  Johcisione. 

Plod Mr.  Mathews. 

Gabriel      ....     Mr.  Penley. 

Grin9elt     ....     Mr.  Wcwiizer. 

Bumper     ....     Mr.  Dignuni. 

Lady  Gayland    .     .     Mrs.  Mountain. 

Caroline  Sedlcy  .     .     Miss  Duncan. 

Emily Mrs.  Bland. 

■   Miss  Umhrage     .     .     Miss  Pope. 

Susan Mad.  Storace. 

The  heroine  of  the  piece  is  Miss  Scdley, 
who  ij»  beloved  by  Sir  Damon  Gayland,  a 
jealous  old  rake,  and  ^t  the  same  time  is  in- 
strumental to  his  reconciliation  with  his 
young  bride.  To  cflfect  this,  she  comes,  witli 
the  privacy  of  Lady  Ga}rland,  on  a  visit  to 
the  dunily,  in  the  disguise  of  an  olHcer ;  in 
which  concealment  she  sees  tlie  very  hearts  of 
two  lorers  of  her  own,  and  makes  her  elec- 
tion of  the  honorable  one,  an  Irish  I/ieute- 
tismc,  M*Lary.  There  is  another  love-plot, 
in  which  Edgar  is  the  hero,  Emily  die  he- 
loine,  and  Tom  Surfeit  the  interloper.  This 
ends  as  satisfactorily  as  the  other. 

Having  given  a  slight  idea  of  the  plot,  we 
are  sorry  to  be  under  the  necessity  of  cen- 
suring this  piece;  but  when  ^*e  enquire  its 
pretensions  to  dramatic  merit,  we  must  pro- 
nounce it  totally  destitute  of  originality  and 
character — not  a  spark  of  wit  could  we  find  in 
it :  and  indeed  all  the  characters  have  been  be- 
fore the  public  over  and  over  again,  and  in 
every  instance  much  better.  Our  readers  will 
rcadtly  perceive  the  truth  of  our  remark  when 
we  give  them  .the  list,  which  consists  of  a 
pert  chamber-maid;  a  dull  stupid  drunken 
valet  (Germanized,  we  presume,  in  coinpli- 
mcnt  to  our  taste  for  tlic  original  German 
drama,  with  which  we  have  been  lately 
surfeited  ;)  an  intriguing  jealous  husband  ;  a 
sentimental  wife;  a  dashing  toung  lady, 
dressed  iu  pfEcer*s  doaths ;  a  )vould-be-leani- 


ed  lady,  with  do  other  pretensions  thaa 
wearing  a  trencher  cap ;  an  igoorant  citiaeo ; 
a  k>wAtall,  and  his  impudent  valet;  an  Irish 
lieutenant ;  and  an  £nj;llsh  captain,  so  des- 
perately in  love  that  he  sits  down  on  the  sla^e 
to  sing  a  ballad  in  praise  of  his  Mr  one,  mi 
accompanies  it  himself  on  the  gnuid  piano 
forte.  '*  Does  this  become  a  soldier?'*  In 
times  like  these  should  the  stage  be  sofiiered  to 
countenance  such  unwarlibe  tweedle  dum  and 
tweedle  dec  e»ptains  ?«-If  so,  all  we  cansa^  is 
that'* captain  Braham  is  your  only  man  ;**  lor 
his  Smile  and  Tcmr  had  the  best  possible  efieet, 
and  wc  ha\'e  no  scrapie  in  afErmiog  that  it 
opportunely  saved  the  play  from  siflSki^ ;  il 
put  the  audience  in  a  good  humour  althoitgh 
they  had  already  yawned:  forgetting  perhaps 
that  much  ought  not  to  be  expected  iron  an 
opera. 

Tom  Surfeit  was  as  ably  perfotmed  b^  Ban- 
nister as  the  insipidity  of  tlie  character  wonU 
allow.  What  it  wanted  in  wit  he  diaritably 
supplied  with  sweariiu;  and  blustering,  indeed 
the  custom  of  sweanng  oaths  has  oi  late  be- 
come such  a  very  common  practice  upon  ikift 
stage,  that  we  suppose  the  penonners  iauttine  it 
makes  amends  for  deficiency  of  wit.  Hence 
the  frequent  dammes  of  Messrs.  Banmsler, 
Matthews,  and  some  others,  amounting  lo 
at  least  a  dozen  of  vulgar  oaths ; .  which  we 
coneeire  to  be  most  disgraceful,  and  eooaUy 
despicable  in  the  author  who  suffers  t]iem» 
ana  in  the  actor  who  so  far  forgets  his  situa- 
tion as  to  use  them.  Nor  can  we  commend 
the  liberty  taken  by  Bannister  in  telling  the 
8{)ectators  they  had  put  him  out,  when  one  of 
his  songs  was  very  partially  encored,  at  which 
the  generality  tcblitiorl  a  most  decided  disip- 
probation.  11  ad  he  been  playing  ptfncArire//s 
at  Bartholomew  fair  it  might  have  been  in  cha- 
racter, but  at  the  theatre  roj^o/ of  Dniry  Lane— 
JVc  did  hot  like  it  by  no  manner  of  means,  as 
his  author  says. 

All  the  performers  did  their  utmost ;  but 
we  cannot  refrain  from  tu>ticinff  ^Am  Dun- 
can, wbc^  acted  and  sung  witn  great  spi- 
rit and  judgment.  She  gave  The  North 
breeze  blew  Keenly,  and  deep  teas  the  gloom, 
with  the  happiest  effect,  ftid  was  unani- 
mously enoorea. 

The  music  is  the  joint  production  of  King 
and  Braham*  and  does  them  credit;  in- 
deed some  of  it  is  very  pretty,  particularly  the 
two  son^  we  have  menuoned.  JCing*s  b 
the  most  pleasing ;  Braham  has  introduoed  so 
much  of  scietice  and  execution  as  frequently 
to  tire  instead  of  delight. 

Coybnt-Gardev  Thbatrb. 

On  Monday,  Dec.  2g,  was  produced  at 
this  Theatre  a  new  pantomime  called  Uarle* 
onin  and  Mother  Goose,  or  the  Golden  Egg, 
full  of  splendid  scenery,  machinery,  tr!ck«.  Sic . 
and  intended  as  a  treat  for  the  Holiday  folks; 
it  is  one  of  the  best  wc  have  witnessed. 


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Succinct  Acctmnt  of  Pomtranla. 


[101# 


8UCC1KCT  ACCOUNT  OF   POMBRANIA. 

According  to  the  latest  advices  from  the 
continent,  there  is  reason  to  think  that  the 
German  dominions  of  the  King  of  Swe- 
den will  speedily  become  the  seat  of  events 
which  may  attract  the  attention  of  Europe : 
we  therefore  embrace>the  present  opportunity 
of  submitting  to  our  readers,  the  latest  in- 
fonnatiou  concerning  those  countries. 

Pomerania  is  a  strip  of  land  lying  on  the 
borders  of  the  Baltic:  60  geographical  miles 
in  length :  13  in  breadth.  Towards  the  east, 
its  adjoins  Pomerclia ;  on  the  south  it  borders 
Poland ;  on  the  west  the  Duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburgh  ;  and  on  the  north  the' Baltic.  It 
js  a  flat  country,  but  has  some  few  moon- 
tains  3  the  highest  of  which  is  the  Cholten- 
berg,  between  Caeslin  and  Zanow.  In 
some  places  jiart  of  the  soil  is  sandy,  but  in 
iieneral  it  is  rich  and  ferdle.  Beans,  turnips. 
Sax,  hemp,  and  fruit,  grow  plentifully. 
The  trees  are  very  fine,  especially  the  oaks. 
This  country  is  famous  for  a  breed  of  excel- 
lent geese  of  a  very  large  size.  These  geese, 
the  smoaked  hams,  and  the  salted  salmon  of 
Pomerania,  arc  reckoned  the  best  in  Germany. 
Pomerania  contains  68  towns,  and  about 
460,000  souls.  Several  among  these  towns, 
such  as  Stettin,  Siufgard,  ColbcTg,  and  Cos- 
tins,  have  rich  manufactures.  Such  as  are 
situated  on  the  sea  coast,  carrv  on  a  very 
extensive  trade,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the 
articles  of  marchandise  which,  in  one  year, 
^ere  exported  from  Stettin  to  Holland, 
FraiKe,  Swcdcen,  Prussia,  and  En^nd,  viz. : 

10,089  lbs.  of  starch  : 

72,423  lbs.   of  antimony  : 

1,117  cwL  of  arseuie : 

106  cwt.  of  tin  X 

106  pieces  of  worsted  stuff: 
95 1  pieces  of  flannel : 

107  tons  of  lapis  cal^minaris  , 
6,^4Q  czBts  of  glass : 

33, 1 86  toises  of  wood  for  fuel : 

130,960  riiido|laT«  invaluci  of  timber: 

^*179  platnksi 

24  cases  of  linseed  | 

436,960  bricks: 

639  cwt.  of  brass  wire  \ 

147  tons  of  potash: 

408  cwt.  of  madder  i 

f33  tons  of  soap : 

6,812  cwt.  of  tobacco! 

3,448  pieces  of  woollen  cloth  1 

775  cwt.  of  wool.    . 
llie  whole  of  the  above  was  exuorted  on 
board  1,671   vessds,  besides  97  otner  ships 
that  sailed  from  the  same  port  in  ballast. 

Pomerania  is  divided  into  anirrivr,  and 
^lierior,    That  part  of  anlaior  Pomerania 

Vox..  J.    ILii.  Pan.  F$b.  I807.  j 


which  belongs  to  Sweden  h  composed,  a. 
Of  the  island  and  principality  of  Ru^. 
This  island,  now  at  almost  an  £na)ish  mfle^f 
distance  from  the  continent  of  which  it  was 
formerly  4  part,  is  4g  miles  incircumfeltnce  j 
the  soil  is  veiy  fertile  and  abounds  in  cattle  -, 
the  fisheries  also  are  verjr  productive.  It  coft* 
tains  27  parishes, divided  into  four jurisdicticos^  • 
2.  Of  the  country  of  Stralsund,  the  chief 
town  of  which,  bearing  the  same  name.  It 
the  capital  of  Swedish  Pomerania,  and  i» 
situated  on  the  straight  of  Gellen,  between 
the  terra  tinna,  and  the  isle  of  Rugen.  Thoff 
is  a  considerable  college  in  this  town ;  it  hu 
manv  in(Iei)endent  citizens,  a  number  of  weaU 
thy  mhabitants,  and  a  brisk  trade.  Stralsund 
was  built  in  1230,  it  was  one  of  the  Hans^i 
Town^,  and  enjoyed  great  privileges.  It  it 
the  residence  of  the  government ;  and  her* 
the  states  of  Pomerania  are  assembled.  lit 
this  city  arc  manufactures  of  woolfen  and 
linen  cloths,  pf  starch,  and  brandies.  It  has 
sustained  several  sieves.  It  w^as  taken  by  tha 
elector  of  Brandenburchin  1578,  but  Wallen- 
stein  was  obliged  to  abandon  the  sie^  of  it  in 
1628.  It  was  taken  and  ravaged  in  1715  ^ 
was  restored  to  Sweden  at  the  peace  m  1790. 
It  was  included  in  the  agreement  between 
Sweden  and  Russia  in  1805,  and  ito  defences 
have  since  been  increased.  Nevertheless* 
it  is  understood,  that,  although  the  fortifi* 
cations  on  the  land  side  protect  it  a^inst 
a  coup  de  main,  it  cannot  stistain  a  regular 
attack,  3.  Of  the  principahty  of  Barth» 
which  is  ten  miles  long,  and  six  broad; 
4.  Of  tlie  county  of  Gutzhow ;  5.  Of  the 
Barony  of  WoV^^ast.  These  different  coun.- 
tries  contain  ab.ut  l60,000  inhabitanui 
and  produce  an  annual  income  of  9-^0 fiOQ 
rixdollars. 

A  more  distinct  and  particubr  conception 
of  the  island  of  Rugen  may  be  obtained  froi» 
a  work  published  at  Altona,  m  1805,  in  8vo. 
entitled:  Strcifz&ge,  f^c. ,  or,  Excursiont 
through  the  islami  of  Rugjen,  In  letters  from  a 
nativo. 

RUg^n  has  lately  become  an  object  worthy 
the  attention  of  travellers,  particulariy  among 
the  Germans,  on  account  of  its  romantic 
scenery,  fertile  soil,  and  the  great  ho^pita-  - 
lity  pf'^the  patives.  The  author  of  this  work, 
who  styles  himself  an  Jndigcna^  thinking 
that  the  accounts  given  bv  his  predecessors, 
Relbtab,  ^^Uner,  ^d  Nemst,  weie  not  so 
satisfactory  as  they  might  have  beeif,  ha>^ 
favoured  the  German  pub1>c  with  his  toynr 
through  the  ishind  during  the  summer  of 
1803.  We  are  the  mgte  induced  10  preseiil 
a  few  extracts,  as  we  know  of  no  account  at 
tliis  island  in  our  own  laimuage, 

**  Tacitus  speaks  of  a  German  natioh,  the 
Hugii,  who  probably  lived  on  the  coast  of 
the  east  sea.  Jomandrs  also  mentions  theoi^ 
and  divides  theni«IO  UlwhfiMgih  •^^thii 


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V"l 


Rugit,  Helmod,  the  monk,  a  writer  of  the 
ICth  century,,  describes  the  country  as  an 
insula,  guam  incolnnt  Bani,  qui  ei  Ru' 
giant  vocantur.  In  low  German,  at  present, 
it  is  often  called  Rbiyen,  and  in  lili  ofiic'.al 
documents  it  is  styled  the  principality  of  Rii- 
gcn. 

*•  Riigen  lies  on  the  northern  frontier  of 
Germany,  and  stretches  alon^  the  coast  of 
Swedish'  Pbmerania  from  N.  >V.  to  S.  E. 
Its  greatest  distance  from  the  contitiMit  is 
rather  more  than  three  German  miles,  and 
its  nearest  approximation  about  ^  of  a  Ger- 
man mile.  Its  greatest  length  is  six  miles  and 
a  lialC  and  breadth  bet^veen  f)ve  and  six. 
Our  author  states  the  nopulation  at  27,426 
souls,  among  whom  16,733  may  be  reckoned 
M  vassals. 

**  Riigen  contains  no  river ;  but  springs, 
•trearos,  lakes,  and  canals,  are  not  wanting. 
Owing  to  its  elevated  situation,  it  is  subject 
to  cold  east  winds ;  and  storms  pour  from 
the  westward.  The  winters  are  se\ere  and 
IfMiff,  so  that  the  bs^  and  creeks  are  covered 
With  ice  as  late  as  the  month  of  ApriL 

**  The  most  lemarkable  m'merals  are  am- 
het,  chalk*  quartx*  granite,  in  immense 
blocks,  porcelain  and  brick  earths.  The 
island  is  so  covered  with  stones,  that  it  is  pr<2- 
tended  tliere  has  been  a  shower  of  them. 

**  Eight  hundred  species  of  pdantsmay  be 
reckoned  as  indigenous,  of  which  some  are 
of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  trade  of  the 
island.  The  foresU  are  composed  of  the  com- 
mon timber- trees  of  other  countries. 

"Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  pease,  buck- 
vrheat,  coleworts,  millet,  ai:d  vetches,  are 
the  objects  of  agriculture ;  and  the  annual 
exportation  of  the  five  first  mentioned  is  very 
considerable.  It  may  be  reckoned  amontr  the 
most  fertile  provinces  of  the  north  of  Ger- 
many. 

**  They  enumerate  from  twenty  to  thirty 
kinds  of  fish,  among  which  trout  and  mack- 
rcl  are  the  scarcest.  Herrings,  in  February 
and  March,  as  well  as  in  autumn,  arecauglit 
in  great  numbers.  Fishing  constitutes  the 
ehief  employment  of  most  of  the  inhabitants 
oo  the  coast. 

'*  Ragen  contains  two  cities  (Bergen  is  the 
-principal)  two  market-towns,  200  villages, 
and  33(J  large  and  small  estates,  fjrm-houscs, 
&C. 

'*  Tlie  natives  arc  divided  into  two  main 
classes,  separated  by  rig'd  boundaries,  viz. 
Free-born,  and  vassals.  The  nohility,  who 
belong  to  the  former,  are  proj)rietors  of  tlic 
major  part  of  the  island,  ar.u  enjoy  many 
privileges  and  immunities.  They  are  distin- 
guished from  the  nature  of  their  nosscssions, 
as  Feudal  and  Allodial.  The  Feudal  ar.^a 
peculiar  corps,  styled  the  Rugian  knightht'^J,  I 
m^i  wear  a  ^jartjcuUr  uoiforoi.    The  oobilit> ,  [ 


Succinct  Account  of  Pomerama.  [lOU 

in  general,  are  stated  to  be  nwre  civilized, 
than  those  m  many  of  the  German  provincei^} 
the  yonng  men  enter  the  Swedisb  or  Prus- 
sian armies,  or  cultivate  their  own  estates. 

"  The  dergy  are  also  exempt  from  all 
taxes  and  assewments;,  but  are  suhject  to 
the  royal  oonsii»tory.  The  King  of  Sweden 
is  head'  of  the  church,  and  patron  of  sixtsen 
livings.  They  are  the  most  enlightened  of 
the  natri'cs,  and  hospitality  is  one  of  their 
great  cbaMcteristirs.  Fa^  removed  from  mo- 
d'!rn  inf.fi'jiitv,  ai>d  tolcrmt  in  matters  of  re- 
ligiou,  they  do  not  denounce  anathemas  agsmst 
t}M)3e  who  differ  from  them. 

*'  The  vasfals  (homines  glchea  adscript) 
compose  the  greatest  part  of  the  natives,  uA 
are  divided  info  ciwvn,  fctidal,  allodial, 
church,  and  civic  subjects.  ShoiiW  a  noble, 
or  ai  civic,  vassal,  wish  to  buy  his  freedom, 
the  price  depends  entirely  on  tne  will  of  his 
lord  ;  but  a  certain  sum'  is  fixed  to  be  paii 
by  the  male  and  female  subjects  of  the  crowii. 

"  A  Fire  office  was  cstablbhed  in  1769. 
In  1803,  the  value  of  tlie  property  inwwl 
amounted  to  1  ,.)37,448  crowns.  When  any 
building  is  burnt  down,  thfoc-fourths  of  the 
estimated  value  are  paid  to  tlie  proprietor,  to 
which  the  other  insurers  must  contribute 
their  proportions,  according  to  the  sum  stand- 
ing in  their  names  in  the  register  of  the  of* 
fi<i.*' 

Nuptial  Ceremony  in  the  Island  of  Riigen. 

«*  On  the  wedding  day  the  guests  awemblf 
in  the  afternoon,  but  do  not  meet  together  in 
the  same  hcjse ;  for  the  relations  and  mends 
of  the  bridegroom  go  to  his  house,  awl  the 
bride  invites  her  party  separately.  Then  the 
two  parties  proceed  to  church,  whore  they^ 
unite,  and  the  bridegroom  greets  bis  mistress 
for  the  first  time  with  a  squeeze  of  the  hand. 
After  the  ceremony  both  sexfts  separate,  ainl 
the  women  accompany  the  bride  to  tlie  ^vann* 
beerhouse,  where  she  is  presented  with  a  pot 
of  warm  beer  with  raisins  in  it.  Towards 
evening:,  one  of  the  bride's  attendants  arrive?, 
fires  a  pistol  before  the  doOr,  presents  a  can 
of  beer  to  the  company,  and  repeats  sonje 
verses.  Afterwards,  the'  bride  with  her  porty 
retire  to  the  house  where  the  marriagf*  is  to  bo 
concluded.  The  supper  commences  with  a  * 
larce  dish  of  rice,  which,  with  the  other 
dishes,  are  brought  up  by  the  butler  and  cup 
bearer,  the  bride's  attcnuants. 

*'  The  bride  wears  a  crown  made  of  boi« 
leaves  with  gold  and  silver  toil.  The  bride^ 
groom  is  oniv  diatingui^hed  bva  white  neck- 
handkercliicl*.  Tiic  butl.»r  nnd  cup-beaiW 
recei\c  while  handkerchiefs  from  the  brkk» 
and  when  the  former  brinies  up  the  dish  of 
rice,  sIk?  hinds  it  round  his  arm*  The  hrid* 
and  bride*,  room  shnie  the  expenses  of  di6 
wedding,  .n  proportion  to  the  oymbw  « 
gue«t«  tuvitod  by  cacW 


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jlccoitni  o/\ihe  Sckamanic  Religion  in  Silerin^ 


(lOU 


Cvlfibration  qf  Uarvest'ITome  in  the  Island 
tif'  R&gen 

"  The  harvest  generally  begins  about  the 
middle  of  August.  Rye  is  the  first  ^rain  to 
be  cut,  which  is  done  wilh  the  acytne  :  the 
sickle  is  not  in  common  use.  The  honour 
of  being  first  mower  has  given  rise  to  a  singu- 
br  custom  called  "The  Victory;"  whence 
the  proverb  **  who  comes  first,  mows  first." 
W'hen  a  field  of  corn  is  to  be  mowed, 
whoever  is  inclined  to  be  tl>e  first  goes  veiy 
early  to  the  field,  takes  a  few  strokes  with 
the  scythe,  and  then  lays  himself  down  till 
kis  fdlow-labourers  api)ear.  But  it  often 
happens  that  a  rival  has  been  before  hand 
with  him,  and  calls  out  that  he  need  not 
trouble  himself,  as  he  i\as  already  gained  the 
victory.  Sometimes  a  third  unexpectedly 
starts  up  in  another  place  as  victor,  and  this 
kind  of  rivalship  causes  a  great  deal  of  mirth. 
Yet  the  mowers,  to  avoid  all  dij-putes,  have 
bound  tiiemsclves  by  certain  regulation*. 

*•  Wiicn  the  har\e^t  is  got  in,  the  landlord 
generally  gives  his  labourers  a  supper,  and 
weddin-rs  are  often  cekbratcd  at  this  season. 
In  the  afternoon  the  family,  with  llieir  guests, 
*re  assembled  round  the  table.  The  conver- 
sation relates  lo  the  wciuher,  the  harvest,  the 
landing  of  the  French,  &:c.  On  a  sudden, 
the  sound  of  violins  and  fifes  is  heard  ;  a  pro- 
cession of  men  and  women  advance  from  the 
barn,  preceded  by  their  banner,  which  is  a 
harvest  crown  conjp<^scd  of  yew,  box,  gi)ld- 
tinsel,  ribbands,  and  gilt  apples,  ail  artfully 
arranged.  While  the  landlord  and  his 
friends  arc  coming  out,  those  who  form  the 
proe^ssion  seat  themselves.  When  they  are 
all  quiet,  one  of  the  young  \vomen_  pri'scnts 
the  crown  to  tlie  landlord  with  a  iKXJtical  ad- 
dress. 

"Then  the  master  and  mistress  dance  a  short 
minuet,  give  the  crown  to  it.iothcr  couple, 
and  soon.  If  a  bridal  pir  are  present,  tney 
dance  first,  w  ith  the  crown.  But  the  life  of 
the  feast  is  after  supper.  All  kinds  of  cha- 
racter dances  are  then  introduced,  such  as  the 
shoemaker's  dance,  the  weaver's  dance,  the 
wink  dance,  &c.  But  the  most  orij^inal  is 
the  shepherd's  dance,  which  consists  of  a 
pantomimical  representation  of  sheep-shear- 
ing. The  movemenU  arc  all  very  viobnt,  the 
men  whoop  and  hollow,  and  the  brandy-bot- 
tle passes  bribkly  round.  At  midnight,  the 
married  and  single  form  two  parties,  tlie  for- 
mer to  protect  the  crown  of  the  bride,  the  lat- 
ter to  force  hej  from  the  dance.  At  last  the 
married  carry  the  day,  and  the  crown  (which 
the  bride  has  lost  in  the  fray)  is  rc|,laced  by  a 
cap ;  and  tlicn  the  yoiuig  woii.tn's  dance 
h^ips.  Thus  diey  continue  till  broad  iliy- 
light. 

••  Of  the  islands  adjacent  to  Riigcn,  the 
island  Oc  is  verj*  bmallj  and  only  coulains 
•oe  family.** 


The  author  has  omitted  to  mention  tha^- 
the  porcelain  earth  is  found  on  the  island  of 
Hiddensee;  which  furnishes  a  considerable 
manufactory  at  Stralsund.  The  small  island 
of  Pulitz,  lying  not  far  from  Bei^n,  on  the 
Jasmund  territory,  is  a  most  charming  and  ro- 
mantic spot.  Jasmund  is  the  part  most  visit* 
ed,  and  the  most  interesting  in  the  island. 
The  shore  of  the  a4jacent  island  Moen  is  high, 
and  greatly  resembled  the  shore  of  Jasmund. 
Its  highest  point  is  called  Konigsicchl,  King*s 
scat;  and  another  Konigen's-siechl,  Queen's 
scat.  The  author  controverts  the  opinion, 
that  the  seat  of  the  worship  of  the  Goddess 
Hertha  was  ever  removed  to  Ilugen.  'ITiis. 
Goddess  was,  undeniably,  worshipped  by  Ger- 
man nations  which  ne\'er  lived  here. 

The  German  reviewer  in  the  "  Allgemcine 
Literatur  Zettung  "  considers  the  work  be- 
fore us  as  the  most  complete  of  those  lately 
publislicd  pn  this  subject.  The  voyage  of 
Zallncr  has  merit,  but  the  author's  slay  on  the 
island  was  too  short  for  the  perfection  of  his 
work. 

ACCOUNT    OF  THB     UCHAMANIC     RELIGIOK 

IK  SIBERIA. — Traiislaled  from    Soniag'$ 

Russian  Extracts. 
Among  all  the  religions  of  Asiatic  itus- 
sia,  the  Schamanic  paganism  has  the  greatest 
number  of  disciples.  The  Tunguses,  Bu- 
raetes,  Ostiaks,  Samojedes,  Kamtschadales,  * 
and  most  of  the  northern  and  eastern  nations 
«nre  devoted  to  it.  The  more  confused  the 
ideas  of  rude  nations  are  with  regard  to  Gods, 
Spirits,  Souls,  &:c.  the  less  strange  will  it 
appear,  that  their  religipus  representations 
diner,  and  are  sometimes  more  gross  or  re- 
fined; more  rational,  or  defective.  On 
the  wliole,  however,  they  onlv  acknow- 
ledge cue  religion ;  namely,  that  which 
usually  attends  the  most  savage  slate  of  hu- 
man nature,  which  worships  a  n timber  of 
good  and  evil  deities,  mostly  very  \uieouth 
representations ;  and  brings  offerings  rather 
firom  fear  than  gratitude, 

The  most  pommoii  name,  by  which  th<f 
Asiatic  ma&icians  are  known,  is  Schaman, 
But  they  only  bear  this  epithet  among  the 
Tunguses,  Buraeles  and  Ostiaks.  The  Tar- 
tarian heathen,  called  them  Cham,  Ajun, 
and  Ahys  j  the  Samdedes,  Tadyb.  These  arc 
all  synouvmous.  liiey  liave  not  among  all 
the  heathen  nations  the  same  occui}aiions, 
customs,  and  arts,  but  their  appointment  is 
universally  similar. 

When  a  child  shews  a  naturally  weak  ha- 
bit of  Ixwly,  is  subject  to  the  crump,  and  has 
eopious  bleedings  at  tlie  nose,  he  is  declared  a 

Iiroper  subject  to  become  a  Schaman,  When 
le  IS  two  years  of  age,  an  old  priest  takes 
him  home  to  educate  him,  according  to  a 

I  preconcerted  method  of  dedication,    for  hi< 
future  situation.  Among  the  Zculeuis,  tlieof* 
2L2 


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An  Account  «/*  the  Qstiaks  in  Siberia, 


lioto 


fice  of  Cham  is  hereditary  ;  eo  that  the  son  is 
instructed  by  the  father.  Besides  an  early  ini* 
tiation,  the  Sckamans  augment  their  know- 
ledge by  infoimation  f;om  other  old  members 
of  the  Order.  Most  of  them,  like  their 
courrtrjmen,  must  maintain  themselves  by 
hunting,  fishing,  or  breeding  of  cattle. 
Only  the  rich  nations  pay  the  labours  of  their 
Schamans  with  cattle,  so  as  to  enable  them  to 
live.  After  their  decease  they  become  demi- 
gods, and  thus  receive  from  their  successors 
tne  same  honours  which  they,  during  their 
life,  had  paid  to  higher  powers. 

Tlieir  peculiar  dress  is  in  itself  a  part  of 
their  art,  and  shews  theip  views  of  suoduing 
the  imagination  by  terror.  It  consists  of  a 
long  leathern  rote,  covered  with  stuffed 
snakes,  eagles*  claws,  strips  of  skins,  little 
bells,  rings,  and  idols  made  of  tin.  In  con- 
sequence, these  robes  cannot  be  very  light  j 
and  a  traveller  has  asserted  that  ho  was  inca- 
pable of  lifting  one ;  yet  the  Schamans  can 
use  violent  exertions  under  them.  The  bon- 
net is  still  more  formidable,  if  jwssible  ;  for 
it  is  stuck  with  owls*  feathers,  and  is  well  pro- 
vided with  horns.  Sometimes  they  wear,  he- 
sides,  armour  on  the  arms  and  legs.  The 
dress  is  entirely  optional, 'and  those  who  arc 
conversant  in  the  business,  can  attract  homage 
even  from  the  manner  of  putting  on  their 
dress. 

'  Their  most  common  instrument  is  the 
drum,  which  is  made  of  willow  or  birch. 
It  is  three  feet  and  a  span  long,  covered  at  the 
top  with  skin,  and  open  underneath  ;  with  a 
cross-stick  by  way  of  handle.  The  sun, 
moon,  and  stars,-  trees,  rein-deer,  horses, 
snakes,  and  idols  are  depicted  on  the  skin. 
The  drum-s|ick  is  covered  with  skin  to 
deaden  the  sound,  or  bow- formed,  and  fur- 
pished  with  a  claw,  or  a  horn, 

Schanpanism  has  no  temples ;  nevertheless, 
particular  hills,  rivers,  forests,  and  moun- 
tains are  set  apart  for  religious  ceremonies. 
But  the  peculiar  scenes  of  incantations  arc 
the  Juricsy  esjiecially  at  nit^ht ;  where  the 
light  of  the  fire  in  a  smoky  hut,  and  the 
surroimding  darkness,  strengthen  the  impres- 
sions of  soTccr\\ 

The  occupations  of  the  Schamans  are  cer- 
tainly very  diversified,  but  all  relate  to  their 
more  imn^ediate  connection  with  the  gods, 
^lostof  lhe5cAam<in7cheathep  believe  in  a  kind 
of  superior  godhead  ;  but  he  does  not  engage 
in  the  affairs  of  the  world,  they  being  left  to 
inferior  deities,  lliese  are  divided  into  two 
classes,  good  and  evil ;  but  arc  frequently 
confounded,  through  the  extreme  ignorance  of 
their  worshippers.  As  almost  every  object  in 
nature,  and  every  human  transaction,  has  its 
particular  propitious  deity,  so  the  devils  are 
present  every  where ;  and  e^•e^y  evil  in  the 
world  is  tlie  work  of  a  demon,  who  makes 
that  hit  particular  occupatiou,     The  good 


deities  may  be  offended,  and  therefore  recon- 
cilitition  must  be  made  with  them  ;  the  evil 
spirits  must  be  appeased,  or  expelled. 

All  religious  ceremonies  are  arranged  and 
performed  by  tlic  Schamans,  especially  tlie 
sacrifices.  The  deities  are  as  accommodating 
as  their  worshippers  are  poor.  The  greatest 
offering  they  require  is  a  rein-deer,  or  a 
horse ;  but  they  arc  often  satibfied  with  a  new- 
metal  image,  with  a  duck,  a  weasel,  or  a 
fish,  Oflerings  are  made  in  cases  of  misfor- 
tune ;  also  after  pros]*erous  events.  Many 
nations  hold  annual  feasts.  Another  part  of 
the  Schamari's  office  is,  among  tlie  shepherd 
nations,  to  consecrate  the  catUe.  As  ail  the 
evib  in  the  world  are  the  work  of  bad  spirits* 
it  is  no  wonder  that  the  Schamans  are  much 
engaged  with  the  sick,  whom  they  heal  by 
all  kinds  of  enchantments,  after  having  dis- 
covered the  cause  of  the  malady  by  inspecting 
the  entrails  of  victims.  They  have  the  most 
trouble  with  the  dead,  jxirticularly  in  imped- 
i^gthe  return  of  thedq^artcd  spirits. 
^  The  Schamans  also  prepare  idols  of  wood, 
tin,  or  old  rags ;  but  not  much  art  is  employ- 
ed, for  the  best  are  monstrous  and  unshapen. 
They  use  the  drum  to  cull  up  ghosts,  and  to 
exorcise  them.  When  thcv  are  consulted  on 
any  important  affair,  they  light  a  fire,  smoke 
tobacco,  and  then  beat  tfic  drum ;  afterwards 
they  caper  about  the  fire  in  strange  conru!- 
sions,  and  often  with  sabres,  and  a  horriblo 
howl.  In  about  half  an  hour  the  spirit  ap- 
pears, with  which  they  fight;  and  as  no  one 
else  sees  any  thing,  they  assert  that  they  often 
have  to  contend  with  very  powerful  ghosts. 
At  last  they  throw  something  into  the  air, 
that  belong  to  the  petitioner,  by  which  the 
answer  is  convej'ed  into  the  dmm,  whidi  the 
Schaman  holds  to  his  ear  to  return  the  wish- 
ed-for  information.  There  are  other  incanta* 
tions  for  searcaing  into  futurity.  A  blade- 
bone  of  mutton  is  thrown  into  tlie  fire,  and 
the  cracks  and  marks  it  assumes  are  tokens  of 
the  future.  Others  thmw  forty  small  sticks 
into  the  air,  let  them  fall  on  the  drum,  and 
presage  events  from  their  positions.  Others 
answer  questions  acoording  to  the  flight  of  an 
arrow,  or  the  twang  of  a  bow  string. — There 
are  also  female  Schamans,  who  use  oearly 
the  same  system  of  sorcery. 

AN  ACCOUNT  OP  THE  OSTIAKS,  NEAR  BE- 

RE50W,  i^  SIBERIA.— /iy  a  Lady,    From 

the  same  Work, 
Before  the  Russians  conquered  Sibei;ia, 
it  was  under  the  dominion  of  the  Tatars,  wfeo 
gave  the  name  of  Ouschtaik,  signifying  *«  sa- 
vage," to  the  nations  which  inhabft  it,  as  $, 
niark  of  their  contempt:  hence  they  w^r6 
called  Ostiaks. 

The  young  females  are  pretty,  but  whe^ 
they  have  been  married  a  few  years,  they  bei 
dome  the  mor^  ugly  ^  and  the  old  womea.  ait 


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Hints  <m  Imiiaiive  Dancing. 


[lOli 


frIzhtfuUy  hid«t)W8.  Their  faces  are  flat,  pale 
yeUow,  and  full  of  wrinkles.  Some  few 
wear  stockings,  trowsers,  and  waistcoats,  like 
the  men,  made  of  fish-skins,  leather,  or  of 
coarse  cloth.  But,  generally,  their  whole 
wardrobe  consists  of  a  sheep-skin  pelisse 
without  any  tiling  under  it,  fastened  with  a 
girdle.  Tnev  plait  their  hair  into  two  long 
tresses,  which  are  held  together  underneath, 
by  a  twist.  The  rich  wear  long  strips  of 
cloth  hanging  from  the  head,  ornamented 
with  figures  of  horses,  rein-deer,  and  fish, 
in  tin,  copper,  or  brass.  Young  females 
wear  crowns  with  the  same  emblems.  All 
wear  very  long  ear-rings,  of  different  kinds 
of  coral.  A  veil  covers  the  whole  head, 
which  the  married  women  only  open  in  the 
presence  of  their  mothers.  The}*  also  delineate 
figures,  with  soot,  on  their  hands,  arms  and 
legs,  and  then  prick  the  skin  till  the  blood 
comes,  which  leaves  blue  marks. 

The  houses,  food  and  li  vine  of  the  Ostiaks 
are  worthy  of  each  other :  that  is,  [Mot  and 
filthy  in  the  highest  degree.  Their  summer  tents 
may  be  tolerable,  but  their  winter  habitations 
arc  horrible  holes,  more  below  than  above 
ground.  Sometimes  six  families  live  in  one 
of  them.  Instead  of  a  window  they  have 
a  large  piece  of  ice,  which  they  preserve  in  a 
frozen  state  by  pobring  water  over  it.  In  the 
centre  of  the' hut,  stands  the  common  hearth, 
where  every  one  prepares  his  own  food,  with- 
out  any  regard  to  stated  hours.  Only  imagine 
the  constant  smoke,  the  grease,  and  the  smell 
of  the  victuals,  which  nnwtly  consists  of  fish 
half  putrified — add  to  it,  that  the  chlklren 
and  oogs  satisfy  the  calls  of  nature  in  the  hut 

• — and  you  havea  model  of  the  temple  of  tilth. 
The  food  mav  very  properly  represent  the 
victims ;  which  consist  of  raw,  dried  or  frozen 
fish,  bears,  foxes,  dogs,  and  rcin-decr,  al- 
ways in  a  carrion  state. 

Like  many  other  ports  of  the  world,  the 
women  are  coAsidcrea  as  the  chief  domestic 
animals  :  all  falls  on  theijr  shoulders.  The 
men  hunt,  fish,  and  sleep.  Pre|)aring  the 
food,  domestic  arrangicmcnts,  boihn^  oT  oil, 

•dressing  pelts  and  hsh-skins,  makmg  nets 
and  cloilis ;  all  these  devolve  to  the  wife.  Be- 
sides, the  care  of  children  follows  of  course ; 
for  the  female  Ostiaks  are  too  jwor  to  be  un- 
natural mothers,  and  to  let  their  chiklren  be 
crippled  by  hirelings.  They  sometimes 
suckle  them  till  Aey  are  five  years  old.  But 
only  when  there  are  no  young  foxes  :  for, 
ivoiild  vou  believe  it?  — their  attention  to 
the^e  animals  is  so  mrcat  (the  skins  being  the 
prime  objects  of  trade),  that  when  the  cubs 
are  caudht  very  young  the  women  must  give 
them  the  breast.     W  ith  all  thjs  barbarism,  a 

•  man  never  allows  himself  to  strike  his  wife, 
let  her  faults  be  e\'er  so  great.  Yet  certainly 
not  from  respect,  but  -out  of  avarice. .  For 
th«  wife,  after  being  beaten,  is  entitled  to  re- 


turn to  her  parents  and  demand  her  dowry, 
without  the  husband's  recovering  what  he  paid 
for  her  J  for  women  are  a  regular  merchandize. 
They  are  bought  according  to  the  fortune  ex- 
pected, from  10  to  100  rem-deer  ;  and  some 
wedding  clothes.  To  have  more  than  ond 
wife,  is  only  allowed  to  the  heathen  Ostiaks ; 
yet  the  baptized  ones  do  not  stand  upon  cere^ 
mony. 

When  the  purchase  of  the  wife  is  settled 
to  the  satisfaction  of  both  parties,  it  is  con- 
firmed bv  a  suitable  feast,  with  dancing,  sing- 
ing and (irunkenness.  The  music  anadances 
are  mostly  extemporized ;  the  latter  are  very 
characteristic.  They  have  not  the  charms  of 
English  country  dances  of  four-and-twenty 
couple,  but  they  possess  other  attractive  quali- 
ties. They  consbt  of  a  kind  of  nantomimi- 
cal  burlesque.  The  dancers  partly  represent 
their  metliods  of  hunting,  fisning  and  fowl- 
ing, apd  partly  the  ])Osition,  gait,  and  pro- 
perties ot  certain  animals;  sometimes  they 
imitate  the  .manners  of  the  Russians ;  and 
they  are  aKyays  accompanied  wt'Ji  appropriate 
music.        '  . 

The  female  Ostiaks  have  one  piece  of  pro* 
perty,  namely  a  particular  goddess  in  a  forest 
some  distance  from  Beresow,  which  is  inac- 
cessible to  the  Russians.  The  women  hav« 
small  wooden  fibres  of  the  goddess  for 
their  private  devotions.  Afi'eciionate  widows 
(where  will  not  tenderuGSs  stray  to?)  likewise 
venerate  the  remembrance  of  their  husbands, 
by  wooden  puppets,  which  they  pretend  to 
feed,  and  taiie  to  their  beds. — When  a  wo- 
man dies,  she  is  carried  to  the  grave  by  fe- 
males only. 

The  curious  are  referred  to  the  "Costume  of 
Russia*'  for  representations  of  the  figures  and 
dresses  of  the  Ostiaks. 


INCIDENTAL    HINTS    ON    THE    ORIGIN   OF 
IMITATIVE   DANCING. 

We  take  occasion  from  the  incidents  men- 
tioned in  the  foregoing  articles,  to  call  the 
attention  of  our  readers  to  what  may  very 
plausibly  be  pro}x>sed,  as  the  origin  of  cha- 
racteristic dancing.  We  find  these  practices 
among  nations,  whose  mansers,  most  assur- 
edly, tiave  not  been  depraved  from  truly  nut  u-^ 
ril  expressions,  by  excessive  refinement  among 
themselves,  nor  by  ideas  borrowed  from  others 
who  affect  the  distiiKtimis  of  enlightened 
and  polite.  They  may»  therefore,  be  accept- 
ed as  almost  natural  to  man  in  the  lowest  state 
of  society:  and  they  form,  of  course,  a  part 
of  the  history  of  human  nature.  We  shall 
not  attempt  to  treat  this  subject  as  it  might 
be  treated  j  but  shall  consider  ourselves  as  li- 
mited, though  not  confined,  to  that  view  of 
it  which  arises  from  tue  preceding  oommuni' 
cjitions. 

We  have  seen,  above,  that  the  Ostiaks  re- 
2L3     . 


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1019] 


Hinfs  (Ml  Fmiiative  Hancing'. 


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present  the  position,  gait,  and  properties  of 
certain  animals: — ^also  the  manners  of  the 
Russians ;  and,  no  douht,  of  what  other 
strangers  may  happen  to  v'lsit  them.  In  like 
manner,  the  danCes  of  the  Kamstchadales  are 
imitations  of  the  actions  of  the  bear,  that  be- 
ing the  animal  best  known  to  them :  and 
thev  exhibit,  not  so  much  the  expectations 
and  sentiments  of  the  hunter,  the  human 
actor  in  the  scene,  as  the  alarms,  terrors >  and 
triclcs  exhibited  by  the  subject  of  their  chase  ; 
Ms  examination  of  the  traps  laid  for  him ;  his 
awkward  handling  of  what  he  grasps,  whether 
billet  or  musket ;  his  evasions  and  shifts ;  his 
clumsy  pjillop;  his  climbing  of  trees,  or  other 
modes  of  escape.  It  appears  then,  that  these 
dumb  shew  mimicries  are  the  resource  of  sa- 
rage  nations  for  entertainment ;  they  are 
bodily  attitudes,  not  mental  exertions  ^  they 
are  repetitions,  not  otiginalitics. 

As  remarkable  an  account  as  any,  because 
most  detailed,  is  the  ceremonies  describ:^!  in 
Collins*s  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  South 
Wales,  as  used  in  admitting  tnc  youths  to  the 
degree  of  men.  They  offer  the  rudiments  of 
character  dances  in  their  rudest  state. 

The  first  character  assumed  on  an  occasion 
f)f  this  kind,  we  learn,  was  that  of  the  dog, 
and  the  performers  crawled  upon  all  fours, 
parading  in  this  manner  aeveral  times  round 
Und  round.  Ttie  second  character  was  that 
of  hunters  of  the  Kanitaroo;  but  this  was 
quickly  exchanged  tor  the  personation  of  the 
Kangaroo  itself:  they  fitted  themselvoi  with 
long  taib  made  of  grass,  whiph  they  fastened 
to  the  hinder  part  of  their  girdles,  and  pro- 
ceeded—4iowjumpingalong — then  lying  down 
and  scratching  themselves,  us  those  animals 
do  when  basking  in  the  sun.  A  succeeding 
icene  appears  to  represent  the  eflecu  of  betde, 
and  the  slaughter  of  enemies  :  otliers  describe 
the  arts  of  attack  and  defence. 

We  may,  then,  place  this  imitation  of  ani- 
mals as  the  very  lowest,  and,  therefore,  as  the 
original  kind  of  dance.  An  amusement,  ex- 
hibiting skill  and  d^erity  j  knowledge,  too, 
of  that  kind,  which  was  accessible  to  theac- 
^  tors  and  spectators )  and  vigour  of  body,  but 
oot  cultivation  of  mind. 

A  second  class  of  dances,  though  allkd  to 
the  former,  is  the  imitation  of  particular  oc- 
currencea.  So  w#  see  hunting,  fi>Jiiing^  &c. 
at  New  South  Wales;  the- manners  of  the 
Russians,  &o.  among  the  Ostiaksf  and,  at 
Ouheite,  something  very  like  the  landing  of 
the  English,  was  i>resented  to  Capt.  Cooke. 
This  description  of  dances  was  adf)pted  by  the 
politest  nauons  of  antiquity  with  which  we 
are  acquainted,  was  even  appointed  to  be  re- 
peated on  periodical  occasions,  and  has  re- 
taiacd  its  esublishmeut  to  this  day.  Such, 
for  instance,  is  the  '*  Ariadne  iiance"  at 
Athsas,  rtprcicaling  the  adtcntares  qI  'I  hc- 


scus  in  the'  labvrinth  of  Crete,  when  sent  to 
destroy  the  Minotaur.  The  leading  dancer, 
waving  a  white  handkerchief,  represents  Ari- 
adne with  the  clue,  which  she  gave  Theseus- 
for  his  direction  and  safety;  while  the  ac- 
companying dancers,  are  grouj^ed  in  such  a 
manner,  as  to  form  a  labynnth,  through 
which  the  principal  daticer  **  wins  her  wind- 
«'  ing  way,**  Tliis  is  retained ;  and  is  danc- 
ed by  the  young  men,  in  the  streets  of  Athens ; 
but,  by  the  young  women,  in  a  more  retired 
situation,  on  the  banks  of  the  Sperchius.  To 
have  maintained  itself  for  so  many  ascs,  and 
amidst  so  many  national  revolutions,"  this  cojw- 
memorative  dance  must  surely  have  been  esr 
teemed  highly  interesting. 

Plato  divides  dances  into  military,  peaoefaf , 
and  mixed.  Hie  rudiments  of  the  military^ 
we  have  seen,  among  savages;,  they  could 
have  varied  only  in  paraphernal ui,  among  the 
civilized  tribes  of  men  :  the  flitter  and  clanj^ 
of  arms,  which  marked  the  Pyrrhic  danoe  oJF 
antiquity,  impart  no  essential  distinction  from 
the  chiefs  «*  beating  time  with  a  club  on  a 
*'  shield;"  and  **  striking  the  shield  wkh 
*'  his  club;  while  at  every  third  stroke,  the 
*'  whole  party  poised  and  presented  their 
''  spears  at  hiin,  poliuing  them  inwards,  and 
*'  touching  the  centre  of  his  shield;"  dm 
practised  in  New  South  Wales. 

The  miUtary  dances  of  the  ancients  imitat* 
ed  the  movements  of  war,  in  false  attacksp, 
retreats*  blows  attempted  and  avoided,  and 
various*  other  instances  of  promptitude  and 
address.  They  could  only  differ*  from  each 
other,  by  oontormity  with  the  prioci)4es  of 
tactics,  adopted  among  various  nations,  ^eno-* 
phon  mentions  dances  among  the  Thraciaa'*, 
performed  without  arms,  in  which  some  fell 
down  appareiitly  dead^  though  without  in- 
jury:  were  stripped,,  were  conveyed  to  their 
fimeral,  and  their  death  song  was  sung  bj 
their  fellow  soldiers. 

Peace  dances  may  bertainly  be  refbned  ta 
the  same  ideas  as  nredominate  in  the  Island 
of  Ragen.  The  snoeinaker's  dance,  the  wea- 
ver*s  dance,  acKl,  especially,  the  sheep-shearf 
ing  dance  ;  that  being  an  event  in  rural  crco- 
nomy,  at  the  aoroe  time  interesting,  fiimi!iar^ 
joyful,  and  profitable.  If  diepheid*s  sheep- 
shearing  be  commemorated  in  a  daifce,  wh)i 
not  harvest-home  itself?  Why  not  the  fe*^ 
tire  season  of  the  vintage,  as  well  as  that  of 
gathering  in  the  productions  of  the  earth? 
and,  indeed,  we  know,  that  Bacchic  dances 
were  of  extremely  autirnt  in  t'tution»  and 
generally  prevaknt.  The  Goddess  Vennt 
also  led  up  the  dance. 

Jam  Cytherca  ckoros  duett  Femis  imminente  Lams^ 

Junctaequt  Nympkis  gratia  iecvttes 
Jitemo  tcrrwm  fustftsnt  pede, 

HoK.  I?K  I.  Ode  4. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


J021T  Account  f^the 

To  pursue  the  consideration  of  dances  con- 
•ecrated  to  these  deities  further,  is  to  solicit 
the  nam  which  kivarlahly  affects  a  virtuous 
mind,  from  beholdins  tlie  depravity  of  sim- 
plicit^^and  elegance,  by  the  substitution  of 
'licentiouaoess  and  immorality.  ^ 

_  TTiat  the  seasons  of  the  year  were  anliently 
marked  by  appropriate  dances,  we  may  infer, 
fvota  that  calkd  Anthema  (flowers)  ;  during 
which  a  song  was  sung,  **  Where  tire  the 
•'  roses  f  f^  here  are  the  violets  ?  Wkneis 
•'  the  beauteous  parsley?"*  And  the  May- 
I>ay  dances  among  ourselves,  are  certainly  re- 
lics of  a  custom  extremely  aniient,  an^  no 
doubt,  extremely  popular.  When  we  consi- 
/iler,  that  part  or  the  religioas  ceremonies  of 
antiquity  consisted  in  dancings  ;  wc  may  pre- 
«umc,  that,  these  represented  "events  connected 
ivith,  or  derin^d  from,  the  live*  and  actions  of 
the  deities,  when  on  earth.  They  were,  in 
our  opinion,  com meniorative  dances;  though 
4n  lapse  of  ages  the  incidents  they  commemo- 
tate  w«re  foigotten. 

Swjh  were  the  incidents  tvhich  gave  rise  to 
the  imitative  art  of  dancing.  Graceful  move- 
ments, complicated  figures,  expressions  of 
ientiraent>  were^  refinemeots  not  originally 
foreseen  or  attempted  ;  but*  when  once  mind 
lias  interested  itself  in  a  study,  however  hum- 
ble or  ordinary  be  its  rudhnents,  there  is  no 
•aying  to  what  elegance,  or  to  what  digmt}% 
it  may  not  attain.  Certainly,  there  are  inti- 
hite  degrees  of  difference  between  the  atti^^dcs 
assumed  by  the  imitators  of  the  bears  of 
Kamschatka,  and  those  easy  flow  of  move- 
ments, 

In  gliding  state  which  win  their  easy  way, 
that  we  so  much  admire  in  a  well-bred  dancer. 
Nevertheless,  perhaps,  wben  designing  to  ex- 
press enjoyment,  as  experienced  by  dancers, 
our  aitthor  was  perfectly  right  in  instancing, 
**  the  charms  ot  an  English  country  dance, 
*'  of  four  and  t^venty  couple.** 

A   SUMMARY    ACCOUNT   OP    THE    MIMES    IK 
RUSSIA. 

[From  StoTch*s  Picture  of  Russia.] 
The  most  brilliant  epoch  in  the  annals  of 
the  Russian  mines,  is  the  rclgn  of  Catherine 
IL  The  improvements  in  mining,  the  ap- 
jwintment  of  able  inspectors,  and  the  removal 
of  many  abuses  and  peculations,  produced  a 
levenue  that  excited  tlie  astonishment  of  the  , 
world;  and  will,  no  doubt,  be  perpetuated 
among  the  most  glorious  and  remarkable 
•occurrences  of  that  nciiod. 

Of  the  two  Gold  mines  in  the  Russian 
)£mpire,  that  of  Deresov  in  the  Uralian  moun- 
tains (near  Ekaterinburg),  is  tlic  most  im- 
portant.   About  400,0000  pouds  *  of  metal 


Mines  in  liussia. 


'Cioto 


•  Apoud  ift  40lb. 


are  aniiuaHy  extracted ;  Which  yield,  on  an 
average,  fimm  40  to  60  Sftlotnik  f  of  fine 
gold,  from  every.  1000  ponds.  The  threft 
Washing-houses  contain  801  washing  troughs. 
The  number  of  workmen  attached  to  the 
mines  ammmti  to  above  2,000;  of  whom 
ftbont  1,^00  are  constantly  employed.  From 
the  first  openmg  of  the  mines,  m  1754,  t6 
.1788,  120  pouds  have  been  produced;  rec* 
koncd  at  Jt,  198,000.  roubles ;  after  all  ex- 
pences  paid^  leaving  a  surplus  of  480,000 
loahics.-. 

The  molt  considerable  Silver  mines  ait 
ihose  in  the  Atlaie  mountaioB.  The  principal 
one  is  called  Schiangenberg,  one  of  tne  rich* 
eu  in  the  world.  Another,  latdy  discovered 
on  the  river  Ulba,  promises  to  be  equally 
productive.  When  iirH  worked  they  con^ 
tained  from  five  to  six  solotntk  ot  silver 
(mingled  with  gold)  per  poud ;  afterwards^ 
oaiy  four;  and  since  1785,  not  more  than 
three  aud  a  half.  There  aie  five  smelting- 
houses.  In  1786,  5,400  labourers  were  em^ 
ployed ;  and  54,000  peasimtt  to  foU  wood,  tht 
military  and  ehancory  servants  excepted.  The 
collectiw  produce  amounts  to  400,000  roubles 
mnnually. 

From  17.45  to  1787,  they  have  yielded 
24,4dO  pouds  of  fine  silver;  and  above  830 
pouds  of  fine  gold :  which  «mount  to  moit 
than  thirty  millions  of  roubles.  The  expencct 
for  the  whole  period  did  not  exceed  aeveii 
millions;  so  that  the  olear  ^dn  was 
23,000,000  roubles. 

The  NertseltiHski  silver  (or,  more  propeHy, 
iead  mines  containing  goM  and  silver)  have 
been  constantly  worked  since  their  discovery 
in  1704;  but  the  profits  VMry.  About  two 
million  pouds  of  metal  arc  annually  extract- 
ed ;  but  the  poud  at  present  scarcely  contains 
more  than  one  or  one-haU*  sototnik  of  silver, 
lliere  are  five  smeliing-houses.  The  work«  " 
m^n  are  about  £,000 :  >he  wood-cutters  am 
nearly  13,000. 

From  1704  to  1787,  these  mines  yielded 
11,644  pouds  of  silver;  from  which,  sincd 
1752,  about  thirty-two  ponds  of  gold  have 
Ijeen  separated.  Both  together  amount  to 
nearly  1 0,000^000  of  roubles. 

Acoordmg  to  the  above  statement,  in  th« 
period  finom  1704  to  1788,  the  gpld  and  silver 
mines  have  yielded  about  1,000  pouds  of 
gold;  and  above  36,000  pnuds  of  siltcr;  es- 
tmiated  at  above  46,000,000  of  roubles :  th# 
expences  have  not  exceeded  15,000,000 . 
consequently  tlic  profit  is  30,000,000. 

Hie  most  considerable  Copper  mines  lie  i|^ 
the  Uniliin,  Altaic,  fliwl  Olonezic  mountamsl 
The  Unliun,  which  are  ilie  richest,  hod,  m 
1779,  **^f)  furnaces.  These  produced,  in  173Sr, 
above  ig3,752  p»uds  of  copper.  In  the 
-J _^ 

t  g6  solotnick  make  a  poud. 
I  SL4 


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A  SUcancf  Jccfnini  of  ike  Plata  iSv^. 


£h»4 


Altaic  mountains  tbefeia>  likewise,  a  conside- 
rable c(^per  mine ;  besides,  the  silver  ore  pro- 
duces a  valuable  quantity  of  copper:  about 
15,000  pouds,  aiioually,  upon  the  whole. 
In  1782,  \S,783poud9  of  couper  were  coined 
there.  The  produce  of  the  Olonezic  moun- 
tains, and  other  scattered  mines,  cannot  be 
reckoned  at  more  than  a  few  hundreds  of 
pouds. 

The  collccti\^  annual  revenue,  therefore, 
in  copper,  amounts  to  nearly  200,000  pouds ; 
the  value,  reckoning  the  pond  at  only  ten 
foubles,  may  be  estimated  at  9,000,000. 

But  the  ^Irgn  mine$t  after  the.salt-work», 
constitute  the  |;reatest  source  of  wealth  to 
Kussia.  The  richest  mines  lie  in  the  Uralian 
mountains;  where,  in  1779t  70  furnaces, 
4nd  532  great  hammers,  were  at  work.  Tak- 
ing all  the  iron  founderies  in  the  kin^om 
collectively,  wt  may  reclcon^  at  present,  100 
furnaces^  and  800  hammers.  But,  besides 
the  large  founderies,  there  are  numerous 
smiths  aniotig  the  peasants  ;  who  smelt  tl)e 
«ietal  at  home,  and  manufacture  all  kinds  of 
utensils  and  implements.  The  most  consi- 
derable iron-works  smelt  tlie  metal  procured 
from  the  mountains  -,  but  the  peasants  iise  the 
low>land  ores. 

In  1782»  3,940,400  pouds  of  wrou^ 
iron  were  manufiicturcd  in  the  Uralian  iron- 
works ;  and  if  we  reckon  a  million  of  pouds 
among  the  remaining  Russian  and  Siberian 
flt>venunents,  it  appears  that,  about  five  mil- 
lion pouds  (not  including  what  is  used  in  cast- 
ing) ^re  annually  furnished  by  the  whole 
kingdom,  l^e  value  in  money,  acoordingto 
the  present  price,  amounts  to  (at  least) 
4,600,000  roubles.  Most  of  the  ores  )  icld 
more  than  50  per  cent  From  7^  to  8  mil- 
lion of  pouds  oi  xpw  iron  are  required  to  make 
five  million  pouds  of  wrought  iron;  and  at 
least  fifteen  million  pouds  of  ore  are  neces- 
/ioiy  to  produce  that  quantity  of  raw  iron. 

According  to  the  present  arrangement,  in- 
tfodnced  by  the  late  Empress,  a!l  mines  be- 
long either  to  the  crown,  to  public  institu- 
tious,  or  to  private  persons.  The  cabinet  of 
Peteisbttrgh  has  the  supreme  direction.  Un- 
der it  is  the  Board  of  Mines,  where  a  major- 
general  presides.  Besides  two  counsellors, 
and  the  necessary  attendants,  the  Board  is 
«!omposed  of  different  mine-masters,  and  sur- 
veyors of  the  smelting-hou8es.  All  ofRcers 
attactied  to  the  mines  rank  with  the  artiller)' 
and  engineer  corps;  and  wear  a  particular 
uniform*  ' 

The  Strog^now  family,  which  is  among 
the  gieat  proprietors  of  iron-mines,  possesses  in 
the  government  of  Perm  alone,  540,000 
square  vfrsts  of  land,  with  83,453  ^-assals. 

•^*  JVe  are  promised  a  succession  qfinte^ 
testing  articles  respecting  Russia,  and  its 
provinces ;  selected  from  Works  extremely 
hairee,  ifknoicn,'iK  tkie  country. 


A  SUCCINCT  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  PI^TA  RIVM.. 

[From  Alcedo's  (geographical  Dictionary  ia 
Spanish.] 

The  river  Parang  rises  in  the  Coitlilleras  of 
the  Brazils  in  15°  S.  Lat.;  receives  the  ftira- 
guay  in  27^  S.  near  Fort  Corricotes,  ajnd  the 
Uruguay  just  above  Buenos  Ayrcs.  Thett 
three  nvers  united  constitute  the  Rio  do  U 
PUta,  lliycr  of  Plate,  or  Silver  River. 

Itwasdiscovercdhy  deSolis,  in  1615,  wb» 
navigated  up  it  as  high  as  an  island  in  34°  40* 
S.  Lat.   Havm^  seen  sorne  huts  of  Indians  oa 
tlie  banks,  he  nnprudently   landed  with  ten 
men,  who  were  all  massacred.     Five  yati 
after,  Sebastian  Gaboto,   who  had  lefl  tb« 
English  service  aiKl  entered  the  Spanisl),  ar- 
rived there.    He  was  sent  by  the  opankids  te 
discover  the  streights  of  Magellan  >  however* 
being  prevented  from  performing  that  service 
by  the  opposition  of  the  natives,  he  entered 
Rio  de  la  Plata.^    He  navigated  it  as  high  at 
the  island  discch^cred  by  de  Soils,  and  gave  it 
the   name  of  St.   Gabriel.      Seven  leagues 
higher,  he  met  with  the  river  of  St«  Salvador, 
and  another  thirty  leagues  distant,  called  by 
tlie  natives  Sarcana,  where  he  built  Fort  Ga- 
boto. He  continued  h  is  voyage  as  far  as  the  con- 
flux of  the  P^ana  aiul  Paraguay ;  the  latter  fae 
entered,  and  had  a  conflict  with  the  Indians 
in  which  he  lost  25  men.     But  he  defeated 
them  at  last,  and  took  a  great  c^uantitv'  of 
silver,   whid)   tliey  liad  drawn  from  Peru. 
Thinking  that  this  metal  abounded  in  the 
country,  he  called  the  river  Rio  de  b  Plata* 
Silver  River ;  and  it  soon  lost  the  name  of  i^ 
discoverer 

It  receives,  during  its  course,  many  other 
large  bodies  of  water  -,  so  that  it  rises,  over- 
flows, and  inundates  the  countiy  for  many 
leagues ;  and,  like  the  Nile,  fertilizes  whers 
it  extends.     At  this  period  the  Indians  retire 
with  their  families  and  effecu  in  canoes,  in 
which  they  live  till  the  waters  have  subsided. 
The  current  at  the  mouth  of  this  river  Is  st 
extremely  rapid,  that  the  water  does  not  be- 
come even  brackish  for  many  leagues.    The 
river  yields  an  incredible  quantity  of  fish  w 
various  kinds,  and  the  most  beautiful  birds 
inhabit  its  l>anks.    The  distance,  from  iw 
conflux  of  the  Parank  and  Paraguay,  to  tw 
mouth  of  the  Plata  is  nearly  200  leagues.    M 
abounds  with  fine  islands;  and  is  navigabk 
for  the  bi^t  ships.    The  country  on  each 
side  is  quite  ojien  and  level ;   but,  j^*VJJ^ 
neither  springs,  lakes,  nor^treann,  it  is  dim- 
ctik  to  cross.     It  furnishes  e>cry  sp^^^  ?; 
American  and  European  productions}  socb 
as  corn,  cotton,  sugar,  honey,  &c.j  but,  th« 
most  extraordinary  circumstance  is  the  P"*!^ 
gation  of  cattle.     For,  as  the  plants  cxteo* 
more  than  200  leagues,  and  su)>pty  exctUeat 
pasturage^  the  li«t  breed  from  Spain  h»  f^^ 


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£UM 


^plkd  90  immenidy*  that  it  is  impossible  any 
longer  for  individuab  to  ascertain  their  own ; 
hence  all  are  iu.  common.  Those  who  want 
<nilk,  take  as  many  cows  and  calves  as  they 
please.  Horsesareemially  numerous.  Pouf- 
try  and  game  are  ftkewise  very  abundant ; 
tae  partridges,  wliich  are  as  larse  as  barn-door 
fowls,  are  often  killed  with  sticks.  In  short, 
the  country  only  wants  salt  and  wood.  Tlie 
first  is  iuiported ;  the  latter  b  procured  from 
the  gieat  plantations  of  peach-trees,  which 
Ibrive  uncommonly  well. 

The  month  of  the  river  is  about  40  leagues 
broad ;  from  Cape  Sc  Antonio  lo  that  of  St. 
Maria  del  £ste.  Though  the  whole  river  is 
navigable,  yet  it  contains  many  shallows  and 
rocks,  which  are  often  fatal  to  vesseb  when 
the  wind  is  from  the  W.  Gales  are  more 
frequent  there  than  at  sea.  It  flows  by  the 
cities  of  Buenos- Avrcs,  by  the  colony  of  Sa> 
cramento,  which  mrmerly  belonged  to  Po^tu- 
faJ,  and  by  Monte-Video.  Its  montli  lies  in 
35°  30"  S.  Lat. 

Monte-Video  was  founded  on  the  banks  of 
the  Plata,  90  leagues  from  its  mouth,  by  or- 
der of  Marshal  Bruno  de  Zavala.  It  is  small, 
has  only  one  parish,  and  a  convent  of  Fran- 
ciscans. It  stands  on  a  hill  commanding  a 
large  and  commodious  bay,  which  is  fre- 
^  quented  by  ships  going  to  Buenos-  Ayres.  The 
citadel  is  badly  constructed  with  fbur  bastions 
and  some  batteries.  The  governor  resides  in 
it.  The  town  is  surKOunded  with  a  strong 
wall,  on  which  are  some  pieces  of  artillery. 
The  population  is  about  1000  smils,  com- 
prisingmany  opulent  and  distinguished  fami- 
lies. The  climate  is  excellent ;  and  the  soil 
very  fertile.  Fish  is  so  cheap,  that  it  scarcely 
bears  any  price.  The  principal  trade  con- 
sists in  hides.  It  lies  35  leagues  fVom  Buecos- 
Ayres. 

A  few  further  particulars  relating  to  Buenos^ 
Ayres,    From  the  same  work. 

Among  the  most,  remarkable  animals 
are  tigers  of  a  larger  species  than  any  where 
else;  also  ant-eaters;  and  the  chinchilla,  a 
kind  of  squirrel,  in  shape  like  a  lap-dog.  Its 
fur  is  of  a  bright  gr^  colour,  and  finer  than 
the  most  delicate  siik.  The  trade  is  carried 
on  with  the  provinces  of  Pern  by  means  of 
carts  drawn  by  oxen.  They  travel  together  in 
caravans,  for  fear  of  the  Indians. 

The  capital  of  Buenos- Ajrtes  is  called  Tri- 
nidad, it  was  founded  by  Don  P.  je  Men- 
doza.  In  1535,  it  was  twice  abandoned  on 
account  of  irruptions  of  the  Indians ;  and  no 
provision-ships  arriving,  the  inhabitants  were 
reduced  to  feed  on  human  flesh.  In  1581,  it 
was  a^R  colonized  by  order  of  Philip  II. 
Tlie  situation  is  delightful.  Owing  to  the 
width  of  the  river,  the  opposite  coast  cannot 
b«  sceo.    The  country  is  op^>  con > lastly 


verdant,  and  oovered  with  villas  and  country 
seats.  Winter  is  the  rainy  season,  when 
tremendous  storms  of  thunder  and  li^htmn^ 
take  place.  The  heat,  in  summer,  is  tem- 
pered by  the  bieezes  which  spring  up  about 
noon. 

It  is  the  capital  of  the  Bishopric.  The 
building,  though  of  brick,  may  stand  in 
competition  with  the  best  in  Europe.  The 
cathedral  is  a  handsome  structure.  The  city  ' 
is  divided  into  four  parishes ;  containing  five 
convents,  two  monasteries,  a  foundling  hos- 
pital, a  house  for  orphans,  a  college,  and  a 
beautiful  square.  The  citadel  adjoins  the 
river :  here  the  go\'ernor  resides.  The  garri-* 
son  did  consist  of  24  companies  (of  50  men 
each)  of  militia  cavalry;  g  of  infantry;  I  of 
artillery,  with  a  large  park  of  ariillerv.  Th« 
streets' intersect  eacn  other  at  right  angles } 
but  when  the  river  swelk,  they  are  impassable 
for  carts ;  foot-paths  arc  raised  for  the  conve- 
nience of  the  inhabitants.  They  use  the 
peach-tree  for  fuel  to  hea\  their  ovens^  and  to 
cook  with,  as  wood  -can  only  be  procured 
from  a  distance  of  2  or  300  leagues.  The 
population  is  about  30,000  souls.  Trinidad  is 
70  leagues  from  the  mouth  of  the  Plata,  itt 
319®  10*  Long.  34^  35"  Lat.  from  Ferro. 

'.,     '        r      I  III  Mii 

ACCOUNT  or    THE    PREKCR    COLOICT    0» 
SEMEOAL,   BT   CITIZEM    PBI>LBTAir» 

The  French  are  the  only  European  nadoii 
which  possesses  settlements  between  Cape 
Blanc  and  the  river  Gambia;  from 21*^  to S^ 
N.  lat.  They  would  have  monopolized  the 
whole  trade  of  the  coast,  if  the  peace  of  Ver- 
sailles had  not  allowed  England  (as  an  equi- 
valent for  tlie  useless  demolition  of  Foct 
James,  on  the  River  Gambia^,  a  share  in  the 
gum-tiade.  Sierra  Leone  might  have  become 
very  important,  if  properly  supported  by  Go- 
vernment )  for  the  river  is  not  obstructed  hf 
2i  bar  like  the  Sen^al,  nor  by  dangerous 
sand-banks  like  the  Gambia.  Lai^  vcssek 
could,  at  at  any  time,  easily  procure  wood  and 
water,  which  are  scarce  on. other  parts  of  this^ 
coast;  and  the  soil  is  rich  and  fertile. 
Geographical  Description. 

Fort  d'Arguin,  in  21°  N.  lat.  is  now  aban- 
doned ;  as  a  sand-bank,  of  that  name,  renden 
the  navigation  verv  dangerous. 

ttoadofPor/en'rffc*,  in  18p  N.  lat  The 
Fort,  at  present  abandoned,  was  built  to  prei 
vent  the  smugging  of  Senegal  Kum.  The 
author  is  of  opinion  that  a  small  squadron, 
stationed  between  Cape  Blanc  and  Cape  Verd^ 
would  answer  the  purpose  much  better. 

Mouth  of  the  Senegal,  in  i6'  N.  lat.  Be- 
tween three  and  four  leagues  from  the  mouth 
is  a  small  sandy  island,  surrounded  by  the 
two  arms  of  that  river;  it  is  thy  capital  of 
the  colony,  and  \vas  fbrmcrlv  called  >Jt. 
Louis ;  the  author  calls  ii  tlie  Inland  of  Se- 


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fiegaJ.    The  p6]iutation  anioimts  to  between 
^  and  7>000  souls  ;    blacks  and  mulattoes, 
JVecmcn  and  slaves.    The  length  of  the  island 
'i*  about  three  quarters  of  A  league;  its  breadth 
is  from  1 20  to  250  toiies.     As  the  inhabitants 
P0ISC8S  no  territory  on  the  Continent,  they 
live  entirely  by  trade.    The  fort  is  in  bacl 
' condition,  and  contains  but  few  cuns.    On 
-the  sea-^de  are  three  batteries  of  ncavy  me- 
tal j  ^ut  the  bar  is  its  chief  protection,  for 
Wge  vessels  cannot  nass  it.     Forr*eiJy,  there 
tverc  gun-boats.     The  garribon   consists  of 
243  men,  called  the  **  African  Bataillon ;" 
thirty  men  were  detached  to  the  Island  of 
'Coree,  and  four  or  five  to  the  Island  of  Gam- 
bia, in  the  Sierra  Leone  river.     A  seventh 
part  ol  the  garrison  dies  annually:    The  go- 
vernor is  iilbo  head  of  the  civil  department ; 
■an  insVitution  very  injurious  to  the  wclfhre  'of 
the  colony. 

Fort  Fodor,  about  60  leagi^e*?  distant  from 
the  Island  of  Senegal,  on  the  Kfep^ant-tooth 
Island  {tsk  au  Mor^hU) :  it  prot^  cis  a  \  il'is^e 
containing  9,000  ne^ioes,  but  tre  situation's 
not  favourable  ;  -  the  trade,  on  W^vX  account, 
was  so  trifling,  that  it  has  lately  been  aban- 
doned. 

Fort  St.  Joseph,  in  the  Cahm  c6untrv, 
^es  nearly  1 5>0  leagues  above  Podor,  on  tde 
Sicnegal  river,  and  three  days  journey  from  the 
gpld  mines,  in  the  county  axBambuk,  Tliis 
.ioct  was  established  to  protect  a  market,  held 
.  annually  in  October  or  No\ember,  according 
.to  the  rise  of  the  Senegal.  For,  like  the  Kile, 
and  most  of  tiie  African  rivers,  the  Senegal  has 
its  periodical  rise.  It  begins  to  fill  from  Jime  to 
Kovember,  and  then  decreases  till  tJie  iiionth 
of  May.  In  August,  September,  and  Octo- 
ber, Uie  waters  are  at  their  height;  tliprc  is 
likewifie  the  rainy  and  sickly  season.  At  low 
water  the  river  is  navigable  for  ships  of  100  to 
$00  tons,  to  the  distance  of  only  about  twelve 
leagues  above  Podor.  "W'hcn  full,  one  may 
ffo  up  as  far  as  Calam,  In  July,  travellers 
leave  Senegal,  ftuiand,  tlie  author's  prede- 
cessor, went  by  land  to  Galam,  in  July,  178(5; 
|ind  performed  his  journey  in  22  days. 

The  fort  barters  gold  for  European  goods, 
(particvdarly,  salt  and  brandy),  and  naillet,  for 
tne  consumption  of  the  inhabitants  of  Sene- 
gal. The  great  distance,  and  the  mortality, 
have  obliera  the  French  to  ouit  that  settle- 
,inent.  ihe  author  reckons  tlie  annual  reve- 
nue of  the  gpld  mines,  at  "^5,000  crowns ;  of 
which  10,000  went  to  Senegal.  Since  the 
limitation  of  the  slave-trade,  this  settlement 
has  suffered  great  disadvantages.  The  annual 
exportation  of  gum  from  Senegal,  amounts  to 
nearly  1,200,000  lbs. ;  the  English  buy  from 
6  to  700,000  lbs.  every  year.  Formerly 
1 ,200  slaves,  and  between  20  and  25,000  lbs.- 
of  ivory  were  annually  sold.  The  imports 
were:  common  linens  and  muslkis;  small 
iroo  and  glass  wares ;   coarse  gunpowder. 


fire-arms,  a  litde  comAion  scarlet  cloth* 
brandy,  motai-ses,  wgar,  and  '5on;e  naval 
stores  for  the  coasting  vessels. 

Thf  island  of  Corr'r  in  IH'  N.  lat.  A 
small  barren  rock,  tkboiil  a  ii-.T^jne  ''rom  the 
main  below  Cai)e  Veid,  with  t'oiA*:  very  wenk 
fomticjtions  ;  2,000  inha^ri  nts  blacks  arul 
mr.latoes  ;  pirily  ftreri.-i.  a  ^d  partly  ^lav^s  ; 
tvho  Ji\'e  solely'  i»y  t^  'uT-irade.  GorA: 
pnxluccs  nothing  j  \\r\  rv  -i  water  artd  wood  ; 
out  there  is  a  very  ot^ure  anchoring  ground 
and  a  small  natural  bason  where  »hips  may 
be  repaired— the  only  one  on  the  coast  from 
Mogador  to  the  Goid'Coast,  where,  aborto 
all,  a  larQ;e  bdr  impedes  the  landmg,  evcQ  of 
boatA.  1  he  iohi>bitant8  carry  on  r^n  excliisiTe 
coasting-trade  as  far' as  the  nver  Gambia,  in 
slaves,  oxen,  and  millet. 

The   iiaifiHa.    Sone  miserable  mud-ho- 
vels, 'without  means  of  defence  even  againat 
th^  ik;iives  ;  a  resident,  who  has  a  salary  of 
300  crowns,  and  three  or  ibtir  black  sailoi^  : 
thcie  consiituic   the  whole  of  the    Frenek 
settibment  here.    The  sailors  are  too  igno- 
rant to  pilot  vescsls   in  the  dangerous  mouth 
of  the   Gambia.     From  2     tp  3,000  slaves 
are  annually   ex|X)rted  }   a  small  quantity  of 
^i>ld,  and  douUe  the  quantity  of  ivory,  which 
IS  recei\icd  from    Senegal;   log-wood,    and 
wood  for  cabinet  makers,  and  a  great  deal  of 
very  impure  wax.     Five-sixths  of  these  eat-    * 
ports  are  taken  by  the  English.    The  ioi- 
ports  are  much  the  same  wiili  those  of  Sene- 
gal,   and  Gor^  $    however,   we  miij»t  add» 
the  coarse  cottons  of  Rouen  and    Naate^ 
coral     manufirctcred     at     Mar^lles,     and 
wrriught  amber  from  Holland. 

The  river  Casamanca  belongs  to  the  Por- 
tuguese. The  bnnks  must  be  very  fertile  | 
for,  in  5;easoos  of  scarcity,  great  quantities  of 
good  rice  are  exporte<l  from  thence. 

The  cluster  of  island**,  called  Bisago$  ia  . 
11®  N.   lat.,  are  exclusively  frequenced  by^ 
the  Portuguese.     The   French  govammeoi 
had  them  investigated  in  1788. 

Loss  islands.  About  thirteen  %'ears  ago,  a 
sailor  from  Havre  de  Grace  settled  there,  anj 
was  of  sreat  sen  ice  to  French  vessels  in  pro- 
curing them  provisions.  Some  Englishniea 
have  also  settled  in  the  islands,  on  account  of 
the  slave-trade. 

It  is  a  very  ancient  custom  in  Africa,  to 
treat  prisoners  of  war  as  slaves.  The  author 
even  asserts,  that  Europeans  found  the  slave* 
trade  in  full  force  in  Africa,  and  that,  ^ere- 
fore,  they  did  not  establish  it.  The  negreisa 
of  Senegal  lead  a  most  active  and  labonous 
life ;  the  black  sailors,  or  Laptois,  ibr  exam** 
pic,  perform  laborious  services  which  M 
white  man  could  stand.  But  the  negroes  oil 
the  main  are  very  indolent  and  careleiw;^ 
their  husbiindry  is  at  a  very  low  ebb,  ^ti^ 
their  mechanics  worse.  This  difTerence  h  - 
the  more  striking,   becausey  Sdiegd  h  t^ 


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Sketch  (ff  ihr  Life  of  Professor  Camper, 


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'        craited  from    the  inhabitants'  of  the  conti- 
'         nent.    In  Senegal  they  shew  great  activity 
and  industry  ;  but  as  soon  as  they  return  to 
their  native  country  they  abandon  themsch-es 
'         toapathy  and  indolence.    The  cause  proceed* 
'         from  the  uncertainty  of  all  kinds  of  property  : 
from  a  wandering    life,     prompted  on  all 
sides  by  insidlousness  j  from  constant  wars 
and  plundering ;   causes  which  hare  greatly 
Increased  and  strengthened  that  melancholy 
IraiBc.     A  general  ahotition  of  the  slav>> 
trade  would  restore  civilization  and  happiticss 
among  these  people,  and  a  flourishing  a^ri- 
eulmre  would  supply  the  French  ships  with 
ridi  and  unexceptionable  cargoes.    The  au- 
thor, here,  has  not  overlooked  the  dangers  of 
a  sudden  emancipation  of  the  kouse-slaces  in 
'Senegal :  he  proposes  the  same  method  that 
b  saiil  to  have  succeeded  very  well  in  North 
America,  namely,  to  liberate  slaves  after  a 
certain  period  of  servitude ;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  to  allow  of  hiring  negroes  from  the  in- 
terior, for  a  stated  term  of  years.    The  author 
has  treated  very  diffusely  of  the  future  culture 
of  the  country  with  reg-ard  to  its  different 
parts,  and  the  various  qualities  of  the  inha- 
bitants. 

8KBTCH  OP  THB  LIFE  OF  PROFESSOR 
CAMPER. 

^Partly  abstracted  from  his  **  Eloge,"  bv  M. 
Vicq-D*Azyr,  delivered   to   the  Acacf^ir.ie 
Fran^isc*     Inserted    in    the  CEuvres  de 
Vicq-D'Azyr.  Vol.  i.  p.  305.] 
This  learned  aaatomist  was  born  at  Lev- 
6m,    May   11,    1722.     lie  was  son  of  ttie 
Rev.  Florent  Camper,  and  of  Catherine  Kct- 
.  ting,  bom  at  Surat,  but  of  Dutch  parentage. 
His  grandfather  was  a  physician  at  Leydeii, 
where  his  family  had  lon^  tilled  the  most  ho- 
^urable  posts  of  the  magistr^ic^'.     Th^  father 
,  of  our  professor  was  a  man  of  learning,  and 
intimate  with  those  learned  men  Eocrrhaave, 
VGravesande,  Muaschenbroek,  the  Chevalier 
Moor,  and  others.     Among  these  was  our 
young  student  brought  up.     He  was  of  a  vi- 
gorous constitution.     He  early  studied    the 
arts  of  design  and  painting,  wliich  afterwards 
proved  cxlremelv  useful  to  him,  and  enabled 
Btm   to  convey  liis  ideas  of  form,  &c.  with 
precision,    by  his  own  hand.     Laborde,  a 
famous  mathematician,  taught  him  geoine- 
.  try.     He  was  instructetl  in   nis  art  bv  Gau- 
bius,  Van   Rooven,  and  Albinus.     His  in- 
awgoral  dis^ertaiWns,  when  admitted   M.D. 
ware  coramended  by  Baldinger,  and  collect- 
ed by  Haller.     lu  the  iirst  he  appears  as  a  par- 
tisan of  Smith  on  Vision  :  in   the  second  he 
dtsoribes   the  canal  ^odronn4  of  Petit,    in 
4he  eyes  of  animals :  in  both,  he  manifests 
Ids  ui^ion  of  anatomical  knowledge  with  tliat 
of  se0«ral  nature,  aod  of  the  (\ne  arts. 

M.  Campor  l>Aving  lost  \k\t  parents,  de- 
iccmined,   i^i   I74tt«    to  travel;    ax^d  vi^ted 


England ;  where  his  talents  were  admired  by 
Mead,  Parsons,  Pitcairn,  Pringle,  and  Mor« 
timer.     William  Hunter  assisted  his  anato^ 
mical  researches;  Sniellie  taught  him  mid- 
wifery. Sharp  surgery,  Elliot  liotany.     Here 
also  he  learned  inoculation.     He  stu<lied  elec- 
tricity with  Watson,  magnetism  wiih  Knight^ 
the  microscope  with  Baker,  and  astrononw' 
with  Short     At  Oxford  he  heard  Bradley  on 
the  central  forces :  at  Cambridge  he  visited 
the  famous  optician  Smith,  and  Walker,  of 
Trinity,   who  was  visited  by  all  strangers, 
partly  because  he  lived  in  the  house  which 
Newton  had    occu|)ied.      At    Paris  Cam- 
per   found    Winslow,    the    chief  of  ana- 
tomists; among  physicians,  Astruc,  Ferrin, 
Sanchez,  and  others;  among  surgeons,  Le- 
Dran,  Petit,  andOuesnay:  am(»ng  natura!- 
ists,  Reaumur  and  Buffon ;  amon^;  botanists, 
Bernard  de  Jussieu,  and  many  more  Savaru, 
At  Louvain,  he  examined  the  anatomical  ca- 
binet of  Bils :  at  Hamburgh,  that  of  Ker- 
kringius :  he  ihspected,    in  the  Sound,  the 
famous  Tower  of  Tycho  Brahe.     At  Hano- 
ver, be  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Zim* 
merman;    at  Gottingen,    with     Michaelii, 
Heyne,    Forster,    Gmdin,    Wrisberg,    and 
Biiimcnbach.    ,  At  Cassel»  he  saw  Mr.  Soem- 
mering*s  cabinet  of  preparations  :  and  at  Ber- 
lin, he  was  well  received   bv   its  nunnerous 
literati.     M.   Camper  travelled  often,    and 
short  journies  at  a  time ;  because  he  d^ired 
to  examine  and  reflect.     Sometimes  his  chil- 
dren travelled  widi  him  ;  when  they  kept  « 
journal  in  common,  in  which  they  all  in- 
serted their  obsen-aiions,  whether  on   trudia 
or  errors,  on  projects  or  sj-stems.     He  was 
acquainted  with  authors  as* well  as  with  their 
works :  was  a  stranger  at  no  academy,  nor 
was  any  academy  a  sirani^r  to  him  :  he  took 
his  place  at  Ixmdon,  at  Paris,  or  at  tcrlin. 

nicrc  are  two  sources  of  instruction  in 
science :  rending  and  observation,  l^ooks 
couLiin  facts  and  reasonings  ;  but  the  readier 
is  never  sure  of  what  others  have  seen  :  often, 

only  the  results  are  committed   to  writini 

never  the  train  of  circumstances  which  cha- 
racterize a  subject.  No  wonder,  tiien,  that 
a  n-ader  f*»rms  his  opinions  with  hesitation, 
and  is  gready  sul  ject  to  incertitude.  Eut,  thfe 
mun  who  has  drawn  his  knowlecitte  from  ob- 
servation, speaks  decidedly  from  his  own  opi^ 
nlon,  which  he  can  explain  in  mote  tlian 
one  way,  and  can  illustrate  by  njore  tlian  one 
comparison  :  such  was  M.  Camper. 

As  all  exaniiicmatic  diseases  are  capable  of 
being  inociJatcd,  M.  Camper  established  in 
Ftizeland  a  society  wholly  occupied  io  inocu- 
lating cattle  with  epizootic  diseases,  intend- 
ing to  diminish  Uieir  virulence.  This  patrio- 
tic  attempt  was  long  without  success.  At 
length,  a  countryman,  named  Reinders,  {M* 
rected  his  attention  to  the  fact,  \h■^  ^'\'e% 
born  of  moihcis  whicU  had  lecoTeied  froai 

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the  disorder,  received  the  inoculation^  and- 
went  through  the  vari(»us  stages  of  the  ma^ 
lady  without  much  hazard.  M.  Camper 
tooK  the  hint,  and  directed  his  talents  ac- 
cordingly, till  he  at  length  discovered,  in 
1777»  a  method  which  proved  a  public  bene- 
fit: so  that,  whereas  formerly  two-thirds  of 
the  cattle  infected  were  lost,  now  the  loss  be- 
came but  three  in  a  hundred. 

M.  Camper  successively  occupied  the  chairs 
of  philosopnv,  anatomy,  surgery,  and  phy- 
«c,  in  the  iJniversities  of  Fianeker,  Am- 
sterdam, and  Groninguen. 

It  is  customary  in  Holland,  and  in  Ger- 
siany,  that  Professors  deliver  a  discourse  at 
commencing  their  office.  In  one  of  these 
discourses,  a1.  Camper  examined  the  cer- 
tainty of  the  art  of  physic ;  in  another,  the 
ideas' formed  on  the  subject  of  beauty  ;  in  a 
third,  the  advantage  of  anatomical'  know- 
ledge in  the  sciences,  whether  moral  or  na- 
tural ;  in  a  fourth,  he  discussed  the  analog 
between  plants  and  animals.  He  also  paid 
particular  attention  to  the  conformation  of 
birds ;  and  puClished  his  remarks  on  the  pre- 
tence of- air  in  the  interior  cavities  of  tneir 
bones. 

The  lungs  of  birds  adhere  to  the'  ribs,  the 
motions  of  which  must,  for  this  reason,  be 
compensated  by  those  of  the  stemimi ;  vesi- 
cles, full  of  air,  formed  of  muscular  mem- 
branes, are  extended  in  the  belly,  along  the 
bones  of  that  part;  orifices  situated  toward 
the  head  of  the  larger  bones,  which  are  not 
furnished  with  marrow,  preserve  a  free  com- 
munication between  these  and  the  lungs; 
and  the  air  with  which  the  system  df  bones  is 
filled  streams  also  under  the  skin,  whence  it 
passes  into  the  quills,  that  are  clothed  with 
feathers !  To  what  other  wonders  anatomists 
bad  disco\'ered  in  the  structure  of  birds,  M. 
Camper  hereby  added  that  of  the  astonish- 
ing permeability  of  their  organs ;  by  which 
the  whole  body  becomes  a  kind  of  living  bal- 
loon, capable  of  expansion  or  contraction,  at 
pleasure,  directed  by  its  own  powers,  every 
part  whereof  contains  within  itself  an  cthe- 
rial  fluid  by  which  it  is  distended,  and  a  force 
by  which  it  is  impelled.  A  wonderful  master- 
piece of  buoyancy,  mobility,  s\jppleness ! 
Man  hardly  comprehends  its  mechanism ; 
and,  in  spite  of  his  most  daring  experiments, 
it  baffles  the  most  skilful  imitations  devised  by 
his  ing^utty.  Under  other  consideratians, 
M.  Camper  described  the  changes  produced 
by  domesticity  in  the  structure  of  birds.  In 
this  ^tate,  they  increase  in  size  and  Meight : 
the  extremities  of  their  bones  become  round- 
ed 'y  the  orifices  destined  to  maintain  the  pas- 
sage of  air  close,  and,  ovcirome  by  its  di- 
mensions, the  bird,  in  ser\*itude,  loses  all 
power  of  regaining  its  freedom. 

Apes  liavc,  in  Uie  anterior  part  of  the  la- 
fvnx,  a  pouchy  whether  bony  or  membra- 


neous, which  opens  under  the  epiglottis.  II . 
Camper,  who  discovered  this  hollow  in  the 
Oran-Otan,  observed,  that  instead  of  beli^ 
single,  as  in  the  apes,  it  hW  double  in  this 
creature ;  and  that  it  communicated  wixYl  the 
larynx  by  two  apertures.  He  proved  that  do 
other  species  known  had  this  conformatioD : 
and  reading  afterwards  Galenas  description  oC 
the  ape  used  by  the  ancients  in  their  anat<»- 
mical  demonstrations,  he  recognized  that  sub- 
ject in  the  oran-otan ;  Galen  noticing  ex- 
pressly these  bags,  and  these  apertures.  M. 
Caipper  also  discovered  in  the  rein-<leer  a 
memoraneous  bag,  placed  under  the  skin  of 
the  neck,  and  opening  into  cTie  larynx ;  bat 
the  intention  of  these  bags,  in  animab  s» 
different,  is  unknown.   ' 

It  was  long  doubtetl  whether  fishes  pos- 
sessed the  sense  of  hearing.  The  experi* 
ments  of  Rondcletius,  of  the  Abb^  Nollet» 
and  many  others,  proving  the  fact,  the  qoes' 
tion  still  remained  to  ascertain  where  the  or- 
gan was  seated.  M.  Camper  examioed  this 
or^n  in  several  classes  of  nsh. 

In  cartilaginous  fishes  three  fcmi-circular 
bony  passages  enclose  three  others  of  the 
same  shape,  but  of  a  cartilaginous  substance. 
Betw^een  these  passages  is  a  sort  of  purse,  the 
matter  of  whicn  is  elastic ;  in  this  are  con- 
tained two  white  bodies,  of  a  chalky  consis- 
tence; and  over  these  the  ner\ous  pulp  b 
spread,  for  the  reception  of  that  impulse  vehicfa 
produces  the  idea  of  sound. 

In  spinous  fishes,  the  little  bones  which  the 
elastic  purse  contains  are  three  in  number:  s 
muscumr  apparatus  stretches  this  purse,  at 
pleasure ;  and  none  of  the  three  semi-circtdar 
passages  has  any  protecting  covering.  An  ex- 
terior  aperture,  kno%vn  to  Du  Verney,  aiul  de- 
scribed by  Monro,  i)ennits  a  free  passage  to 
the  sonorous  undulations.  Bui  tnis  oi^gan 
possesses  neither  auditory  canal,  nor  mewt' 
Iratia  tympani  (the  drum  of  the  ear),  the 
existence  of  these  parts  being  restricted  to 
animals  which  lt>'e  in  the  air ;  nor  do  we 
find  the  cochlea  (or  spiral),  which  is  peculiar 
to  man,  and  to  animals."  Reduced  to  its  most 
simple  construction,  the  organ  of  hearing 
consists  in  a  few  small  bones  surroonded  by 
nerve. 

That  class  of  creatures  which  are  them- 
selves nothing  but  pulp,  as  it  were,  cannot 
receive  impressions  from  sound,  since  they 
have  no  solid  part  wherein  the  sonorous  yibf&- 
tion  may  impinge,  and  be  regulated.  The 
flesh  of  these,  in  proportion  as  the  number  of 
organs  is  diminished,  becomes  nH)re  flexible^ 
more  gelatinous,  more  plpitating;  and  this 
excess  of  mobility,  no  aouot,  compensates  in 
them  the  diminution  of  sensibility.  In  this 
excellent  discourse  on  the  organ  ot  hearing  in 
fishes,  intent  on  determining  with  aocuraey 
the  origin  of  the  nerves,  M.  Camper  has  do- 
scribed  the  brain ;  in  which  ha  indudcs  the 


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K»3] 


Sketch  of  the  Lrfe  of  I^fifessor  Camper. 


{1034 


lobes.  M.  Vico-D*AzyT  thiiiks,  on  the  con- 
trarvy  that  in  nil  animals,  the  mass  of  brain, 
deprived  of  lobes,  is  reduced  to  the  tubercles  of 
the  centre,  whence  tlie  nen-es  issue. 

M.  Camper  also  described  the  anatomy  of 
a  youns  elephant,  that  of  the  head  of  a 
double-homed  rhinoceros  from  Africa*  that 
of  a,  didelphus  from  Asia,  which  differs  con- 
siderably trom  that  of  America,  that  of  the 
dromedary,  that  of  the  Cape  ant-eater,  that 
of  the  crocodile  of  the  Ganges,  and  some 
parts  of  a  whale.  He  also  collected  a  ^reat 
number  of  fossil  bones  ;  and,  by  his  study  of 
comparative  anatomy,  he  was  convinced  that 
there  really  have  existed  various  animals,  no 
longer  met  with,  such  as  tliat  enormous  qua- 
druped whose  remains  are  found  on  the  *  anks 
of  tne  Ohio ;  as  well  as  others  allied  to  species 
still  existing,  but  of  vastly  enlarged  propor- 
tions ;  c.  gr,  the  elk  widi  greatly  dividccl  horns. 

M.  Camper  was  not  satisiieii  widi  studying 
the  human  frame  as  an  anatomist,  and  com- 
paring it  with  the  conformations  of  animals, 
ne  directed  his  knowledge  lo  assist  the  arts  of 
design,  and  composed  a  course  of  anatomy 
suited  to  painters ;  to  whom  he  taught  this 
science  during  many  years,  in  the  amphi- 
theatre of  the  SchfX)l  fcir  Painting  at  Amster- 
dam. He  procured,  from  the  shores  of  Asia 
and  Africa,  the  skulls  of  Negroes ;  and,  in 
measuring  the  facial  line  of  these,  he  sup- 
posed it  to  be  more  inclining  among  the 
placks  than  among  the  whites.  In  tracing 
this  line  still  furiner,  and  giving  it  different 
dtt;rees  of  obliquity,  he  exhibited  at  pleasure 
a  human  countenance,  aquadruped*s  head,  or 
»  bird's  bill.  Sec  this  pnnciple  iilustmted  in 
our  review  qf  Mr.  Bel  1*8  Anatomy  of  Surgery. 

To  select  among  the  obser\-ations  furnished 
by  anatomy,  those  which  may  best  illustrate 
the  nature  of  diseases,  is  an  extremely  useful 
occupation.  M.  Camper  ex;ecuted  a  plan  of 
this  nature,  in  a  large  and  handsome  work, 
as  to  the  arm  and  the  pelvis.  The  parts  arc 
described  according  to  the  order  in  which 
they  present  theniselves,  from  the  exterior  to 
the  mterior.  The  plates,  which  the  author 
himself  delineated,  greatly  facilitate  our  un- 
derstanding of  his  text.  We  especially  ob- 
serve in  this  work,  a  truly  original  descrip- 
tion of  the  nen'es  of  the  arm,  those  of  the 
articulation  of  the  arm  with  the  shoulder- 
blade  'y  those  of  the  Laments  of  tlie  verlebrse, 
and  of  the  arteries  of  the  pelvis.  Two  im- 
portant remarks  present  themselves ;  the  first 
is,  the  more  considerable  curvature  of  the 
urethra  in  children  than  in  adults — a  circum- 
stance which  demands  that  the  probe  receive 
the  same  degree  of  curvature  :  tne  second  is, 
the  position  of  the  sub-clavian  artery  between 
the  clavicula  and  the  coracoid  apophysis ;  at 
which  part,  when  the  shoulder-blade  is  care- 
fully dravni  backwards,  the  artery  may  be  so 
effectually  compressed  with  the  nngcr  as  im^ 


mediately  to  suspend  pulsation  to  the  e%^ 
treniity  of  the  member.  Surgery  has  taken 
advantage  of  these  observations. 

M.  Clamper  sufl'ered  himself  to  be  diverted 
from  the  completion  of  this  ereat  work  by 
writing  for  the  prizes  proposed  by  several  a.ca- 
demies.  He  eained  that  proposed  by  the  Aca* 
demy  of  Haencni,  by  an  essay  on  the  treat- 
ment of  infants :  to  this  he  added  another, 
on  the  organ  of  hearing  in  the  whale  3  and  a 
third,  on  the  causes  ol  hernia  in  new-bom 
infants.  Other  prizes  he  received  from  the 
Academy  of  Dijon,  for  his  researches  on  spe- 
cific medicines  ; — from  that  of  Toulouse,  for 
his  treatise  on  inoculation; — from  that  of 
Lyons,  for  a  discourse  on  diseases  of  the- 
breast ;— from  that  of  Surgeiy  at  Paris,  for  his 
thoughts  on  the  influence  of  air,  sleep, 
watcning,  and  the  different  excretions,  in  the 
treatment  of  surgical  diseases.  By  another 
memoir,  he  contributed  to  banish  plaisters  in 
the  citre  of  ulcers ;  in  which  he  recoramen<l- 
ed  the  use  of  vegetable  .astringents.  He^also 
published,  in  the  volumes  of  this  institution^ 
rcmar];s  on  Smellie's  forceps,  and  on  Rookhuy- 
seri*s  lever;  also  on  a  bandage  for  restraining 
hernia.  Edinburgh  published  his  memoir  on 
the  formation  of  callus  after  fractures.  More- 
over, he  collected  his  obserx-alions  on  the  dir- 
vers  kinds  of  serous  effu«<ions ;  and  pointed 
out  a  new  method  of  penetrating  into  the  ar- 
ticulations, whether  those  of  the  knee,  oiv 
those  of  the  cotyloidal  cavity,  when  filled 
with  scrum :  this  collection  received  the 
prize  proposed  by  the  lloval  Society  of  Me- 
dicine at  Paris,  on  the  subject  of  the  nature 
and  treatment  of  dropsy. 

At  the  same  time  he'enriehed  the  works  of 
BufTon,  Pallas,  and  MonTo,  with  his  disco- 
veries in  natural  history  and  anatomy.  He 
performed  the  section  of  the  pubis  on  the  fe- 
males of  quadrupeds.  He  recommended  the 
operation  of  cutting  for  the  stone  at  twice. 
He  published  obser%'ations  on  the  ozence  of 
horses,  and  on  the  origin  of  the  animalculm 
wliich  inhabit  the  liver  of  sheep.  He  re- 
ported to  the  Society  of  Agriculture  at  Gro- 
iiingen  his  experiments  on  the  cultri^ation  of 
meadows.  He  was  associated  with^  every 
learned  body ;  and  was  the  first  after  Boer- 
liaave  which  the  French  Royal  Society  of 
Sciences  innerted  on  tlie  cautious  list  of  its  fo- 
reign associates. 

Two  of  his  dissertations,  in  particular, 
ought  to  be  noticed.  In  the  first,  the  author 
enquires,  why  man  is  subject  to  a  greater 
number  of  diseases  than  aninials  ?  Is  this  a  - 
matter  of  enquiry  by  those  who  live  among 
men  ?  Animals  remain  fiiithful  to  the  dic- 
tates of  nature :  men,  on  the  contrary, 
counteract  her  laws.  They  confound 
day«(,  times,  seosons,  and  climates,  lo  this 
cohfusfon  all  is  constraint ;  in  this'  disorder 
aU  it  excess;   every  where  vre  see  labour. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


Jddkiottal  Easi-Iadia  ProdMciums, 


without  rqxMey  or  repose  without  labour: 
hunger  deuies  itself  to  opulence,  but  at- 
taches itself  to,  distress  :  on  all  sides,  pleasure 
issues  in  grief;  error  is  combined  witli  truth  ; 
and  vice  is  the  torment  of  virtue.  From 
the3e  tedious  languors  arise  diseases  without 
Dumber,  and  most  commonly  without  re- 
medy. Imagination  produces  them,  inter- 
mingles them  artfully,  augments  them ;  but 
ftever  palliates -them,  never  cures  them.  Un- 
der the  various  names  which  physic  <Jeviscs, 
vexations,  remorse,  excess,  mihappincss,  in 
•hort,  cuts  off  the  most  interesting  portion  of 
afflicted  humanity.*  By  what  means  shall  we 
oppose  such  perversions?  We  reply,  with 
M.  Camper,  by  the  exercise  of  aidividuai 
ffcasou,  m  personal  advice  and  remonstrance ; 
by  that  of  public  reason,  in  wise,  humane, 
paternal  and  wholesome  laws ;  by  mutual  in- 
terchange of  good  offices,  of  jjower,  fortune, 
and  sympathetic  attention. 

The  second  memoir,  at  first  sight,  appears 
to  be  a  joke ;  indeed  it  originated  from  a  free 
conversation :  but  it  is  a  proof  wliat  in- 
tcrest  slight  incidents  derive  when  treat- 
ed by  a  niu)d  replete  widi  valuable  observa- 
tions, and  accustomed  to  an  advantageous 
distribution  of  them.  AL  Camper  wrote  on 
shoes  and  boots :  and  we  think  so  well  of  his 
hints,  that  we  propose,  at  some  future  period, 
to  inuoduce  them. 

These  labours,  though  numerous,  did  not 
prevent  M.  Camper  from  attending  with  dili- 

fence  to  public  bu;>ine$s.  He  was  deputed 
y  two  bailliages  to  the  States  of  Frizciand ; 
in  which  h«  Ions  continued.  In  17B3,  he 
was  elected  member  of  the  re^ncy  of  Gor- 
cum ;  in  J78(),  he  was  called  mto  the  coun- 
cil 01  state.  Placed  by  this  incident  amidst 
the  factions  which  divided  Holland,  surround- 
ed by  the  ruins  of  his  country,  accused  of  not 
Jiaving  exerted  himself  sufticiently  :o  eft'ect 
its  independence,  these  distinctions,  these 
honours,  became  the  source  of  endless  vexati- 
ons ;  his  health  sunk  under  them,  and  he  fell 
a  sacrifice  to  chagrin.  He  died  April  7,  17B9. 
Such  was  the  termination  of  a  useful  and 
important  life !  An  instance  of  what  may  be 
effected  by  diligence,  activity,  and  zeal  for 
the  diffusion  of  knowledge :  an  instance,  of 
the  desire  of  renown  gratified  in  the  way  of 
a  liberal  profession  .  valued  at  home,  ad- 
mired abroad ;  such  was  Professor  Camper. 
May  he  not  also  be  regarded  as  an  instance, 
that  the  steady  secludeid  virtuiis  are  little  cal- 
culated for  the  boisterous  offices  of  public 
life }  that  the  violence  of  faction,  or  the  tor- 
rent of  poliiical  enmitv,  may  overpower 
minds  of  the  greatest  endowments,  and  de- 
prive a  perturbed  stale  of  its  most  useful  and 
raluabk  citizens  ? 


ri«t 


•  These  are  Vicq-D*Azyr's  own  words;  for 
.an  account  of  his  own  death,  as  connected  with 
iCaaottc's prophecy.  Panorama,  p.  995,  ct  $cq. 


M.  Camper  \Tas  buried  at  Levden,  with  lai 
family.  He  left  a  \'aluable  collection  of  skr- 
letons,  fossil  bones,  and  anatomical  prepan- 
tions  of  every  description.  Ub  MSS.  and  his 
drawings  are,  perhai^s,  stiUmore  valuable. 

INDIAN    PRODUCTIONS,     THE    ACQOWmOSr 

OF  WHICH  IS  DESIRABLE.     [Tran^ted  Doai 
the  French.     Vide    Panorama,  p.  79^-3 

ANIMALS. 

In  pointing  out  the  animals  of  Hindoostaa, 
and  tne  neighbouring  countries,  which  de- 
serve to  be  naturalized  among  us,  1  shall  nnea- 
tion  first,  the  species  of  Fowls  of  Chatigaon  ; 
a  breed  of  the  greatest  beauty.  Thcjr  wei^ 
nearly  as  much  as  the  lai^gest  Turkies  s  and 
their  flesh,  which  is  soft  and  tender,  is  infi- 
nitely more  relishing  and  delicate  than  that 
of  the  Turkey. 

II. — The  Camel  of  India  has  one  buxzsp  ? 
this  useful  animal,  for  more  than  one  reason, 
ought  to  be  transferred  to  the  islands,  where 
he  would  be  of  the  greatest  utility  in  carrying 
burdens,  iJarticulariy  in  the  interior  parts, 
impracticatleto  wheel  carriages. 

Ill . — ^llie  larger  species  of  Buffah,  which, 
in  Tuscany,  renders  important  8er\'icc»  to 
agriculture  and  the  plough,  deserves  to  be  in- 
troduced into  France;  where  this  species 
would  be  equally  useful  for  the  same  purposes. 
It  is  well  known,  that  the  Bufialo  is  inde- 
fatigable ;  and  that  although  slow  ia  his  mo- 
tions, he,  nevertheless,  exceeds  oxen,  I 
might  say  horses,  too,  in  labour. 

IV. — ^I'he  Sheep  of  Cashmirc,  which  maybe 
boldly  described  as  the  most  useful  species,  no 
less  then  the  most  beautiful,  considering  the 
quality  of  its  (Icsh,  which  is  tei:der  and  cx« 
quisite;  the  beauty,  fineness,  and  silkiness* 
of  its  fleece,  and  especially  the  length  of  its 
wool.  I  have  seen  some'  of  this  wool,  and 
have  even  brought  over  sp^mcns,  twenty 
two  inches  in  length. 

v.— The  Musk  Deer  of  Boutan,  and 
Great  Tibet,  which  it  would  be  possible  to 
naturalize  in  our  Colonies,  as  also  m  Europe. 
Musk  is  a  valuable  inraedient  in  perfumes; 
but  more  so,  in  medicine. 

VI.— The  Sheep  of  the  same  countries, 
which  is  a  beast  of  carriage;  it  bears  as  much 
as  se\'enty-five  pounds ;  it  ascends  and  climbs, 
with  this  load,  the  highest,  and  most  craggy 
mountains  of  that  uneven  country. 

VII.— The  Gazelle,  called  in  the  lanjguage 
of  the  Chingonlas,  a  people  of  Candy  in  the 
isle  of  Ceylon,  Nalaniman,  literally,  littk 
fovr-tyed  Stag.  This  prettv  quadruj)cd, 
mild  in  nature,  and  famiiiiir  with  man,  is  1 
little  being  which  Nature  scans  to  have  ta- 
ken a  delight  to  create  in  nuniafure,  and  to 
delineate  with  a  n:ost  astonishing  delicacy  of 
proportion.  Its  legs  are  about  tne  size  of  a 
quill,  its  body  tlitn  and  slender;  the  carriao^ 
of  its  head  announces  gentleness  coiub'uiet 


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1037] 


Jdditwnal  EasUlndla  Pfodu€tions. 


Cio^d 


with  some  d^^  of  spirit.  Its  eyes  lively, 
1arg«,  and  bmliant,  are  surrounded  by  two 
eve-lid^,  the  eye-lashes  of  which  are  very  long. 
Parts  simibr  to  these  have  been  found  in  ail 
onimal^;  but  N^ure  seems  to  have  sborted» ' 
or  to  have  been  uncommonly  hountifuly  in 
bestowing,  or  rather  in  tracing,  beneath 
the  eyes  of  this  charming  little  creature,  two 
marks  perfectly  resembling  two  other  eye-lids, 
and  furnished  with  eyc-laahes  as  completely  as 
tlie  real  eve^lids  which  cover  the  eyes.  This 
quadruped,  a  fondled  child  of  Nature,  is  not 
disgraced,  or  cast  out  by  her.  It  b  found  in 
the  forests  of  Ceylon,  with  other  wild  ani- 
mals. We  might  say,  that  its  lot  is  cast  with 
the  utmost  attention  to  its  enjoyments,  ami(J 
the  solitary  gardens  of  Nature ;  for  there  he 
need  iK>t  dread  the  fatal  j^ws  of  voractons 
animals.  The  four-eyed  Gazelle,  to  use  the 
Hindoostannee  name,  is  extremely  lively:  it 
scarcely  walks,  it  bounds  along,  and  quickly 
secures  itself  fmm  danger  in  its  fort,  for  so 
we  mj»y  call  its  retreat.  This  pretty  little  ani- 
mal feeds  on  the  tenderest  herba  and  flowers.' 
U  is  passionately  fond  of  honey,  and  of  milk. 
To  the  fair  sex,  nothing  could  be  presented 
to  lovely  as  this  miniature,  formed  by  Nil- 
tiire*s  own  hands,  and  whose  whole  charac- 
ter is  mildness  itsdf. 

Vlll.-^In  speaking  of  the  desirable  sub- 
jects of  the  animal  kingdoms,  it  might  be  ex- 
pecied  that  I  should  specify  aU  which  I  have 
nad  opportunities  of  seeing,  but  which  are 
not  generally  known  :  among  these  I  shall 
mention  the  little  Dwarf  Elephant,  and 
iaiiaygttsh.  If  the  four-eygd  Garelle  is  an 
aoimul  in  miniature,  tlie  Dwarf  Elephant 
might  pass  for  an  abortion  ;  not  that  he  has 
any  charncteristic  marks  of  defonnit^,  but, 
because  from  his  appearance  we  might  be 
induced  to  adopt  this  opinion  of  him.  7*his 
elephant,  diminutive  m  size,  and  so  \'er}'  far 
from  reaching  the  dimensions  of  ti)e  other 
kinds,  appears  also  to  have  less  intelligence 
than  they.  Id  this  he  strikin^y  differs  from 
the  four-eyed  Gazelle,  which  is  incompara- 
bly more  lively,  more  active,  more  iutelli- 
'  gent,  more  familiar  and  fond,  than  the  lar- 
m  species  of  his  class :  whereas  the  small 
bulk  of  this  Elephant,  his  awkward  motions 
aod  appearftDce,  inspire  no  other  sentiment 
than  that  derived  from  behold'mg  a  feeble  b^ 
in«--a  dwarf. 

IX. — Siaygiishf  which  signifies  in  Hin- 
doostannee ••  black  ear,*  is  an  animal  pe- 
culiar to  Hindoostan.  If  I  were  to  class  him, 
I  should  place  him  among  the  fostes.  His 
height  is  ordinarilv  fourteen  to  sixiaen  in- 
ches: his  coat  is.  silky,  and  like  that  of  the 
long-haired  Zibelin  Martin  :  his  muscles  and 
his  motions  shew  strength :  his  lar^e,  live- 
ly, and  sparkling  eyes,  denote  ctmmng  and 
cmA.  An  enemy,  even  to  antipathy,  to  tigeis, 
wolves^  and  odier  wtU  bauits,  hi  seeks  them. 


attacks  them,  aod  Scroelv  pursues  them  every 
where.  The  battle  which  he  commtuces  is, 
curious  to  the  List  degree.  Nothing  can  dc., 
terhim,  nor  restrain  him  from  attacking  hit, 
enemy,  however  large,  orvigoro^s.  Gentla 
towards  man  and  peaceful  animals,  he  vk 
furious  and  violent  against  wolves  and  tigeis. 

Hyder  Aii  Khan,  the  famous  Nabob  of, 
Mysore,  was  extremely  fond  of  beholding, 
the  combats  of  tigers ;  such  sport  was  in  cW 
racter  for  such  a  warrior !  These  he  varied  3. 
sometimes  a  man,  sometimes  an  elephant, 
sometimes  a  bear,  was  the  antagonist  of  the* 
terrible  and  savaj^  inhabitant  of  the  forests  of 
Hindoostan. 

These  combats  were  exhibited  on  the 
square  in  front  of  the  palace  of  this  prince^  at 
Seringapatam,  his  chief  residence.  AknumL 
this  area  was  stretched  very  strong  aiicl 
very  high  net  work.  In  the  centre  of  thiti 
enclosure  was  constructed  a  scaffolding  and 
under  it  were  placed  the  cages  in  w  hich  tht, 
ti^rs  were  oou6ned :  the  dioorsof  these  cage« 
might  be  opened  from  above  at  pleasure^ 
When  the  tiger  had  issued  from  hb  cage,  h4. 
was  left  at  liberty  for  a  short  time,  and  sul^ 
fered  to  prowl  about  the  arena,  in  order  that 
he.  might  regain  that  courage  ard  activitr 
which  his  confinement  had  diminished. 
When  somewhat  tired  with  walking  h#. 
"Stopped  to  recover  breath,  that  moment  hk. 
opponent  was  let  loose  into  the  incloeuie,  am 
the  opposite  side  to  that  where  he  stood. 

The  sight  of  his  enemy,  of  whauner  kii^» . 
quickly  engaged  the  tiger's  notice.  Th* 
Slaygush,  supple,  agile,  and  screaming  witli  & 
shairp  and  piercing  cr),  hastily  provoked  the^ 
attack  of  the  tremendous  savage.  At  tha 
same  instant,  the  tiger,  growling,  and  raging, 
approached  towards  him  by  prodigious  leaps.. . 
The  Siaygush  excited  him  still  more  by  it^ 
motions,  and  its  redoubled  screams,  and  pre^ 
pared  to  maintain  the  battle  without  change. 
of  place.  When  the  tiger  bad  come  withm 
reach,  suddenly  the  Siaygush  crouched  down 
close  to  the  ground,  in  such  a  manner,  that 
the  tiger  mtcndmg  to  fall  upon  it,  infalliblr 
over-leapod  his  mfark.  The  Siaypjsh  nimbfy  • 
springing  up,  thiew  himself  head  over  heels, 
and  seized  witli  his  tw«  fore  {laws  the  tiger's 
tail ;  which  the  ti|p  raising,  assisted  the  imle 
Siaygush  in  climbing  on  to  his  back.  Arrive^ 
thus  far,  and  fixing  himself  tightly  by  hia 
lonff,  strong,  and  sharp  claws,  he  with  his 
teeth  bit,  tore,  and  mangled,  the  nape  of 
the  nack  of  the  tiger ;  whidt  beast,  attacked 
in  his  most  tender  ptit,  aod  iacapaUe  of  do- 
fcndinehimsalf  with  bis  ulona,  was  forced' 
to  roll  himself  on  the  around,  in  oider  togot 
rid  of  his  foe.  Directly  as  the  little  Siavgush 
found  himself  obliged  'to  quit  his  holii,  he' 
darted  away,  in  two  or  three  springs  es- 
c^icd  to  a  diftanoe,  and  was  rradv  to  sus« 
tam  a  fresh  attack,  which  soon  took  pbaa« 


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Kttg] 


Society  for  Reiiefoj 


The  Siaygosh  repeatxrd.  the  same  means  of 
€onqiiesO  and  after  the  fourth  or  fifth  encoun- 
ter, triumphed  m-er  his  monstrous  adversar}', 
now  dead,  ordyinff,  on  the  field  of  battle: 
while  the  Tictor  had  received  only  a  few  slight 
Praises,  by  ihc  struggles  of  the  tiger,  when 
Tolling  on  the  earth.  This  combat  shews 
dearly  the  manners  of  this  animal,  and,  no 
doubt,  hut  in  countries  where  wolves  abound, 
he  might  be  extremely  ascful.  I  shall  only 
remark,  further,  that  although  the  Siaygusn 
attacks  all  savdg?  animals,  yet  he  himself 
fires  on  fruits. 

X.— There  are  in  India  Bulls  of  a  very  small 
•pecies:  the  Cows  of  which  give  plentifully 
an  exccHent  milk :  their  keen  is  not  expen- 
sive: they  eat  indifferently  of  grasses,  straw, 
or  dried  leases,  and  their  flesh  is  excellent. 
These  would  be  an  important  acquisition  to 
the  colonies. 

XI. — ^Thc  Bulls  of  Bcrar  are  the  most 
beautiful,  and  the  largest  kind  in  the  world. 
They  might  be  obtained  from  Siirat.  These 
iralls,  wbieh  the  Indians  call  elephants,  on 
account  of  their  magnitude,  are  in  height  at 
Icatt  five  feet  four,  or  six  ir.ches.  They 
Me  equally  swift  and  powerful ;  and  would 
become  extremely  useful,  whether  for  draw- 
ing the  plough,  or  artillery.  The  Indians 
ciiipk>y  them  m  this  last  department.  They 
would  soon  he  preferable,  in  many  respects, 
far  this  kind  of  ser\'ice,  to  the  best  hoses. 

XII.— From  th^  tribes  of  fishes,  an  ample 
collection  mieht  b«  made.  I  shall  mention 
only  one  kind,  the  Katcla  which  is  very  large. 
Soo^  of  them  weigh  more  than  forty  pounds. 
Th<7  live  in  the  ponds  and  streams  of  Ben- 
gal ;  and  their  flesh  is  firm  and  excellent. 

Other  articles  of  a  miscellaneous,  nature 
ttill  be  given  in  continuation  of  this  aU" 
ikor's  communications. 


PROPOSITA  PHILANTHROPICA. 

Homo  sum, 
Ihmani  nihil  a  mc  alienum  puto, 

SOCIETY  rpR  RBLIEVIKO  THE  DISTRB8SBD 
1NHABITANT6  OF  GERMANY,  AND  OTHER 
PARTS  OP  THE  CONTINENT. 

When  the  French  had  reduced  Ulm  and 
its  neighbourhood  to  inexpressible  distress, 
previous  to  the  capture  of  General  Mack*s 
army,  some  German  correspondents  of  a 
worthy  minister  to  a  foreign  congregation  re- 
fident  among  u%  wrote  to  hifn,  mentioning 
. thetr  calamitous  situation:  these  letters  he 
communicated  to  about  six  gentlemen  in  the 
city,  who«  to  their  infinite  honour,  by  re* 
turn  of  pott  (it  being  post  night,  that  on 
which  they  met),  remitted  j£300,  as  an  ttt- 
stiLtU  anistance.    They«  af  cooftey  called  on 


of  dislressed  Germans.  f  |  oie 

their  friends,  and  the  public,  for  further  do- 
nations ;  and  we  have  the  pk^isuie  of  import- 
ing, that  the  sums  received  are  about 
^^23,000,  of  which  above  £iSO,000  has 
been  remitted  to  the  sufferers,  in  a  manner  so 
effoctually  to  answer  the  purpose,  that  tioi 
one  shilling  has  fallen  into  the  hands  t)f  the 
French, 

We  regaFd  such  exertions  with  pleasure : 
because,  they  are  trophies  of  humanity,  more 
honourable  and  more  durable  than  trophies  of 
victory- :  because,  they  distingmsh  Britain  : 
other  countries  have  achieved  conquests ;  but 
has  any  sent  ^20,000  unsolicited,  by  the  ex* 
ertions  of  a  few  citizens  only,  not  as  a  na- 
tional act,  but  of  private  bounty,  as  a  sympa« 
thising  tribute  to  suffering  fdlow-christians  ! 
It  was  enough  that  they  were  suffering— we 
relie\ed  them :  neither  were  they  our  fellow- 
subjects,  nor  allied  by  ties  of  blood ;  they 
were  not  our  ix>litical  associates ;  they  were 
men  and  christians ;  this  was  their  only  re- 
commendation ;  and  this  alone  was  suffi- 
cient to  touch  British  hearts,  and  U>  exerdse 
British  compassion. 

We  have  two  inferences  to  draw: — Uie 
first  is,  that  the  distribution  of  unexpected 
bounty  cannot  fail  of  giving  a  tone  to  the 
sentiments  and  the  wishes  of  tliose  who 
liave  received  it.  Can  they  hate  Britaia 
who  have  been  cherished  by  her  care  ? — thf 
question  is  a  libel  on  human  nature.  Can  they 
do  othenvise  than  pray  for  her  prosperity,  and 
wish  her  well?  Secondly,  in  the  extracts  we 
now  present,  describing  the  suflerings  of  thosa 
parts,  behold,  Briton,  the  lot  of  thine  own 
family  and  thy  dearest  connections,  should 
the  ravagers  of  those  territories,  ravage  thy 
native  land.  The  picture  is  extremely  aflfect- 
ing— erase  the  name  of  "  Germany,**  and  write 
under  it  '*  Britain :"— -who  would  not  rather 
die?  God  forbid,  that  this  should  ever  be  ve- 
rified by  us ;  that  we  should  experience  how 
cruel  are  the  tender  mercies  of  the  wicked ! 

It  was  our  intention  to  have  stated  historically 
the  progress  of  this  benevolence,  but  our 
limits,  and  other  circumstances,  restrict  us  tQ 
extracts  from  the  last  printed  Rep<nt  of  the 
Committee  in  July  1806.  When  the  final 
report  is  made,  we  may  again  advert  to  the 
subject. 

Among  the  subscribers  His  R.  H.  thci 
Prince  of  Wales  is  £500^  His  H  H.  d)^ 
Duke  irf"  Cambridge  ^C^OO. 


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Society  Jbr  Relief  of  distressed  Germans, 


[1042 


Extract  of  a  Letter  Jrom  Profenor  Jung, 
qf  Heidelberg,  Counsellor  to  tite  Elector  qf' 
Baden,  to  the  Bcv,  Mr,  Steinkopff, — *«  I 
requested  oertain  individuals  to  point  out  some 
of  the  most deservineobjects  of  relief  in  tlieir 
city  (Augsbourg).  This  they  did  with  great 
fidelity  and  judgment ;  I  sent  them  600  florins 
(about  j^60).  Among  those  who  were  tlius 
relieved,  was  the  widow  of  a  celebrated  ar- 
tist, Bajron  de  Rcichle.  At  his  death  she  was 
left  desti^tc :  and  to  such  poverty  had  the 
oppresaij-*.  quarterings  of  the  soldiers  reduced 
her,  thitijic  was  obliged  to  part  with  her 
last  goldbn  piece,  which  had  been  laid  by  on 
account  of  its  having  been  given  as  a  present 
to  her  child  at  its  baptism.  I  have  been  my- 
self ejre-witness  (says  one  of  mv  correspon- 
dents) to  many  honest  poor  peopfe,  pawning 
their  coats  and  petticoats  in  order  to  satify 
the  demands  qj'  the  soldiers,  who  had  been 
quartered  upon  them,  or  had  intruded  them- 

selves:' **  My  worthy  friend,  the  Baron 

de  Gorchaiisen,  has  safely  received,  and  al- 
ready distributed,  the  108  florins  which  1  had 
sent  him.  Of  one  of  the  persons  whom  he 
relieved,  he  gives  the  following  description  : 
— **  She  is  a  tender,  careful  mother  of  four 
*'  small  children,  one  of  whom  is  an  infant, 
"  and  another  is  in  an  ill  state  of  health. 
*'  One  I  have  taken  into  my  house,  and  en- 
**  tirely  provided  for.  I  put  six  dollars  into 
"  her  band — she  looked  at  me  with  astonish- 
*•  ment. — *  It  is  not  my  eift,*  I  ?nid,  *  but 
**  oomes  from  a  great  distance.' — Her  h(\irt 
'*  was  so  full,  that  for  some  time  she  was  de- 
*'  prived  of  utterance. — At  length/  lifting  up 
*'  ner  eyes,  ai^l  pressing  her  infi\pt  to  her 
**  bosom,  she  exclaimed,  '  Tlianks  be  to 
**  God,  and  to  you  : — now  I  can  purchase  a 
**  goat,  and  then  my  poor  children  wiH  at 
*'  least  have  milk.' — ^'lears  of  gratitude  be- 
**  dewed  her  cheeks.      The  sum  bestowed 

''was  just  what  she  wanted." ««  Tlie 

misery  of  Ile'tdelbrrg  surpasses  all  concept 
Hon,  I  cannot  copy  you  the  letters  and  docu- 
ments, but  shall  at  the  conclusion  send  you 
the  whole  in  the  originals.  The  large  bodies  of 
troops  haveconsumed  every  thing.and  the  many 
thousands  of  Russian  and  Austrian  prisoners 
of  war,  have  spread  a  dreadful  contagious  di- 
sease in  the  country,  whereby  parents  are 
snatched  away  from  their  children,  and  chil- 
dren from  tlieir  parents.  To  read  the  de- 
scription of  these  distresses  is  enough  to  break 
♦ne*s  heart." 

Extract  from  the  General  Report  of  the 
Hanoverian  Committee,  addressed  to  the 
Committee  in  Londov. — **  llie  Electorate  of 
Hanover  is,  in  itself,  a  pour  country,  ha- 
vinp;  but  few  resources,  and  not  producing  a 
sutHciency  of  corn  for  the  stdsi^ience  of  its 
inhabitants.  Under  the  influeuce  of  a  wise 
and  miW  government,  however,  by  increased 
*  industry  and  improvwl  agriculture,  as  well  ^ 

Vol.  I.    [Lit.  Pan.  Feb.  X8O7.  J 


by  the  favourable  ooncuitence  of  poKtioal  cir- 
cumstances,' this  country,  before  the  late  tm- 
happy  changes,  wa«  risen  to  a  degree  of  pros- 
perity, whidK  enabled  the  inhabttants  to  boar 
the  heavy  burdens  imposed  on  them  in  conse- 
quence of  the  seven  years'  war,  and  afterwards 
a^ravated  by  ^e  contributions  towards  main- 
tain in]^  the  armed  neutrality,  formed  for  the 
protection  of  the  North  of  Germany,  and  by 
the  expences  for  supplying  a  large  Prussian 
army,  then  occupying'  the  country  for  the 
fint  time. 

"  When  the  French  atmy  first  imradcd 
the  country,  as  well  as  when  the  enemy  were 
preparing  an  expedition  a^nst  Laucnourgb* 
they  seized  uj)on  every  thing  they  wanted,,  in 
order  to  complete  such  preparations;  so  that 
the  whole  country,  and  particularly  those 
provinces  where  the  enemy  was  then  assevw 
olcd,  suffered  all  those  de\'a8tation8  and  cak-  • 
mities  to  which  the  peaceable  inhabitants  oC 
the  seat  bf  actual  Mrar&re  are  exposed. 

*'  Immediately  after  the  convention  of  Su- 
bingen  ^'as  conciiKkd,  the  country  was  forced 
to  pay  a  contribution  of  two  millions  andjhe 
hundred  thousand  francs,  which  sum  at  once 
came  out  of  circulation.  The  great  number 
of  French  generals,  commissaries,  and  com- 
manders of  regiments,  for  whose  tableis  w^ 
had  to  provide,  occasioned  such  eiK>rmou9  ex- 
pences, that  we  were  afterwards  very  greatly  in- 
debted to  Marshal  Bernadotte,  when  he  or- 
dered that  the  expences  lor  the  table  of  a  ge- 
neral ofiicer  should  not  exceed  three  thousand 
dollars  a  month  ;  and  when  he  regulated  the 
ex))cnditUTe  for  the  tables  of  the  commissaries 
and  commanders  in  proportion/* 

Yet  these  oppressions  fonned  only  a  small 
part  of  the  extortions  inflicted  upon  the  un- 
happy Hanoverians.  The  report  states  the 
French  army  to  have  been  destitute  of  every 
necessary,  which  the  inhabitants  were  com- 
pelled to  supply :  new  corps,  both  of  cavalry 
and  infantry,  were  also  raised  and  completely 
equipped  at  their  cost ;  and,  what  aggravated  ' 
these  united  miseries,  was,  that  these  rapa- 
cious armies  were  accompanied  by  great  num* 
bers  of  mechanics  and  workmen,  who  made 
every  ariide  for  them ;  so  that  the  Hanovc' 
rians  were  deprived  of  the  scanty  proft  which 
they  might  thence  have  derived.  Scargely 
were  the  demands  of  one  destitute  army  su|>- 
plied,  when  they  were  followed  by  others, 
wiiich  were  furnishcy!  in  a  similur'manner  ^ 
while  successive  requisitions,  each  more  bur^ 
thcnsome  than  the  former,  were  levied  ujx>n 
the  inhabitants.  And,  though  they  became 
less  oppressive  during  the  time  Mai^hal  Ber- 
nadotte had  the  command,  yet  the  punctuali- 
ty with  which  payment  %vas  exacted,  srjon 
exhausted  the  property  of  indiviiluals;  so  that 
no  resource  remained,  but  to  raise  the  sums 
demanded  by  loans  on  the  credit  of  the  coul^ 
try.    But  tpis  eredtt  eX  IcngO)  failed :  fur,  in 


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Society  for  ReUrf  of  distressed  Germans, 


(.1044 


consequence  of  the  continual  demands*  the 
interest  could  not  be  regularly  paid  ;  and  yet 
the  Hanoverians  were  obliged  to  supply  ^verv 
want  of  the  army.  1ft  die  mean  time  afl 
their  resources  were  drained,  and  continued  to 
be  stopped.  Commerce  was  entirely  suspend- 
ed; in  the  public  offices^  the  salaries  were 
not  paid ;  tenants  were  unable  to  pay  their 
rents,  and  debtors,  the  interest  of  their  debts. 
Two  successive  scanty  harvests  augmented 
their  distress ;  and,  while  they  had  nothing 
but  the  dreadful  prospect  of  famine  hefore 
them,  the  burthens  imposed  were  increased  by 
war  tajces ;  by  which  alone  the  demands  of 
the  French  army  could  be  satisfied,  the  public 
credit  being  en n rely  ruined. 

The  Hanoverian  Committee  here  enter  into 
a  variety  of  most  aft'ecting  details,  which  the 
necessary  limits  of  this  Report  will  not  admit 
of  being  noticed.  It  only  remains  therefore 
to  state,  that  on  the  departure  of  the  French 
army,  Bemadotte  was  ordered  to  levy  anotlier 
contribution,  (which  even  in  more  prosperous 
days  would  have  proved  extremely  oppre^Ke 
and  ruinous  to  most  of  the  inhabitants),  v/ith- 
out'being  pennitted  to  regard  any  remonstran- 
ces or  supplicu lions  they  could  make.  At  the 
same  time  upwards  of  1000  horses,  and  a  very 
great  number  of  waggons  ond  drivers,  together 
with  an  immense  quantity  of  provisions,  were 
put  in  rcquL^iiion,  to  follow  tne  French  army 
as  far  as  Munich.  There  at  last  the  poor 
drivers  were  discharged,  and  permitted  to  re- 
turn home  :  but  the  horses  and  waggons  were 
never  sent  back  again;  nor  was  any  com  pen- 
Ration  made  to  the  wretched  owner's  for  their 
loss  :  and  the  Hanoverians  were  obliged  to 
jay  for  every  article  that  was  furnished  to  the 
rrench  armies  during  their  march  through 
paitral  countries. 

'*  JJnt,*'  the  report  continues,  "  our  suffer- 
ings did  not  terminate  here.  General  Barbon, 
who,  with  a  division  of  the  French  army  was 
left  at  Hamein,  compelled  us  to  store*. that 
fortress  with  provisions  for  six  months. 
When,  shortly  after,  the  Prussians  occupied 
the  Electorate,  they  did  not  take  possession 
of  the  environs  of  Haraeln ;  so  that,  being 
left  open  to  the  French  garrison,  eaery  thin^ 
in  the-  surrounding  villages  was  put  in  renut- 
sitioTf,  and  nothing  left  to  the  starving  inna- 
bitants.  A  convention  that  was  afterwards 
made,  certainly  put  a  stop  to  those  French 
ravages  and  extortions  :  by  the  same  conven- 
tion, however,  it  was  enacted,  that  we  should 
pay  the  additional  sum  o(  from  fori i/  toj'orty^ 
Jive  thousand  dollars  per  month,  for  supj)ly- 
ing  the  French  garrison  in  the  fortress. 

**  Mean-while  the  Prussian  army,  amount- 
ing  to  upwards  oj"  eighty  thousatui  men t  was 
quartered  on  the  country;  which  was  obliged 
iQ  supply  eccri/  portion  of  the  forage  necessary 
for  this  numerous  army.  The  Prussians  pro- 
fiiii^cd  to  pay  for  thcs?  provision*;  but  the 


price  allowed  was  by  no  means  ^equate  to 
the  third  part  of  tneir  value,  and  even  of 
this  scanty  allowance  theffih  part  has  hard- 
ly yet  been  paid.  Beside  this,  the  Prussian 
troops  were  again  to  be  provided  for  by  the 
inhabitants,  on  whose  houses  tliey  were  quar- 
tered. 

**  Nor  were  our  burthens  in  any  degree  al- 
leviated, in  re»[)ect  to  the  requisitions  of  wag- 
gons and  horses  for  carrj'inc  the  military 
stores  and  baggage  of  the  Prussian  ar^ny.  Be- 
side these  retjuisitions,  which  weiji inore  nu- 
merous in  proportion  as  the  roads  vjk^,e  ruined, 
the  inhabitants  were  obliged  i:ir\ran sport, 
gratis,  a  very  large  Prussian  magazine  through 
the  country  ;  so  that  the  catde  which  still  re- 
mained, being  already  exhausted  in  tlie  French 
service,  were  tiow  entirely  ruined  hy  incessant 
driving." 

Extract  from  an  Address   to  this  Commit^ 
tee  bif  Professor  Timacus,  at  Lunenburg.—^ 
**  T^hc   present  hostile  measures  of  Pnissia, 
and  the  blockade  of  the  Elbe  and  Weser,  are 
depri\ing  us  anew  of  every  prospect  of  better 
times.     A  place,  which  but  a  few  years  ago 
was  so  flourishing,  is  now  reduced  to  the  bard  i 
necessity  of  l)egging  alms ;   trade  and   com-  ' 
merc«  are  entirely  at  a  stand ;  no  shipping  pn  ' 
our  river ;  no  hands  in  our  manufactures ;  po  • 
life,  no  spirit  on  the  face  of  the  inhabitant;!  ' 
Too  weak  to  resist  superior  force,  we  have  be^ 
obliged  to  receive  into  our  walls  a  Prussian 
carrison  of  2000  men,  whom  we  are  compel- 
led to  lodge  and  to  maintain  under  our  otpm 
roofs,  and  at  our  own  cx|)ence ! — Shall  I   a(ld 
what  our  hearts  feel  on  this  occasion ! — Hea|ts 
which  breathed  for  the  honour  and  happiness 
of  Old  England,  which  gloried  in  the  thought 
of  serving  one  King  in  common  with  a  great 
and  generous  nation, — ihe  only  one  in  Fiu- 
rope,   where  liberty  and  the  rights  of  m^a 
have    not  yet  been  subdued,    and  trampled 
upon,  by  the  iron  laws  of  despotism  and  in- 
satiable rapacity ! 

;*  It  has  been  entirely  out  of  our  power  to 
relieve  even  one  third  of  the  jioor  and  inno- 
cent sufferers  around  us  ; — the  rest  are  lan- 
guishing and  pining  beneath  a  load  of  com- 
plicated misery,  under  the  hourly  calls  of  hun- 
ger and  distress ;  a  picture  which  no  feeling 
heart  has  fortitude  enough  tocon template  wiOi- 
out  horror.  No  longer  than  6ve  days  ago  a 
highly  respectable  tradesman  of  this  placej^ap- 
pcaretl  before  our  Committee,  and  made  tne 
loliowing  pathetic  speech  : 

**  Aboyt  six  years  since,**  said  he,  '•  I  liad 
**  the  satisfaction  of  lodging  in  your  hands  a 
**  smaHsum,  for  the  support  of  a  famih  then 
**  in  great  distress.  1  Kive  this  little  with  the 
•*  greatest  pleasure,  and  the  blessing  of  God 
*'  went  hand  in  hand  with  my  triSe.  But 
'*  now.  Sir,  \ieho\d  this  very  man  before 
"  you, — reduced  to  poverty  and  to  the  hanl 
*'  necessity  of  looking  around  me  for  the  sup • 


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Society  for  Relief  of  distressed  Germans. 


[104^ 


"  port  which  I  can  no  longer  expect  from 
**  the  work  of  my  hands,  or  the  earnings  of 
•'  my  industry.     I  am  now  fifty  years  old  ; 
**  and,  for  the  very  firat  time  in  my  life,  he 
"  who  used  to  support  his  indigeitt  brethren 
*'  in  times  of  peace  and  affluence,  is  reduced 
**  to  the  wretcned  situation  of  applying  him- 
'*  self  to  others  for  his  own  relief.     The  small 
"  fortune  which  I  had  acquired  by  my  indus- 
**  trv  has  fallen  a  prey  to  the  French,  six  of 
**  w^m  I  vros  forced  to  lodge  and  maintain 
"  evefy  day  in  my  house  for  the  space  of  very 
"  nckr  three  years.    The  best  part  of  mv 
'*  m6v«ibles  is  at  the  pawnbroker's,  and  ail 
••  that  n  now  left  me  is, — an  empty  house ^^^ 
•*  a  beloved  wife  with  a  ruined  healthy — and 
•*  e'le^ht  children  CKYi)XQTOt^%KZAi>,     I  used 
'*  to  employ  six  journeymen,  and  three  ap- 
**  prentices ;     but  at  present  I    have    not 
'*  work  for  my  own  two  hands.     Applying 
*«  to  a  member  of  your  Committee,  I  was  told 
**  that  the  stock  of  money  transmitted  to  you, 
"  Sir,  from  L3ndon,  ij  exhausted,  ami  no- 
**  tiling  left  for  me.     I  know  they  are  a  ge- 
*'  ncrous  nation  \  I  have  lived  amongst  them 
•'  in  my  younger  years,  and  may  Grod  bless 
'*  them  for  their  noble  and  generous  spirit  1 
•*  I  beg,  my  dear  Sir,  that  you  will  write 
•*  once  more  to  Kogland,  ana  state  our  pre- 
"  sent  miseiy  to  our  benefactors.     Although 
**  we  are  forced  against  our  inclination  into 
**  subjection  by  me  Prussians,  we  still  can- 
*'  not  help  considering  ourselves  in  close  al- 
**  liance  with  a  country  whose  Kin^  was, 
«<  and  we  still  hope  is,  the  father  of  his  loyal 
"subjects."— [Here  a  torrent  of  tears  inter- 
rupted  his  address :  after  a  short  pause  he 
continued  thus :] — **  But  it  is  not  for  myself 
**  alone  that  I  am  looking  out  for  relief. 
"  Twenty  families,    that  live  in  the  same 
"  street  with   me,  have  an  equal  claim  to, 
**  and  stand  in  equal  need  of,  your  protec- 
•*  tion.     I  should  feel  truly  unhappy  if  they 
"  should  not  share  with  me  in  whatever  our 
'*  benevolent  and  generous  brethren  in  Eng- 
*'  land  may  send  us  through  your  hands,   for 
*'  whom  we  are  offeiing  ut>  our  most  fervent 
•*  prayer  every  day  of  our  wretched  life." 

•*  Such,"  adds' M.Th  mens,  "is  the  fete 
"  of  almostone  halfofior^inhabitantsl" 

The  Hameln  Coinmittce  continue  their  re- 
port in  the  following  manner. — "  But  from 
this  day  (the  «4th  Ocu^bcr,  1805)  we  date 
our  greatest  sufferings.  'I'he  French  army 
w?tt  oblic^  to  witlidraw  from  the  other  pro- 
vinces of  the  Electorate ;  but  the  whole  re- 
mainder of  hostile  forces  was  concentered  to 
this  narrow  snot,  where  preparations  were 
making  to  hold  out  a  siege.  From  this  mo- 
ment tiie  little  commerce  and  business  that 
remained  was  entirely  stopped ; — the  regular 
pay  ceased  ; — many  parents  fled  from  us  and 
from  their  children  ; — the  burthen  of  locking 
i^Hcl  feeding  the  Fnmch  ofiicers^    famiU^y 


comm'ssaries,  children  and  cripples,  grew 
intolerable ; — the  convex ance  of  victuals  for 
the  citizens  was  cut  oft ;  -yet,  notwithstand- 
ing these  accumulated  horrors,  ~  every  family 
was  ordered  to  lay  up  a  store  of  provisions  for 
a  period  oj"  from  three  to  six  months  ! — ^I'he 
heal  forest  of  the  city  was  cut  down  in  order 
to  make  40,000  {nlhsades  and  to  provide  Fort 
George,  the  casemates,  hospitals,  watch- 
houses,  caserns,  and  barracks,  &c.  with  a 
great  quantity  of  fire-wood :  our  wchards  and 
gardens,  full  of  fruit-groves  of  the  most  ex- 
qnisHc  beauty  and  plenty,  were  rased :  and 
this  last  branch  of  the  industry  of  families, 
who  had  hitherto  got  their  living  by  gar- 
dening, vv^as  cut  off;* — the  summer-houses 
are  levelled  to  the  sround : — the  whole  is 
inundated,  and  our  little  sweet  paradise,—- 
the  work  of  our  beloved  forefather?;, — i«  trans- 
formed into  a  pool, — Sijch  of  the  meadows 
and  pasture-grounds,  as  are  to  this  day  under 
water,  are  abo  entirely  ruined  ; — many  others 
of  our  fields  are  not  ploughed,  because  our 
horses  are  daily  put  in  requisition  : — and  the 
manufactories  about  the  town  have  been 
abandoned,  because  they  must  be  set  on  fire 
at  the  first  attack  ;  and  consequently  will  for 
a  long  time  be  useless." 

"  The  inundation  of  the  country  has  pro- 
duced contagious  diseases:  if  these  sliould 
spread  (which  our  physicians  greatly  fear),— 
if  we  should  fail  in  our  hopes  of  speedy  relief, 
— ^whence  can  be  procured,  for  hundreds  of 
our  |x)Or  suffertrs,  beds  and  medicines,-— 
whence  for  others  bread  that  they  may  cat  ? 

"  But  the  condition  of  the  poor  jieasantry, 
in  the  villages  ormmd  the  fortress,  as  well  as 
that  of  the  lower  class  of  the  villagers,  is  sfiil 
more  dcspei  ate.  The  burthen  of  Igdginw  and 
supporting  the  numerous  hostile  troops,  both 
before  and  after  the  blockade,  felF  heavier  on 
the  inhabitants  of  the  open  country,  where 
the  humanity  of  the  French  Generals,  wh© 
often  pitied  us,  could  not  prevent  many  dis- 
orders. Their  horses  have  l)cen  daily  put  in 
requisition,  for  conveying  all  the  numoerleif 
trains  and  baggages  of  the  depdts  to  U>wn ;— . 
they  iheinselvcff  were  put  in  reauisition  for 
raising  ramparts,  and  cutting  pallisades,  &c. 
—The  x*ast  supplies  demand^  of  cbrn  and  fa* 
rage,  emptied  their  i^ms. — ^Afterwards,  the 
French  garrison  sallied  out  three  times,  and' 
swept  away,  'even  from  the  poorest  villagers, 
every  kiua  of  victuals,  cows,  swine,  and 
sheep,  at  the  beginning  of  the  winter ;  and 


♦  The  celebrated  fruit  and  flower  gardens 
in  the  vicinity  of  Hameln,  were  the  finest, 
perhaps,  in  Europe,  and  afforded  a  source  of 
profit  to  great  numbers  of  honest  familics.-r^ 
The  finest  fruits,  at  present  to  be  found  iii^ 
many  of  the  English  gardens,  have  becq 
raised  from  Haiiovcriaa  stocks  or  grafu. 

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l\(M 


agiain  at  the  approaching  of  the  allies,  whom 
likewise  they  must  support  for  the  time !  I  !*' 
Extract  of  a  Letter  from  the  Rev,  Dr.  Bein- 
hard,  ^Dresden,  to  the  Rev.  Mr,  Stein- 
kopff,  dated  Heidelherg,  April  9g,  I8O6. 
**  What  aggravates  the  misery  of  the  poor 
mountaineers  to  the  higliest  pitch,  is,  the 
stagnation  of  every  kind  of  ir^anufacture. 
Most  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  province  are 
manufacturers ;  and  while  the  Saxon  manu- 
factures were  in  a  flourishing  state,  were  ena- 
bled to  obtain,  if  not  always  an  ample,  at 
least  a  sufficient  and  respectable  subsistence. 
These  industrious,  active,  and  honest  people 
have  now  (where  the  scarcity  has  become  so 
ui|^nt)  no  work  to  do,  since  all  the  pro- 
prietors of  manufactories  find  themselves,  on 
account  of  the  total  stagnation  of  trade,  under 
the  necessity  of  confining  their  business  to  a 
narrower  compass.  Whole  districts,  where 
formerly  every  one  was  employed  and  earned 
his  subsistence,  are  now  without  employment 
and  without  bread ;  and  innumerable  families 
are,  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word,  des- 
titute." 

Extract  of  a   Letter  from  the  Rev,  Mr, 

Breitenstein,  near  Frankfort,    April  30, 

1806\ 

•*  What  a  burthen  this  is,  you  may  easily 
imagine,  when  I  tell  you,  that  neither  privates 
nor  officers  draw  any  |)ay  from  France,  but 
are  to  be  provided  oy  the  inhabitants  with 
the  necessaries,  and  even  the  sujjerfluitieB  of 
life.  It  is  seen  every  day,  that  people  who 
maintained  themselves  in  time  of  peace  by 
labour  and  industry,  and  were  in  good  cir- 
cumstances, now  offer  their  furniture,  their 
clothes,  and  even  their  beds  for  sale,  and  of- 
ten  cannot  find  a  huycr.  From  this  you  may 
suppose  the  situation  of  the  poorest,  who  have 
no  earnings  whatever.** 
Translation  of  an  Account  from  Eihcnstock, 
in  the  mountainous  parts  of  Saxorti/, 

*?  Among  600  children  belonging  to  this 
town,  of  an  age  fit  to  be  sent  to  school,  there 
are  at  least  100  who  look  more  like  corpses 
than  living;  beings.  Many  cannot  go  to  school 
at  all,  being  already  reduced  to  too  great  a 
st:Ue  of  debility,  by  living  upon  the  scanty 
allowance  of  potatoes,  which  they  are  yet 
hardly  able  to  procure ;  (for  in  general  they 
cannritget  bread  more  than  once  in  several 
davs)  and  some  also  lye  stark  naked  I  in  their 
'hnis." 

In  the  preceding  pages,  the  considerate 
tender  cannot  but  have  remarked  the  senti- 
Mien Is  of  gratitude  excited  bv  the  bounty  of 
compassionate  Britons.  Ihese,  however, 
form,  comparatively,  but  a  small  portion  of 
the  letters  of  thanks  transmitted  to  the  Com- 
mittee.— 'Pfeasurrrs,  Messrs.  Harpcastxe 
and  IlEYSfEK,  Oid  Swan  Stairs, 


ENDEAVOUR  SOCIETY. 


Having  already  (page  g74)  naid  our  tribute 
of  praise  to  the  author  of  the  Manual  of  Or* 
thodox  Divinity,  we  embrace  this   oppor^ 
tunity  of  noticing  the  Society  which  aanctuMn 
it,  and  which  assumes  the  humble  name  ci 
the    ««  Endeavour  Society,"   the  objects  of 
which  are  so  truly  characteristic  of  British 
philanthropy,    that  we  cannot  but  Bccom- 
n^nd  it  to  the  notice  of  every  friend  tB  relh* 
gion  and  humanit;^.    It  has  been  estobili^ed 
several  years,  but  in  the  great  and  iocfcosing 
multitude  oif  such  societies,    its  name  and 
views  liave  escaped  our  notice.    Hie  objects 
of  this  Society  are  not  Confined  either  to  the 
bodies  or  the  souls  of  men  exclusively,  both 
share  in  ils  concern.     Instruction  to  the  souJ, 
medicines  for  the  body,  comforts  for  the  ^ 
male  in  th^  most  interesting  of  all  situations— 
that  of  child-birth  ;  and  sufferings  from  po* 
verty — all  these  circumstances  are  proriad 
for  by  this  Society.    Books  are  circulated,  to 
instruct  the  ignorant  in  the  established  rdi« 
^on  -f  medical  attendance  at  their  own  houses 
18    afforded  to  the  poor  when  sick,  tod  to 
pregnant  women  ;  and  it  is  intended,  if  tbc 
fund  will  admit  of  it,  to  furnish  what  is  stiU 
more  useful,  in  aoroe  cases — ^Hnen,  during  the 
months  for  mother  and  child. — The  subscrip- 
tion is  only  one  guinea  per  annum !    Every 
subscriber  is  allowed  any  number  of  patients 
on  his  list.    No  delay  takes  place  for  want  of 
a  vacant  letter.     Every  necessary  medical  at" 
tention  is  paid  to  every  patient.— 43ao  any 
compassionate  mind  refrain  from  assisting  a 
Society  which  endeavours  to  oxtend  so  aauj 
advantages  ? 


COLLECTANEA    OF  BR|T1SH   ANTIQUITIES. 

What  was  the  state  of  Britain,  previous  la 
the  time  of  Caesar  ? — ^This  is  aqucstion  which 
we  ha\'e  repcatedl}^  put  to  ourselves,  and  to 
others,  without  being  able  Xo  obtain  a  satis- 
faetory  answer,  Ca^r,  'no  doubt,  eropIo)«f 
his  means  to  acquire  aich  informatiOD  as 
mi^it  answer  his  purpose ;  hut  his  purpose 
was  military',  in  the  iirst  place ;  it  was  poii* 
tical,  in  the  second  place;  but  domestic  it 
was  not.  The  ofien  and  nopular  customs  of 
the  British,  such  as  coukl  be  observed  by 
traders,  were  all  that  we  can  suppose  were 
reported  to  him,  and  these  incidentally  oaly^ 
The  coasts  of  the  island  were,  probably,  all  t 
that  was  known  by  those  who  had  visited  it^ 
the  interior,  its  customs,  rites,  and  ruJerSp 
required,  not  merely  the  passing  obecnaiioni 
of  a  traveller,  if  SMch  an  one  was  peroaiwcd 
in  the  country  5  b«U  the  actuiil  fpartici[)aUoa 
of  a  resident  lor  a  time,  at  least;  and  this  the 
more,  because  we  have  every  reason  from 
the  belt  information  to  believcj  that  he  wh^ 


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spent  a  maimer  among  this  people,  would 
mid  them  employed  very  dinerentlyy  and 
inhabiting  very  different  places,  from  what 
lie  would  find  who  wintered  among  them. 

Whether  a  single  drop  of  truly  ancient  Bri- 
tish blood  circulates  in  our  vems,  we  must 
confess  ourselves  ignorant  j  but  we  are  not, 
therefore,  the  less  interested  in  behalf  of 
those,  whom  we  venture,  with  some  licence 
of  speech,  to  call  our  ancestors.  We  ac- 
knowled^  the  impulse  of  an  anient  curiosity, 
to  eiw  it  no  more  honourable  appeHation ; 
and  if  lour  readers  partake  of  this  principle, 
they  wtH  not  be  displeased  at  finding,  from 
time  to  time,  in  our  pages^  such  information 
•s  we  are  able  to  collect. 

Whether  the  present  Welch  are  the  poste- 
rity of  those  who  fled  from  the  Romans  and 
Saxons,  who  quitted  their  native  and  family 
'settlements,  to  establish  themselves  in  dis- 
tricts that  promised  greater  security,  is  a  ques- 
tion which  we  do  not  examine.  It  might 
be  supposed,  that  only  a  pan  of  the  popula- 
tion ot  any  conquered  country  could  leave  it : 
.those  who  by  arms  vindicateil  their  freedom, 
or  those  who  by  property  redeemed  it  j  but, 
certainly,  the  mass  of  the  people  did  not  for- 
sake every  part  which  the  victor  subdued, 
leaving  the  country  a  desart.  Moreover,  some 
submitted  by  inclination,  some  hy  com|x>si- 
tion,  some  by  indifference ;  and  tne  policy  of 
the  conquerors  would  forbid  them  from  ex- 
patriating all  whom  they,  found  on  the  lands, 
m  the  towns,  or  under  the  governments 
which  they  overrun. 

Nevertheless,  we  hear  so  little  of  the  affair? 
of  Britain  from  the  Roman  writers,  after  the 
Romans  had  included  the  whole  island,  in  a 
manner,  under  their  power,  as  mny  convince 
«,  that  the  intimacy  hetween  the  victofs  and 
the  vanquished  was  not  extremely  close,  nor 
did  they  form  those  endearing  alliances  which 
might  induce  a  free  disclosure  of  national 
and  familiar  manners  by  one  party,  or  excite 
an  interest  in  examining  and  recording  purii- 
cuhrities  by  the  other  party. 

We  may  illustrate  our  meaning  by  facts 
which  are  well  kiy>wn  in  the  piescnt  day. 
There  are  many  districu  in  the  East  Indies, 
held  by  British  power,  of  which  we  know 
nothing.  The  customs  of  Calcutta  we  are 
indeed  acquainted  with,  though  in  all  pro- 
bability not  completely  ;  but  what  do  we 
know,  except  the  name,  of  many  pro\'inces 
itmote  from  the  seat  of  government?  Yet 
the  curiosity,  and  the  spirit  of  observation,  of 
the  British,  arc  surely  more  alert  than  ever 
were  those  of  the  Romans  ;  and  the  free  cir- 
culation of  books  among  us,  b)'  means  of  the 
noble  art  of  Printing,  i^  an  incalculable  ad- 
vantage in  favour  of  the  gratification  of  a  libe- 
nlly  mqnisitive  turn  of  mind. 

We  ^may  thertfore  infer,  without  hazard 


of  deception,  that  the  Romans  and  the  Britons 
were  distinct  as  people ;  that  there  was  a  sen* 
stble  difference  between  the  governors  and 
the  governed,  between  the  garrisons  and  tho 
citizens ;  that,  however  numerous  might  be 
the  Britons,  and  however  strong  their  at- 
tachments to  their  native  soil,  yet  Uiey  did 
not  coalesce,  did  not,  as  we  may  say,  amal« 
gamate  with  their  masters  ;  but,  though  po- 
litically subjects  of  the  same  empire,  they 
were  distinct  by  inclination,  by  customs,  and 
by  hereditary  ooservances.  We  are  not,  then, 
to  look  to  the  Romans  for  a  full  description  of 
the  ancient  British. 

The  same  principles  appW  to  the  invasion 
by  the  Saxons,  with  this  difference  against 
the  supposable  gratification  of  our  wishes : 
that  the  Saxons  did  not,  in-  all  probability^ 
concern  themselves  much  about  the  charac- 
ter or  maimers  of  those  whom  they  con- 
quered ;  nor  did  they  maintain  much  corres- 
pondence toitk  the  learned  at  Itome,  as  the 
Romans  might  have  done,  from  which  we 
could  hope  to  pick  up  scattered  spars  of  in- 
telligence, and  unite  them  into  one  orderly 
narration. 

Wc  are  restricted,  therefore,  in  our  inqui- 
ries on  this  matter,  to  what  memorials  may 
have  been  preserved  among  the  Britbh  them- 
selvc9>  in  those  parts  where  the  Roman  arms 
did  not  penetrate,  or  where,  ifthey  did  pene- 
trate, they  were  less  effectual  than  elsewhere. 
The  mountains  of  Wales  afforded  retreats,  of 
which,  no  doubt,  many  natives  aval  led  them- 
selves. The  storm  which  drove  them  thither 
did  not  always  ra^e  with  equal  fury,  and  after 
the  violence  (tf  it  was  over,  the  refugees 
mi^t  return  to  their  friends  and  connections. 
Neither  did  the  commercial  productions  of 
this  part  of  the  island  offer  any  vcr}-  great 
teinptations  to  the  avarice  of  the  ruling 
powers ;  the  revenues  could  not  be  very  rich 
in  gold,  nor  the  imposts  extremely  productive 
of  the  precious  metals.  The  riches  of  the 
people  were  corn  and  cattle  ;  but  neither  of 
these  was  capable  of  beine  hoarded,  and  re- 
mitted to  Rome  in  the  shape  of  a  fortune. 
They  were  the  support  ot  man,  but  not 
of  pride ;  supplies  for  necessity,  not  for 
luxury.  Where  so  little  profit  accrued,  the 
sution  was  not  solicited ;  and  fewer  troops 
would  be  oan toned  in  a  district  which  did 
not  pay  its  expenses,  than  in  those  where 
commerce  was  more  flourishing,  and  main- 
tained, at  the  same  time,  an  intercoune  with 
friends  at  home  on  the  Continent,  and  the 
hopes  of  one  day  returning  to  those  friends 
not  empty  handed.  In  fastnesses  thus  com* 
paratively  free,  the  national  character  and 
manners  would  continue,  if  not  unmolested, 
yet  uncontaminated  ;  pure,  in  proportion  to 
the  slitter  interference  of  strangers,  and 
delivered  dow|>  by  tradition,  among  a  people 


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ilOST, 


almost  confined  to  their  mountains,  almost 
secluded  from  their  neighbours,  almost  a 
world  of  their  own. 

An  advantage  aot  easily  calculable  has  at- 
tended the  transmissions  of  the  Welch,  in 
the  preservation  of  their  language.  Nobody 
aiTects  to  doubt  whether  the  language  still 
extant  be  the  same,  as  to  its  essence  and 
principles,  wliich  was  spoken  in  the  days  of 
Agricola  and  Caesar.  It  boasts  a  still  deeper 
antiquity ;  and  though  we  do  not  incline,  as 
is  sometimes  facetiously  done,  to  cart)'  it  be- 
yond Noah,  or  Adam,  yet,  bo  far  as  we  can 
judge,  from  its  analogy  to  other  languages  of 
deep  antiquity,  it  may  vie,  in  this  respect, 
with  any  which  have  come  to  our  knowledge. 

In  this  language,  diHerent  from  that  of 
the  ma^r  part  of  our  island,  whatever  learn- 
ing was  extant  in  Wales,  was,  as  it  were, 
locked  up  from  general  acquisition.  Many 
learned  Lnglbhmen  wislicd,  bat  their  wishes 
were  unproductive ;  thev  made  a  few  efforts, 
but  these  terrainatcil  without  effect.  Of  late, 
a  better  spirit  has  begun  to  operate;  and  in 
the  course  of  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty  years, 
more  communicatidns  have  been  made  from 
the  principality,  in  a  manner  intelligible  to 
Englishmen,  than  for  centuries  before.  Of 
these,  and  other  documents,  as  they  occur,  we 
mean  to'  avail  ourselves,  in  conducting  the 
Panorama.  Convenience  must,  no  doubt, 
oontroul  the  extent  of  the  articles ;  but  the 
nature  ofourwo^  allows  us  occasionally  to 
postpone  what  Hve  cannot  insert,  and  to  re- 
sume at  more  favourable  ofiportunities,  what 
circumstances  did  not  permit  us,  when  we 
wished,  to  gratify  our  wishes  by  admitting. 

Specimens  of  some  of  the  Welch  Laics.     Ex-' 

ti acted  from  the  Cambrjax  Register, 

1795-179<5.  , 

Howel,  the  good,  King  of  Wales,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  princi|)ality  ot  South  Wales  in 
907,  of  all  Wales  in  940',  died  948.  Finding 
the  laws  of  his  kingdom  in  some  confusion, 
he,  •*  by  the  grace  of  God,  prayer,  and  fast- 
ing, when  Wales  was  in  his  possession,  ac- 
cording to  its  boundary,  summoned  six  men 
oni  of  e^•ery  comot  in  Wales,  and  brought 
them  to  him  to  the  White  House,  together 
with  seven  score  croziers,  i.  c.  of  bishops, 
archbishops,  abbots,  and  good  instructors,  to 
form  wholesome  laws,  to  abrogate  those  tliat 
were  become  bad  before  his  time,  and  to 
makegcoJ  ones  in  their  place;  and  thus  to 
give  stability  to  his  own  name. 

**  And  out  of  that  numl)er,  twelve  of  the 
wisest  laymen,  and  one  scheUr,  were  selected 
to  make  the  laws. 

**  Thus,  when  tliey  had  finished  making 
the  institutes,  tliey  imurecated  the  maledic- 
tioi\  of  Cod,  and  of  that  assembly,  and  of 
Wales  in  general,  on  whoever  should^ trans- 
gress tliem/' 


These  laws  begin  with  the  officera  of  the 
court ;  and  we  learn  from  them,  that  these 
officers  received  from  the  King  their  wooUef^ 
garments,  from  the  Queen  their  linen  ones, 
at  Christmas,  Easter,  and  Whiteuntide.  The 
Queen  had  one-third  of  the  King's  income ; 
her  officers  bore  the  |)foportion  of  one-thin! 
to  those  of  the  King,  balisfaction  also  wa» 
madsi  to  the  Queen  of  one-third  of  what  wa» 
made  to  the  King.  The  privilege  of  pfotect- 
ing  those  who  sought  an  asylum,  appears  to 
hiu  e  been  of  ^rcat  account ;  and  of  thei three 
ways  of  insultmg  the  King  or  Queen,  one  is, 
the  violation  of  their  protection. 

The  presumptive  heir  is  next  to  the  King 
and  Queen;  and  his  pla(«  in  the  hall  is  op- 
posite to  the  King,  on  the  giher  side  of  the 
hre. 

Between  the  heir  apparent,  and  the  pillar 
next  to  him,  the  Judge  of  the  Court  shaU  sit  -, 
and  the  domestic  chaplain  on  the  other  side 
of  him ;  and  then  the  chief  of  song ;  and  thea 
there  is  no  fixed  place  to  any  one  in  the  haU. 

The  protection  of  the  Page  of  the  chamber 
is  from  the  time  a  person  oacs  for  a  load  of 
straw  to  put  under  the  King  (as  his  bed), 
and  while  the  bed  is  making,  and  clothes 
spread  upon  it,  until  he  takes  Sem  off  in  the 
morning. 

Whoever  kills  a  man,  let  him  in  the  first 
place  jpay  his  satisfaction  for  tlie  insult,  and 
then  tor  his  death. 

The  judge  of  the  court  shall  have  a  linea 
veil  from  the  Queen  at  all  times. —It  is  sup- 
posed that  the  judge  wore  this  veil  o\er  his 
face  in  the  execution  of  his  office.  But,  that 
this  judge  was  not  denied  relaxation  at  other 
times,  appears  from  his  right  to  receive  from 
the  Kingachess-board,  or  backgammon  board; 
hterallv,  a  throw-board  of  the  bone  of  a  sea- 
animal.     From  the  Queen  he  received  a  eold 

The  Falconer  has  a  privilege,  the  day  tliat 
the  hawk  shall  kill  a  bittern,  or  a  heron,  #r 
a  curlew.  Three  services  shall  the  King  per- 
form for  the  falconer  on  such  a  day :  hold 
his  stirrup  while  he  dismounts,  and  hold 
the  horse  while  he  goes  afler  the  biids,  and 
hold  his  stirrup  while  he  mounts  again. 
Three  tunes  shall  the  King  compliment  him  • 
at  table  that  ni^ht.  On  one  side  of  the  chan« 
cellor  he  shall  sit  at  the  banquet. 

A  pound  is  the  value  of  a  hawk's  nest;  she 
score  pence  is  the  value  of  a  hawk  before 
mewing.  Should  she  be  white  after  mewing, 
she  is  worth  a  pound.— We  may  judge  from 
these  laws  how  highly  the  science  of  falconry 
was  valued  in  Britain ;  for  the  value  of  a 
pound  of  silver  was,  in  those  days,  much 
more  than  at  present. 

Whoever  shall  sue  the  chief  Huntsman, 
must  endeavour  to  take  him  on  his  bed,  on 
the  morning  of  May  day,  before  he  puts  on 
hft  boots ;  for  he  is  under  no  obligation  to 
answer,  uniesshebefound  inthatmauqe^ 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


1053] 


Collectanea  oj  Brilish  jinti^uities. 


[1054 


The  page  of  the  chamber  claims  all  the 
King's  clothes,  except  the  garments  fur  Lent; 
all  the  bed-clothes»  his  shirt,  his  coat,  his 
cloak,  his  breeches,  his  stockings,  and  his 
shoes. — We  presume  that  these  comprehended 
all  the  parts  of  the  King's  dress.  Tlicre 
might,  however,  be  roual  robes* 

The  domestic  Bard  snail  receive  a  beast  of 
the  family  out  of  every  spoil  in  which  he 
shall  be  present,  and  a  man's  share  like  every 
domestic :  therefore,  if  there  should  be  fij;ht'- 
ing,  he  shall  sing  the  Monarchy  of  Britain 
in  front  of  the  battle. 

When  a  bard  shall  ask  a^gift  of  a  prince, 
let  him  sing  one  piece  ;  when  he  asks  of  a 
baron,  let  him  sing  tbrec  pieces  \  should  he 
ask  of  a  villain,  let  him  sing  till  he  falls 
asleep.* — ^This  may  probably  be  taken  as  an 
indication  of  the  progress  of  generosity:  a 
prince  being  more  easily  moved  to  a  gift  than 
a  baron  ;  but  a  villain  rather  sinkmg  into 
sleep— sufficient  mortification  loa  bard ! — than 
capable  of  generosity. 

The  Physician  shall  sit  next  to  the  patron 
of  the  family,  in  the  hall.  Freely  he  shall 
have  his  land  ;  a  horse  in  attendance  he  shall 
have  from  the  King.  The  physician  who 
could  cure  a  man  ofwounds  in  the  head,  in 
which  his  brain  was  seen ;  in  the  body^  in 
which  the  bowek  appeared;  in  the  joints,  so 
that  the  marrow  nugnt  be  seen — was  entitled 
to  three  pounds  for  each  of  them. 

The  Foot-holder  is  to  hold  the  King's  feet 
in  his  lap,  from  the  time  he  sits  down  at  the 
banquet,  until  he  goes  to  sleep;  and  he 
ought  to  scratch  the  King ;  and  during  that 
period  he  is  to  guard  the  Kio^  from  every 
accident.  From  the  same  dish  with  the 
X  King  he  is  to  eat.  He  shall  light  the  candles 
before  the  King  at  meat.  He  shall  have  a 
dish  of  meat,  and  liquor,  though  he  is  not  to 
join  in  the  feast. 

The  Porter,  out  of  e\'cry  present  coming 
through  the  gate,  shall  have  k  handful ;  out 
of  e\ery  load  of  fuel  pasi>ing  through  the  gate, 
a  billet  which  he  can  pull  without  hindering 
the  horse  j  out  of  the  booty  of  swine,  the 
sow  which  he  can  lift  up  by  the  bristles  with 
one  hand,  so  that  her  feet  shall  be  as  high  as 
hb  knees.  Any  animal  without  a  tail,  pass- 
ing through  the  gate,  shall  belong  to  him. 
He  shouM  have  the  remains  of  the  cheese 
which  he  shall  toast. 

The  Baker-woman  i»  entitled  to  receive 
bcr  victuals  from  the  palace,  and  her  clothes 
4nd  her  dish-meat  when  the  King  is  there ;  and 
her  cake  after  baking,  out  ol  every  sort  of  flour 
ihe  shall  bake  of;  and  her  bed  in  the  provi- 
aion-house.  She  is  not  obliged  to  rise  up  to 
any  one  while  she  is  baking.  Her  protection 
extends  as  far  as  she  cao  throw  with  her 
•little.'  ^  • 
The  three  indispconibles  of  a  King  are  :  his 


dhaplain,  to  say  grace  at  meals,  and  to  sing 
mass ;  the  judge  of  the  court,  to  explain 
ever^-  thing  dubious;  and  his  family,  toexe« 
cute  his  commissions. 

The  three  indispensablesof  a  Gentleman  : 
his  harp,  his  cloak,  and  his  cauldron. 

Ilie  three  indispensables  of  a  Villaili  f  his 
trough,  his  borer,  and  his  hre-hob. 

A  King's  buckhound  whelp,  his  value  is 
twenty-four  pence,  while  his  eyes  are  shut  j 
in  his  kennel,  thirty-six  pence;  while  he 
ViOguely  hunts,  half  a  pound ;  when  he  is 
well  trained,  his  value  is  a  pound. 

Whoever  shall  kill  a  cat,  which  guards 
the  hojjsc  and  the  bam  of  the  King,  her 
head  shall  be  put  towards  the  earth,  and  het 
tail  held  upwards,  upon  uneven  floor,  and  then 
he  shall  pour  wheat  about  her,  until  the  tip 
of  her  tail  be  oovertxl  over.  Another  cat  is 
worth  four  pence  in  law.  The  required  qua- 
lities of  a  cat  are:  to  be  perfect  eare<l,  pencct 
eyed,  perfect  nailetl,  perfect  tailed,  unmarked 
by  fire,  and  killing  njice,  and  that  she  de- 
vours not  her  kittens. 

A  consecrated  yew,  its  value  is  a  pound. 
An  oak,  its  value  is  six  score  pence ;  whoe\'er 
bores  it  through,  shall  |xiy  tbrcescore  pence.  A 
mistletoe  branch,  its  value  is  threescore  pence. 
Thirty  pence  is  the  x^alue  of  every  princi- 
pal branch  in  the  oak.  Threescore  pence 
IS  the  value  of  a  sweet  opple-lrec.  Thinv 
.  pence  is  the  value  of  a  sour  app!c-tree.  Fif- 
teen^  |)ence  is  the  value  of  a  wood  yew-tree. 
Seven  pence  halfpenny  is  the  valije  oi  a  thorn- 
tree.  Fourpence  is  tlic  value  of  every  tree 
after  that. 

\^'hoeve^  cuts  down  an  oak-tree  in  the 
king's  highway,  let  him  |)ay  three  kine,  as  a 
compensation  fine,  to  the  King,  and  the  va- 
lue of  the  oak,  and  let  him  clear  ihc  way  for 
the  King ;  and  when  the  King  comes  by,  let 
him  cover  th^  stump  ot  the  tree  wdth  one 
coloured  cloth.  If  a  tree  should  fall  across  a 
river,  and  if  hitclies,  or  nets,  Imj  drawn  over 
the  tree,  tlie  owr^er  of  the  btuiiip  of  the  tree 
owns  it,  on  whichever  ^ide  of  tiie  river  sliall 
oait  the*tree. 

.In  Older  lo  form  some  notion  of  the  com- 
parative value  of  money  between  that  time 
and  the.  present,  we  may  observe,  that  liic 
v^lue  of  seven  di^ys'  ploughing  is  two  pence  ? 
SQ  that,  when  an  apple-tree  io  valued  at  three- 
>core  .pence,  it  is  in  fact  ihe  value  ofthirtv 
weeks*  labour  of  a  ploughman  ;  vviiicli  shews 
hpw  extremely  scarce  valuable  plants  of  fruit- 
bearing  trees  must  have  been  at  tht*  period. 
Six  score  pence  is  the  value  of  a  gt^lding.  A 
foal  is  valued  at  four  pence  till  Aurust ;  the 
first  of  December,  twelve  pence  ;  tlie  f'ist  of 
Fcbr'Aarv',  eighteen;  and  its  value  ad\aiiccs 
till  it  is  three  years  old.  when  it  is  worth  four- 
score and  sixteen  peuce.  An  apple- la'c, 
therefore^  was  worth  thcee-fitilib  of  a  iiufie. 


2  M  4 


Digitized 


byGeoglc 


J0&5] 


Report  on  Expired  end  Expiring  Laws, 


The  pecuniary  satisfactions,  or  mulcts,  for 
f^omicide,  are  among  the  most  curious  re- 
mains of  ancient  legislation  \  but  these  must 
be  postponed  for  the  present. 


EXCERPTA, 

From  the  "Report  from  the  Committee  upon 
Expired  and  Expiring  Laws,  for  the  First 
Session  of  the  Third  Parliament  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great-Britain  andlrc^ 
land  (41  Geo.  IIL)  Ordered  to  be  printed 
22d  December,  I8O6. 

This  is  an  extremely  v^iiluable  paper,  and 
must  have  been  drawn  up  with  uncommon 
labour  and  attention,  and,  from  its  appear- 
ance, with  corresponding  correctness  also. 
The  importance  attached  to  it,  as  it  concerns 
the  public,  and  the  whole  sj-stcm  of  our  trade 
4nd  commerce,  excites  regret  that  its  circu- 
lation cannot  be  rebus  sic  stantibus,  equal  to 
ks  consequeno  •.  It  should  lie  in  every  mer- 
chant's counting-house,  on  every  manufac- 
tuTer*s  desk,  and  in  every  lawyer's  office.  To 
fhe -public  it  is  necessary  ;  to  the  author*  who 
planned  and  ananged  it,  it  is  highly  honoura- 
iile  \  to  the  nation  at  Iarge»  it  must  be  bene- 
kcxaX,  pardcularly  to  the  Boards  of  Custom 
and  Excise. 

It  contains,  first: — A  detailed  Statenvent 
^r  Register  of  all  the  temporary  Laws,  of  a 
public  and  general  nature,  now  in  force, 
which  have  been  enacted  by  the  Parliaments 
ofEn^dand,  or  Grcai-Britain,  or  Ireland,  or 
€f  the  United  Kingdom,  from  the  commence- 
ment of  the  reign  of  King  William  III.  to 
July  23,  ISQd  (being  the  last  day  of  the 
session  of  Parliament,  46  Geo.  IIL)  $  speci- 
fying the  matter,  date,  chapter,  and  title  of 
«ach  of  the  original  Acts,  and  the  dates  and 
chapters  of  the  rea(^)ectivc  subsidiary  Acu  by 
which  tliey  have  been  either  amended  or 
continued. — In  drawing  up  this  Statement  or 
Register,  the  Committee  has  proceeded  by 
continuing  the  Enumeration  of  Laws  con- 
tained in  the  Report  of  th^  Committee  on 
Expired  and  Expiring  Laws,  ordertd  to  be 
printed  on  the  s^th  day  of  Jani:^ry,  I8O6, 
and  adding  thereto  such  teqiporary  Laws  as 
have  since  been  psascd,  and  arc  now  in  force ; 
and  also,  by  msiking  such  alterations  therein 
as   have  been  rendered   hccessaiy  by  other 

♦  We  have  bcto  told^^  the  Right  Honour- 
able Gentleman  who  now  so  ably  fills  the 
Chairi  was  the  original  mover  in  this,  busi- 
ness ;  and  of  whose  labours  and  extensive 
knowledge  in  other  public  measures  w«  st^di 
h^TC  ihs^e^t  Oc0»sion  to  take  noMstt. 


[losd 

passed  during  the  laa€ 


Laws   which   wei 
session. 

Secondly, — An  Enumeration  of  all  the 
public  general  Laws,  of  a  temporary  nature, 
which  have  expin'd  between  January  21, 
180()  (being  the  first  day  of  the  session,  4^ 
Geo.  III.)  and  Dec.  \b,  I8O6,  being  the 
first  day  of  the  present  session. 

Thirdly, — An  Eniuneration  of  all  the 
public  general  Laws  which  are  about  to  ex- 
pire at  the  end  of  the  present  session,  or  on 
or  l)efore  August  1,  1803,  or  in  the  course, 
or  at  the  end,  of  any  session  which  may 
commence  during  that  period  ;  arranged  chro-* 
rtologically,  according  to  the  dates  at  which 
they  will  expire  respectively. 

I'ourthly, — Laws  whicn  are  of  a  tempo- 
rary, but  uncertain  duration,  are  dbtinguished 
— those  which  depend  on  the  war,  from 
those  which  depend  on  other  oontinfi:encies. 

ITiose  depending  on  the  war, — flic  terms 
in  which  their  lunitation  \i  prescribed  arc 
different  not  only  in  dtfferent  Acts,  but  some- 
times also  in  tlie  title  and  body  of  the  same 
Act ;  in  the  mode  of  distinguishing  the  seve- 
ral phrases  applied  to  their  duration,  tlie 
Comaiittee  has  followed  former  piecedents. 

To  the  whole  is  subjoined  an  Alphabetical 
Table  of  Matters. 

We  stibmit,  by  way  of  specimen,  a  selec- 
tion of  the  informaUon  contained  re»pectins 
Expiring  Acts  in  I8O7-I8O8. 

In  the  present  year  I8O7  will  expire : 

6th  of  Ann,  17O8,  jg40,000.  per  ann.  An- 
nuities i  also  j^0,000.  same  date. 

1  Geo.  3.  Duties  on  Malt,  Mum,  Cyder, 
and  Perry,  &c.  The  Act  46.  Geo.  3. 
continued  the  Duty  on  Malt  only. 

26  Geo.  3.  c.  81.  For  encoura^ng  British 
Fisheries.  Continued  by  various  Acts.^-* 
By  39  (xco.  3.  c.  100.  (12  July,  1799) 
the  Act  35  Geo.  3.  &  56.  was  revived  from 
1  March,  1799»  and  continued  to  the 
end  of  the  next  session. — Tlie  two  next 
Acts  continued  and  amended  the  Act  39 
Geo.  3.  c.  100.— The  Act  4ir  Geo.  3. 
c.  79»  revived,  amended,  and  continned 
the  Acts  of  26,  27*  35,  and  39  Geo.  3. 
though  it  did  not  notice  the  first  of  thess 
in  the  title. — ^The  Acts  44  Geo.  3.  c.  86, 
46  Geo.  3.  c.  34,  revive  and  continue  th« 
Act  39  Geo.  3.*c.  100.  and  notict,  but 
do  not  explicitly  continue,  the  several 
amending  Acts. 

37  Geo.  3.  C.70.  Against  sedoetion  of  aoMite 
and  sailors. — ^Mutiny,  oootinuad  41.  G» 
3.  c.  39.  1800. 

37  Geo.  3.  c.  97.  Treaty  of  Amity  ao4  Gmm 
lo^rce  wUh  AoMnca. 


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10571 

ag  Geo.  3.  c»  3.  tKUy  on  Pensions,  Sum 
Mal^  Tobacco,  &c.  Sec  Land-Tax 
Act,  38  Geo.  3  c.  6.  and  Land-Tax 
Redemption  Acts,  38  Geo.  3.  c.  60.  48 
Geo.  3.  c.  11 6.— See  also  the  Customs 
Consolidation  Act,  43  Geo.  3.  c.  68. 
§,10.  and  Excise  Consolidation- Ac^,  43 
Geo.  3.  c.  6q,  §.  1. 

aS)  Geo.  3.  c.  100.    British  Fuheries.    Vide 

26G.  3.  C.81. 
29  Geo.  3.  Disembodied  Militia  Allowances. 

69  GcQ  3.  c.  87.  Thames  Police.— See  40 
Geo.  3.  c,  7(x  §.  S3,  the  continuance  of 
which  Act  is  until  1  Jime,  1807,  &c. 
See  also  43  Geo.  3.  c.  115,  as  to  Seizure 
of  Exciseable  Commodities,  under  the 
Act  39,  40  Geo.  3. 
1807. 

41  Geo.  3.  c.  44.  Warehousing  British 
Sugar. 

41  Geo.  3.  c.  74.    Sugars'  Drawback,  ex- 

ported from  Ireland. 

42  Geo.  3.  c,  61.     Police  Offices  adjacent  to 

London. 

43  Geo.  3.  c.  11.  Discontinuing  Sugar  Draw- 

backs and  Bounties^  Contmuc^  40  Geo. 
3.C.  10, 

43  Geo.  3.  c.  97.  Irish  Revenue  Regulation. 
— ^This  Act  Is  only  continued  in  part. 

#6  Geo.  3.  c.  120,  As  to  Auctions- 
Permits — ^Tanni'ts . 

43  Geo.  3.  c.  103.  Warehousing  Portugal 
and  Spanish  Wines.  As  to  the  time  of 
landing  Wine,  expired  July  6,  1806. 

43  Geo.  3.    Woollen   Manufactures — Sus- 

pended Prosecutions.  Continued  40  Geo. 
a.  c.  136.  44  Geo.  3.  c.  64.  45  Geo.  3. 
c.  83. 

44  Geo.  3.  c.  32.     Irish  Militia  Service— 46 

Geo.  3.  c.  31. 

44  Geo.  3.  c.  101.  Bahama  American  Salt 
Trade. 

44  Geo.  3.  c.    103.    Customs  and  Excise, 

Irish.  Continued,  as  to  Parmiu,  44 
Geo.  3.  c.  103. 

45  Geo.  3.  c.  18.    CustoiDS  in  Ireland. 

46  Geo.  3.  c.  62,    Additional   Duties  on 

Iron,  Sugar,  Tea. 

45  Geo.  3.  c  19.  Excise  and  Inland  Duties. 

Th(.  3s.  Duty  on  Houses,  lepeolad  by 
41  Geo.  3.  c  36. 

46  Geo.  3.  c,  S2.    Duty  on  Irish  Malt  and 

Spirits.    Continued  46  Goo.  3.  c.  UO. 

45  Geo.  3.  €.  47.  Examination  of  Militaiy 
Abuses.— Vide  45  Geo.  3.  c.  70. 

45  Geo.  3.  c«  98.  Incctisiog  Drawbacks  011 
Linena  exported  10  Wtttlodits. 


Report  en  Expired  and  Expiring  Lam.  [lOSt 

Foreign  Plam  Liaenft/  45  Geo.  d.  €S4 

pires  same  time. 

45  Geo.  3.  c.  105.    Hcar^Money^  and  A** 
sesscd  Taxes,  Irdand,   contkiued  aud 
nmended^  46  G«>.  3.  c  120. 
Paper,  and  Paper  Hangings,  Iretenl* 
Dublin  Paving.    Coals,  Irdand. 

46  Geo.  3.  c.  30.  Trade  to  Cape  of  ^GmI 
Hope. 

46  Geo.  3.  c.  66.  Mutiny  Act.  E^nes  in 
Great-Britain,  March  25  ;  Ireland,  April 
1  \  Jersey,  &c.  May  1  5  Gibraltar,  k'c* 
Mardi  25,  1808. 

4d  Geo  3.  c.  103.  Imported  Salt  Fish  from 
Newfoundland,  with  Bounty. 

46  Geo.  3.  c.  1 1 8.  Time  for  purdaasin^;  1e« 
gal  Quays  in  London  :  conirare  43  Geo^ 
3.  c.  124 


46  Geo.  3.  c.  196. 
of  Soldiers. 

46  Gco!"3.  c.  139. 
46  Geo.  3  c.  152. 


Innkeepers'  Subsistenos 

Regulation  Malt  Duties. 
To  stay  Piesecutions— 


Bark  and  Leather. 

8  Geo.  1 .  For  Encouiaffement  of  the  SHi 
Manu&ctures :  but  this  Act  is  ccmtin  ued, 
so  far  as  relates  to  the  Encouragement  of 
the  Silk  Manufactures  of  this  kingdom, 
by  46  Geo.  3.  cap.  110.  (No.  198),  by 
which  the  Bounties  speciiied  in  this  Act 
ate  increased  during  the  War. 

S9  Geo^  2.  Bounty  on  British  and  Irish  Li« 
nens. — Se«  23  Geo.  3.  cap*  JKl.  (No. 
38.) 

4  Geo.  3.  c.  19.  For  importing  Salt  from 
Eurojje  into  the  Prov'mce  oTQuebec,  in 
America.  Continued  hy  6.  c.  42.  13. 
c.  69.  liO.  c.  19.  S?6.  c.  53.  31.  c.  43. 
36.  c.  40.  ^.  7.  43.  c.  29.  §.  7.  Expires 
24tii  June,  1808. 

4  Geo.  3.  c.  26.    Bounty  on  Importation  cf 
,     Hemp   from  America.    Continued  by 
28.  Geo.  3.  c.  52.  §.    12.  46.  Geo.  S. 
c.  29.  §.  4. 

6  Geo.  3.  c.  28.  Prohibition  of  Foreign 
Wrought  Silks  and  Velvets,  and  Com- 
bination among  Workmen  employed  ia 
Silk  Manufacture. 

Continued  as  to  prohibition  of  Foreigo 
Silks  and  Velvets,  except  so  far  as  i^ 
repugnant  to  43  Geo.  3.  cap.  68.  Sdxe* 
dule  A.  tit.  Silk. 

Continued  also  by  eight  other  Statutes, 
all  of  which  are  referred  to  in  the  maigin. 

17  Geo.  3.  c.  43.     Permitted  £xx)crtatip«  of 
Tobacco-pipe  Clay  to  West  indies. 
Continued  by  vdriou»  AcH  ttiarked  il^ 


Digitized 


by  Google 


Regulations  of  ihe  IToollen  Manufactures, 


10591 

19  Geo.  3.  c.  1«.    Annuities  for  29  ytais. 

23  Geo.  3.  c.  77  Encouragement  of  Flax  and 
Cotton  Manuf^tures. 
The  Act  43  Geo.  3.  c.  29,  is  with  an 
exception  as  to  the  Drawback  on  Briin* 
«tone. 

N.  B.  Amended,  43  Geo.  3.  c.  29.— 
Conlinued  46  Geo.  3.  c.  29. 

jk6  Geo.  3.  c.  41.    Encouragement  of  Green- 
Iknd  Fishery. 

N.  B.  This  Act,  arid  C9  Geo.  3.  c.  53. 
amended,  as  well  as  continued,  bv  32 
Geo.  3.  c.  22.  and  42  Geo.  3.  c.  22.— 
See  46  Geo.  3.  c  9*  as  to  Men. 

33  Geo.  3.  c.  74     Payment  of  Creditors  in 
Scotland. 

38  Geo.  3.  c.  68.     Duties  on  Spices. 
But  query  ?  See  43  Geo.  3.  c.  63. 

89  Geo.  3.    Duties  on  Pensions,  &c.  also 
on  Sugar,  Malt,  Tobacco,  SnutF. — See 
Land-Tax  Act,    38  Geo.  3.  c    5.  and   I 
Land-Tax  Redemption  Acts,  38  Geo.  3.    | 
c.  60.  42  Geo.  3.  c.   II6.— See  also  the 
Customs  Consolidation  Act,  43  Geo.  3. 
c.  68  §.10.  and  Excise  Consolidation- 
Act,  43  Geo.  3.  c.  6g.  §.  1. 
41  Geo.  3.  c.  77.     Importation  of  Salt  Fjsh 
ixom  Newfoundland. — See  46  Geo.  3. 
c.  103.  as  to  Bounty.  ' 

♦1  Geo.  3.  c.  95    Warehousing  British  Pbn- 
tation  Spirits  in  Ireland. 

43  Geo.  3.  c.  35      Grain  and  Flour  to  and 
from  Ireland. 

The  Act  43  Geo.  3.  c.  14.  is  also  *'  for 
•'  petaiitfing  the  Ex^Kwlation  of  Seed 
"  Corn  from  Great-Britain  to  Ireland  ; 
**  and  the  Importation  of  Malt  into 
«*  Great-Britain  from  Ireland." 

[Repealed  a*  to  Malt  by  44  Geo.  3. 
c.  89.  4. 1 . — ^And  now  see  46  Geo.  3.  c. 
97,  which  permits  the  free  Interchan^ 
of  Com  and  Flour  between  Great-Bri- 
tain and  Ireland.] 

43  Geo.  3.  c.  68.    Newfonndland  Fisherj'. 

44  Geo.  3.  Importation  Hides,  Tallow,  Wool 

(not  Cotton   Wool),    in  Foreign  Bot- 
toms.—Sec  45  Geo.  3.  c.  57,  for  West 
'       Indies. 
46  Geo.  3.  c.  119.     Prohibition  Slave  Trade. 

Those  Laws  which  expire  in  following 
years,  as  I8O9,  1810,  1811,  are  very  pro- 
perly reported  also. 

Tlie  importance  of  these  regulations  is  evi- 
dent from  \  mere  inspection  of  the  subjects 
we  have  extracted,  which  is  but  a  small  pro- 
jx)rtion.  It  is  proper  that  those  who  are  any 
way  affected  by  these  Acts,  should  have  a 
sufficient  time  allowed  them  to  mature  and 
to  state  their  sentiments,  together  with  what 
improvemcnlt  have  occurred  to  them^  if  they 


Ito&a 


are  to  be  revived,  or  continued  ;  as  many 
things  occur  incidentally,  whidi  may  noC 
be  thought  of  suddenly. 

We  conclude  this  article  by  observing, 
with  what  diligence  the  various  branches  of 
our  trade  have  been  fostered,  by  bounties,  \>y 
exemptions,  &c.  continued  for  a  time ;  at  tlie 
end  of  which  time,  fresh  regulations  havtf 
confirmed  the  advantages  which  experience 
had  demonstrated,  and  removed  those  that 
bad  been  found  injurious.  Our  conameroe, 
then,  is  not  wholly  spontaneous,  or  natural 
to  our  island ;  but  has  been  giadlially  4iii- 
proved,  enlarged,  accumulated,  the  work  o€ 
ages,  till,  at  length,  it  is  all  but  boundless. 


REGULATIONS  OF  TJW  WOOLLEV  MANUFAC- 
TURES, AND  SYSTEM  OF  APPRENTICESHIP. 

Different  stages  and  states  of  society  require 
different  regulations  to  promote  their  welfare. 
That  not^ishment  which  is  proper  for  infants, 
is  unappropriate  to  adults.  When  commeroe 
and  manufactures  are  in  an  infant  state,  they 
demand  a  fostering  care,  that,  operating  as  a 
bounty,  may  strengthen  and  advance  them  : 
but,  when  strengthened  and  advanced,  other 
measures  may  be  proper  to  establi^  and  go- 
vern them.  We  presented,  in  our  first  Num- 
ber, the  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons  on  the  State  of  the 
Woollen  Manufactory,  that  staple  article  of 
our  count r\  !  As  this  subject  will  speedilj 
be  re-considered  by  Parliament,  as  appears  by 
a  motion  of  Lord  Temple,  we  think  it  may 
not  be  amiss  to  remind  our  readers  of  the  pro- 
biibility,  that  the  system  established  in  the 
days  of  Queen  Elizabeth  h  likely  to  undergo 
some  alterations.  We  desire  to  be  understood 
as  giving  no  opinion  at  present  on  a  subject 
of  so  great  importance,,  but  shall  merely  in- 
sert a  pro  and  con  state  of  the  question. 

We  shall,  in  the  first  place,  transcribe  a 
few  paragraphs  from  the  Speech  of  Randle 
Jackson^  Esq.  before  the  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  on  behalf  of  the  Cloth- 
workers  and  Sheermen  of  Yorkshire,  Land^ 
shire,  Wiltshire,  Somersetshire,  and  0km- 
cestershire.— ^London,  Stockdale,  I8O6. 

By  turning  to  the  Panorama,  pp.  120,  Ifttf 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  Committee  recom« 
mended  the  repeal  of  the  Act  of  5  and  6  £dw. 
VI.  for  putting  doiyn  gig-mills.  On  thii 
subject  Mr.  J.  deckums  at  some  length  ta 
behalf  of  his  clients ;  obser\'ing  that, 
Mr.  £.  S.  of  Uley,  in  Gk>ucestershire,  ad* 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


1060 


Regulations  of  the  Woollen  Manufactures, 


[ioa» 


mitsy  upon  b'ls  cross-examination,  '*  that 
doth  May  be  overstrained,  so  as  to  afibnl  an 
txtToor dinar y  profit  at  foreign  markets,  vdth" 
out  breaking  the  thread-,  that  great  art  is 
required  in  u^ing  the  ^g-mill»  and  that  the 
cloths  done  by  the  hired  or  public  mills  have 
been  done  badly."  In  which  state  the  cloth 
is  pressed,  and  goes  to  the  custouicr  without 
the  damage  being  discoverable.  And  even 
when  the  ground  is  broken,  we  have  abun- 
dant proof  that  it  is  the  custom  in  those 
cases,  so  to  fine-draw,  ilock,  and  press,  as 
almost  to  defy  detection. 

Mr.  W.  of  Durslcy,  allows  it  to  be  his 
opinion,  that  the  medley  cloths  dyed  in  the 
wool  will  not  bear  the  pressure  of  the  gig- 
mill,  like  the  white  cloths  of  his  county ; 
and  he  goes  on  to  sav,  **  that  they  leave  their 
lists  longer  on  the  cfoths  meant  to  be  dressed 
by  the  ^-mill  than  on  those  dressed  by 
hand,  to  provide  for  the  necessary  degree  of 
straining  in  the  gig  mill  ;**  he  adds,  that 
the  great  advantage  of  gig-dresscd  cloth  b  in 
its  appearance,  and  that  they  sell  such  cloths 
for  a  fiisher  price  than  those  done  by  liand." 

Mr.  William  S.  of  Frome,  in  Somerset- 
shire, allows,  «*  that  they  mill  their  cloths 
one  yard  short  in  an  end,  to  bear  the  force  qf 
the  gig-mill.** 

It  is  admitted  that  three  persons,  with  the 
assistance  of  the  gig-mill,  would  dress  about 
as  much  cloth  as  twenty-four  persons  could 
dress  by  hand. 

In  speaking  of  the  shcering-fran>e,  on 
which  aiao  the  Committee  reported,  he  thus 
reasons  against  it : 

The  Bhcering-frarae  has  this  mischievous 
efiect,  it  will  not  sheer  even ;  and  if  the  cloth 
is  not  put  on  perfectly  even,  it  will  knib, 
that  is,  catch  it  with  the  blade.  No*v,  if  it 
knibs  when  they  sheer  by  hand,  the  sensa- 
tion of  the  sheerer  immediately  detects  it,  and 
the  injury  is  stopped.  The  fine-drawers  have 
said,  that  the  holes  made  in  the  cloth  by  the 
sheers  are  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  or  a  gun-shot ; 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  those  made  by 
the  shecring-frame  arc  generally  three  or  four 
inches  long :  the  reason  is,  that  when  a  hole 
is  made,  it  cannot  be  detected  till  the  blade, 
which  iff  some  inches  broad,  and  fixed  in  the 
frame,  has  passed  over  a  space  equal  to  its 
breadth  >  they  then  find  out  that  a  hole  is 
made,  and  they  stop  the  machine. 

They  say  it  b  not  necessary  to  have  a  man 
after  each  machine,  as  you  nave  after  a  pair 
ol  sheers,  but  that  one  man  superintends  half 
a  dozen  of  them. 

The  witnesses  have  uniformly  stated  tlic 
extra  straining  of  the  cloth  to  average,  at  least, 
iwp  yards  in  twenty  above  the  legalmcusure. 
.  '  One  of  the  Yorkshire  masters,  a  respecta- 
l)1e  magistrate  in.that  county,  was  called  :  an 
honourable  member  of  the  Coniniittee  re- 
minded him  of  the  unfortunate  circumstance 


which  led  to  the  kws  of  the  Russian  market  j 
namely,  that  a  Iluss,ian  brigade,  newly  cloth- 
ed witli  English  cloth,  happening  to  be  ex<* 
posed  to  a  drenching  shower,  their  ooati 
shrunk  into  waistcoats.  Mr.  C.  the  Witness, 
admitted  the  anecdote,  and  a^ded,  that  they 
had  the  most  exorbitant  demands  made  upoa 
them  by  the  German  factors  and  merchants, 
on  account  of  extraordinary  straining! 

Mr.  Lambert  is,  by  profession,  an  over- 
looker or  examiner  of  cloths  for  the  drapers ) 
that  is,  when  the  draper  looks  out  a  certaia 

Jiuantity  of  cloths  at  the  warehouse  of  the 
actor,  they  are  sent  to  a  person  whose  pecu- 
liar business  it  is  to  examine  and  report  upoa 
them.  Mr.  Lambert  tells  you  he  examinei^ 
at  least,  two  hundred  cfoths  a  week  for  vari- 
ous drapers  ;  that  by  far  the  greatest  propor- 
tion of  those  which  pass  through  hb  hand* 
are  dressed  by  the  ffig-mill ;  and  that  he  pur- 
sues a  mode  which  cannot  fail  of  detecting 
the  injur}',  if  any  be  done  to  the  cloth.  ,  H« 
begins  with  taking  out  the  press,  that  is, 
setting  off  the  gloss,  he  can  then  discern  what 
injuries  there  are  ;  and  hetelb  you,  that  out 
of  two  hundred  cloths  he  is  obliged  to  throw 
aside  a  considerable  number. — He  says,  that 
the  gig-cloth  is  looser ;  it  feeb  more  hollow 
in  the  hand,  and  the  injuries  are  of  a  diffe- 
rent nature  from  those  which  he  finds  in  the 
hand-dressed  cloths.  He  examines  all  the 
hand-dressed  cloths  which  come  from  an 
eminent  manufacturer  in  the  West  of  Eng- 
land, and  in  the  course  of  the  last  two  yeai» 
he  has  not  had  occasion  to  return  five  of 
them. 

The  cloths,  whether  over-strained  at  the 
tenter,  or  by  ^ig-dressing,  go  abroad  in  that 
state  of  extension  : — those  intended  for  home 
consumption,  especially  for  the  London  wear, 
are  damped  and  coltl-prcssed  ;  the  damping 
drives  them  in,  perhaps,  half  a  yanl  upon 
twenty ;  but  the  cloths  meant  for  the  fo- 
reign market  aie  not  damped,  but  merely 
pressed,  which  docs  not  drive  them  in  more 
than  a  very  few  inches  at  most. — Mr.  E.  one 
of  tl\e  Yorkshire  masters,  admits,  that  the 
<:.oarser  kind  of  woollen  clodis  are  strained  in 
the  proportion  of  five  yards  upon  twenty-five. 
— Mr.  E.  says,  truly,  that  these  cloths  shrink 
back  towards  the  legal  lengtli  every  time  they 
are  exposed  to  the  air. 

When  cloths  are  taken  from  the  tenter, 
though  notoriously  overstrained,  nevertheless 
the  len^h  is  founS  fraudulently  to  correspond 
with  the  seal  put  on  at  the  fullin;;-mill.  1  had 
been  informed,  that  by  some  management  at 
the  fulling-mill,  it  wiu  not  unusual  to  put  on 
seals,  these  denoting  a  [ntr^QT  length  than  the 
cloth  actually -measured,  so  as  to  allow  for 
subsequent  straining. 

The  clothiers  well  know,  and  it  is  in 

evidence  before  you,  that  the  searchers  have 

not  the  common  means  of  livint;.  If  thty  do 

thoii  duty — that  they  arc  cast  for  iustw'iiancc 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


ship  which  binds  the  youth  from  fourteen 
years  of  age  to  twenty-one,  unless  yon  shoukf 
think  proper  to  qualify  the  term  of  its  dura- 
tion. 

But,  take  it»  that  persons  in  elevated  sta- 
tions may  say.  We  cannot  endure  these  trou« 
blesome  rogues  under  our  roof.  Let  them,  in 
that  case,  discharge  their  duty  by  deputy — 
let  the  foremen,  or  others  whom  the  master 
may  appoint,  receive  the  apprentices  into 
their  houses  and  families,  and  exercise  over 
t)iem,  as  far  as  may  be,  a,  ddegated  autho- 
rity. 

In  opposition  to  these  sentiments^  on  this 
latter  subject,  the  following  paper  has  been 
handed  to  us  with  a  view  to  its  general  circa- 
ktion.  We  also  refer  our  readers  to  the  6th 
Resolution  of  the  Committee,  before  which 
Mr.  J.  advocated  the  cause  of  the  sheermen« 
Panorama,  p.  134* 


IPOBS}  CpinioTU  on  ihe  Apptmkt  Lmvs  of  ^ue$9i  ESxabetk 

«pon  betraying  their  trust— that  their  families 

must  starve  if  they  are  faithful,  so  scanty  is 

'Iheir  allowance  ^  while,  on  the  other  hand> 

-ibe  is  liberally  rewarded  if  he  refrains  from 

-^isitingthem,  or  makes  his  visits  in  a  com- 

jplaisant  way. 
Adverting    to   the  system   of  apprentice- 

abip,  which  now  stands  fbr  seven  years  of 

kacning ;  but  which  there  is  a  general  pec- 

4DMion,  that  it  might  be  shortened>  to  ad- 

irantage,  Mn  J.  proceeds  : 

I  stated,  in  my  opening  address,  that  the 

'alnogation  of  the  system  of  apprenticeship 

appeared  to  me  to  be  one  of  the  most  awful 

propositions  "ever  submitted  to  the  Legisla- 

tore.    It  is  not  enough  to  shew  that  a  weaver 

«r  a  cloth-worker  can  get  a  knowledge  of  his 

trade  in  a  few  months  or  a  few  years  I — ^Wbo 

shall  sav    that    the  superior  morals  of  our 

countrymen  have  not  been  owing  to  the  pre- 
valence of  a  system  which  places  youth  under 

proper  controul  during  that  most  critical  pe- 

tioa  oflife,  when  even  parental  authority  is 

BOt  so  effectual  as  the  authority  of  the  master  ? 
It  b a  custom  which  has  prevailed  time  out 

«f  mind,  till  within  these  few  years,  that  in 
-some  parts  of  the  country  it  has  been  relaxed, 

inrincipally  owing  to  the  introduction  of  ma- 

cbiuerv,  and  the  factory  system. 

I  submit  to  the  Committee,  that,  whether 
looked  at  in  a  moral  or  political  point  of  view, 
tte  strongest  objections  present  themselves 
against  that  freedom  from  restraint  which 

jou  ar^  urged  to  enact.  Jf  you  give  way  in 
-this  instance,  it  would  be  absurd  to  aigue 

that  the  abro^tion  of  apprenticeship  will  be 
oufincd  to  the  woollen  tmde,  and  that  it  will 
not  extend  to  all  the  various  other  branches  of 

manufacture.  No  man  can  imagine  for  a 
jDQoment  that  you  can  do  away  apprenticeship 
^mong  the  clothiers,  and  support  it  among 
the  manufacturers  of  leather,  iron,  and  oilier 
articles.  You  must  annihilate  the  system 
altogether,  or  you  must  have  the  courage  to 
enforce  it  in  this  manufacture  as  well  as  in 
others.  I  do  not  mean  that  you  need  enforce 
it  accorrling  to  the  extent  of  the  statute  of 
&izabeth,  that  is,  in  many  res|>ects,  an  obso- 
lete statute.  I  do  not  say  that  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  that  apprenticeship  shall  be  for 
seven  years.  1  do  not  say  that  you  shall  not 
listen  to  the  observation  of  an  honourable 
member,  which  I  felt  forcibly  when  it  was 
urged,  namely,  that  when  one  youth  is 
1)ound  an  apprentice,  and  sees  another  work- 
ing by  his  sufe  who  is  not  bound,  getting  five 
or  ten  shillings  a  week,  while  he  is  getting 
nothing,  he  will  feel  great  uneasiness  and  im- 
patience.— If  seven  years  be  inconvenient, 
'^  six,  or  even  five  years.  If  it  be  necessary 
to  give  to  youth  progreasive  wsges,  in  God*s 
name  let  it  be  so.— -What  I  contend  for  is,  | 
the  continuation  of  that  system  of  appreatioe- 1 


jifcw  opinions  of  some  great  and  good  Men^ 
and  sound  Lawyers,    qn  the  Apprentice 
Laws  of  Queen  Elizabeth  -,  applicable  ta 
the  Mm  of  1806-7. 
Rennard  and  Chase,  Brewers,   I   Bsat^ 
Rep.  p.  2. — Lord  Mansfield,  in  hisargumecfta 
on  this  case,  says,  *'  It  hath  been  well  ob- 
served that  this  Act  (viz.  5  £liz.  cap.  4.)  is, 
1.  A  Penal  Law.    2.  It  is  a  Restraint  ou 
Natural  Right.    3.  It  is  contrary  to  the  ge- 
neral Right  given  by  the  Common  Law  of 
this  Kingdom.    4.  The  Policy  upon  which 
this  Act  was  made,  is  from  experience  be«> 
come  doubtful.    Bad  and  unskilful  Workmen^ 
are  rarely  prosecuted.     This  Act  was  made 
early  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  when' 
the  great  niiniber  of  Mtoufacturers,    who 
took  refuge  in  i£ngbnd  after  the  Duke  of 
Alva's  persecution,  had  brought  Trade  aod 
Commerce  with  them,  and  enlarged  our  no^ 
tions.    The  Restraint  introduced  by  this  Lsw 
was  thought  un&voumble ;  and  the  Judges* 
by  a  liberal  interpretation,  have  extended  d>o 
qualification  fbr  exercising  the  Trade  much 
beyond  the  letter  of  it,  and  oonfined  the  JfV- 
naltv  and  Prohibition  to  Cases  precisely  with« 
in  the  express  ktter."    Bttrh's  Justice,  fW« 
/.  Art.  AppreiUices. 

3d  Modern  Reports,  p.  31?. — Jwke  Dto/- 
ben,  in  delivering  his  Opinion,  said,  thai 
^*  No  encouragement  was  ever  gjven  to  Pro« 
secutions  upon  the  Statute  6  £liz.  and  that  it 
would  be  fbr  the  common  j^eod  if  it  were  re- 
pealed ;  for  no  greater  punishment  can  be  Xf> 
the  Seller;  than  to  expose  to  sale  goods  ill- 
wrought,  for  by  such  mtfim  he  will  never 
sell  more." 

2  Salk.  613.  The  Queen  v.  Maddox.-^lx 
was  held  by  the  Court,  **  that  upon  Indipt- 
ments  upon  the  Statute  of  5  £Iiz.  the  follow* 
ing  of  a  Trade  for  seven  yean  to  be  wffJQJffltt 


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Opimotts  &n  thi  Apprentice  Laws  ^  fjueen  SHxaleth. 


iitm 


Mtliout   anj  binding ;    this  being  a  hard 
Law.**— And  to  hdd  in  Lord  Raymond,  738. 

Burn's  Justice,'^"  So  detrimental  was  this 
Statute  thought,  that  by  15  Car.  II.  all  Per- 
sons spinnine  or  making  (Cloth  of  Hemp  -pr 
flax,  or  Nets  for  Fisning,  or  Storin  or 
Cordage,  might  exercise  those  Trades  without 
serving  Apprenticeships. — And  so  little  did 
the  l^islature,  at  subsequent  periods,  think 
that  any  benefit  was  to  be  derived  from  the 
Statute  of  5  Elizabeth ;  or  that  Manufactiyes 
were  made  better,  or  improved  by  tnis 
Restraint ; — and  the  minds  of  men  being 
more  liberal,  that  Trade  should,  as  much  as 
possible,  be  flung  open ;  it  is  enacted,  bv  6 
and  7  Vlllliam  III.  that  any  Apprentice  dis- 
covering two  persons  Kuilty  of  Coining,  so  as 
they  are  convicted,  shall  be  deemed  a  Free- 
man, and  may  exercise  his  Trade  as  if  he  had 
tervc^d  out  his  time." 

And,  in  order  still  stronger  to  shew  how 
little  the  Legislature  esteemed  the  seven  years 
binding  ameliorated  Manufactures,  itis  enact- 
ed, by  3  Geo.  III.  cdp.  8.  that  «*  All  Officers, 
Mariners,  and  Soldiers  who  have  been  em- 
ployed in  His  Majesty's  Service,  and  not  de- 
lierted,  may  exercise  such  trades  as  they  are 
^  for,  in  any  Tovsm  or  Place." 

So  dangerous  and  &tal  has  been  the  evil  of 
Combinations  and  Conspiracies  amongst 
Journeymen,  that  in  particular  instances,  as 
jm  Trades  where  maay  hands  are  required  and 
very  little  skill,  as  Dying,  and  such  like,  the 
L^slature  have  made  express  Laws  to  gi\^ 
relief  to  Masters.  See  17  Geo,  111.  cap.  33.; 
whidi  enables  Dyers,  in  Middlesex,  Essex, 
Surrevy  and  Kent,  to  employ  Journeymen 
who  nave  not  served  Apprenticeships. — And 
to  such  a  pitch  has  this  mischief,  in  the  West 
Riding  or  Yorkshire  increased,  by  the  con- 
spiracies faciliuted  by  the  Act  of  5  EUz,  that 
it  goes  to  tbe  total  annihilation  of  our  staple 
Manufactures,  and  every  other  Trade,  which 
hopes  for  success  not  only  by  the  Home,  but 
from  Foreign  Consumption  .—See  the  Re^ 
port  from  the  Committee  of  the  Home  qf 
CommoHs^  on  the  Woollen  Traie  and  Mann- 
fitctwe  of  these  Kingdoms,  made  in  the  last 
Session  of  Parliament.  4tkJuly,  1806.  Pa- 
pomma,  pp.  1 19,  135^ 

After  stating  the  above,  let  us  quote  the 
Words  fl€  the  imiqpiortal  Lord  Chief  Justice 
Coke  on  this  point.— «•  Tliat,  at  the  Com- 
mon Law,  no  Man  could  be  prohibited  from 
working  in  any  (awful  Traile  j  for  the  l^w 
aMiors  idleness,  the  mother  of  all  evil — 
Otimm  omnium  vitiorum  MtUer — and  es|)c- 
cially  in  yonn^  men,  who  ought  in  their 

IKMitn  (wtiioh  is  their  seed  time)  to  learn 
awful  Sciences  and  Trades,  which  are  pro* 
fitable  to  the  Commonwealth,  whereof  they 
miechi  ffeap  the  benefit  in  their  old  ^',  fox 
M  idle  in  i(<Mifk,  poor  in  Age.** 


I 


And  therefore  the  Common  Law  dblional 
Monopolies,  which  prohibit  any  from  work^ 
ing  in  any  lawful  Trade.  Ana  that  appeals 
in  2  Hen.'  V.  5.  b. — ^A  Dyer  was  boond  not 
to  use  the  Dyer's  Craft  'for  two  years :  ani 
there  Judfje //a// held,  "that  the  Bond wai 
against  the  Common  Law ;  and  by  O^— d  '£ 
the  Plaintiff  was  here,  he  should  go  to  Prison 
till  he  paid  a  Fine  to  the  King."  Andvid^ 
7  Edw.  HI.  C5  b.  ''And,  if  he  who  takes 
upon  himself  to  work  is  unskilful,  his  Igno- 
rance is  a  sufficient  Punishment  to  him,  for 
Imperitia  est  maxima  mecanicorum  ptena  d 
quUilct  qucerit  in  qudlihct  arte  peritos:^^ 
which  is,  that  want  of  skill  is  the  greatest 
punishment  of  Mechanics;  for  every  bod^ 
will  employ  those  that  are  the  best  skilled  ia 
their  business.  And,  if  apy  one  takes  upoa 
himself  to  work,  and  spoils  it,  an  Action  <m 
the  Case  lies  against  him." 

Having  observed  thus  much,  and  stated  tlb 
Opinions  of  two  such  great  men  as  Lord  Coke 
and  Lord  Mansfield,  we  can  only  add  one 
dixit  of  Lord  Coke's,  that,  *'  Acts  of  Parlia- 
ment which  are  made  against  the  Freedom  of 
Trade,  Merchandizing,  Handicrafts,  and 
Mysteries,  never  live  long."     4th  Inst,  31. 

It  is  to  be  observed,  that  this  very  gicgt 
check  upon  Trade,  -by  not  beii^  able  to  emplov 
any  hands  that  are  able  to  perform  the  woik 
req ui re(i,  and  especially  i n  those  Trades  whi^ 
are  so  easily  Icamt  in  a  wry  short  space  of  lime, 
greatly  enhances  tl^e  prices  of  all  articles,  ani 
that  at  a  time  when  population  b  daily  in*. 
creasing,  and  the  demand  proportionably  in* 
creasing.  And*  this  Statute  is  not  only  1^ 
restraining  Statute,  but  also  an  enabling  Sla^ 
tute,  as  it  empowers  the  Workmen  to  enter 
into  Combinations  against  their  Masters,  ani 
to  dictate  their  own  terms,  cncouragine  vice, 
idleness,  and  drunkenness  ;  demands  i>eing 
made  on  the  Masters  for  an  increa^  <x 
Wages;  those  demands  supported  by  dan* 
gerous  Combinations  and  Conspiracies,  an4 
extorted  by  Threats.  And  such  increase, 
when  obtained,  not  a|)plied  for  the  whole- 
some purjjosc  of  suppKiriiiig  themselves  and" 
their  families,  but  to  that  very  destructivt 
purpose,  ruinous  to  their  f-milics,  and  highl/ 
detrimental  to  the  Public  at  large,  the  ena- 
bling of  the  parties  to  spend  more  days  of  tlie 
week  in  idleness,  drunkenness,  vice,  and  im- 
morality. In  uianv  Manufactures,  so  much 
money '  is  extorted  by  the  Joumeymen»  by 
means  of  these  Combinations,  from  theit 
Employers,  tliat  the  Journeymen  will  work 
but  three  days  in  the  week  ;'  so  that  6OO  are 
necessarily  required  to  do  the  work  that  300 
might  do. 

Until  these  I^ws,  restricting  the  binding 
of  Apprentices,  are  repealed,  all  Laws  made 
for  llic  prevention  of^  Combinations  amonc 
Workmen^  can  b<;  of  no  avail«  and  vtH  to* 


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LiJ*  of  a  warlike  Bishop  of  funster. 


LirtW 


main  a  dead  letter  in  the  Law  Books  :  as  in 
in  this  free  Country,  (however  that  Freedom 
may  be  limited  as  to  the  checking  of  Masters 
bindihg  Apprentices,)  no  Law  on  this  point 
can  be  so  worded,  that  the  art,  wickeoness, 
and  ingenuity  of  men  will  not  contrive  to  de- 
feat. A  bad  and  absurd  Law  is  made,  viz. 
t}ie  Apprentice  Act,  which  by  the  extension 
of  Trade,  is  found  detrimental  to  Trade  j  and 
then,  to  do  away  the  mischiefs  of  that  Law, 
another  absord  Law  is  made,  viz.  the  Law  to 
prevent  Combination, — so  that  mischief  is 
Leaped  upon  mischief,  and  absurdity  upon 
absurdity.  Trade  should  be  as  free  as 
TBE  AIR  WE  BREATHE.*  This  IS  an  axiom 
the  truth  of  which  every  day  convinces  us. 

Another  consideration  arises  naturally  from 
reflecting  on  this  subject,  liz,  the  distinction 
^tween  M  onopoly  and  Combination.  In 
the  first,  the  revenue  is  increased  by  more  work 
being  done,  which  is  certainly  beneficial  to  the 
Counir)-,  as  it  enables  the  nmno|X)liscrs  to  live 
in  greater  splendour,  thereby  spending  their 
money  in  those  articles  of  consumpuon  for 
themselves  and  connections  which  they 
could  not  do,  if  their  business  was  not  ex- 
tended, — whereas.  Combination  among 
workmen  tends  to  cramp  trade  instead  of  ex- 
tending it,  and  totally  to  stop  all  exertions  in 
commerce,  every  time  those  who  combine 
think  proper  to  harrass  their  employers  j  and, 
ID  proportion  as  their  demands  are  granted, 
•o  m  proportion  does  it  contribute  to  dam  up 
the  natural  course  of  business,  which  other- 
wise would  flow  without  interruption. — In 
•uch  alarming  situations,  then,  whatis  to  be- 
come of  trade,  if  those  who  carry  it  on  are 
hindered  from  prevwiting  evils  which  other- 
wise must  continually  occur  ? 


Life  of  a  warlike  Bishop  of 

MUNSTER. 

We  hare  lately,  in  the  coii'^  of  our  read- 
ing, met  with  an  epitome,  ii:  German,  of 
the  life  and  actions  of  the  famous  warlike 
Bishop  of  Munster,  Christopher  Bernard  von 
Galen.  It  is  probable  that  some  of  our  pead- 
CR  may  be  able  to  give  us  further  informa- 
tion on  the  subject  of  a  hero,  who,  by  this 
account,  ought  not  to  be  classed  among  the 
undistinguished  of  his  time  and  place.  It 
should  seem,  that  an  exaggerated  renown  of 
his  expldiu  has  been  as  fatal  to  this  enter- 
priztng  commander*s  fame,  as  silence  itself 
could  have  be€n  :  having  removed  him  into 
the  regions  of  fiction. 

C.  B.  von  Galen,  under  the  name  of  Beemd- 
^e  von  Galen  in  the  provinces  bf  Fries- 
tmd,  Overyssel,  and  Groningcn,  who  is  vet 
the  dread  of  children,  was  the  terror  of  {he 
period  uf  which  he  Hved. 


Monarchs  of  great  and  independent  itatc» 
sought  his  fri^ndsnip,  because  his  enmity  was 
destructive.   A  boundless  ambition,  nourished 
by  the  consciousness  of  his  own  power,  and 
increased  by  the  success  which  crowned  hi* 
first  attemiits,   is  apparent  in  ail  his  trans- 
actions.    Although  never  to  be  forgotten   in 
the  history  of  Munster,  he  is  not  mentioned  in 
the  general  history  of  Germany  and  the  Low- 
Countries  :    and  yet  this  extraordinary  man» 
who,  with  little  experience  in  war,   placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  great  armies,  condactcd 
sieges,  fought  battles,  and  oflen  supported  an 
army  of  20  to  30,000  men,  which  furnished 
him  with  the  means  of  prolonging  dreadfully 
destructive  wars,  without  any  expence  to  him- 
self; who,  when  deserted  by  all,  except  him- 
self, knew  how  to  choose  the  proper  moment 
for  alliances  and  negociation,    has  hitherto 
found   no    impartial    biographer  worthy   of 
him.      The  author  of    Za  Vie  et  les   Ac-' 
tinns  memoralles  de  Chrutofie  Bernard  dr 
Galen,  and  almost  all  writers  of  the  history 
of  the   Netherlands  of  that  period,   expTe» 
themselves  on  every  action  as  the  most  de- 
cided  enemies  of  this   Prince.     The  Vicar 
General  of  Munster,  Johann  von  Alpcn,  in 
his  Vtia  et  Res   gestce   Chrisiopkori   Bcr- 
nardi  a  Galeriy  2  vols,   is  not  free  from  th& 
temptation  of  extreme  partiality  to  his  own 
country  ;    moreover,  he  loses  himself  in  the 
sea  of  general  history.     Passman's  *'   Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead,"  which  in  the  tenth  part 
describe  the  character  of  this   Prince;  also, 
**  The  History  of  the  LixTs  of  important  Pkir- 
sons,"  are  scarcely  worth  mentioning.     The 
anonymous    author  of    the    bst  mentioned 
work,    who  had  the  privilege  of  consulting 
the     best    biographers,     united    with     the 
Thentntm  Europcetim,    might  have  nrodoe- 
ed  something  valuable  if  he  had  unaerstood 
the  art  of  using  yt'orks  of   history  to  ad- 
vantage;   but,    as   he  totally  failed  herein, 
so    his  biography  is   a  mixture    half   false 
and  half   true.     In  no  case  is  the  relation 
complete;   and  neither  improved  by  order, 
nor  by  representation  *    We  learn  little  of  the 
private  life  of  the  Prince,  or  of  his   early 
youth ;  and  are  never  told  that  he  was  once 
m  the  military   service  of  Cologne.     The 
author  says,  indeed,  that  Bernard  von  Galen 
was  one  of  the  gpaOest  pnerals  of  his  time, 
without e\cr  havmg previously  done  any  mili^ 
tary  service ;    the  (act  is  exaggerated,    like 
many  others ;  and  the  last,  as  appears  from 
many  passages,  is  false.     He  enaeavours  in 
a  peculiar  manner  to  vindicate  his  hero  from 
the  contradiction  between  the  military  and 
clerical  orders.     « '  These  are, "  many  roav  say, 
**  fine  quahfications  for  a  general,  but  not  (or 
a  clergyman  ;**  but  we  are  to  observe,  that  i^ 
spiritual  Prince  of  the  German  Empire  is  nn 
common  clergyman,   whose  proper  office  i^ 
that  of  Uttendaqce  on  divine  scr>'ip9, 


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106^]  Mr.  Ckdleatdriaruts  Account  of  his  Excursion  io  MonUBlanc.  [1070 

zen  river,  thp  Rhine  if  you  choose ;  the  Met 
de  Glace  will  be  its  stream,  and  the  Glacier 
des  Hois  its  fall  at  Laufen. 

When  we  had  descended  to  the  Mer  de 
Glace,  its  surface,  which  api>eared  flat  and 
smooth  from  the  top  of  tlie  Mon  tan  vert,  pre- 
sented an  immense  number  of  points  and 
broken  parts.  These  points  of  ice  imitatfc 
the  diifercnt  figures  of  the  lofty  enclosure  of 
rocks  that  overhang  on  all  sides :  they  resem- 
ble a  relievo  in  white  marble  of  the  surround- 
ing mountains. 

Let  us  now  speak  of  mountains  in  generaL 

There  are  two  aspects  under  which  they 
may  be  seen ;  with  clouds  and  without 
clouds.  These  are  the  two  principal  cha- 
racters of  the  country  among  the  Alps. 

With  clouds,  the  scene  is  more  lively  5  but 
then  such  a  darkness,  and  frequently  such  a 
confusion  prevails,  that  hardly  can  objects  be 
distinguished.  « 

The  clouds  form  a  most  variegated  drapery 
around  the  rocks.  1  have  observed  above  ber- 
voz  a  kind  of  rocky  needle  standing  upright, 
bare  and  wrinkled,'  clad  obliquely  by  a  cbi^i 
shaped  Hke  a  toga ;  the  whole  might  have 
been  taken  for  the  colossal  statue  of  an  old 
Roman.  In  another  place  might  be  seen  the 
cultivated  part  of  the  mountain  ;  a  lone  tram 
of  clouds  intercepted  the.  view  towards  the 
summit  of  this  cultivated  declivity,  whilst 
aboTC  them  arose  black  ramifies tions  of  rocks, 
not  unlike  ihe  mouths  of  Chimeras,  of  Sphinx- 
es, of  |heads  of  Anubis*,  of  divers  figures 
of  monsters,  and  of  Eg\*ptian  deities. 

When  the  clouds  are  driven  by  the  wind, 
the  mountains  seem  to  run  with  rapidity  be- 
hind that  moveable  curtain.  They  alternate- 
ly hide  and  discm-er  themselves ;  sometimes, 
at  the  opening  of  a  cloud,  a  cluster  of  ver- 
dure suddenly  appears,  like  u*i  island  suspend- 
ed in  the  air :  sometimes  a  rock  slowly  dis- 
plays itself,  little  by  little,  peeping  from  be- 
nind  the  thick  vapour  like  a  phantom.  TTie 
cheerless  traveller  hears  only  the  humnfirtg 
wind  amid  the  pine  trees,  the  dashine;  tor- 
rents that  mn  into  the  glaciers ;  at  intervals  tha 
fall  of  an  aN'alanche,  and  sometimes  the  whistle 
of  the  terrified  mxrmote,  that  has  discm^ered 
the  hawk  of  the  Alps  soaring  in  the  clouds. 

.  When  the  sky  is  cloudless,  and  the  amphi- 
theatre of  mountains  is  displayed  to.  the  sight, 
one  single  incident  is  deserving  of  notice. 
The  hearls  of  the  mountains,  from  the  ele- 
vated regions  to  which  they  rise,  offer  a  sharp- 
ness of  Knes,  a  precision  of  plan,  and  of  pro- 
file, of  which  oDJeets  in  the  plain  are  entirety 
destitute.  These  angular  snmmits  under  the 
transparent  dome  of  the  firmament  resemble 
most  superb  pieces  of  natural  history ;  beau- 
tiful trees  of  coral  or  stalactites,  supporting  a 
g;]obe  of  the  purestcrystal.  The  mountaineer 
fancies  among  these'  picturesque  shivers  the 
images  of  objects  that  are  fkiuiriar  to  hiiB ; 


MR.  DE    CHATEAUBRIAND'S  ACCOUNT  OF  HIS 
EXCURSION  TO  MONT-BLANC. 

1  have  seen  many  mountains  in  Eu- 
Tt>pe  and  in  America,  and  it  has  always  struck 
me  that  the  description  of  those  lofty  natural 
monuments  had  ever  been  exaggerated  be- 
yond tiie  truth :  neither  has  what  experience 
1  have  acquired  tiV  my  late  excursion  effected 
any  change  in  my  opinion.  I  have  visited 
the  valley  of  Chamouni,  which  Mr.  de  Saus- 
sure  has  rendered  famous  :  but  I  question  its 
affording  the  same  speciosa  desert i  to  the  poet 
as  to  the  mineralist.  Be  that  as  it  may,  1 
shall  candidly  state  the  reflections  that  occur- 
red to  me  during  my  journey  thither;  con- 
^  scious  that  my  private  opinion  is  not  of  sufli- 
cient  weight  to  offend  anv  individual. 

At  my  departure  from  Gene\'a,  the  weather 
was  rather  cloudv,  but  it  began  to  clear  up 
when  I  reachetl  Servoz.  The  summit  of 
Mont-Blanc  is  not  to  be  discovered  from  hence, 
but  you  have  a  distinct  view  of  that  part  of  its 
snowy  brow  which  is  called  the  Dome. 

Having  overcome,  at  length,  the  height  of 
the  Months,  the  valley  of  Chamouni  pre- 
sents itself.  We  proceeded  below  the  glacier 
des  Bossons,  whose  pyramids  are  descried  be- 
tween the  branches  of  the  fir  and  the  larch 
trees.  On  account  of  its  white  colour,  and 
of  the  tapered  shape  of  its  icicles,  M.  Bour- 
rit  has  compared  tnis  glacier  to  a  fleet  under 
way ;  I  would  add,  in  a  gulph  surrounded 
with  verdant  forests. 

1  stopped  at  the  village  of  Chamouni,  and 
the  next  day  reached  the  Mon  tan  vert ;  which 
I  ascended  on  the  finest  day  in  the  whole 
year.  Arrived  at  its  summit,'  which  in  reality 
is  only  a  platform  of  the  Monl-Bkmc,  I  dis- 
covered what  they  most  improperly  call  la 
Mer  de  Glace. 

Imagine  a  valley,  the  bottom  of  which  is 
entirely  covered  by  a  river.  From  the  moun- 
tains that  form  this  valley  arc  suspended  over 
the  river  huge  masses  of  rock,  the  needles  of 
the  Dru,  the  Bochard,  and  the  Chatmoz. 
At  a  distance,  the  valley  and  the  river  divide 
into  two  branches,  one'  of  which  reaches  a 
high  mountain  named  the  Giant's  Neck ;  the 
other  passes  beside  the  rocks  called  les  Tor  asses. 
At  the  opposite  extremity  of  the  valley  is  a 
slope,  facing  tl»e  valley  ot  Chamouni,  This 
nearly  vertical  declivity  is  occupied  by  that  part 
of  the  Mer  de  Glace  which  is  called  the  Gla- 
cier rfw  Bow.  Suppose,  then,  that  a  se\ere 
^  winter  has  taken  place ;  that  the  river  which 
fills  up  the  valley,  its  windinp  and  declivities, 
has  been  frozen  to  its  very  bottom,  that  tlie 
summits  of  the  neighbouring  mountains  are 
covered  with  ice  ami  snow,  wherever  the  levels 
of  the  granite  rock  have  been  sufficiently  hori- 
zontal to  retain  the  congealing  streams ;  such 
is  the  Mer  de  Glace,  and  its  true  character. 
.  li  b  not,  as  may  be  conceived^  a  sea,  it  is  a  fro- 


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1071]        '  Mr.  Chiieaulriofuts  Accmmt  of  his  Excurnon  to  Mont-Blanc,  {TOT* 


Fience  those  locki  are  called  the  Mulett,  the 
Charmoz,  or  the  Cfiamois ;  hence  those  ap- 
pellations borrowed  from  religion,  les  som- 
fneis  des  Croix,  le  rocher  du  reposoir,  le 
glacier  des  pderins'^  simple  denoroina- 
tionsy  which  prove,  thatlf  manbecoottnu- 
ally  enc^kged  in  meditating  on  his  waat8»  yet 
lie  willingly  introduces  every  where  the  i^- 
membrancc  of  objects  which,  conduce  to  his 
consolation. 

Wiih  regard  to  the  trees  on  the  mountains, 
J  shall  only  mention  the  pine,  the  fk,  and 
the  larch  tree ;  they  being,  as  I  might  say, 
tb^  sole  decoration  of  the  Alps. 

The  shape  of  the  pine  tree  reminds  us  of 
fine  architecture ;  its  tranches  have  the  air  of 
the  pyramid,  and  its  trunk  resembles  the  co- 
lumn. It  exhibits  also  a  striking  analogy  of 
form  to  the  rocks  among  which  it  grows ;  not 
infrequently,  while  standing  on  the  projec- 
tions and  prominences  of  the  mountams, 
have  I  mistsiken  it  for  Ipng  shads,  and  nee- 
dles, disorderly  shooting,  or  startii^gup. 

On  thel)acKpart  of  the  Col  dcBalme,  at 
the  descent  of  the  Glacier  of  Trien,  extends  a 
forc«it  of  piue,  fir,  and  larch  trees,  which  is 
iar  superior  to  any  thins  of  the  kind  else* 
where.  Every  tree  in  this  family  of  giants 
has  stood  for  several  centuries.  This  Alpine 
tribe  has  a  king,  whidi  the  guides  caretully 
"point  out  to  travellers :  it  is  a  fir  tree  fit  for 
the  mast  of  a  first-rate  man  of  war.  The 
monarch  alone  is  unblemished,  while  all  his 
subjects  are  mutilated ;  some  have  lost  their 
heads,  otliers  part  of  their  arms ;  lightning 
.Jias  furrowed  the  tops  of  some,  whilst  the 
feet  of  others  are  scorched  by  the  fires  of  the 
lierdsmen.  I  took  particular  notice  of  two 
twins  sprung  from  the  same  trunk,  which 
raised  tiieir  neads  to  die  skies.  They  were 
equal  in  heisht,  in  i'hape,  and  in  years ;  but 
one  was  full  of  life,  the  other  was  wi- 
thered, '^^^y  brought  to  my  recollection 
those  pathetic  lines  of  Virgil  :— 
Daucta,  Laride  Thymberque,  simillima  proles 
Indiscreta  suis,  gratusque  parentibus  error  : 
At  nunc  dura  dedit  vpbis  discrimina  Pallas. 

*<  Twin  sons  of  Daucus,  ofisprhig  sesem- 
«<  bUiig  each  other,  Laris  and  Thymber ! 
*'  even  your  parents  could  net  distiuguisk  you 
•*  from  one  anotlier ;  you  nii^  subject  even 
•'  them  to  pleasing  mistakes  J  But  De^ih 
**  has  now  Qiade  a  cruel  dilFeienoe  betw^n 
•*  you.'* 
,  We  may  add,  that  the  pine  announces  the 
Bohtude  aira banenness  ef  ike  xaoimttin.  It 
J8  the  ooiii|>anion  of  the  poer  Saf^c^-ard,  whose 
ilestiny  it  partakes;  like  htm,  it  ciowa  and 
dies  unknown,  oninaooesaiblehci^U,  where 
also  posterity  is  perpetuated,  equally  vn« 
known.  From  the  laroh  tnee  the  bees  ex- 
tract that  hard  aod  savoury  honey  whic}i 
■lakeQ  such  a  luscious  mixture  with  the  ^i^tn 
^  raspbcriicj}  of  the  Montaavert.    Sucolic 


poets  haveeui^  ^  murmun  ef  the  pme  tvee 

when  centle;  but  when  they  are  knid  they 
fesemble  the  roaring  sea :  sometimes  fkncy 
hears  the  n^ng  ocean  rolling  among  tke 
Alps.  The  (Sour  of  the  jnne  tree  is  annnatic 
and  agreeable ;  to  me  especially,  it  is  peculiarly 
pleasant,  siooe  I  enjoyed  the'  smell  of  it  ait 
sea,  at  above  twen^  leagues  distance,  from 
the  coast  of  Virginia.  It  always,  therefore, 
awakens  in  my  mind  the  idea  of  that  new^ 
world,  which  balmy  breezes  announced  to 
me  from  so  iar ;  of  that  azure  sky,  of  those 
rich  seas,  where  the  fragrance  of  the  forests 
reached  me  on  the  morning  gale ;  and  as  oct 
recollections  are  all  combing,  it  also  recalb 
to  my  mind  ther^:ret  and  expectations  which 
engrossed  my  attention,  when  leaning  on  the 
side  of  the  snip,  I  was  absorbed  in  reoollec^ 
iog  that  native  ooimtry,  which  I  had  for- 
saken, and  thinking  on  that  wilderness  whese- 
into  I  was  entering. 

But,  at  length,  to  state  my  own  senti- 
ments respecting  mountains,  1  am  not  afraid 
to  say,  that  as  there  can  be  no  beauti^l  pro- 
spect without  an  horizon  of  naountains,  no 
spot,  when  wanting  both  air  and  space,  can 
afford  an  agreeable  habitation,  nor  a  prospect 
gratifying  to  the  eyeorto  the  mind.  This  must, 
unavoidably,  alwap  be  the  case  amidst  encir- 
dingmountoins.These  heavy  masses  never  har- 
monize with  human  faculties,  or  with  the 
weakness  of  hitman  organs. 

An  idea  of  sublimity  is  attadied  to  moim- 
tainous  landscapes.  This  idea^  no  doubt,  b 
derived  from  the  magnitude  of  the  ol:jects. 
But  if  it  shouU  be  proved  that  this  ma^i- 
tude,  though  really  extant,  b  not  sensible  to 
ijbeeye,  what  becomes  of  the  sublime? 

The  monument  of  Nature  reaemtAe  those 
produced  by  Art  j  to  enjoy  their  beauties,  we 
must  eccnpy  the  true  pe^pective  station  j  for 
otherwise  the  design,  the  colours,  the  pw- 
portions,  every  thing  vanishes.  Wi^in  the 
ranges  of  mountains,  as  you  are^uite  dfse 
to  me  object,  and  the  field  of  vitaon  b  too 
much  confined,  the  dimensions  are,  neoe«a- 
rily,  diminished  in  their  size :  tliis  is  so  true, 
that  we  continually  err  with  respect  to  height 
and  dbtance.  I  appeal  to  travellers: — has 
Mont-Blanc  appeared  to  them  extremely  hi^h 
from  the  bottom  of  the  valley  of  Charoomii  ? 
An  immense  lake  in  tlic  Alps  often  appears 
like  a  small  pond ;  it  nu^t  be  thought  that  a 
few  sAeps  would  arKve  at  the  top  of  a  hUl, 
which,  in  fact,  takes  three  hours  in  climbkig 
up :  a  whobe  day  haidly  is  k>ng  enough  for 
getting  out  of  a  passage^  the  end  of  whkh 
appeared  to  be  only  at  arm*s  len^.  The 
greatness  and  grandeur  of  mountains,  then, 
wrkidi  b  80  much  vannAed,  has  ne^in^  nal, 
but  the  fatigue  which  k  occasioas.  Wtth  le- 
prd  to  the  view  «f  the  a4)aoent  counti^,  il 
hardly  appeals  ome  «xtesiaiTe  tkwi  oidwi7 
prospects. 


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WSJ         Mr.  OkAUa^ibvianii  Jcamni^lup  Excursion  to  MonhBUnc,         [U;^4 


.  Mor€Ov«ur«  thoM  nuMmtains  which  lose 
their  appaient  height  when  the  spectator 
standi  too  near  them,  are,  neverthdeas,  so 
gipftOtic,  that  they  overpower  those  obiects  \^y 
irCieh  they  might  be  oniamented.  Thus,  on 
Qontmrv  priuciplesy  Are  duniniahed  at  once, 
in  the  defiles  ot  iht  Alpa,  the  whole  and  the 
parts.  If  Nature  had  oiade  the  trees  on  the 
monalMtii  a  hundred  times  more  lofty  than 
^ose  in  the -plains ;  if  the  streams  axid  the 
oaicadct  poured  tonents  one  hundred  times 
mon  extensive,  those  huge  trees,  those 
flpreadiag  stieams,  might  produce  majestic  ef- 
fects on  the  widttiing  flanks  of  ground  j  but 
ii  is  not  so :  the  frame  of  the  picture  is  in- 
cveased  beyond  measure,  while  the  rivers,  the 
forests,  the  villages,  and  the  flocks,  retain 
Ibeir  oooamon  pfopcNrtions.  There  is  no  con- 
Qecti^,  then,  between  the  whole  and  apart : 
between  the  stage  and  the  scenery.  The 
»enntaint^  moreover,  bein^  vertical,  become 
ai  standing  scale  by  whidh,  in  spite  of  itself, 
4m  eye  eompafas  tne  ols^ects  whioi  it  incUides ; 
IrH whiclialtemately proclaim  their  littleness 
when  lelerted  to  this  enormous  instrument  of 
mensuration.  The  loftiest  pine  trees,  for  in- 
stance, are  hardly  discernible  m  the  cavinr  of  the 
vales,  where  they  appear  dotted  like  ftikes  of 
•Dot.  The  stream  or  iiekeifviesi  rains  is  but 
Ittnled  at  in  those  dark  and  slemler  woods,  by 
•nail  yeUow  paialld  streaky  and  the  laraesl 
isnents^  ihc  most  elevated  eataracts,  look  like 
ioepe  insignitoml  drippiags  of  waler,  or  grey- 
Unevapsiifs. 

SoA  as  have  disoorered  diatnonds,  trapeses, 
$ni  emeralds,  hi  the  glaciers,  were  more 
lucky  than  myself;  vat  laas^nation  was  ne- 
ver adeouate  to  the  peseSptson  of  snch  Uca- 
siues.  The  snow  at  the  foot  of  the  Glacier 
de9  Boii,  jnixed  with  granite  dust,  appeared  I 
to  me  like  a  heap  of  ashes;  in  several  parts  of 
it  the  Mtr  4m  Olact  mi^t  be  mistaken  for  a 
fuarry  of  lime  <nr  gypsom ;  its  chasms  akme 
ofler  some  (aint  prismatk  dnts;  and  ^en  the 
beds  of  ice  adhere  to  fkte  rock,  they  k>ok,  at 
best,  like  thick  bottle-glass. 

Tliis  white  dnpeiy  oi  the  Alps  is,  beside, 
sriqect  10  neat  inconvenience ;  by  compari- 
son it  blaoLcns  every  surrounding  object; 
«ven  the  firmament,  the  azure  colour  of  which 
it  darkens.  Nor  imaaine  that  the  beautiful 
aoc&dents  ^  light  dcAectinj;  from  the  snow 
a»kes  aaMnds  for  this  dissgreeablis  effect. 
TheeoloaT  which  tinges  the  dislant  mom^ 
tains  is  mull  to  the  speelaloc  standing  at  their 
feet.  The  splendour  with  v^])idi  tl^  settii^ 
«m  adords  the  stuHmii  of  the  Alps  of  Sofvoy 
is  vistble  solely  to  the  inhabiunu  of  Laur 
stnne.  In  vain  does  the  traveller  in  the  \'al- 
le)*  of  Chamomii  edcpeot  to  jpartake  of  this 
bnlliittispsclaele.  Above  his  head  he  per- 
«eivfls,  as  through  a  diUBel,  a  small  portion  of 
a.hafihas«lrefinnametti»  without dawti,wiih- 
mA  sunsel,  Gloooagr  spotl  where  the  sou's 
Vot.  I.  ILii.  Pan.  F^b.  ISO/.] 


glorious  beams  hardly  dart  at  mid-day  above 
a  (irozen  barrier. 

In  order  to  make  myself  more  intelligible, 
may  I  be  permitted  to  introduce  a  common 
place  truth.  A  picture  must  have  a  canvas : 
m  Nature^  the  sky  is  the  canvas  of  prospects ; 
if  the  sky  be  wanting  in  the  back-ground  of 
alaiMls(»pe,  the  whole  is  confused,  and  void 
of  efli^t.  Now,  mountains,  when  too  close^ 
intercept  most  of  the  prospect  above.  There 
is  not  air  enough  around  tneir  summits ;  they 
oveishadow  one  8iM)ther,  and  mntuallv  dc-* 
fled  on  each  other  the  darkness  which  al- 
ways maintains  itself  in  some  cavity  of  their 
rocks.  Whether  thecountry  about  tfie  moun- 
tains has  an  unqoestk>nable  superiority,  ne 
may  easily  learn  by  consulting  skilful  paint* 
ers.  Observe,  tnat  artists  always  place 
their  mountains  at  a  distance,  while  they  offer 
to  the  eye  a  prospect  restii^  on  woods  oc 
plains. 

There  is  but  one  accident  which  does  not 
divest  the  mountains  of  their  natural  nandeur  j 
this  is  the  effect  of  moonlight.  It  is  die 
property  of  this  &int  liffht^  whidi  is  not 
disturbed  by  reflections,  but  maintains  one 
uniform  tone,  to  magnify  objects  by  deUching 
certain  masses,  and  annihilating  that  degra** 
dation  of  colours,  whic^  connects  the  different 
parts  of  a  painting.  In  this  case^  die  mom 
the  outlines  of  the  subjects  are  free  and  de« 
terminsd,  the  more  their  design  appears  bold 
and  masterly ;  and  the  better  does  the  white 
coloiur  of  tne  light  decide  the  lines  of  ths^ 
sha  lows.  For  this  reason  the  grand  Roman 
architecture  like  the  contours  of  mountains, 
appears  so  beautiful  by  moonlight. 

The  greatness,  and  coosequendy,  the  kind 
of  sublimity  which  it  creates,  vanishes  there- 
fore in  the  interior  of  mountains ;  let  ua 
e  4imine  whether  the  graceful  occurs  in  a 
uMMPe  eminent  degree. 

In  the  first  pla^  some  are  enraptured  with 
the  valleyi  (^  Switzerland.  Yet  it  must  be 
observed  that  they  appear  so  delightful  only 
byooraparison.  True  indeed,  the  eye,  tired 
with  wandering  over  barren  flats,  or  promon- 
tories covered  v^lth  a  reddish  lichen,  rests  at 
list  wtUi  extaoy  on  verdure  and  vegetation. 
But  of  vidiat  does  this  verduie  consist  ?  Of  a 
few  poor  willows,  pr  of  some  trifling  cro|)s  . 
of  bttrl^  and  of  oau,  that  grow  with  great 
difiBculty,  and  ripen  very  late;  of  somefow  wild 
stocks  which  bear  bitter  and  harsh  fruit.  If 
by  ohanoeavins  vegeutes  rductandv,  as  it 
were,  cm  a  small  spot,  having  a  southern  as- 
pect, and  carefully  sheltered  from  the  north 
wind  you  are  invited  to  admire  this  wonderful- 
fooundity.  Do  you  ascend  the  neighbouring 
rooks  }  The  great  foatuns  of  the  mountaim^ 
diminish  to  nothing  the  miniature  of  the 
valley.  The  peasant's  huts  are  hardly  visible^ 
ana  the  cnltivated  divbions  resemble  the  pQt<« 
tefQS  on  a  woeUea^d^pcr's  card« 
2  N 


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1075]        Mt.  Cftiledutrianctf  Account  of  hh  Exeurskm  to  MofU-Bianc.  [iOTfll 


Much  is  said  about  the  flowers  on  the 
Inountains,  about  the  \-iolcts  gathered  on  the 
borders  of  tlie  glaciers,  about  tne  strawberries 
that  Wash  among  the  snbw,  &c.  These  are  all 
hardly  visible  miracles  ivhich  produce  no  effect : 
eolossal  statues  should  not  have  such  imper- 
ceptible ornaments. 

In  short,  I  was  verV  unfortunate,  for  in  those 
famous  chalets  which  the  imagination  of  J.  J. 
Housseau  has  described  with  such  fascination, 
I  could  only  discover  sorry  huts  filled  with 
dung,  and  perfumed  with  the  scent  of  cheese, 
and  of  milk,  in  a  state  of  fermentation.  The 
only  inhabitants  I  saw  there,  were  a  few 
ivretched  mountaineers,  who  consider  them- 
selves as  exiled,  and  long  after  the  instant 
when  they  shall  revbit*  the  valley. 

Some  tew  little  mtite  birds  which  flutter 
from  one  heap  of  mow  to  another,  or,  now 
and  then  a  pair  of  ravens  or  of  hawks,  hardly 
enliven  these  deserts  of  stones  and  snow, 
"Where  the  fall  of  rain  is  almost  the  only  mo- 
tion which  salutes  your  eye.  Happy  when  the 
interrupted  feeble  voice  of  the  wood-pecker, 
tiie  harbinger  of  storms,  is  heard  through  an 
ancient  cluster  of  fir*trees !  And  yet,  this 
melancholy  indication  of  life  renders  you 
more  sensible  to  tlie  sunounding  scene  of 
de^th.  The  chamois,  the  wild  goats^  and  the 
white  rabbit,  have  been  almost  totally  de- 
•troyed  ;  the  marmottes  themselves  are  be- 
come very  scarce,  and  the  little  Savoyard  is 
threatened  witli  the  entire  loss  of  his  treasure. 
The  wild  beasts  on  the  top  of  the  Alps  have 
been  replaced  by  herds  of  cattle,  whicn  regret 
the  [dams  no  less  than  their  owners.  Re- 
|>osing  in  the  luxuriant  herbage  of  the  paifs 
de  Vaux,  they  offered  a  spectacle,  at  least 
itdually  rich,  and  enjoyed  the  advantage  be- 
sides of  reminding  the  observer  of  the  descrip- 
tions left  by  the  poets  of  antiquity. 

I  shall  now  conclude  by  describing  the 
tensations  which  the  mountains  create. 
Well !    in   my  opinion  they  are  extremely 

riinfuL  I  cannot  be  happy  on  a  spot  where 
only  behold  a  scene  of  human  labour,  ahd 
Habere  the  utmost  exertions  of  man  are  not 
lepaid  by  the  ungrateful  soil.  The  moun- 
tameer,  who  feels  his  own  wretchedness,  is 
more  sincere  and  true  than  the  ti^reller :  he 
<all8  the  plain  the  favoured  land,  and  will 
tiot  pretend  that  rocks  bedewed  with  his  sweat, 
without  becoming  more  fertile,  are  the  most 
superb  and  bounuful  gifts  of  Providence.  If 
he  is  extremely  attached  to  his  mountain, 
tfiis  must  be  ascribed  to  "die  wonderful  con- 
nection which  the  Almighty  has  established 
between  our  exertions,  and  the  objects  from 
which  they  ori^nate,  and  those  parts  on 
which  we  nave  bestowed  them-;  to  the  re- 
inembrances  of  our  earliest  years,  to  the  first 
f>motions  of  bur  hearts,  to  the  kindnesses, 
*nd  even  to  the  mnkindnesses  wc  haveex- 
peakno^   vnder  the   paredlal  roof.     The 


mountaineer  living  in  greater  retiieinent  than 
other  men,  and  whom  the  habit  of  hard-' 
ships  has  rendered  more  grave  than  others, 
dwells  more  forcibly  on  every  sensation  of  hi» 
life.  The  extreme  partiality  which  he  mani- 
fests tov^ids  his  native  land,  must  not  be 
attributed  to  the  delights  of  the  spot  he  in- 
liabits,  but  to  the  concentratioa  of  hia 
tlionghts,  and  to  the  limited  extentofhiswants. 

The  mountains,  it  is  said,  are  the  resorts  of 
reverie!  I  doubt  itj  I  doubt  whether  "we 
can  be  lost  in  thought  when  a  walk  is  a  fii- 
tigue ;  when  the  attenuon  necessarily  required 
to*  your  steps  wholly  engrosses  the  mhid. 
The  amateur  of  solitude  who  woukl  ^  chi- 
mera hunting  fbaifseroit  aux  ckimh-es,  aa 
Lafontaine  says),  while  climbins  the  Mon- 
tanvcrt,  might  most  assuredly  wU  over  some 
precipice  Or  other,  as  did  the  astrologer  of  ijAA, 
who  pretending  to  scrutinize  the  legiona 
above,  was  thereby  prevented  from  mindimg 
hii  own  feet. 

I  am  wdl  aware  that  the  poets  have  wished 
for  woods  and  valleys,  there  to  convene  widfe 
the  muses.     But  let  us  listen  to  Viigrl : 
Rura  mihi  ct  rigui  placeant  in  vallihus  amnef 
llumina  amem,  sylvasque  itiglorius. 

In  the  iirat  place,  he  woukl  like  to  nnre 
through  the  conndy  rura  mtAt;  he  would  §» 
in  search  of  gay  ana  agretable  valleys,  vaililmM 
amnet ;  he  would  Uke  riven,  Jiumina  amem 
(but  not  torrents),  and  forests  where  he  ma^hl 
continue  in  a  state  of  obscurity,  sy/potyicatjs- 
glorius.  Now,  the  forests  he  wishes  for, 
would  consist  of  stately  oaks,  ebns»  and 
beech-tiees,  and  not  of  gloomy  firs^  for  ho 
would  not  have  said : 

Et  iNGENTi  ramorum  protrgat  vUBtJu 

"  And  will  ovenhade  my  head  with  iu  thick 
•*  branches.*' — Now,  wterc  mus^t  this  vaDey 
be  situated  to  please  him  I  On  a  spot  where, 
characterized  oy  pleasing  recollections,  har- 
monious names,  traditions,  derived  from  tho 
poetic^md  the  historic  muses. 

-O  ubi  campi, 


Sp&rthinsque,  et  virginibm  haeckmtm  hem 
Taygeta  !  O  qui  me  gelidu  in  vaitibut  JTcnat 

Sistat! 

«<  Oh  ye  Gods !  ^v  am  I  not  seated  on 
the  banks  of  the  Sperchius !  When  shall  I 
have  it  in  my  power  to  tread  the  rich  valleys 
of  Hemus  I  On,  who  will  cany  me  to  the 
lovely  Taygeta!" 

He  would  have  cared  but ,  little  for  tbt 
valley  of  Chamouni*  the  glacier  of  Tawnvr, 
the  little  and  great  Torassey  the  needle  of  the 
Dru,  and  the  rock  of  la  Tite  Noire. 

After  having  stated  what  I  think  unftiteor- 
able  in  mountams.  it  is  but  |mt  thatl  shouM 
conclude  by  saying  something  in  tbsjr  behalf. 
I  have  aheady  obsmed  that  tliey  ester,  i 


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mrily,  intoa  beautiful  landscape;  and  that  they 
blight  to  compose  the  extreme  distances  of  a 

Sicture.  Their  heads,  grey  ^ith  age,  their 
esolated  sides,  their  gigantic  members  hide* 
bus  though  they  be,  mien  bontemplated  from 
a  situation  too  near  them,  are  admirable, 
when  surrounded  by  a  horizoh  replete  with 
vapour,  into  which  their  outline  melts,  while 
they  gl«w  with  golden  light.  We  may  add, 
that  mountains  furnish  the  sources  of  rivers  j 
thai  they  are  the  last  asylum  of  liberty,  when 
alavery  stalks  around  ;  and  that  they  form  a 
Substantial  entrenchment  against  the  fury  of 
invasion,  and  the  calamities  of  war. 


toihe  Editor  of  4he  Literary  Panorama, 

Sir, 

I  do  not  know  whether  it  was  the  intention 
of  that  department  of  your  wdrk,  which  yoti 
denominatife  "  Obeervanda  Externa,"  to  'af- 
ford subjects  for  your  correspondents  to  write 
•n,  but  I  must  acknowledge  that  I  have  coosi- 
dcHTed  some  of  the  articles  comprised  under 
that  tKle  as  proper  for  such  a  purpose. 
Among  others,  the  mention  of  the  seizure  of 
the  befc  of  Viterbo,  by  the  troops  of  Rome, 
in  the  iCkh  century.  Panorama,  p.  413,  led 
my  thoughts  to  the  consideration  of  bells^ 
their  offices  and  services,  as  emplcwed  bv 
roatlkiod  with  various  intentions ;  and,  with 
due  dd«rence  to  the  Abb^  Cancellieri,  I  think 
the  subject V  may  suit  the  Literary  Panorama. 
Having  an  opportunity  of  securring  to  a 
learned  article  on  tliis  sul^ect,  in  the  second 
volume  of  Bron^s  among  the  Antimiities  of 
KerculaneUm,  i  have  both  abstracted  it,  and 
augmented  it,  after  my  own  manner ;  which 
I  mention,  lest  your  readers  shoilld  think 
the  worse  of  the  original,  by  reason  of  my 
imperfect  representation  of  it  5  or  of  my  know- 
ledge, give  me  leave  to  say,  on  detecting  my 
variations  from  it. 

The  use  of  Bells  divides  into,  1.  the  re- 
ligious— 2.  the  civil,  use  of  them.  As  the 
first  mention  which  we  ha\'e  of  this  article  is 
for  a  sacred  purpose,  I  shall  place  first  the 
Hiffious  use  ot  this  utensil,  reserving  the 
civil  for  a  se<5ond  paper. 

1 .  The  earliest  employmncot  of  Bells  which 
I  recollect  is,  that  of  their  forming  a  part  of 
fee  grand  pontifical  dress,  worn  on  days  of 
public  ceremony  by  Aaron,  Exod.  xxviii.  33. 
These  were  to  be  of  goldy  and  their  sound 
vaa  to  be  heard  when  the  High  Priest  entered 
the  sanctuary  of  the  Lord,  **  that  he  die 
not."  From  this  expression  we  are  naturally 
led  to  infer,  that  the  idea  of  preservation, 
fiom  evil,  even  death,  vtras  attached  to  these 
WHs  $  and  that,  although  there  could  be  no 
truly  pretervaiive  virtue  in  the  tingling  of 
a  number  of  small  bells  from  the  bottom  of  a 
Mbe>  yet  there  was  a  meaning  attached  to  it. 


On  the  Usage  of  Belts.  [Ws 

and  it  was  intended  by  waj  of  honcrar  to  the 
sanctuary,  or.  to  some  object  therein.    This 
idea  of  protection,  or  perstrvation,  we  shall 
find  generally  connected  with  bells.    Tliere 
can  be  little  doubt  but  this  part  of  the  High 
Priest's    dress  was  continued  to  succeeding 
ages ;  yet  there  is  not,  that  I  recollect,  auy 
later  mention  of  bells  among  the  reUgious  im« 
plements  of  the  Hebrews :    they  were,  we 
know,  hung  to  the  necks  of  horses  and  camelSf 
but  not  generally  with  a  religious  intention, 
if  we  turn  to  the  Heathen,  we  find  repeated 
notice   of  this  article.    The  priests  of  the 
Syrian    Goddess,  according  to  Lucian  (Da 
Dsa  Syria,  29.)  appended  bells  to  a  high  polei 
which   was    situated  in  the  front  of  theif 
temple,  and  to  which  they  addressed  prayers# 
and  presented  offerings.    The  priests  of  Pro- 
serpine, at  Athens,  when  they  designed  id 
invocate  their  goddess,  ranga  be'Il,  as  wc  leara 
from  the  Scholiast  on  Theocritus,  Id»  ii.  36, 
And  this  is  still  a  custom  in  the  East,  in 
Siam,  &c.  where  the  worshipper  deposits  hi} 
offering  before  the  temple,  rings  a  little  hand- 
bell whidi  he  finds  ready  at  the  place,  and» 
after  a  certain  number  of  tinglings,  retires* 
leaving  his  donation  to  the  care  of  tlie  deity. 
Bells  were  also  placed  at  the  Oracle  of  Do- 
dona,  and  at  Ddphos :  these  were  of  bronze. 
BeUs  were  used  in  lustrations,  and,  in  shorty 
they  were  of  general  use,  wherever  sanctifi" 
cotton  and  puriJtcaHon  were  required,    Thig 
is  verified  by  many  antique  marbles.     Tliey 
were  used  at  funerajs,  and  were  considered  at 
driving  away  evH  spirits  from  about  the  dying, 
(Ovid,  Fast.  V.  441.)  ;  and  for  this  reasoa 
some  have  supposed,  that  they  were  appended 
to  the  triumpnal  car ;  because  their  sound  was 
understood  to  avert  the  effects  of  those  truly 
malignant  spirits,    envy>    and  an  evil  eye. 
Zouaras,    indeed,    tells  us,  that  to  the  tn« 
umphal  car  hung  a  bell  and  a  whip ;  adding, 
that  this  was  intended  to  remind  the  trium*. 
phant  hero  of  the  versatility  of  fortune,  and 
the  possibility  of  his  being  reduced  from  thatr 
exalted   station  to   slavery   itself,   hinted    at 
by  the  whip  ;    or  to  death,  perhaps  an  igno* 
minious  death,    indicated  by  the  bell.     Bui 
this  appears  to   be  a  itfinement,  not  in  th« 
contemplation  of  those  who  devised  tliis  jnci- 
dent.  It  appears  rather  to  have  been,  as  already 
stated,  otthe  same  intention  as  the  lutta, 
which  was  worn  at  the  breast  of  him  who 
triumj^ed,  expressly   for  protection,  as  we 
read  in   Macrobius,  Sat.  i.  6.    It  has  been 
thought  that,  for  the  same  reason,  the  con- 
queror sacrificed  in  the  capitol  at  Rome,  to 
Nemesis,  a  goddess  whose  office  it  was  to 
punish  pride,  and  those  who  forget  them- 
selves throush  haugbtiuess ;  whence  the  ad- 
juonition,  Aespice  post  te:  hominemte  me* 
mento,  as  Tertullian  transmits  it,    Apolog, 
33.    Certainly,  a  man  can  never  stand  in 
greater  need  of  this  advice :  '«  Look  behind 
2N2 


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lors] 


Oil  ihe  Usage  of  EfiBs. 


[KIM 


Uk«|  rcQpcntbei  thep  art  a  nmn,**  at  any 
tiin«,  tkap  at  the  oeriod  of  bis  triuuipli. 

Thu*  w^  icf  iWt  belli  hayc  been  yeej  to 
accooDfmry  man  at  nb  ipwest  estate,  and  at 
kis  hidicat;  tht  day  of  bU  hmfk  and  th^ 
^y  ot  hiB  triutn|ili ;  but  the  id^  of  pr«- 
trrraHMiconibiiietWitn  both  in«tanocft ;  and 
k  i!vai  equally  pnident  and  necess^  lo  dh'ert 
tilt  UMlevofeocecf  envy  6qko  the  yic^ofioui 
oonquefor,  at  to  dbuetM  invisiUe  agentt  of 
«fil  nom  the  prooeMien  nhicb  ^nv^yed  tht 
ifmains  of  a  mortal  to  their  Usi  home.  In 
what  degree  these  lentiflMntt  are  still  retailed 
fai  Italy,  and  nnder  the  flaoction  of  Uie  chujnA 
•f  Rome,  the  following  acoowit  of  theb«p- 
iMm  of  a  ball,  at  Vektrv  may  inform  w. 

"  The  beU  was  placed  at  the  iowar  end  of 
the  body  of  the  cbuich,  banmng  gn  two 
Ipodgeons,  covered  'with  rich  huigingii  of 
violet-coloufed  velvet,  the  hell  itaetf  aoooaired 
%rith  a  kind  of  M>be  of  the  tame.  There  tvere 
two  theatres  built  on  each  tide  of  it  for  the 
musicians,  and  an  amphitheatre'  for  the  la- 
dies, who  weretobepfctentattheeeremony. 
The  pniars  and  walu  of  the^  c^rch  were 
richly  adorned  with  tilk  and  pidurei.  Kear 
^e  bell  wat  ereded  an  altar,  upon  which  lay 
a  white  t^tin  fobe  that  wat  tti  be  put  upon 
ihe  bell,  when  it  should  be  baptised,  with  a 
great  garland  of  choice  flowers ;  a  center,  and 
a  vessel  with  lioly  water:  round  the  altar 
were  rich  velvet  elbow-chairs  for  the  priesu 
wbo  were  to  |Mrform  the  ceiemooy ;  over 
agamst  it  w«»  «  diKme^  moat  magnificently 
bung,  for  the  god-&ther  and  god-mother  of 
die  bell.  About  10  o'clock  the  company 
ttme,  and  having  taken  their  nhuxt,  tha 
ofidating  bithop  ttruck  up  the  oxst  paalm, 
wbkh  was  contuiued  by  the  music.  After 
the  psalma  were  ended,  the  bithop  began  the 
hfesting  oflfacholy  water,  to  sanctify  it  in  the  1  St 
pl«oe,  mat  afttvwards  it  might  sanctiihr  the  bell, 
lliis  benediction  being  finished*  tne  bishop 
«»d  priests  dipt  spungesinto  the  water,  with 
wbicb  they  robbed  over  the  beU,  from  the 
top  to  the  bottom,  within  and  without,  re- 

Sitting  abuadanoe  of  prayers.— l/if  hoc  Tlis* 
mM^/iMi,  c«l€9H  Bene£ctian€,perfund€re, 
ftnificare,  ianci\fieare  ttt  conucrurt  digneris, 
•*  lliat  thou  woukfest  be  pleased  to  rinse,  pu* 
rify,  wnctify,  and  consecrate  thb  bell,  with 
thy  heavenly  benedictum.**  llie  bell  being 
thus  well  washed,  tliey  dried  it  with  dean  nap- 
kins; aiid  the  bishop  having  taken  the  vnl 
«if  holy  oil,  he  therewith  aiKNnted  the  crost 
t»f  metal  on  the  ton  of  the  bell,  in. order 
to  '*  maka  the  devils  nee  at  the  ringing  of  it*^ 
Vt  hoc  ^auHentet  TmtitmatuluM  trmiscatU 
^Jugiant,  Bnte  CrmU  en  eo  depktmm  venT- 
htm.  He  aftcrwaidt  made  seven  other  cmtaes 
with  this  Ml,  on  the  outside  of  the  bell,  and 
four  on  the  inside.  Thia  done,  he  made  the 
gnd-£ithcT  tiid  goduoiother  dmw  near,  and 
ilemaoc)€dx)f  them  in  italiao.  Whether  they 


were  the  p«rsom  ^bp  presented  tliit  bell  to 
be  consecrate^  ?  Having  answered  that  they 
did;  he  t^en  atked  them,  Whether  the 
metal  of  the  bdl,  and  the  workmanship  of  it, 
hadb^n  paid  for  to  ^he  artificers?  They 
answered.  Yes.  [This  demand  is  made,  he^ 
cause  it  bath  sometimes  happened,  that  for 
vvaat  of  payment,  the  workmen  have  seised 
and  fetched  awi^  their  bells,  and  melted  tbem 
^wn  to  profane  uscs.l  His  third  questioa 
w^,  WTiether  theybdieved  all  that  the Ca- 
tbolic  Apostolic,  lloman  Churdi  bdieves^ 
concerning  the  hoHness  and  virtue  of  bdls  f 
The  answer  was  affirmative  also.  La^y,  be 
damandad  what  name  thqr  dend  iiiwiil 
\k  put  upon  the  h^2  To  which  the  }mif 
answered,  JUary.  Then  the  bishop  took  two 
great  silk  ribbands,  which  had  been  lutened 
to  the  gudgeons  of  the  heU,  aodfwe^adioC 
them  one  in  their  hands,  and  prowwDoe^ 
wiUi  a  k)ud  voice,  the  wodb  of  eoMOCMtioR  i 
Comecreimr  (I?  Stm^^cthir  Sigmm  isimd^ 
in  MOflMMe  t^Uris  ^  FiUi  &  ^S^nntuM  Smm^ti^ 
Amen,  *^  Lei  this  Sign  be  cooseomledLwaA 
sanctified  in  the  name  of  the  Father  Som 
and  Holy  Ghoat,  Amen.**  Then  tumiM^  hia»- 
self  to  the  people,  he  said.  The  name  of  this  bell 
b  Maij,  AaBTvardt  he  taok  the  aei^er. 
and  censed  tt^m  the  ootaideroimd  abont,  ao4 
aftenvaidt  oodcf  the  bcU,  filling  it  with 
tacRd  fumes,  and  repcatiiw  piByenand  iav<»* 
oatioBa,  ihatitmight  be  filed  with  the de«i 
of  the  Hdy  Spim.  7W  kae  TmthMbuium 
Spinius  Siw  ttf  fwe  pei[fimde,  ui  aaie  mms* 
turn  iilwi  temprrjmgimi  i^onanMi  Immicu*. 
«<  Do  thou  besprinkk  thia  beU  wilh  th« 
dew  of  thy  Holy  Spirit,  that  at  the.  aoond  o( 
it,  the  eoemy  of  all  goodmay  always  talse  his 
flight**  The  oflieewat  earned  on  with  a 
great  number  of  psahns  ;  the  music  all  tht 
while  perfofming  wonden.  The  bishcm^  to 
doae  the  oetemooy,  amyed  the  bell  with  tho 
white  robe  of  a  proselyte  or  ooQvec^  and  with 
a  kwd  vQioa  read  the  Gospel  of  Jtfsfy  and 
Martha.  The  bithpp  thm  pve  his  bene« 
diction;  apd  the  priests  n:oeived  gieat  pee* 
seats  fmm  the  godrfioh^  and  god-mothec 

Thedoctrm^of  thf^CbufTcboCAoipe  ooor 
ccming  bdU  is,  first,  that  th^  have  merit^ 
and  pray  God  for  the  living  and  the  ^ced. 
Seoondly,  that  thry.  produce  devotion  in  tha 
hearts  of  believen.  Thirdly,  that  they  dn^ 
away  ttorma  and  tempests;  and»  fouilbly^ 
that  ihf^  drive  a^vay  devth.** 

lam.  Sir,  yours,  Ike,  Q. 

To  what  our  carretpoodent  hai  ewamtmi* 
cated,  vre  add  «  few  examidca  of  the  meOoi 
whieh  have  ohameteriicd  bdla»  wqaUy  wkH 
some  refetenee  to  their,  aamct.  On 
esdledGahtid,  mss  thiamotfto^ 

Lo  I  I  proclaim  unio  you  gladtidinfi  r 
Clad  tidings  unio  allpcopk  I 


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iwil 


Meport  of  CommiHee  ^/  jSoit-India  Cottq^i  ai  Hertford. 


Htm 


Aiiolh«r>  named  Miohael,  wai  tkus  inicribcd : 

M'i^^  ft  loud  ngiie  untg  Gad ; , 
Praise  kirn  with  a  solemH  sound! 

A  third  proclaimed  its  services  thus : 

Sahhaio  pango : 
Solenniactafigo :. 
Funera  plango. 

The  tocred  day  I  venerate  : 
Solemn  occasions  grattdate : 
And  mobrnful  fVknerek  conseeratc. 

Orthui: 
The  Sabbath  day  1  mark  with  sacied  tieal  j 
At  ibyftil  seasons,  ring  a  merry  peal  5 
At  funerals^  slow  and  solemn  sorrows  fed. 

Andther»  dedicated  no  doubt  to  the  Virgin^ 
^i»  adcbeited  its  ^acttlaUons  to  her^ 

protege  precor,  pia^ 

Quos  convoco,  Sancta  Maria  ! 

PlotMSt  die  piotts  kneeling  at  thy  shrine, 
Who»  Holy  Mary  i  Icdc  thy  aid  divine  1 

l^t,  9S  characteristic  a  motto  as  zny   in 
our  recoUectioa  is^ 

FEAR  GOD !  AMD  80V0UR  THB  KINO  ! 


lAtT-iitttu  coi,fcidt  AT  Bcrrrofto* 
IUp9rt  of  Commiiutt  T^emhtr  3t,  1800. 

The  Cotmnittee  ttte  lea«c  M  srqwfiiit  the 
Cotm,  that  in  puHiittice  df  the  0th  Clause  of  the 
Godb  of  Regoliclons  for  the  Oov«mmciit  of  the 
College,  which  was  approved  in  Court  the  a7th 
0ecember  t8«5,  they  proceeded  to  the  East-la- 
dia  Cdllege  at  Hertford,  on  the  loth  instant,  at- 
tended by  several  Members  of  the  Court  of  Diiec- 
VKS,  the  Assistant  Seaeiary,  Dr.  Wilkins,  the 
Ofieotal  Visitor,  and  the  Clerk  to  this  Com- 
mittee,, for  the  purpose  of  closhig  the  ftfst  Public 
Examinations  of  the  Students,  which  begp  on 
the  8th,  and  aligning  the  Medals  and  Prlia^as 
lecbmmendcd  by  the  Principal,  and  agreed  toT>y 
the  Committee— that  on  the  arrival  of  the  Cam- 
mUtee  at  the  CoHegc,  being  received  by  the 
Prinoipal  and  the  several  Profeisors,  they  pro- 
ooedcd  to  the  Great  Room*  where  the  Students 
were  previoudy  assembled,  and  commenced  the 
f  xaminatioos  of  the  last  dav— that  the  following 
ftrizes  were  then  awarded  to  the  uuder-men- 
tioued  Students,  viz. 

Tie  GcU  AteJalt  f 

1st  Class.— Mr.  Sotheby,  for  Oriental  Learn- 
ing; Mr.  Frascr,  sen.  Classical  Learning;  Mr. 
M<iCeozie»  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philoiophy^ 
Hi^oiy«  I^Jittcal  Economy,  and  Law.* 


•  Gold  Medals  were  awarded  also  to  Mr.  Bird 
and  Mr.  Molony,  on  acccMim  of  their  extraordi- 
nary merit  in  the  dilRrent  Departments,  although 
ikn  strictly  emitled  thereto  by  the  Ootte  of  Regu- 


Tie  fi9^svahe  FrwtGmmeas  $9 

ad  Class.— Mr.  Heath,  for  Oriental  Leaminf* 
Classical  Learning,  Mathematics  and  Natural 
l^ilosophy. 

fke  Booh  Wkt  Thr9*  Gukums  f 

8d  Class.— Mr.  Boldero,  for  Oriental  Learning  $ 
Mr.  StockwelU  CUosical  Learning,  Mathematics, 
and  Katural  Philosophy. 

That  the  Principal  then  produced,  agieeably  to 
the  #ch  clause  of  the  Code  before-mentioned  the 
Lists  of  the  Students  arranged  by  the  respective 
Professors,  and  sanctiooe^  by  himse'f,  according 
to  thcirseveral  ineiits  in  the  four  Departments  ^ 

1.    Oriental  Learning. 

%,    Classical  txarning.  ^ 

8.    Mathematics  arid  Namral  Philosophy. 

4.    History,  Law,  and  Political  Fconomy. 

That  in  conform!^  with  the  Regulations  above- 
mentioned,  the  Cormnittee  submit  the  said  Lists, 
annexed  to  this  Report,  as  well  u  koQther  List  in 
Theology,  Natural  Jurisprudence,  and  the  Evi- 
dences of  Revelation,  laid  before  the, Committee  . 
by  tlie  Principal,  to  the  Court's  inspection,  and  in 
so  doing  have  great  satisfaction  in  acquainting 
them,  that  the  examinations  of  the  Students 
bave  been  highly  gratifying  to  the  Committee, 
creditable  to  the  Stiidents,  hononrable  to  the 
Principal  and  Professors,  and  augur  the  mbst'flat- 
tering  prospect  of  rttli^ifig  all  the  beheftts  hope4 . 
for,  and  expected  to  be  ilerived  tem,  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  EMtrlndia  College. 

In  Oriental  LesrMhg, 

Uf  CZIWtf,— Messrs.  Sotheby,*  [  K^e«  M'Ken* 
zie,]  [Hunter,  Molony,]  [Smallcy,  Welicsky,] 
[Bird,  Fkaser,  sen.]  Hon.  J>,  Ruthven,  Hon.  WiW 
Ham  Leslie  Melville,  Mr,  Nisbet 

9«/  C^^M.— (Oriental  Department^.  —  Messrs, 
Heath,t  Curtis,  [Ainslie,  SullivanJ  Whish,Bellt, 
Ba>ley,  Babington,  Campbell,  Russell 

S^i  CZoff.— Messrs.  fioldero,^  Parish,  [Scott, 
Stockwelt,]  Lewin,  Hollond,  Dickinson,  rraser, 
jun.  [Fords,  Ro^s,]  Oakes. 

lit  Writing  fie  Natki^talii  atul  Deva  magari 
CiMT^deru 
Messrs.  Sotheby,  Fane,  Hon.  D.  Ruthven, 
M'Kenzie,  Heath,  Belli.  Wellesley,  Babington, 
Whish.  Bird  Hunter,  Curtis,  Smalley,  Hon.  Wm. 
Leslie  Melville,  Campbell,  Smith,  Scott,  Molony, 
Ainslie,  Fatisli,  Lewin,  Hollond,  Nisbet,  Forde, 
Dickinson,  Boldero,  Stodcwell,  Russell,  Rogers^ 
Ba]rley,  Oakes. 

Intie  Dtpartmemt  of  Clatstcat  Mtid  General  Literature. 
\tt  Clan, — Messrs.  Fraser,  sen.*   M<Kenzie, 
Bird,  Molony,  Sotheby,  Wellesley,  Hon.  W.  L. 
Melville,  Smalley,  [Hunter,  Nisbet,]  Fane. 

The  Students  in  the  several  Lists,  whose  namet 
are  distinguished  thus  *,  are  entitle4  to  a  Gold 
Medal. 

Those  with  thi^  distinction  f,  to  a  present  of 
Bookn,  value  five  guineas. 

Those  with  t  prefixed.  Books  to  the  value  of 
three  guineas. 

The  Students  whose  names  are  competed 
within  crotcheu,  are  eonsidered  as  of  equal  merit, 
and  therefore  occur  in  the  order  of  the  Alslubet. 
2  N3 


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Authentic  Narrative  of  the  Death  •/  Lard  Nelson, 


tiesif 


2J  C^J#.— Messrs.  H^th/f  SuUivtn,  JTte- 
bington,  Russell,  Whish,]  [Ainslie,  Cunis.]  Bay- 
Icy,  Campbell,  Belli,  [Forde,  Scott.] 

3J  Ciast —Messrs,  Stockwcll.J  Parish,  Hol- 
lond,  [BoWero,  Rogers,  Smith,]  Lewin,  Fiasery 
juh.  Dickinson,  O^ea. 

In  the  Department  of  Mathema^a  imd  Natural 
PJkiiot^iy* 

ist  C/iiii.— rMcssrs.  M'Kenzic,*  [Prascr,  sen. 
MolonyJ  [Hunter,  Sotheby,]  [Bird,  Smalley,] 
[Hon.  W.  L.  Melville,  Nisbet,  WeUcsley,] 
[Pane,  Hon.  D.  Ruthven.] 

2</  CAixi.,— Messrs.  Heath,f  Ainslie,  Babing- 
ton,  [Campbell,  Sullivan  J  [Curtis,  Russell^ 
Whish'O  Belli,  [Bayley,  Forde,  Scott.] 

td  C/rt«.— Messrs.  StockweU,J  [BoWero,  Pa- 
rish, Hollond,  Smith,]  [Dickinson,  Fraser,  jun. 
Lewin,  Oakcs,  Rogers.] 

h  Wstory,  PoUtieal  Econontfy  and  Lav,  Mr. 
M*Kenzie*.— W///orf,  Messrs.  Bird,*  Frascr,  and 
Molony. — Political  Etouomy^  Messrs.  Bird,  Mo- 
lony,  Fraser,  sen.  Sotheby,  [Hon.  W.  L.  Melville, 
"Wcilesley,]  [Hon.  D.  Ruthven,Smallcy,]p^i»bet, 
[Fane,  Hunter.]— Law,  Messrs.  Molony*,  Frascr, 
and  Bird. 

Jn  Theology y   "Natural  Juritprudtncey  and  [the  Evi» 
dettces  of  Revelation, 

1st  Clast, — Messrs.  M'Kenzie,  Molony,  Fraser, 
On.  Bird,  Soihcby,  Smallcy,  Hon.  W.  L.  Mel- 
ville, Wellcslcy,  Nisbet,  Hunter,  Fane,  Hon.  D. 
ti.|ithven. 

*h/  Class. — Messrs.  Heath,  Sullivan,  Babing- 
ton,  Campbell,  Russell,  Belli,  Whish,  Bayley, 
[Ainslie,  Curtis.] 

Sd  CV<«MX.*— Messrs.-Hollond  Fraser,  jun.  Stock- 
well,  Parish,  Lcwin,  Scott,  Forde,  Roger?,  Oakes, 
{Boldcro,  Dick  inson.] 

After  the  Medals  and  other  Prizes  were 
awarded,  according  to  the  arrangements  in  the 
foregoing  Lists,  a  Declamation  was  delivered  by 
Mr.  M'Kcnzie,  containing  an  inquiry,  "  Whether 
the  ascendancy  gained  by  Philip  of  Maccdon  over 
the  Grecian  States,  were  beneficial  or  detrimental 
to  Greece  at  large?*'— By  Mr.  Frascr,  sen.  on 
the  question,  "  Whether  the  conduct  of  Cicero 
were  justifiable  in  submitting  to  Caesar?" — By 
Mr.  Molony,  in  defence  of  the  opposite  conduct 
of  Caio  :— and  after  the  recital  of  a  poetical  com- 
position by  Mr.  Bird,  on  the  Conquest  of  India 
by  Alexander  ;  the  Students  sevtrally  read  select 
passages  from  Persian  authors,  and  exhibited  va- 
rious specimens  of  their  writing  in  the  Oriented 
Characters  above-mentioned. 


The  Principal  stated  to  the  Committee,  that  he 
had  attended  the  Examinations  at  thePreparatory 
School  at  Hailcy-bury,  and  that  the  result  thereof 
is  highly  fiattcring  to  the  Master,  favourable  to 
the  i*upiU,  and  promises  a  future  supply  of  Slu- 
d«nts  well  qualified  for  the  College. 


AUTHEST|C   KARRATIVE   QP  THE  DEATB 
OF  LORD   NELSOir. 

[Extracted  from  Dr.  Beatty*8  Work,  entitled 
Authentic  Narrative  of  the  Death  of  Lord 
Nelson  :  writh  the  Circumstances  preced- 
ing, attending,  and  subsequent  to,  th^ 
Event ;  the  professional  Report  of  his  Lord- 
ship's .Wound  'y  and  several  interesting 
Anecdotes.  With  an  admirable  Portrait 
of  his  Lordship^  and  a  Plate  representing 
the  wound,  and  Course  of  the  BaU.] 

It  was  from  the  Redoubtable  that  Lord 
Nelson  received  his  mortal  wo^ind.  About 
fifteen  minutes  past  one  o^dock,  which  was 
in  the  heat  of  the  ep^asement,  he  was 
walking  the  quarter'^eck  with  Captain  Hafdy, 
and  in  the  act  of  turning  near  the  hatchway 
with  his  fiice  towards  we  stem  of  the  Vic- 
tory, when  the  fatal  ball  was  fired  from  the 
enemy's  mizen-top ;  which,  from  the  situa* 
tion  of  the  two  ships  (lying  on  board  pf  eacl^ 
other ),  was  brought  just  abaft,  and  rather 
below,  the  VictoiT's  main-yard,  and  of  coarse 
not  more  than  fifteen  yards  distant  from  that 
part  of  the  deck  wherehis  Lordship  stood.  The 
ball  struck  the  epaulette  on  his  kit  shoulder, 
and  penetrated  his  chest.  H^  fell  with  hi^ 
face  on  the  deck.  Captain  Hardy,  who'  was 
on  his  right,  on  turning  roui^,  sa^  the  Ser- 
jeant-Major (Seeker)  of  Marines  widi  tw^ 
seamen  rauing  him  from  the  deck;  where 
he  had  fallen,  on  the  same  spot  on  which  a 
little  before,  his  Secretary  had  breathed  his 
last,  with  whose  blood  his  Lordship's  clothes 
wci^.much  soiled.  Captain  Hardy  expressed 
a  hope  that  he  was  not  severely  woimded  ;  to 
whlfcli^e- gallant  Chief  replied  :  "  "nicv 
hav^lK  for  me  at  last,  Hardy.*'  *'  I  hoji 
n^pP^ answered  Captain  Hardy.  "  Yes,"* 
rejpiied  his  Lordship,  **  my  back-bone  is  shot 
through." 

Captain  Hardy  ordered  the  seamen  to  carry 
the  Admiral  to  the  cock-pit.  While  the 
msn  vvere  carrying  him  down  the  kukler  from 
the  middlcKleck,  his  Lordship  observed,  that 
the  tiller-ropes  were  not  yet  replaced,  acd 
desired  one  of  the  Midshipm'en  stationed  there 
to  go  upon  the  quar^r-dcck  and  remind  Cap- 
tain  Hardy  of  that  circumstance,  and  request 
that  new  ones  sooidd  be  i mmediatdv  jrove. 
Haviiig  delivered  this  order,  he  took  bis  haruW 
kerchief  from  his  porket  and  covered  his  face 
with  it,  that  he  might  be  conveyed  to  the 
cockpit  at  this  ^sis  unnoticed  by  the  crew. 

Several  wounded  Qflicers,  ani  about  fo^ty 
men,  \yere  likewise  carried  to  the  ^\ugeoi\ 
for  assisunce  just  at  this  liine,  and  ^some 
othens  had  breathed  their  last  <turing  thci^ 
conveyance  below.     Among  the  latter  wei^ 


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AuthmHc  Narrative  of  thi  Death  nf  Lord  Nel^mU 


Lieut.  Wm.,  Andrew  Ram,  and  Mr.  Whip- 
ple, Captain's  Cletk.  The  Surgeon  had  just 
examin«d  these  two  Officers,  and  found  that 
they  were  dead,  when  his  attention  was  ar- 
rested by  several  of  the  wounded  calling  to 
him,  **  Mr.  Beatty,  Lord  Nelson  is  here : 
Mr.  Beatty,  the  Admiral  is  wounded.**  The 
Surgeon  now, 'on  looking  round,  saw  the 
handkerchiet  fall  from  his  Lordship's  face, 
when  the  stars  on  his  coat,  which  had  also 
been  covered  by  it,  appeared.  Mr.  Burke 
the  Purser,  and  the  Surgeon,  ran  immcdiatelv 
to  the  assistance  of  his  Lordship,  and  took 
him  from  the  arms  of  the  seamen  who  had 
carried  him  below.  In  cpnveying  him  to  one 
of  the  Midshipmen's  births,  they  stumbled, 
but  recovered  themselves  without  falhug. 
Lord  Nelson  then  inquired  who  were  sunport- 
in£  him  ;  and  when  the  Surgeon  informedhim, 
his  Lordship  replied,  "  Ah,  Mr.  Beatty ! 
you  can  do  nothmg  for  me.  I  have  bnt  a 
short  time  to  live  :  my  back  is  shot  through." 
The  Surgeon  said,  "  he  hoped  the  wound 
was  not  so  dangerous  as  his  Lordship  ima- 
gined, and  that  he  might  still  survive  longto 
cnioy  his  glorious  victory."  The  Rev.  Dr. 
Scott,  who  had  been  absent  in  another  part 
of  the  cockpit  administering  lemonade  to  the 
lyounded,  now  came  instantly  to  his  lord- 
ship; and  in  the  anguish  of  grief  wrung  his 
hands,' and  said:  "  Alas,  Beatty,  how  pro- 
phetic you  were  I"  alluding  to  the  apprehen- 
sions expressed  by  the  Surgeon  for  his  Lord- 
ship's safety  previous  to  tlie  battle. 

His  Lordship  was  laid  upon  abed,  stripped 
of  his  cloaths,  and  covered  with  a   sheet. 
While  this   was  effecting,  he  said  to  Dr. 
Scott,  '*  Doctor,  I  told  vou  so.     Doctor,  I 
am  «)ne  5"  and,  after  a  short  pause,  he  added 
in  a  low  voice,  '*  I  have  to  leave  Ladv  Ha- 
milton, and  my  adopted  daughter  Hpiiia, 
^  a  legacy  to  my  country."    "^^^ 
then  examined  the  wound,  assu 
ship  that  he  would  not'put^4|ni 
pain  in  endeavouring  to  discover  the 
the  ball ;  which  he  soon  found  h 
traled  deep  into  the  chest,  and  had  probably 
lodoed  in  the  spine.    This  being  explained 
to  his  Lordship,,  he  replied,  "  he  was  confi- 
dent his    back    was  shot  through."     The 
back   was    then  examined    externally,    but 
without   any    injury  being    perceived;    on 
which   his  "Lordship  was  requested  by  the 
Sureeon  to  make  him  acquainted  with  all  his 
'     senwtions.     He  replied,  that  "  he  felt  a  gush 
of   blood  every  minute  within  his  breast: 
that  he  had  no  feeling  in  the  lower  part  of 
his  body :  and  that  his  breathing  was  ditti- 
cult,    and    attended   with  very  severe  pain 
about  that  part  of  the  spine  where  he  was 
oonfideht  that  the  ball  had  struck  ;"  foresaid 
he,    **    I  Felt  it  break  my  back."    These 

Smptoms,  but  more  particubrly  the  gush  of 
oo4  which  Ws  Lordship  complained  of* 


[lOM 


together  with  the  state  of  his  ptibe,  indicated 
to  the  Surgeon  the  hopeless  situation  of  the 
case ;  but,  till  after  the  victory  was  ascer- 
tained and  announced  to  his  Lordship,  the 
true  nature  of  his  wound  was  concealed  by 
the  Surgeon  from  all  on  board,  except  Cap- 
tain Hardy,  Dr.  Scott,  Mr.  Burke,  and 
Messrs.  Smith  and  Wcstemburg,  the  Assist- 
ant Surgeons. 

The  Victory's  crew  cheered  whenever  they 
observed  an  enemy's  ship  surrender.     On  one 
of  these  occasions.  Lord  Nelson  anxiously 
inquired  what  was  the  cause  of  it;  when- 
Lieutenant  Pasco,  who  lay  wouiided  aVsome 
distance  from  his  Lordship,    raised  himself 
up,  and    told    him  that  another  ship  had 
struck,  which  appeared  to  give  him  much 
satisfaction.     He  now  felt  an  ardent  thirst ; 
and  frequently  called  for  drink,,  and  to.  be 
fanned  with    paper,    making  use  of  these 
words :  "  Fan,  Ian,"  and  **  drink,  drink." 
This  he  continued  to  repeat,  when  he  wished, 
for  drink,  or  the  refreshment  of  cool  air,  till 
a  very  few  minutes  before  he  expired.     Le- 
monade, and  wine  and  water,  were  given  to 
him  occasionally.    He  evinced  great  solici- 
tude for  the  event  of  the  battle,  and  fears 
for  the  safety  of  his  friend  Captain  Hardy. 
Dr.  Scott  and  Mr.  Burke  used  e\'ery  argu- 
ment  they    could    suggest,    to    relieve  his 
anxiety.    Mr.  Burke  told  him,  *'  tlie  enemy 
were  decisivdy  defeated,  and  that  he  hoped 
his  Lordship  would  still  live   to  be  himself 
the  b^rcr  of  the  ioyful  tidings  to  his  coun- 
try."   He  replied,    *'    It  is  nonsense,  Mr. 
Burke,  to  suppose  I  can  live :  my  sufferings 
arc  great,  but  they  will  all  be  soon  over."  Dr. 
Scott  entreated  his  Lordship  *•  not  to  desnair 
of  living;"  and  said,  **  he  trusted  that  Di- 
vine Providence  would  restore  him  once  move 
to  his   dear  country  and   friends." — **  Ah, 
Doctor!"  replied   his  Lordship,  "  it  is  all 
over ;  it  is  all  over." 

Many  messages  were  sent  to  Captain  Haj-^ 
dy,  by  the  Surgeon,  ref|uesting  his  attendance 
on  his  Lordship,  who  became  impatient  to  see 
him,  and  often  exclaimed :  *'  Will  no  one  bring 
Hardy  to  me  ?He  must  be  killed  :  he  is  surely 
destroy^."      The  Captain's    Aide-de-camp, 
Mr.  Bulkeley,  now  came  below,  and  stated 
that  •*  circumstances  respecting  the  fleet  re- 
quired Captain  Hardy's  presence  on  deck,  but 
tnat  he  would  avail  himself  of   the  first  fa- 
vourable moment  to  visit  his  Lordship."    On 
hearing  him  deliver  this  message  to  the  Sur- 
geon, his  Lordship  inquired  who  had  brought 
it.    Mr.  BurkCg^nswered,  **  It  is  Mr.  Bul- 
keley, my  Lo*?' — *'  It  is  hb  voice,"  re- 
plied    his  Lordship?    he  then  said  to   the 
young  gpntleman,  ••  Remember  me  to  your 
father," 

An  hour  and  ten  minutes  however  elapsed, 
from  the  time  of  his  Lordship's  being  wound- 
ed, before  Captain  Hardy's  first  subsequent 

aN4 


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jotn 


Authmtic  Narrative  of  ttu  Death  of  Lard  NeUdn.  [iO60 

to  apply  th«  titoa^ori  ind  (ate   o^ 


mterfiew  widi  him  j  the  pafticulan  of  which 
M  as  follow :  They  shook  hands  affectioD- 
^y,  and  Lord  Nebon  said  :  '»WcU,Hai- 
dn  How  floes  the  baulc  ?  How  goes 
^  day  with  «s?"  —  ««  Vc^  well,  my 
lord,*  replied  Captain  Haidy :  «*  we  have 
gftt  twelve  or  fourteen  ot  the  enemy's 
•hips  in  our  possession ;  but  five  of  their 
van  have  tacked,  and  shew  an  intention  of 
bearing  down  upon  the  Victory.  I  have 
therefore  called  two  or  three  of  our  fiesh  ships 


No,  ray  Lord/*  replied  Captain  Hardy; 
•^  there  it  no  fear  ot  that.**  Lord  Nelson 
then  said :  •«  I  am  a  dead  man,  Haidy.  I 
am  goiiu|  fast :  it  will  be  all  over  with  me 
won.  Come  nearer  to  me.  Pray  let  mv 
dear  Lady  Hamilton  have  my  hair,  aqd  all . 
other  things  belondng  to  me.**  Mr.  Burke 
was  about  to  withdraw  at  the  commencement 
of  this  conversation ;  but  his  Lordship,  per- 
ceiving his  intenUon,  desired  he  would  re- 
xnam.  Captain  Hardy  observed,  that  *•  he 
hoped  Mr.  Beatty  could  yet  hold  out  some 
prospect  of  Kfc.**--"  Oh  I  no,**  answered  his 
Loraship,  <<^^it  is  impossible.  My  back  is 
•hot  through.  Beatty  will  tell  you  so."  Cap- 
tain Hardy  then  returned  on  deck,  and  at 
parting  diook  hands  with  his  revered  friend 
and  Commander. 

His  Lordship  now  requested  the  Surgeon, 
who  had  befen  previously  absent  a  short  time 
Attending  Mr.  levers,  to  return  to  the  wound- 
ed, and  give  his  assistance  to  such  of  them 
as  he  could  be  useful  to ;  "  for,"  said  he, 
'*  you  can  do  nothing  for  me."  The  Siv 
geon  assured  him  that  the  Assistant  Surgeons 
were  doing  every  thing  that  could  be  eftected 
for  tho^e  unfortunate  men  j  but  on  his  Xx>rd« 
ship's  several  times  repeating  his  injunction 
to  that  purpoie,  he  left  him  surrounded  by 
Doctor  Scott,  Mr.  Burke,  and  two  of  hts 
Lordship*s  domesUcs.  After  the  Surgeon 
had  been  absent  a  few  minutes  attending 
Lieutenants  Peake  and  Reeves  of  the  Marines, 
who  were  wounded,  he  was  called  by  Doctor 
Scott  to  his  Lordship,  who  said  :  <*Ah,  Mr. 
Beatty !  I  have  sent  for  you  to  say,  what  I 
forgot  to  tell  you  before,  that  all  |)Ower  of 
motion  or  foeliog  below  my  breast  is  gone ; 
and  VMi,**  continued  he,*'  very  well  knowl  can 
live  but  a  short  time.**  The  emphatic  man- 
ner in  whidi  he  pronounced  these  last  words, 
led  no  doubt  in  the  Surgeon*i  mind,  that  he 
adverted  to  the  case  of  a  mai^^^ho  had  some 
months  before  received  a  mortta  injury  of  the 
spine  on  board  the  Victory,  and  had  laboured 
under  similar  privations  of  sense  and  mus- 
cular motion.  The  case  had  made  a  great 
impression  on  Lord  Nelson  ;  he  was  anxious 
to  know  the  cause  of  such  symptoms,  which 
was  accordingly  explained  to  nim ;  aod  he  now 


this  man  to  himself.  The  Surgeon  answered, 
"  My  Lord,  you  told  me  so  bdbre  :*•  but 
lie  now  examined  the  extiemities,  to  atoer* 
tain  the  foct  -,  when  his  Lordthipsaid,  '*  AH, 
Beatty  1  I  am  too  certain  of  it ;  Scott  and 
Burke  have  tried  it  already.  You  knffm  I 
am  gone."  The  Surgeon  replied:  •*  My 
Lord,  unhappily  for  our  country,  DothLn^ 
can  be  done  (or  you  }*'  and  having  made  this 
declaration,  he  was  so  much  affected,  that 
he  turned  round  and  withdrew  a  few  stepa  to 
conceal  his  emotions.  His  Lordship  said  : 
«  I  know  it.  I  feel  something  risins  in  iny 
left  breast,**  putting  his  hand  on  his  Im  side^ 
«*  which  tefls  me  I  am  gone."— Drink  ^«^aa 
recommended  liberally,  and  Dr.  Scott  and 
Mr.  Burke  fanned  him  with  paper  He  often 
exclaimed,  **  God  he  praised,  I  have  doiM 
my  duty  ;"  aiWl  upon  the  Surgeon's  inonirtng 
whether  hia  pain  was  still  very  great,  he  de- 
clared, "  it  continued  so  severe,  that  h« 
wished  he  was  dead.**  Yet,'*  said  he,  in  a 
lower  voice,  **  one  would  like  to  live  a  little 
longer,  too  j"  and,  after  a  pause  of  a  few 
m mutes,  he  added  in  the  same  tone,  **  What 
would  become  of  poor  Lady  Hamiltoti,  if  she 
knew  my  situation.**  "^ 

The  Sur^n,  finding  it  impotsibk  to  render 
his  Lordship  any  forther  assisumce,  kft  b^|l>« 
to  attend  Lieutenant  Bligh,  Mesons.  Smitb 
and  Westphall,  midshipmen,  and  some  aea- 
men,  recently  wouqoed.  Captain  Hardy 
now  came  to  the  cockpit  to  see  Vis  Loidship' 
a  second  time,  which  was  after  an  interval 
of  about  fifty  minutes  fVom  the  cob- 
elusion  of  his  first  visit.  Before  be  qoitted 
the  deck,  he  sent  Lieutenant  Hills  to  ac« 
quaint  Admiral  CoUingwood  with  the  lameo* 
table  circumstance  of  Lord  Nelson*s  beiag 
wounM.  Lord  Nelson  and  Captain  Haidy 
shook  h||di  again :  and  while  the  Captain 
retain^Hl  I^rdship*s  hand,  he  coogftto* 
lateddPEven  m  the  arms  of  death  on  hishfU* 
lian^ctory  j  "  which,"  he  sakl,  *•  waa  oooh. 
plete ;  though  he  did  not  know  how  mivy  of 
the  enemy  were  captttred,  as  it  was  ittpos* 
sible  to  perceive  every  ship  dbtincdy.  He 
vtras  certain,  however,  of  fourteen  or  fifteen 
having  surrendered."  His  Lordship  aii8weftd« 
«*  Tliat  b  well,  but  I  barcained  for  twentv  :** 
and  then  emphatically  exclaimed,  **  Anew, 
Hardy,  anchor  r  To  this  the  Captain  re- 
plied :  «*  I  suppose,  my  Lord,  Admiral  Col- 
Kngwood  will  DOW  take  upon  himself  the 
direction  of  alairs." — **  Not  while  I  live,  I 
hope,  Hudy  V*  cried  ih©  dying  Chief;  and 
at  that  moment  endeavoured  ineflectuallv  to 
raise  himself  from  the  bed.  "  No,"  added 
he  J  '*  do  you  anchor,  Hardy."  Captain 
Hardy  th«n  said,  "  Shall  we  make  the  signal 
Sir  ?**--*«  Yes,"  answered  bis  Lord^ip,  "  for 
if  I  live,  I'll  anchor.**  The  energetic  man* 
fler  in  which  he  uttered  these  hb  last  (mkn 


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t39  Caplm  HMf,  temmftaM  wiA  his 
cfibits  to  rtitt  kkmM,  evinoed  hk  detcrmi* 
tmeliom  n<iv«r  to  rotign  ^  eomoMiid  while  ke 
ictaioffd  th«  tMrciee  of  kis  trtDpetndant  ftcul- 
lies  and  tkol  he  escpccted  Ca^n  Haidy 
•all  to  cvrry  kito  cieet  the  si^HestioM  of 
hit  audted  mind ;  a  traie  of  hb^oty  ovef^ 
oomingths  paiiu  of  death.  He  then  told 
Gaptaio  Haioy,  "  he  felt  thai  in  a  few  mir 
Butes  he  ihouJd  he  no  more  ^*'  adding  id  a 
hfw  iooe»  **  Don't  thfow  tne  overfaoaid,  Har« 
dy.'V  The  Captain  answered,  **OhI  no^ 
cttttainly  not.'* — "  Then,"  replied  his  Lord*-* 
ship,  **  yoo  know  what  to  do:*  and/  oon^ 
tiuued  he,  "  take  caic  of  my  dear  Lady  Ha- 
milKin,  Hardy  j  take  care  of  poor  Lady  Ha- 
milton. Kis3,  me.  Hardy.*'  The  Captam 
now  knelt  down,  and  kissed  his  cheek ;  v.  hen 
hb  Lordship  saM*  *'  Now  I  am  satbiied. 
Thank  God,  I  hare  done  my  duty."  Cap* 
taia  Hardy  stood  for  a  minute  or  two  in  silent 
contaiuplatioB  :  he  then  knelt  down  agiiin, 
and  kissed  hb  Lordship's  forehead.  His 
Lofdihip  said  i  "  Who  b  Ihat  r  The  Cap- 
tain  answered:  «*  It  b  Hardy;"  to  which 
hb  Lord:^hip  lepUed,  *<  God  hless  you.  Har- 
dy!'* After  tab  affecting  scene  Captain 
Haidy  withdrew,  and  returned  to  the  qoartsor- 
deck,  having  spent  ahout  eight  minutes  in 
thb  his  last  nilerview  wiih  his  dyin^  friend. 

Lord  Nelson  now  desired  Mr.  Chevalier^ 
his  Steward,  lo  turn  him  upon  kb  ri^t  side; 
which  being  effected,  hb  Lordship  said  :  *'l 
wbh  I  had  not  left  the  dock,  for  1  shall  soon 
be  gone.**  He  afterwards  became  very  low  ; 
hb  breathing  was  oppressed,  and  his  voice 
faint.  He  said  to  Doctor  Scott:  '<  Doetor, 
I  have  noi  been  a  great  sinuer  ;**  and  afler  a 
short  pause^  '*  Mememberf  that  I  leave  Lady 
Hamilton  and  my  daughter  Honitia  as  a  le- 
gacy to  my  country :  and,**  added  he,  '*  ne- 
vey  foiget  Horatia.**'  His  thirst  now  in- 
oreasad  ;  and  he  called  for  **  Drink,  drink,** 
«*  Fmd,  fim,-  and  ^«  Rub,  nih:**  addfessmg 
fin  the  last  case  to  Doctor  Scott,  who 
j^rukkinghis  Lordship's  breast  with 
' ,  tem  which  he  found  some  relief. 
I  ke  S[x>ke  in  a  vefy  rapid  manner, 

Mrad  his  articulation  difficult :  but 

lie«i«iy  IMMT  and  then,  with  evident  incfease 
of  pain,  made  a  greater  effort  with  hb  vocal 
jwwers,  and  pronounced  dbdnctly  these  last 
words*  •*  Tnank  God,  I  have  done  my 
duty  ;**  and  thb  great  sentiment  he  contmued 
to  repeat  as  long^as  he  was  able  to  give  it 
utterance. 

Hb  Lordship  heoaoM  speechless  in  about 
fifteen  minutes  after  Captain  Hardy  lef^  him. 
Doctor  Scott  and  Mr.  Burke,  who  had  all 
along  su;>tained  the  bod  under  hb  shoulders 


PfiMCedU$j'-'tmk^fidi€Ml 


DOB»r 


*  Alluding  to  some  wishes  previously  ex- 
pressed by  his  Lordship  to  Captain  Haidy  le- 
^pecting  the  pbce  of  hit  interment* 


(wkich  ffiisod  hin  in  nearfy  itfcmi-ncoBi** 
bent  pottuse,  the  only  one  that  v^as  suppovu 
able  to  him),  fbrebpre  to  disturb  hioi  hf 
speaking  to  Inm ;  ana  vrkm  he  had  remaincA 
s^mechkss  ahoot  ^v%  miimles,  hb  Lordthipri: 
Steward  went  to  the  Sur^eosi,  who  had  beas' 
ashort  time  oocupied  wttly  tha  woModcu  ia 
ahother  part  of  the  cockpit,  and  atated  hia* 
auppceheiBions  xtfaat  hb  Lordship  waa  dvii^- 
TheSufgDon  immediately  i^piiii«d  to  Jftni»' 
and  found  him  on  the  veig^  of  dissolutiMi. 
He  knehdowB  by  hb  side,  and  took  vf  hir 
hand,  which  vas.oold,  and  the  puke  goiw 
from  the  wrist.  On  the  SoigconV  feeling  kit' 
forehead,  which  was  likewise  cold,  hb  Lord- 
ship opened  his  eyes,  kwked  up»  and  shul 
thc^n  a^n.  The  Suigeon  again  kfl  him, 
and  returned  to  the  wounded  who  required 
hb  assistance ;  but  was  not  absent  five  mi- 
nutes when  the  Steward  annoimced  to  him» 
that «'  he  belitred  his  Loidshiu  hftd  aiqpired;*t 
The  SuigeoB  returned,  and  found  that  the 
Tci)ort  was  but  too  well  founded  i  bis  Lordship 
had  breathed  hb  last  at  thirty  minutes  past 
four  o*olock;  at  which  perKMi  Dr.  Scott  waf 
in  .the  act  of  rubbing  hb  Lordship's  braist» 
and  Mr.  Bufke  supporting  the  bed  undec  kit 
shoulders. 

FiQm  the  time  of  hb  Loidihip*s  beiqg 
wounded,  till  hb  death,  a  period  of  about 
two;-  hours  and  forty-five  minutis  elapsed  % 
but  sMnowledge  of  the  dedsive  victory  which 
was  gained,  he  aoquirrd  of  Captain  Haad^ 
withitt  the  fir^t  bour-and-a-quarter  of  thu 
period.  A  partial  cannonade,  however,  was 
still  maintained,^  in  consequence  of  the  en»« 
ny*s  running  ships  passing  the  British  at  di^ 
ferent  points ;  and  the  last  distant  guns  tha( 
-were  fired  at  their  van  ships  that  were  making 
off,  were  heard  a  minute  or  two  before  hit 
Lordship  expired.  •     •  r 


PRin  CATTLE. — SMITHFIELD  CLUB.,      r 

The  SmiiJjJfeld  Ctui,  instituted  in  I7p»^ 
for  encouraging  the  economic  fredhig  of  an^ 
mals  of  the  best  kinds  for  the  Lotrdon  mar% 
ket,  at  their  late  meetings,  during  the  shew 
of  fat  cattle,  determined  -  an  i  ntat^l 
alteration  of  their  premiums  for  OTcen  or 
steers,  in  consequence  of  the  Hereford  breed 
o£  ^ose  animals  having  of  late  years  carried 
ofif  so  large  a  portion  of  the  six  prizes  an<i 
nually  given,  tor  the  best  oxen  ot  different  • 
wei^is.  Sec.  without  distinction  of  breeds^ 
as  probably  to  discourage  other  valuable 
breeds.  For  the  ensuing  year,  six  prizes  <d 
20  guineas  each  are  offi?rta  for  oxen  or  stecra 
of  toe  weight  of  120  blouc  or  upwards,  rf 
each  ot  the  following  hr€od«,  viz.  Hcrefordi 
long-homed,  short-hornwl,  S«isf(xor  Kent, 
Devon,  and  any  julxcd  breed*:  wilh  an  ad» 
ditional  prbe  of  10  guinea^  for  ilie  best  ox  or 


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10911 


Frixe  Ca/lk.-'Smil\fieU  Chi. 


Xio» 


cxbibitMl  In  daim  of  the  above  mx 
pmes.  For  the  convenience  of  gpzien,  8cc. 
attending  Smitbfield  Market,  printed  condi- 
tiooa,  &C.  of  the  pfemtunii  of  tlie  next  shew, 
ape  left  for  dbtnbutbn  with  Mr.  Mitchell^ 
dkaper,  No;  7»  Cbth-Fair,  near  the  Market. 
Mr.'  Arthur  Yotinflr having  resigned  the  offices 
•f  Secretary  and  Treasufer  to  me  Club,  Mr. 
John  Faiey  and  Mr.  Paul  Giblett  were 
elected  thereto.  Thirty-one  new  members 
iptae  balloUed  for,  and  admitted.  Lord  Wil- 
1mm  Rutsel  presided,  and  will  continne  so  to 
4^  while  his  noble  brother  coatinuet  in  his 
fwenuiiest  of  Iielantf. 


At  th^  meeting  of  the  Smi^ld  Club, 
held  at  Freemasons*  Tavern  on  the  15th  I^ 
cember,  1806,  Lord  William  Rossel  in  the 
Chair,  several  prizes  were  publidy  aiiinderd 
to  the  owners  of  such  of  the  fat  cattle  exhi- 
bited in  Mr.  Sadler's  yard,  Go8well-«treet» 
as  had,  in  the  opinion  of  ^vt  gentlemen  ap-> 
pointed  to  examine  them,  improved  the  most 
m  condition,  proportiotttbly  to  the  quantity 
of  food  consumed  in  their  fattening.  Tbe 
following  are  the  correct  particidars,  sinca 
^mishedto  Uie  Secretary  of  the  Club«  l^ 
the  Butchers  who  killeci  the  prize  animab^ 
of  the  weights  of  meat  and  of  offids. 


prize  Oxen,  &e^ 

Beef, 
lb. 

Mr.  John  Westcar*8  daik-red  Hereford  Ox, 

fed  on  grass,  hay,  and  Hnseed-cakes  -    -        1835 
Do    li^ht-red  Hereford  Ox, 

grass,  hav,  and  tumtps  .-.-•.        is3S 
Mn  John  Edmonds*  red  Hereford  Ox,  grass 

.  and  hay ..*        1235 

Hr.  Samuel  Chandler's  brown  Devon  Ox» 

grass,  hay,  and  Swedish  turnips  -    -    •  958 

Mr.  John  Westcar*s  yellow  Hereford  Ox, 

gia8S,  hay,  and  turnips  ------        IIO9 

Mr.  Samuel  Chandler*s  brindled  half-bred 

'•  Devon  Steer,  grass,  hay,  and  oil-eake    r        1032 

)lr.  Joseph  Lucas*  red  and  white  short- 

•   homed  Cow^  grasfji  hay,  and  oil-cake    «        1386 


Loose 

Fat. 

lb. 

S9g 

120 

139 

139 
168 

134 
200 


Hide& 

Horns. 

lb. 

130 

133 
88 
97 

U7 
93 

105 


Head. 
Ih. 

56 
40 
46 
37 
44 
36 
47 


Feet, 
lb. 

97 

f4 

f3 
t4 
94 

39 


fri%§  Sheep. 


Mr-  Lechmere't  one  year  old  Lei- 
cester and  Rvland  Wethers,  fed 
on  grass  and  turnips    -    *    - 

Mr.  John  £dmond*s  ti^'o-years  old  & 
new  j^icester  Wethefs,  giass,  < 
bay,  and  turnips     -    .    .    »   ^ 

Jkir.  Henry  King's,  iun.  two-year- 
old  Sontn-Down  Wethers,  grass 
pnly     -,.•., 


jNo. 
iNo, 


r-  ^No. 


Mutton  &  Loose 
Head.      Fat 
lb.  lb. 

121  14 

127 
170 
188 
16$ 

101 
9* 


11 
12 
22 

la 

17 
14 

U 


cu:«     Entrails,      Live 
lb  ^P'      ^>>^*- 


14 
16 

n 
21 
23 
19 
19 

13 
14 


lb.  lb. 

22  171 

21  173 

22  I8e 


23 
25 
24 
$9 


§ 


Jprize  Pigs, 


Mr.  George  Dodd*s  spay*d  Suffolk  Sow,  tS 
months  old,  fed  on  wley  ^nd  pea-pneal 

|lis  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York*s 
Spanish  ana  Chinese,  Pig,    10  months 

'   M,  bs^iiey  aiid  pea-XQcal    ^    «    •   •    « 


Pork& 

Loom 

Head. 

Fat. 

n>. 

1|>. 

4«0 


m 


\3 


2? 


u..^     Entiaik,     lire 
'•**•         &c.      WeighV 


lb. 


lb. 


38 


94 


lb. 

47» 


S79 


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ioQSi 


PARLIAMENTARY   HISTORY. 

The  first  Session   of  ike  third  Pariiament 
4\f  the   United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Iffland.^-AT.  Geo.  III. 
Chap.  I. 
JHscussion    on  the  late  Negociation  toith 

J  France f  in  loth  Houses, 
.  Thb  proceedings  of  Parliament  are  so  essen- 
^al  to  a  knowl^ge  of  the  political  history 
of  this  countr\%  that,  to  be  ignorant  of  them, 
is  to  be  unacquainted  with  the  strength  and 
iresourccs  of  the  state,  with  the  conduct  and 
intentions  o^  government,  and  with  our  rela- 
tions of  peace  or  war  with  foreign  powers. 
There  is  no  individual  so  humble,  so  incon- 
sequential, in  his  life  and  pursuits,  as  to  be 
vinmterested  in  these  procceoings.  From  the 
general  importance,  therefore,  which  at- 
taches to  this  species  of  information,  it  is 
our  wish,  as  far  as  our  limits  admit,  to  pre- 
sent a  sort  of  parliamentary  roup  d^teil. 
Omitting  the  details  of  debate,  &c.«it  will  be 
our  object  to  present  an  historical  sketch,  in 
which,  without  descending  to  particulars^  we 
shall  endeavour  to  preserve  me  essenceof  all  that 
is  rrauisite  to  be  known  by  the  general  reader. 

The  opening  of  the  present  Parliament, 
with  the  royal  speech  by  commission,  we 
have  given.  Panorama,  p.  1 1 1 .  The  papers 
relative  to  the  late  pegociation  with  France, 
(vide  p.  873,)  which  were  laid  before  Parlia- 
ment Dec.  22,  1806,  were  taken  into  con- 
sideration, in  the  House  of  Lords,  Jan.  2, 
1807;  and,  in  the  House  of  Commons,  on 

the  6di. ^In  the  upper  House,  Lord  Gren- 

ville,  aAer  zealously  vindicating  the  conduct 
of  the  British  government,  moved :  an  hum- 
ble ^dress  to  hb  Majesty,  <'  to  assure  him 
that  this  House  has  ta)cen  into  serious  con- 
sideration, those  papers  relative  to  the  late 
negociation,  and  see  with  gratitude,  that  he 
has  employed  every  means  to  restore  the 
blessins  oi  peace,  in  a  manner  consistent 
with  Uie  interests  and  glory  of  his  people, 
and,  with  an  observance  of  tliat  good  faitli 
with  our  allies,  which  this  country  is  bound 
to  retain  inviolate.  That  while  we  lament 
that  by  the  ambition  t^nd  the  avarice  of  our 
enemy,  these  laudable  endeavours  to  restore 
tranquillity  to  his  kingdom,  have  been  frus- 
trated, we  beg  leave  to  assure  his  Majesty, 
^hat  no  exertion  sha)l  be  wanting  on  our  part 
to  support  and  assist  him,  in  the  adoption  of 
such  measMres  as  may  yet  be  found  necessary, 
either  for  the  restoration  of  peace,  or  to 
pieet  th|c  various  exigencies  qf  tli^  war  \a  this 
most  important  qrisis.** 

Lord  Grenville  observed,  that  there  were 
Very  few  instances,  in  which  the  papers  pre- 
sented to  Parliament  entered  into  such  lenglh- 
f  ncd  detail  on  particular  points,  as  the  pre- 
sent.   All  t)pt  had  passed  upon  the  bu&ine^ 


ParHamentofy  Hbioryl  TlQ^i- 

hadf  not  indeed  been  stated ;  but  U  was  cvv^- 
dent,  that  it  might  have  been  inconsistent* 
not  only  with  regard  to  the  interests  of  our 
allies,  but  to  our  own,  to  give  farther  parti- 
culars. In  the  last  war,  it  was  found  to  have 
been  the  means  of  creating  great  difficulties 
in  effecting  an  amiable  accommodation.  He 
thou^t,  nowever,  that  the  papers  now  prer 
sentixi  furnished  ample  grounds  for  voting  tho 
address  proposed.— -His  Lordship  observed* 
that,  it  was  unnecessary  for  him  to  argu^ 
as  a  general  principle,  the  propriety  of  pur- 
suing the  attainment  of  peace.  No  apoio^ 
therefore  was  necessary,  for  a  desire  to  obtain 
such  a  blessing,  or  to  ascertain  whether  i^ 
were  practicable.  There  were  conditions,  in 
which  nations  might  be  placed,  which  n^i^ 
render  peace  worthy  of  being  purchased  with 
considerable  sacrifices;  and  such  sacrifices 
were  to  be  esteemed,  not  by  the  value  of  the 
national  commerce,  finances,  or  revenue^ 
but  by  the  real  value  of  peace  to  the  existence 
of  the  subjects,  and  by  looking  forward  to 
the  means  which  might  yet  be  necessary  for 
the  &rther  continuance  of  the  war.  iToxa 
the  experience  of  the  last  fourteen  years,  he 
must  acknowledge,  that  the  permanency  of 
any  peace  now  likely  to  be  concluded,  wouU 
be  decreased,  in  proportion  as  the  times  were 
more  perilous.  Wnen,  therefore,  we  la- 
ment the  failure  of  the  late  negociation,  this 
small  degree  of  probability,  of  obtainmg  a 
I>ermanent  peace,  must  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration.— :— We  were  in  possession  of  ob- 
jects of  considerable  advantage,  both  as  to 
our  safety  in  time  of  jieaoe,  and  in  ^iine  of 
war,  so  as  to  weaken  the  force  of  the  enemy. 
The  state  of  actual  possession  was  considered 
as  die  only  basis  on  which  alone  we  could 
enter  into  the  negociations  with  our  present 
enemy,  because  we  could  not  afford  to  naj 
any  considerable  price  for  an  unstable  ana  ai| 
uncertain  peace.  Our  object  was,  not  so 
much  profit  or  commerce,  as  security.  At 
the  same  time,  this  basis  of  actual  posses-t 
sion  was  never  intended  to  exclude  such  ex- 
changes, as  might  be  judged  expedient^ 
Above  all,  we  could  never  be  conceived  to  be 
entering  on  such  a  negociation,  under  th^ 
suppotiition  that  we  were  in  ^  state  of  infe- 
rionty  to  prance.  This  was  the  general 
sentiment  of  those  who  had  condueted  the 
late  negociation.-^ With  resjicct  to  our  al- 
lies, we  were  lx>und  to  support  them.  It 
was  impossible  to  conceal  the  distress  which 
luus^  result  to  this  country,  from  the  total 
subjugation  of  the  Continent.  WTien  th^ 
present  ministers  came  into  power,  they 
found  a  subsisting  treaty  between  this  country 
and  Russia,  by  which  Great  Britain  was 
bound  not  to  make  |Kacc  without  the  con- 
.  sent  of  the  Emperor  Alexander.  That  en- 
gai;einent,  had  ne  had  the  honour  of  bein^ 
consulted^    he  siiould  have   advised^    aD<^ 


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PmrStMenttry  IKstbrg. 


E1C96 


hdtigftiad^  Vxtjw*ut%  th«  no  nobfo  loid 
in  that  House,  or  In  bis  M^esty's  iooudgUs> 
couM  thiid^  that  It  shbukl  have  been  broken 
through.    We  hkd  other  allies  beside  Bm" 
8ta»  to  whom  we  wetre  bound,  thbugh  noc  to 
the  same  extent    Such  were  Sweden  and 
Fbrtuga),  fbir  whoni  We  aiked  nothing  c<x- 
cept  their  otlginid  stale  of  ponesskm.    Beside 
these,    were  allies    of  atwther  description : 
the  King  t>f  Naples^    and  the  Elector  of 
Hanover,  as  a  distinct  and  separate  power. 
As  to  the  King  of  Naples,   We  were  not 
bottnd  by  any  distinct  engdgetnent,  to  pto- 
ctue  tibe  restoration  of  his  whole  dominions  | 
yet,  if  they  could  be  neco^^eifcd^  cren  with 
considerable  sacrifices,  we  ought  to  meet  the 
difficulty.    The  kingdom  of  Sicily  stands  in 
a  different  point  of  view :  with  the  consent  of 
its  BOx-ereign,  we  had  oceu|)ied  Sicily,  and 
we  could  not  think  of  delivehna  it  over  to  the 
enemy.    As  to  the  Elector  of  Hanovef ,  if 
hb  possessions  had  been  attacked,  tiOt  dn 
icconnt  of  any  quarrel  in  which  they  had 
been  engaged,'  but  solely  becatlse  war  had 
been  declared  against  Great  Britain,  and  our 
enemy  finding  us  invulnerable  on  any  point, 
iftougnt  proper  to  tike  uossession  of  the  Elec- 
torate,   were  we  not  bound  in  honour  to 
dFect,  by  a  treaty,  its  restoration  ?  The  inesis- 
dbiliQr  of  this  claim  was  admitted  at  Paris. 
In   cdncludinxt.    Lord   Greriville  obsenred^ 
that  he  shmiKi  have  been  nnich  happier  in 
addretsitig  thdr  lordships  on  the  conclusion 
of  a  peace.    In  France,  throughout  the  ne- 
^ociations,  there  was  evidently  a  uniform  and 
invariable  desire  evinced,    to  disunite  this 
<!Duntry   from    all    her   continental    allies. 
t«iirge  proposals  were  made,  and  every  mean^ 
.^ere  used  to  sever  us  fiotn  our  allies,  par- 
ftcularly  (h>m  Russia.    Finding  us  not  likely 
to  be  pre^'ailed  on,  they  next  applied  to  the 
ftu5Sian  minister ;  and,  by  dint  of  threats, 
ihenaces,    and  promises,   compelled  him  to 
break  feith  witn  this  country,  and  to  sign  a 
treaty  beyond  the  powers  which  he  had  re- 
ceived.   On  the  very  day  of  the  signing  of 
the  treaty  by  d'Oubrif,  the  demands  of  France 
^ere  increased  y  but,  at  the  moment  when 
iuspicion  be^an  to  prevail  at  Paris,  that  his 
tieaiy  would  not  be  ratified,  a  different  lan- 
^iiage  vv^as  held  lo  us;    clearly  exhibiting, 
tfiat  it  was  equally  thfe  same  to  trance,  which 
of  the  two  amicable  powers  they  could  pre- 
vail upon  to   break  with  the   other.  — — 
"the  only  remaining  point  to  be  considered 
was*  whether  the  demands  of  Russia  were 
io  extravagant,  as  to  warrant  us  in  making 
ji  separate  peace.    They  were  not :  and  they 
merely    added     a    demand,  ^  that    France 
should  desist  from  the  occupation  of  Dalma- 
tian which  could  not  be  bolden  but  for  the 
Durpose  of  general  offence  against  Euroie, 
tein^  neither  a  commercial  nor  a  maritime 
le^uisition :  should  France  continue  to  hokl 


Dnknatia,  it  wodd  gnre  her  the  contremi  of 
the  Austrian  caJitaU  and  ^e  fovttt  of  dic- 
tating to  the  Porte. 

Lord  Hawke^ury  concurred  in  the  ffcneraf 
object  of  the  proposed  address,  but  aid  not 
perceive  any  expressions  that  bore  6vLi  the  as- 
sertion contained  fn  His  Majesty's  Declara- 
tion, that  the  first  bmposats  for  nego^tton 
were  made  by  the  French  government ;  nor 
oould  he  discov«r  Miy  grounds  for  sappotii^ 
that  the  Ull  pMideiit  bad  «ver  been  acknow- 
ledged as  the  basis  of  the  treaty.  Suck  a  fftcC 
should  hAVe  been  eMoblished  by  some  writtui 
document. 

Lord  Sidmoufh  ooottttded,  that^  M»em^ 
them  was  no  specific  ttlMission  of  die  ktipew^- 
sidetisi  On  the  part  of  the  French  govon*' 
iMnt,  the  Whole  of  die  Mtgoeiation  had 
been  Conducted  on  that  basis.  His  Loidahm 
supported  this  position,  by  quoting  thewofi£ 
of  M.  Talleynind,  ih  his  letter  to  Mr.  Fox, 
in  the  early  stage  of  the  oortespondenoe  he^ 
tween  the  two  »)vemtnents :— ^<  Fnmee  «b- 
sires  nothing  of  Great^Brttain  that  she  alroafy 
}k>ssases.**  This  also  was  the.  uniform  im* 
I^tvsston  on  the  mind  of  Lofd  Yamiouth^  t« 
whom  Talleyrand  had  used  the  expfCsnoB—* 
noks  ne  vout  la  demMdims  pa^.-^AUuding  to 
the-  finances  of  this  ooantry,  his  Lovddiip 
Observed,  that>  at  the  present  roomeht,  wv 
had  resources  very  different  IVom  those  of 
1801.  Since  Uiat  time»  iC!97>000,000  had 
been  funded  s  and  taxation,  to  die  amount 
of  ^4,900,000,  had  been  imposed  in  addi-^ 
tion  to  war  taxes^  amounting  to  nearly 
jC«O,000,0O0. 

Eari  Grosvenor  expressed  himself  as  doubt<i 
ing  the  propriety  of  continuine  the  ne^ocia- 
tion  to  so  protracted  a  period;  conceiving 
that  it  tended  to  relax  the  vigour  of  our  ope- 
ratiotis.  He  rejoiced^  howeier,  at  the  floo- 
wishing  state  of  our  finances,  at  the  approaich^ 
ing  abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade,  and  the  pnt* 
serration  of  the  established  Church.  Yet  h^ 
lamented  the  violation  of  the  Lord*s  day,  and 
the  great  increase  of  sectaries. 

Lord  Eldon  decbred  himself  feelingly  aliv« 
to  that  part  of  the  address,  which  piopoied 
the  most  unceasing  vigour  and  undaunted 
resolution  in  continuing  the  oonttst ;  yet  h^ 
could  not  but  lament  me  protraction  of  th» 
nc^ociation ;  because  the  cnicanefy  and  de* 
ccption  of  the  French  government  had  beetf 
so  peculiarly  marked,  throucbout  its  every 
stase.  From  his  conviction  of  the  uncenng 
ambition  by  which  the  chief  of  the  French 
government  was  actuated,  he  eoirid  by  no 
means  bring  himself  to  join  in  that  part  oi 
the  address,  wher^  the  ineffectual  endeavoufs 
of  His  Majesty  to  form  a  pacific  treaty  were 
considered  as  a  cause  of  regret.  He  hod- 
never  considered  die  treaty  of  Amiens,  at  ho^ 
nourable  or  ^orious ;  and,  since  that  treaty^ 
the  charact&istic  dupUctty  of  die  Fnack  cat* 


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twi 


foMmtemlaff  Bmimf^ 


tWPi 


biBfiC  bad  bteiiiAOiftobvkMiitlMiiewsr.    He 

was  much  deeeWad,  if  tho  ehaogea  m  Get- 
niany^  utd  tkt  Rkenish  CQaftAaaktioa^  wcne 
not  only  maditatcd,  Iwt  actaaUv  completed, 
h^Sun  HIm  npoDf  of  D*Ottbnl*8  treaty  jr-** 
tto0«enaialy  batovt  the  arripwai  of  that  an^ 
haajMW,  with  the  treaty,  at  St.  Betenboigh. 
— With  Nifect^  the  t«/tjio»Mib^t»,  hecovld 
DOtracogniae  that  pnnciple,  a»  fondling  the 
basis  of  a  tieaty,  oompaied with  eithetof  the 
two  hases  aoned  upon.  His  Majesty's  go- 
venuB^it  hao  pioved  that  it  soqgbt  for  peace^ 
In  the  SDirit  oi  peace;  but  the  ooaduot  of  the 
F^renoh  nad  been  a  tissue  oS  perfidy  and  onr 
lyoD.  As  to  tlie  kst  letter,  said  to  have  been 
aettt  from  M«  Tedkyrand  to  the  noble  Loid 
who  latterlf  eotuhicted  the  oesociation  at 
Feins,  he  snoukl  hope  that  no  suoi  letter  had 
%rer  beea  received ;  and  that  no  minister  of  a 
hostile  power  woidd  dam  to  send  to  the  plenip- 
poteatia^  of  Great  Britain,  a  communication 
replete  with  sueh^  base  atxi  injurious  cahim^ 
nijes. 

Lard  Gieiiville,  in  his  dosini;  speech, 
strongW  insisted,  thai  the  uH  psuid^its  had 
not  onfjr  been  admitted)  and  acted  upon,  but 
had  actually  been  selected  by  the  French  go- 
vernment, m  preference  to  siny  other ;  in  supr 
port  of  which  his  Lordship  advestsd  to  the 
stateonent  made  by  Loid  Yamouth,  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

The  Earl  of  Laudehfele,  feding  himself 
called  upon  for  some  explanation,  entered  into 
a  review  of  his  own  conduct,  daring  the  ne» 
flpciation;  and  contended  that  tl^  papers 
themselves,  as  well  as  the  vevbol  communica- 
tiona  of  Lord  Yarmouth,  would  all  shew, 
that,  throujB^hout  the  negociation,  he  had  had 
thett/t  pesiidetis  solely  in  view.— The  original 
inption  for  the  address  was  then  put,  and  car* 
lied  nem.  dit. 

In  the  House  of  Comrnons,  Dec*  30, 
some  days  previously  to  the  discussion  of  the 
Kegoeiation  Papers,  Lord  Yarmouth  stated 
that  he  had  been  desired,  by  the  French  mi- 
nisteis,  to  inform  Mr.  Fox  tnat  France  would 
afrtt  to  treat  on  the  basis  of  actual  posses- 
sion; but  that  there  might  be  stipulations  for 
such  exchanges  as  should  be  mutually  satis- 
&ctory. 

On  the  night  of  discussion,  in  the  lower 
house.  Lord  Howick  moved  an  address  to 
His  Majesty,  similar  in  substance  to  that  of 
Lord'GtenviUe  in  tiie  House  of  Lords. — ^He 
observed,  that  in  rising  to  perform  this  duty, 
it  was  impossible  Uiat  he  should  not  expe- 
rience many  painful  feelings;  among  which 
were,  his  d<eep  regret  for  the  failure  of  an 
effort,  sincerely  diroeted  for  the  restoration  of 
peace  to  this  country  and  to  Euroi^e ;  and  his 
loss  of  a  fKend  and  mstructor,  withoiU  whose 
support  he  hod  no  confidence  in  his  own 
strength.— His  Lordship  went-  over  nearly 
,    tbesame^^roiind^asLoMGrcnville^haddone; 


eentending  Metift  that  the  fiat  wertwa 
came  iram  the  enemy,  that  the  nrgariatian 
was  instituted  on  the  basis  oX  acMl  fomti^ 
sien*  and  that  we  had  hew  treating  fairty  in 
coi^w)«ti«a  with  ourajyiiesr-^In  ad^oertiog  lo 
the  ttole  of  M.  Ttdkyoad  to  Load  !  rrriir 
dale,  olSepl.4,  as  it  appeased  ia  the  Frenah 
publioatioa  of  the  o^rrespondcsieeb  it  oii^t 
to  be  made  known*  that  dtat  in^fT^^f^  i^ge 
had  never  been  delivefed ;  if  it  had,  Idaaie 
would  have  been  justly  ijispNtehle  tohMLocd* 
ship,  for  remaimng.a  day  longec  in  lUt. 
Nothing  was  Biom  fiilse  wui  the  fpyawitian 
in  that  note,  thpt,  afler  the  deaih  •f  Bir. 
Fox,  thewar  party  had  psevalled  in  tl^eEiH 
gUsh  cabinet,  andlMd  indulged  a  dispoaitioQ 
to  bieak  off  the  negociatioo.  No  diffrrri^ii 
of  opinion  whatever  subsisted  amcog  His 
Majesty's  ministers  during  the  whole  peiisd 
of  the  negociation.  In  we  last  oonvecaatieQ 
which  he  had  with  Mr.  Foac*  Sept  7,  tl»t 
great  man  exprataly  stated,  tha^  anxiouana 
he  was  for  peace,  ne  had  insisted  on  sneh  a 
peace  only  as  shoidd  be  found,  first,  consis- 
tent with  the  honour  and  intefesta  of  this 
country;  secondly,  with  our  contusetions 
with  ttussia ;  and,  thicdly,  with  tkti  pieflMr* 
vation  of  Sicilv  to  its  legitimate  sovecdfim«  oc 
such  an  equivalent  as  he  wouki  be  wilnng  to 
accept  of. 

Lord  Yarmouth  rose  t«  viodkiMte  htmsdf 
from  the  decree  of  blame  thiown  upon  him 
in  aome  of  the  papers  before  the  Hooae* 
From  considering  ttie  original  .gimmds  of  the 
present  war,  and  the  then  pieseni  sitnatian 
of  affairs,  every  th'mg  seemed  favoiable  for 
the  commencement  of  the  late  nttgoeiation. 
The  war  origmaJly  broke  out  onthe  sulmt 
of  Malta:  he  thought,  therefone,  that  if,"^ 
a  treaty  for  peace,  Maha  should  be  secured 
to  England,  a  ^reat  object  would  ha  obtain- 
ed. Another  mduoement  for  commeecing 
the  war*  had  been  tlie  powii^  spicit  whkh 
maniftatcd  itself  thmvgmMit  Euaope,  for  le- 
sisting  the  cncrot^hmenisof  France.  Through 
the  crooked  policv  of  Prussia*  the  coalititfa 
which  had  betn  torraed  on  that  prinqiplfi  had 
been  dissolved,  aiKl.Ajistria  laid  praatrate  «r 
the  feet  of  France.  Under  ihese  eiicom- 
stenoes  the  negociation  commenced*  Bitt, 
at  the  very  outset*  great  diOicultiee  itMs : 
France  knew  that  we  should  insist  on  Hsm- 
ver;  but,  at  die  same  time,  she  bad  par Uy 
guaranteed  that  Electorate  to  Prussia.  yVih 
a  view  of  getting  ovrr  that  dilfioultyK  a  verbal 
communication lud, been  raftcit  to.niiq  (Loid 
YarauHith)  by  M.  TaUeyraiMli  iniemM  to 
facilitate  the  restoration  of  pceoe.  .  It  was  be* 
gun  in  secresy,  tliat*  shouk  the  iss«e  be  im** 
successful,  the  sttbsistinjg  oooneetion  beiwivn 
France  and  Prussia  mi^t  qot-be  dissolved^ 
By  the  particular  deaire  of  M.  TalU^rniisd, 
he  had  not  committed  tliis  commnnicatjofai  ta 
wiiting,  at  least  so  as  IfLsufaauta^y  l^iMr 


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«W1 


P^UMetUaty  tSitorp. 


ll\09 


on  the  subject  to  the  feritish  cabinet.  It  was 
•flerwards  stated,  by  the  French  governmeDt, 
'  that  a  Russiart  minister  was  expected  at  P^s, 
with  the  view  of  meeting  there  a  British  ple- 
nipotentiary.   On  his  jetum  to  Puis,  afur 

-  toming  to  thb  country,  he  repeated  to  TaU 
levrand  the  substance  of  the  conversation 
wnich  he  had  had  with  him,  respecting  the 
festoration  of  Hanover,  and  the  basis  of  ne- 

-  Kociationt  which  was  admitted  to  be  correct ; 
:  Dut»  at  the  same  time>  Talleyrand  stated,  in 

m  fair  and  manly  way,  that  circumstances  had 
altercdy  which  would  produce  an  alteration  of 
terms.     However,,  when  he  then  mentioned 

•  the  understood  basis  of  actual  possession,  no 
.  objection  was  made  to  it,  nor  did  he  believe 

-  that  any  would  have  been  made,  had  not  the 
French  cabinet  discovered  a  grKrt  jealousy  of 

.  tours,  when  they  learned  the  death  of  Mr. 
Fox.— He  declared  that  he  had  ne\'er  received 
instructions  not  to  produce  his  full  powers, 
unless  the  basis  of  actual   possession  were 

'  committed  to  writing.     His  Majesty's  minis- 

*  tcrs  were  well  aware  of  the  probability  of 
D'Oubrirs  signing  a  separate  treaty  with 
France ;  yet  he  received  no  instruction  from 
them,  how  he  was  to  conduct  himself  under 
that  circumstance.  In  this  state  of  affairs^ 
Lord  Lauderdale  arrived. 

I^rd  Howick  now  expressly  stated,  that 
Lord  Yarmouth  returned  to  Paris  with  verbal 
■  instruct'fons ;  and,  afterwards,  when  his  full 
.  powers  were  sent  to  him,  he  was  instructed 
not  to  produce  those  powers,  without  an  ac- 
knowledgement, on   the  part  of  France,  of 
the  basis  of  the  uli  possidetis :  in  a  subse- 
quent  letter,    his  Lordship    was  instructed 
«[)t  to  proceed  with  the  negociation,  until 
ranee  returned  to  her  acknowledged  basis. 
Mr.  Montague  declared  that  ne  saw  no- 
thing in  the  late  negociation  but  the  triumph 
..•f  artifice  over  credulity.     He  much  disliked 
'  that  expression  in  the  letter  of  our  first  minis- 
ter, of  perfect  attachment  to  the  minister  of 
JPrance ;  it  was  too  much  for  the  taste  of  an 
•ntigallican  Englishman.     Buonapartd^s  main 
I  object^  throughout  the  negociation,  had  been 
.  to  carry  on  his  designs  against  Prussia  more 
tecurcly.     It  was  bad  policy  in  this  country 
to  make  war  upon  Prussia ;  as  by  that  means, 

•  vre  rendered  it  mipossible  for  us  to  assist  her 
against  France.  Hanover  had  been  used  as  a 
bone  of  contention,  to  set  this  country  and 
Prussia  at  variance.  The  hon.  gentleman 
blamed  ministers  for  appointing  Lord  Yar- 
mouth as  a  negpciator,  that  noblemaa  being 
unacquainted    with    diplomatic    discussions. 

•  Even  Lord  Lauderdale,  notwithstanding  the 
intimacies  which  he  had  contracted  with  tlie 

'  Brissotine  faction  in  179S,  seemed  to  have 

been  kept  at  Paris  only  to  witness  the  fresh 

thuooderbolts  of  war  that  were  foiging  against 

thw  country,  and  against  Prussia* 

Sir  ThoouB  Tunoa  oo&aidercd  that  the  dc« 


gciaUon,  hid  been  bn^cn  off  edtiiely  xifoii 
ussian  grounds ;  had  it  not  been  for  which, 
we  might  have  got  over  all  our  other  diffi- 
amities  with  honour.  He  had-  no  doubt  that 
Russia  would  have  agreed  to  a  separate  treaty^ 
could  she  hate  done  so,  advantageously  to 
herself.  Yet  he  thought,  as  the  whole  pcor 
ceedings  of  the  Frencli  had  been  a.  tisnie  x>£ 
chicanery  and  finesse,  we  ought  to  have  bio-^ 
ken  off  the  negociation  much  eariier.    . 

Mr.  Whitbread  diJiered  from  Mr.  Monta* 
gue.  Mr.  Pitt,  of  whose  character  he  seem- 
ed to  entertain  so  hi^h  an  opinion,  had  not 
only  ceased  to  cherish  political  animositiedi 
against  his  public  opponents,  but  had  actually 
recommeiKled  to  tlie  selection  of  his  sovere^^ 
his  great  political  x\\%\.  He  was  sorry,  that 
the  inex|)ediency  of  having  entered  u{)oa 
the  late  negociation,  seemed  to  be  an  opinioa 
gaining  too  much  ground  in  this  country. 
Were  me  supporters  of  that  opinion  prepared 
to  say,  that,  lletw.cen  this  coimtry  and  France 
there  no  longer  existed  any  method  of  con- 
ciliation ? Against  sucH  a  princi{^,    he 

nvodt  continue  to  raise  his  voice,  and  to  lilt 
up  his  hiiod.  However  he  had  coincided  with 
his   honourable  friends,  who  composed  the 
present  aduiiuistration,  upon  the  expediency 
and  propriety  of  entering  upon  a  pacific  ar- 
rangement witli   France  j    however  he  ad- 
mired the  candour,  sincerity,  and  manliness^ 
which  characterised  its  origin  and  prior  con- 
duct ;  yet,  with  deep  regret,  he  must  declare, 
that  there  were,  in  tlie  progress  of  the  nego- 
tiation, some  parts  which  he  conld  not  a|>- 
prove.     Notwithstanding  the  assertion  of  his 
noble  friend  (Lord  Howick)  that,  during  the 
whole  period  of  the  negociation,  no  difierence 
of  opinion  had  subsisted  among  his   Majea* 
ty's  ministers,  he  could  see,  from  the-awful 
period  when  death  closed  the  scene  upon  thq 
enlightened  statesman,  who  first  conducted 
the   negociation,    characters    which   distin* 
guishcd  one  prt  of  it  from  another.     He 
conceived,  that  peace  was  eoually  desired  by 
both  go\'eminents  ;  nor  did  ne  see  any  justi- 
fiable ground  for  the  charges  of  duplicity,  de- 
ception, and  bad  faith^  which  had  been  so 
liberally,  and  perhaps  inconsiderately  indulg- 
ed in  against  the  enemy.    His*  reason  for  be- 
lieving so  was,  that  the  enemy  had  no  interest 
in  such  a  system  of  acting.^-^  Lord  Yar* 
mouth  had  been  arraigned,  for  a  premature 
exposition  of  his  powers,  in  opposition  to  the 
oraers  which  he  nad  received  not  to  produce 
them,    unless  Sicily  were  given  up ;    but, 
between  the  period  when  those  instructions 
were  given,  and  that  act  of  the  noble  lord, 
great  chpnges  had  occurred.    Sicily  was  no 
longer  considered  as  a  sine  qua  turn,  but  as 
an  article  of  barter,  on  a  full  and  appropriate 
consideration  ;  and  M.  d'Oubril  had  actually 
signed  a  separate  treaty  with  France.     He 
could  i^ot  perceive  that  any  ii\juiy  had  »• 


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IIOVJ   Oisefvandainternd.^L<amtiBre.^IAid^lni1urt.^]^^  CUflt 


«tt1ted  horn  Ae  ilhibidoii  of  hil  full  powew. 
—Mr.  Whitbrcad  expatiated  on  the  pio- 
priety  of  selecting  Lord  Lauderdale  as  a  ne- 
gpciator  5  yet  he  thought  that  his  lordship 
bad  been  somewhat  too  peremptory  ;  and  he 
regretted  the  formal  and  cate^cal  manner 
in  which  die  recognition  of  the  principle  of 
actual  possession  had  been  demanded.    Oc- 
curring at  the'  moment,  as  it  were,  of  the 
death  of  Mr.  Fox,  it  excited  a  susmcion  that 
the  system  of  British  policy  was  about  to  be 
thanged.— -After  adverting  to  the  conduct 
•f  Prussia^  to  the  former  partitions  of  Po- 
land,   to    the    infraction    of  the    treaty  of 
Amiens,   &c.  &c.  he  observed,  that  it  was 
impossibJe  tor  hum  to  join  in  any  resolution, 
imputing  the   failure  of  the  n^gociation  to 
the  injustice  of  France,  o^  to  agree  to  what 
appeared  a  corollary  from  it,  that  there  was 
oo  alternative  but  interminable   war    with 
France.    He  must  therefore  i^ake  an  effort, 
though  perhaps  unseconded,  to  procure  the 
lesumplion  ot  tlie  negQciation,    before  the 
avenues  of  peace  were  actually  closed,   and 
**  the  g^tet  of  mercy  shut  upoamankiiKl.**— 
He  accordingly  moved,  as  an  amendment, 
•'  to  assure  his  Mjyesty  of  the  firm  determi- 
nation of  his  faithful  Commons,  to  co-ope- 
Kate  with  his  Majesty,  in  a  vigorous  prose- 
cution of  the  contest :  and  to  express  their 
earned  prayer,    that   hb  Majesty  may  be 
'graciously  pleased  to  listen,  as  for  as  may  be 
consistent  witli  his  own  honour,  and  the  in- 
terests of  his  kingdom,  to  every  facility  of 
just  arrangement,  calculated  to  put  an  end 
to  the  horrors  of  war." 

This  amendment  wjas  seconded  by  Mr.  G. 
Johnrtoi»e  j  but,  on  being  put,  was  nega- 
tived without  a  division. 
.  On  the  origind  quotion  being  proposed, 
Mr.  Canning  expressed  his  surprise  at  the 
oilence  of  the  ministeis,  in  neither  coring 
an  explanation,  nor  entering  into  a  vindica- 
tion  of  their  measures  during  the  bte  nego- 
^ation.  For  kis  own  part,  he  condemnwl 
the  negociation  5  he  Wished  for  war,  as  it 
mightlead  to  a  speedv  and  honourable  peace. 
Lord  H.  Petty,  Wr,  Pferccval,  Lord  How- 
ick,  and  Mr.  Whilbread,  subsequently  spoke 
in  explanation;  after  which  the  original  mo- 
tion for  the  address  was  carried  without  a 
-division. 


men  employed ;  making  aa  iticreat  to  tltt 
shipping  interest  of  this  country^  of  119 
shins,  11,67(A  tons,  and  ^29  men^  in  thU 
traoe  alone. 

Mr,  Siock*s  CAort/y.— On  Dec.  17,  ten 
poor  curates  were  elected  to  teoeive  the  pre- 
sent year'sk-donation  of  jglO  each.— Ataonj 
<Ahers9  Jas.  Marshall  of  Ive^  in  Comber- 
Jand  ag^  53,  has  10  children;  his  living 
£25  per  annum.  John  Topping  of  Stari** 
ton,  in  the  same  county,  aged  43  (  8  dm- 
dnn  I  £30  per  annum.  Henrv  Johnsoa  vX. 
Martindale,  Westmoreland,  aged  48 ;  6  chil- 
dien  \  £^0  per  annum.  Daniel  FIdler  ^ 
Little  Wakering,  Essex,  aged  37  i  ^  ohil. 
drcn ;  j€40  pec  annum.     , 

Propagation  of  White  rAom.-— We  lorm 
from  a  communication  to  the  Society  of  Am^ 
that  the  white  thorn,  which  is  so  vaimtbla 
for  fences,  may  be  propagated  by  cnttifigs 
from  the  roots,  with  considcrabTe  siiccett» 
while  cuttings  from    the  branches  do   not 


OBSERVANDA  INTERNA. 
JWAmw.— Owing  to  the  cncouraffcmcnt 
inven  to  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  by  the  pre- 
Mnt  government,  it  appears  that  whereas  in  the 
year  1806,  467  ships,  62,997  tons  burthen, 
and  3514  men  empteyed  in  the  export  of  m 
produce,  there  have  been  in  the  year  1800, 
.  ^77  »hipt«  64,667  ton*  burthen,  and  4,336 


thrive.— The*^  roots  of  plants  a  year  aid  wM 
afibrd  e^h  ten  or  twelve  cuttings,  and  ht 
three  years,  a  succession  of  plants  fit  for  ttss 
will  be  produced. 

LANCASTER. 

Reposiforif  for  the  Poor, — Among  other 
modes  of  assistance  afforded  bv  the  Repository 
at  Lancaster,  the  plan  of  selling  blankets  at 
reduced  prices  to  tne  poor,  has  been  adopted. 
Twenty  pairs  have  hecn  already  ordered: 
which  are  to  be  paid  for  bv  those  who  par- 
chase  them,  in  small  weekly  sums.  This 
method  has  been  found  in  other  places  10 
supply  the  poor  with  an  cssantial  comfort, 
witliout  taking  from  their  earnings  more  thja 
thev  can  conveniently  afford  at  one  tinfe, 
and  to  be  more  beneficial  than  where  the 
relief  has  been  entirely  gratuitous. 

LINCOLNSHIRB. 

Cttriout  Fossil  AntTnals.^A  few  days  ago  ai 
some  labourers  were  digging  clay  in  the 
brick  yard  of  Mr.  Pool  at  Bottleford,  near 
Grantham,  about  nine  feet  fr^jm  the  suriapo 
they  discovered  the  head  and  horns  of  aa 
animal  of  the  bull  kind,  of  most  extraordi-* 
nary  dimensions..  The  weight  of  the  horos^ 
with  a  piece  of  the  frontx^  bone,  is  31 
pounds,  the  span  from  tip  to  tip  is  2  feet,  i 
inch ;  and  the  greatest  bulge  ot  the  horns  3 
feet  2  inches  ;  each  horn  from  the  skull  to 
the  tip  measures  2  feet  8  inches,  and  is  at 
its  base  1  foot  1|  inch  in  circumference.  Ope 
tooth  weighs  2i  ounces.  There  is  an  imper- 
fect cavity  in  the  clay,  in  which  the  bodV  of 
the  animal  is  supposed  to  have  been,  and  on 
each  side  was  a  lai^ge  piece  of  an  oak  tree, 
as  black  as  ebony.  Some  ])art  of  the  horns 
near  the  tip  is  completely  petrified. 

UORTHAMPTOWSHIRE. 

Yew  Tree  poisonous,  —  A  widow  wompi| 


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tl08]  Oistrvmim  Jktimmi^Mimir.^^-IhUm.  C^It^ 

•rSouAwiok,  muOmaSt,  had  4ifeelMf.|  cyhAro of  tiy  jatr^d  ilfcttU^  .Ajb- 

•npoiaoMdl  a  fewdtyyag»>  ip  counqoaiffe     ^ 

Stnce  this  ixiibrmation  the  jpvMie  Mrints 
.^veiiieiilian«4  ^  potioiiiog  or  wrtm  fine 


««vs,  b J  ibe  flune  punt. 

f  UMVX. 

Jtltiiqu9  Om&menif,^liht  late  Kif^  ti^ts 
iN^idi  nade  Msh  eneioiieiiineiils  st  Bright- 
kdhrmtoneaikl  tt  other  places  along  the  Svmmx 
oea*t»  washed  down  a  cunftideiable  ponkm  of 
thodift  (a  combmatiofi  of' sand  aod  other 
loo6e  natter)  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
west  of  llie  sea-hooses  at  £astboome»  and 
*  complelely  swoft  a*^  aU  the  shingle  helow, 
which  brought  to  lig^t  some  curiosities  that 
liwre  an  the  appearance  of  bein^  of  the  hi^- 
Cii  aatiqoi^ ;  at  least  oi  a  penod  before  the 
canyest  or  Britam  by  tJbe  Romans.— They 
.consist  of  gpld  riog^  OF  bracelets,  bearing  a 
.foUsh  eqnai  to  any  trinket,  when  &ist  tamed 
•at  fiv>«i  the  jewelless*  hands;  a  mnssof 
mboai  melaU  of  the  eobw  of  gold,  and  of 
>TasB  tells  dtfiferenUy  formed,  and  in  the 
:.hi^)CSt  sute  of  prmervation ;  the  latter,  it 
may  be  fairlv  conjectured,  w^e  the  w^^kmis 
of  war  usea  by  the  Celts,  who  anciently 
peopled  this  island  from  the  adjacent  conti- 
nent. The  person  who  first  found  one  of 
these  braedets,  by  traversing  the  strand  in 
aearch  of  valuables,  which  is  customary  with 
a^^roamen  after  the  shingle  has  shifted,  hav- 
ing sold  it  by  weight,  for  nine  guineas,  and 
made  the  circumstaikce  known,  the  search 
was  pursued  hy  others,  who  soon  picked  up 
lour  ^loie  varymg  but  little  in  size  and  figure. 
The  belts  were  found  in  the  clifis  owinc  to 
a  portion  of,  one  of  them  being  exposed  by 
the  fell  that  had  taken  place.  There  is  rea- 
aon  to  believe,  from  articles  of  a  similar  na- 
ture that  have  been  discovered  in  various 
parts,  chiefly  at  the  soudiem  extremity  of 
the  islaiid,  that  those  above-mentioned,  were 
deposited  wiili  the  body  of  some  dignified 
person,  or  possibly  with  a  family  of  ancient 
.  Jkitont  in  their  burial-place ;  if  so,  they 
mast  have  come  from  the  surfkce  of  the  soil 
above  the  cliffs,  and  it  is  probable  that  some 
mound,  or  at  least  some  evident  swdling  of 
the  earth  covered  them,  when  they  were 
in  their  original  situation  ;  and  if  this  be  the 
case,  the  cell  of  the  dtfls  from  whence  they 
descended,  contains  other  burial-places,  which 
may  be  traced  by  die  heaved-np  earth.  If 
tlic  conjecture  be  right,  that  these  ornaments, 
&e.  were  origmally  deposited  in  a  sepulchre, 
thcsetteof  itwill'be  roimd  to  be  high,  and 
to  command  a  distant  prospect.  The  ancient 
Britons  seldom  varied  from  their  customs. 

• Gharics  GiHTcrt,  Esq.,  whose  disposition 

10  curious  investigation  docs  him  ^credit,  cans-* 
ed  the  several  articles  to  be  collected  and  sent 
t^LSkJoa^Baakst  iec  the  iasptctioa  and 


tiyairian  Socitqr, 

mfBLiv. 

St  Andrew's  CSbrcA.— The Chwch-Waid- 
ens,  and  Committee  for  eondoclmg  dte    te* 
pairs  of  this  edifke,  met  on  Thunday,  Xaat« 
15,  to  bvestigate  1^  eavse  from  which  the 
fire  proceeded^  tfiat  broke  out  that  moriftiiig 
in  the  vestry  room,  when  it  appeared   to    he 
accidental.    From  this  vtstry-toom,  there  la 
a  door  which  leads  into  the  readmg-desk  of 
the  church,  mufer  the  pnlptt  and  organ  ;  mnA 
but  for  the  timely  <fiscoveiyi  the  fUmea  must 
in  a  very  short  time,  hare  communicated  into 
the  interior  of  the  chnroh.    The  wet%a  «C 
this  beautifnl  edifice  have  been  eanrying  en 
near  fi>urteen  years,  and  are  now  ia  aiseh  * 
fbrwaid  state  as  to  permit  of  dWine  !«0rvice 
bong  peribrmed  diere,  on  or  before  the  eir* 
sning  Easter.    The  amp  ^ml  of  the  interioft' 
of  this  church  it  Kj^t  and  airy  j  the  atehr- 
tectnre,  not  any  of  the  five  oracrs  ■  fonntng 
a  light  and  irregular   Gothic,    whidi   pro- 
duces a  very  pleasing  effect.— -The  disposi* 
tion   of  the   oigan,    p«:dpit,    readiugr<lesl^ 
communion  table,  and  seats  tn  this  chuidv, 
differ  from  any  other    (we  bdieve)  in  the 
United  Kingdom.    The  ofgan  is  devvted  Hi 
hi^  as  tlie  roof  will,  with  [>ropriety,  admit. 
—-Beneath  the  centre  of  mts  is  the  milpit; 
under  which  b  the  reading-desk,  and  oeloW^ 
in  front  of  thit^  is  the  commtmion  tabk^ 
with  the  words,  "  Do  this  in  remembrance 
of  me.**    At  each  side  of  the  otgan>  isa  grf- 
lery,  widt  a  light  and  bescutifidfy  omanenttd 
Chinese  railing  in  front,  and  elevsted  tmon 
small  brass  oiilars,  being  (he  pkMea  allotted  for 
the  hoys  and  girls  of  the  paristKbarhy  schooh. 
— ^All  the  seats  in  the  lamet  psvtof  tne  chwch 
gradually  riise  above  each  other    from  the 
oentie  floor  or  area,   in   an  aoiphitheMfi 
form;    and  the   gallery  is  carried   entiidf 
-roond  the  dmrchfirom  onehdeof  theoigpn 
to  the  other.     Throughout  the  ohniBdi  am 
nuuiy  pieces  of  oouuncntal  carviag  ia  wood^ 
executed  in  a  very  masterly  and  worinnanlilie 
manner.    The  ceilhig  b  very  neatly  stuceood 
and  painted  >  in  the  caAte  there  isan  oval,  of 
open-work  stucco,  from  which  is  to  be  sus- 
pended that  1aisecar?ad  and  gilt  branch  which 
was  wont  to  i^t  un  the  Irish  Hauie  of 
Commons.^The  walls  around,  from  thegsl* 
kry  to  the  ceiling,  are  empannelkd  and  oma* 
iiiwuffu ,  me  giuuuu  a  ugDCoraa^  cne-SMMMp 
ing  and  ornaments  white. 

PotcelTs  Chrislmas  donaiion,~^IMetaaa 
Vance,  as  late  Lord  Mayor,  attended'  hf  the 
kteHi^  Sheriff,  distribotsd  the-  Chwtmps 
donadon  of  a  piece  of  baef»  a  loa^»  and  a  pieta 
nf  money,  m  eadi  of  the  oOdfined  debtoM  iA 
dia  four  oovrls,  and  City  Mawhaheab  cin 
Christmas  e^,  punoanttotbahaiwiUofMr. 
Powell, «  ynlkmaw  whfr  had 


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rlenced  the  gloom  of  captivity,  as  a  debtor. 


1105}  OSservarida  Externa,'^jiralia.^Bohemia.'^Denmark,'-^Frattc$.      [IIOO 

Silent  Kafian  in  America, 
At  a  late  assembly  of  the  deaf  and  dani^ 
the  Abbe  Sicard  mentioned  the  dlscorerf  of 
a  nation  in  the  northern  parts  of  America, 
which  had  no  language,  but  used  signs  as.tlie 
medium  of  expression.  A  remarkable  cir- 
cumstance is,  that  thesignsemployed  by  this  si« 
lent  race,  arc  nearly  the  same  as  those de\'ised 
by  the  Abb^  for  the  instruction  of  his  pupils. 
A^troHomy  employed  to  explain  Prophecy, 

M.  de  liormcl  has  published  an  explanatioil 
of  the  prophecies  of  Daniel,  founded  on  the 
great  period  of  the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic  t 
— ^llm  obliquity,  however,  has  ita  periods  of 
augmentation  and  dimtnutioft,  as  produced  bf 
planetary  attraction«*-what  then  becomes  of 
this  principle  of  explanation  ? 

Motton  qf  «  ffWi. 
From  Beauvais  we  learn  that  theivood  of 
Bourroche,    about  three  leagues   from  that 


..w..^^^  —  _.^ — 1«  ,\j»  w«j#^tVity, 

in  one  of  inose  rfiansions  of  miscr\s  oti   a 

Christina!}  day,  without  a  dinner  or  means  to 

Erocure  it :  but  whose  industry,  after  his  en- 
irgemeiit,  enabled  him  to  bequeath  the  in- 
terest of  £1000  4  per  cents  10  be  annually 
distributed  in  the  above  humane  manner  by 
ihe  ex  Lord  Mayor. 

^''"oiK^^AN DA  EXTERNA.     . 

AlUBIA. 

Namef  of  Countries. 
Europe  is  called  by  the  Arabians  from  the 
Pranks,  or  French,'  j^/'ranjiytth;  a  name 
^hich  they  gave  indiscriminately  to  all  the 
nations  of  Christendom  engn^  in  the  Cru- 
auides.'  Bat,  since  the  Arabians  have  had  a 
more  considerable  knowledge  of  Europe, 
they  have  distinguished  some  of  the  nations 
bv  diftcrent  names ;  as  Ingitart  the  English  ^ 
^ifransuavi,  the  French  ;  Nemsek,  the  Ger- 
fnans ;  Rus,  the  Russians ;  Andalous,  the 
Spaniards;  Italian,  the  Italians;  and,  J^ch, 
fhc  P6lam!ers. — This  is  of  more  consequence 
since  the  trench  revolution,  than  ever  it  was 
before:  as  it  is  absohitelv  nccessaiv  to  personal 
safety,  that  a  Frank,  orfimropeanChristiaiij  he 
Bot  mistaken  for  *  Frenchman. 

BORBMrA. 

Botanical  Lectures, 
Count  Joseph  Malubailla  von  Canal,  Pre- 
<(klent  of  the  Economical  Society  in  Bohemia, 
has  bnilt  a  Lecture  Room  in  his  Botanical 
Garden  at  Prague,  where  Dr.  Nowodwrorstu, 
«xtra  professor  of  Botany,  delivers  lectures  on 
that  science. 

JfZVUAVtK. 

S^ips  tokick  passed  the  Sound  in  I8O6. 
There  have  passed  the  Sound  during  the 
course  of  the  year  I80($,  7140  vessels:  that 
is  to  say,  3635  from  the  North  Sea  to  the 
&ltic  'f  and  d(J05  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Sea. 
Of  th«e  wcie       vessels  vessrls, 

Danes  ,  ...    878    CHdenburghe rs  d7 

Swedes*  -     .     .  1001     "^ 

English   .     .     .  12^7 

Pru«iaii8      .     .      79 

Pappenbufghers       21 

Hambuigheis    .      S5 


BreDieners 

Rosiockers 

Lubeckers 

Russians 

Amencans 

Portuguese 


3(i 
47 
ai 
53 
107 

14 


FHAVCB. 

Military  i§6tfiUah. 
There  vere  reoetvcd  into  tlicse  hospitals, 
(dufing  the  year  180S,  904/490  sick  soldiers, 
of  all  degrees,  olFicers  included :  who  have 
received  attendance  during  4,9^8,909  days : 
and  have  cost  8,901,200  fnuics.  Of  this 
number*  181,584  have  quitted  the  hospitals, 
(jy4a7  have  died,  16,469  remained  h»  the  hoa- 
Tutals.  The  avera^  number  of  sick  per  day, 
nas  been  13,504. — ^The  mortolity  nan  been 
oue  in  twenty-nine  and  a  quarter.— The  daily 
average  cost  of  tacli  paUent,  laa  been  one 
livre,  twelve  sous,  two  denieis;  ^k>t  ([uitc 
4  s.  6d.  English. 

Vol.  I.     [Li(.  Pan,  Fef\  18071 


ciw,  has  laiel)r  descended  from  the  side  of  ihe 
hill  on  which  it  stood,  and  has  sunk  into  tho 
very  deep  exoavaiions  which  had  been  madf 
by  a  stone  quarry*  Happily,  no  person  vwm 
hurt  b^  this  occurrence,  but  instead  ^1  m 
mountain  and  a  wood,  the  scene  now  presem* 
only  a  valley  in  great  disorder^  the  tops  of 
the  trees  just  peering  amopg"  the  enormous 
masses  of  stone,  while  their  roots  and  trunks 
are  sunk  to  great  de):ths  below,  probably  uevex 
more  to  behold  the  light  again. 

This  accident,   which  bears  some  rcsem* 
blancc  to  the  fall  of  the  Rosemberg»  Pano% 
ramu,   p.  419,    has,  very   fortunately,  beea  ' 
free  from  its  calamitous  iionsequences.' 
THminution  of  Animals, 

The  animals  used  for  food  in  tl)is  kin^m, 
appear  to  be  diminishing  progressively:  and 
shortly,  it  is  feared,  will  faij  of  Uie  cus- 
tomary supply.  Skins  of  all  kinds  are  sensi- 
bly increased' in  price,  and  will  soon  be  too 
dear  for  the  arts.  To  choose,  says  the  writer, 
one  example  oUt  of  a  thousand,  the  binding 
of  books  IS  doubled  in  its  cost  within  twenty 
years :  and  we  are  actually  employed  in  seek- 
ing; after  substitutes  for  calves*  skin  and  sheep* 
skin.— The  tanning  of  hog*s  leather  is  ad* 
vised — if  those  who  are  tond  of  smoaked 
hnms  can  spare  it  from  covering  those  delicacies 
during  that  operation. 

Instances  f»f  the  return  of  Ancient  Customs  In 
France, 

The  Holy  Crown  of  thorns,  given  to  Saint 
liouis  by  Baldwin  Emperor  of  Constantino- 
ple hi  1238,  aod  which  was  preserved  un- 
touched amidst  the  revolntionaiy  mania  of 
1793,  was  solemnly  transferred  on  Sunday 
the  fOih  of  August  to  the  Metropolitan 
Church  at  Paris.  Tlie  relic  was  txliibited  u» 
public  adoration  in  a  beautiful  gilt  frame  repre- 
senting the  tcrrestial  f^'obc,  s  ifrnjiiiited  uiih 
across,  at  the  foot  of  which  was  a  lion,  witU 
this  inscription,  Vicit  hu  de  inuu  juja, 
Thuil/eriei. 

In  front  of  the  principal  l>ody   of  the  Ta* 

20 

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J 107]       Ohstrvania  Exlerna.^CjernHMy.'^Iiabf.'^Suntxerlakd.'^PirM.       tHI 


lace  of  the  Thuilleries,  were  two  dial  plates,  . 
appertaining  to  clocks  witbtn  the  palace,  on 
one  of  which  the  hours,  minutes,  &c.  were 
divided  into  ten ;  on  the  other  into  twcl\'e,  at 
usual.  Tlie  roof  having  required  some  re- 
j>air,  afforded,  it  was  thought,  a  farouraWc 
opportunity  for  remoTing  the  decimal  clock  ; 
which  has'  served  only  to  e\inc€  to  what  a 
degree  the  rage  for  innorauoii  can  rise  in  op- 
position to  customs  and  usages,  adopted  in 
all  ages,  and  by  every  nation. 
St  Denis. 

By  a  decree  of  Bonapart^,  the  Chmrh  of 
Saint  Genevieve  will  be  rcstortd  to  the  tatholic 
worship,  and  that  of  Saint  Denis. to  the 
Kpulture  of  the  Einpenws.  The  latter  will 
be  attended  by  a  chafiter  composed  ol  ten 
bishops,  the  first  of  which  is  to  te  the  Grand 
Almoner. ' 

rSpuniih  Newspaper, 

On  the  tist  ofAu^st,  1806,  a  news- 
paper printed  in  Spanish,  made  its  fim  ap- 
•earaiioe  at  Paris :  the  purposes  which  it  is 
mended  to  answer,  cannot  but  present  them* 
ielvci  to  the  fmaginations  of  our  r6Eui«rs, 
without  needing  any  comment  from  us. 

Preservative  powers  <f  ActdFumigoHon, 

M.  Protat  M^  I).  Physician  to  the  mifitary 
wards  of  the  general  hospital  at  Dijon,  has 
fteported  the  following  observations.  Theie 
^fkrwe  during  the  course  of  1805,  very  many 
adynamic  fevers,  particularly  amom^  the  re- 
^actuTJi  amsmpts,  and  others  discharged 
lh>m  prtsoDS ;  but  it  is  consofetory  that  uiis 
disorder,  which  is  extremely  fMai,  has  not 
taken  off,  this  jrear,  mora  than  half  of  the 
number  v^irh  it  ^*omroonly  docs,  and  which 
ft  had  done  the  year  befoit,  Tliis  favourable 
alteration  is  attributed  to  the  care  emuloyed, 
every  day,  in  makins  fixnigatiops  of  the  oxi- 
g^ated  inurialic  acid,  in  the  wards.  What 
is  particularly  remarkable  is,  that  in  former 
years,  when  these  fumigations  were  not  made, 
many  of  those  who  had  the  care  of  the  sick 
took  the  disease  and  died  5  while,  on  the  con- 
trary, since  this  mode  has  been  adopted,  and 
daily  practised,  not  a  single  individual  em^ 
ployed  in  the  service  of  the  wards  has  con- 
tracted this  s])ecfe8of  fever.  This  statement 
agrees  with  obsen'ations  made  in  the  military 
hospitil  at  Paris.  Compare  Panorama,  p.  83(), 
a  very  striking  instance  of  the  preservative 
power  of  this  fumigation. 

GERMANY. 

Plan  far  paying  i^ffthe  Sfate  Dele. 
Vienna.  A  project  for  extinguishing  the 
debt  of  thb  state,  has  been  started  bete, 
t^hich  has  been  thoodit  ^^  feasible. 
Amoqg  the  22  millioos  6f -people  comprised 
'inllieiieiwliui/  states,  it  is  supposed,  that  10 
m^ion^  areMfiicieDtly  wealthy,  to  support, 
during  three  vears^  an  extraonlinary  contritm- 
tica  ct  five  fUfbi  in  baidi  biUscach  person  : 


this  would  dimimih  50  millions  yearly^  which 
mi|^t  buv  up  60  millions  of^  govemmesia 
bonds,  which  now  lose  10  or  12  ^  cent.  } 
so  that  at  the  end  of  three  yean,  mduding 
the  effect  of  compdund  interest,  more  thjoi 
200  millions  \rould  be  red^med:  and  by 
this  measuns,  one  of  the  deepest  wMiiids  oi 
the  Austrian  monarchy,  would  be  healed* . 

ITALY. 

Astronomical  Observa$ioM9» 
M.  Calandrelb,  astronomer  at  Rome,  ha» 
published  Observations  on  the  annual  paral- 
lax of  the  SUr  Lyra,  which  he  finds  terhc 
fl\c  seconds :  this  discovery,  if  tetmblishcd, 
would  greatly  diminish  the  cliatance  at  which 
the  fix^  stars  have  been  calculated.  Instead 
of  six  or  seven  millions  of  millions  of  milet*. 
It  w91  justify  barely  half  that  quantity. 
[Compare  Panorama,  p.  623^3 

SWITZERLAND.  ^ 

Mincralfigical  Tour, 
Mr.  Escher,  Member  of  the  Hehretu:  Ad- 
ministration of  the  mines  at  Zurich,  knowp 
to  the  friends  of  mineralomciil  studies  by  hh 
memoirs  in  the  Miners'  Journal,  as  well  as 
the  inany;  useful  articles  on  ^^eogonomy^  and 
gpolosy  in  EbeVs  Introduction  to  the  most 
useful  manner  of  travelling  in  Switzerlaod, 
and  an  accurate  observer  of  nature,  has  planned 
a  mineralogical  tour  from  Zurich,  over  the 
Grison  momitains,  to  the  Ostel  peak  of  the 
Tyrol.  Wc  are,  hitherto,  but  partially  ac- 
cjuainted  with  this  interesting  country ;  and, 
indeed,  we  have  only  soma  few  notices  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  tour,  by  Dr.  Gebhowf. 
Mr.  £.  also  meditates  a  second  journey^ 
through  the  western  Alps,  between  Danphiny 
and  Savoy,  where  his  geognostie  penetratioo 
will  collect  many  interesting  results. 

PERMA. 
Accottnt  of  the  Ruins  of  an  AncUni  Pmlace 
near  Bagdad, 
About  20  miles  southward  of  B(^^,  lor- 
merlv  stood  a  very  lai^  and  CKlensive  citr» 
which  belonged  to  the  Persians }  «Mne  port 
of  the  palace  remains  to  this-day,  entire.  ^ 
The  gardens  extended  ofver  the  present  cetm 
of  the  Tigris.  The  walls  with  which  it  w^ 
surrounded,  still  reach  to  the  very  banks  of 
the  river,  and  appear  to  have  been  fbnneiiy 
continued.  The  roof  of  what  seems  to  hare 
been  the  hall  of  audience,  in  this  once  bo%> 
nificent  mansion  now  called  Tauk  JTna^ 
serah,  the  last  Persian  monaieh  whoicaiddP 
here,  is  partly  extant;  althoi^  It  has,  no* 
cording  to  the  best  information  feceKed, 
aheady  stood  about  1900  years.  It  ^|«f  to 
astonishrag  a  height,  ^tm.  h  k  dauMU 
whether  any  man  oonkl  throw  o?er  it.  Thla 
plpce  is  now  called  Salmam  PAk,  taking  ii» 
name  from  a  celebrated  barber,  wbo»  Mik 
acquired  great  riches,  direded  hb  My  to  li» 
boried  oloae  under  the  arch,  and  a  kandsosM 
tomb  to  be  oected  over  it. 


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1109]        Poetry,— Ode  far  the  »m  Year.^Songsin  Fabej^larms,  tstc.         {lUO 


POETRY. 

ODB   FOJl  THE   KIW  Y1A»,   I8O7. 

BT     H.  J.  rYB>  ESQ.  POKT-LAURlAT. 

I. 

When  loud  and  drear  the  tempests  roar, 

When  high  the  biljoiry  mountaint  nse» 
And  headlong  'gainst  the  rocky  shore, 

Dnren  by  the  blast,  the  giddy  vessel  flies  j 
Ungukled,  by  the  wild  waves  borne, 
.     Her  rudder  broke,  her  tackling  tome. 
Say,  does  Ae  seaman's  daring  mind 
Shrink  from  the  angry  frown  of  tete  ? 
Poes  he,  to  lUiject  fear  resign'd, 
Th'  impending  stroke  in  silence  wait  ? 
No^whilc  he  pours  the  fertent  prayer 
To  Him  whose  will  can  punish  or  can  spate. 
Cool  and  intrepid  *mid  the  sound 
Of  winds  and  waves  that  rage  around. 
The  powers  that  skill  and  strength  impart. 
The  nervous  arm,  th'  undaunted  heart, 
C^llectiiig,— firm  he  fronts  the  threat'ning  storm. 
And  braves,  with  fearless  breast;  fell  Dnuh's  terr 
rinc  form: 

II. 
80,  though  around  onr  sea-encircled  reign, 

•The  dreadful  tempest  seem  to  lower, 
Dismay'd  do  Britain's  hardy  train 

Await  in  doubt  the  threat'ning  hour  ? 
Lo  I  to  his  sons,  with  cheering  voice, 
Albion's  bold  Genius  calls  aloud  : 
Afoond  him  valiant  myriads  crowd. 
Or  death  o:  victory  their  choice ; 
From  cv'ry  port  astonish*d  Europe  sees 
Britaania's  white  sails  swelling  with  the  breese ; 
Not  bar  imperial  barks  alone 
Awe  the  proud  foe  on  ev'ry  side, 
Commerce  her  vessels  launches  on  the  tkle, 
And  bar  indignant  sons  awhile 
^tecdliig  from  their  wonted  toO, 
Turn  ftom  the  arts  of  Peace  thdr  care, 
Hull  from  each  deck  the  bolts  of  war. 
To  sweep  th*  injurious  boasters  from  the  Main, 
Who  dare  to  circumscribe  Britannia's  naval  reign. 
III. 
And  see  with  emu)aiive  zeal 
Our  hosts  congenial  ardour  feel ; 
The  ardmt  spirit,  that  of  yore 
Ffaun'd  high  on  tjallia's  vanquish'd  shore  ; 
Or  bum'd  by  Danube's  distant  flood. 
When  flowed  his  current  tiog'd  with  Gallic 

blood  ; 
Or  shone  on  UnceHes'  later  fight : 
Or  fiVdby  Acre's  tow'rs  the  Christian  Knight ; 
.  Or  taught  on  Maida*s  fields  the  Gaul  to  feel, 
Urg'd  by  the  Briton's  arm,  the  British  steel ; 
Now  in  each  breast  with  heat  redoubled  glows. 
And  gleamis  dismay  and  death  on  £urope^s  r^ 
less  foes. 


nr. 

Not  ta  Ambition's  specious  charm. 

Not  to  th'eosanguin'd  Despot's  hand^ 
Is  conquest  bound— «  mightier  Arm 

Than  Earth's  proud  tyrants  can  withstand. 
The  balance  holds  of  human  fate. 
Raises  the  Jow  and  sisks  the  great ; 
Exerting  then  in  Europe's  cause 
Each  energy  of  arm  and  mind. 
All  that  from  force  or  skill  the  vrarrior  draws. 

Yet  to  th'  Almighty  Power  resign'd. 
Whose  high  behest  all  Nature's  movements 

guides. 
Controls  the  battlers  and  the  ocean's  tides ; 
Britain  srill  hopes  that  Heav'n  lier  vows  vriU  hear. 
While  Mercy  rears  her  Ihield  and  Justice  points, 
her  spear. 

^ 

ODB   TO   BONA  PARTS. 

To  whom   shall  I  compare  thee,  great  Com- 

mander? 
Thou  hast  outAlezander'd  Alexander ! 
Or  (to  improve  the  likeness,  grant  the  rhymer), 
Out-Zengis*d  Zengis,  and  oot-Timu/d  Timor !  I 


SOBO  IV  PALSB  ALABMS. 


Ihe  north  breeze  blew  keenly,  and  deep  was  the 
gloom. 

The  snow  storm  had  cover'd  the  plain ; 
Whem  Eleanor  stray'd  to  her  Frederick's  tomb^ 

Ah!  ne'er  to  forsake k again. 
For  'ere  a  feint  beam  summoo'd  nature  from  rest, 

Congeal'd  were  the  tean  she  had  wept ; 
And  cold  vras  the  cheek  as  the  marble  it  press'd. 

And  still  as  her  lover  she  slept. 


BONO  IN  PAiSB  AtABMS. 


Said  a  Smile  to  a  Tear, 
On  the  cheek  of  my  dear. 

And  beam'd  like  the  sun  in  spring  Wiatbir, 
In  sooth,  lovely  Tear, 
It  strange  must  appear, 

That  we  should  be  both  here  lo^ethei^ 
I  came  from  the  heart, 
A  soft  balm  lo  impart. 

To  yonder  sad  daugl\ter  of, grief; 
And  I,  said  the  Smile, 
That  heart  now  begoUe^ 

Since  you  gave  the  poor  movmer  relief. 
Ohl  then,  said  the  Tear, 
Sweet  Smife,  it  is  dear, 

Wc  are  twins,  and  <olt  Pity  our  mother  i 
And  how  lovely  that  fece, 
Whioh  -tofether  we  grace. 

For  the  woe  and  the  blils  of  another ! 
tl  O  2 


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nir] 


Literary  Prospective, 


£1113 


LITERARY  PROSPECTIVE. 

Th^n'Hloiy  of  the  City  of  Dublin,  eccle- 
8ii\sticdl,  civil,  and  military,  from  the  ear- 
liest rtccoiints  to  the  present  |)eriod  ;  with  an 
AjH^ndix,  containing  aview  of  the  several 
ciuiTters,  grants,  and  nnmuniiies  now  extant, 
and  an  alwirart  of  all  tlie  tct<  of  Parliament 
relative  to  that  city  ;  extracted  from  the  na- 
tional records,  appnned  historians,  many  cu- 
rious and  valuuihle  manuscripts,  and  other  au- 
tiurntic  materiaU,  is  now  under  Uie  care  of 
John  Warburton,  Esq.  Deputy  Keeper  of  the 
Records  in  pirmingham  Tower,  and  the  Rev. 
Jan:es  Whkclaw,  M.R.I.  A  vicar  of  St. 
Catherine's,  in  that  city,  author  of  An  Essay 
on  the  PtJ]kilation  of'l>ihlin.  It  will  be 
printed  in  c^uaito,  and  illustrated  by  ancient 
and  modem  maps  of  that  city,  numerous 
views  of  the  principal  buildings,  &c.  by  the 
most  eminetit  artists. 

Volanie  II.  of  Mafm<^  Brttaonit,  contain- 
in"  Cambridgcsb  in-,  Cheshire,  and  Cornwall, 
by^the  Re\'.  Daniel  Lysons,  A.M.  F.R.S^ 
F.  A.  and  L.S.  rector  of  Rodmarton,  Glou- 
cestershire* and  Samuel  Ly.«ions,  Ei»c|.  F.R.S. 
and  F.A.S.  Keeper  of  his  Majesty's  Records 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  will  soon  appear. 

Part  II.  containing  twenty-four  views  ir> 
Cambrid§5cshlre,  Cheshire^  and  Comwall^of 
Britannia  Depicta,  a  scries  of  views  of  the 
most  interesting  and  picturevpie  olijecU  in 
Great  Britain,  etigraved  from  drawings  by 
Messrs.  Hcame,  ^rington.  Smith,  Turner, 
Alexander,  dec  &c.  by  W,  B)Tnc,  will  be 
puMished  at  the  same  time. 

lliesc  two  works  illustrate  each  o^her,  and 
arc  sold  together  or  separate  ;  they  will  be  con- 
linued  regidarly  at  the  same  periods,  arran-ed 
in  the  same  manner  (the  counties  alphabetic 
rally),  and  printed  oo  jjapcr  of  correspond- 
ing size  and  quality. 

,  G.  Chalmers,  Esq.  F.  R.  S.  and  S.  A.  is  en- 
cnged  in  a  work,  entitled  Caledonia,  or  an 
Historical  and  Tojioaraphical  Account  of 
North  Britain,  firom  the  most  ancient  to  the 
present  times ;  with  a  dictionary  of  places, 
choTOgraphical  and  philolc»gical.  It  is  pi  in  ted 
in  quarto,  and  illustrated  by  engravings  of 
mam,  plans,  &c. 

'fhe  Topography  of  the  Lake  of  KiUarne}% 
by  Mr.  Weld,  illustrated  with  exquisite  en- 
graving?, is  nearly  ready. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Abbott  hu  a  vohune  of  Ser- 
mons in  the  press. 

A  Series  of  Lectures  oo  the  Four  last  Books 
of  the  Pentateuch,  designed  to  shew  tlie  di- 
vine original  of  tlie  Mosaic  law,  chiefly  from 
its  intcmid  evidence,  wilj  soon  be  published  5 
thev  were  delivered  in  the  cha|)el  of  Trinity 
Coflrgc,  I/ublin,  bv  the  Rev.  Richard  Graves, 
D.l).  IMlow  of  Trinity  College,  mblin, 
M .  R.  I.  A.  and  cha^^n  to  hb  Excellency  the 


D«ikc  <>f  Bedford,  Iy>rf  DecttRmnt  of  Irc- 
bnd  :  two  volumes  ociaro. 

'  Mr.  S.  Woodbume  has  in  a  state  of  for- 
wardness ^a  hur.drod  Views  of  Churches  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  London,  with  desrrip- 
tions  drawn  from  the  best  a.'thorilies.  Xiic 
first  volume  is  expected  to  appear  in  March. 

The  admirers  of  the  ).ite  Dr.  Currie,  of  IJ- 
verpool,  wrH  be  pleased  to  hear  that  an  en- 
graved portrait  of  that  celebrated  man,  from  a 
miniature  picture  in  the  possession  of  Jllrs. 
Caimcross,  Dr.  Curric's  sister,  will  be  pub* 
lished  early  in  the  present  year. 

In  a  few  months  the  Views  of  Gkracester 
Cathtdral  are  ex^icctcd  to  be  published  by  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries. 

Capt.  Williamson,  from  whose  desigiM 
and  notes  Hie  Wild  Sports  of  India  Iulxz  been 
published,  has  nmlertakon  a  tour  tliroug^ 
Great  Britain,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
complete  Agricultural  and  Statistical  Survey 
of  the  island,  the  result  of  which  will  be  pul>- 
lished  in  a  Inscription  of  Great  Britain,  to  he 
printed  in  numbers,  with  illustrative  plates  ^ 
to  make  at  lea^t  ()  vols,  in  8vo. 

John  Adolijhus,  Esq.  F.  S.  A.  author  of  The 
nistorv  of  England,  from  the  Accession  of 
King  George  III.  to  the  Peace  in  17^3,  b  en- 
mged  on  The  Political  State  6f  die  British 
Empire,  containing  a  general  view  of  the  do- 
mestic and  foreign  possessions  of  the  Crown, 
the  laws,  cOniiiierce,  revenues,  offices,  and 
other  establishments,  military  as  well  as  civil: 
in  four  voTumes. 

Speedily  will  be  pnbliflied,  by  Dr.  King- 
lake,  Strictures  on  3lr.  Parkinson's  Obsena- 
tions  on  the  Nature  and  Cure  of  Gout,  re- 
cently published,  in  op|K)sition  to  the  theory 
that  proposes  the  cooftng  treatment  of  tliat 
di^ca^e. 

By  the  same  author,  Additionsd  Cases  of 
Gout,  in  further  proof  of  the  salutary  effica- 
cy of  the  cooHng  trcatmeiU  of  thai  afflining 
dibea^c— Also, 

Reviewers  llevicwed,  coivtaintng  a  parti* 
cular  examination  of  the  re;x>rts  in  The  Li- 
terary Journal,  Tlie  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Review,  The  Edinburgh  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Journal,  in  Mr.  Hunt's  Salutary  Cautions, 
and  in  Mr.  Arthur  Aiken's  Annual  Rcxiew, 
on  the  Theory  of  Gout,  and  its  cooling  Treat- 
ment. 

llie  new  edition  of  Mr.  Pinkertoa's  Mo- 
dem Geography,  in  three  volumes  <|inrto« 
will  shortly  appear.  In  consequence  of  the 
foreign  editions  having  excited  tlie  attention 
of  statesmen  as  well  as  men  of  letteis,  h^  has 
received  much  valuable  assistance.  During 
the  author's  late  residence  at  Paris,  he  pro- 
cured many  scarce  works,  and  the  most  re- 
cent Spanish  materials  concerning  their  colo- 
nies in  North  and  South  America.  The  dc- 
scripiioa  of  the  Cnrted  Slates  has  also  been 
greatly  imprm^od  and  enlargccT,  and  that  of 


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M  I^J 


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the  West  Indies  cxt?ticl«l.  Fire  new  maps 
of  the  various  subdiTuLous  of  South  America 
arc  added.  Mr.  Aiken  has  carefVdly  revised 
the  botanical  part  throu(^hout. — Dr.  Sliaw  has 
added  zoologic:;]  remarks. 

A  new  iilitiim  of  Pulmefin  of  England, 
corrected  from  the  original  Pc»taguc&c,  by 
>lr.  Southev,  is  in  the  press. 

Mr.  Souificv  lias  also  in  the  press  a  transla- 
tion of  tlic  Chrouicle  of  the  Cid,  from  the 
Spanish. 

Mr.  Landseer  hag  nearly  ready  for  publica- 
tion his  course  of  Lecturcj?,*,  as  dehvercd  be- 
fore the  members  of  the  lloyal  Institution. 

An  octavo  edition  of  Capt.  Williamson's 
Wild  Sports  of  India  is  expected  shortly. 

Dr.  bcott,  the  orientalist,  is  prc|jaring  n 
new  edition,  re\Msed,  and  translated  from  tlie 
complete  Arabic  MS.  copy  brought  over  hy 
Mr.  Montague,  of  the  Arabian  Kights*  En- 
tertainments, with  notes  illustrative  of  tlic 
customs  and  manners  of  the  comtry.  The' 
additional  tales,  which  have  never  been  trans- 
lated, are  said  to  be  as  interesting  ami  excel- 
lent as  tluMe  with  which  we  areac(}uainted. 

The  beautiful  and  moral  A^orisms  of  Sir 
Philip  Sydney,    edited  by  Miss  Porter,  arc 
>  nearly  ready  for  publication- 
Mr.  Jolm  Howard  Uicc  has  in  the  press 
Collectanea  Oratoria,  or  the  Academic  Ora- 
tor. 

•Proposals  have  been  circulated  for  printing 
by  subscription,  in  onevolumeociayo,  a  com- 
plete Set  of  Estimate  Tables.  This  work  will 
consist  of  3,600  tables. 

Mr.  Henry  Smiihers  proposes  to  publish, 
in  a  royal  octavo  volume,  a  didactic  poem,  in 
blank  verse,  entitled  AEcciioti*  with  other 
pyems. 

Miss  Owenson,  author  of  the  Wild  Irish 
Girl,  will  shortly  publish  a  volume  of  orij^i- 
nal  poetry,  muler  tlie  titk  of  the  Lay  of  an 
Irish  Harp. 

Mr.  Cumberland  and  Sir  James  Bland  Bur* 
l^esshave,  in  conjunction,  written  a  poem,  of 
which  report  speaks  highly,  entitled  Tlie 
Kxodiad ;  embracing  the  history  of  Moses 
from  the  period  "of  his  leading  the  Israelites 
out  of  Ki^ypt  to  his  dcadi  upon  Mouut  Horeb. 
1'hc  work  will  appear  shonu*. 

A  collection  of  such  English  poems  as  have 
obmined  prizes  in  the  University  of  Oxford 
has  been  made,  and  will  speedily  apjicar. 

The  Bishop  of  Dromorc  will  soon  publisli 
the  edition  of  Surrey's  Poems,  which  ha«  so 
Ipnfi  been  printed,  with  a  giossr.rv. 

About  juidsummer  Mr.  Sothehv  will  pul)- 
]i4\  a  poem  OB  the  sub'iect  of  Saul,  in  eight 
hooks,  in  blank  verse. 

Miss  Ajjna  Maria  Porter  is  engaged  on  ^ 
pew  novel,  to  be  entitled.  The  Ilungarian 
Jirothers. 

Miss  Rouverie,  author  of  LuiEngton  Ab- 
l^y,  and  Qttwr  Aoyels,  has  nearly  coai|»kted 


Prosptctivi,  CIU4 

an  historical  romance,  entitled,  A  Peep  at 
our  Ancestors. 

Tlic  prospectus  o£  a  new  periodical  work 
baft  lately  a|>peared,  entiiLd,  The  Cabinet,  or 
Monthly  licport  of  P»4ite  Literature ;  iric|ud- 
ing  a  Review  of  Books,  atul  accompanied  by 
a  cabinet  edition  (ui>oa  an  entirely  new  jilun^ 
of  the  most  popular  English  Plays,  with 
anecdotes,  annotatioos,  aud  vngVaviugs. 

The  Rev.  Mr.Cobbold,  of  Wov>lpit,  Suf- 
folk, intends  sliortly  presenting  the  public 
witli  a  Chart  of  English  Hi«tory,  on  ihesinie 
plan  as  his  Chart  of  Scripture  History,  re- 
cently published. 

Shortly  will  appear  the  second  volume 
(which  will  complete  this  work)  of  The  Pro- 

5rc5s  of  Maritime  Discovery,  -by  the  Rev. 
.  S,  Clarke,  LL.B.  F.R.S.  Li'jjurian  to  his 
Royal  Highnes*  tlie  Prince  of  Wa!'.y.  Print- 
ed m  quiirto,  and,  in  like  manner  with  the 
6rst  volume,  illustrated  by  charts,  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Artowsmith,  and  other  en- 
gravings. The  two  volumes  will  form  a  com- 
plete History  of  the  Portuguese,  Dutch,  and 
tnglish  Discoveries  in  the  Indian  Seas. 

Soon  will  be  published.  The  History  of 
Greece,  from  the  earliest  accounts  Ho  the 
death  of  Phihp  King  of  Maceilon,  by  Wil- 
liam Mitford,  Esq.  in  four  .volumes  Quarto, 
the  three  volumes  already  published  consider 
rabiy  augmented,  the  fourth  volume  entirely 
new. 

Or.  John  Gillies  b  engaged  in  a  Hittory  of 
the  World  from  the  reign  of  Alexander  to 
that  of  Augustus,  with  a  preliminary  suncy 
of  Alexander's  eastern  con»iuehis,  and  an  esti- 
mate of  hia  plans  for  their  consolidation  am) 
improvement. 

The  History  of  the  House  of  Atistria,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  monarchy  by  llhodoljih 
of  Hapsbumh,  in  the  ihirtecnih  ceniurj-,  to 
the  death  of  the  late  Knipen>r  Leo|>oiJ  xhe 
Second,  by  the  Rev,  Wiljiaui  C'ojwc,  A.M, 
F.R.S.  and  F.S.A.  Archdeacon  of  Wilis, 
Rector  of  Bcmermn,  &c,  is  ia  forwardness, 
it  will  form  two  voluows  in  c^iarto,  \\  illi  majis 
and  genealogical  tables. 

Soon  will  be  published.  Travels  through 
Rijssia,  the  Territories  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
Kuban  Tartary,  ilia  Crimci.  &c.  &c.  bv  tlic 
Rev.  E.D.  Clarke,  Lt.D.  Rector  of  ifarlc^ 
ton,  and  late  FeUpw  of  Jcius  C< allege,  Cam-f 
bridge,  in  quarlo,  with  a  portrait  of  the  au- 
thor, from  a  picture  by  Mr.  Opie,  and  nu- 
merous other  eqgraviyucs. 

An  E.«f«iy  pn  the  Functions  of  i»lojiey  and 
the  IVmciplcs  of  Commerce,  by  Ji>hu  WlRat- 
Iv,  E?^.  will  soon  appear. 
'  The  Rev.  Richard  Lyne,  aiuhor  of  the  La- 
tin Primer,  will  publish  siKx-dily  a  new  work, 
entitled  Fesiura  Grammaiica,  or  Child's  Fir>t 
Guide  to  the  Rudunents  pf  Latin  Grjiumar^ 
in  four  jiartSt 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


Ill5] 


lAteraYy  Pro9peciivi^ 


[1116 


The  fhlkming  works  on  Jurbpmdence  are 
preparing  forpublicsitioii  :— 

The  La^  of  Contracts  and  Agreements,  as 
settled  by  the  determinations  of  the  courts  of 
common  law  in  the  action  of  aseumpsity  by 
S.Comyn,,£sq.  of  the  Middle  Temple^  Bar- 
rister at  Law. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Tithes,  by  W.  F. 
Boteler,  Esq.  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  fiamrister  at 
Law. 

A  new  work  on  Conveyancing ;  to  consist 
of  a  collection  of  modem  prec^enis,  with 
notes  and  illustrations,  and  a  practical  intro- 
duction on  the  language  and  structure  of  con- 
veyances, by  John  Turner,  Esq.  of  the  Mid- 
dle Temple,  BarrbteratLaw. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Ejectment,  by 
John  Sympson  ^essopp,    Esq.  of  Lincoln  s 
Inn,  Barrister  at  Law. 
,  An  Epitome  of  die  Practice  of  the  Courts 
of  King's  Bench  and  Common  Pleas. 

The  Present  Practice  of  the  High  Court  of 
Chancery, 

Beports  of  th^  Proceedings  in  Committees 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  upon  Cases  of 
Controverted  Elections,  during  the  present 
Parliament,  by  R.  H.  Peckwcll,  Esq.  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  Barrister  at  Law.     Vol.11. 

Vernon's  Reports  ii|  Chancery,  V^ol.  II. 
with  Notes  and  References,  by  John  Raith- 
by,  Esq.  Barrister  at  Law. 

Volume  the  Sixth  of  the  Supplement  to 
Viner's  Abridgement. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Pleading,  with  an 
Appendix  of  Precedents,  by  J.  Chitty,  Esq. 
of  the  Middle  Temple. 

The  Appendix,  which  will  be  printed  sepa- 
fnte,  is  mtended  principally  to  elucidate  the 
other  parts  of  the  work,  and  may  be  found 
useful  as  a  circuit  companion,  and  will  con- 
tain those  precedents  which  are  at  all  likely  to 
ocair  in  practice,  with  notes  referring  to 
the  law  connected  with  the  precedents. 

Francis  Donaldson,  Esq.  Barrister  at  Law, 
is  preparing  for  the  press  a  Treatise  on  Com- 
mercial Law. 

A  new  edition,  continued  to  the  present 
time,  of  A  Digest  of  the  Reports  in  the  Kins's 
Bench  and  Common  Pleas,  by  T.  E.  Toi- 
Ums,  Esq.  Barrister  at  I^w. 

A  new  edition,^  with  great  additions,  of 
Mr.  Impey's  Practice  of  the  Court  of  King's 
Bench. 

A  new  edition  of  Mr.  Gwiilini's  edition  of 
Bacon's  Abridfjement. 

A  new  edition,  with  additions,  of  Jacob's 
Law  Dictionary,  by  Mr.  Toinlins. 

An  Appendix  to  the  Attorney  and  Agent's 
Table  of  Costs,  by  John  Pjlnicr,  Gent. 

A  new  edition  of  Bolt's  Poor  Laws,  conti- 
nued to  the  present  lime. 

A  new  edition,  corrected  and  enlarged,  of 
•  Treatise  of  the  Lav/ of  Partnership,  by  \\  il- 
llam  Watson,  Esq.  Barrister  at  Law. 


Anew  edition,  with  additions,  of  Bailer*^ 
Introduction  to  the  \jcw  relating  to  Nisi  PriiH. 

A  iiew  edition,  ONrrecied  aod  enbiigBdy  of 
a  General  Catalogue  i^  Law  Books,  arraDfled 
under  the  ditferent  Branches  of  the  Law,  oy 
J.  Butterworth. 

A  new  edition,  cootinned  to  the  preMnC 
time,  of  A  Digest  of  the  Modem  Chanoery 


_^r.  J.  E.Smith  proposes  shortly  to  pablkh 
an  Introduction  to  Botany,  in  one  votmiie 
octavo,  with  a  few  plates,  intended  for  the 
use  of  female  as  welt  as  male  ttudents  of 
that  «fe]ightfui  science,  and  divested  of  eveiy 
thing  that  mi^t  be  deemed  exooptioniUe, 

The  Rev.  J.Joyce,  author  of  theScientife 
Dialogues,  will  publish  early  in  thepresHit 
month  two  volumes  on  Chemistry,  with 
plates. 

Dr.  Maltby  has  undertaken  to  superintend 
a  new  edition  of  Morell's  Thesaurus  Grscaa 
Poeseos. 

The  Literary  History  of  the  dghteenth  cen* 
tury  is  about  to  receive  a  farther  very  valuable 
illustration  from  the  pen  of  LordWoodhooK- 
lee,  in  his  life  of  the  late  Lord  Kaimes. 

Mr.  Macdiarmid's  Lives  of  eminent  States* 
men  are  in  the  press. 

The  prospectus  of  a  new  periodical  work, 
to  be  continued  monthly,  has  just  been  is- 
tned ;  it  is  entitled  The  Historic  Gallery  of 
Portraits  aiMl  Pointings ;  or  Biographical  Re- 
view :  containing  a  wief  account  of  the  lives 
of  the  most  celebrated  men  in  emy  age  and 
country,  and  mphic  imitations  of  the  finest 
specimens  of  me  arts,  ancient  bnd  modem, 
with  remarks  critical  and  explanatory. 

A  new  and  improved  edition  of  Mr.  New- 
man's  Spanish  Dictionary  is  in  a  state  of  for- 
vmrdness. 

In  the  jiress,  an  Account  of  Dr.  Gall's 
New  Theory  of  Physiognomy,  founded  on 
the  anatomy  and  physiology  ot  the  brain,  and 
the  form  of  the  sKuil.  ' 

Preparing  for  publication,  the  Life  of  Ad- 
miral Lord  Viscount  Nelson,  under  ^c  imr 
mediate  patronage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  to 
whom  the  work  is,  by  permission,  dedicated, 
and  founded  on  docmneiits  communicated  by 
His  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Clarence, 
by  Earf  Nelson,  and  other  branches  of  that 
distmguished  family ;  by  the  Right  Hon.  Geo. 
Rose,  the  Hon.  Briraiicr  General  Stewart, 
Lady  Hamilton,  Di'.Beattie,  &c.  to  the  Rev. 
J.  S.  Clarke,  Librarian  to  his  Royal  Highness 
the  Prince  of  Wales ;  and  from  a'higlily  inte- 
resting memoir  in  the  late  Noble  Admiral's 
hand- writing  (of  which  a  fac-simile  will  be 
gjiven),  sent  by  him  to  John  M*  Arthur,  Esq. 
who  also  possesses  a  variety  of  other  interest- 
ing MSS.  received  from  oooBdcntial  friends  of 
the  deceased  hero,  and  from  officers  of  rank 
who  served  with  him.  Embellished  with 
portndu,  &<^. 


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in;i 


Oliluary.—Mr.  Packer. — Bishop  of  Si.  Pol  de  Leon. 


TuiB 


OBITUAftY. 

SKfTCH    OF    MEMOtRS  OF  THE    LATB 
MR.  J.   PACKSR,   or  DftUftY-LAVB  THEATtS. 

John  Hajman  F^ker  twas  IxMn  March 
12,  1730,  ia  thit  Strand,  London.  He  served 
his  time  to  his  father,  a  sadler,  who  then  (ived 
in  Gkss-hotise-fftreet.      He  a|ipearedon  the 
•tag:e  at  Newcastle,  June  21, 17^4,  under  the 
name  of  Hayman.  He  first  vj^yed  in  London 
Janiiary24, 1758,  at  Cei^'ent  Gsinkn,  the  ports 
of  Johnson  in  the  Rehearsal,  and  the  Freneh- 
man  in  Lethe.    Here  Mr.  Gorriek  saw  him, 
and  engpged  him.    He  played  at  Drury  Lane 
6eptem|«r  I9,  Sclim  in  the  MoumingjBridc; 
afterwards  he  performed  Catesby  in  ^Richard 
in.  wiih<irarnek,  and  continued  to  perform 
in  almost  every  nieee  wherein  Garrick  appear- 
ed to  the  day  of  nis  quilling  the  stage,  in  177^. 
Mr.  Phoker  fb^  moie  than  fifteen  years  had 
forty  shitlings.weekhrj  for  twelve  years  he  bad 
4hree  po«nds,  then  (our  5  Mr.  Kemble  raised 
liim  to  five,  but  soon  reduced  him  to  three. 
Part  of  this  salary  wds  allotted  to  an  only  sister 
under  his  care.     The  report,  some  years  rqo, 
chat  he  had  the  j£  20,000  i^rize  in  the  lottery, 
vvad  unfounded.     He  bought  it  for  Mr.  I^* 
lande^f  Lirerpool,  but  had  no  advanta^  from 
It.  —  He  eould  read  the  suiallest  print  by 
moonli^jjbt,  nor  evtf  used  glasses  but  10  tee  dis- 
tant objects  ;  he  had  ttever  lost  a  tooth,  such 
%VBS  the  rewatd  of  his  temperanee.     He  kept 
a  journal  of  his  life  from  the  da^^  he  left  hb 
fathei^s  house  to  his  death  ;  likewise,  a  book 
in  which  he  minuted  down  the  births,  marri- 
ages, and  deadis  of  all  his  friends,  which  he 
could  ascertain.      He  played,  on  at  least  4852 
occasions,  besides  walking  in  the  Jubilee,  Kc, 
An  accidental  fall  down  stairs.  January  31, 
ISO6,  contributed  to  hasten  his  death,  which 
took  pbce  September  16,  I8O6,  in  the  76th 
year  01  hia  age.    Those  wlio  saw  Mr.  Packer 
perform  only  in  his  decline,  will,  perhaps,  be 
surprised  to  find,  that  40  years  ago,  Churchill, 
•in his  Raaeiad,  charaeterizcd  him  thus. 
Who  can,  like  Packer,  charm  with  sprightly  ease? 
Jt  is  eeruin  that  even  latterly  he  pla?^  Oer- 
bin  in  the  Regent,   iV4am  in  As  you  like  it, 
and  J^is  in  the  Ganiester  admirably.    But 
whatever  might  have  been  his  merits,'  his  lat- 
ter days  were  imbittered  l^y  inattention  ;  and 
scarcity  completed  what  accident  had  begun. 
.IJnable  to  derive  fVom  his  salar\',  by  reason  of 
stoppages,  those  comforts  which  nb  time  of 
life  required,  he  sunk  under  grief,  and  added  an- 
other to  those  fatal  instances  of  distress  in  their 
latter  days,  which  are  already  too  numerous 
finiong  those  who  have  devoted  themselves  to 
the  stage.^-Akhough  he  was  the  second  ^r- 
9on  that  assisted  to  establish  the  llieatncal 
Fund^  and  continually  contributed,   yet  he 
ne\.er  asked  assistance. '  He  however  received 
the  very  generous  donation  of  thirttf  pounds, 
from  the  nNinageis,  at  the  age  of  75 1  as  a  rr- 
ward  for  half  a  century's  close  attention  to  hit 
profession.'   i,^l35  areow.ingof  hissabrv. 


MEMORANDA   OP  THB   LATB   BISHOP  OP 
ST.     POL   Bft  LEON. 

The  Bishop  of  SLMdeLdon,  in  Brittany, 
died  on  Tuesday  November  95,  aged  80  years. 
This  worthy  prelate,  whokas  been  the  medium 
of  communicating  the  bounty  of  this  nation 
to  many  thousands  of  hb  distressed  countij- 
men,  was  venerable  not  only  by  his  pi|blic, 
but  by  his  private  character.  He  enjoyed  the 
highest  confidence  of  many  of  the  most,  ex- 
alted personages  of  our  govemiBent,  and  tl^ 
general  esteem  of  the  public. 

Jean  Francois  de  la  Marche,  Bishop  and 
Count  de  Leon,  was  bora  in  the  cooit^  of 
Cknmouailles,  in  Bas  Brctagne,  July,  1722 
He  was  a  youth  of  very  promising  talents. 
He  originall^r'  entered  the  profession  of  arms  $ 
bnt  after  havat^  been  captain  in  the  Q«een*t 
Dragoons,  he  feft  that  service  to  devote  him- 
self to  the  sacred  office.  When  a  simple  ec- 
clesiastic, his  conduct  was  uniformly  deeofoua 
and  pious.  Afterwards  he  was  appointed 
canon  and  vicar  general  of  Trcguier,  tlM 
functions  of  which  office  he  discharged  with 
such  propriety,  that  the  welfore  of  the  church 
was  concerned  in  his  elevation  to  tlie  Episco^^ 
pacy.  He  was  named  in  1772,  to  the  sec  of 
St.  Pol  de  Leon.  He  determined  never  to , 
quit  his  diocese,  but  for  the  advantage  of  the 
ehurch.  Here  he  (bunded  a  great  number  of 
useful  establishments,  for  the  education  of 
youth,  and  the  instruction  of  those  who 
looked  forward  to  the  ecclesiastical  life.  He 
was  the  refuge  ofhis  people  in  their  calamities. 
He  solicited  and  obtained  from  tlie  generous 
and  compassionate  hearts  of  the  royal  family, 
and  others,  relief  for  the  distresses  «f  those 
whosufleredby  the  inclement  visitations  or  , 
Nature  in  I788. 

He  came  into  England  in  179I.  Tlie 
emigration  from  France  was  soon  very  conii- 
deroole :  especially  of  ecclesiastics  and  roy- 
alists. Never  will  the  honest  part  of  his 
count r)'men  forget  that  he  fras  the  means  of 
convening  to  them  the  bounty  of  the  British 
natioxi :  and  he  had  the  satisfkotion  of  seeing 
this  bounty  prolonged,  and  eflectually  esta- 
bliiihcd.  I^or  were  his  oountiyniv*n  in  Eng- 
land and  in  Jersey,  the  exclusive  objects  of 
his  charity  j  whoever  was  unhappy  partook 
of  his  care:  and  his  assiitanco  CKtended  to 
cvcrv  country  on  the  continent.  The  prisons 
of  Enzland^  the  East-Indies,  Botany-Bay 
itself,  sliared  in  his  distributions.  His' com- 
passion was  still  more  coiu^picuous  on  the  dc^ 
solat^  shores  of  Cayenne,  Sinamary,  and 
Conamana,  even  here  the  victims  of  the  atro- 
cious Directory  found  comforts  forwarded  from 
England,  by  the  zeal  and  foressiglit  of  this 
worthy  Bisliop.  A  tedious  state  of  dcbi-  ty 
sradtially  conducted  him  to  the  tomb,  with 
little  previous  suflcrin^.  He  was  buried  at 
Pancras,  by  his  particular  dcpire,  close  to  hit 
old  friend,  the  Bishop  of  Trcguier.  His  funen 
ral  wat  attoided  by  more  thim  2M0  persons^ 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


nJ9] 


St^e  q/  Trade. 


lll^O 


STAT*  OF  TRADE. 

lAoifit  Coffee-Rouse,  Jan,  20,  I8O7. 

The  fleet  which,  for  the  due  convenience  of 
the  plantere,  ought  to  have  arrived  ia  the 
West- Indies,  befere  Christmas,  haa  not  long 
tailed  from  the  Downs.  The  negroes  there- 
fore, have  not  had  tlieir  yearly  new  clothing, 
at  that  tiioe  in  tiie  season  at  which  they  are 
taught  to  expect  it.  If  thty  have  their  wontr 
pd  Christmas  regale  of  salted  pnivisioos,  it 
musi  have  come  from  America.  It  is  the 
fx>nstant  complaint  of  the  pbuters,  that  the 
eoovoys  from  England  never  accommodate, 
Jn  a  suitable  manner,  the  wants  of  the  pUnta- 
flons.  The  more  this  is  continued,  so  much 
|he  more  must  our  M'est'India  colonics  be 
thrown  into  a  dependence  on  the  Americans. 

The  prices  of  British  goods,  are  said  to 
Jrave  ri*cn  ver\*  tnuch  at  Vienna,  and  in  other 
great  cmporea  on  the  continent,  in  coi>sc- 
f|uence  of  the  la^  exclusion  of  our  trade  from 
the  ports  of  Gcnnany. 

Bonaparte  enforces,  with  rigour,  his  order 
of  bicckade  ag^nst  the  ports  of  the  British 
£m|>ire.  Neutrals  are  regularly  prohibited 
from  introducing  British  ^jroduoe  or  manu- 

gcttires  into  any  port  under  his  authority, 
eutrals  found  at  sea  with  British  produce  or 
inaauiactures  on  board,  arc  actually  subject 
to  capture  by  Ficn^h  cruizers. 

The  British  government  has  wisely  adopted 
a  corresponding  measure.  An  order  of  Privy 
Courcil  has  given  authority  to  our  ships  of 
tvar  and  privateers,  to  make  prizes  of  neutral 
ships  exercising  a  carrying  trade  between  any 
jiorts  either  within  tlie  French  empire,  or 
under  B*)naparte's  controul. 

The .  prices  of  sugars  do  not  rise  in  the 
Ixmdon  market.  Haw  sugar  is  but  37^.  2d. 
per  cwt.  beside  the  duties. 

Mojre  considerable  remittances  than  had 
been  expected,  h«\'e  to  the  great  relief  of  some 
of  our  m€«;hants,  been  received  from  Ham- 
burgh, throujcb  circuitous  courses  of  exchange. 

We  are,  stiiK  without  commercial  returns, 
or  satisfactory  accounts,  from  Buenos  Ayres. 
Confident  reports  of  its  recapture  Ipy  the 
Spaniards  bavins  been  transmiued  from  va- 
lioiis  quarters,  tne  committee  of  under-wri- 
ters  strongly  recommend  that  Britisli  ships 
bound  for  oucnos  Ayres,  should,  before 
sailing  so  far  up  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  touch, 
fox  information,  at  the  nearest  Portuguese 
harbour.  In  the  mean  time,  the  returns  on 
the  nd ventures  to  South  America,  are  very 
im|)alienlly  expected.  Those,  who  have  no 
concern  in  them,  insist,  that  thev  cannot 
^ut  turn  put  very  unfertunale.  Even  the 
fnvnersof  the  commodities  sent  out,  begin  10 
think  doubtfully  of  the  issue.  We  should, 
ftill,  hope,  that  the  prime  commodities,  and 
ihoso  whtch  were  received  the  earliesl  at 
}}'ii:uos  Ayres,    ui/iy  have  beea  sold  ^ere 


with  sufficient  advantaw.  But,  the  supply 
myst  have  beeo  too   kr^  for  the  market. 

Afid  it  is  scarcvly  to  be  imagiAed,  tjiat  9II 
this  refuse  and  the  sweejiings  of  the  sho|#s  an<l 
wirehotiscs  of  Loodon,  can  have  beea  put  off 
upon  the  Spanish  colonists,  witli  vast  profit. 

It  does  not  appear,  that  our  avinufoctufies 
aie  much  at  a  stand,  in  con:>cqueuce  of  I  be 
late  ci'cnts  on  the  coiitinejit.  In  Londou« 
artibans  of  evety  class  are,  now,  ia  full  oud 
active  employment ;  hands  caimot  be  had  to 
execute  the  orders,  in  almost  any  oue  bEiacii« 
In  all  parts  of  the  country  the  same. 

The  differences  between  the  British  aiid 
the  Anglo-American  goieroments  have  been 
ended  by  a  treaty  of  policy  and  conuneroe. 
Its  conditions,  interesting  as  they  necessarily 
are  to  the  trade  of  this  country,  arc  withheld 
from  the  pul^ic,  till  the  treaty  shall  kaxe 
beea  finally  latifiect 

It  is  ao  «gr^ab^*  thing,  that  our  trade  ia 
the  Moditerran^  by  Malta  and  liCgborQ, 
continues  still  in  great  activity.  The  rcturat 
are  certain  atnl  pmmjit. 

Tlie  Anglo-Aniencans  regret,  that,  bjr 
^scontinuing  their  trade  with  St.  Don^inro. 
in  complianoe  tvith  tlie  demands  of  the 
French,  they  have  ttiven  occasion  to  a  ntw 
or  increascxl  traffic  between  ^e  British  oC 
Tortola  and  the  blacks  of  Hayti.  The  Axae- 
rican  gpvernmeut  has,  upop  this^  withdrawn 
its  prohibition  affainst  tne  trade  oC  Uayti. 
We  know  not  w'hether'thb  meas«ijre  may- 
enable  the  American  traders  agSiiii  to  i^oder- 
sell  us  in  the  Haytian  market.  We  must 
wait  to  see  tlie  effect  of  the  late  revolution  in 
tliat  island;  and  what  coofidcoce  oiay  be 
placed  in  its  present  rulers. 

The  Emperor  of  Russia  h^  issued  a  prohi* 
hition  to  export  grain  froixi  any  part  of  his 
dominions,     it  was  obviously  necessary  in  the 
preseot  state  of  his  affairs  in  relation  to  the 
French.    We  should  rather  fear,    that  tho 
prosecution  of  the  war  in  those  countries, 
whiclt  are  the  granaries  of  the  north*  may 
tend,  as  the  season  ad^-ances,  to  raise  the  nrice 
of  grain  in  England*  and  even  th^>ugnou^ 
EuroDC. — The  trade  of  of  Lon- 
Qon  increases  still.     In  the 
9  months  eudiog  October 
10th,  18Q5  :  its  exports  in 
British  produce  and  manu- 
^tures,  were  in  value    -    j€7,797.60I 
f  0|[ei^  and  colonial  produce   j^4>,  15(5,692 


For  the  9  months  ending  Oct^  10,  1300. 

British  produce  and  manu- 

factuies       -----    4£8,691,8H 

Foreign  and  colonial  pro- 
duce      -    -    1    -1    -    -    £4.i76,6?a 


^12,888,431 


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PolUical  Periscope, 


Dm 


a^i?— - 


Panorama-Office,  Jan.  24,  1807. 
POLITICAL  PER1SCX)PE. 

The  Lcda  Crigate  is  arrived  from  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  with  dispatches  from  Sir  Home  Pop- 
ham,  dated  Oct.  30,  1806.  Tiiey  biatc  the 
rccftptuve  of  that  place,  by  tlic  S|;.inish  inlte- 
bitants,  August  Iff.  Wc  Icarii,  that  Sir 
}jomc  was  blown  off  bis  siali<m  by  severe 
^es  of  wind,  wliich  opportunity  wus  tnkcn 
by  the  Spanish  Governor  of  Monte  Video,  to 
«narch  an  army  up  his  side  of  the  Rio  Plata, 
and  cross  tliat  river,  above  Buenos  Ayres. 
He  attacked  the  city ;  and,  aided  by  the  inha- 
bitants, defeated  the  wc^c  army  of  Eiiglish, 
and  regaiiied  the  place.  Sir  Home  hnd  taken 
Maldonado,  which  he  may  retain,  as  a  posi- 
tion, till  the  reinforcements  arrive  from  Bri- 
tain, Under  tliose  uncertainties  which  must 
needs  attend  the  present  state  of  tliis  expe- 
dition, it  would  be  bnprudent  to  ri^k  any 
comments  an  the  little  we  know.  •  We  trust 
to  \\\t  gciieral  character  of  our  countrymen, 
that  no  just  cause  of,  complaint  has  been  given 
to  the  inhabitants ;  but  that  their  insurrection 
.was  produced  solely  by  the  impulse  of  that 
OiMor  patiicPf  which  no  Briton  knows  how 
to  blame,  when  actuating  any  man,  howm-er 
injurious  the  consequences  may  be  to  himself. 

With  regard  to  the  state  of  thing,  nearer 
home,  thcv  differ  little  from  our  former  re- 
port 5  yet  expectation  anticipates  events  which 
may  give  a  chiu^cter,  at  least.  If  not  a  ded- 
eive  turn,  to  the  Continental  War.  Russia 
teems  to  be  determined  to  prevent  Dalmatia 
from  remaining  under  the  povier  of  Stance  ; 
and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  shtf  will  make  de- 
cisive eflbrts  to  that  effect.  Some  think  she 
is  marching  an  army  across  the  Turkish  pro- 
vinces to  succour  her  troops  in  Cattoro,  and 
Casiel  Nuovo.  We  can  only  sav  to  this,  that 
those  provinces  are  extremely  difticult  for  sudi 
operations,  unless  ihc  inhabitanta  be  previ- 
ously conciliated.  This,  however,  which  at 
some  periods  would  be  thought  a  wonderful 
undertaking,  bv  oents  incomparably  more 
wonderful,  is  rendered  of  secondary  conse- 
quence^ and  to  these  we  must  next  ad- 
vert. ,  ' 

It  is  very  natural  that  dnripg  a  war  of  tm- 
exampled  importance  to  the  liberties  of  Eu- 
rope, and  the  welfare  of  mankind,  eAcry  eye 
sljould  be  turned  with  anxious  solicitude  to 
those  purla  which  we  know  to  be  the  princi- 

fal  scenes  of  aclioq.  Tlie  successes  of  the 
'rench,  by  prompting  that  ^tivc  nation,  with 
its  victorious  olficeps,  to  (unher  exertions,  led 
the  vindictive  Bonaparte  from'  Germany  to 
folaittl,  in  pwrsui^  of  tli9^  who  ©yposcd'  his 


progress  :  aiKi  of  course,  thb  ill  ^ited  oouotij 
became  the  theatre  of  bloodshed  and  niiaery. 
If  we  mdy  believe  reports  which  ba^v  evfry  ap- 
pearance pf  credibihty,  the  French  armj^  liat 
suffered  severely,  by  disease,  during  ita  irrup- 
tion bcYon^l  Bcrlinl  The  uncommon  mild- 
ness ot  tlie  season,  has  manifested  ilself  tp 
alight  fronts,  and  almost  incessant  rains.  7'be 
lAatives  of  Southern  climates,  wliich  compose 
a  great  pro]x>rtion  of  the  French  troops, 
have  been  surrounded  with  a  humidity,  to 
which  ihey  were  unaccustomed,  and  for 
wljich  they  were  absolutely  unprepared.  lU- 
c!othed,  and  when  among  the  forests  of  Po- 
land, iri-fed,  tbey  have  suffered,  by  their  ex- 
traordinary* labours,  their  eiqiosurc  to  iiie  ef«- 
focts  of  niglu  march^,  and  by  the  una\'Oxd^ 
aliie  privations  to  which  they  were  subjected 
by  circuuibtancea.  Ilumaa  strength  \hx%  lik^ 
other  |)owers,  ii6  limits,  and  when  these  :*i^ 
exceeded,  it  fails.  We  consider,  then,  thr 
report  that  the  French  force  has  been  weak- 
ened by  sickness,  ai  likely  to  be  true. 

Thb  day  have  arrived  five  mails  fijom  Got- 
tenburgh,  with  information  of  a  scries  of  ao- 
tious  between  the  €ulvancing  French,  aod  the 
Tfireating  Riisdaos— <)urinc;  the  month  of 
December ;  but,  these,  k  should  appear,  were 
of  little  moment,  com  pared  with  a  general  en- 
gagement, ^rhich  took  place  Dee.  27,  an4 
two  following  diys.  We  are  not  able  to  state 
the  particulars  of  this  event;  but  conoeii'e^ 
that  French  vivacity  has  bcsen  the  principal 
can^c  of  exposing  a  part  of  the  French  arrof 
to  the  tfhole  of  the  Russian  |x>wer^  whcvefaf 
the  right  wing  of  the  French  was  m  a  man- 
ner surrounded  and  destroyed.  The  lo;js  of 
this  corps,  amounting,  no'  doubt,  to  alior<& 
120,000  men,  bid  open  the  Frendioeiner,  and 
the  Russian  generalavailin^  himself  of  thb 
circumstance,  brought  his  whole,  stfi^ngtli 
against  this  body»  which,  unable  to  stand  tike 
shock,  g&TC  way.  Report  also  states,  that 
Bonaparte,  and  not  many  other  general  c»nW 
cer,  escaped;  and  these  hate  taken  refuoe 
in  Warsaw^  about  60  or  70  miles  from  the 
field  of  battle.  We  belie\'e  there  can  be  n^ 
doubt  as  to  the  main  fact  of  a  dreadful  slaughr 
ter  an)ong  the  French,  biit  whether  it  can  be 
axrkoned  at  90,000  men,  as  some  relate,  may 
be  doubted.  W^e  may  also  doubt,  whether 
the  ]ire\'ious  sickness  had  carried  off  40,000, 
as  has  been  said.  2 1 U  sufficiently  aHlicting  to 
humanity  to  know  that  the  loss  of  lii-es  has 
been,  upon  the  whole,  very  considerable^ 
without  accepting  the  higliest  calculation. 

Informatft^  rerci\'ed,  and  published,  by* 
Gavernmwit,  states  the  loss  of  the  French,  oa 
the  \M.  (lay  of  the  engagement,  at  40,€00 
slain,  and  80  pieces  of  cannon  taken  by  the 
Ruishns.  We  sliall  probably  hate  to  repott 
an  oAicial  account  oi'  these  moody  opesatsoof 
of  war. 


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UNIVERSITY  PROMOTIONS 
Dec.  10.    Rey.  T.  Preston,  of  Lincoln 


Colleffe;  Mr.  T.  Hawkeshead,  of  Brasenose  j 
Rey.  H.  W.Wilkinson,  of  Worcester;  Rev. 
G.  Street,  of  St.  Johns ;  Re\ .  W.  Bayly,  of 
New  College,  B.  A.  were  admitted  M.A. 

Messrs.  F.  B.  Astley,  and  J.  V.  Vashon,  of 
Oriel ;  Ervct  Hodgkinson  Warriner,  of  Lin- 
coln J  J.  W.  Simpson,  of  Worcester,  and  J. 
C.  Bussell,  of  Hertford,  admitted  B.A. 

Dec.  11^  Mr.  J.  Keble  admitted  scholar 
«f  Corpus  Christi. 

Dec.  15.  Mr.  W.  H.  Tinnej',  B.A.  of 
Oriel,  unanimously  elected  Vcnerinn  Scholar, 
in  the  room  of  J.  Bareiro,  Esq.  Barribter  of 
Law,  and  Fellow  of  Queen's,  who  had  cont- 
pleated  ten  years  from  the  time  of  his  election. 

Dee.  17.  The  last  day  of  Michaelmas 
Term,  the  Rev.  J.  Wilson,  and  N.  Hum- 
Jl«y,  bf  Lincoln  College,  and  E.  Repton  of 
Magdalen,  admitted  ^f.A.  H.  D.  Moijs^an, 
Esq.  of  IVinity,  admitted  B.A.  Grand  Com- 
pounder. Messrs.  #.  Watkins,  of  Magtlalen 
Hall;  T. Tanner,  of  Hertford;  H.  Jenkins, 
ofMa^alen  -,  J.  Freakes,  of  Bcascnoee,  ad- 
mitted B.A* 

Mr.  Tim.  Essex,  Student  in  Music  of  Mag- 
dalen HaU,  B.M. 

Dec.  II.  Mr.  Norton,  of  University.Col- 
lege,  elected  Fellow  of  that  scciety. 

Tlie  followine  subjects  are  proj^osed  for  the 
Chancellor  Priacs*  for  the  year  tnsuing,  viz. 

For  Latin  verses,  **  PktQ  Ftuviut.** 

For  an  English  Essay,  •'  On  Duelling,** 

llie  first  of  the  above  su^ocu  is  intended 
for  those  gwtfemen  of  the  University,  who 
have  not  exceeded  fcut  years  from  the  time  of 
tbeir  Matriculation ;  and  the  other,  for  such 
as  have  exceeded  four,  but  not  completed  se- 
▼cnyears. 

The  exercises  are  to  be  sent  under  a  sealed 
cover  to  the  Registrar  of  the  University,  on  or 
before  the  2d  of  May,  I8O7.  None  will  be 
received  after  that  day.  The  autlior  is  re- 
quired to  conceal  his  name,  and  to  distinguish 
his  composition  by  what  Motto  he  nleases, 
sending  at  the  same  time  his  name  sealed  up, 
under  another  cover,  with  the  Motto  inscribed 
upon  it.  The  exercises  to  which  the  prices 
are  adjudged,  are  to  be  repeated  in  the  'f^ed- 
tre,  \ipon  the Commemoimtion  day;  imme- 
diately after  the  poetiy,  PkofeiitrV  Crewelin 
Oration. 

The  King  has  been  pleased  to  order  a  congi 
d'ilire  to  pass  the  great  seal,  empowering  tne 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  the  Cathedi*!  Chuich 
of  Bangor,  to  electa  Bishop  to  that  See,  void 
by  the  translation  of  the  Bit.  Rev.  Father  ia 


Orford  University  Promotions.  C*^^ 

God,  William,  late  Bishop  thereof,  to  the  $«e 
of  St.  Asaph ;  and  his  Maies^^  has  abo  bras 
pleased  to  recommend  the  Rt.  Rev.  Father  in 
God,  John,  Lord  Bbhop  of  Oxford,  to  be  by 
them  elected  Bishop  of  the  said  See  of  Bangor. 

The  Re\-.  G.  Stephenson,  M.A.  Curate  of 
Bishopwearmouth,  and  late  Fellow  of  Mag* 
dalen  Coll^,  has  been' presented  to  tke  living 
of  Kellow,  m  the  county  of  Durham,  vacant 
by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Longstaff. 

A  dispensation  has  passed  the  Great  Seal, 
to  enable  the  Rev.  T.  Welks,  D.D.  late  JM-- 
low  of  Worcester  College,  to  hold  the  Irvirig 
of  Badworth  (and  the  Chapel  of  ShnrdingiOQ 
annexed),  with  the  vicarage  of  Prest)>«sry,  in 
the  county  and  diocese  of  Gloucester. 


Dec.  27.  On  Sundinr  the  2Ist  iost.  the 
Lord  Bishop  of  Oxford  held  his  ovdiDatioo  at 
Christ  Church,  when  the  following  gentle- 
men were  ordained  i-^Deacons,  E.  Isficrhol* 
son,  A. B.  Chaplain  Elect  of  Qaeen*a College; 
T.  B.  Paget,  A.B.  Probationer  Fellow  of 
Wadhiim ;  R.  Scott,  M.A.  Brascoose  College; 
J.  R.  lierkelev,  A.B.FeUow  of  New  Colky^e; 
P.P.  Hony,  A.B.  Fellow  of  All  «onU;  C. 
Chisholm,  A.B.  Schol^jr  of  W*orcc8t»j  W. 
Veale»  A.B.  Fellow  of  New  Coll<»e;  J.  C. 
Clark,  A.B.  Fellow  of  St.  John's;  H,  C. 
Jones,  A.B.  Student  of  Christ  Chtirch ;  W. 
Wodehouse,  A.B.  Fellow  of  All  Soub;  C. 
Thorpe,  A.M.  Fellow  of  University;  T.  Da- 
vies,  A.M.  Felkyw  of  Oriel;  G.  Barnes. 
M.A.  Fellow  of  Exeter;  John  Jaaoes,  A.B. 
Fellow  of  St.  Johns.— Prtei/*.  T.  E.  Bridgw, 
4.M.  Probationer  Felkiw  of  Corpus  j  W.  T. 
Williams,  A.M.  do;  R.  Farrer,  A.M.  Fel- 
low of  Bn^nose;  A.  H.  Matthews,  M.A. 
Fellow  of  Jesus ;  T.  Dyer,  B.A.  Probationer 
Fellow  of  Wadham  ;  J.  Drake,  L.L.B.  Fel- 
low of  All  Soub;  H.  W.  Wilkmson,  M.A. 
Fellow  of  Worcester ;  F.  Bowden,  M.A .  Fel- 
low of  Merton;  W.  Dodson,  B.A.  Fellow  oT 
St.  Johns ;  T.  Speidell,  A.M.  do;  T,  Cham* 
bers,  A.B.  Scholar  of  Worcester;  R.  Jen- 
kins, M.A.  Fellow  of  Balliol ;  M.  James^ 
M.A.  Fellow  of  Corpus;  J.  £«*ans,  A.B. 
Scholar  of  Jesus ;  B.  Pope,  A.B.  Chaplain  of 
Christ  Church;  T.  Haidwicke,  ^I.A.  Scho- 
lar of  Worcester;  £.  Repton,  M.A.  Deanery 
of  Ma^alen. 

On  Monday  the  92d  inst.  The  Rev.  John 
Wool,  Master  of  the  School  at  Midhurst,  in 
Sussex,  and  late  Fellow  of  New  College,  was 
elected  to  the  Mastership  of  Rugby  School. 

The  Rev.  T.  HoUoway,  B.A.  of  Exeter 
College,  and  H.  WaWo  Sibthorpe  of  Univei'- 
siiy  College,  are  elected  Fellows  ^of  Exeter 
C^cge. 

The  L(»d  Bishop  of  St.  David's  has  been 
pleased  to  collate,  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Rees,  M.A. 
Curate  of  Stock  Edith,  Herefordsbrre,  apd 
btc  of  Wadham  College  in  thb  University,  to 
the  Rectory  of  Cascole  in  Radnorshire. 


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Cambridge  University  Promotions. 


\\tM 


Cambridge. 


the  rectory  of  Gedney,  in  tbc  coun^aod 
ceseofLme(^ 


The  Rev.  C.  Mules,  M.A.  of  Abington, 
in  this  county,  and  fonneriy  of  Catharine 
Hall,  is  instituted  to  the  vicsuBige  of  Pimpi*- 
ford,  on  the  presentation  of  the  Lord  Chan- 
■  eel  lor. 

The  Rev.  J.  Smythies,  M  A.  is  instituted 
to  the  rectory  of  Alpholon  in  Suffolk,  on  the 
presentation  of  Mr^.  J..  S.  Smythies.  The 
same  gentleman  is  appointed  domestic  chap- 
lain to  tlie  Countess  of  Mansfield. 

The  Rev.  J.  Woodrow,  M.A.  late  of  Ca- 
tharine Hall,  minister  of  Ashton,  near  War- 
rington, is  ap|)ointcd  one  of  the  dom^tic 
chaplains  to  the  lit.  Hon.  Lprd  Viscount  Gal- 
way. 

Dec.  9.  The  Hon.  Paul  A.  Irby  of  St. 
Jolm*8,  second  son  of  Lord  Boston,  admitted 
to  the  honorary  degree  of  M.A.  j  aiKl  the  Rev. 
H.  D.  Gabell,  of  St.  John's,  was  the  same 
day  admitted  M*  A. 

The  subject  for  the  Nomssian  Prize  for  the 
present  year  is,  "  The  fulness  of  the  time 
•«  when^hrist  came  into  the  world." 
'  The  Rev.  Alex.  Cotton,  M.A.  late  ofPem- 
broke  Hall,  is  presented  by  his  brother,  Adm. 
Sir  C.  Cotton,  Bart,  to  the  rectory  of  Girton 
in  tliis  county,  vacant  by  the  death  of  the 
Rev.  J.  Fisher. 

The  Rev.  C.  Cookson  of  Stamford,  for- 
merly of  St.  John's,  has  been  instituted  to  the 
vicarage  of  Cherry  Wdlingham,  near  Lin- 
coln. 

The  Rev.  G.  Turner  b  instituted  to  the 
rectory  of  Kettleburgh,  in  Suflblk,  on  tlie 
presentation  of  R.  Sjiarrow,  Esq. 

The  Rev.  E.  Jermyn,  M.A.  late  Of  St. 
John's,  is  instituted  to  the  nfetory  o(  Carlt- ton 
Colville  in  Suffolk,  on  the  presentation  of  tlie 
Hcv.  G.  Anguish. 

The  Rev.  T.  W.  Hanmer,  B. A.  is  institu- 
ted  to  the  vicarage  of  Acton,  in  Suffolk,  on 
the  presentation  of  the  Hon.  R.  P.  Cuwon. 

llie  Rc\-.  J.  J.  Hornby,  late  of  Trinity,  is 
innitutcd  to  the  rectory  of  Northrcpj^sin  Nor- 
folk, on  the  presentation  of  the  King,  in  right 
of  his  Duchy  of  Lancaster. 

Dec.  15.  John  Warden,  Esq.  of  Emma- 
nuel,  admitted  M.D. 

Dec.  17.  Rev.  W.  Parker,  D.A.  of  Em- 
manuel, elected  a  Fellow  of  that  society. 

The  Rev.Elias  Thackeray,  M.A.  Viwr  of 
Dundalk,  and  laleFeUow  of  King's,  has  been 
presented,  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Dcr- 
ly,  to  the  valuable  living  of  Newtown  Lima- 
vady,  in  the  county  of  Londonderry. 

The  Rev  Stephen  Sloane,  B.  A.  late  of  Tn- 
pity  Hall,  h^  been  presented  by  the  King  to 


The  Rev.  J.  Fortlj,  M.A.  fonlMBriy  «f  J^- 
sus,  ha^^also  ^beea  proimtcd  by  the  iCing  to 
the  rectory  of  West  HeUerton,  in  ihe  ooyoqr 
aaddioGQieofYork. 


The  Rev.  <5eo.  Savage,  M.A.  •^ktr  of 
Kingston  npon  Thames,  and  fiwmerly  Fellow 
of  King*s,  succeeds  the  late  Mr.  W^efield  m 
minister  of  Richmond,  Surrey;  thelivi^p<if 
Kingston  and  Richmond  having  been  oontiK 
lidated  into  one  vicarage  (after  the  death  «C 
the  incumbent)  by  an  actof  parKamtnt  passdl 
more  than  30  yean  ago. 

The  Rev.  J.  R.  Thackeray,  late  of  ^mt^ 
broke-hall,  is  appointed  doniestie  chaplain  t» 
the  Dowager  Duchist  of  Newctede. 

Tht  Rev.  W.  L.  Maoscll,  DlD.  tector  <€ 

Fowlmire,  and  vicar  of  Chesterton,  and  the 

Rev,  Geo.  Law,  D.D.  rector  of  WiUh^nv 

are  elected  Convocation  Proctpn  te  ih^^ogf 

^  of  the  diocese  of  Ely. 

The  Rev.  T.  Waddington,  D.D,  rm^M 
Northtvold,  andprebendwyofElir,  isclMM 
Convocadoo  Proctor  for  the  <da|Sr  of  iho 
archdeaconries  of  Non^irii  and  Nofihik. 

The  Rc\ .  D.  Rhudde,  0-f>.  teeioroif  Brm- 
tham  with  EastBerghoU  inSuMk,  It  electei 
Convocation  Proctor  for  the  dei^ttf  the«s:h» 
deaconries  of  Suffolk  and  Sudbuiy. 

Dec.  26.  The  Rev.  Henry  Btzroy  (com- 
monlv  called  Lord  Henry  Fittroy),  ^LA.  lato 
of  Trinity  College,  has  been  piicsented  by  the 
King,  to  the  place  anddimiityof  a  prebefid^jj 
of  the  collegiate  church  of  St.  Peter  Weslmin- 
sier,  void  hv  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Sir  R.  Cope 
Bart.  D.D: 

Tlie  Rev.  H.  W.  Champnep,  M.A.  late  of 
Christ's  College,  has  alsp  been  nirescnted  by 
the  Kiiift,  to  the  vicaraj^e  of  Wclton,  m  the 
county  and  diocese  of  \ork,  void  by  the  re- 
signation  of  the  Rev.  N.  Suuon,  the  last  in- 
cunibent. 

The  Rev.  F.  Hopkins,  M.A.  of  Hmitmg-- 
don,  fonneriy  of  Trinity  College,  is  presented 
by  the  Master  and  Fellows  of  Clare  Hall,  to 
the  vicarage  of  Duxford  St.  John,  in  this 
county,  vacant  by  d^  resignation  of  the  Rev. 
F.  Creswell. 

TheRev.W.Hammenley,  of  Yadley,  near 
Birmingham,  has  been  presented  to  the 
vicarage  of  Cheswardiue  in  the  coun^  of 
Salop. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Civil  Law  hat 
been  conferred  by  the  University  of  Glangow, 
upon  Mr.  Owen,  Master  of  the  Academy  at 
Stowmarket,  in  consequence  of  a  Latin  trea-- 
lise  which  he  has  written  upon  the  Laws  of. 
Justinian. 


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^W] 


Army  ProfMtion$. 


ARMY  PROMOTIONS. 

7X»  Kifig*s  G4rmsm  LtgS§n, 
6th  It.  Inf. — Meyer  to  be  turg. — L.  MuMer  to  be 
*  assist,  stuf. — Rohttndt,  do. 
jth  d9. — L.  Boyer  to  be  surg. — ^G.  SuHcrt  to  be  ts- 
sitt  surg.'^H.  Bniggenuuin,  do. 

BotpihdStaf: 

5irfy/oif.— Keinc  1st  line,  to  be  suig. 
Dof^i,  Djmcly,  1st.  It.  inf.  do^ 
Artilkrj. 

K.Kelstobesurg. 

Garfism, 
Wiles,  derk»tobccbaplain&ttheCap€of  Good 
Hppe. 

Joha  Rofs  to  be  ad  lieut.    Dated  so  August   - 
98  Oct.— *4^ 

B.  Gch.  F.  A.  Wcthcrall,  from  the  West  India 
Staff —Cbl.  Wm.  Cockell,   5  foot,  to  be  brig, 
gen  to  the  forces  serving  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
^'Hojfc  ' 

t  November  i. 

a/  Dfg,  Guards. — Lieut.  W.  H.  Ponlkin  to  be 

capt.  '9.  Sir  J.  L.  Racers. — Lieut.  H.  Power  to 
becapt.v.QuankiHc 
%jtk  Lt,  Drag.^'^.  Mast  Knott,  11  It.  drag,  to  be 

adj.  (wVth  Tank  of  comet)  ir.  llutchcon 
S3</i.— F.  Waller  to  be  cornet,  t,  Goulburn 
ad  Foot  Gttards.^—K  H.  Wigstonc  to  be  eris 
isi  iip»/.-«-Ens-  P  Grant  to  be  lieut.  v.  Bedford, 

disrotsfled  •— Ens.  L.  Mc.  Lean  to  be  lieut.— 

Ens.  Gilbraith,  do.  ~ 
Ji<&.— Ens,  R.  Mones  to  be  lieut.  v.  Cohhurst 
4th  do. — Lieut.  B.  Maftin,  H.  P.  to  be  licut.  <p. 

Jones  who  ezch. 
tth  <^.r-Eiis.  T.  Andiews  to  be  licut.  t».  Bennett 
%th  db.-- Eos.  J.  Raymond  to  be  licut  v.  Stanford 

D.  Home  to  be  ens.  t.  Mc.  Mabon. — W.  Ince  i 

do.  tf.  Rarnaond 
\^tk  i^.-r-i'ieut.  £.  Ixwftii  S4  foot,  to  be  lieut.  t. 

Davison,  ezch. 
|0/i^. — Lieut  T.  A  Jones  to  be  capt  v.  Jewel! 
IgU  <^-^Lteut.  Gen  Sir  J.  H.  Craig,  K.  B.   80 

foot,  to  be  ool.  V.  Slmcoe  deceased 
%id  i».--0'Flahecty  to  be  <id  lieut.  t.  Treeve. — 

Seij.  M^.  Milne,  3d  guaxds,  to  be  adj.  with 

laiyi  of  sd  lieut.  v.  Smith. 
%^th  ^.— Efts.  J.  II.  CoIt»  41  foot,  to  be  ens.  t. 

Stracey 
VJth  d»> — Ens.  G.  Acfon  to  be  lieut  v.  Ellis.*- 

W.  Fumass  to  be  ens.  v.  Acton 
%d  ^---Assist,  turg.  D.  Lynn,  H.  P.  to  b^  assist. 

surg.  ^.  Bloomfield 
&4/Jk  joo/.— Lieut  A.  Davison,  is  foot,  to  be  lieut 

T.  Irwin 
40/1  <£».— Ens.  A.  O'Keefe  to  be  lieut.  t.  Johnson 

--W.  B  H^kford  to  be  ens.  t.  0*Keefe 
48/i  <&.-*-Assist.  surg.  R.  Maxwell,   H.  P.  to  be 

assist,  surg.  v.  Lopn 
40M  db.— Ens.  N.  Y^ightwick  to  be  lieut  v.  Strte- 

ton.-— Lamont  to  be  ens.  •».  Blaquicre. 
%%th  db.— Tobe  tieuts.— Ens.  W.Uwis,  r.  White 

T-Eos.  P.  A.  FaUon^  t.  Bums.P---£aa.  and  adj. 


tlJM 

P.  O'Shea  to  have  the  rank  of  licut. — Ens,  E. 
Fitzgerald,  v.  Smith.— Ens.  A.  Williams,   r. 
Ryvcs, 
To  be  ens.— T.  Clifibrd,  r.  Lewis.— C.  C.  Wynne 

V  Fallon, W  Steele,  ir .  Fitzgerald. IL 

Chute,  IT.  Williams. 
<J0M  do.'^^Q,  Ramsay  \o  be  ens.  t».  Dfc  Tinoeau 
76M  </o.— Licut  P.  Dillon,  H.  P.  to  be  licut.  w- 
Younx  exchanged. 

80M  dp Lieut.  R.  Dashwood  to  be  capt.  w. 

Mowbray 
8*2^  i/«.— Buchannan  to  be  ens  t  Jackson 
^ddo. Ens.  W.  Townshcnd  to  be  licut.  -p. 

Creagh.— Ens.  TrydcU  to  be  licut. Ens.  J. 

Jackson,  82d  foot,  to  be  en$.  n».  Townshcnd. 

Ens.  J.  Ormsby,  ©0  foot,  to  be  ens.  v,  TrydcU 
85/i*  <^.— Lieut..gen.  Sir  C.  A^gill,  bart  ^  W.  L 

rcg.  to  be  col.  v.  Sir  C.  Ross 
80/*  i/o.— Lt.-gen.  Sir  C.  Ross,  hart.  85   foot,  to 

be  col.  T.  Sir  J.  B.  Ciaig 
88M  rtb.— Ens.  J.  Sroitlv  to  be  lieut,— E,  Comwll^ 

to  be  ens.  v.  Smith 
8oM  </(».— Kns.  J.  Gilchrist.  6  W.  I.  R.  to  be  lieut 

—  Ens.  J  Boy  ton,  i  G.  B.  do. 
O^tkdo^'^h  Archer  to  be  ens.  v,  Ormsby 
QQfhdo, Ens,  D.  S.  Conwmy  to  be  licat.   -r. 

OTuniell.^M.  Bou/ke  to  be  ens.  v.  Conway 
Ut  m  /.  /{.—Ens,  Stevrart  4  W.  I.  R.  to  be  lieut 

V.  Boyoe 
bth  ^.^-B.  Gen.  Hon.  A.  Hope  from  Cape  Reg. 

to  be  col. -r.  SirC.  Asgill 
6th  do.'.^B.  C.  Walpolc  to  be  ens.  t.  Gilchrist 
Rail's  Hr^.— Brevet  Maj.  de  Capol  to  be  Maj.  v. 

Courten..-Lieut.  L.  Steigcr  to  be  capt.  v.  pc 

Capol. — Ens.  J.  Tugginer  to  be  lieut.  v.  Stcigcr« 

— .'Vf .  Krumm  to  be  ens.  ».  Tugginer 
D/LWs  iZ^.— Franco  to  be  ens.  t.  Hue 
Ca/^f  /Zr^.— Maj.  Gen.  D.  Mc.  Donald,  55   loot, 

to  be  col.  T.  Hon.  A.  Hope 
Roval  iV,  L  Aa/irm.— Brig.  Gen.  W.  Wynyanf, 

Coldstream  Guards,  to  be  col. 
1  G.  B. — S.  Barbor,  to  be  ens,  v.  Boyton 
AT.  Brumwick  i-Vw/A/ri.— Shaflalisky  to  be  ens. 
N«TaSc9tia  hinctbUs.^U.  Col.  J.  Taylor,  H.  P,^ 

to  be  l^cut.  col.  V.  Anderson,  each. 


Col.  G.  W.  Ramsay,  oo  foot,  to  be  adj.  <en.  t« 
the  forces  in  Wiadvard  and  Leeward  Islands. 
V.  Wethcrall  * 

JUyalRfgimmt  c/ArtiUe^, 

ad  Capt.  P.  Durnford  to  be  capt  <  Hal!. 1st 

Lieut.  S.  Bolton  to  be  ad  capt.  v,  Durnford , 

2d  Lieut.  R.  B.  Rawnsltfy  to  be  1st  licut.  v.  BoU 
ton.— 1st  Licut.  H.  B.  Lane  to  be  2d  capt— od 
Lieut  R.C.  Graham  to  be  1st  lieut  v.  Lane.^« 
ad  Lieut   W.  A.Raynes  to  be   1st  lieut  v. 

C'arke ad  Lieut.  C.  S.Torriano  to  be  is| 

lieut.  V,  G.  Smith 

Medicaf  Estn^Vtikmemt  fir  the  Military  Departmtmti 

of  the  Ordnance, 
Assist.  Surg.  M.  Parker  to  be  surg.  v  Mac  Culloc^ 

—Sup.  assist  surg.  J.  Redlcy  to  be  assist,  suig, 

T-Pvker 

November  s. 

3^  Drag.  C</iir</r.— «-.L,  Bumc  (o  be  cwict,  ^ 
Jackson 


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1129] 


Army  Promotions, 


[Uio 


J.  Heaviside,  do.  9.  An-  ] 


yth  Light  Dragoons 

neslcy 

I6tk  <if.— T-iew.  G.  H.  Murray  to  be  capt.  ir.  Fry 
CoUitrtam  OuarJs, — Capt.  Hon.  H.  Brand  to  be 
cMjit.  ♦.  Wynyard.— -En?.  J.  Thornton  to  be 
licut.  V.  Brand 
bth  Fm/.— Ens.  R.  Brown  to  be  licut.  •».  Green 
ttkdo, — Sandys  to  be  ens,  v.  Andrews,— Hosp* 

Mate,  C.  Grant  to  be  assist,  surgeon 
7r*  «fo.— Licut.  J.  Crowder  to  be  capt.  v.  Taylor. 
Capt.  Hon.  H.  Percy,  6  W.  I.  R.  to  be  capt.  v. 
Howe 
%th  do. — Ens.  T.  W.  Uoyd  to  be  licut. — J.  Drum- 
mie  to  be  ens.  v.  Uoyd 

14M  do, Lieut.  T»  C.  Wadmaa  to  be  capt.  t. 

Smith. — fins.  Maxwell  to  be  lieut.  v.  Wadman 
J.  B.  Armsworth  to  be  ens.  t  Maxwell 
\%tkd^4    I    Capt.  W.  Loccombe  to  be  mauorv. 

Hope 
9 1  St  do.^^S,  Grade  to  be  2d  lient.  «.  Feigusoa 
23*/  d9. — ^W.  Colton  do  V.  Mercer 
91  tt  df. — Ens.  and  ^,  W.  Shaw  to  have  rank  as 
lieut.«-'£ns.  R.  Lodge  to  be  Hem.  ^p.  Barker. — 
A.  Blaney  to  be  ens.  v.  Lodge 
$«/i  ^.— ^Lieut.  W.  Wirtgfield  to  be  capt.  t. 
Johnson.— —Ens.  G.  Lyndon  to  be  Ucut.  t. 
Wingfield. — G.  Hevffy  to  be  ens.  tr.  London 
SO/I  J^.-— Majoc  C.  Napier,  Cape  reg.  to  be  ina|.  v 

Lystftr,  each. 
»0/i  i6.— Assist.  Surg.  E.  Ratcliffe,  70  foot,  to  be 

assist,  surg.  v.  Boys,  who  exchanges 
5g/iybo/.— — Lieut.J.  Creigtaton  to  be  capt.  t. 

Duckworth 
toth  </-».— -Ens.  J.  W.  Reader,  H.  P.  to  be  ens.  t. 

Gilbert,  appointed  payinaster 
tlst  «/o.— Ens.  G.  Stewart  to  be  licut.  v.  Kingston 
t^d  1^.— Ens.  W.  Snape  to  be  licut. 
7oM  ih,       'Assist.  Surg.  H.  Boys,  56  foot,  to  be 

assit.  surt-  v.  Ratciifie 
76/A  Jb.-— ^G.  Rathbone  to  be  ens.  v.  Hardy, 

whose  appointment  has  not  taken  place 
tAth  A.— Ens.  J.  Kay  to  be  lieut.  v.  Wright 
OO/A  do, — Ens.  A.  Cutnming,  H.  P.  to  be  ens.  v. 

Crotty,  dismissed 
RoraiStmf  Corps, — R.  Shearman,  Esq.  3d  foot,  to 

be  payinaster,  v.  Thompson 
York  L.  I.  f'.— Ens,  F.  Watteville,  Rolls  reg.  to 

be  lieuL 
Memon's  /?#^— De   Powel,  v.  Lentzbourg.— -De 
Grafenried,  v.  Fricdbcrg.— Dc  Burgenstein,  v. 
Corsi 
Cape  Ra? .— Maj.  T.  Lystcr,  so  foot,  to  be  major 

^  Frobtrgs  Reg, ^MajoT  S.  Barnes,  royals,,  to  be 

liouL  col. — Capt.  A.  Schummelketcl  to  be  maj. 
with  temporary  rank. —licut.  C.  Donavan.  4t 
ftwi,  to  be  capt.  v.  Bcinach. — Lieut.  C.  J.  <le 

Corsi,  Meuron's  reg.  to  be  capt. Ens.  A. 

Rcichstater  to  be  lieut.— Eos.  P.  Von  Fuhrer, 

do. Ens.  and  adj.  F.  Schwartz  to  have  the 

rank  of  lieut. 
«/A  R.  K  fi.— Capt.  H.  C.  Johnson,  30  foot,  •> 
be  capt.  V,  Sbau:kerley 

CermoH  Legion, 
itk  Iw.— 'Ens.  F.  de  Sebish,  7th  line,  to  be  lieut 

V.  Roden 
7/i  d#.-i-Cadet  Ser].  D.  de  Bacheli,  to  be  eaa.  ^. 
Sebish 

It^tJ Regiment  of  .Irtitlfry, 
^j.  W.  Mil^r  to  be  Hcuc.  col.  v.  JDo  Vemette. 


CapJ.  G.  Cbarltfton  to  be  »aj.  ^,  Millar.— «d 
Capt.  J.  D'Arcy  to  be  capt.  -p.  Charleton.*— 1st 
lieut.  J.  W.  Kettlewell  to  be  od  ca'pl.  ^€hx9f 
—ad  Ucut.  G.  H.  Matnwaiing  to  be  lit  lieu^ 
ir.  KettleweU 

(Urp»  of  Royal  Engineers, 
Capt.  J.  Handheld  to  be  ini^or  of  brigade,  v. 
Rowley 

November  l$,^^Corps  rf Royal  Engim^rs. 

W.  Slade  to  be  ad  lieut.  v.  Roberts.— G.Collyer^ 
do.  ^.  Pelkingtpn 

Rfipti  Regiment  of  Ariiltery, 
Gentlemen  Cadets,  H.  Lyons",  y,  Collyer.-— J, 
Morris,  t.  Wttts.— J.  Hincks,  v.  P.  Pato»,  ta 
be  2d  lieuta. 

^dUfe  Guards. ^U,  Lacey  to  be  ecmiet  andsnh* 

licut.  V,  Drydcn 
sM  fr.  L  i?.— Capt.  R.  Champion,  7th  light  drag* 

to  be  major,  tr.  0*Connell 


Col.  C.  Daut>;r,  54  foot,  to  be  brig.  gen.  to  llio 
forces  serving^  in  Jamaica 

Barracks, 

Deputy  Barrack  Miwer,  H.  Pittnan  tobe  B.  M,> 
Carr.— James  Tudor,  Esq.  late  3^  foot,  to  bo 
deputy  B.  M.»  Collins,  dismissed.— H.  Lumlcy 
to  be  do.  T.  Barnard 

November  18. 

a  Drag.  Guards. ^Wardellto  be  cornet  without 

purchase,  v.  Bottomlcy,  resigned 

1st  Dragj-^Viosp.  Mate,  J.  Mackenzie  tobe  fssiu. 
surg.  V,  Paddock,  promoted  - 

Sddo. Lieut  H.  Bowles,  8  foot,  tobe  licut. ^ 

CUefard,  who  each.  -  *  , 

13  Lt.  D>ag.—U.  T.  H.  Bond'to  be  capt.Tiy  ^»- 
chase,  v.  Henry,  retired.— N.  G.  Johnston  l» 
be  cornet  by  purchase,  v.  Dahctty,  promoted.' 

lOth  do. Capt.  C.  Archer  ta  be  maj.  without 

purchase,  v,  Symons,  retired. Lt.  R.  Mhi* 

worth  to  be  capt.  by  purch.  v  Archer 

lB//i ./«.— Lieut.  H.  Plunkett,  ao  foot,  to  be  liktit.* 
•p.  Killikelly,  each.  ^ 

ait/J».—Hosp.  mate,  T.Price  to  be  assist,  surg. 
V,  Ellio.  t,  appointed  cornet 

I  St  Foot  Gnaras.r-^.  R.  M.  Mo'loy  to  be  ens.  by 
purch.  V.  Stanhope  promoted  * 

11/  Foot.'^ — Capt.  J.  F.  Clair  to  be  maj.  without 
purch.  '9.  Barnes  promoted.— Lieut.  S.  B.  Tor- 
rcns  to  be  capt  t».  F.  Qair — Ens.  A.  Mc.  Do- 
nald to  be  lieut.  v.Torrens. — Hairr  to  be  ei:s, 
v.  Grant. — L.  Dobbin,  v.  Mc.  Donvhl. 

3^  A. Lieut.  Col.  G.  Scoir,  8  W.  L  R.  to  be 

licut.  col.  -a.  Cayler  appoimed  85  fbot.^Ueut. 
W.  Clifibtd,  3  dragooris,  to  be  lieut.  r.  Bowleg' 

gtk  do. J.  Rccd  to  U  ens.  without  pufch.  v. 

Pearce  superceded 

14/i  </«.- K.  Mc.  Keniie  to  be  cos,  whhottt  purdu 

i^.Piddock 
lO/A  4/9.-F^.  and  adj.  J.  Ma.-farlane  to  hafe  th». 
rank  of  lirnt. — En^.  F.  Gibbons  to  be  lietit.  ^, 
Browne— li  B.  Stchcim,  4d  foot,  to  be  iu,^ 
J.  W4ton,  do. 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


Soutliffekl»  per  stone  oC  SIbi  to  litnlc  the  oflTal. 
Beaf.      Mttttoo.    Veal.       Pork.     Lamb. 
Dec.  96    5r.  8tf4  Iv.  04.  6«.  4<<>  ^V'*  Ocf.  0«.  Od 
«lAa.   254      5S     64     640<^ 
953     54645000 
16    50     546050     00 
Newfate  wad  Leacfenfaally  by  the  carcase. 
X^.  2#  505S586OOO 
Am.    d*  46     50     60     6000 
«4«4B5450     0    0 
16    4-  4      4    B     5    4    5    0     0    0 

tuiamet'.*  .         Wh!tecbapel.« 

_  Hay.  Straw.  Hay.  Straw. 

•cc.96  £4  14  6  £3  17  0  M  \i  0  ^^2  10  0 

Jto.    ft     4  la  7     2  19  6     4  18  O      2  10  0 

9     4  16  a     3  12  0     4  16  0     2  14  o 

16    5    0  o     2170     500     360 

FRICE   OP    HOPf. 


Baffi. 

Pockets. 

Kent  £Mb^£%  15 

Kent  £5    OtOjg6  lO 

ttowez  5  10        5    5 

Sussex   4  16         5  12 

Bwex     4  ^0        5  10 

Farn.      7    0        9    9 

PRlCa  OP    LEATHER.* 

Botts^  50  to  561b.  each    .—    .^    — .    ^  24(f. 

Dressing  Hldea         —    — .    .-    —    -^  18 

Crop  Hidfcs  lev  cutting     —    -»    — .    —  24 

Flat  Ordinary  —    -^    —    —    —  19 

OOf  Skins,  30  to  40lb^  per  4oaen,  per  lb.  40 

Ditto      5o<o7o-*-    —    —    — .    —  40 

TALI0W9*  London  avenge  per  stone 
of  Sib.  3«.  10i<2. 
yellow,  74r.;  mottled,  86«.;  curd,  90«. 
per  dozen,  los.  6<{4  moulds,  lit.  6rf. 


OoSUi 


COALS   XW  TUB   RIVER./ 


Sunderland. 
Dec.  22  39^-  od*  to  42«.  od, 
29  38  6         44     0 
5  4^}  6        44    6 
19  42  0        46    6 
r  19   456  00 


Newcastle. 
37«.  Od.to51<*0i. 


0 
40 
44 
42 


42 
53 
51 
52 


Delivered  at  12;.  per  chaldron  advance. 


Jan.     1 

8 

15 


PRICE   OF   BREAD. 

VeeklA^.    Half  Peck. 


4<  54. 

4  5 

4  5 

4  5 


2s.  2^4. 
2    2i 
2    2i 
2    2§ 


Quartern. 
l5.  1|«/. 
1     li 
1     1* 
1     1* 


LAHdOK    weekly    RETOinrS    OP   WHS  IY» 

Dec  13  8881  quarten.    Avcfa^B  79v.  9f 

00  8811       —    — 79     9 

.27  6249     — 73     » 

Jan.    3  7911       —    — 79     » 

PtOVR. 

Dec    19  8592  sacks.    Avenge    74«-  4i^- 

26  6189   —    —    —    —  74    3 

Jan.     2  9206    —    — .    —    —  74  >•§ 

9  13829    -.    —    -.—  73  II 


METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE. 


!l 


TlK)se  marked  thus  *,  are  taken  at  the  highest 
Mot  of  the  market. 


t^c. 
21 

23 

ss 
34 
d5 

ao 

3S 
20 
80 
SI 
Jan. 
1 
s 
d 

4 
5 
0 
7 
8 
0 
10 

Jl 

12 
13 
14 
15 
10 
17 
18 
10 

ao 


ii 


1. 

34 

20,38 

50 

,56 

55 

,08 

44 

80,38 

43 

,18 

43 

,26 

47 

,11 

47 

20,00 

40 

,*o 

45 

,50 

85 

30,10 

80 

,5« 

27 

,55 

85 

,20 

85 

,30 

27 

,50 

83 

,42 

30 

,33 

85 

,04 

40 

20,70 

39 

,08 

80 

80,34 

40 

,05 

33 

,75 

80 

,00 

44 

,08 

4H 

30,89 

43 

,85 

35 

,05 

45 

,50 

85 

,00 

H 


^ 


0 

4 
0 

15 
0 

10 
5 

12 
O 
O 

10 

11 

7 
5 
8 

10 
4 
8. 
7 
4 
8 
6 
0 

10 
5 

11 

14 
0 

10 
8 
5 


Showcf^ 

Cloudy 

Raia 

Fair 

Qoiuly 

Fkur 

CloQdy 

PUr 

Rain 

Raia 

OoMy 

Fdr 

F<«y 

Fair 

Fair 

Fkir 

Faif 

Fatr 

Fkir 

ClOQ^W 

FWr 

Cloudy 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Fair 

Rain 

FWr 

Fair 

FUr 


COURSE  OF  EXCHANGE. 


Afvisterdatt 
0ttto  at  sight 
AotterdaiiHci 
-  Hamburgh 
Altona       — 
Paris         — 
DStiBdvs. 
Bordeaux  -^ 
Cadiz        — 
Madi^      — 
Bilboa       — 
ieghom    — 
Haplcs       — 
Qenoft       — > 
Venice,  n.  C% 
Lbbon       •- 
Oporto      »- 
DubtiA      — - 
Goik         •* 


December  26. 
36-9«-2  u. 
36 

lM^«2a. 
34-8--2iii. 
34-9  -2iu 
24IOUV. 
24-14 

24  14 

39*«flbct. 
39i  (Effect. 
38i 

m 

47  Hv.-  pic. 

52  ditto 

62^ 

61 

12 

12* 


.    January  7. 

,6-9^ ». 

*  1-12— 2  u. 

34-8-H2U. 

34-9-24  u. 

24-10  liv. 

2414 

24-14 

391  effect. 

39iefiect. 

38i 

48i 

44 

4?  liv.  pkx 

52  ditto 

6U 

61 

12 


Januanr  9. 
36-7--2U. 
35-10 

11-11^2  u. 
34-»--2iu. 
34-9-^  u. 
24-10  liv. 
24-14 
24-14 
394  effect 
39i  effect 
38i 
48§ 
42 

45  liv.  pic. 
52  ditto 
6li 
61 
\1 
1^ 


PRICES  OF  BULUON 


January  16. 
36-7—2  u. 
35-10 

11-11— 2  u. 
34  8--2|u. 

34-9— «l«. 
24-10  liv. 

24-14 
24.14 

39i  effect. 

391  effect. 

3^ 

481 

40 

45  liv.  pic. 

52  ditto 

6li 

61 

12* 

121 


CU<»1^       OQ 


g  -»  o     Si? 


I     I 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  l€ 


London  Prejiiuicb  oi^  Inschancb,  20th  Januaky,  1807* 


ToBengilyOutand  home 12  gs. 

liadrM  and  China,  out  and  home tSgw, 

Bengal  or  China .;.....  7g'« 

Sene^pmbia lOgi. 

Madeira 6  gs.  ret.  3 

Windward  and  Leeward  Islands  ...8  gt.  ret  4 

Jamaica ; A  gs,  ret.  4 

South  Wliak-fishery  and  back   *J0  gs. 

United  States  of  America  , 6  gs, 

Smyrna,  OMistantin.  Mediter.  ^  ,#3 ..  ^.    ^ 
Nii,Geaoa,Leghom,Naples   pOfiT'-'^^  9 

Lisbon  and  Onorto Sgs,  ret.  4 

Bremen  and  Hambro* 7  gs,  let.  3 

Baltic,  Lchaw,  and  Pelersburgh 

Carron,  Leith,  Perth^  and  Aberdeen 2  gs. 

Glasgow.. ^i  gS4 

I)iibrm,Cork,Waterford,andNewiy\  ^.  ^. 

Belfast  and  Londonderry    /  '•«** 

Limerick   4gs.  reL  S 

Portsmouth.. .«.  ..« li  g* 

Pooler  Exeter,  Dartm.  Plym.  Falm. ...  2  gs. 

Brutol,  Chester,  and  Liverpool 8  gs. 

Yarmouth,  Lynn ,  Hull  and  Newcastle   1 }  g, 

L&ndon,  Bristol^  and  Liverpool. 
Africa,  and  thence  to  Place  Sale  in  ?    -.^  ^. 

West-India  or  America V   *"^'' 

Bristol  to  Dublin,  Waterfbrd,  and  Cork,  Hg. 

Bristol,  Liverpool,  Dublin,  and  Cork. 
Madeira 6gs.  ret.  3 


Windw.  and  Leeward  IsL 6gi.  ret4 

Jamaica ;... .^.,B  gs.  ret.  4 

United  Slates  of  AmericA  9gs. 

Canada........ 6gi. 

Mediterranean    1$  gs.  ttL  g 

Lisbon  and  Oporto 7gi.  ret.  3 

Poole  (St  Dartmouth-^E^eter  fsf  Plymouth 

Newfoundland 8gi.  ret4 

Dublin  to  Liverpool  and  Chester    20s. 

Boston,  New- York,  and  Philadelohia  ...Q  gs* 
Neuifoundlandto  Jainaica,^W.  dcL.  Isl.  16  g#. 

Mediterranean  SSgy. 

Portugal  16  «.  fet.i 

£ay  ^//onrftfro^^o  Charles-Town,  /    ,^ 

Philadelphia,  and  New-York   ...J   ^''^• 

Englaiid  or  Ireland  .SO^f. 

Jamaica  to  Lond.  Brist.  Dubl....  I    , , 

Lifcip.  f    **  ^'• 

frindward  and  Leeward  Islands. 
London,  Bristol,  Dublin,  and  ?      , .  ^  ^ 

Liverpool..... ! J      16g,.reti 

Islands  to  New- York  or  Philadelphia,  16  gs. 
Africa  to  Windwaid  and  Leeward  1 

islands  or  America J  *^^- 

East-Indies  to  vondon    16  gu 

St.  Helena  to  London. .....8  gs.  iet.4 

Canada  to  hoTuhn 8  gt.  let.  8 

Ba//tr/oLiverp.  Cork,  and  Dublin, 12g«. 

Eiga  and  Prussian  Ports  to  London    . .  .i  g«. 


CuERBNT  Pricks  op  Mbrchandizb,  20th  January,  18Q7. 


American  poi-ash,percwt.  £a    4 

Ditto      pearl     a  10 

BvUla    1    7 

Bnmdy, Contac    ....gal.  0  19 

Ditto  Spanish    0  17 

Camphtre,  refined. ...  lb.  0    5 

Ditto       unrefined,cwt. 
Cochineal,  garbled. ...  lb. 

Ditto      East-India    .. 

Coffee,  6ne cwt.  _ 

Ditto  ordinary    4 

Cotton-wool,  Sufiaam,  lb.  1 

Ditto         Jamaica    ..  0 

Ditto         8myma....  0 

Ditto         Easi-Indta..  O 

Currants,  Zant  ....  cwt.  i 

Deals,  Dantz piece 

Ditto  Pfctersbufgh  . .  H. 

Ditto  Stockholm    .... 

EiephaniB  Tctth cwt.  23 

■Scrlvell  l6 

Flax,     Riga ion  69 

Ditto Pe^burgb  ...«  67 

Galls,  Turkey cwt.  5 

Cdnefa»  Hdbmds  . .  gal.  1 

Ditto    EnglMih 0 

Qmt  Aiabic,Tarkey,  cwt.    6 


Oto;e3    7 


19 
1 
0 
6 


0 
4 

3 
5 
5 
9 
0  1 
0    1 

0  I 
3  10 

1  16 
22  0 
39    0 

0 
0 
0 

o 

12 

1 
8 
0 


Ditto  Sandrach 13  10 

Ditto Tragaoanth  ....   I9  10 

Gtim  Seneca cwt.    5  10 

Hemp,  Ri|pi ion  66    0 

Ditto Petenboigfa  ....  66    0 

llidigo,  Camux.  ....lb.  Oil 
Ditto  East-India    ....     Oil 

Ifon,     British,  ban,  ton  18    0 

Ditto  Swedish    05    0 

Ditto  Norway    04    0 

Ditto  Archangel  05    0 

iead  in  pigi  fed.  36    0 

Ditta  red  .jBon  36    6 

Ditto  whfti  ^    0 


0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

41 

3 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 
0 
3 
o 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


3  16 
2    5 

.1    I 

0  18 

0  5 
01  10 

1  9 


0 
6 
5 

1 
0 
0 
0 
4 

1 

24 
41 

36 

20 

70 

68 

6 

1 

0 


6 
15 
0 
II 
1 
1 
1 
6 

19 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

10 
0 

12 


10  15 

13    0 

'21     0 

6  10 

0    0 

0 

0 

O 


25 
26 

a? 

65 


Logwood  chips 


Pitch,  Stockholm 
Quicksilver 


-lb. 


. ,-  14 

Madder,*  Dutch  crop,  cwt.    4 

MahogSLny ft.    0 

Oak  phmk,  Dantz.  —last  tl 

Ditto       American  —  10 

Oil,    Lucca,— ^  gal.  jar  13 

Ditto  spermacaeu  — ton  68 

Ditto  whale 27 

Ditto  Florence,  §  chest    2 
*     "       •   •  0 

0 
4 
1 
1 
O 
O 
2 
5 
1 
0 
1 
I 
I 
1 
6 
0 
0 


Raisins,  bloom 
Rice,     Carolina 
Ditto  East-lndi 
Rum,    Jamaica 

Ditto  Leeward  I. 
Saltpetre,  East-India,  cwt. 
Shcllack 
Thrown-silk,  Italian,  lb. 

Raw-silk,         Ditto 

Ditto  China 

Ditto  Beng.  novi 

Ditto  organzine 

Thr,  Stockholm  — ^bar. 

Tin  in  blocks     <         cwt. 

Tobacco,  Maryl.  —lb. 

Ditto    Virginia 

Whale-flns  ton  20 

Rod  port     ■  pipe  66 

Lisbon    *         1.  45 

Madeira  ■  1  70 

Sheny  bntt  80 

Mountam   ■  72 

Vidonia  ■    ■  .  ■  hogs.  69 


Qklcavelia 
-CU^t- 


-pipe  84 


n     n   ' 


— , hogs.  35 

Tallow,  English— -cwt.    3 

Ditto  Russia,  white  *•    2 

Ditto    — -    yellow—    2 

Wax^  Gitinca,  none. 


0 

5 

1 

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0 

15 

0 

0 

7 

14 

4 

4 

5 

12 

3 

2 

12 

S 

12 

18 

16 

16 

9 

10 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 
3 


16    0 

5    0 

O  0 
12  0 
12  10 
14  0 
70  0 
08  10 

5  9 

0  15 
•0    4 

6  12 
2    0 

1  16 

0  4     , 
036 

2  14    0 
12    0 

2  10 

1  W 
1   19 

0  0 

1  18 
1  11 


0 
0 

3 

• 
0 

0 

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0 

o 

6 
8 

a 

o 
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98 
91 
123 
95 
80 
76 
95 

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0  10 
0  • 


2  16    o 
2  18    0 


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THE 


LITERARY  PANORAMA; 


For  march,  1807. 


Tkoughif  on  the  Mnisier's  Financial  Pro- 
pQSiii&n  for  pledging  ike  If^ar  Taxes  for 
Fourteen  Yearn ,  in  a  revuiv'ing  Series ^ 
in  order  io  avoid  the  further  fmpmi- 
iion  of  Tfl^L'i,  for  ihe  next  Three 
years  :  founded  upon  mndr^  dtmi-ojfl' 
eiai  Papers t  printed  by  Authority^  tut 
ltd/    puUhhtd  Jor  general  Suk :    I. 

•     Statements  op  a  flan  op  finaiice 

FKOFOSED     TO    PAlLlAWENTj     IN     THE 

TfBAfi,  1807,  pp- 22:  2. — Tableland 

CALCLTLATIONS  KESPECTtSQ  THE  MAN 
or  nNANCE  PROPOSED  TO  PAftLlAMBNT 

IN  1807»     Leaves   about  siKty. — 3.  Fi- 
BiANCB,  1907,  Orn£  Sheet. 

iJEiTAiN  exhibits  an  uncommon  spccta^ 
cle  among  the  nations  of  the  earth,  Mos^t 
kingdoms  iiave  been  consittered  as  the 
property^  of  the  King,  and,  according 
to  his  frugality  J  or  expenditure,  they  have 
been  deemed  rich,  or  poor,  Bot»  in  thts 
government  the  nation,  as  to  its  (inaoceSi 
is  distinct  from  lu  sovereign;  who,  al- 
though he  appoints  the  officers  of  H nance, 
yet  Is  only  nominally  interested  in  the 
amount  of  the  revenue,  the  rise  and  fall 
of  the  public  securities,  tiie  produce  of 
the  imposts,  or  the  ways  and  means  of 
providing  fur  the  expenses  of  the  com- 
munity. The  crown  receives  a  fixed 
appointment,  and  whetlier  the  taxes  are 
more  or  less  ellicient,  lliis  appointment 
feels  neither  Increase  nor  diminution. 
The  monarchies  of  antiquity,  therefore, 
oiler  no  comparison  from  which  any  de- 
duction aflfccting  this  kingdom  c#n  be 
drawn*  The  Emperors  of  Home  might 
iquander  the  revenues  of  the  state,  on 
their  imltwful  pleasures,  v^hile  their  cre- 
ditors m'ere  su tiering  for  want  of  payment  t 
they  were  despots;  and,  but  too  often 
their  creiiitori  felt  their  despotism* 

Of  the  trading  staief  of  antiquity  we 
know  but  little  I  and  of  liie  principal  of 

Vqu  L    lUt,  Pan.  March  iiO/J 


t  h  em  J  Ca  rl  h  age,  what  we  do  k  now  Is  moif 
assuredly  transmitted  to  us  greatly  pervert- 
ed by  rivBlship  and  jeaJmisy,     If  the  Car- 
thaginian historians  had  happih^  suivived 
the  destruction  of  their  city,  we  might 
have  derived  assistance  from  the  coikltiet 
of  that  people  under  those  financbl  ditH- 
cidties  which  wars  never  fail  to  pnjdnce, 
after  a  certain  continuance.     But   Car- 
thage fails  of  complete  resembbnce  to  Bri- 
tain ^  tnatmuch   a^;  it  w^i  not  a   state  of 
extensive  landed  territory :  it  became  rich 
by  commerce  :  by  leceiving  commoditie* 
at  one  time  and  pjace,  and  delivering  them 
at  another  time  and  pbce.  with  a  certuin 
increase  of  price  attached  to  them*    Tho 
dominion  of  this  dty  produced  iittlt?  rbr 
staple  m?iniifacture  ;  little  whicli  industry 
had  improved  ;  and  though  it  affift  ted  to 
grasp  the  dominmn  of  the  ^a,  yet    it* 
sailors  were  hardly  Io  be  called  Can  hi' 
ginians,  and  its  soldiers  were  auxiliwrtcft 
or  hirelings,  not  natives  lighiing  ior  their 
country,      We  are  not  able,    then,    ici 
characterise  the  patriotism  of  the  natioiM 
of  antiquity:  nor  to  ascertam  eitht^rthe 
plan?  of  their  nilerS;,  or  the  privnttons  to 
which  individuals  uiilingly  submitted,  ici 
relitfve  the  state  from  its  embarrasimcntsi*  ^ 

That  a  few  military  heroes  devoted 
themselves  in  the  course  of  their  profei* 
sion,  though  striking  as  examples,  yvt  dt>es 
not  enable  us  to  determine  the  ^ent'tnl 
patriotism  of  the  population  :  neitlier  are 
we  certain,  that  tiiese  ardent  minds  them- 
selves, could  have  supported  the  prolonged 
i neon ven lend es  whicn  year  atier  year,  ii 
has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  modern  states  Id 
experience,  and  of  ilie  comnmuity  of  thfi 
nation  to  endure.  ' 

We  may  J  iberefore»  wUhont  ai« 
sumTUg  too  much,  consider  our  o^ti 
times  as  equal  to  others,  in  spite  of  that 
degeneracy  which  nome  feci  m  much 
delight  111  auributing  to  thern  |  nnd  om 
population  as  not  ksi  patriotic,  in  Ihe 
true  sense  of  the  word  patrl^tiirn^  thaii 


It 


Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


1139] 


Thoughts  on  the  Minister's  Financial  Proposition,  He. 


\\\AO 


that  of  former  ages,  vith  whose  princi- 
ples we  are  acquainted.  It  is  undeniable^ 
that  our  public  taxes  press  heavily  on  the 
middling  classes  of  people ;  that  they 
•natch  from  these  a  variety  of  desirables, 
which  hope  had  flattered  them  as  being 
within  their  reach :  that  in  some  instances 
this  pressure  is  augmented  even  to  hard- 
ship 5  yet  those  who  suffer  most  severely 
under  these  €xactions>  if  reminded  that 
the  safety  of  their  country  depends  on 
such  sacrifices,  that  they  ward  off  inju- 
ries of  a  description  unspeakably  worse> 
and  that  present  privation  may  issue  in 
future  security,  enjoyment,  and  national 
prosperity,— ^hose  who  suffer,  suspend 
their  feelings ;  and  rather  then  the  nation 
shall  be  degraded,  or  despoiled,  by  its 
rancorous  enemy,  will  part  with  what  no 
other  consideration  could  induce  them  to 
forego.  And  where  were  their  patriotism, 
if  their  contributions  cost  them  notliing  ? 
If  they  yielded  their  superfluities  only, 
their  regard  to  the  general  welfare,  would 
in  no  degree,  comparatively  with  what  it 
now  is^  be  marked  by  thai  generous  spirit 
wh^ch  is  truly  honourable,  and  equally 
beueficia],  to  the  British  nation.  Never- 
theless, if  there  be  any  possible  means  of 
diminishing  the  pressure  of  the  public 
burdens  on  individuals,  it  ought  to  be 
tried:  if,  without  compromising  the  safe- 
ty of  the  state,  the  members  of  the  com- 
munity may  be  relieved,  the  very  idea  is 
conimendable,  and  the  intention  is  enti- 
tled to  praise,  whether  or  not  it  succeeds 
Qooqpletely  in  the  execution. 

Under  this  view  we  are  desirous  of  con- 
sidering the  late  proposal  of  ministry,  to 
prevent  the  augmentation  of  the  taxes  5 
which  for  many  years  have  been  so  in- 
evitably progressive,  that  those  who  felt 
their  effects,  and  anticipated  their  in- 
crease, were  at  a  loss  by  what  means  to 
meet  them,  and  how  to  allay  those  alarms 
with  which  they  beheld  the  continuance 
of  the  practice. 

When  the  establishment  of  the  funded 
system  was  but  in  ils  infancy,  our  ances- 
tors were  aware  of  the  difference  between 
a  perpetual  annuity,  and  one  that  was  to 
terminate  at  a  given  period.  To  look  for- 
ward for  a  hundred  years,  was  little  other  to 
the  mind's  eye,  than  looking  forward  to  a 
.permanency;  yet,  the  considerate  were 
well  aware,  that  this  period  would  elapse, 
tfiough  that  was  still  current.  Of  this  dis- 
tinction we  now  reap  the  -  benefit  j  and  a 
Haaio  incident  in  M^  minister's  f  lan^  is 


derived  from  the  falling  in  of  anDQities 
to  the  amount  in  1807  of  «ei5,513,  and 

in    1808,  of  5^370,000. L  In   l^^O, 

^230,000,  and  ^67*547.]  Those  com- 
modities on  which  these  taxes  have  hi- 
therto been  levied,  have  long  since  com- 
bined the  cost  of  the  levy,  with  the  valae 
of  the  goods  5  and  the  habit  of  this  pay- 
ment has  grown  up  with  the  consumers 
from  the  very  days  of  their  youth,  and 
may,  therefore,  in  a  sense,  be  considered  as 
an  absolute  nullity.  The  contmuance  of 
these  taxes  will  be  to  them  no  hardship  ; 
as  their  removal  would  not  tndoce  a  regu- 
lar customer  to  increase  his  orders,  or  a 
single  fresh  one  to  purchase,  even  if  the 
price  of  the  article  were  diminished  in 
proportion.  That  habit  which  has  in  its 
support,  the  prescription  of  a  hundred 
years,  and  the  change  in  tlie  value  of  mo-  * 
ney  during  that  time,  is  not  likely  to  be 
deterred  by  the  continuation  of  what  it 
has  been  used  to.  It  might  be  added,  that 
possibly,  were  fresh  taxes  to  be  laid,  these 
very  articles  would  be  those  selected  to 
sustain  such  taxes:  they  are,  then,  no 
worse  off  by  continuing  to  pay  them> 
than  they  would  be  were  they  taken  in 
some  other  form,  or  under  some  other  de- 
nomination. On  the  part  of  die  public^ 
nothing  can  be  more  advantageous  than 
that  the  product  should  fall  into  the  na- 
tional purse,  and  thereby  prevent  any  dis- 
turbance of  the  general  system.  This  ac- 
commodation, then,  we  derive  from  the 
discretion  of  our  ancestors,  and  their  in- 
tention that  at  a  dxed,  though  distant,  pe- 
riod, the  hardens  they  imposed  on  their 
posterity  should  cease. 

But  the  period  of  a  hundred  years, 
though  better,  indeed,  than  none,  yet  is 
little  adapted  to  satisfy  the  reflective  mind. 
Who  can  foretell  what  may  happen  in 
this  length  of  time,  what  proportion  of 
it  may  be  peace  and  prosperity,  and  what 
may  be  war  and  distress,  what  may  be  the 
character  of  those  in  offices  of  trust,  or  « 
what  the  ability  of  the  nation  to  meet  its 
embarrassments  ?  The  amount  of  those 
embarrassments,  the  accumulations  of 
subsequent  debt,  the  state  of  national  in- 
dustry, spirit,  and  prowess,  the  internal 
and  external  situation  of  the  kingdom — 
who  can  foresee  these,  for  an  hundred 
years  to  come  ?  It  was,  therefore,  lauda- 
ble in  that  late  illustrious  statesman,  Mr. 
Pitt,  to  shorten  the  time  of  the  duration 
of  the  national  burdens ;  and  this  he  ac** 
compliihed^  not  b/  lixinj^  any  period  for 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


i\4\] 


Tkwghts  on  thi  Miwttr*s  Financial  Proposition,  &c. 


[1143 


their  cessation,  but,  by  pioviding  a  small 
overplos  above  the  taxes  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  pay  the  interest  of  the  incuro- 
branoe,  and  applying  this  overplus  to  the 
redemption  of  a  portion  of  the  principal. 
This  operation  was  silent,  but  efficient  5 
it  gave  no  alarm  -,  no  man  was  obliged  to 
part  with  his  property;  he  might  con- 
tinue to  hold  his  stock,  if  he  pleased ; 
but,  if  he  would  not  sell,  his  neighbour 
would ;  and  it  mattered  not  to  the  public 
from  whom  the  stock  was  redeemed.  The 
effect  of  one  per  cent,  acting  at  compound 
interest,  was  adequate  to  the  redemption 
of  the  whole  hundred  pounds  in  some- 
what more  than  forty  years. 

This  was  the  first  efficient  effi>rt  toward 
the  redemption  of  the  national  debt :  not 
that  the  attempt  had  not  been  devised, 
and  that  something  of  an  undertaking  in- 
tending the  same  thing  had  not  been  in- 
^ituted;  but  tliis,  very  unwisely,  in  a 
financial  po'mt  of  view,  had  been  inter- 
rupted by  Sir  Robert  Walpole;  and 
whatev^  good  it  was  capable  of  produc- 
ing, had  vanished,  in  consequence  of  the 
desecration  the  fund  had  suffisred  from  the 
violent  hands  of  the  minister,  and  by  per-» 
version  from  its  purpose. 

The  way  was  thus  opened,  by  Mf.  Pitt, 
to  the  solution  of  the  problem, — if  ow*  per 
€ent.  will  redeem  its  capital  in  about  forty 
five  years,  in  how  many  years  will  Jive 
per  cent,  redeem  its  capital  ?  As  this  is  a 
mere  operation  of  figures,  there  needs  no 
great  intricacy  of  calculation  to  inform 
us,  that  this  may  be  accomplished  in 
about  fourteen  years.  Supposing  then, 
our  expenses  to  continue  at  their  present 
rate  for  fourteen  years,  to  what  fund  shall 
we  look  for  1.  their  security,  and  2.  their 
redemption?  These  two  ideas  must 
never  be  lost  sight  of:  1.  what  fund  shall 
we  pledge  for  tlie  payment  ofjive  per  cent.' 
interest  on  the  money  borrowed  ?  2.  Will 
the  same  fund;  or  any  other,  afl^ord  an- 
other^tfe  per  cent,  in  order  to  redeem  the 
capital  itself  in  fourteen  years  ? 

Both  these  accommodations  the  minis- 
ter found  in  the  system  of  war  taxes  ;  in- 
stituted by  his  predecessor,  and  making 
considerable  advances  yearly  toward  that 
immense  sum  which  ihey  now  prodrce. 
Whether  Mr.  Pitt  had  tliis  result  in  \  iew 
fromahe  very  first,  is  more  than  we  can 
•ay. 5  but  there  is  nothing  impossible  in 
the  supposition,  that  he  who  had  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  paying  ofl'  the  capital  in 


forty  years,  had  calculated  the  same 
scheme  at  thirty  years,  and  at  twenty; 
why  not  then  at  fourteen,  since  Jioe  per 
cent,  the  proportion  required,  is  the  legal 
interest  of  money  in  this  country,  and, 
consequently,  presents  itself  to  the  mind 
with  somewhat  of  a  prominent  aspect. 

The  proposition,  as  our  readers  will 
perceive,  combines  the  two  ideas  hinted 
at  above,  1.  that  of  paying  legal  interest. 
Jive  per  cent,  for  money  borrowed  :  2.  " 
that  of  forming  a  purchasing  fund  of  Jive 
percent,  acting  with  compoimd  interest, 
for  the  redemption  of  the  capital,  llie 
minister,  therefore,  takes  ten  per  cent,  pro- 
portioned to  the  capital  borrowed,  and 
this  effects  his  purpose.  By  what  degrees, 
or  en.wbat  calculation  this  purpose  is  ef- 
fected, the  reader  will  find  in  the  tables 
annexed  to  this  discussion. 

But  there  are  two  considerations  arising 
from  this  measure,,  which  are  submitted 
to  the  reflection  of  those  whom  they  con- 
cern. The  first  is,  that  the  war  taxe» 
were  imposed  under  the  pledge  of  Parlia- 
mentary faith,  that  they  should  last  no  ' 
longer  than  the  war  :  the  second  \9,  whe- 
ther the  imposts  which  furnish  these  taxes 
are  laid  upou  articles  that  ought  to  be  bur* 
tbened  in  this  non-terminating  manner^ 

If  the  proposition  were  absolute,,  to  col* 
lect  these  taxes  with  inflexible  rigour,  du- 
ring th#  specific  period  oi  fourteen  yearsy 
this  might  be  taken  as  a  departuie  frota 
parliamentary  faith ;  but  we  conceive  that 
the  minister's  proposal  includes  the  alter- 
native; and  is  conditional,  if  the  wcw  shall 
so  long  last.  Such,  at  least,  is  the  infe- 
rence we  draw  from  language  like  the  fol- 
lowing, which  is  transcribed  from  the 
Statement  mentioned  in  the  title  to  thia 
article.  The  same  sentiment  may  be  seen 
iQ*the  paper  anne^bed. 

This  part  of  ilic  calcidatiows  is  framed  oa 
the  supposition  of  the  continuance  of  the  was 
for  the  whole  fourteen  \ ears.  I f  |)eace  should 
be  sooner  rc-establisluil,  other  an^ngemenis 
may  easily  be  made,  by  which  the .  portious 
of  ^^  ar  taxes  so  pledged  may  be  released  at 
earlier  periods  ;  and  the  part  not  i>ledo;ed  will 
of  cc.urse  iinmediattly  be  liberated  on  the  ix:- 
turn  of  peiice. 

If  then  the  war  should  terminate  in  two 
years,  the  minister  would  be  bound  to 
substitute  other  taxes,  such  as  would  best 
suit  a  state  of  peace,  for  those  imposed  ta 
support  the  war :  and  that  this  would  boi 
in  his  power,  as  to  every  desirable  purpose 
2^P  2 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


1143] 


fhoughis  on' the  Ministers  Financial  Proposituks^  fift: 


Pll44 


td  effect  in  a  single  BixJget,  no  one  ac- 
quainted witli  the  resources  of  this  kingdom 
can  doubt.  In  short,  if  the*  war  conti^ 
nues,  these  war  taxes  are  pledged  to  sup- 
pdrt  the  war;  and  the  circumstance  of 
their  being  pledged  is  of  little  impor- 
tance to  those  who  pay  them.  If  the 
war  terminates,  the  security  given  on  these 
taxes  will  be  withdrawn,  and  transferred 
elsewhere.  In  other  words,  the  security 
on  which  the  mortgage  was  established 
■will  be  exchanged,  till  the  mortgage  itself 
be  paid  off.  It  does  not  appear,  then, 
that  this  exchange  amounts  to  a  breach  of 
Parliamentar}'  faith:  but,  we  confess, 
that  the  statement  of  the  principle  on 
which  the  transaction  is  conducted,  ought 
to  be  made  with  the  utmost  candour, 
openness,  and  clearness  5  and  in  terms  so 
explicit,  as  to  incur  no  charge,  or  even 
hazard,  of  ambiguity.  For,  though  we 
have  said  that  taxes  of  a  hundred  years 
standing  have  acquired  the  power  of  habit, 
and  are  of  little  moment  in  the  second 
century  of  their  existence,  yet  taxes  re- 
cently imposed,  and  for  a  specific  purpose, 
and  professedly  of  litnited  duration,  that 
duration  contracted  by  the  hopes  of  every 
well  wisher  to  his  country,  and  to  huma- 
nity, difier  widely  from  the  former.  They 
)iave  not  had  sufficient  time  to  press  into 
numbness  the  limb  which  supports  them. 
They  create  pain ;  and  the  sooner  pain 
can  be  removed  from  the  body  politic,  as 
well  as  from  the  body  natural,  the  better 
for  the  patient,  and  the  more  honourable 
to  the  opcirator. 

^  This  wil!  become  evident  beyond  de- 
nial, if  we  enquire  on  what  articles  these 
taxes  have  been  laid,  and  whether  they 
are  such  as  shbuld  be  chosen  for 
these  taxesi  suppositig  them  prolonged; 
kuch  as  can  support  them,  without  in- 
volving extremely  impdrtant  interests  of 
the  community. 

The  Convoy  duty  is  a  price  paid  by  mer- 
chant ships'  for  protection  by  ship^  of  war : 
will  it  be  Hvise  to  demand  this  price  when 
the  necessity  for  protection  by  ships  of 
war  has  ceased  ? 

The  Exportation  duties  are  in  effect 
charged  on  the  consumer,  in  foreign  patts, 
of  those  articles  to  which  they  are  at- 
tached :  will  it  be  wise  to  continue  these 
when  the  consumer  may  have  a  choice  of 
markets;  and  purchase  other  goods  that 
will  answer  his  purpose  as  well,  from 
quarters  where  this  duty  is  not  paid^  and 


consequently  does  not  enhance  the  price 
of  the  goods  ? 

The  Tonnage  duties  laid  on  vessels  car* 
rying  coasiwise,  augment  the  capital  ne- 
cessary to  be  invested  in  tiie  purchase  and 
outfitting  of  ships:  they  render  thiscona-^ 
modify  dearer :  will  it  be  wise  to  continue 
that  impost  which  raises  the  price  of  mer-^ 
cantile  speculations  in  vessels,  when  we 
have  no  doubt  on  our  minds,  tliat  our 
present  enemy,  and  then  our  invidioa« 
friend,  will  strain  every  .nerve  to  establish 
a  navy,  and  will  patronize  with  all  hit 
power  a  carrying  t^ade  in  his  own  vessels 
for  tliat  purpose  ? 

The  Properly  Tax  with  all  its  vexationSj 
suspicions,  inquisitions,  appeals,  hearings^ 
re-hearings,  and  attendances,  with  its 
temptations  to  evasions,  and  shuffles,  an4 
a  most  ungodly  envying  of  those  neigh- 
bours who  have  luckily  eluded  examina- 
tions—will it  be  wise  to  continue  this  taic 
after  the  immediate  occasion  of  its  impo- 
sition has  subsided ;  after  peace  has  dismis- 
sed national  animosity  against  the  enecay^ 
and  soothed  to  tranquillity  the  mind  which 
had  thought  only  of  resistance  to  the  imv 
placable  foe  ? 

These  questions  sio  importanCj  and 
their  importance  would  be  extreme  if 
peace  did  not,  almost  by  necessity  of  its 
character  as  peace,  introduce  other  and  more 
pleasing  expectations.    Iti^saidj  that^ 

By  the  present  plan  the  whole  of  di^  war 
taxes  will  m  no  case  Continue  pledged  bcyoDd 
the  war.  With  the  aid  of  the  ezcenes  of  die 
present  sinking  fund,  peace,  at  whatever  pe* 
nod  it  may  take  place,  must  produce  some 
immediate  and  considerable  reduction  of  thos^ 
taxes. 

But  the  release  of  the  war  taxes  will  he 
much  more  rapid,  if  instead  of  applying  in- 
variably the  wnole  of  the  sinking  fund  created 
for  the  war  debt,  to  the  redemption  of  thai 
debt  in  peace  as  in  war,  the  arrangefnent 
which  has  been  explained  in  a  former  part  of 
this  paper  be  adopted  on  the  return  of  peace 
Accoraing  to  that  arrangement  the  sialdnc 
fund  of  the  war  debt  will  then  be  conaolidat^ 
with  the  sinking;  fund  of  the  pnssent  debt, 
and  the  excess  of  those  combined  funds  above 
the  interest  of  their  combined  debts,  will  be 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  Parliament.  And  in 
this  manner  it  will  be  seen,  that  on  a  peace, 
even  after  fourteen  years  of  war,  above  eleven 
millions  of  the  war  taxes  may  be  immediatdy 
taken  off,  and  that  the  public  may  thus  St 
-once  be  relieved  from  nearly  die  whole  of  the 
property  tax/  while  the  remainder  will,  in  a 
veiy  short  time  after^  be  tiberited  by  the  apt 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


1 1 4S]  Thaughii  en  the  Minister's 

plication  of   the   excesses  of  the  combined 
sinking  funds. 

With  respect  therefore  to  the  property  tax 
we  may  observe,  first,  that  it  will  not  be 
pledged  at  all  until  after  seven  years;  (See 
Tabfe  No.  1.)  e\'en  supposing  so  long  a  con- 
tinuance of  the  present  war.  And,  second- 
ly, that  although  after  those  seven  years  the 
property  tax  will,  so  long  as  the  war  shall 
continue,  be  applied  in  part  to  the  purposes 
of  this  plan,  yet,  on  the  return  of  peace,  the 
excesses  of  the  combined  sinking  fund,  will, 
even  on  the  most  unfavourable  suppositions, 
always  enable  Parliament  to  repeal  tne  whole 
of  the  property  tax  within  a  very  short  time 
aftej  that  event  shall  have  taken  place. 

We  take  for  granted,  that  the  property 
tax  will  be  the  last  pledged  j  and  if  not 
pledged  at  all,  would  cease,  as  originally 
intended.  We  also  entertain  no  doubt, 
but  that  the  government  would  proceed 
with  all  possible  speed  to  relieve  commerce 
and  navigation  from  their  burdens ;  even 
though  part  of  those  burdens  were  to  be 
laid  on  the  country  at  large,  in  another 
shape.  But  there  is  yet  to  be  considered 
the  probable  expence  of  our  national  esta- 
blishment when  peace  is  arrived,  a  con- 
tingency to  which. we  must  look  forward, 
as  of  magnitude,  but  which,  for  every 
reason,  we  should  be  happy  to  enjoy  the 
perplexity  of,  as  soon  as  is  consistent  with 
the  dispensations  of  Providence. 

In  speakino;  here  and  in  other  parts  of  this 
statement,  o?  tlic  repeal  of  Taxes  on  the  re- 
turn of  Peaee,  no  opmion  b  meant  to  be  ex- 
pressed as  to  the  possible  amount  of  our  fu- 
ture peace  establishments.  Thstt  these  may 
require  some  new  provision,  by  the  impositi- 
on or  continuance  of  Taxes,  is  not  to  be  de- 
med  \  but  the  extent  to  which  this  necessity 
may  exist  is  a  point  so  uncertain,  that  no  ca(* 
culations  can  at  this  time  be  formed  upon  it. 
The  statement  contained  in  the  foregoing  pa- 
ges is  inteuded  only  to  exhibit  the  means  of 
•canyins  on  for  a  long  period,  if  unhappily  it 
should  be  necessary,  a  War  Expenditure  to  a 
given  amount.  Whenever  the  war  shall  have 
cea9ed,  it  is  not  improbable  that  our  peace 
establishments  must  be  large ;  but  our  meant 
of  defraying  those  establishments  will  abo  be 
Tery  considerable.  In  the  early  periods  of 
^'  plan  now  proposed,  ferw  of -the  present 
ftsoorcet  of  the  couutry  will  have  been  ex- 
hausted \  and  if  peace  were  longer  deferred, 
ttut  same  means  which  would  have  enabled  us 
to  meet  the  expenditure  of  war,  will  also,  at 
Its  close^  be  equally  applicable  to  any  exigen* 
cies  of  our  new  situation.  It  would  oe  super- 
^uoot  to  attempt  to  provide  before  hand  for 
thitoase.  If  we  eaa  matntatn  Uie  expenditure 
^  wax,  no  doubt  can  wmiu  that  we  shall 


Financial  Propositions,  isfc. 


{1146  ' 


be  equal  to  that  of  peace ;  and  the  subject  is 
adverted  to  here  solely  for  the  purpose  of  ob- 
viating any  objection  that  could  be  taken 
affainst  a  supped  over-si^ht  in  this  respect. 
If  the  state  of  the  country  in  a  time  of  future 
peace  should  be  such  as  to  partake  in  some  de- 
gree of  the  necessities  of  war,  that  situieitioa 
must  ot  course  be  met  by  continuing,  as  far 
as  shall  really  be  necessary,  those  exertions 
wliich  belong  rather  to  war  than  to  peace. 
But  no  one  can  examine  the  tables  annexed 
to  this  statement,  without  perceiving  how 
many  resources  the  principles  of  this  plan 
would  aflbrd  for  meeting  the  difficulties  of 
such  a  situation,  without  deferring  that  relief 
(oarticularly  from  the  Property  Tax)  to  which 
ilie  country  will  naturally  look  on  the  return 
of  Peace. 

We  must  now  close  our  discussion ;  but 
would  previously  suggest  the  propriety  of 
raising  a  more  considerable  portion  'of 
taxes  on  the  extras — (for  such  will  occur, 
Jrom  various  causes)  of  the  three  ensuing 
years,  than  the  "plan  proposes.  How  ho- 
nourably should  we  have  thought  of  our 
ancestors  if  they  had  taken  measures  for 
redeeming  in  Jifiy  years  the  debt  they 
contracted,  instead  of  letting  part  sink  in 
a  hundred  years,  and  part  remain  perpe- 
tual ?  On  the  same  principle,  M  five  per 
cent,  were  raised  on  so  small  It  sum  as  will 
be  wanted,  instead  of  one  per  cent^  the  re- 
demption wotdd  keep  pace  with  that  of 
the  other  parts  of  the  scheme ;  and  the 
money  necessary  might  easily  be  procured 
i:ather  from  regulation^  than  froin  direct 
taxation. 

It  is  natural  to  enquire,  what  will  bo 
the  ei!ect  of  this  plan  on  the  nations  of 
Europe  ?--wiD  not  our  friends  hear  with 
pleasure  thatu^f  think  of  providing  against 
the  continuance  of  the  contest,  let  it  -last 
as  long  as  it  may  ?  that  the  efforts  of  Bri* 
tain  will  not  slacken,  but  that  her  deter- 
mination is  perseverance  ?— And  what  will 
our  enemy  think  ?— that  he  is  as  far  off  at 
ever  from  subduing  the  resisting  spirit  of 
our  country;  that  his  exertions  hitherto 
to  destroy  us  have  availed  him  nothiiug ; 
and  that  hb  can  ahe\^  no  such  Expos  f  to 
his  Gallic  senate,  no— not  till  he  hat  ac* 
quired,  by  Briti^  permission  as  we  bope^ 
$hip8j  ColoniQs  and  Commerce  { 

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they  shew  toe  progr;^  of  eakulatton  oa 
various  (ioto/  but»  at  ibef  occupy  about 
sixty  leaves,  we  can  only  insert  a  sekction. 
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1133] 


Ptans  qf  Finance  proposed  lo  ParUament, 


iU5t 


No.  VIII. 
The   effect  which   the  SimciNO    Fukd 
of    Jgl, 000,000    per     annum,    established 
bv  act   of    178G,    and  the  annual  sum   of 
jg200,000  added  thereto,  with  the  expired 
annuities  and    accumulations    thereof,    pro- 
4iuced  in  the  redemption  of  the  public  debt, 
up  to  the  period  of  the  arrangement  establish- 
ed by  act  of  1802.—^.  The  distinct  opera- 
tion of  ihcirespective  sinking  funds  of  one  per 
■cent,  underact  of  1792,  on  nominal  capital 
of  debt  during   last   war. — 3d.    The  com- 
bined operation  of  the  different  sinking  funds 
of  1780  and  1792,   from  the  period  of  their 
being  coasolidated  by  the  act  of  1802  to  the 
Ist  of  November  1806. — I^astly,  the  distinct 
operations  of  the  several  sinking  funds  of  one 
per  cent,,  created  for  the  liquidation  of  the 
debt  incurred  since   tjie  commencement  of 
the  present  war  in  1803,  aiul  which  are  sub- 
ject to  the  conditions  of  the  act  of  179^- 

Isf . — The  amount  of  nominal  capital 
of  debt  existing  before  1 7  02,  redeem- 
ed by  operation  of  the  sinking  fund, 
underactof  l786,onistFeb.  igoa    £39,€ftS,30i 

Total  amount  of  that  sinking  /ondy 
1st  Feb.  i8oa,  was       .    •    -    -      3,684,187 

•d.-<^Amount  of  nominal  capital  of  ' 

debt  created  by  all  loans,  from  1792 
to  the  close  of  the  last  war  in  1803, 
redeemed  by  operation  of  sinking 
funds  of  one  per  cent,  under  the  act 
of  1794,  on  1st  May,  180a       -    .-    aoj73t,431 

Total  amount  uf  that  sinking  fund, 
1st  May  I80a      -.----      3,403,103 

Total  amount  of  all  these  sinking 
funds.  1803,  after  consolidation  5,700,017 

srd^— Amount  of  nominal  capital  of    ■ 

debt  redeemed  by  these  consolidated 
sinking  funds,  between  1st  Feb.  1803 
and  itt  Nov.  1800    .....    48,374,500 

Amount  to  which  these  consolidated 
sinking  funds  had  arrived,  1st  Nov. 
1800 7,050,418 

'4th.-* Amounts  of  respective  debts  created  by  the 

Joans  made  since  1803,  inclusive,  which  have 

.  been  redeemed  by  their  respective  sinking  funds 

•f  one  per  cent,  on  1st  Nov.  1800,  and  the  seve. 

ral  amounts  of  said  respective  sinking  funds  at 

■  Che  same  period,  are  as  follows,  v'n, 

Amousts  of  the  Anurant*  of 

NomiQal  Capital  of  Debt       Sinking  Funds 
-redoemed  i  Nor.  isoC.    on  1  Nov.  1806. 

-  -  ^895,034   -  -  .  189,988 
•f    -    088,309   •  -  -  200.990 

-  -        7*4,589      -     -     -     805,738 


Xoaliof 
1803 
1804 
1805 
MOO 


998,800 


3»«5a,815  l,Q5i,522 

Add  on  account  of  Add  sink- 

[  additional  capitals  Ingfund, 

.  created  by   sums  on  acct. 

subscribed  from  5  of    this 

per  cents.  1 797  in*  additi($n- 

to3  per  cents*  in  al  capital 

1805  and  1890  lor,8SO  created 


a»300«105 


-  54,05X 
1,110,174 


FINA  HCl. 

The  new  Plan  of  Finance  has,  for  its  oTSh 
object,  to  provide  the  means  of  roaintatnine 
tlie  honour  and  independence  of  the  Britka 
Empire,  during  the  necessary  coottnuance 
of  the  War,  witliout  perceptibly  increasin|; 
the  Burthens  of  the  Country,  and  with  mo- 
nifest  benefit  to  the  interests  of  the  Poblie 
Creditor.* 

The  proposed  Measure  is  grounded  on  tho 
flourishing  state  of  the  Permanent  Revenue | 
on  the  grdit  produce  of  the  Wax  Taxes ;  oft 
the  high  and  aeoumuJating  amount  of  the 
Sinking  Fund  ^  and  on  some  inferior  aids  to 
be  derived  from  Revenues  set  free  by  Annu- 
ities originally  gran  ted  for  a  term  of  years,  and 
now  expiring.  These  circumstances,  so  fa* 
vourable  to  the  introduction  and  maintenance 
of  a  New  System,  are  justly  to  be  attributed 
to  the  wise,  provident,  and  spirited  exertions^ 
which  have  had  the  concurrent  support  of 
Parliament  and  of  the  People,  during  the* 
whole  eventful  period  of  the  last  twenty  yean. 
The  Plan  is  adapted  to  meet  a  scale  of  Exm 
penditure  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  year 
1 806 ;  and  it  assumes,  that  during  the  War, 
the  annual  produce  of  the  Permanent  and 
Temporary  Revenues  will  continue  equal  to 
the  produce  of  the  saobe  year  1 806\  1 1  is  Qn« 
derstood,  that  any  further  or  unforeseen  ohargt 
or  any  deficiency  of  Revenue,  shall  be  sep^ 
ratcly  and  specially  provided  for. 

Keeping  these  jiremises  in  vievr,  it  is  pnv 
posed,  that  the  V\  ar  Loans  forthe  years  1807, 
1808,  and  I8O9,  shall  be  Twelve  Millions 
annually;  for  the  year  1810,  Fourteen  Mil* 
1  ions ;  and  for  eacU  of  the  ten  following  years. 
Sixteen  Millions* 

Those  several  Loans,  amoenting  for  th% 
fourteen  years  to  2 10  Millions,  are  to  be  made 
a  charge  on  the  War  Taxes,  which  are  esti* 
mated  to  producee  21  Millions  annually. 

The  charge  thus  thrown  on  the  War  Taxet 
is  meant  to  be  at  the  rate  of  Tee  per  Cent,  on 
each  Loan.  Every  such  Loan  will  therefore 
pledee  so  much  of  the  War  Taxes  as  will  be 
eoual  to  meet  this  charge : — that  is,  a  Loan 
or  12  Milltons  will  pledge  j^l,iS00,000of  the 
War  Taxes,  And  in  each  year,  if  the  War 
should  be  continued,  a  further  pordoo  of  the 
War  Taxes  will,  in  the  same  manner,  be 
pledged  And  conseouently,  at  the  end  of 
fourteen  years,  if  the  War  should  last  so  long, 
21  Millions,  tlie  whole  produce  of  the  War 
Taxes,  would  be  pledged  for  the  Total  of  the 
Loans,  which  would  at  that  time  have  a* 
mounted  to  210  Millions. 

The  Ten  per  Cent,  cliaige  thus  aeeoni|ie« 
nying  each  Loan  will  be  applied  to  pay  tht 
Interest  of  the  Loan,  and  to  form  a  Sinking 
Fund,  which  Sinking  Fund  will  evidently  be 
more  than  Five  per  Cent,  on  such  of  the  seve- 
ral Loans  a«  ^lali  be  obtained  at  e  l^i  late  ^f 
Interest  than  Five  per  Ccnl« 


Digit 


zed  by  Google 


1155] 


PIqns  6/  Finance  proposed  to  Parlianieni. 


[nsff 


It  18  well  known,  that  a  Five  per  Cent. 
Sinking  Fund,  accumulating  at  compound 
Interest,  will  redeem  any  sum  of  capital  debt 
in  iburteeii  years.  Consequently,  the  seve- 
ral Portions  of  the  War  Taxes,  proposed  to  be 
}>ledged  for  the  several  Loans  above-men- 
tioned, will  have  redeemed  their  respective 
Loans,  and  be  successively  liberated  in  peri- 
ods of  fourteen  years  from  the  dale  of  each 
siich  Loan.  The  portions  of  War  Taxes  thus 
liberated,  may,  if  the  War  should  still  be  pro- 
longed, become  applicable  in  a  revolving  se- 
ries, and  may  be  a^in  pledged  for  new  Loans. 
It  is,  however,  shewn  by  the  printed  Cal- 
culations and  Tables,  that»  whatever  may  be 
the  continuance  of  the  operation,  the  Property 
Tax  will  not  be  payable  oeyond  the  period  for 
which  it  is  now  granted  by  the  4S  Geo.  iii.  ch. 
65.  but  will,  in  every  case,  be  in  force  only 
during  the  war,  and  until  the  sixth  day  of 
April  next  after  the  ratification  of  a  deBnftive 
Treaty  of  Peace,  and  no  longer. 

It  IS  next  to  be  observed,  that  the  charge 
for  the  Interest  and  Sinking  Fund  of  the  pro- 
posed Loans,  being  taken  from  the  annual 
produce  of  the  War  Taxes,  a  deficiency  equal 
to  that  diai^ge  will  be  created  in  the  amount 
of  the  temporary  Revenue  applicable  to  the 
War  Expenditure. 

Supplementary  Loans  will  be  requisite  to 
make  good  that  deficiency. 

Those  Supplementary  Loans  must  increase 
in  proportion  to  the  increasing  deficiency,  if 
the  War  should  be  contined :  but  the  whole 
Amount  of  the  Loan,  in  any  one  Year,  in- 
cluding that  charged  upon  the  War  Taxes, 
end  the  Supplementary  Loan,  will  never, 
even  in  a  period  of  twenty  years  War  from 
the  present  time,  exceed  Five  Millions  in  any 
year,  beyond  the  amount  to  which  the  com- 
bined Sinking  Fund  of  that  year  v^ill  have 
been  raised ;  and  upon  an  Average  of  those 
fiO  Years,  will  not  exceed  j^,800,000. 

It  is  proposed  thattbe  Supplementary  Loans 
shall  be  formed  on  the  established  system  of  a 
Sinking  Fund  of  One  per  Cent,  on  the  nomi- 
nal Capital. 

The  Char^  so  created  will  be  provided  for 
during  the  first  three  years,,  by  the  exuiring 
Annuities ;  and  during  that  period  the  Coun- 
try will  have  the  jjreat  benefit  of  an  exemp- 
tion from  all  additional  burthens.  A  new 
^ring  may  thus  be  given  to  the  energy  of  our 
commerce :  at  all  events  it  will  obtain  a  secu- 
rity from  the  increased  pressures^which  it  must 
otherwise  experience. 

From  1810,  and.  for  the  six  following  years, 
a  charge  must  be  provided  for,  amountine;  on 
the  average  of  those  seven  years  to  not  more 
than  Jt993,000  annnally :  a  sum  in  itself  so 
small,  in  com})arison  with  the  great  additions 
which  have  necessarily  been  made  to  the 
Taxes  in  each  year,  for  the  last  fourteen  years, 
that  it  cai^  scarcely  be  kli^^  ^d  cannot  create 


any  difficulty  as  to  the  mean<i  of  providing  for 
it : — ^Butevifen  this  comparatively  small  a-^r.  uupi 
may  probably  be  much  diminisPtd  by  the  in- 
creasing produce  of  the  actual  KeA'e^iues,  and 
by  regulations  for  their  further  mana;-en^cnt. 
And  thus  provision  is  made,  c.i  tne  scale 
of  actual  expenditure,  for  ten  years  ci   war, 
if  it  should  be  necessary,    witliout  any  addi- 
tional Taxes,  except  to  the  inconsiderable  a- 
mount  above  stattd.     At  the  clobc  of  that  pe- 
riod,  taking  the  Three  per  Cents  at  6o,    and 
reducing  the  whole  of  the  Public  Debts  ai  that 
rate  to  a  Money  Capital,  the  combined  amount 
of  the  Public  Debts  will  be  ^'j87,30i>.O^fO, 
and  thecombined  amount  of  the  several  Sink- 
ing Funds  then  existing  will  be  ^22,75?0,00O. 
Whereas  the  present  amount  of  ihe  whole 
Public  Debt  taken  on  the  same  sca!e  of  Cal- 
culation is  j£d62,793>000,  and   die  present 
amount  of  the  Sinking  Fund  is  no  more  tliaa 
^8,336,000 

If  the  War  should  still  be  continued  beycmd 
the  ten  years  thus  provided'  for,  it  is  proposed 
to  take  in  aid  of  the  public  burthens  certain 
Excesses  to  accrue  from  the  present  Sinking 
Fund.    That  Fund,  which  Mr.  Pitt   (the 
great  Author  of  a  system  that  will  immorialize 
his  name)  originally  proposed  to  limit  to  Four 
Millions  annually,  will,  with  the  very  large 
Additions  derived  to  it  from  this  New  Plao» 
have  accumulated,  in   ]817»  to  so  large  an  a- 
mount  as  24  Millions  Sterling.     In  the  appli- 
cation of  such  a  sum,  neither  the  true  prin« 
ci  pies  of  M  r.  Pitt's  System,  nor  any  j  ust  view 
01  the  real  interests  of  the  Public,  or  even  of 
the  Stockholder  himself,  can  be  considered  as 
any  longer  opposing  an  obstacle  to  the  means 
of  obtaining  at  such  a  moment  some  aid  in  al* 
leviation  of  the  burthensiind  necessities  of  the 
Country.     But  it  is  not  proposed  in  any  case 
to  apply  to  the  charge  oi  new  loans  a  larger 
portion  of  the  Sinking  Fund  than  such  as  will 
always  leave  an  amount  of  Sinking  Fund  equal 
to  the  interest  payable  on  such  part  of  the  pre- 
sent Debt  as  shall  remain  unredeemed.     Nor 
is  it  meant  that  this  or  any  other  operation  of 
Finance  shall  ever  prevent  the  Redempiion  of 
a  sum  equal  to  the  present  Debt  in  as  short  a 
period  as  that  in  which  it  would  have  been 
redeemed,  if  this  New  Plan  had  not  beea 
brought  forward.    Nor  will  the  final  Redemp^ 
tion  of  any  Supplementary  Loans  be  postponed 
beyond  the  period  of  46,  years  prescribed  by 
the  Act  of  1792  for  the  extinction  of  all  futuie 
Loans.   Whi le  each  of  the  annual  War  Loans 
will  be  successively  redeemed  in  fourteen  vears 
from  the  date  of  its  creation,  so  long  as  War 
shajl  continue ;   and   whenever  Ptace  tball 
come,  will  be  redeemed  always  within  a  pe- 
riod far  short  of  the  45  years  required  by  the 
above-mentioned  Act. 

In  the  result  therefore  of  the  whole  Mea- 
sure, there  wiil  not  be  imposed  anj  new 
Taxee  for  the  fint  thror  years  from  th»  dax. 


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1157] 


Plam  qf  Tikanse  proposed  to  PurHameni, 


[115t 


New  Taxes  of  lest  than  j£300,000,  on  an  are- 
lage  of  seven  yean  from  1810  to  18l6»  both 
inclusive,  are  all  that  will  be  necessary,  in 
order  to  procure  for  the  Country  the  full  be- 
nefit and  advantages  of  the  Plan  here  described; 
which  will  continue  for  twenty  3rears ;  during 
the  last  ten  of  which  again  no  new  Taxes  what- 
ever will  be  required.  ^ 

It  appear;,  therefore,  that  Patliament  will 
T)e  enabled  to  provide  for  the  prolonged  ex- 
penditure of  a  necessary  War,  without  vio- 
lating any  right  or  \nterest  whatever,  and 
without  imposing  further  burthens  on  the 
Country,  except  to  a  small  and  limited 
amount:  and  these  purposes  will  be  attained 
with  benefit  to  the  Public  Creditor,  and  in 
st^ct  conformity  bdth  to  the  wise  principles  on 
which  the  Sinkmg  Fund  was  established,  and 
to  the  sevcfal  Acts  of  Parliament  by  which  it 
has  been  regulated. 

It  is  admitted  that  if  the  war  should  be 
pnolonged,  certain  portions  of  the  War  Taxes, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Property  Tax,  will 
be  more  or  less  pledged  for  periods,  in  no  case 
exceeding  fourteen  years.  How  far  some 
parts  of  those  Taxes  are  of  a  description  to 
remain  in  force  after  the  War ;  and  wnat  may 
be '  the  provision  to  be  made  hereafter  for  a 
Ptoce  establishment,  probably  much  larger 
than  in  former  periods  of  peace ;  are  consider- 
ations which  at  present  need  not  betmti- 
•ipated. 

It  is  reasonable  to  assume,  that  the  means 
«nd  resources  which  can  now  maintain  the 
prolonged  expenditure  of  an  extensive  War, 
will  We  invigorated  and  increased  by  the  return 
of  Peace,  and  will  then  be  (bund  amply  suffi- 
cient for  the  exigencies  of  the  Public  Service. 
Those  exigencies  must  at  all  events  be  com- 
paratively small,  whatever  may  still  be  the 
troubled  and  precarious  circumstances  of  Eu- 
ttope. 

Undoubt^Uy  there  prevails  in  the  Country 
'a  disposition  to  niake  any  further  sacrifices 
that  the  safety,  independence,  and  honour  of 
the  Nation  may  require :  but  it  would  be  an 
abuse  of  that  disposition,  to  apply  it  to  unne- 
cessary and  overstrained  exertions.  And  it 
must  not  pass  unobserved,  that  in  the  suppo- 
sition of  a  continued  War,  if  the  Loans  for 
the  annual  expenditure  should  be  raised  ac- 
cording to  the  system  hitherto  pursued,  Per- 
xnanent  Taxes  must  be  imposed,  amounting  in 
the  period  assumed,  to  13  Millions  additional 
revenue.  Such  an  addition  would  add  heavily 
to  the  Pnblic  Burthens,  and  would  be  more 
Celt  after  the  retnm  of  Peace  than  a  temporary 
continuance  of  the  War  Taxes.  In  the  mean 
time,  and  amidst  the  other  evils  of  War,  the 
Country  would  be  subjected  to  the  accumu- 
lated pressure  of  all  tlie  old  Revenues,  of  the 
War  Taxes,  and  of  new  Permanent  Taxes. 

Th^  means  of  effectuating  a  I^an  of  such 
ioioiensa  importance,  ariie  partly  Ixobx  jLhe 


extent  to  which  the  system  of  the  Sinking 
Fund  has  already  been  carried  in  pursuance 
of  the  intentions  of  its  Author:  and  partly 
from  the  great  exertions  made  by  Parliament, 
during  the  War,  to  raise  the  War  Taxes  t»  ' 
their  present  very  large  amount  It  now  ap- 
pears that  the  strong  measure  adopted  in  the 
last  Session,  by  which  all  the  War  Taxes,  and 
particularly  the  Property  Tax,  were  so  much 
au^ented,  was  a  step  taken  not  merely  with 
a  view  to  provide  for  present  necessities,  but 
in  order  to  lay  the  inundation  of  a  Systeoi 
which  should  be  adeouate  to  the  full  exigen- 
cies of  this  unexpected  crisis,  and  should  com- 
bine the  two  apparently  irreconcilable  objects, 
of  relieving  the  Public  from  all  future  pressure 
of  Taxation,  and  of  exhibiting  to  the  Enemy 
resources  by  which  we  may  defy  his  impla- 
cable hostility  to  whatever  period  it  may  be  > 
prolonged. 

To  have  done  this,  is  certainly  a  rec«>ii»- 
pence  for  many  sacrifices  and  privations.— 
This  is  a  (^nsideration  which  will  enable  the 
Country  to  submit  with  cbearfulness  to  ita 
present  Dr*rthens,  knowing  that  although  th^ 
may  be  continued  in  part,  for  a  limited  timc^ 
they  will  now  be  no  iurtlier  increased. 

A  plan  so  novel  in  its  kind  as  that  to 
which  we  have  been  attending,  could  npt 
expect  to  proceed  into  execution  without 
that  close  examination  and  comparison,  to 
which  Britain  is  indebted  for  deliverance 
from  many  evils,  we  might  add,  for 
the  enjoyment  of  many  advantages.  All 
things  do  not  appear  alike  to  all ;  who- 
ever corrects  an  error,  renders  an  impor- 
tant senice  to  his  country :  whoever  sug- 
gests an  improvement  confers  a  favour, 
not  only  on  the  minister,  whose  plan  be 
enriches,  but  on  the  nation,  whose  wel- 
fare he  promotes.  The  public  is  therefore 
obliged  to  Lord  Castlereagh  for  a  state- 
ment Very  diflerent  from  the  preceding. 
His  Lordship  supposes  that  the  old  system 
persevered  in  for  about  four  years  longer, 
would  be  most  beneficial  in  the  end.  In 
proof  of  this  proposition  his  Lordship  hai 
drawn  up  the  following  tables,  which 
have  been  ordered  by  the  House  of  Com- 
mons to  be  printed.  We  tLtk  it  our 
duty  to  submit  these,  also,  to  oiur  readers, 
in  the  present  article.  It  ^ ill  be  agreeablo 
to  observe,  that  the  idea  of  suspending 
the  system  of  progressive  taxation,  enters 
into  the  contemplation  of  both  financiers  ; 
and  that  both  consider  it  as  attainable, 
notwithstanding  the  immense  expences  of 
a  state  of  warfare.  This  subject  will  be 
looked  back  to,  at  subsequent  periods  of 
our  history,  with  a  lively  interest. 


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11591 


PioTis  qf  Finance  proposed  to  Parliament 


[!!« 


rmANClAL  RESOLUTIONS  MOVED  IN  THE 
HOUSE  OF  COMMONS,  FEB.  12,  I8O6,  BY 
VISCOUNT  CASTLEREAGH. 

No.  I. — ^That  it  is  proposed  by  the  new 
J>lan  of  finance,  that  the  annual  excesses  of 
file  present  sinking  fund,  abo\'e  the  interest 
of  tne  debt  charged  upon  it  in  any  given  year, 
should  be  declared  to  be  at  the  disposal  ofPar- 
■  lianient,  and  applicable  to  the  public  sen-ice. 
And  it  appears,  that  the  aggre^te  produce  of 
tlje  said  excesses,  between  the  years  I8I6 
and  1826,  will  amount  in  the  whole  to 
j!?n, 121,938. 

That  annuities,  to  the  amount  of  ^685,5 15 
will  fall  in  between  the  years  I8O7  and  1826. 

That  it  is  projwsed  by  the  new  plan  of 
finance,  to  charge  on  tlic  ag2;regate  produce 
of  the  said  excesses  of  tlie  sinliing  fund,  and 
iipon  the  said  annuities,  the  interest  and  sink- 
ing fund  of  3o4,2oo,oool.  supplcmentar}  loans, 
and  to  impose  in  aid  of  tne  said  aggregate 
produce,  between  the  years  1810  and  18 16, 
new  taxes  to  the  amount  of  2,o51,doo1. 

That  in  addition  to  the  supplementary 
loans  80  to  be  provided  for,  it  b  proposed  by 
she  new  plan  to  raise  war  lonns  to  the  amount 
of  2Io,ooo,oool.  on  the  credit  of  the  war 
taxes,  amounting  to  21, ooo,oool. 

Tliat  the  war  and  supplementary  loans  of 
^ch  year,  added  to  90  much  of  the  war  taxes 
us  may  remain  unmortgaged,  will  produce  in 
each  year  respectirely  the  sum  of  thirty-two 
millions. 

Tliat  in  order  to  raise  the  said  sum  of  thirty- 
two  millions  ineach  year,  withoutany  mortgage 
iii)on  the  war  taxes,  there  would  be  required 
in  addition  to  the  twenty-one  millions  of  war 
taxes  an  annual  loan  of  eleven  millions  only. 

That  without  any  mortgage  ujjon  the  war 
taxes,  an  annual  loan  of  eleven  millions 
might  be  provided  for,  for  nearly  nineteen 
years,  by  tne  application  of  the  same  funds, 
viz.  the'  annuities,  amounting  to  685,5151 
the  excesses  of  the  sinking  fund,  amounting 
to  11,140,2741.  and  the  new  taxes  intended 
to  be  imposed  by  the  new  plan,  amounting  to 
2,o51,oool.  on  which  the  supplementary 
loans  are  to  be  charged. 

No.  II. — ^That  the  proposed  system  of 
finance  proceeds  gradually  to  mortgage  for  14 
years  the  whole  of  the  war  taxes  for  the  intc- 
tcsi  of  loans  in  war. 

That  ftiesc  taxes  are  not  generally  of  a  na- 
ture which  can  with  propriety  be  so  plcd^, 
as  several  of  them,  such  as  the  tax  on  ex- 
ports, the  duties  on  tea  and  on  spirits,  must 
probably  either  be  modified  or  reduced  on  a 
peace,  whilst  it  is  proposed  by  the  said 
plan,  that  the  property  tax,  amounting  to 
ll,5oo,oool.  should,  in  that  e\'ent,  be  en- 
tirely remitted ;  in  which  case  (exclusive  of 
any  mortgage  at  the  time  affecting  tlie  residue 
of  the  war  taxes)  the  portion  of  them  which 
mijglit  4x;  continued  without  material  preju- 


dice  to  the  public  revemie  beyond  the  war* 
must  be  wholly  insufficient  to  equalize  the  re- 
venue with  tlie  expenditure. 

Suppose  a  peace  establishment  at  15,ooo,ooal. 
If  the  war  taxes  were  mortgag!ed,    tbett 
would  remain. 

Land  and  malt  -----  2,75o,ooo 
Surplus  of  consolidated  fund  -  3,5oo,ooo 
Lottery       •--•---        45o,oo9 

6,700,000 

Annual  deficiency  to  be  provided 

for  by  new  loans,  or  taxes  8,3oo,ooo 

Supposing  the  |>eace  establish- 
ment to  amount  to     -    -    -     2o,ooo,oq» 

The  deficiency  to  be  provided  for, 

in  like  manner,  would  be  13,3oo,ooo 

No.  in. — ^That  the  new  plan  will  recraoe 
loans  to  a  greater  amount,  to  be  raised  im 
each  year,  than  would  be  requirM  if  the 
usual  system  of  borrowing  were  persevered  in. 

By  ine  present  system,"  in  or- 
der to  cover  a  war  expenditure  of  3£,ooo,ooo 

There  woidd  be  wan  ted  in  each 
year,  in  aid  of  the  twenty-one 
millions  war  taxes,  a  loan  of  1 1,000,000 

Amounting  in  twenty  years  to      22o,ooo,ooa 
New  Plan, 

Amount  of  the  war  loans  for 
twenty  years      -----    210^000,000 

Ditto  of  supplementary  loans 
for  ditto       -.-•--     2o4,$oo,ooD 


Total       '    4l6,2oo,ooo 

Total  excesses  by  the  new  plan, 
exclusive  of  82,ooo,oool.  borrow- 
ed on  the  war  taxes,  and  re- 
deemed within  the  period  196,200,000 

Theaveragecapitals  to  be  annually  raised  by 
the  new  plan  are 

Annual  amount    War  loan       lo^5oo,ooo 
of  loans  by  the  new  *  Sui>ple-    1    . 
plan  on  a  twenty  I  mentaiy  > 
years  average  )  ditto        \    lo,Soo,ooo 

Annual  amount  of  loans  by 
the  present  plan        -    -    -    -     11,000,000 

Average  annual  excess  of  loons 
by  new  plan     -•--.-    9,700,000 

No.  IV. — That  the  comparative  inetease  of 
the  public  debt  which  will  be  produced  by 
the  new  plans,  and  the  effect  thc^  will  haie 
on  the  proportionate  amount  of  the  sinldiiK 
fund,  by  tneir  operation  in  twenty  years,  m 
as  follows  :— 

i;ffect  ^  the  present  System. 

The  amount  of  monej  capital 

of  the  public  debt  is,  in  the 

}-earl8o7     -    -    -    -    -    363»793>7St 
The  amount  of  ditto  will  be, 

in  the  year  1826,  supposing 

deven    millions  ^rataed  in 

each  year     .    -    •    •    •    370|44d^3Qft 


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I>perease  of  debt  in  twenty 
vears,  raising  elex-eo    mil- 
lions in  each  year    -    -    •      93»35o,417 
Effect  of  the  new  Plan. 

^BDOunt  of  money  capital  of 
the  public  debt  under  the 
the  new  plan  is,  in  18o7 

The  amount  of  diuo  will  be, 
in  1826    ------ 

Increase  by  new  plan  in  twen- 
ty years    ------ 

Decrease  of  debt  by  the  pre- 
sent system »  as  above 

Increase  of  ditto  by  new  plan 

Total  increase  of  debt  ^y  new ■ 

system      - 183,894,66? 

Mffect  of  present  Plan  on  the  Sinking  Fund» 

Amount  of  sinking  fund, 'under 
the  present  system,  on  the  pub- 
lic debt,  is,  in  1807      -     -         8,515,o42 

Amount  of  ditto  will  be  in  1826    27,1 1^,881 


Plan^  of  Finance  proposed  to  Parliament.  [Il6, 

Effect  of  the  present  Stfstem^ 

Annual  loan,  1 1  ,ooo,oool.  charge 

for  interest  and  sinking  fund  '  -    733,333 

Amountof  loans  for  twenty  years, 
22o,ooo,oooL — Charge  fordit- 
to,  expiring  annuities  not  de- 
ducted       ------     14,^,660 

Effect  qffhe  new  Plan, 

Charge  of  supplementary  loans, 
amounting,  in  twenty  years, 
to  2o4,2oo,oool.  expiring  an- 
nuities not  deducted  -    •    -     14,266,3fid 

War  taxes,  mortga^  at  the  end 
of  twenty  years,  which  are  to 
beliberatea  successively,  in  the 
next  fourteen  years,  after  the 
year  1826        2  J, 000,000 

Charge  as  above,  under  the  pre-  ■ 

sent  system 14,666,66o 

Charge  under  the  new  plan,  for 
the  supplementaiy  loans  only    14,299,388 


364,993,722 

465,537,932 

90,344,210 

93,330,417 
90,344,210 


Increase  of  sinking  fund  in  twen- 

t)'>ears      ------     l8,6lo,839 

Effect  ofneic  Plan  on  the  Sinking  Fund. 

Amount  of  sinking  fund,  under 
the  new  s)^tem,  is  stated  to  be, 
in  1807 8,935,042 

Amount  of  ditto,  under  new  sys- 
tem, will  be,  in  1826         -    S6,9ol,36o 


Increase  in  twenty  years    -    -     17>966,318 
pi^Gnrence  in  favour  of  present 
system        w^    -    -     -    -    -         644,421 

60  that  the  new  plan  gives  only  26,901,360 
sinking  fund  on  a  debt  of  455,537,9321. 
whilst  the  present  system  would  give  the 
larger  sinking  Aind  of  27,115,8811.  on  the 
•mailer  debt  of  27o,443,3o5l. 

The  proportion  of  the  sinking  fund  to  the 
whole  debt  will  be,  under  the  present  plan,  in 
I826,  above  one-tenth. 

The  proportion  of  the  sinking  fund  to  the 
whole  oebt,  under  the  new  plan,  will  be,  in 
.  1 826,  about  one-seventeendi. 

Thesinking  fund,  under  the  present  plan, 
above  stated  at  27,1 15,881 1,  continues  to  in- 
crease, at  compound  interest,  afler  the  year 
1826,  till  the  whole  debt  is  redeemed. 

The  sinking  fund,  under  the  new  plan, 
having  obtained  its  maximum  of  28,155,3581. 
Jn  the  year  I82o,  descends  to  26,90 l,36ol.  in 
the  year  1826,  and  must  continue  to  decline 
kfter  that  period^  so  long  as  the  excesses  shall 
^  deducted. 

No.  V. — That  an  increase  of  chaiges,  for 
the  interest  and  sinking  fund  of  loans,  for  the 
twenty  years,  must  take  place,  under  the 
new  plan,  -compared  with  the  like  charge, 
^hich  would  take  place,  were  the  present 
^'stem  persevered  ]xi.  ^ 


Difference  -  -  -  370,27^ 
War  taxes,  mortgaged  as  above, 

for  war  loans,  according  to  the 

new  plan        21,ooo,ooo 

Ditto  according  to  the  present 

system       ------      I^il. 

No.  VI. — ^That  the  ways  and  means  pro- 
posed by  the  new  plan,  to  prevent  the  necei^ 
sity  of  imposing  new  taxes,  to  any  conside- 
rable amount,    viz.  the  expiring  annuities, 
together  with  the  excesses  of  thesmkmgfund, 
above  the  interest  of  the  unredeemed  debt, 
are  equally  applicable  pro  I  onto,  to  mitigate 
their  mcrease,  under  any  other  mode  of  raising 
loans,  which  may  be  decided  oUi     The  means 
proposed  by   the  new  plan  of  defraying  the 
mterest  and  sinking  fund  of  the  supplement 
tary  loans,  areas  follow:  I 
iWluce  of  the  excess  of  the  sink- 
ing  fund,    between   181 6  and 
1826,  above  the  interest  of  the 
unredeemed  debt    -    -    -    .     11,122,8Q9 
Applicable  by  falling  in  of  annu- 
ities         683,09« 

New  permanent  taxes  proposed 
by  the  new  plan,  to  be  raised 
between  1810  and  I8I7,  to 
amountof 2,051,000 


Total  -    .  -13,856.861 

Charge  of  supplementary  loans,  -— .^— ^ 

annuities  not  deducted    -    -  -  14,296,388 

Ways  and  means  as  above     -  -  ^3,856,000 


Remains  to  be  provided  for    -    -       440,388 

Charge  for  the  total  amount  of 
loans  at  the  rate  of  £l  i  ,000,000 
a  jrear,  under  the  present  system 
at  jg733,333  for  interest  and 
sinking  fund,  the  expiring  an- 
nuities not  deducted    -    .  .  •    -  l4,656,e6Q 


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%i9ri 


Plans  of  Fmance  propoud  to  ParGamtM/, 


£1164 


il^tst  H j^»  ftnd  ui^jtt*  a«  'A/ov^  for 
l4Mf*t(  tbr  Mitrr^fti  mkl  tinking 

nu#/  U«|/|'l(r4 I3,$56,86l 

lljrMiMii»»lo()cpr(;irMlrdformor- 

lU'f  u>  cover  uic  c^iarf^  ...  809,709 
'llitt  K  ihtrtrfon  Mppc^irff,  that  the  iDcanf 
lo  be  ii|<|)liH  uti<ier  tlie  new  lyftem  to  rlefray 
llie  dlur^l}  for  inU'rett  atiH  linking  fund  on 
lh«  NUj;|»lrMi<'ntary  lonni  elotie  wtnild  (exclii- 
iive  or  Hny  inoriri>i(r«  on  the  war  lonnn),  with 
ihe  addition  oi'  tu\r§  Ui  the  amount  of 
Jt'^^fij)A\  I  defray  llic  Uttal  charge  of  the  loam 
r«ii|uirr4|  to  complete  the  fund  of /'3i;,0(K),ooo 
Amidlly  for  war  rx|)endiiure,  without  the  iic- 
cu««iiy  of  ony  haumbruncc  wlmtoer  of  the 
wur  (ttK«*. 

No.  VII.— That  the  comparotiTc  effects 
^vhii'h  will  he  proiluriHj  on  the  public  income 
by  ihe  two  »)iitrinft,  on  return  of  V)eacc,  and 
4111  the  forumiiun  of  a  peace  ettut)lUhmeDt« 
aru  u«  ftdlow  i 

Vndcf  th$  pr$ient  Plan, 
There  would  he  no  chartc  whatever  upon 
tny  jMri  of  the  war  taxet.  The  whole  twen- 
ty -oite  luillloni  would  remoin  free.  The  pro- 
]Htriy  iUHi  or  whutever  |iorlion  of  the  other 
Yt^t  taxtii  were  not  required  towards  making 
%n  adeqtiaie  proviaioo  (or  the  peace  est«ihlish- 
nieuti  ml^t  he  immediately  remiitod.  lea- 
^\\\$  thai  reaouree  unpWdgcil  aiMi  avadable  on 
^«  wctuwKt  of  war, 

Vnin  tkf  Heir  jy^/mi, 
Whew  peace  takre  |4ace»  a  con^derable 

trt»  if  noi  tht  wh<4e  if  the  >^af  uxc*  will 
\«  been  nH^n|ia^«  In  the  latter  case 
there  ^^ill  only  n«\ain  a  dear  reveiuje  of 
jfX^,7tK\lHH)  imuwvU^tely  appUcuble  to  sup- 
l^oH  the  eh^iyv*  of  a  peace  e*iAblishmciu. 

It  appears  thai*  m  I WitK  the  exer»  of  the 
umautkii^  ftwul  wdl  be 0^)67 .V^tl—h*  this 
aMM«haUb»then  pnri^bh^pphed  to  Hbe- 
«»tt  a  pavt  e<f  the  Mopeny  W  mort^^w^  for 
%h«  xvi«  4ebl»  tlie  ie«MUkMkr  ef  the  pn>(rm 
%a\»  aiMlaQtWwArU\e«»  wdt  bi'coww  per- 
VUMW4M  ta.v(«w  a«4  part  eX  tW  ci>o^)kUtevi 
^M)A  a«4  W  «¥Mt^«|fr.'^  hVe  the  ctK<f  |M.t> 
\H  tkvAt  ftM4  fi^  the  wAcwfriiw  g*  tr^mj^- 
4leVt ;  a«MA  tiMi  per^Mftt  dkW»  tKw  cec^K&tt- 
fii  Uil^  a  cv«MM«Mi  Jkbt*  aMkU  tUe  ^Wocnruo  oii 
lk<r  p^»ce  f<4»blte^aMmU  «Miat  be  im.^jkjea 
t^tv  either  bv  dN«li  U.\e«i^  w  l9ce«K  Vmoo. 

>J<^  YIU  -*TW  th*  sum  »wr  eK'nea  ■it- 
VfjST  aNV«»».  i^f^Mr^4  w  a^I  sri'  iSt  :«vuc%- 
fM*  «»itiHNfM»  %tf  viLVVN.  I»  «^Mt'  .at^  :Ut  war 

x*sv  ba  4evW*ft)  *Mfc.^  Nvvoiii^i  si*  ta*  artk>i*uTa:  . 


I  new  mtcm*  and  withnot  mikki^  wo  ooofr- 
derable  an  additaoo  to  the  debt  as  will  be 
made,  sboold  the  new  syncm  be  csanaed  una 
execmioo. 

'Hie  flam    reqoiied  as  above  to 

provide  for  a  looo  of  ^erca 

niillionf  per  annuniy  for  2o 

year*,  b I4,666,660l. 

The  resources  araHable  amount  to  13,856,86 1 


DeficiencT  809,799 

Til  is  de^clcnoy  of  809,7991.  exceedu^  only 
by  369,4311.  the  charges  for  supplccnentaiy 
loansy  would  remain  an  additional  chai]^  tio 
be  provided /or. 

Ai  the  charges  upon  a  loan  of  eleven  iDiV> 
lions  would  in  each  year  amount  to  733»333t. 
if  it  should  be  thouglit  fit^  io  aid  of  the  an- 
nuities, to  raise  only  the  precise  amomit  of 
taxes  proposed  by  the  new  plan  to  be  impoaed 
in  the  6r«t  ten  years,  until  the  excesses  of  the 
sinking  fund  snail  arise  in  I8I6;  the  differ- 
ence between  the  above  funds  and  the  annual 
charge  of  733,333  (amounting,  on  an  are* 
m^,  to  489,682  a  year)  must  be  added,  as  it 
arises,  to  the  loan  of  the  year ;  the  iiitcFesf 
and  sinking  fund  thereon  amounting  to  aboor 
33,oool.  a  year,  to  be  defrayed  in  the  6rst  in- 
stance out  of  the  consolidated  fund»  and  to 
l>e  afterwards  replaced  out  of  the  excrwrs  of 
sinking  fund,  as  they  accnie. 

No.  IX. — That  nearly  the  saone  icsnlta 
may  be  produced,  by  detirmining,  that  when 
tl\e*  loan  of  the  year  in  war  does  not  exceed 
the  amount  of  the  sinking  fund  in  the  said 
year,  instead  of  making  piovistoD  far  the  ia- 
tercst  of  the  said  loan  by  new  tuDrs,  the  s 
shall  be  provided  for,  by  and  o«t  of  the 
test  recetx-able  on  the  amoynt  of  :«  ~  ' 
x-ear,  redeemed  by  the  rnaianiiUMiarri  cf  the 
natiooal  debt :  in  which  cue,  the  aflDOHat  of 
debt  uniedecnKd  viU 
durisi^  w;ftr. 

The  sinking  fund  is  at  present        9y5lS^fP4SL 
Uwillbein  181!        >    .    .       Il^i-M^JST^ 
In  (but  Tears  therdbre  firm  the  pRsexsc  cunc; 
tu>  new  bxe>  -w  lU  be  R«^uircd  ,xhc  c' 
ubjutira:  the  sinw.  htwiOCT  ionj;  tl 

•w  Ai  the  ctce*  ct"  ibe  war^  *wsen  tlae  ^ 

:h«  piuchjtfe  \)f  swck  c^  uie 
vxin^  ccc:.:nui!ii  ia   cre 
otfvoocctf  u^e  5tniL^ii  'una. 

That  u^f  chance*  vr  fcur  yeae 

J  lie  erciiit  sac  3Sk*^  i^ 
T.i3ur»  t«\tapeii  at  tacii  jar  ir 

"  b«  aiac*s  S9  T»  be    m|a.'a<tt  ctetBrn.  imtm  ap 


Digit 


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U65'] 


Plans  of  Finance  proposed  to  Parliament. 


[1168 


posed  by  the  new  plan  to  be  imposed  between 
1810  and  1817;  by  which  plan,  the  war 
ta.xes  are  at  the  same  time  nrogressively  ab- 
sorbed and  pledged  for  the  redemption  of  the 
loans  rai&td  ujx>n  them. 
According  to  this  plan,  the  debt 

would  continue  stationary  at   369,390,88? 

throughout  the  war. — 

Amount  of  debt  in  1826,  by  new 

plan         - 455,517,932 

Ditto  in  1820,  by  this  plan        369,390,887 
Difference  of  tltbt  in  favour  of    ■ — 

this  plan -     86,147,045 

And  no  war  tnxes  arc  mortgaged. 

No.  X. — ^Tnot  the  expence  of  raising  any 
given  amount  of  loan  on  the  present  system  ; 
viz.  by  asinj^leloan,  with  a  sinking  fund  of 
one  percent,  as  compared  witli  the  principle 
of  tnv  i.cw  plan  of  raising  the  same  amount 
by  double  and  concurrent  loans;  the  one 
raised  upon  a  fund  of  ten  per  cent,  for  interest 
and  siiiking  fund;  the  other  raised  upon  a 
fund  of  six  percent,  for  interest  and  sinking 
fund ;  calculating  the  p^ivments  on  account 
thereof,  from  the  coumitnccment  to  the  fitial 
liquidation  of  the  said  loan,  is  as  follows, 
the  sinking  fund  in  both  cases  being  taken  on 
the  money,  instead  of  the  nominal  capital : 

Suppose  12,ooo,oool.  to  be  raised. 
New  Plan. ' 
Ten  per  cent,  interest  and  sink- 
ing fund  on  12,ooo,oool.  for  one 

year    -------         l,2oo,ooo 

A  like  charge  for  13  years  more, 

at  which  time  the  principal  is 

redeemed    ------     1 5,600,000 


Total  payments  16,800.000 

To  cover  the  interest  and  sinking  fund  of 

l,2oo,oool.  at  six  oercent.  a  fund  of  72,oool. 

must  be  providea  in  each  of   the  fourteen 

years, — the  amount  tliereof  is  l,oo8,oool. 
The  latter  sunt  being  raised  on  a  one  per 

cent,  sinking  fund,  may  be  considered  as  an 

annuity  of  loriy-thrce  years. 

Payments  on  account  thereof       43,344,ooo 

Payments  as  above        .     •    -     16,800,000 

Total  payments  6o,144,ooo 

present  St/siem. 
The  interest  and  sinking  fund  on  a  loan  of 
12,ooo,oool.  at  six  per  cent,  amounts  per  an- 
num to  72o,oool. 

This  charge  being  raised  on  a  one  percent, 
sinking  fund,  may  be  considered  as  an  an- 
nuity of  forty-three  years. 
•  payments  to  be  made  on  account 

thereof  till  its  redemption         30,960,000 

.  Payments  on  new  systcfn,  upon 

a  loan  of  12,ooo,*o(H)l.  -  -  6o,]44,ooo 
Ditto  on  present  system  -  -  30,960,000 
Jixccss  of  the  charge  of  rcdemp-i 

^ion  by  new  sjhUHa        -    -    29,184,000 


The  tollowing  statements,  as  our  rea- 
ders will  perceive,  had  not  escaped  us. 
in  our  introduction  to  the  present  impor- 
tant article.    We  most  acknowledge  that 
the  pressure  of  the  m6ment  gives  addi- 
tional weight  to  the  representations  of 
the  committee  of  ship  owners.    But,  we 
have  supposed  that  whenever  peace  should 
take  place,  those  imposts  which  burthen- 
ed  the  commerce  of  the  country,  in  any 
considerable  degree,  would  be  removed, 
from  this  particular  department  of  nation- 
al concern,  and  would  be  replaced    by 
others,  of  equal  security  to  the  stockholder, 
and  of  more  general  collection  from  the 
community.      In  the    mean    while,    if 
our  information  be  correct,  the  eastern 
parts  of  the  kingdom  are  carrying  on  ship- 
building to  an  enlarged  extent,  and  these 
are  flourisliing;  while  the  port  of  London 
is  making  representations.    The  building 
of  large  ships  appears  to  be  that  particular 
branch  which  suffers  most,  because  the 
investment  of  capital  is  so  much  longer 
in   these  thnn  in  others,  before  it  pro- 
duces any    advantage   by    returns.      la 
the  year  1805,  the  decrease  of  large  Tea- 
sels built  iu  Great  Britain  was  5f  -,  the  in* 
crease  of  small  vessels  was  57 ;  of  course 
the  decrease  on  the  general  tonnage  was 
considerable,  and  there  was  less  work  for 
the  ship-builder.    But,  besides  the  port  of 
London,  Bristol  also,  and  Liverpool  have 
decreased  in  ship-building  >  and  this  leads 
to  the  idea  that  the  increased  expenses  of 
living,  &c.  in  large  towns  has  a  detri- 
mental etfect  on  workmanship  and  trades^ 
which  may  be  equally  well  carried  on 
elsewhere.    It  agrees  also  with  the  in- 
crease of  small  vessels,  since  vessels  of 
the  larger  classes  are  not    those  which 
principally  occupy  the  dock  yards  of  Yar- 
mouth, Newcastle,  or  Sunderland. 

We  flatter  ourselves,  wiiatever  sue* 
pension  of  our  trade  the  present  circnra- 
stances  of  the  Continent  may  occasion, 
that  they  will  not  be  permanent :  The 
minister  has  lately  proposed  a  bounty  on 
the  exportation  of  refined  sugar  of  lOs. 
per  cwt  J  of  raw-sugars  2s.  under  40s. 
value :  and  Is.  under  45s.  He  has  also 
proposed  to  favour  the  consumption  of 
rum,  by  laying  an  additional  duty  of  2«. 
6d.  per  gallon  on  brandy.  But  the  be- 
nefits to  be  derived  from  these  assistances 
cannot  be  immediate. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Shin 
Owners  for  tlie  port  of  London,  held  this  r^tli 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


11671 


tiesolutions  qf  the  Ship  Owners, 


[lifiB 


day  of  Fcbroarv,  t80^,  Thomas  Brown,  Esq. 
in 'the  chair.  The  Secretary  read  the  fpUow- 
h\^exlract5  from  the  first  /w 2 n/frf resolution  to 
be  proposed  on  the  finances  of  the  country, viz. 
'  ••  That  the  several  Duties  of  Customs 
grsmted  to  his  Majesty  by  an  Act  of  the  43d 
ycaf  of  his  present  Majesty,  entitided,  "  An 
Act  for  granting  to  his  Majesty  fifwrfng  Mf 
present  tear,  and  until  the  ratification  of  a  de- 
finitive treaty  of  peace,  additional  duties  on 
the  importation  and  exportation  of  certain 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandize,  on  the  Ton- 
nage of  ships  and  vessels  in  Great  Britain  ;'* 
by  an  Act  of  the  44th  year  of  his  present 
Majesty,  intituled,  "  An  'Act  for  granting  to 
bis  Majesty,  during  the  present  war,  additi- 
onal duties  on  the  importation  of  certain 
gpods,  &c.  into  Great  Britain,  and  on  goods, 
ws^res,  or  merchandize,  brought  or  carried 
eoattwise,  within  Great  Britain,  and  by  an- 
other Act  of  the  4()th  year  of  his  present  Ma- 
jesty, intitided,  ••  An  Act  for  granting  to  his 
i^Iajesty  during  the  present  war,  and  for  six 
*  months  after  the  expiration  thereof,  arfrfi/fona/ 
duties  on  certain  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
dizes, imiwrtcd  into  and  exported  from,  or 
brought  or  carried  coastwise  within  Great  Bri- 
tain, shall  be  further  granted  and  continued, 
mnA  shall  be  payable  in  such  proportions,  and 
ibr  stick  further  terms,  as  may  be  directed  by 
any  Act  or  Acts  of  Parlianient  hereqfter  to  be 
pissed  for  defraying  the  charge  of  any  Loan 
or  Loans,  to  be  charged  thereon,  in  manner 
thereaAer  mentioned  ;"  that  is  to  say,  that  the 
Loans  to  be  raised  on  the  credit  of  the  said 
duties,  shall  be  subject  to  certain  char§;es 
therein  mentioned,  until*  by  the  operation 
thereof,  an  amount  of  capital'siock  created'in 
censoquenceof  such  Loans  respectively,  shall 
bavc  been  purchased  or  redeemed,  and  that 
whmever  and  so  soon  as  such  amount  of  ca- 
ptul  stock  shall  have  been  so  purchased  or  re- 
deepied,  the  same  shall  be  at  the  disposal  of 
parliament** 

1.  It  appearing  to  this  meeting,  the  adop- 
tion of  the  said  resolution  bv  Parliament  must 
inevitably  be  attended  with  the  most  ruin- 
ous consequences 40  the  Shipping  Interest  of 
this  country, 

-  Resolved  unanimously,  that  the  Ship  Own- 
en  in  London,  and  that  the  Out-ports  should 
immediately  petition  both  Houses  of  Pirlia- 

.  ment,  imploring  them  not  to  accede  to  any 
proposition  which  may  be  made  to  the  Legis- 
bture  to  continue  the'  duties  on  the  Tonnage 
of  British  Shipping,  after  the  termination  of 
the  present  war:  humbly  submitting,  that 
such  a  measure  would  at  any  time  be  produc- 
tive of  the  most  serious  danger  to  the  British 
Navigation,  but  in  the  present  depressed  state 
of  Bntish  Shipping,  the  mischievous  effecte 
thereof  would  be  seriously  felt,  immediately 
on  the  return  of  peace,  which  statement  they 
arc  more  encouraged  to  make,  as  the  most  so- 
lemn assurances  were  given  by  his  Majesty** 


Government,  in  1802,  and  1803,  both  publid^ 
and  privately,  thsit  the  duties  should  cease 
with  the  war :  that  the  well-grounded  ap* 
prehensions  they  entertained,  are  very  mudi 
mcreased  by  the  Act  of  last- session,  perma- 
nently suspending  the  Navigation  Laws,  un- 
der which  the  maritime  power  of  Great  Bri- 
tain hasiiKreased  to  its  present  strength. 

2.  That  the  said  resolution  also  extending 
to  continue  the  war  duties  on  British  manu- 
factures exported  and  carried  coeistwise,  a 
further  bad  consequence  must  folknv  tlim* 
from,  to  the  Shipping  Interest,  as  every  dis- 
couragement to  the  export  thereof,  xnnst  pro- 
duce an  effect  on  the  Ship  Owners,  and  as  on 
that  part  of  the  subject  the  merchants  and 
manufacturers  have  an  immediate  concern. 


Resolved  unanimously,  that  an  early 
munication  be  had  with  the  trading  and  ma» 
m^'acturing  interests,  to  call  their  attention 
not  only  to  the  probable  consequence  of  the 
said  resolution,  out  to  the  present  lamentabk 
state  of  British  Shipping — to  the  depression  in 
the  markets  of  all  sorts  of  West  India  and 
East  India  produce  aiul  manufactures,  and  to 
the  8tac;nation  of  trade  in  general,  principalhf 
resulting  from  the  relaxation  of  our  old  mari- 
time regulations,  and  to  the  indulcences 
which  have  been  afforded  by  the  Britisk  Go- 
vernment to  Neutrals,  both  in  the  trade  of 
the  countries  of  the  enemies  of  Great  Bricaio, 
and  in  the  trade  of  the  king's  dominions; 
pointing  out  the  necessity  of  reverting  to  the 
old  policy  under  which  we  have  grown  to  oar 
present  greatness,  and  urging  them' to  obtain, 
'ihrough  the  medium  of  their  representatircs 
in  Parliament,  a  strict  adherence  in  future  ta 
the  Navigation  and  Colonial  system  of  Great 
Britain,  &ai  a  firm  asserUon  ot  our  belligpent 
rights,  which  would  be  attended  with  n^caJ- 
culable  advantages  to  the  commerce,  manu- 
factures, and  revenue  of  the  country,  and 
would,  at  the  same  time,  contribute  essentially 
to  the  dignity  of  his  Majesty's  crown,  as  well 
as  to  the  safety  and  welfare  of  his  people,  un* 
til  he  can  obtam  a  safe,  honourable,  and  lastio^ 
peace. 

Resolved  unanimously,  that  these  resecti- 
ons be  printed,  and  transmitted  by  the  secre- 
tary, to  the  members  of  Parliament  for  the 
City  of  London,  and  Borough  of  Southwark ; 
and  also  to  the  members  for  the  maritime^nd 
manufacturing  counties,  and  for  the  outrpoits 
and  manufacturing  towns. 


We  have  reason  to  think  that  we  skaU 
he  able  to  comprise  in  our  supplbmsht 
additional  statements  9n  the  subject  4^  the 
NATIONAL  FINANCES .'  together  witk  a 
complete  view  of  the  products  of  the  taxeB 
for  the  year  1805 — I8O6,  taken  quarter* 
ly.  To  that,  therefore y  we  refer  »u^ 
headers,  for  further  information. 


Digitized 


by  Google 


it^l 


Th$Wbrls 


(Emres  de  Lauis  Xir.    Tho  Works  of 

Louis  XIV.     [Concluded  from  P^o* 

rama,  p.  954  ] 

Tb£  philosophic  mind  contemplates 
ii^iCb  wonder  the  pursatts  and  objects  of 
mankind^  but  with  nt  least  equal  wonder 
the  means  employed  to  accomplish  them. 
That  the  ambition  of  an  individual  should 
lead  thousands  to  slaughter,  perplexes  the 
man  who  sees  in  ambition  itself  nothing 
worth  striving  for  j  but,  when  the  effects 
of  corruption  are  displayed  to  his  view, 
he  is  forced  to  ackoowlec^,  in  the  con- 
duct of  naortals^  such  intricacies  as  baffle 
«very  proposition  of  what  man  should 
be;  and  while  they  excite  applause  at  his 
Address  and  dexterity,  excite  no  less  dis- 
gost  at  his  meanness  and  depravity. 

That  labour  of  the  body  should  be  paid 
for,  by  the  means  of  supporting  the 
Jbody,  is  a  principle  obvious  in  its  nature, 
•ad  easy  in  its  application :  but,  that 
loental  sentinoenl  »ould  be  thoi^htan 
article  of  barter  and  sale,  is  astoni&ing! 
That  any  one  should  be  mean  enough  to 
wish  to  buy  it,  that  any  one  «bouM  be 
unthinking  enough  to  sell  it,  when  chaf- 
fered for,  and  cheapened,  exceeds  the 
comprehension  of  those,  who  happilj, 
for  thenaselves,  have  made  some  proaciea- 
«y  in  the  principles  of  rectitude.  But, 
where  a  conununity  is  numerous,  theprin- 
ciples  which  form  its  bonds,  are  seldom 
well  understood  and  appreciated  by  all  its 
members  However  noble,  however  ex- 
ceUeoe,  they  may  be,  some  will  bein- 
sensible  to  their  dignity,  and  indifiereat 
to  their  excellence.  And  these,  on  the 
aoere  appearance  of  an  advantage  which 
aihiret  diem,  wilf  be  tempted  to  separate 
finooi  their  okl  connections,  and  abandon 
without  reoQorse  those  engagements  which 
were  either  expressed^  or  implied,  in 
ilieir  original  association. 

This  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  when  the 
subject  of  change  is  religion.  When 
from  motiTes  of  great  interest  we  see  a 
change  effected^  of  which  we  have  reason 
to  think  conviction  was  not  the  cause,  it 
excites  our  regret :  what  then  shall  we 
•inr,  to  the  purchase  of  the  acquiescence 
of  conscience,  or  of  any  principle  pn> 
tending  similarity  to  conscience,  at  the 
pnce,-*the  fixed  price,  of  a  few  shillings  ? 
would  any  man  act.  thus  In  matters  of 
merchandize  ?  If  broadcloth  were  offer- 
ed at  a  few  pence  per  yard,  who  would 

YquI     IJUt.  Pun.  March  I8O7.] 


if  ImU  xnr.  \f\io 

even  condescend  to  look  at  it  \  and  wfesft 
woold  be  said  of  the  merchant  who  offer-* 
ed  it  ?  Tmsel  may  be  bought  cheap  \ 
but  not  gold,  for  in  that  is  an  intrinsic 
value.  To  effect  conviction,  reason  re- 
quires argument  j  religion  requires  the 
authority  of  him  who  imututed  it.  To 
matters  of  faith,  gold  has  no  relevance  \ 
but,  that  It  may  produce  a  corrupt  io« 
ffuence,  or  where  corruption  is  already 
extant,  th^t  it  may  give  it  a  certain  di- 
rection, are  truths  which  none  acquainted 
with  the  human  heart  will  deny.  And 
we  are  now  to  witness  that  depravity  in  a 
king,  which  .supposed  that  conversioa 
from  one  religious  persuasion  to  another> 
might  be  effected  by  purchase,  and  that 
the  party  thus  bought,  would  be  by  so' 
much  a  better  subject,  as  the  expense  df 
his  conversion  had  amounted  to.  We 
shall  state  in  Louis's  own  words  his  no- 
tions on  the  subject  of  Protestantism  ih 
general ;  and  shall  then  see  the  means  be 
adopted  for  its  extirpation  in  France. 
ProtetkanUt* 

And  as  to  this  great  number  of  my  sab> 
jecte  who  profess  the  religion  called  r^ormed, 
which  was  an  evil  I  always  did,  and  still  do, 
consider  with  srief,  I  formed  e?en  then  the 
plan  of  my  wnole  conduct  towards  them ; 
which  I  na?e  reason  to  be  satis6ed  witb» 
since  it  has  pleased  God*  that  it  should  pro- 
dnce  a  very  great  number  of  conversions,  at 
it  continues  to  do  daily. 

It  appeared  to  me,  my  son,  that  those 
who  advised  violent  remeaies,  did  not  know 
the  nature  of  the  evil.  It  is  in  great  measure 
owing  to  the  inflamed  state  of  niir^  which 
must  be  suffered  to  become  sober,  and  to 
cool  gfodually,  instead  of  exciting  them 
afresh  by  so  violent  contradictions,  which  are 
besides,  always  useless,  when  oomtption  is 
not  limited  to  a  few  known  people,  oat  per- 
vades the  whole  kingdom.  As  Jar  as  I  could 
understand,  the  hnor^net  ff  cknrchmen  in 
former  eenfvrtes,  their  luxury,  their  debauch* 
fry,  the  lad  examples  they  set,  and  thuse 
they  were,  in  consetptenee  forced  to  tolerate  % 
in  short,  the  abases  of  every  kind  they  con* 
nived  at,  in  the  condnct  ^  individuals,  con^ 
trary  to  the  rules  and  kniten  decisions  (f  the 
church,  have  contributed  more  than  any 
thing  else,  to  the  deep  wounds  it  has  re* 
ceivedfrom  schism  and  heresy. 

The  new  reformers  evidently  spoke  the 
truth  in  many  matters  of  fact  ot  this  nature ; 
which  they  condemned^  with  equal  justico 
and  severity.^  They  misled  their  iollowcrs  in 
points  of  belief ;  but  it  is  not  in  tlie  power  of 
the  multitude  to  discover  n  well  disguis«d 
fah^hoed,   when  it    u,    bciides,    loaceukd 


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Thi  Works  tf  Louis  TCIT. 


inn 


Among  ft  immber  of  undeniable  truths.  In  \ 
.the  bc^i lining  it  was  only  some  trifling  differ- 
ences in  opinion,  and  which,  I  understand, 
^e  proteiitants  of  Grermany,  and  the  Hu-* 
guenots  of  France,  consider  now  as  of  no 
great  moment.  T.icsc  soon  produced  a  wider 
breach  ;  and  this  was  principally  owing  to 
the  indiscreet  liarshncss  used  towards  a  bold 
and  daring  man,  who,  seeing  that  he  could 
not  recede  with  honour,  engaged  deeper  in 
tm  quarrel,  and  ppvin^  himself  up  entirely 
to  the  impulse  of  hi.^  imagination,  took  the 
liberty  of  examining  what  he  had  before  re- 
oeiTed  as  incontrovertible,  and  promised  man- 
kkul  an  easier  and  shorter  way  of  effecting 
their  salvation  i  a  sure  methoa  of  flattering 
the  worldly,  and  of  gaining  the  multitude. 
Many  were  seduced  by  the  lore  of  novelty. 
Various  interests  of  |)riuces  soon  became  im- 
plicated in  ihia  quarrel.  Wars  in  Germany, 
and  aflerwardt  in  France,  increased  the  ani- 
.mosity  of  the  supporters  of  the  bad  cause : 
the  lower  people  were  still  more  convinced  of 
the  truth  of  a  religion,  for  which  its  follow- 
ers had  braved  so  many  dangers ;  fathers, 
full  of  this  prejudice,  transmitted  it  to  their 
children  with  as  much  acrimony  as  they 
^ould  instill  into  their  minds ;  but  in  fact, 
time  moderates  this  passion,  as  it  does  all 
others,  which  often  subside  the  sooner  by 
not  being  violently  oj>posed. 

From  this  general  knowledge,  I  thought, 
my  son,  that  the  best  way  to  reduce  j;ra- 
dually  the  number  of  Huguenots  in  my  kmg- 
dom,  was,  in  the  hrst  place,  by  no  means 
lo  press  them  by  any  new  measure  of  seve- 
rity, and  to  inforce  the  ob6er\ance  of  the 
immunities  they  had  obtained  from  my  pre- 
decessors, but  to  grant  them  nothing  furtner, 
and  to  limit  their  lefiect  to  the  strictest  bounds, 
justice  and  decency  eould  allow.  For  that 
purpose,  that  very  yftr  Cl()6l)  I  named  com- 
missioners to  carry  the  Edit  de  Nantes  into 
execution.  I  took  care  in  tlM  mean  time  to 
•top  every  where  the  enterprises  of  tlie  reli- 
gionists [He  means  their  exercising  their 
religion  in  places  which  were  not  privileged, 
and  which  he  mentions  afterwards.].  . .  .but 
as  to^the  favours,  which  depend^  on  me 
alone,  I  resolved,  and  I  have  pretty  well 
kept  my  resolution,  not  to  grant  them  any ; 
.  and  this  from  tenderness  rather  than  from' 
aeverity,  to  induce  them,  thus,  to  consider 
now  and  then,  within  themselves,  and  with- 
out compulsion,  whether  it  was  upon  good 
grounds  they  voluntarily  deprived  themselves 
of  the  advantages  they  misht  have  in  com- 
mon with  the  rest  of  my  suojects. 

To  avail  myself,  however,  of  their  then 
state  of  mind  which  promised  that  they 
would  listen  more  willingly  ihap  formerly  to 
what  might  be  said  to  undeceive  them,  1  also 
.  resolved,  to  allure  even  by  reconripenses  those 
who  might  prove  tractafclej    to  excite  the 


bifhops  as  much  as  I  could,  to  labour  at  their 
instruction,  and  to  remove  the  scandals  wliich 
sometimes  alienated  them  from  ns ;  and 
lastly,  never  on  any  account  to  fill  the  sees, 
and  other  chuich  livings,  in  my  gift,  with 
other  than  men  of  piety,  applicatioQ,  ami 
learning,  iable  to  repair,  w  a  conduct  oppo- 
site to  that  of  their  predecessors,  the  nufr- 
fortunes  these  had  chiefly  broiiig^t  oa  the 
church.  ' 

But  I  am  still  very  far,  mj  son,  from  har- 
ing  employed  aH  the  means  I  have  iu  view  to 
recover  by  gentle  methods  those  whom  thdr 
birth,  their  education,  and  more  (reqtiently  aa 
unenlightened  zeal  entande  bond  Me^  in 
those  pernicious  errors.  I  hope,  then^9fe» 
that  I  shall  have  other  opportunities  of  ie> 
suming  this  subject,  without  escpUining^  w 
you,  before  hand,  desfgns,  in  which  tune 
and  circumstanoes  may  occasion  a  thousand 
changes. 

The  project  of*  converting  the  Hugue- 
nots, and  of  uniting  the  two  persoanom 
which  Louts  wisb^  to  effect  by  gentle 
means,  bad  long  before  occupied  the  at- 
tention of  the  French  government ;  it  bad 
been  often  taken  up,  and  as  often  laid 
aside)  and  was  among  the  grand  con- 
ceptions of  Cardinal  Richelieu.  As  earij 
as  the  year  l66d,  Louis  the  XIV*8  coun- 
cil resumed  this  subject  very  attentivelj. 
The  monarch,  as  was  tisual  with  him  in 
all  weighty  affairs,  consulted  the  Mv- 
shall  Turenne.  The  answer  of  thu 
great  man  (published  in  the  collection  be- 
ibre  us)  evinces  a  spirit  of  nooderatioB 
and  candour,  which  converts  seldom  pro- 
fess towards  the  religious  opinions  thej 
have  abandoned ;  nor  is  it  unreasonahle 
to  suppose,  that  it  was  in  some  roeasore 
owing  to  his  advice,  that  vic^ent  means 
were  not  then  resorted  to.  In  16^  the 
quarrels  about  Jansenism  being  in  some 
degree  compromised,  the  intolerant  party 
thoyight  this  a  fair  opportunity  of  i^in 
urgine  the  necessity  of  an  uniformity  of 
beiiet;  and  a  memorial  was aocordingly 
presented  to  Louis  XIV,  the  original 
manuscript  of  which  is  preserved  in  th« 
archives  of  the  secretaries  of  state,  with 
simply  tills  note  from  the  king,  Mewntrial 
to  keep.  Its  title  is  **  Religions  and  Stats 
Coasiderationii,  to  shew  the  existing  ne- 
cessity, and  possibility,  of  uniting  the 
Heretics  of  Frapce  with  the  Catlx^ic 
church/*  It  proposed  the  revocation  of 
the  Edit  de  Nantes,  as  a  matter  whose 
execution  alone  was  wanting  completely 
to  restore^peace  to  the  choich  5  it  also  ad- 


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1173] 

vised,  to  gain  over  about  fifly  ministers, 
to  assemble  tbem  in  a  synod,  to  open 
conferences  between  them  and  catholic 
doctors,  in  which  those  ministers,  bought 
over  before  hand,  would  unite  with  the 
catholic  church  j  to  repeal  afterwards  the 
Edit  de  Nantes,  as  Useless  ;  and  to  obtain 
from  the  Pope  a  dispensation  of  some 
Romish  practises,  in  tavour  of  the  most 
scrupulous  protestants. 
'  These  ideas  were  certainly  present  to 
the  mind  of  Louis  XIV,  when  he  was 
writing,  a  few  months  afterwards,  (I670) 
/  am  still  very  far,  my  son,  from  having 
employed  all  trie  means  I  have  in  view, 
fiSfc.  yet  there  is  abundant  reason  to 
suppose  that  the  measures  recommended  in 
this  memorial  were  not  the  means  he 
then  alluded  to.  It  is  more  probable  that 
he  had  another  plan  in  contemplation  at 
that  time,  though  he  did  not  carry  it  into 
execution  till  afterwards:  and  this  sup 
position  is  strengthened,  by  the  circum- 
stance of  Pelisson,  who  wrote  his  memo- 
tial  under  him,  having  been  his  principal 
agent  in  it ;  what  this  plan  was  we  may 
learn  fi-om  M.  Rhulieres,  the  judicious 
writer  of  lc$  Eclaircissements  htstoriyues 
sur  les  Causes  de  la  Evocation  de  tEdit  de 
Nantes }  nor  can  the  details  he  gives, 
which  are  but  little  known,  be  deemed 
irrelevant  to  our  subject,  as  they  form 
a  necessary  appendix,  and  actually  com- 
plete this  part  of  Louis  the  XIV *s  memo- 
rials. After  explaining  that  towards  the 
year  1676,  Louis,  from  some  scruples  of 
conscience,  parted  with  Madame  de  Monte- 
span,  who  soon  afterwards,  however, 
reassumed  her  ascendency  over  him  5  M. 
Bhulieres  adds. 

The  king  in  this  new  fit  of  devotion,  or 
perhaps,  lo  make  some  atoncmciU  for  this 
relapse,  applied  the  third  part  of  the  Econo- 
mats  (a  revenue  arising  from  church  hands) 
to  the  conversion  of  heretics.  This  applica- 
tion was  kept  secret  for  a  sufficient  length  of 
time }  cither,  from  an  apprehension  of  dis- 
crediting the  conversions,  or  rather  from  that 
^nse  of  propriety  which  pervaded  all  Lods's 
actions ;  and  which  could  not  allow  him  to 
manifest  such  apostolic  zeal,  while  his  whole 
conduct  so  little  corresponded  to  the  holy 
vocation,    Pclisson,  a  tomous  convert,*  and 

♦  This  M.  Pcllisson,  was  a  man  of  let- 
ters, ot  distinguished  merit  %  the  faithful 
friend  of  the  unfortunate  Foonuet,  and  em- 
ployed afterwards  by  Louis  XlV  to  write 
u\$  memgriab  under  him*    He  had  been  a 


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[1174 


who,  by  his  talents,  had  obtamed  the  inti- 
mate confidence  of  this  monarch,  was  en- 
trusted with  the  management  of  tl^is  fund  ; 
and  drew  up  the  neceitsary*  regulations  for 
those  who  were  to  work  under  him.  Heap- 
prised  the  bishops,  that  a  sure  way  to  gam 
the  king*s  favour,  was,  to  send  numerous 
lists  of  converts  :  and  to  observe  the  instruc- 
tions centamed  in  a  writing,  he,  at  the  same 
time,  transmitted  to  them  y  he  expressly  d«» 
clared,  that  he  only  meant  future  convi^r* 
sions  \  and  that  he  was  bound  not  to  report 
to  the  king  those  anterior  to  1676.  Th« 
bishops,  after  the  reception  of  the  sums  he 
remitted  to  them,  used  to  send  him,  io  re- 
turn, those  lists,  with  the  price  of  convert 
'  sions  marked  in  the  margin,  and  all  the  ne* 
cessary  documents,  that  is,  the  abjurations 
and  receipts.  The  common  price  of  these 
conversions,  in  distant  provinces,  was  sL» 
licres  each,  (somevvhat  atx)ve  half  a  guinea, 
present  currency),  some  wer^  even  lower. 
The  dearest  1  met  with,  for  a  whole  family 
if  numerous,  was  forty-two •  livres  (not  jC4, 
by  the  same  calculation),  and  clerks  were 
attentive  to  see  that,  to  each  receipt  should 
be  joined  an  abjuration  in  due  form.  In  the 
beginning,  each  province  supplied  not  more 
than  between  three  and  four  hundred  000- 
vcrts,  yearly.  But  things  being  ouce  esta* 
blishea  on  that  footing,  and  the  siims  being 
distributed,  per  head,  at  so  low  an  average^ 
it  bedome  a  sort  of  principle  that,  the  more 
money  a  bishop  called  for,  the  greater  proof 
he  ^re  of  his  apostolic  zeal.  These  successes 
of  Pelisson  soon  filled  the  whole  court.  Tb^ 
bigots,  themselves,  could  hardly  refrain  firom 
jesting  on  this  golden  eloquence  :  "  less 
scientific,*'  they  used  to  say,  •*  than  that  of 
Bossuet,  but  much  more  persuasive."  From 
year  to  year,  tlie  fund?  destined  lo  this  reli- 

fious  corruption,  were  increased  ....  At  last, 
^elisson  succeeded  in  conv<jrting  his  agenor 
into  a  kind  of  ministerial  department.  It  if 
a  thousand  pities  that,  from  the  moment  he 
had  accomplished  this  object,  his  accounts 
ceased  to  be  regular. .  . .  From  this  chest,  com- 
pared by  the  Huguenots  to  Pandora's  box, 
spruns,  in  fact,  almost  all  the  evils  which 
befcl  them.  It  is  easy  to  conceive,  iliat  the 
purchase  of  such  pretended  conversions, 
among  the  dregs  of  the  Calvinbts,  the  sur- 
prises, the  pious  frauds  which  accompanied 
them,  and  all  those  exaggerated  unfaithful 
accoimts  of  time-.serving  clerks,  falsely  per* 
suadcd  the  king,  that  the  Huguenots  were  no 
longer  attached  to  their  religion;  and  that 
the  slenderest  motive  of  intereai  ivould  be 


Protestant,  but  changed  his  religion  ;  and  in 
a  curious  letter  to  Louis  preserved  by  Bussy 
Rabutin,  attributes  his  conversion,  under 
I  Go^t  to  his  king*8  theological  arguments : 
wonder  jit  the  favour  he  enjoyed. 
2Q2 


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t"7» 


•ufficient,  to  induce  them  to  sacrifice  it.  To 
this  fatal  prejudice  inay  be  attributed  all  t'he 
penal  laws  of  which  Protestants  have  been  the 
victims.  • 

Tlie  insight  this  coljectioa  givMus  into 
the  real  character  of  Low  XlV,  and  the 
▼»mty  of  origiM^  iniDrmatien*  relatVve 
to  this  mcnardif  uliick  has  been  obtained 
tf  late  years,  prove  that  he  has  been 
misrepresent^  hy  all  his  numerous  his- 
torians. Hie  protestants,  and  the  other 
lelicioi^  sects  whidi  he  persecuted,  re- 
gard hnxk  as  ^n  object'  of  detestation, 
iiwhile  t&ft  jie^its  are  unbounded  io  their 
pnfittA.  To  the  dogmatic  philosepber  he 
appears  as  a  tyrant,  to  the  men  of  letters 
whom  be  paid,  as  a  hero,  aiui  his  cour- 
tiers/ ftom  the  eoroparative  littleness  to 
whidi  be  reduced  llieni,  «ive  him  the 
pppellatioa  of  Great :  v/hiA  for  a  w  hile 
pev^kcL  That  Louis  was  not  a  hero, 
Ui  own  mrilirary  meitieirs  abundantly 
protvA^  nor  can  be*  under  any  point  of 
▼iew,  be  considered  as  Grcai.  He  poa- 
leswd  neither  the  comprehcBsiTe  minc^ 
,  DOT  the  fsalted  sou),  which  alone  couldf 
«0titk  hifm  to  that  proud  pre-eminence  : 
and  hts  8tchie%'etnent8,  howeyer  great 
they  toight  a]>pear,  were  by  bo  means 
•proportionate  to  the  powef  he  actually 
foisemted.  But  no  one  enderstood  better 
ih^  trade  ef  king  as  be  terms  it,  vbere- 
ever  his^  omm  interests  were  concerned, 
lor  iti  these*  wefe  all  his  thoughts  ceR< 
tered.  Thir  is  but  too  well  proved,  by 
bis  borne  adminittratiofi,  and  by  his  deal- 
ings with  other  soYereigns  $  and  tlK>se 
who  coi^sider  nations  as  made  sokly  for 
their  rulers,  may,  if  they  incline  to  adu- 
latiod,  continue  to  call  hitb  a  Great  King. 

We  shall  add  a  few  Words  on  tlie  sub- 
ject  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  These  we 
liope  will  be  accepted  as  a  proper  close  of 
an  article  whkb  has  repeatedly  engaged 
our  attention.  According  to  the  best 
information  we  have  ever  met  with,  Louis 
XlV.  may  be  considered  as  having  been 
a  primary  cause  of  that  re\'olutioR  which 
in  our  own  days  has  exploded  with  soph 
dreadful  violence,  so  greatly  to  the  dis- 
isess  of  his  pesterifty.  It  can  never  be 
aupposed,  that  any  nattofi  om  the  face  of 
the  earth,  can  not  only  pay  the  expenses 
of  its  own  gwemment,  but  afford  to  con- 
tinue considerable  bribes  ior  many  years 

*  Especially  the  thcmoirs  of  Dalr^mpk ; 
tliobe  ol  Su  Simon^  andDucIos. ' 


successively,  to  the  ministcra  and  leadiag 
men  of  other  governments,  without  in- 
curring a  debt,  the  more  dcngeroos  be- 
cause the  less  public.  Wars  are  expen* 
sive,  aird  during  then:  coutintiaiK:e,  ibejf 
exhaust  a  nation;  whoever,  then,  pro- 
longs  wars  onjostly,  and  excessively,  [m-o* 
longs  that  exhausting  cause,  froar^  whicK 
to  recover  t?riecrual)y,  requires  much  good 
management,  and  a  kngth  of  time,  great- 
ly exceeding  what  politicians  generally 
allow.  How  the»,  should  France,  wbe» 
united  both  these  means  of  incurring 
debt,  be  able  to  preserve  her  tinances 
from  deficits  ?  This  wound,  auticipntionl 
might  conceal,  or  leans  might  skin  over, 
but  neither  could  soundly  h^.  * 

Bv  assuming  all  power,  himself,  by  a 
feeble  educatioa  bestowed  on  his  cbil- 
dren^  thoegk  destined  to  empire,  bv  tbe 
introduction  of  a  specious  system  of  noo- 
ralif,  which  disguised  licenuousaess,  bat 
did  not  reform  it,  Loais  loosened  tboaa 
bonds  which  are  the  best  security  of  tho 
state.  Tins  was  a  rankKng  disease  :  is* 
temal,  therefore  hidden,  but  not  tbe  lesa 
de8|)ei^e  or  fatal,  to  the  constitution  of 
a  country. 

Hk^  aifbctation  of  desiring  to  eatabtids 
uniformity  in  religion,  partook  €>f  thm 
same  evils :  had  there  been  a  coafbnnity 
in  religious  sentiment,  it  would  have  pro* 
duced  uniformity  of  religious  practice  ? 
but,  without  this  internal  persuasion,  of 
what  use  was  external  ceremony  ?  Tbe 
Protestants  were  degraded  bdow  the  due 
character  of  rational  tncn  : — for  what  par* 
pose  ?— I'bat  when  those  who  cared  oo- 
liiiug  for  thee  rights  of  conscience  sbonld 
ocaipy  the  tribune  in  their  turii^  tbe^ 
might  vociferate  insatiably  for  tbe  righu 
of  man,  and  might  prodtx^  in  their  op- 
pressed fellow  citizens,  an  instance  which 
all  roust  allow  to  be  undeniable,  wherein 
power  had  trampled  on  equity, 

I'hc  edict  by  which  Henry  the  Foarth 
of  France  secured  the  free  exercise  of 
their  religion  to  the  Protestants  of  hia 
kingdom,  was  signed  by  him  when  at 
Nantes  in  the  year  1598,  and  kata  thia 
ci/cumstance  it  derived  its  name.  Under^ 
the  protection  of  this  law,  the  Froteatanta, 
thdugh  excluded  (torn  Paris,  aiid  ita 
neighbourhood,  not  only  maintained  that 
form  of  worship  wliicb  they  approved^ 
but  held  meetings  of  their  mi^iisters,  in 
which  the  business  of  their  communit|r 
was  transacted,  and  these  again  met  yearly 


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TJe  JForit  of  Louis  XIE 


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in  a  general  assediUy,  which  cfilSered  lit* 
tie  from  a  public  and  authorised  body. 

In  the  year  l66l,  was  held  a  general 
assembly  of  the  Grallican  (Catholic) 
church,  from  which  period,  as  is  gene- 
rally supposed,  the  determination  to  ex* 
tirpate  the  Protestant  heresy  may  be  slated. 
Among  the  most  eifeotual  means  efac- 
complishiog  this  intestion,  we  trSky  reck« 
•n  the  suppression  of  the  convocation  or 
f  annual)  general  assembiics  of  the  clergy. 
This  broke  the  unanimity  of  the  body  : 
«nd  divided,  (br  the  purpose  of  weaken-^ 
tng  them.  Then  the  people  wer/d  not 
«uS[ered  to  meet  witho«t  their  ministers  ; 
those  charches  which  had  been  ^ected 
•iace  the  Edict  of  Nantes  were  pulled 
down  i  a  severe  edict  was  issued  against 
those  who  baring  been  horn  Protestants 
and  conformed,  should  relapse ;  the  aca- 
demies, univertitietf  and  schools,  were 
aam>ressed  ^  no  Protestant  was  permitted 
Co  follow  aay  creditable  or  beneficial  en> 
ployment^  while  those  who  would  hare 
withdrawn  ^-om  the  coming  storm,  were 
prevented,  by  a  law  proliibiting  a&y  of 
them  to  leave  the  kingdom. 

We  have  seen  that  Louis  practised  cor- 
ruption first,^  and  by  a  gradual  accession 
of  distresses  he  prepared  the  way  for  the 
ontire  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
This  repeal  passed  the  seals  Oct.  25,  l6S5g 
nnd  was  ratified  by  the  Parliament  of 
P^ris,  Oct.  32.  It  was  immediately  sent 
to  all  the  other  Parlianaenu  to  be  con« 
flnnsd.  It  recites  the  grant  of  the  edict 
of  Henry  IV.  the  repetit'u^n  of  it,  at  Nis- 
mes,  by  Louis  Xlll.  l^g,  but,  that 
ihe  greatest  part  of  the  people  having 
since  embraced  the  Caihoiic  faith,  the 
Edicts  of  Nantes  and  oj  Nismes,  were  be^ 
€ome  useless:  hie  Meijesty  therefore^ 
thought  fit  to  suppress  them  with  ail  olh^ 
declarations  in^  favour  oJ  the  Hugon^ts. 
He  orders  their  churches  to  be  demoUkh- 
ed;  prohibits  all  public  assemblies  for 
worship,  or  the  exertise  of  their  rdigioo 
in  private,  on  pain  of  corporal  punish- 
ment, and  confiscation  of  property,  ife 
etpoU^  pt^acbers  from  the  kingdom  ia 
iifteTn  days,  under  pain  of  being  sent  to 
the^gallies.  He  prohibits  parents  from 
instrucling  their  children  in  that  belief  j 
insists  that  all  bom  after  this  date  shall  bo 
baptised  in  the  Catholic  manner,  and 
condemns  to  the  gallies  ail  who  attempted 
lo  quit  the  kingdom. 

It  la  not  neoenary  here  to  repeat  the 


plunderings,  massacriss,  iioprlsonments, 
and  fenerd  snfierings  of  the  Protestants 
which  followed  this  memorable  edict.  Ia 
vain  were  laws  madid  to  prevent  from  es- 
caping out  of  the  kingdom  those  who 
were  determined  on  eseape.  Tb^  fM : 
poor,  but  thc^r  carried  widi  them  their 
knowledge  in  arts  ;ind  nianafactuni. 
Hence  neighbouring  states  acquired  at 
once»  at  no  other  expense  than  that  «f 
discharging  the  duties  ij^  bonnmity;  thorn 
profosions,  which  had  proved  sooroes  of 
immense  wealth  to  France,  and  had  laid 
all  the  nattons  of  Europe  under  oonmier- 
cial  contribution.  Those  Protestants  wha 
were  unable  to  escape,  became  either 
h3rpocrites  by  apparent  conformity,  or 
coooealed  inal-contents  by  the  veff  act  of 
retahnng  sentimeols  which  they  damd 
not  avow.  Fr6m  their  birth  to  their 
death,  yea,  and  afler  their  death,  thev 
were  persecuted.  If  not  baptised  acconi* 
ing  to  the  forms  of  the  Romish  chorch, 
they  v^ere  held  to  be  no  christians  $  if  not 
married  by  Romish  priests,  thefr  mar« 
rtages  wete  held  void  and  illegal;  and 
whatever  rites  of  aeptilture  duty  paid  to 
the  dead,  wete  concealed  by  the  shades  of  , 
night ;  and  not  seldom  were  Protesunts 
which  had  been  buried,  dtttnrbBdin  their 
graves,  and  exposed,  in  violation  of  evefj 
feeling  of  humanity,  and  erery  sentiment 
of  decency.  By  accident,  a  spectacle  of  thia 
kind  came  onder  <be  notice  of  Lonis  XV. 
while  httatinf :  and  this  monarch's  ab« 
horrenpe  of  suck  enormities  was  suooeefl- 
ed  by  beneficial  effects. 

We  know  an  aged  minister,  now  ander 
the  protection  of  the  Church  of  Encland, 
who  for  si&  years,  together,  at  Bordeaux, 
never  saw  the  streets  l^  daylight:  but 
went  from  family  to  femily  by  night.  He 
was  one  of  four  who  were  pursued  by  the 
dragoons :  bis  own  brother  was  shot  by 
his  side  i  ho  sought  that  refuge  nnder  n 
kedge^  among  snakes,  and  vermin,  which 
waa  denied  him  among  men  ;  here  he  lay 
coocealed  a  whole  fortnight,  night  and 
day;  his  property  was  confiscated,  h% 
well  real  at  personal;  his  person  Waa 
hnng  in  ef&gy,  by  the  public  hangman  ; 
he  was,  by  sentence,  condeitmed  to  the 
gallies  for  an  hundred  and  one  years! 
IS  it  possible  that  such  outrages  against 
hnmanity  should  cause  a  community  to 
flourish  ?  Are  these  marks  of  the  true 
eburch,  which  boasts  cff  a  succesiion  of 
sacred  Influence  derived  from  the  ilpot* 

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Oriental  Customs, 


[1186 


ties  ?  We  lincerelv  regret  the  sufferings 
we  have  been  called  to  witness  in  the 
persons  of  those  venerable  clergy  who 
lately  were  expelled  with  extreme  vio- 
lence ^om  their  native  land ;  but  we  fear, 
cautiously,  yet  we  fear,  that  thejr  suffer- 
ings have  in  them  something  retributive  -, 
and  have  resulted  from  causes^  which 
would  not  so  have  operated^  had  persecu- 
tion been  utterly  unknown  in  France. 

Such  were  the  boasted  politics  of  Louis 
XIV  !  He  tyrannized  in  Religion,  which 
.he  did  not  understand  $  he  dissipated  his 
Finances,  till  their  disorder  was  irreme** 
diable ;  he  provoked  neighbouring  states 
around  him,  |py  insupportable  arrogance 
^nd  ambition,  till  they  united  into  com- 
binations which  endangered  his  domi- 
nions ;  he  slackened  the  reins  of  morality, 
%\\\  vice  was  so  little  hideous  as  to  be  pub- 
licly piesented  at  court ;  bis  boasted  se- 
cret of  the  double  contspondence  ccyi- 
tributed  to  the  ruin  of  his  direct  descend- 
ant; andtlie  secret  machinations  which 
he  delighted  to  employ  in  foreign  king- 
doms, became  at  length  the  means 
of  effecting  in  his  own,  the  overthrow  of 
the  throne  and  the  altar,  of  desolating  the 
direst  provinces  of  France  with  fire  apd 
fword^  and  of  filling  her  most  important 
,  cities  and  towns  with  murder.  Where 
now  is  the  golden  statue  erected  Firo 
Jtnmoriali  P  Ihe  slaves  that  were  chained 
beneath  its  feet>  have  risen  against  it,  and 
destroyed  it.  Where  are  the  Arcs  of 
•*IViQinph  Lwhvico  Magno  ?  The  popu- 
lace of  that  city  which  they  adorned,  have 
ruined  them  in  the  tumults  of  insurrection! 
Foreigners  have  seized  what  tke  King 
intended  for  his  peculiar  gratification  ; 
the  privacies  of  the  Monarque  aHe  rified 
by  Upstarts  of  another  race;  and  the 
MEMOIR  La  of  Louis  lb  Grand,  are 
published,   avec  privilege,  derived  from 

LE  GRANP  BONAPARTE, 

THE  EMPEROR  NAPQLEON  THE 

FIRST ! 


Oriental  Customs  3  or  an  Illustration  of 
the  Sacred  Scriptures,  by  an  explanatory 
Application  of  the  Customs  and  Mao- 
ners  of  the  Eastern  Nations,  especially 
the  Jews,  therein  alluded  to.  Collected 
from  the  roost  celebrated  Travellers, 
and  the  most  eminent  Critics,  hy  Sa- 
muel Burder.  Vol.  IL  6vo.  pp.  about 
400.  Price  9s.  Williams. and  Co.  Lon- 
don.    I8O7. 


Ma.  BuKDBR  is,  we  believie,  a  dissent* 
ing  minister  at  St.  Albans.  He  has  pub-* 
lished  several  minor  articles,  which  have 
been  well  received  in  his  own  conneciioo  s 
but,  his  most  considerable  work,  hitherto, 
is  the  first  volume,  of  which  the  present 
is,  properly,  a  continuation.  That  waa 
publi&hed  five  or  six  years  ago;  and  if 
not  now  under  our  cognizance.  '^ 

We  are  Well  persuaded  that  the  usages 
of  time  and  place  have  a  considerable 
effect  on  the  language,  and  terms,  of 
common  speech  and  historical  narratioDk 
Wis  find  this  incontrovertibly  when  perus- 
ing the  original  authors  of  Briti&h  history: 
nor  ne^d  we  go  v&ry  iisr  back  for  proofs, 
since  the  writers  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
days,  though  comparatively  modems^  am 
occasionally  embarrassing  enough ; — andL 
who  reads  Chaucer  freely,  without  a  glosr 
sary?  This  argument  becomes  incalcu- 
lably strengthened,  when  we  add  tlie  idea 
of  a  ten  times  removed  aptiquity,  a  for 
reign  clime,  and  a  language  without  any 
resemblance  to  our  own.  These  difficulties 
demand  every  assistance,  if  we  desire  to 
understand  the  contents  of  a  work  written 
in  such  a  language,  published  in  such  a 
clime^  and  assuming  such  antiquity. 

Moreover,  the  consequences  of  an 
error,  or  mis-explanation  of  a  word,  or 
thing,  relating  to  British  history,  bear  no 
comparison  to  those  of  error,  committed 
by  misrepresenting  passages  of  holy 
scripture,  whence  Ue  derive  the  princiv 
pies  of  our  faith. 

But,  supposing  the  terms  which  cooit 
prehend  the  general  principles  of  religioii 
to  be  perfectly  clear,  yet  there  are  many 
difficulties  in  the  scriptures,  which  to  see 
removed  is  pleasant :  and  those  who  have 
endeavoured  to  accomplish  this,  by  refe- 
rence to  the  customs  and  peculiaritiesof  the 
east,  are  entitled  to  thanks  and  patronage 
from  the  judicious.  The  late^Mr.  Har-* 
mer  took  the  lead,  very  advantageously^ 
in  this  study.  It  was  resumed,  and  bleat- 
ed with  considerable  extent  of  research, 
and  shrewdness  of  remark,  by  the  learned 
editors  of  Calmet's  Dictionary  of  the  Bi- 
ble, who  added  a  complete  volume  of 
what  they  denominiHed  Fragments.'  in 
which  they  have  illustrated  many  articles 
formerly  thought  de^rate.  To  these, 
and  to  oiher  works  of  a  like  nature,  Mr» 
B.  has  had  access :  and  having  consulted 
various  critics,  we  presume  in  the  course 
of  his  professional  duties^  he  has  co{a<% 

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Oriental  Customs, 


[1182 


I^led  a  volame^  containing  many  articles 
worthy  remark,  but,  not  all  of  whict^, 
are,  to  us,  perfectly  satisfactory.  A  few 
tpedmeas  may  enable  our  readers  to  judge 
for  themselves. 

No.  1084.— /jotdL  li.,  23.  Who  have 
Moid  to  tjuf  iouif  Bow  down,  that  we  may  go 
overJl  This  is  a  very  strong  and  exprevstve 
description  of  the  insolent  pride  of  eastern 
conquerors.  The  following  is  one  out  of 
many  instances  of  it.  The  emperor  Valerian 
being  through  treachery  taken  prisoner  by 
Sapor  king  of  Persia,  was  treated  by  him 
as  the  basest  and  most  abject  slave.  For  the 
Persian  monarch  commanded  the  unhappy 
Roman  to  bow  himself  down,  and  offer  him 
bis  back,  on  which  he  set  his  foot  in  order  to 
mount  hb  chariot  or  his  horse,  whenever  he 
had  occasion.  LaciarUius  de  Mort.  Persec. 
cap.  5.  Aurel.  Vicior.  Epitome,  cap.  32* 
Bp.  LowTH,  in  he* 

No.  l2lO.^Matthew.  xxiv.  !?•  Lei  kim 
who  is  on  the  house-lop  not  come  down  to  take 
eaiy  thing  out  of  his  house.']  *'  It  was  not 
possible  to  view  this  country  without  calling 
to  mind  the  wonder^l  events  that  have  oc- 
curred in  it  at  various  periods  from  the  earliest 
times :  more  particularly  the  sacrod  life  and 
history  of  our  Redeemer  pressed  foremost  on 
our  minds.  One  thing  strack  me  in  the  form 
of  the  houses  in  the  town  now  under  our 
view, which  served  to  corroborate  the  aecounts 
of  former  travellers  in  this  country,  explain- 
ing several  passages  of  scripture,  particularly 
the  following.  In  Mutt^  xxiv.  ]?•  our  bles- 
sed Saviour,  in  describing  the  distresses  which 
shortly  wouM  overwhelm  the  land  of  Judea, 
tells  nis  disci|)les,  '*  when  the  abomination 
of  desolation  is  seen  standing  in  the  holy 
fdace,  let  him  who  is  on  the  house-top  not 
come  down  to  take  any  thing  out  of  his 
house,  but  fly,**  Ike.  The  houses  in  this 
country  are  all  flat«>roofed,  and  communicate 
with  each  other :  a  person  there  mi^ht  pro- 
ceed to  the  city  walls  and  escape  into  the 
country^  without  coming  down  into  the 
street.*'  JViiiyam's  f^^yage  up  the  Medittr^ 
mnean, 

Mr.  Harmer  endeavours  to  illustrate  this 
passage,  by  referring  to  the  eastern  aistom  of 
the  stair-case  beiiigon  the  outside  of  the 
house :  but  Mr.  lVitlyam*s  representation 
seems  to  afford  a  mom  coipplete  elucidation  of 
the  text 

No.  1257* — Lukt^u  38.  Good  measure, 
pressed  down,  and  shaken  together,  and  run- 
ning pver.]  The  allusion  here  is  to  dry  mea- 
sure ampns  the  Jews;  which  though  right 
and  full,  nere  called  oood  measure,  they 
thrust  and  pressed  to  make  it  hold  more ;  and 
^00^  it  alao  fof  the  same  purpose,  and  then 


heaped  it  up  as  much  as  they  could  rili  it 
fell  over.  Of  all  these  methods  used  in  mea- 
suriiiff  we  have  frequent  insiaiiccs  in  the 
Jewish  writings:  some  of  theiu  are  cited* by 
Gill,  in  loc. 

No.  1276.— LttA^  x\i.  12.  ff  ye  have 
not  been  faithful  in  tltat  which  is  another 
man*s,  who  shall  give  you  that  which  ify<^f 
ovm  ?]  The  following  custoni  of  the  Turks 
may  contribute  to  our  understanding  of  these 
words.  '*  It  is  a  common  custom  with  the 
merchants  of  this  coumry  when  they  hire  a 
broker,  book-keeper,  or  other  coniVdeotial 
ser\*ant,  to  agree  that  he  shall  claim  no  wages  : 
but  to  make  amends  for  tliat  unproft  table  dis- 
advantage, the^give  them  free  and  uncon* 
trouled  authority  to  cheat  them  every  way 
they  can  in  manacing  their  business:  but 
with  this  proviso,  that  they  must  never  ex^- 
ceed  the  privileged  advantage  of  ten  per  cent. 
All  under  that  which  they  can  fairly  gain  in 
the  setding  of  accounts  with  their  respectrvt 
masters  is  properly  their  own ;  and  by  their 
masters  will  is  conjfirmed  to  their  possession.*' 
— Aaron  HilVs  Travels,  p.  77» 

This  kind  of  allowance,  though  extremely 
singular,  is  both  ancient  and  general  in  the 
East.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  Gentoo  Laws^ 
chap.  ix.  **  If  a  man  hath  hired  any  persoa 
to  conduct  a  trade  for  him,  and  no  agr^fment 
be  made  with  regard  to  wa^,  in  that  case 
the  person  hired  shaU  receive  (HM-tcnth  of 
the  profit.** 

The  text  above  cited  most  therefore,  ac« 
cording  to  these  extracts  at  least,  mean,  "  if 
you  have  not  been  found  fbiihful  in  the  ad* 
ministration  of  your  principaPs  property,  how 
can  you  ex|)cct  to  reoei\c  your  share  (as  tl)e 
word  may  sii^ify)  of  that  advantage  which 
should  reward  your  labours?  If  you  have 
not  been  just  toward  him,  how  do  you  expect 
he  should,  be  just  toward  vou ? *.'  >  m 
Frogmen f St  to  Calm^i's  Dictionary,  Now 
303. 

No.  laQQ.-^Revelation  xlx.  ifl.  And  he 
hath  on  his  vesture  and  on  his  thigh  his  name 
written,]  The  modem  hangings  which  are 
sent  yearly  from  Cairo  to  Mecca,  to  place 
about  the  holy  house  there,  as  the  Monam* 
medans  reckon  it,  are  embroidered  all  o\-cr 
witli  letters  of  gold  as  loi^,  broad»  emd 
thick,  as  a  person's  finger.  Thevenot,  pan  L 
p.  149. 

This  eiplanation  seems  to  be  hardly 
sufficient :  the  hangings  of  an  edi6ce  do 
not  correspond  completely  with  the  ves« 
ture  of  ■  person  5  and  (here  still  wants 
an  instance  of  a  name  written  on  the 
thigh,  which  is  the  main  difficulty  of  the 
pas:»j^e.    The  book  is  neatly  printed. 

204 


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llta}         JUclurehef  sw  pluiieurs  MUm^iMS  CMfua  et  Bmains,  Ve.         (1184 

and  of  their  dominton.  The  ancient  bos- 
pital  18  the  only  place  I  know  of  which 
has  still  a  lion  on  one  of  its  apertures. 
Ifh-e  Englishmen  capable  of  any  deed  qf 
benevolence  ?  Did  they  contribute  to  the 
endowing  of  that  establishment  f* 

The  second  object  of  his  retearchtt  is 
the  ancient  town  of  AVft,  as  he  is  pleaaed 
to  call  It,  whose  existence  and  destruction 
is  equally  unknown  in  history,  bnt  whose 
ruins  he  places,  nevertheless,  with  grot 
precision  in  the  department  of  rAuier. 
Here  opens  a  fine  field  for  the  wanderingii 
of  imagination !  The  name  of  its  founder^ 
and  consequently,  the  epoch  of  its  foun- 
dation, meets  with  no  difficulty :  Neria  i 
iVeroirtf  that  is  evident  As  to  ks  extent, 
population,  and  riches,  which  ha  repVD* 
sents  as  exceeding  those  of  erery  city  m 
Gaul,  he  has  for  vouchers,  some  ancieiit 
coins,  occasionally  dug  out,  and  a  few  mo- 
tilated  marble  fragments,  and  remnants  of 
aqueducts ;  (both  belonging  nnost  piol«i« 
bly  to  baths,  formerly  erected  in  tbis 
place,  which  still  possesses  a  mineral 
spring)  but  if  these  proofii  are  not  satisfac- 
tory, he  invites  the  inhabitants  to  dig  with 
industry,  and  assures  tliem  that  they  will 
find  abundance  of  ancient  monuments. 
The  supposed  destruction  of  this  place  is 
most  whimsically  accounted  for  ;  after  re* 
vicwmg  page  191 ,  the  difierent  wart  of 
which  the  Gauls  have  been  the  theatre,  he 
pitches  on  tlie  ir vision  of  the  Germans 
under  the  reign  of  Constantius,  betweeb 
the  years  354  and  357,  as  the  epoch  of  the 
first  deslmction  of  Neris;  as^ the />red<ms~ 
vessels  which  the  inhabitants  fud  in  their 
hurry  correspond  with  the  state  of  manu« 
factures  at  that  period.  These  predoms 
articles,  says  our  author,  *'  were  foand 
in  September,  1805,  at  the  bottom  of  n 
well  48  feet  deep.  lu  aperture  was  doaed 
by  a  hand-mill  stone.  I  shall  add  here  a 
list  of  those  vessels,  now  in  my  possession,** 
^-expectation  iaon  the  tip-tQe-*-but  what 
follows  ?  '*  a  beggarly  account"  of  broiem 
earthen  ware,  and  absolutely  nothing  clsei 
such  were  ibe  preduus  things  which  the 
inhabitants  of  Neris  hid  from  the  rapacttj 
of  the  barbarians  at  the  bottom  of  a  well 
48  feet  deep ! 

Descriptions  of  Celtic  monuments  ocw 
cupy  the  fourth  and  fifth  dif  isions  of  thn 
volume  Here  we  should  willingly  lisve 
attempted  to  elucidate  the  author's  taper-* 
ficial  and  defective  accounts,  by  reference 
to  some  ot'  the  able  d^acrrptioiu  we  (k»» 


JUcherches  tut  pluneun  Ahmtmens  CeU 
iiquef  et  Rommtis,  ^c.  Researches  on 
many  Celtic  and  Boman  Monuments, 
&c.  Par  J.  F.  Barailon,  1  vol.  in  8vo. 
Paris,  I8O6.  DulaaandCo.  London. 
Our  curiosity  was,  at  first,  a  good  deal 
excited  by  the  title  of  this  work.  As  we 
know  that  France  possesses  a  nnmber  of 
Celtic  monnments,  as  yet  undescribed,  we 
naturally  expected  to  find  some  satisifac* 
tory  account  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
them  I  but,  in  this  expectation  we  have 
been  most  miserably  disappointed.  These 
pretended  researches  are  nothing  in  fact, 
out  desultory  notes  on  a  multiplicity  of  ob* 
jects,  numy  of  them  ridiculously  trifling, 
w  hile  others  lose  all  interest  by  the  man- 
ner in  which  t^y  are  represented,  or  by 
the  absurd  andWly  conjectures  the  author 
faas  indulged  concerning  them.  A  pe- 
dantic afiectation  of  antiqnarian  erudition, 
uniformly  ill  applied,  a  vulgar  and  barba- 
rous diction,  complete  the  grotesque  ap- 
pearance of  the  woiic ;  which  is  curiously 
divided  into  short  unconnected  para- 
graphs, carefully  numbered. 

Some  good  natured  readers  will  perhaps 
be  hurt  at  the  harshness  of  this  judg- 
ment I  and  they  may  say  with  the  French 
poet, 

l>n  Hvre  n'ei t  pas  bon ;  qu)  tous  force  k  le  lire  ? 

But  this  cannot  apply  to  us.  Reviewers 
are  obliged  to  devour  the  most  indigestible 
productions,  as  the  fable  reports  of  Saturn 
devouring  stones ;  but,  as  we  are  not  pro- 
.  fessed  stone  eaters,  no  wonder  now  and 
then,  they  should  lie  a  little  heavy  on  our 
itoroacfa. 

The  researches  of  oar  author,  such  as 
they  are,  have  six  different  objecti  in 
Tiew  :  the  first  is,  to  ascertain  the  true  si- 
tuation of  a  people  of  ancient  Gaul,  but 
little  known,  and  which  inhabited  a  ter- 
ritory called  CombraiUes,  this  by  the  bye 
bad  been  already  done  by  many  geogra- 

Jhersj  and  among  them  by  Valois  and 
TAnville,  whose  opinion  Mr.  B.  follows, 
nor  does  he  throw  ^ny  additional  light  on 
the  subject,  hut  indulges  in  a  variety  of 
trifling,  or  stale  anecdotes,  or  more  recent 
events,  on  which  he  comments  with  won- 
derful sagacity,  e.gr.  p.  34.  "The  English 
bave  also  been  masters  of  this  town  5 
(Chanibou)  the  three  lions,  which  were 
aeen  before  the  revc^tion,  in  the  great 
ufm^,  are  monaaicna  of  their  conquest^ 


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U85]         TMbkaud£sIUvcluti<mdmSfii^mtIhUiique4et£»rQpe,lfc.       Cu» 

awakened  several  states  to  a  sense  of  their 
danger  5  and  the  league  conclud^Mi  at  Ve- 
nice (in  1495)  for  their  mutual  defence^ 
is  the  ground -work  of  themuhlfbrm  coa* 
litipns  since  formed^  to  maintain  a  folitied 
equillbriam  in  Europe.  .From  that  epoch 
to  the  beginning  ot  the  thirty  years  war, 
Spain  assumes  Uie  first  rank  among  the 
European  powers,  domineers  over  lesser 
states,  and  threatens  thei^  existence, 
France,  with  inadequate  means,  struggles 
at  fir^t  for  the  independence  of  Europe } 
the  unwieldy  greatness  of  her  antagonist, 
undermined  by  the  abuse  of  power,  gra- 
dually gives  way  to  her  compact  efforts, 
and  France  threatens  in  her  turn. 

The  second  epoch  from  1^18  to  1715« 
begins  with  the  thirty-years  war.  France 
is  still  at  the  head  of  the  coalition,  fighting 
for  the  political  and  religious  liberty  itt' 
Europe;  the  flames  of  war  spread  over 
the  greatest  part  of  the  continent,  Riche- 
lieu calls  Sweden  and  Denmark  to  the  de- 
fence of  the  Protestant  religion.  Th« 
treaty  of  Westphalia,  which  terminates 
the  sanguinary  contest,  gives  France  a  de- 
cided influence  in  Europe  $  that  of  the 
Pyrennees,  places  her  alone  in  the  first 
rank ;  and,  under  Louis  XIV.  slie  sooa 
becomes  the  oppress'mg  power.  In  tho 
negociations  of  Nimeguen,  Louis  pom- 
pously displays  his  supt^riorityj  nor  is  this 
impolitic  ostentation  lost  on  the  other 
powers;  the  genius  of  William  Prince  of 
Orange,  afterwards  King  of  England, 
unites  part  of  Europe  against  the  common 
enemy,  and  the  league  of  Augsbourg  is 
formed.  Peace  is  concluded  at  Ryswick, 
on  more  equal  terms ;  by  the  treaties  of 
Utrecht  and  Radstadt,  France  still  obuins 
some  advant^es :  but,  exhausted  by  her 
ambitious  efforts,  she  is  no  longer  the 
dread  of  Eitrope  $  she  is  still  a  great,  btit 
not  the  domineering,  power. 

In  the  third  epoch,  fVom  the  peace  of 
Radstadt,  in  17^5,  to  the  year  1769,  a 
great  alteration  takes  place  in  the  political 
system ;  Europe  is  no  longer  divided  be- 
tween Austria  and  France:  three  othei 
|)owers  assume  a  rank,  and  an  influence, 
equal  to  that  of  those  ancient  rivals  5  and 
lesser  states  think  they  see  in  them  n^w 
guardians  of  their  liberties.  By  the  ge- 
nius of  Peter  I.  Russia  emerges  frotti  bar- 
barism >  brillianc  victories,  and  useful 
conquests,  soon  follow  the  first  dawn  of 
civilisation.  Hardly  known  to  Europe, 
she  is  already  oo^qr  of  \X^  first  pow^rs^ 


I        test  of  monuments  of  a  similar  nature, 
i        could  we  have  placed  any  reliance  on  him 
I        even  as  a  plain  observer.     But  his  sight 
\     \  spears  to  have  been  ditsiedby  the  mulci- 
I         tode  of  objects  before  him ;  he  seems  ea- 
ger ta  view  them  all  at  once,  and  anxious 
only  to  give  every  one  of  them  a  name,  re- 
gardless of  its  fitness;  none  of  the  harrows 
were  opened;    but   he  expatiates  with 
warmth  on  the  proof  they  will  aflford  of 
the  superiority  of  the  Gauls  when  recourse 
is  had  to  that  operation.     He  places  with 
Latour  d*Auvergne,  the  Carnutum  of  Cas* 
sar  on  the  Bay  of  Quiberon,  where  Celtic 
romiuments  called  Kernac  are  to  be  seen. 
It  will  surely  be  objected  to  roe,  says  he, 
that  the  country  of  the  Camutes  was  si- 
tuated in  the  middle  of  Gaul ;  qwB  regio 
09Hu8  Gall'uB  media  hahetur,  says  Caesar ; 
to  this  I  answer,  first,  that  this  general  has 
been  accused  of  not  knowing  geography ; 
and,  I  will  sty,  in  the  second  place,  that 
Belgium  forming  a  part  of  Gaul,  Kernac 
may,  in  one  sense,  be  considered  as  in  the 
middle  of  it,  by  its  transversal  situation  !" 

Totleau  dis  RivoluHons  du  SystSme  po* 
tiiique    de  VEttrope  depuis  la  Jin  du 

Jm^n%ihne  Si^le.  View  of  the  Revo- 
utions  in  the  Political  System  of  Eu- 
rope from  the  end  of  the  Fif^nth 
Century;   by  M.  F.  Ancilloa,  3  vol. 

12mo.    Paris^  1806.    Duhiu   and  Co, 

London. 
We  should  think  the  word  revolu' 
ItoiM,  incorrectly  applied  to  the  diflerent 
modifications  of  a  system,  to  which  the 
several  states  of  Europe,  with  few  mo- 
mentary exceptions,  have  adhered  for 
three  centuries ;  a  system,  whose  t>nly 
aim  was  mutual  security,  through  a  ba- 
lance of  power:  and  which  our  author 
himself  professes  to  unfold,  and  to  follow, 
throughout  all  its  variations  5  for  such  is 
the  object  of  his  work.  It  beeins  at  the 
year  1492,  and  ends  at  the  calling  of  les 
itatS'Gin^raux,  in  France,  in  1 789,  that 
precursor  of  a  revolution  which  was  to 
overthrow  the  febric  raised  by  preceding 
ages,  aad  scatter  its  bloody  fragments  over 
the  whole  continent,  perhaps  the  world. 

In  this  wentful  period,  the-author  has 
chosen  three  remarkable  epochs,  which 
foum  the  natural  divisions  of  his  work. 
The  first,  from  14^2  to  1618,  takes  the 

E)litica]  system  at  its  birth.  The  thought- 
ss  ambition  of  Charles  VII 1.  of  France, 
w4  bis  invasion  of  Italy  in  IA^$  first 


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1 187]  TalUau  des  R^uoluCions  da  Systime  Politique  de  T Europe,  l^c.  [l  188 


Prussia,  with  less  boldness  in  her  career, 
acquires  new  provinces,  becomes  a  king- 
dom, and  rises  to  eminence  by  adopting 
an'feconoraicaland  military  system,  which 
xijpholds  her  insidious  politics.  England, 
after  centuries  of  civil  wars,  and  revolu- 
tions, enjoys  at  last  the  blessings  of  a  free 
ooDStitutioD,  and  displays  her  natural  re- 
toarcet;  with  a  firm  hand,  she  grasps  tht 
trident  j  she  becomes  tlie  sovereign  of  the 
s^as  t  her  industrious  sons  jMther  the  rich- . 
es  her  extensive  domain  affords^  secure  in 
their  property,  and  in  their  enjoyments, 
by  their  bravery  and  by  equitable  laws. 
This  vast  accession  of  force,  occasions 
various  oscillations  in  the  political  system, 
for  the  space  of  about  35  years  j  and  the 
true  principles  upon  which  the  new  ba- 
lance of  power  was  to  resty  are  not  finally 
settled,  tUl  the  peace  of  Hubertsbourg,  in 
1763. 

Since  this  epoch,  (1763  to  1789)  says  Mr. 
Ancillon,  in  his  preface,  Europe  has  ceased  to 
Apprehend  the  dominion  of  a  single  power : 
five  great  powers  able  snccessfully  to  wa^e 
war,  single-handed,  carefully  watching  each 
other,  afford  ^KOleclion  to  fesser  states,  hnd 
seem  to  insure  the  stability  of  Europe.  The 
particular  ambition  of  any  of  them,  may  still 
produce  plans  inimical  to  the  liberties  of  na- 
tions ;  but  they  can  hardly  escape  the  penc- 
tiation  of  the  other  powers,  who  coimteract, 
or  oppose  theqi  by  force.  The  only  extension 
adlowod  to  any  ot  them  is,  that  which  it  may 
derive  from  labour,  and  from  the  improve- 
ment of  its  internal  resources.  A  grand  ex- 
ample of  national  industry,  diffuses  in  every 
ttate  a  spirit  of  impro\'ement,  and  an  useful 
emulation  of  actinty.  Europe  advances  by 
slow,  but  steady  steps,  in  the  career  of  civili- 
sation  j  and  the  progressive  increase  in  the  re- 
sources of  the  scx'crai  states,  becomes  a  Rew 
guarantee  of  their  political  existence.  The 
equipoise  of  forces,  and  of  passions,  is  so  far 
established,  as  to  prevent  any  threatening  or 
oppressive  influence.  Prussia,  forcing  Joseph 
11.  to  abarwion  his  designs  on  Bavaria,  and 
signing  with  him  the  treaty  of  Teschen,  un- 
der the  guarantee  of  France ;  England  expe- 
riencing in  the  American  war  the  reBources 
France  possesses  to  create  a  formidable  ma- 
rine ;  Austria  and  Russia  compelled  to  make 
peace  with  the  Turks,  when  their  expulsion 
ffom  Europe  seemed  near  at  hand  j  all  this 
proves  to  the  impartial  observer,  that  the  sys- 
tem of  counter-balancinz  forces,  was  advan- 
cing to  maturity,  when  the  French  revolution 
broke  out.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  in- 
•forcc  a  contrary  belief  j  but  sophisms  must 
give  way  to  facts. 

The    French   levolutibn,   occasioned   by 


causes  foreign  to  the  political  system  of  Eu- 
rope, produced  an  universal  confusion  in  tbat 
fiur  part  of  the  world.  The  war  which  the 
revolution  party  had  artfully  prepared,  and 
conducted  with  an  equal  degree  of  ability  and 
fury,  changes  often  its  aim,  and  its  means; 
annihilates  some  stales  -,  creates  others  ^  and 
is  terminated  by  a  series  of  treaties,  which 
change  all  ancient  relations,  and  give  an  in- 
tirely  new  face  to  Europe.  Here  b^os  a 
new  order  of  things;  evidently  contrary  to 
the  principles  and  experience  of  the  three  last 
centuries.  It  seems  as  if  Europe  was  seeking 
her  safety,  in  a  system  considered  as  the  great- 
est evil  oy  preceding  generations.  Bat  these 
facts  are  too  near  us  to  belong  to  history.  It 
is  an  essay  perfectly  new  in  its  kind,  and 
whose  merit  time  alone  can,  and  ought  4o  de- 
termine. 

Such  are  the  outlines  of  Mr.  AociUon's 
work :  one-third  part  of  which  only  (the 
first  epoch)  is  as  yet  published.  We  com- 
mend  his  prudence,  in  declining  to  meddle 
with  the  present  times ;  yet  we  apprehend 
that  this  caution  will  be  but  of  little  avail 
to  him ;  and  we  wonder  his  work  has 
been  printed  in  Bonaparte*s  dominion. 
He,  indeed,  carefully  avoids  mentionii^ 
his  name  -,  he  does  not  censure  his  plans ; 
but  the  system  he  has  destroyed,  by  «o 
many  crimes,  is  the  constant  theme  of  hit 
praises  ;  and  many  applications  not  very 
favourable  to  the  tyrant's  views,  may  be 
drawn  from  his  work.  After  stating  in 
his  preliminary  discourse,  that  nations  aib 
towards  each  other  in  a  state  of  oatore^  in 
which  the  undue  exercise  of  force  is  pro^ 
vented  by  force  only ;  he  mentions  son* 
dry  chimerical  plans,  devised  by  several 
writers  and  statesmen,  to  relieve  JSurope 
from  that  violent  state. 

Could  this  be  obtained,  says  he,  as  tone 
writers  pretend,  by  establishing  in  Europe  aa 
Universal  Monarchy?  But,  this  would  be 
signing  the  death  wanant  of  political  bodies, 
in  order  to  secure  them  from  diseases  or 
wounds;  and  the  remedy  would  be  worse 
than  the  evil !  Which  of  them,  besides,  would 
consent  to  «uch  a  measure,  and  would  thus 
commit  a  moral  suicide?  Besid^  the  ittde- 
pendent  e^tcnceof  a  great  number  of  various 
states^,  whose  laws  and  i  iiiiililiiliimi«i  ilifT  i 
ent,  b  the  true  principle  which  gtvea  life  to 
the  agriculture,  to  the  labour,  aftd  le  liie 
wealth  of  Europe.  The  diversity  of  govem-r 
menta  has  produced  an  useful  emulation,  an 
abundant  variety  of  .ideas,  ofsentimenu,  and 
of  characters,  which  woald  soon  disappear  un- 
der the  levelling  rod  of  the  same  master.  Ho- 
nest pride,  confidence,  patriotism,  national 
characteristics,  all  that  distinguishes  one  pq^ 

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iieg] 


Tableau des Rimlutwns,  isfc.'— Braces  Travels,  ifc. 


t"^ 


pk  from  another,  would  soon  h^  loet  Id  this 
contused  mixture  of  hetero^eous  elements. 
Aod,  lastly,  should  even  this  pinn  of  universal 
monarchy  be  practicable,  did  it  not  tend  to  the 
degradation  of  mankind,  still  means  ^vould  be 
■wanting  to secpre  its ptnnancnt existence.  1 1 
has  always  been  seen  that  those  great  powers 
whose  colossal  dominion  seemed  to  realise  the 
idea  ol  universal  monarchy,  have  been  dis- 
fnenibered  with  jfeat  facility;  and,  after  their 
dissolution,  nations  have  contended,  with 
6erce  and  bloody  war,  for  tlie  possession  of 
their  scatiercdsDoils. 

Ever  ?>iDce  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
the  history  of  Europe  ofiers  to  our  view,  as  a 
grand  and  useful  lesson,  its  several  govern- 
ments atiem]>ting  and  striving,  with  various 
success,  to  emerge  from  that  state  of  nature, 
^nd  to  establibh  among  themselves  a  social 
gnar^tee  of  right,  to  prevent  the  abuse  of 
force.  There  was  but  one  mean  to  arrive  at 
the  wbhed-forend ;  it  was  to  oppose  forces  to 
foroeiy  iDcounterbalance  action  by  reaction ; 
to  maintain  order,  harmony,  and  rest  in  the 
political  world,  by  the  same  means  which 
piaintain  order,  harmony,  and  rest  in  the  phy- 
sical world  j  and  to  attempt  bringing  about  an 
eqliilibrium,  by  an  able  system  of  combined 
attractions.  It  is  in  this  point  of  view,  that  I 
propose  considering  the  political  history  of  the 
Jast  three  centuries. 

Speaking  of  the  wars  which  this  system 
has  occasioned,  aud  which  Mr.  A.  repre- 
sents very  justly,  we  think,  as  necessary 
evils  productive  of  some  good,  he  cx- 
plaims* 

Far  from  me  the  idea  of  lessening  by  these 
leflectioos  the  natural  horror  which  war  in- 
spires, aild  which  I  share  with  all  the  friends 
pf  humanity!  I  wantonlvto  prove,  that,  in 
ihe  general  ehain  of  events,  good  may  some- 
times arise  from  that  destructive  scourge. 
peace  is,  and  always  will  be,  the  first  of 
blesbiogs.  But  a  nation  ought  never  to  forget, 
that  there  i$  an  evil  greater  than  war-y  it  is 
ike  loss  ^  her  political  independence  and  qf 
her  natipfml  existence, 

Summam  crede  ntfas,  animum  prof  err  epudori 
Et  propter  vitam,  vivendi  perdere  causas. 

k  18  but  justice  to  mention,  that  in  this 
part  of  his  work  which  is  before  us,  Mr. 
A.  has  iaithfully  adhered  to  the  principle^ 
heprofissies,  without  however,  suffering 
bis  judgnoent  to  be  baffled  by  bis  predilec- 
tion for  the  balance  of  power.  His  work 
is  that  of  an  impartial  man,  rather  well* 
informed  than  learned  -,  possessing  more 
pense  than  wit,  and  nnore  industry  than 
genius.  To  men  conversant  with  the  po- 
etical history  of  Europe^  it  witt  afibrxl  nei* 


ther  new  thotights,  nor  new  combinations 
of  ideas;  but,  we  think,  it  will  prove 
useful  to  youth ;  a  complete  view  of  the 
political  system  of  Europe  during  the 
last  three  centuries,  was  a  work  actually 
wanting ;  and,  if  Mr.  A.'s  performance  is 
not  masterly,  it  certainly  js  commeiuUlble,- 
His  style  is  not  entitled  to  higher  praise  ^ 
it  is  not  incorrect,  but  it  ia  not  elegant^ 
nor  is  it  free  from  negligence  and  repeti-^ 
tions ;  it  does  not  sweH  into  that  turgid 
pathos,  the  characteristic  of  themodera 
French  school,  but  the  frequent  abuse  of 
verbal  antithesis  betrays  an  affectation  of 
false  wit,  ill  suited  to  the  subject. 

We  conclude,  by  entering  our  protest 
against  the  total  want  of  references; 
which,  in  a  production  of  this  kind,  is  a 
capital  omission.  The  author  has,  in* 
deed,  anticipated  the  reproach,  and  he 
pertly  says,  **  No  building  can  be  erected 
without  a  scaBbldit]g,  but  this  roust  dis- 
appear when  the  fabric  is  completed*** 
Tiue,  friend,  but  leave  us  at  least  a  stair- 
case :  for,  wit))out  that  convenience  how 
can  we  examine  the  difierent  stories  of 
which  the  building  consists? 

Travels  to  discover  the  Sources  of  the 
Nile,  in  the  Years  jyO'S, — 1773-. 
By  James  Bruce,  of  Kinnaird,  ^. 
F.R.S.  Second  Edition,  cotrected  and 
enlarged.  To  v^  hich  is  prefixed,  a  Lifb 
of  the  Author.  In  seven  volumes,  8vo. 
with  a  Volume  of  Plates,  in  4to.  Price 
41. 168.  Constable,  Edinburgh^  Long* 
man  and  Co.  London,  1805. 

Travellers  have  been  acctised  of  ex- 
ercising a  privilege  in  respect  to  descrip- 
tions of  foreign  parts,  which  those  woo 
remain  at  home  are  hardly  induced  to 
tolerate,  without  many  exceptions,  and 
some  contradiction*  Suspicion  on  this 
subject  pariicuKnrly  attached  itself  to 
the  late  Mr.  Bruce,  and,  long  before 
the  publication  of  his  Travels,  it  had  ga- 
thered enough  from  his  conveiiation,  from 
reports  of  his  discoveries,  and  from  sur- 
mise, to  embolden  wicked  wits,  who  de- 
lighted in  incredulity,  to  treat  with  ridi- 
cule both  tlie  autl)or  and  his  narration.  If 
ridiaile  were  in  its  nature  a  test  of  truth, 
such  conduct  might  be  capable  of  vindica- 
rion  J  or,  if  the  mode  of  de^ribing  a  fact 
were  so  identified  with  the  fact  itself,  as 
to  be  inseparable  from  it,  then  might  the 
censure  due  to  the  mode  reflect  dispa- 


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Bruce  s  Travels  to  discover  the  Sources  ^the  NUe. 


i^m 


rageroent  on  its  principal.  But,  as  the 
rommon  sense  of  mankind,  hashitLerto, 
bappily  t>een  able  to  disiinguish  between 
es!>ential  and  accidental,  between  a  sub- 
jBtance  and  a  mode ;  so  the  accounts  of  Mr. 
Snice  have  outlived  the  aspersions  of  their 
opponents,  and  the  present  edition  of  his 
works,  is  a  proof  that  bis  authority  has 
natnCained  itself  among  those  who  were 
capable  judges  of  his  assertions.  We  do 
■ot  mean  by  this,  to  commend  his  manner 
<>f  writing,  or  tliat  graridioso  view  of 
things,  and  style  of  description,  which 
might  have  beeji  avoided  by  a  little  dex- 
terity in  authorship  5  we  mean  to  express 
our  belief,  that  he  presented  Truth  to  his 
renders,  bat  not  always  arrayed  in  tbesim* 
^e  robe  which  best  beconoet  that  divl- 
nity. 

This  being  the  second  edition  of  these 
Travels,  we  shall  not  enlarge  in  our  ac- 
cotuit  of  them,  yet  considering  the  publi- 
c^ion  as  important,  we  cannot  avoid  re- 
porting its  contents  at  some  length. 

We  shall  endeavour  to  combine  our  ex- 
tracts in  the  order  of  their  occurrence, 
with  the  li*e  of  the  author,  who  certainly 
was  one  of  the  most  ventnrous  travellers 
which  either  ancient  or  modem  ages  have 
produced.  Ulysses  himself,  scarcely  had 
more  hair  breadth  escapes  5  the  cave  of 
Polyphemus  was  not  more  dangerous, 
than  the  town  of  Masuah,  the  intrigues  of 
Abyssinian  priests,  or  the  perplexities  of 
Sennaar^  were  to  Mr.  Bruce ;  yet  iliese  he 
happily  overcame,  and  spent  his  laiter 
days  in  his  native  land,  amid  the  circle  of 
respect  and  friendship. 

Mr.  B.  was  a  nativfe  of  Scotland  -,  he 
was  born  at  Kinnaird,  in   the  county  of 
Stirling,  Dec.  14,   1/30.     He  there  re- 
ceived a  liberal    educatjon,    which  was 
completed  at  Harrow,  in  England.     He 
was  destined  by  his  father  for  the  Scottish 
bar,  but  it  is  believed  that  this  was  not  the 
unbiassed  choice  of  the  yc^uth  himself. 
His    constitution  was    delicate,    but  the 
chace,  and  its  amusements,  at  length,  es- 
fablislicd  it.     He  quitted  Scotland  \x\  July, 
1753,  with  intentions  of  proceeding  to  the 
East  Indies ;  but,  in  London,  he  met  with 
a  Miss  Allan,  who,  eventually  diverted 
his  mind  from  seeking  abroad  for  that  dis- 
tinction, which  might  be  well  compen- 
sated by  happiness  at  home.     Mr.  B.  mar- 
ried this  lady ;  and  became  partner  in  the 
business  of  her  family,  the  wine  trade. 
Symptoms  of  consum^ion  soon  discover- 


ing themselves  in  Mrs.  B.  h«  accocnpacied 
her  to  the  South  of  France.  She  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  1754.  The  loss  may  be  con- 
ceived, ^but  not  described.  Continuing 
the  wine  trade,  Mr.  B.  visited  Portugal^ 
Spain,  Fnuice,  Germany,  and  the  Neil^r- 
lands.  He  saw  the  battle  and  victory  -zt 
Crevelt,  June  23,  1758,  and  returned  to 
England  that  summer.  Aboat  this  tiooo 
lie  applied  to  the  study  of  Eastern  lan^ 
guages  ;  and  his  father  dying,  he  declined 
the  wine  business  to  reside  on  the  Heaaily 
estate  which  now  descended  to  him.  In 
February,  1762,  he  was  appointed  Cooaid 
General  at  Algiers ;  where  be  anired  in 
March,  1/63,  and  having  a  preriom 
knowledge  of  the  written  Arabic,  he  a^ 
plied  himself  with  diligence  to  study  the 
spoken  dialects  $  and  thos  qualified  him- 
self for  transacting  business  without  the 
intervention  of  an  interpreter.  In  Algiers, 
he  acquired  that  knowledge  of  the  Arab 
character,  which  in  subsequent  oocurren* 
ces  was  the  means,  under  Providence,  of 
saving  his  life.  He  made  a  very  hazard* 
ous  excursion  into  the  interior  of  Afriea, 
while  he  was  Consul  $  and  executed  many 
drawings  of  ruins,  Bcc.  with  which  aooM 
parts  of  it  abound. 

We  cannot  give  a  better  idea  of  his  eha« 
racter  than  by  transcribing  his  own  ac- 
count of  this  journey,  written  Arom  Alg^ien 
to  the  celebrated  Mr.  Wood. 

I  began  my  journey  by  land  the  middle  of 
September  l^lCefT  to  0>nstantina;  but  the 
Moors  between  those  two  places  being  then  in 
rebellion,  afler  having  the  morti6cation  of  sec* 
in^  part  of  the  frize  of  the  temple  ef  Venus 
(Keff,  as  j'ou  know,  was  the  Sicca  Venerea), 
so  inutibted,  that  no  idea  could  be  formed  of 
it,  and  havineddineated  the  bnl^  three  figures 
that  remained  on  a  part  of  the  fnzc  of  the  tem* 
pie  of  Hercules,  1  turned  eastward  to  Spardag 
the  ancient  Sufetiila,  wheie  I  knew  <heie  was 
what  woidd  occupy  me  for  some  tifne$  and  I 
was  not  niistakm.  Having  delineated,  mea* 
stired,  and  minuted  evgry  thing  of  any  w*orth« 
as  well  there  as  in  all  the  ether  places  of  the 
neiglibourhood,  I  returned,  and  proceeded  t* 
Constantina,  where  I  arrival  safely,  biit  with 
difficulty  enough. 

The  Bey  was  gone  out  with  his  camp* 
but,  hanng  advice  of  my  comifig  ftom  Algiet* 
he  had  left  orders  to  have  eiery  thioQ  ready 
for  my  reception.  AVe  were  lodged  in  hia 
own  palace,  and  treated  with  tl>e  utinost  BKlg- 
nificeuce,  as  well  as  tl^  greatest  attention,  auKf 
six  chosen  Moorish  horse  well  ucqusintedwith 
the  language  and  the  emmtry,  for  the  lan- 
guage is  in  many  places  diffi£uk«  appointed  tn' 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


1199] 


Sruee't  Travels  to  Jiscavtr  the  Sourtes  afthe  Sire. 


CH9* 


accoonpany  me  wbeicrer  I  iocendcd  to  go. 
With  tlicae  I  went  to  every  place  of  pule 
through  that  province,  even  tbR^u^h  the  * 
mountainous,  and  hitherto  thought  inaccessi- 
ble part^  of  it;  and  arh^anced  ir.io  the  dc^t  to 
the  southward,  till  we  wanted  water,  and,  in- 
de»^d,  c\*cry  ihinjj  else.  1  then  turned  N.  E. 
and  coasttd  ak>n^  the  desert  to  the  frontiers  of 
Tunis,  restinr;  a  utile  at  Cafsa,  one  of  theprfa-  • 
ripnl  citi«t  of  Jugurtba.  From  this  1  again 
took  to  tlie  desert  suoding  due  south  east, 
steering  always  in  a  sea  of  land  by  compass 
and  observation,  intending  to  have  fetched 
Tripoly  j  but  we  were  lierc  again  ohi,lructed 
by  the  Moors,  and  not  knowing  the  wells 
which  are  kept  always  covered  with  camel's 
hides,  we  wcreohlif^a  to  cross  the  mountains 
of  Atlas,  and  continue  our  course  to  Girba^  a 
fruitful  island  of  Tunis,  the  Meninx  of  the 
Lotopha^i,  three  days  journey  distant,  bnt 
thco  Ml  sight.  / 

Here  I  was  surprised  to  find  myself 
among  men  of  a  different  species,  not  living  in 
tent<i,or  in  mud- walled  cottages,  as  the  Arabs 
do ;  but  in  caves  under  ground  as  tlie  Troglo- 
dytes of  old.  Mela  says  of  these  that  ihey 
lived  in  caves,  and  fed  rpon  seqjcnts :  if  he 
had  said  fed  together  with  serpents,  his  de- 
scription had  been  just  J  for  there  are  so  many 
tn  every  habitation,  and  so  familiar,  that  at 
each  meal  the) .  come  and  pick  up  what  falls 
fcow  the  dish,  like  dogs  Some  of  tbcm  are 
se\'en  feet  ia  length ;  but  to  these  people  so 
harudess  that,  even  trod  upon  aocidentally, 
they  do  not  sting,  and  there  is  not  any  person 
of  tlie  family  who  will  not  with  their  hands 
lift  tliem  out  of  tlK-ir  way,  when  sleeping,  or 
ill  any  manner  troublesome.  No  persuasion 
nor  reward  could  induce  them  to  let  me  carry 
away  one  of  them ;  it  being  universally  be- 
lie^'ed  that  they  are  a  kind  of  good  an^c!^, 
whom  it  wouUf  be  the  highest  impropriety, 
and  of  the  wonit  oonsequciice  to  the  commu- 
nity, to  remove  from  their  dwelling. 

At  Girba  I  staid  a  month  with  an  intcn- 
^on  to  proceed  to  Tripoly.  The  Bey  being 
on  ill  terms  with  the  consul,  though  he  pro- 
mised, he  would  not  send  any  escort.  My*elf 
and  servanU  did  indeed  most  rashly  attempt 
to  pass  the  desert,  inhabited  only  by  ruHians 
and  assassins,  who  pay  no  sort  of  acknow- 
kdgement,to  any  sovereign^  and  where  tlie 
caravan  from  Morocco  to  Mecca,  whicti  we 
fouod  near  Tripoly,  had  been  defeated  and 
plundered,  though  it  amounted  to  upwards 
of  3000  men.  plor  did  wc  escaj* ;  lor  the 
night  of  the  third  <lay  we  were  attacked  by  a 
number  of  horsenxen,  and  four  of  our  men  bil- 
led upon  the  spot.  PrOviJencc,  the  prodigious 
resolution  of  our  little  company,  and  the 
night,  9a\'ed  the  remainder,  and  we  arrived  at 
Trijioly,  when  given  over  bv  every  body  ibr 
lost.  After  which  I  rctumecf  along  the  cooais' 
#4'  ihe  lesser  Syriii  down  to  .Cap«  Boii,  the 


Promontorium  Mercurii ;  from  thcnee  again 
arrived  at  Tunis,  after  an  absence  of  ihoreiiiaa 
six  months  constantly  encimped. 

It  is  now  time'  to  meiuion  how  that 
space  has  been  employed,  and  where  my  ex- 
pectation:) )ia>c  been  answered  by  the  antiqui- 
ties 1  have  foujod  in  my  journey.  The  prin- 
cipal arc  these:  eight  triumphal  arches  of  x\h 
Corinthiau  ord'^r,  mostly  of  diHcrent  plans 
and  dest^^s,  and  Uttle  ruined;  seven  C'orin« 
thian  temples  in  great  preservation,  all  highly 
ornamented  and  of  the  very  ben  ages,  wliose 
plans,  parts,  and  decorations,  I  have  by  very 
laborious  searches  and  excavations  made  my- 
self entirely  master  of;  add  to  tliese  one  lai^ 
temple  of  the  Composite  order,  in  its  best  age; 
one  part  of  which  is  so  perfectly  prescr^'etL, 
that  It  must  he  looked  ujxhi  as  an  unexce}>- 
tionable  exnin|)le  of  the  manner  in  which  ih« 
ancients  disjxised  and  pMportioned  the  consti* 
tuent  parts  of  that  order,  and  two  Urge  aque- 
ducts, the  smallest  of  which  exceeds  by  foxty- 
t^o  feet  in  perpendicular  height  tiie  remains 
of  the  highest  aqueduct  in  Rome.  In  thesa 
designs  arc  inciudeil  the  ruins  of  tlie  tlireo 
princi})al  civjci  of  Africa,  namclv,  lol,  or  Julia 
Cxsarea  the  capital  of  Juba,  Cirta,  and  Car- 
thage; the  last  of  whicli,  I  h;^,  will  be 
found  to  make  a  belter  figure  Uian  it  doss  in 
the  accounts  of  some  travellers,  who  would 
persuade  us  there  are  no  traces  of  that  city  re- 
maining. Tlie  draw  ings  aie  iG  inches  fa« 
12. 

I  have  corrected  and  cleared  up  many 
passages  of  the  Antonine  Itinerary,  Pcutin- 
gcr  s  tables  and  Ptolemy,  as  well  as  of  Sanson, 
Nollin,  and  Dibblcr's,  French  maps,  all  by  ac- 
tual observaiion;  and,  if  ever  1  ha^e  time, 
hope  to  gire  a  large  map  of  Africa,  that  wi^ 
show  how  muc.i  the  gentlenK^  above-men- 
tioned iiave  wro  e  by  hearsay,  or  imagination* 

I  l&avc  collected  about  three  hundred  me- 
dals of  all  kinds,  qiany  of  which  are  curious» 
tliough  I  have  not  had  tin:e  to  consider  them ; 
some  large  medallions  vases  and  statues  of 
bronze,  all  in  good  taste;  and  have  copied 
about  one  thouhand  inscriptions. 

And,  lastly,  1  have  not  entirely  neglected, 
bnt  have  made  about  thirty  drawings  of  tlie 
rarest  animals,  insects,,  bird.^,  and  plants  of  this 
country,  pariicuLidy  the  interior  and  remote 
parts  of  it,  all  in  their  natuml  colours. 

As  -soon  as  Mr.  Harrison  has  obtained 
leave  for  me,  I  return  to  Tripoly;  from  thence 
1  intend  to  visit  t);e  ruins  of  Ixptti  Magna ; 
CO  round  thegutfof  ^)idra,  orSyrii*  M;y9f,  to 
Berenice,  Arsi.ioe,  Cyrone,  i'^iolemais,  Jiarea, 
ApoUouia,  down  to  liarne. 

My  cxcursioii-i  liiough  terminated  to  liiy 
satisfaction,  hkvo  been  so  continually  attended* 
with  e%'er}' kind  ofd.mger,  harddliip,  and  ditii- 
culty,  ttiat  no  consideration  possible  would 
make  me  again  rejieat  the  joumcj.  1  have  iiow 
^nished,     Ol'uia  bcaet  v>nh^  and  oqustantlv 


Digitized 


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J 105] 


Bf net's  Travels  la  dUtwv  the  Souftu-oftke  Nile. 


PI9< 


in  fear  of,  the  wandering  Arabs,  the  most  bru- 
tal set  of  barbarous  wretches  ever  I  believe 
existed;  constantly  parched  with  heat,  ordy* 
ing  with  extreme  cold ;  exposed  many  times 
iothe  riskofdyins  with  thirst,  though  pierpe- 
tually  in  view  oflaigc  quantities  of  water, 
equal  in  saltness  to  the  sea ;  in  the  northern 
parts  in  constant  dan^r  from  tigers,  lions^ 
and  panthers;  in  the  south  afintd  of  every 
creature,  where  the  smallest  insect  it  endowed 
with  some  noxious  quality;  scorpions  and 
homed  vipers  are  in  such  abundance  that  of 
the  former  fliirty-five  were  killed  in  and  about 
my  tent  an  hour  after  it  was  pitched.  And 
when,  in  the  evening  of  a  suhry  day,  we  had 
the  comfort  of  a  fresh  breeze,  we  were  hin- 
dered from  enjoying  it,  by  Teflccting,^  that  if  it 
increased  we  might,  while  asleep,  be  buried 
■  in  the  showers  of  sand  it  carries  along  with 
it.     Vol.  I.  pp.  246^262. 

Jle  crosseJ  from  Africa  to  Crete,  in 
1/66 J  visited  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  and 
Egypt :  proceeded  up  the  Nile,  Dec.  1 768, 
and  after  having  explored  the  Red  Sea 
Borth\^'ard  as  far  as  Tor,  and  southward  as 
far  as  Gidda,  he  gailed  for  Massowa,  the 
entrance  into  Abyssinia,  which  he  reach- 
ed Sept.  19,  i;()9. 

At  this  period  begins  the  peculiarity  of 
Mr.  B*8  travels:  others  had  visited  and 
described  Egypt  and  Yemen,  but  those 
Vfho  had  entered  Abyssinia  had  either  paid 
for  their  temerity  wilh  their  lives,  or  had 
.  been  detained  m  that  kingdom,  according 
to  a  standing  law  of  the  state,  or  enjoyed 
little  opportunity  of  satisfying  that  curio- 
•ity  which  so  powerfully  predominates  in 
well-informed  minds.  Those  few  indivi- 
dnals,  of  the  lower  classes,  chiefly,  which 
had  escaped  from  Abyssinia,  had  seen  lit- 
tle, and  could  faitlifully  describe  less  ;  but 
they  had  famished  concerning  this  coun- 
try such  confused  reports,  such  marvels, 
and  such  singularities,  that  the  confirma- 
tion, or  the  confutation,  of  their  accounts 
was  become  desirable,  and  Mr.  B.  felt  this 
desire  in  all  its  vigoun 

The  town  and  district  of  Masuah,  was 
governed  by  a  man  of  Turkish  descent, 
mean  parts,  of  great  cruelty  and  deceit, 
who  had  committed  many  atrocities,  and 
thought  nothing  of  shedding  Christian 
blood.  This  man  entertained  thoughts  of 
ipaking  himself  independent,  though  he 
ought  to  have  been  subject  to  the  Grand 
Seignior :  but  as  he  drew  all  his  provi- 
aiouB  from  Abyssinia,  he  stood  in  awe  of 
the  vengeance  of  that  govenuueot,  and. 


at  length,  was  induced  to  suffer  Mr.  B.  to 
pursue  his  journey.  Villain  as  he  wai, 
his  nephew  and  expected  successor  was  a 
roan  oif  honour,  and  contributed  essential- 
ly to  extricate  Uie  strai^r  from  the  toils 
in  which  guile  had  surrounded  him.  Mr. 
B.  had  taken  every  prudent  precantion  bf 
sending  forward  advice  of  his  approach, 
and  was  at  length,  taken  under  cbe  pio* 
tection  of  two  servants  of  tb«  King  of 
Ab^'ssinia  sent  expressly  for  his  aecoritj. 
Left  Masnah  Nov.  IQ;  reached  Dixao^  the 
frontier  town  of  Abyssinia  Nov.  22,  after 
travelling  up  the  gullies  formed  by  de- 
scending torrents  in  the  extrem^y  steep 
mountains  of  Taranta.  What  kind  of 
place  and  country  he  was  arrived  at  may 
be  inferred  from  the  character  of  this 
town,  which  is  inhabited  by  Moors  and 
Christians,  and  very  well  peopled ;  yet 
the  only  trade  of  either  of  these  sects,  is 
that  of  selling  children  !  The  Christians 
bring  such  as  they  havs  stolen  in  Abyss- 
nia  to  Dixan,  the  Moors  receive  them 
there,  and  carry  them  to  a  certain  market 
at  Masuah,  whence  they  are  sent  over  the 
Red  Sea,  to  Arabia  or  India.  The  priests 
of  the  Abyssinian  province  of  T<gi^,  are 
openly .  concerned  in  this  practice,  and 
some  receive  license  from  the  Governor 
of  Tigre  to  carry  it  on  as  feir  trade  ! 

Mr.  B.  relates  a  history  wbidi  had  just 
occurred,  when  he  arrived  at  Dixan,  of  oi 
old  priest,  who  deluded  a  younfi;er  brother 
of  the  priesthood,  and  gradtiaSy  sokl  his 
two  children,  his  wife,  and  himself,  ta 
the  slave  dealers,  ur.der  various  proteooea. 
Our  readers  will  think  that  he  was  bat 
jusdy  served  when  retaliation  fell  upon 
him,  and  he  shared  the  same  ftte.  The 
priests  of  Axum  and  those  of  the  Monas- 
tery of  Abba  Gxirima,  are  equally  in£H 
raous  for  this  practice.  Above  five  hun- 
dred people  are  exported  annually  by  thii 
means,  of  which  two  hundred  are  Chris- 
tian children  kidnapped  in  some  sQch 
manner :  in  seasons  01  scarcity  four  times 
that  number. 

Mr.  B.  proceeded  for  Gondar,  the  capi- 
tal of  Abyssinia^  where  he  arrived  Feb.  15, 
1770.  Here,  in  the  character  of  a  phjrsi* 
cian,  he  had  opportimity  of  maiking  con- 
nections by  his  attendance  on  the  children 
of  the  princesses,  and  other  ladies  of  high 
rank  about  the  court.  He  was  freely  re- 
ceived in  the  palace  of  Koscam,  at  a  small 
distance  from  Gondar,  and  hereby  was 
strongly  recommended  to  the  iayoax  of 


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tim 


Bruce*s  Travels  to  discover  the  Sources' of  the  Nile. 


rngi 


th»  Iting.  He  had  various  interviews 
with  this  sovereign,  was  appointed  Baal- 
o-Tnaa]»  or  Lord  of  the  Bed-chamber,  and 
afterwards  Lord  of  Greesh,  a  province  in 
the  southern  part»  of  the  kingdom,  which 
promotions  were  in  the  issue  of  great  service 
to  Mr.  B.  in  his  escape  from  this  land  of 
barbarism.  He  rode  also  in  the  Koccab 
horse,  among  the  king^s  attendants,  and 
was,  in  feet,  respected,  bek>ved,  and  pro-. 
moted,  as  much  as  a  stranger  could  be. 

Various  were  the  political  disturbances 
which  it  was  the  fate  of  our  intrepid,  yet 
reflective  traveller  to  witness;  scenes  of 
alternate  rebellion  and  battle;  slaughter 
and  execution.  We  pass  these  deeds  of 
Hood,  to  attend  to  those  objects  of  more 
interesting  description  to  the  civilized 
world,  and  what  were  the  principal  objects 
of  Mr.  B.*s  inquiry.  The  sources  of  the 
^ile  had  long  been  considered  among  the 
literati,  ancient  and  modem,  as  places 
to  be  discovered,  but  as  having  never  been 
visited  by  any  European ;  though  Mr.  B. 
.allows  to  Poncet,  one  of  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries, a  knowledge  in  this  respect, 
which  some  had  denied  him.  But  he  as- 
serts in  decided  terms  tha  falsity  of 
Jerome  Lobo*8  pretensions. 

Wa  shall  do  no  more,  in  this  place, 
than  hint  a  doubt,  whether  this  Nile  was 
the  river  which  gave  rise  to  the  proverb, 
''  as  undiscover^  as  the  head  of  Nilus:" 
because,  we  have  some  suspicion,  that  it 
rather  referred  to  the  Nilab,  a  river  of  In- 
dia, and  a  sacred  abode  of  the  original  dei- 
ties of  mankind.  Alexander  the  Great,  at 
least,  seems  to  have  been  of  this  opinion, 
when  he  wrote  a  letter  to  his  mother,  ac* 
quainting  her,  that  he,  advancing  touard 
In'dia,  had  almost  arrived  at  the  head  of 
Nilus;  and  informing  her,  at  tlie  same 
time,  that  the  gods  of  the  nations  had 
been  mortals,  but  consecrated  after  death. 

Waving  thk,  we  proceed  to  give  Mr. 
B/s  deacription  of  the  greatest  cataract  of 
the  Nile,  the  second  from  its  source.  And 
this  we  select  the  rather,  because  most,  if 
aat  all,  writers  have  applied  the  descrip- 
tion of  Lucan  to  the  Cataracts  near  Syene 
in  Egypt,  and  have  in  consequence,  critir 
cised  that  poet  too  severely,  since  he  had 
in  contemplation,  what  arconnts  had 
reached  him,  of  a  more  considerable  falJ 
than  the  lower  Cataracts  present. 

Quis  te  tamU-ne  fluentpm, 

Motunim  untas  violent!  gurgUis  irat, 
Nile,  putct.'  Sed  com  laLpsus  abrupu  vtarum 
Exccp^re  tao9,  ec  prsecipites  cataractie. 


Ac  nusquam  vetitb  tiHas  obsister^  caiAet 
Iiidi;naris  aquis :  spumi  tunc  astra  laces«is  ; 
Cuncta  fremont  undis;    ac   muito  tnunnure 

inontis 
Spunuas  invictis  canescit  flactibus  amais. 

LocAN,  lib.  X.  ver.  815. 

"  Who,  that  beholds  thee,  Nile,  thus  gently 

flow, 
With  scarce  a  wrinkle  on  thy  glassy  brow. 
Can  guess  thy  cage,  when  rocks  resist  thy  force. 
And   hurl   thee    headlong   in  thy  downwaii 

couT«e, 
When  spouting  cataracts  thy  torrent  pour. 
And  nations  tremble  at  the  dearning  roar? 
When  thy  proud  wav«s  with  indignation  rise. 
And  dash  thy  foamy  fury  to  the  skies  ?** 

Rawfi. 

We  shall  see  now  to  what  de^ee  this 
description  agrees  with  that  of  Mr.  B. 

The  Nile  here  is  contined  between  two 
rocks,  and  runs  in  a  deep  trough,  with  great 
roaring  and  impetuous  velocity. 

The  cataract  itself  was  the  most  magnifi- 
cent sight  I  ever  beheld — the  missionaries  say 
about  60  feet,  I  may*  venture  to  say  nearer  to 
40  feet  high.  The  river  had  been  considerably 
increased  by  rains,  and  fell  in  one  sheet  of 
water,  without  any  interval,  above  half  an 
English  mile  in  breadth,  with  a  force  and 
noise  that  was  truly  icrrible,  and  tvkick 
stunned  and  made  me,  for  a  time,  perfectly 
dizzy,  A  thick  fume,  or  haze,  covered  the 
fall  all  round,  and  hung  over  the  course  of  the 
stream,  both  above  and  below,  marking  its 
track,  though  the  water  was  not  seen.  The 
river,  though  swelled  with  rain,  preserved  its 
natural  clearness,  and  fclf,  as  far  as  I  could 
discern,  into  a  deep  pool,  or  basin,  in  the 
solid  rock,  which  was  fuU,  and  in  twenty 
different  eddies  to  the  very  foot  of  the  preci- 
pice ;  the  stream,  when  it  fell,  seeming  pert 
of  it  10  run  back  with  ereat  fury  upon  the 
rock,  as  well  as  forward  in  the  line  of  tti 
course,  raising  a  wave,  or  violent  ebullition, 

by  chafTing  a{2:ainst  each  other The  stream 

fell  with  a  noise  like  the  loudest  thunder, 
sufficient  to  mtfke  the  solid  rock  (at  least  as  10 
sense)  shake  to  its  very  foundation,  and 
threaten  to  tear  every  neroe  to  pieces,  and  to 
deprive  one  of  other  senses  beside  that  of 
hearing.  It  was  a  most  magnificent  sight, 
that  ages,  added  to  the  greatest  length  of  Iranian  , 
life,  would  not  efface  from  my  memory ;  it 
struck  mc  with  a  kind  of  stupor,  and  a  total 
oblivion  of  where  I  was,  and  of  every  other 
sublunary  concern.     It  was  one  of  the  most 

ma::;nificent  sights  in  the  creation  I My 

rejlection  was  suspended,  or  suldued  ;  ana, 
while  in  iif;ht  of  the  fall,  I  think  I  teas 
under  a  temporary  alirnation  cf  mind;  i( 
seems  to  me  as  if  one  cloment  had  broke  loos  5 
from,  and  liccomc  suf>erior  to,  all  laws  of 
subordination ;  that  ihc  fountains  of  the 
great  deep  were  again  extraordinarily  opened, 
and  tlie  ucsituction  of  a  world  was  oiiCe  mor^ 


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J^wits  Travels  to  discover  the  Sources  of  Hk  Nile. 


[jMOO 


b^gwn  by  the  n^trmy  of  water.^— Vc^  V.  p. 
lOb*. 

Tbfe  reader  will  judge  whether  the 
feeliogs  of  Mr.  Bruce,  are  not  a  striking 
comiBent  on  (be  versus  of  the  poet ;  and 
whether  an  account  like  this  deUvered 
to  us  by  the  traveller,  is  not  likely  to  have 
been  the  origin  of  such  opinions  as  were 
current  in  antiquity  concerning  the  effects 
of  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile.  We  are  not 
sware  that  any  other  river  than  the  Nile 
could  furnish  this  description  ;  at  legist  tlie 
Nile  ts  the  most  fatuous,  and  stands  fore- 
most among  the  noisy  streains  of  anti- 
quity. Cicero  says,  it  stun  ned  and  deaf- 
ened those  who  approached  it.  •'  UH 
Nilus  ad  ilia,  quae  Catadupa  vemtHan* 
tur,  pretipUai  ex  eUHsstmis  montUsus^  ea 
gens,  qiuie  ilium  loaim  accolii,  propter 
taagfiitudinem  sotiiius,  sensu  fxudiendi 
taret*^  Soro.  Scip.  cap.  5.  Vide  also 
Diod.  Sic,  lib.  !.  cap.  19,  2Q»  Seneca^ 
Kat.  Quest,  lib.  iv.  cap.  2. 

It  was  some  time  after  this,  and  after 
repeated  disappointments  that  Mr.  B.  was 
able  to  visit  the  sources  which  furnish  the 
first  feeble  rills  of  this  famous  river.  He 
describes  them  as  flowing  from  three 
springs,  which  rise  in  the  middle  of  a 
marsb,  about  40  yards  from  each  side  of 
it,  and  something  less  from  the  bottom  of 
the  mountain  of  Geesh  i  here  stands  a 
hillock  -of  a  circukir  form,  about  three 
feet  from  the  surface  of  the  marsh  itself, 
though  apparently  founded  much  deeper 
in  it  The  diaa)eter  of  this  is  something 
short  of  twelve  feet  5  it  is  surrounded  by  a 
shallow  trench,  which  collects  the  water 
and  voids  it  eastward ;  it  i$  firmly  built 
with  sod  or  earthen  tnrt^  brought  from 
the  sides,  and  kept  constantly  in  repair ; 
and  this  is  the  altar  on  which  all  their 
religious  Ceremonies  of  the  inhabitants  are 
pcrtorraed.  The  further  description  of 
ihtfse  springs  we  shall  quote  from  an 
Italian  attendant  of  Mr.  B.,  whose  ac- 
count is  given  among  the  additions. 

The  sum  of  the  whole  way  frrttn  Gondar 
to  the  fouutains  of  tlie  Nile,  is  about  1 U 
mites. 

'ITk  fountains  of  the  Nile' are  three.  One 
of  them  win  Le  4  palms  in  diameter ;  but  it  b 
all  fail  of  rushes,  and  shews  neither  its  depth 
nor  true  exteiit,  it  not  being  possible  to  intro- 
duce into  it  any  sounding  insirumcuL 

The  secoud  will  be  6  paces  distant  from 
the  first,  to  the  south,  a  lltlle  west:  and  will 
he  about  is  iuchct  diaiueier  at  the  mouth. 


bat  within  about  4  palms,  uhi  it  ia  ^tec  S 
inches  deep. 

The  thuti  will  be  18  paces  distant  (ion 
the  first,  to  S«  S.  W. ;  its  mouth  is  abinewkat 
larger  than  that  of  th«  second,  but  it  is  oni^ 
5  feet  8  inches  deep.  Tlie  first  beins  the 
lowest,  the  water  is  seen  at  the  level  of  che 
earth ;  but  in  the  other  two,  the  ground 
being  a  little  raised,  the  water  reBudns  abooc 
8  inches  lower  than  the  level  of  the  inocuJi. 
All  the  three  may  be  observed  to  spring  (the 
word  lolUre  signifies  to  boil  or  bublile>»  but 
so  imperceptibly  that  it  can  scarcely  be  dis- 
cerned by  great  attention ;  aiul  it  is  fiibe 
what  is  said  by  some,  that  they  spring  with 
a  noise  out  of  the  ground,  rising  abore  it. 

All  this  place  near  the  fountains  produces 
only  pfiss  and  rushes ;  trees  are  not  foaud,  id 
tlie  distance  at  least  of  about  half  a  mile  oa 
cvenrsidc. 

The  Utttude  of  the  fountains  is  10. 58  5i« 
—Vol.  V.  p.  437. 

By  an  observation  c€  ao  inmenioo  at 
the  first  satellite  of  Jupiter,  Mr.  B.  dctef- 
mined  the  longitude  i^these  springs  to  fae 
36»  55'  W  east  of  Greenwich.  Bjr  the 
quiclcsilver  in  the  tube,  which  stood  at  tt 
inches,  he  found  himself  more  than  two 
English  miles  above  the  level  of  the  aea. 
A  prodigious  height,  to  enjoy  a  sky  per 
petually  dear,  as  also  a  hot  sun,  never 
overcast  iot  a  moment  with  dovula  firon 
sun  rising  to  sun  setting. 

Nov.  ().  At  a  quarter  past  fire  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  Fahrenheit's  thermometer  atood  at 
44^  ;  at  noon  96°  \  at  sun  set  4^.  It  was, 
as  to  sense,  cold  at  night,  and  alill  naic»e  m 
an  hour  hejort  sun  set. 

Mr.  Bruce  explains  the  cause  of  the 
rising  of  the  Nile  to  be,  raios,  which  fail 
every  morping  is  Abyssinia,  as  the  sun 
advances  in  his  course  North  oif  the 
equator. 

Every  morning  iq  Ahyssiuia  is  clea^  and 
the  sun  shines,  but  about  9  o'clock,  a  souJl 
cloud,  not  above  four  feet  broad,  appean  ia 
the  East,  whirling  itself  round—4>ttt,  armed 
ill  the  zenith,  its  motion  abates,  it  spreads, 
and  dissolves  in  rain,  aUended  with  most 
violent  thunders—When*  thi?  sim  is  in  the 
southern  tropic  36^  dbtant,  the  thennomeicr 
is  seldom  kwer  than  72°,  but  when  the  s«n 
is  vertical  ii  (alb  to  60  and  69^.«— Tbe  lak 
accompanies  the  progpss  of  the  Sun,  »ad 
ilie- vapours  move  with  it.  Northward  tf 
Southward*  The  qtiantity  of  rain  in  Gondar 
fjom  March  SO  to  Sept.  8,  1770»  was  36 i 
inches:  in  177I  it  was  41|  im^ies.  In 
1770  August  was  the  rainy  month  ;  in  1771 
July* 

The  Nile  ia  worshipped  bjr  those  aroaod 


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Bruce^s  Travels  to  £scaifer  ihe  Sources  of  the  Nile, 


[1201 


its  spriogs  :  and  a  black  heifer^  that  never 
bore  a  calf,  is  sacrificed  to  it,  on  the 
first  appearance  of  the  dog- star.  The 
carcase  is  eaten  raw ;  and  the  Nile  water 
only,  is  drank,  on  this  occasion.  The 
head  is  carried  into  an  adjoining  cavern. 
Varioas  travellers  have  mentioned  the 
custom  of  eating  raw,  and  even  living, 
food,  in  Abyssinia  :  nor  is  it  unknown, 
either  in  antiquity,  sacred  or  classical; 
or  in  other  parts  of  the  world — ^we  might 
say,  even  among  ourselves,  and  oiher  na- 
tions who  call  each  other  civilized. 

Mr.  Bruce,  having  satisfied  that  desire 
which  had  induted  him  to  confront  so 
many  dangers,  at  length  was  assailed  by 
those  bngings  for  home,  which  for  the 
wisest  purposes  are  implanted  in  the  hu- 
man breast.  After  various  events,  he 
quitted  Gondar,  Dec.  26,  1771.  He  tra- 
velled through  the  intervening  district, 
which  be  describes  as  full  of  woods,  and 
tall  trees ;  and  after  many  hazards^  arriv- 
ed at  Sennaar,  April  29,  1772.  This  town 
is  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  adjacent  to  Abyssinia.  Its  chief 
revenues  arise  from  a  duty  paid  by  the 
Arabs,  for  their  flocks,  camels,  &c.  as 
they  pass  southward  to  the  fertile  lands, 
to  feed  on  them,  or  northward,  to  avoid 
an  insect,  which  we  may  call  the  gad-fly 
of  these  countries  ;  and  which,  at  a  cer- 
tain time  of  the  year,  would  destroy  the 
whole  of  the  cattle,  were  they  not  re- 
moved to  other  districts.  The  revenue 
paid  for  this  transit,  by  one  tribe  only, 
was  100,000  ounces  of  gold,  or  06  250,000. 
There  were  ten  other  tribes  5  so  that  at 
least  six  times  this  sum  was  to  be  gathered 
from  other  Arabs.  This  multitude  of  ca- 
mels supplies  the  immense  destruction 
of  this  animal  in  the  annual  journeys  to 
Mecca,  &c.  by  many  thousand  pilgrims^ 
across  the  deserts  of  Africa  and  Arabia. 

Mr.  B.  left  Sennaar,  Sept.  5,  and  pro- 
ceeded northward,  for  the  great  desert 
Iving  between  this  region  and  £gypt. 
He  arrived  Oct.  4.  at  Chendi,  lat.  16° 
33' 35"  N.  long.  33°  24'  45*.  E.  which  he 
quitted,  Oct.  20,  and,  proceeding,  com- 
mitted himself,  and  his  party  to  the  de- 
aert,  Nov.  9,—^**  a  bare  desert  of  fixed 
gravel,  without  trees,  and  of  a  very  dis- 
agreeable  whitish  colour,  mixed  with 
amill  pieces  of  white  marble,  and  pebbles 
like  alabaster." 

This,  under  the  protection  of  wonder- 
ful providence,  he  passed  in  safety^  but 

Vpl.  I.  ILU.  Pan,  March  I8Q7.J 


amidst  a  thousand  difficulties,  and  after, 
being  reduced  to  his  last  feed  of  bread, 
and  his  last  drop  of  water.  He  arrived 
at  Syene,  in  Egypt,  on  the  apth.  Froni 
hence  he  departed,  down  the  Nile,  for 
Europe,  Dec.  1 1 . 

But,  we  must  not  part  thus  from  tha 
desert  and  its  scenery.  We  have  always 
regarded  Mr.  B*s  description  of  his  jour* 
ney  homewards,  as  among  tlie  most  af- 
fecting narrations  in  our  language.  Tho 
progressive  interest  is  so  perfectly  well 
supported,  tl^t  hearts  of  stone,  indeed, 
must  they  be,  which  do  not  sympathize 
with  the  suffering  Briton.  The  follow* 
ing  descriptions  are  equally  recommended 
by  noveky  and  terror. 

Nov.  14,  at  noon.  We  w^re  here  at  once* 
surprized"  and  terrified  by  a  « ight  surely  on« 
of  the  most  magnificent  in  the  world.  In 
that  vast  expanse  of  desert,  from  W.  and  to 
N.  W.  of  us,  we  saw  a  number  of  prodigious 
piilarB  of  sand  at  different  distances,  at  times 
moving  with  great  celerity,  at  others  stalking 
on  with  a  majestic  slowness  \  and  at  inter- 
vals we  thought  they  were  coming  in  a  very 
few  minutes  to  overwhelm  us ;  and  small 
Quantities  of  sand  did  actually  reach  us,  moro 
than  once.  Again  they  would  retreat  so  as 
to  be  almost  out  of  sight,  their  tops  reaching 
to  the  very  clouds.  There  the  tops  often  se- 
parated from  the  bodies ;  and  these,  once  dis* 
joined,  dispersed  in  the  air,  and  did  not  ap- 
pear more.  Sometimes  they  were  broken  * 
near  the  middle,  as  if 'struck  with  a  larg& 
cannon  shot.  The  greatest  diameter  of  the, 
lai]gest  might  be  ten  feet.  It  was  vain  to 
think  of  fleeing  \  the  swiAest  horse,  or  faster 
est  sailing  ship,  could  be  of  no  use  to  carry 
us  out  of  this  danger.  At  one  time  they  re^ 
semblcd  a  thick  wood,  and  almost  darkene4 
the  sun:  his  rays  shining  through,  them  for 
near  an  hour,  gave  them  tlie  appearance  of 
pillars  of  fire. 

These  pillars  fell  in  hillocks,  from  seven 
to  thirteen  feet  high,  drawn  iuto  perfect 
cones,  with  very  sharp  points,  and  well-p 
proportioned  l>ases.  The-sand  was  of  an  in- 
conceivable fineness,  liaving  been  the  spc|rt 
of  the  hot  winds  for  thoiifands  of  years. — 
Marks  of  the  whirling  motion  of  the  pillars 

were  distinctly  seen  in  cverv  heap. On 

awaking  one  morning,  we  found  that  on« 
side  was  perfectly  buned  in  the  sand  that  the 
wind  had  blown  over  us  during  the  night.  About 
300  yards  out  of  our  way,  to  the  leit,  among 
some  sandy  hillocks,  where  the  ground  seems 
to  be  more  elevated  than  tlie  rest,  Idris  the 
Hybeer  told  me,  that  one  of  the  largest  cara- 
vans which  ever  came  out  of  Egyptf  under 
the  conduct  of  the  Ababd^  andpish^retia 


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Bruc^s  Travels  io  dxseaner  ihe  Sources  bf  ihe  Niie 


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Arab6»  was  there  covered  with  sand,  U>  die 
number  of  some  thousands  of  camels. 

Mr.  B/«  description  has  furnished  Dr. 
Darwin  with  image?  truly  terrific. 

Onwards  resistless  rolls  th'infuriate  surge. 
Clouds  follow  clouds,  and  roounuins  mountuns 

urge, 
Wave  over  wave  the  driving  desert  swims, 
Bursrs  o*er  their  heads,  inhumes  their  suuggling 

limbs ; 
"Man  mounts  on  man,  on  camels  camels  rush. 
Hosts   march   o'er    hosts,  and  nations  nations 

crush . 

Wheeling  in  air  the  winged  islands  fall, 

And  one  great  earthy  ocean  covers  alt  '. 

Then    ceasM    the   storm,— Night  bow*d  his 

Ethiop  brow 

To  earth,  and  listened  to  the  groans  bel      ; 

Grim  horror  shook  ; awhile  theliving  hill 

Heav*d  with  convulsive  throes  ; — and  all  was 

stilL     "^ 

A  second  enemy,  not  less  formidahle> 
was  the  Simoon :  which  Mr.  B.  thus 
describes. 

I  saw  from  the  S.  E.  a  haze  come,  in  co- 
lour like  the  purple  pert  of  lite  rainbow,  but 
not  80  compiessed  or  thick.  It  was  a  kind  of 
blush  upon  the  air,  and  it  moved  very  rapid- 
ly, for  I  scarce  could  turn  to  fall  upon  the 
ground  with  my  head  to  the  Twrthward, 
when  I  felt  the  heat  of  its  current  plainly 
upon  my  face.  We  all  lay  flat  oh  the  ground, 
as  if  dead,  till  Idris  told  us  it  was  blown  over. 
The  meteor,  or  purple  haze,  which  I  saw^ 
was  indeed  passed,  but  the  light  air  that 
Still  blew  was  of  heat  to  threaten  suHbcation. 

A  third  enemy,  at  least  equally  to  be 
dreaded,  was  the  barl^rous  tribes  which 
inhabit  the  various  spots  of  this  inhospita- 
ble wild  that  afford  a  scanty  growth  of 
pasture.  To  what  is  the  human  mind  rcdxU 
crd,  when  man  can  pkinder  the  way-worn 
pilgrim,  murder  the  passing  traveller, 
and  leave  unoffending  fellow  men  to 
perish,  by  hunger  and  thirst,  on  a  wide 
expanse  of  sand!  •'* 

Indeed,  Mr.  B's  work  brings  us  ac- 
quainted with  nuixieVous  nations  of  men  , 
some  of  which,  who  profess  Christianity, 
vre  cannot  recogniz<^  -as  Christians  :  and 
most  of  ihem  have  nothing  even  of  the 
semblance  of  humanity,  but  the  exterior 
form  and  figure.  These  we  cannot  now 
particularize. 

:  We  have  "mentioned  Mr.  B's.  departure 
from  Syene,  Dec.  11'.  He  reached  Cairo, 
Jan.  10,  1773.  From  Egypt  he  sailed  to 
Marse^Ules  :   was  receiveU  with  great  in- 


terest by  the  literati  of  France ;  in  July 
visited  Italy ;  returned  to  Paris  in  1 774, 
and  arrived  in  England,  from  whence  bd 
had  been  absent  about  1 2  years,  in  Jun^, 
that  year.  In  aulomn  he  left  London  fat 
Scotland  ;  where  he  settled  on  hi«  estate, 
rebuilt  his  house,  and  arranged  his  do^ 
mestic  establishment. 

May  20,  1776.  Mr.  JB.  married  Mary 
Dundas,  daughter  of  Tliomas  Dundas,  of 
Fingask,  Esq.  who  dying  in  17&5,  he 
endeavoured  to  soothe  his  affliction  by 
revising  his  journals,  and  preparing  them 
for  publication.  They  were  published  ia 
1 790»  in  five  volumes  4to.  By  this  lady 
he  had  a  son,  the  present  Mr.  Brace  Of 
Kinnaird,  and  a  daughter  married  to  Joha 
Jardine,  Esq.  Advocate. 

On  Saturday,  April  S6,  1794,  baring  en- 
tertained some  company  at  Kinnahd,  as  hi 
was  going  down  stairs,  about  eight  o'clock  ia 
the  evening, /to  hand  a  lady  into  a  carriage; 
his  foot  slipoed,  and  he  fell  down  hcBcUovq^ 
from  about  the  sixth  or  se\'enth  step  frani  the 
ground.  He  wto  taken  up  in  a  stale  of  apft* 
rent  insensibility,  with  no  marks  of  oooco* 
sion,  one  of  his  hands  only  being  a  litde 
hurt.     Medical  assistance  was   immediaiciT 

Cured,  with  no  advantage.  Though  some 
-s  after  the  accident  happened,  men  ap^ 
peared  a  few  symptoms  of  recovery,  thcK 
gradually  vanished,  and  he  expiined  t^ 
next  morning. 

Mr.  B.'s  stature  was  six  feet  four  in- 
ches. The  editor  has  drawn  an  advanta- 
geous picture  of  his  general  character  j 
which  we  are  not  inclined  to  dispute :  hut 
willingly  acknowledge  his  prudence,  fore- 
sight, courage,  and  magnanimitj.  His 
management,  in  short,  was  excellent 
The  public  is  under  great  obligaticxis  to 
him,  for  communicating  a  variety  of  in-^ 
formation,  which  well  deserves  the  enco- 
mium due  to  novelty.  It  is  also  inten^sting; 
and  we  hope  to  see  this  interest  augment- 
ed by  those  accounts  from  Abyssinia  which 
the  world  of  letters  expects  from  Lord  Vo- 
lenti a,  whose  return  to  England  from  the 
Red  Sea  is  noticed  in  our  work,  p.  s&L 
It  appears  that  Mr.  Salt  and  Major  Anax^ 
del  have  visited  Gonda^.     ' 

It  is  now  proper  that  we  attend  to  thft 
merits  of  the  edition  before  us. 

We  must  acknowledge  that  however 
we  migbt  do  justice  to  the  general  men% 
of  Mr.  B.*s  work,  ^t  ifes  first  appearance, 
yet  we  were  sensible  that  in  several  |^aces 
It  su^rod  from  neglect:  in  othccv  th$ 


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Advantages  of  Russia,  in  the  preseni  Contest  wit k  France* 


author  aeemed  to  have  trasted  too  much 
to  recollection:  a  love  of  theory  had 
'Sometimes  prevailed  injuriously ;  and  a 
wish  to  please  the  reader  by  surprising  hinn^ 
was  detrimental  on  more  than  une  occasion. 
In  the  present  edition,  the  editor  explicitly 
and  honourably  acknowledges  these  ble- 
xnishes,  and  sundry  of  them  are  corrected ; 
some  by  Mr.  B.  himself  j  and  more,  as  it 
«eems,  by  his  editor.  This  gentleman 
having  examined  the  original  journals,  and 
made  himself  fully  master  of  the  subject, 
hiis  elucidated  various  obscurities,  and  has 
added  much  information,  for  which  he  is 
well  ihtitled  to  the  thanks  of  the  literati. 
To  most  of  the  books  into  which  the 
work  is  divided,  he  has  composed  adden- 
da, which  include  much  valuable  matter  : 
and  in  some  places  his  notes  are  calculated 
to  remove  mjurious  imputations  ^om 
the  author.  We  mteht  particularly  in- 
stance the  eclipse  of  the  moon  at  Teawa, 
Vol.  VI.  p.  330,  [where  the  word  h^ore, 
jOK^ght  to  have  been  printed  after,  a  certain 
Jiour  of  the  day ;]  because  this  has  been 
the  subject  of  critical  animadversion. 
Also  Mr.  B*s  account  of  the  eating  of  raw 
fiesh  in  Abyssinia,  is  compared  by  the 
Editor,  with  the  testimonies  of  other 
writers,  to  the  same  effect.  And,  in 
^ort,  we  think  the  whole  edition  is  great- 
ly improved,  as  well  as  augmented. 

The  plates  are  the  same  as  before; 
with  some  additions.  We  must  confess 
that  we  should  have  preferred  to  have 
seen  the  portraits  of  several  Abyssinian 
chiefs  and  ladies,  in  the  same  state  as 
Mr.  B's  drawings  of  them  were.  We 
cannot  think  tlwm'  improved  by  high- 
finishing.  A  few  subjects  of  natural  his- 
tory are  added;  and  some  augmentations 
are  made  in  the  roaps>  mostly  from  direct 
authorities  of  the  original  journals,  or 
other  satisfactory  memoranda. 

■  ■   ■         ■       •  f  — ~ 

jidvantoftsof  Russia  in  the  present  Cou" 
test  wUhFranat.  With  a  short  Descrip- 
tioa   of    the   Cosacks.     Jordan   and 
Maxwell,  price  28.  6d.     I8O7. 
This  interesting  pamphlet,  partly  po* 
IHical  and  partly  mditary,  is  written  by  a 
fiussian  residing  in  England;  and  well 
acquainted  with  our  language.  A  laudable 
partiality  for  his  native  country,  with  a 
prevalent  admiration  of  the  exalted  vir- 
tues of  its  august  spvereign,  evidently  in- 
fluence his  discussions  in  the    political 
j^partment  of  bii  tract.   We  sbaU  thero- 


fore,  only  notice  a  few  incidental  obser- 
vations, which  we  think  judicidOB,  on 
the  unfortunate  miscarriage  of  the  last 
coalition,  and  then  consider  our  author's 
representation  of  sundry  indbputable  ad« 
vantages  of  the  military  forces  of  RossU 
over  those  of  Fiance,  in  their  present 
respective  situations.  By  a  short  adver« 
tisement,  the  reader  is  informed  that  this 
pamphlet  was  sent  to  the  press  and  nearly 
ready  for  publication,  before  the  late  in* 
teUigeace  of  the  successes  of  the  Russians, 
in  Poland,  had  reached  this  country.  The 
author  has  had  the  satisfaction  to  find 
that  an  assertion  with  which  he  opens 
his  political  dissertation,  has  the  prospect 
of  being  fully  justified. 

Our  author  tb!nks  it  important  in  aa 
early  stage  of  his  discussions,  to  remove  an 
error  universally  prevalent,  that  Russia 
is  not  equal  to  France  in  the  field.  This 
error,  which  has  a  mischievous  tendency, 
he  refutes,  by  references  to  the  records  of 
history,  and  the  testimony  of  Frederick 
the  Great,  King  of  Prussia^  in  his  me* 
moirs:  from  these  premises,  he  draws 
this  conclusion — that,  '*  Russia,  hovirever 
behind  she  may  be  in  other  branches  of 
civilization.  Is  inferior  to  no  nation  in 
the  art  of  war. — ^War  has  been  the  cra- 
dle of  her  prosperity,  the  instrument 
of  her  sudden,  ^et  uninterrupted  great- 
ness/*  This  subject  is  continued  through 
several  pages,  with  much  animation,  and 
leads  to  a  report  of  the  splendid  train  of 
victories  gained  by  the  Russian  General 
Suwarow,  and  to  an  eulogium,  which 
surpasses  all  ordinary  efiusions  of  esteem, 
veneration,  and  gratitude. 

**  His  steps  outstripped  the  wind.  His 
army  seemed  to  move  on  wings. — ^The  most 
famed  chiefs  and  defenders  of  the  Bangui  naiy 
French  Republic,  felt  how  resistless  was  the 
power  of  nis  vigorous  arm.  Maodonald^ 
Joubert,  Moreau,  and  other  celebrated  gtne* 
rals  of  that  time,  were  successivdy  debated 
by  Suwarow."  \ 

Military  coalitions,  in  other  wordiu 
mixed  armies  composed  of  troops  and 
generals  of  different  nations,  and  often  of 
discordant  opinions,  our  author  justly  con- 
demns. The  opposition  of  Austria  to  the 
common  enemy  he  asserts  was  weak; 
because  one  half  of  her  forces  were  secret- 
ly,  as  far  as  opinion  and  principle  go,  m 
the  interest  of  France.  The  withdrawing 
of  the  Austrian  army  under  the  Archduke 
Charles  from  Switzerland^  and  tl^e  coa* 

3R  2  ' 


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Advantages  of  Russia  in  the  present  Co  ntesi  wiik  Prance^ 


IIM 


sequent  recal  of  Suwarow,  by  the  Em- 
peror Paul,  in  resentment  for  the  £ital 
controul  of  the  council  of  war  at  Vienna, 
over  the  Archduke,  are  placed  among 
the  prominent  causes  of  the  failure  of 
the  coalition.  *'  Disasters  followed  dis- 
asters I  Jive  days  more,  and  France  would 
have  been  at  the  feet  of.  the  conquerors.'* 
To  those  who  are  disposed  to  invjestigate 
the  events  of  tlie  campaigns  prior  to  the 
battle  of  Austerlitz,  and  Uie  issue  of  that 
battle,  we  recommend  the  statements  from 
p.  20  top  36. 

We  come  now  to  the  main  point. 
f '  To  bring  Buonaparte  to  a  fair  trial,  his 
opponent  must  stand  on  the  s^me  ground 
"^ith  himself.  A  power  undivid^  and 
unimpaired  in  her  resources,  kept  in  per- 
fect unity  by  the  reciprocal,  strong,  and 
constant  attraction  of  its  constituent 
parts  J  formed  only  of  the  two  congenial 
elements  soldiir  and  chief-,  and  equal  in 
strength,  whether  depending  on  num- 
bers, or  discipline^  alone  can  cope  with 
him  successfully  — rRussia  is  that  power. 
Her  armi«8  are  commanded  by  a  chief 
(Field  Marshal  Kamenskoy)  whose  word 
is  their  spring  of  motion,  their  signalfor 
action.  His  authority  as  commander  in 
chief  is  eqnall)  absolute.  He  has  no  one 
to  retard  ihe'execution  of  his  purposes,  or 
to  thwart  the  activity  of  his  mind  j  no 
one  to  betray  his  plans  to  the  enemy.  He 
has  no  strangers  to  consult,  or  to  depend 
upon.  He  has  no  quarter-master-gene- 
rnls  to  mi<ilead  hini,  because  he  knows 
the  men  he  commands,  and  will  not  suf- 
fer a  fool  to  guide  him.  His  army  and 
himself  form  on6  inseparable  body,  united 
by  nature,  by  principle,  and  by  duty.  So 
far  Russia  meets  the  enemy  on  equal 
terms."  The  ^advantages  which  Russia 
possesses  over  Buonaparte  at  the  present 
moment,  are 

'*  Confflpniality  of  climate — opportunity, 
tjie  first  that  has  been  offered,  of  acting  with 
'  her  main  force — local  knowledge— ronfidence, 
naturally  arising  from  the  idea  of  being  near 
home — ^a8s^^ancc  of  supj^rt,  and  an  addiiion- 
al  spur  to  action,  from  the  conscimisncss  of 
defending  that  h  )nie — superior  and  expedi- 
llt^us  mciuw  of  uiiitor  conveyance  by  sUdgcs 
^unimpaired  vij;oii|-  of  the  troo|)s.  their  let- 
ter protection  against  tl^c  ^verity  of  the  wea- 
tlier,  and  their  spirit  unsubdued  and  un- 
broken, ar^  80  many  temi)orary  advantages 
\yhich  Russia  at  present  possesses  over  France; 
\^n  there  are  some  permanent  ones,  ou  which 
I  shall  aweli  with  peculiar  plcasure."f 


Our  limits  will  only  admit  of  giving 
the  heads  of  these  important  advant^tt^  in 
the  order  they  occupy  in  the  pamphlet  j 
they  are  supported  by  strong  reasoning. 

1.  Loyalty  of  the  people.  The  Rus- 
sians have  ever  been  distinguished  for  de- 
votion and  attachment  to  their  sovereigns : 
and  there  is  no  apparent  reason  why  this 
principle  should  be  abated  in  respect  to 
the  sovereign  at  present  on  the  thn>ne. 

2.  Impossibility  of  corruptioH  to  a 
dangerous  extent.  *'  It  is  not  too  modi 
to  say,  that  the  French  have  gained  more 
by  it  than  l^  the  sword."  The  infittoces 
of  their  success  in  the  art  of  intriguing, 
which  the  French  so  eminently  possess, 
and  which  has  penetrated  into  almott 
every  state,  iorm  a  curious  article  under 
this  head.  Hie  ignorance  of  the  Freodi 
language  among  the  Russian  troops  and 
lower  officers,  is  a  solid  barrier;  in  itt 
nature  almost  impenetrable.  It  was  na 
so,  in  other  European  armies. ' 

3.  The  individual  superiority  of  the 
Russian  soldier.  The  author  inserts  a  co- 
pious explanation  of  the  several  caoses  of 
this  superiority.  The  situation  of  tiie 
Poles  is  represented  to  be  such  as  to  \adaot 
them  to  prefer  their  ptesent  pon^ecdoo 
with  Russia  to  the  dominion  of  Boooa- 

'  parte.  The  actual  political  state  of  Poilaod, 
is  certainly  in  favour  of  this  propositioo. 

The  annexed  account  of  those  irro^ 
lar  auxiliary  troops,  which  act  as  a  com tmt 
corps  de  reserve  of  the  Russian  armies,  is 
new  and  interesting :  manifestly  written 
by  one  well  acquainted  with  the  sobjecL 
It  describes  a  formidable  and  terrific  fbcce. 

Ferocious  by  nature,  lawless,  intrepid, 
inured  by  habit,  to  fetigue  and  peril,  despe- 
rate in  all  enterprizes,  composed  of  robbcn 
and  other  public  oflerKlen,  some  classes  of 
which  are  said  to  be  suffered  to  exist  mcrelj 
on  account  of  the  mischief  they  do  to  aa 
enemy.  The  7Vir/or*  and  Cahmuks  are  so 
interspersed  with  the  other  tribes  of  Cosack% 
that  they  form  the  most  conspicuous  and 
prominent  featuse  of  that  description  of  peo- 
ple. 

They  cat  hor^-carcasies,  without  any 
other  preparation  of  the  flesh  than  wanDoa 
it  under  the  saddle  of  the  horse  thev  rid^ 
for  this  reason  they  have  iu  ^neralVvo  oc 
three  horses,  so  that  their  provisions  and  the 
means  of  travelling  proceed  with  them 
without  any  incumbrance.  They  are  a  va- 
luable appendage  to  a  .regular  army ;  ther 
are  its  guides  and  satellites.  It  is  their  jm- 
ticular  business  to  obtain  intelligence  fra^ 
the  enemy.    This  tliey  do  iu  the  same  man- 


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1209]         Mr.  iTtllerforce's  Letter  on  the  Abolition  of  the  Sla»e  Trade.  [1210 

as  dedsiVe  in  feroor  of  (he  abolifioD  of 


ner  as  they  catch  wild  hones.  As  soon  as  a 
Cozak  comes  near  enough  to  the  object  of 
his  search,  he  throws  a  loop  of  cord  round 
the  Rian*s  waist,  fastens  the  other  end  to  his 
saddle  and  ^lops  off  with  hi&  prisoner.  The 
lucre  of  gain,  that  b  booty,  is  the  main 
spring  of  their  actions,  anJ  a  Cozak  will 
attack  two  opponents,  if  he  sees  the  probabi- 
lityof  plunder. 

They  disperse  in  such  small  parties,  that 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  stop  their  incursions, 
and  for  this,  reason  they  are  the  most  dange- 
Bous  set  of  men  that  can  enter  a  hostile  coun- 
try. Nor  are  they  less  so  to  a  routed  enemy, 
for,  thoueh  they  do  not  fight  in  the  line, 
they  are  the  first  in  pursuing,  and  the  last  in 
desisting  from  it.  They  performed  wonders 
in  Italy,  under  the  command  of  Suwarow, 
who  knew  how  to  employ  them  to  the  best 
advantage. 

The  full  description  of  these  savage 
^varriors  in  this  pamphlet,  is  sulficient  to 
make  the  feeling  mind  shudder  at  the 
relation  of  thQ  rwioubled  horrors  of  war, 
when  executed  by  such  monsters  ia  the 
image  of  men ! 


A  Letter  on  the  Moiition  of  the  Slave 
Trade ;  addressed  to  the  Freeholders 
and  other  Inhabitants  of  Yorkshire.  By 
W.  Wilberforce,  Esq.  pp.  396.  Price  6b. 
Cadell  and  Davis.  London.     I8O7. 

We  wer^  somewhat  startled  at  the 
bulk  of  the  volume  before  us  on  Its  first 
appearance :  but,  on  reflection,  we  are 
convinced  that  the  benevolent  writer  had 
reasons  for  entering  more  at  large  into  the 
subject,  than  might  appear  requisite,  on 
a  cursory  view  of  it.  A  considerable 
proportion  of  the  Commons  House  of 
Parliament  is,  of  course^  new  after  a 
general  election,  and  those  who  are  call- 
ed for  the  first  time  to  examine  a  question 
confessedly  of  great  moment,  might  wish 
for  information  of  a  general  and  compre- 
hensive kind.  To  vote  on  such  aquts* 
ijon  without  a  thorough,  or  at  least,  a 
satisfactory  knowledge  of  particulars  must 
be  p^tremely  painful.  To  peruse  atten- 
tively any  adequate  proportion  of  the 
publications  which  have  appeared  on  this 
discussion,  is  next  to  an  impossibility. 
To  remedy  this  uncertainty,  which  in  the 
present  instance  amounts  to  an  e\M'l,  Mr. 
Wilberforce  has  arranged  in  the  work, 
before  us,  an  orderly  view  of  ll\e  matter, 
and  has  Stated  in  a  very  convincing  man- 
Der  thO]i«  argnnaents  whici^  he  regards 


this  traffic  in  human  life. 

We  confess,  that,  so  far  as  the  procu- 
ration of  the  neoessary  evidence,  and  the 
indispensable  conviction  which  should  be 
produced  by  that  evidence  is  concerned, 
we  do  not  regret  the  length  of  time  du- 
ring which  this  subject  has  been  under  in- 
vestigation. Had  the  abolition  been  ef- 
fected during  th^  reign  of  terror,  and  the 
supremacy  of  the  rights  of  man,  the  out- 
cry for  perfect  equality,  and  philosophical 
liberty — it  might  have  been  liable  to  sus- 
picion, as  an  unworthy  compliance  with 
unworthy  principles;  then  might  the 
same  power  ad  enacted  be  requested  to 
repeal^  and  the  subject  would  have  be^ 
as  far  as  ever  from  its  entire  quietus. 
Whereas,  after  a  discussion  approaching 
towards  twenty  years,  the  plea  of  sud- 
denness cannot  be  urged ;  neither  can  it 
be  denied  that  there  has  been  time  to  make 
experiments  of  sundry  kinds,  as  to  seve- 
ral propositions  which  bear  on  the  maia 
question.  There  has  also  been  ample  op- 
portunity for  softenidg  that  shock  which 
the  islands  expected  to  teel  when  the  traffic 
should  be  aboli&hed  -,  and  there  has  been 
almost  the  interval  of  a  whole  generation, 
in^which  the  competency  of  the  present 
black  population  to  maintain  itself,  might 
be  brougnt  to  the  test  of  experiment  In 
short,  £e  perturbation  among  the  whites, 
and  the  activity  of  Jacobinism  among  the 
blacks,  have  had  time  to  subside,  ai\d, 
we  hope,  that  cool  dispaussionate  delibera- 
tion will  conduct  matters  to  a  more  bene«^ 
ficia4  result  for  all  parties,  than  could  ha%*e 
been  expected  from  the  sudden  impulse  of 
philanthropic  zeal,  or  the  enthusiasm  of 
Les  Amis  des  Noirs, 

As  we  consider  the  subject  of  the  slaye 
trade  as  almost  brought  to  a  eonclusion, 
we  shall  not  advert  to  the  restatement  of 
former  arguments,  or  to  the  reconsidera- 
tion of  evidence  which  has  been  so  long 
and  so  repeatedly  urged,  that  our  readers 
must  be  supposed  to  have  met  with  it  in 
various  shapes.  A  succinct  account  of 
some  of  tlie  more  remarkable  particulars^ 
is  all  which  we  prpposje  to  ofTer  at  pre- 
sent. 

Whether  the  slave  trade  has  originated 
wars  anK>ng  the  inhabitants  of  the  coa^c 
of  Africa,  may  be  left  undecided  -,  if  it 
perpetuates  feuds,  and  prolongs  cai)ici»t8 
and  bloodshed,  that  is  enough  to  decide 
its  doom  aaiQng  christians.     The  t;fi'ects 

^R  3 

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«ll]  Mr.  Wilherforcei  LHt&  on  the  Jholiiion  tf  the  Slave  Trade. 


of  ititoxtcition  on  thetavdge  kings  of  the 
tx>7Lit,  dre  Xnxiy  dreadfali  this  statd  of 
madness  is  nsuattjr  a  fnrdode  to  the  traffic 
in  slaves.  The  feeble  light  of  Maho- 
metism  has  done  something  toward  in«> 
«tructingthenegroesi^  and  communicating 
linowledge;  what  has  the  soperior  ra- 
diance of  Christianity  eflfected  ?  These, 
ai)d  many  other  principles  of  equal  impor- 
tance are  powerfully  enforced  by  the 
Ivorthy  author.  But  We  principally  regard 
this  volume  as  a  collection  of  facts,  which, 
arranged  in  their  proper  order,  almott  ne- 
cessitate tiie  result  he  wishes. 

On  the  mode  of  procnrii^  slaves,  we 
need  say  nothing  j  but  we  ma>  Tefer  our 
readers  to  Mr.  Bruce**  account  of  the 
manner  in  which  this  traffic  is  effected, 
and  the  incidents. connected  with  it  on  the 
Eastern  coast  of  Afiica.    Vide  Panorama, 

p.  lig^. 

1.  The  bill  for  regulating  the  middle 
passage  is  an  instance  that  dreaded  effects 
may  be  warded  off  and  prevented. 

When  parliament  entered  into  the  investi- 
gation of  the  situation  and  treatment  of  the 
slaves,  durine  the  middle  passage ;  notwith- 
standing the  decisive  prools,  adduced,  and  fa* 
tall)'  confinned  by  the  dreadful  mortality,  of 
the  miseries  which  the  slaves  endured  on 
shipboard,  the  slave  traders  themselves  save  a 
directly  opposite  account;    maintained  that 
,  the  slaves  were  even  luxuriously  accommo- 
dated, and,  above  all,  that  they  had  abun- 
dant room,  even  when  there  was  not  near 
space  suflicicnt  for  them  to  lie   on    their 
backs.^    They  added  likewise,  that  at  that 
ver\'  period  the  trride  hung  by  a  thread,  and 
that  tne  proposed  limitation  as  to  numbers,  if 
carried  iiito  a  law,  would  infallibly  and  utter- 
ly ruin  it.    The  agent  for  the  West  Indies 
joined  in  their  opposition,  and  predicted  ^e 
mischief  which*  would  follow.    The  limita- 
tion was  adopted ;  and  scarcely  had  a  j-ear 
elapsed,    before  we    heard   from  the  West 
Indies,  from  the  Assembly  of  Jamaica  itself, 
of  the  benefits  whicli  the  measure  was  likely 
to  produce,  on  account  of  the  gross  abuses 
which  liad  before  notoriously  prevailed,  fatal 
alike  to  the  health  of  the  slaves  and  the  in- 
tersst  of  the  planier^    Many  years  have  now 
elapsed,     and    it    is    at  len^h    universally 
acknowled^^    that  the  mca&ure  has  emi- 
nent ly  contributed  to  the  interest  of  every 
one  of  the  parties  concerned. f     May  we  not 
infer,    that  probably  in  other  parts  of  this 
question,    the  panics  do   not  always  judge 
very  accurately  with  respect  to  their  real  in- 

*  Vide  evidence  taken  before  the  House  of 
Commons,  f  Vide  the  late  publication  of 
a  professional  plantccb  i 


[law 

terests ;  and  that  the  ptwipcct  of  MMMiedate 
advantage  may  catise  them  to  be  inscnaifak  » 
a  greater  but  more  distant  benefit  ? 

2.  The  arguAient  that  the  present  stod 
of  negroes  will  decrease  without  impoiti* 
lions,  appears  to  be  unfounded^  because. 

According  to  the  last  census  of  the  jim^ 
ricaH  popu&tton,  without  taking  into  the 
account  any  importations,  the  ncmKS  had 
iticreased  so  mucn  in  the  ten  yens  last  jpicce- 
ding  the  augmentation,  that,  adirancmc  at 
the  same  rate,  their  numbers  woold  be  m- 
bled  in  about  twenty-four  years. 

Again,  in  Bencoolen,  which  has  been  acv 
counted  one  of  the  most  unhealthy  cfiunta 
on  earth,  the  negro  slaves  had  itx^reasod. 

E^-en  in  the  island  of  Jamaica  itself,  dv 
Maroons,  the  descendants  of  the  nean 
slaves,  who,  when  the  island  was  oiigiii&r 
captured,  made  their  escape  into  the  mom:- 
tains,  and  tvct  afterwards  lived  the  life  U 
savages ;  the  Maroons,  who  were  acknov- 
ledeed  by  the  West  Indians  themselves  to  be, 
under  peculiar  circulbstances,  so  smjEwii. 
able  to  the  maintenance  of  their  DiunlbcB, 
that  their  decrease  would  furnish  ik>  fiur  »• 
gument  for  the  general  impossibility  of  keep- 
mg  up  the  stock,  were  found  by  actual  cos- 
meration  to  have  nearly  douhkd  their  niBD> 
bers  in  the  period  between  1749  and  1782. 

In  the  island  of  Jamaica,  the  dooKtik 
slaves  were  said  by  Long  to  increase  rapidh. 
The  free  blacks  and  the  mulattoes,  it  was  i- 
kiwed  by  Mr.  Long,  increased.  Sevnai 
particular  instances  were  adduced  of  gangs  o^ 
slaves  having  been  kept  up,  and  even  ha^ios 
increased,  without  importations  ;  and  ooe  «t 
the  most  eminent  of  medical  men  in  Jamaka, 
who  had  under  Jiis  care  no  less  than  4,000 
negroes,  stated,  that  there  was  a  Teiy  ooo- 
siderable  increase  of  n^rocs  on  the  pro^ertia 
of  that  island,  particulariy  in  the  pandi  k 
which  he  fcsidea. 

It  appears  l^  o!!icial  returns  frbm  tk 
West  India  islands  to  the  Privy  Council 
that  the  negro  population  was  on  the  in- 
crease at  present,  though  not  formerly^ 
according  to  the  annexed  table. 

The  excess  of  deaths  abore  the  hiitfa^ 
or  annual  decrease  of  slaves,  was. 

From  169s  to  1730       i|  per  cemt, 
1730  to  1755        2k 
1755  to  1768        1 J 
1768  to  1788        1 

This  was,  in  ^t,  an  increaae, 
the  proportion  of  diote  which  died  1 
after  iroportattoB,.  amounted  to  more  ihaa 
this  per  centage. 

3.  The  trade  tp  Africa  iadestmctmli 
British  I 


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byGoOgk 


Iftl3]  Mr.  mibetfirces  Letter  on  theAboHthn  of  the  Slave  Trade.  [III4 


Nothing  was  more  vchemcntlv  rtpelltfd, 
6r  more  obstinately  denied  by  the  traders, 
than  this  position,  till  at  length,  having 
kmg  borae  with  these  clamorous  contradic<* 
tions,  the  muster-rolls  of  the  African  ships 
Were  moved  for  and  laid  before  Parliament ; 
documents  which  had  bemi  kept  in  the  pos- 
session of  our  opponents,  and  which  cannot 
therefore  be  supposed  to  hav%  been  fabricated 
Or  coloured  to  serve  our  purpose.    From  these 

It  appeared,  that  of  12,203  persons,  the 
humber  of  the  original  crews»  there  had  died 
£,643,  the  average  length  of  their  voyages 
being  twelve  months;  whilst  on  the  con- 
trary, in  the  West  Indian  trade,  in  which 
the  length  of  the  voyage  was  seven  months, 
of  7*640,  the  number  of  the  original  crews, 
there  had  died  only  118.  But  the  loss  by 
deaths  was  not  the  whole  loss  to  the  country ; 
ibr,  besides  the  broken  constitutions  of  the 
survivors,  which  rendered  many  of  them, 
for  the  rest  of  their  lives,  incapable  of  the 
duties  of  their  profession,  so  many  left  their 
•hips  in  consequence  of  ill  usage,  that  they 
aeioom  brought  home  more  than  half  the 
persons  they  nad  taken  out. 

In  consequence  we  find  the  most  respecta- 
ble naval  commanders  acknowledging  that  the 
slave  trade  is  no  nursery  for  seamen.  This 
truth  was  even  frankly  confessed  by  a  noble 
admiral  on  whose  general  testimony  our  op- 
ponents set  the  highest  val  ue. 

4.  The  danger  of  insurrection  in  the 
islands  is  from  negroes  recently  imported. 

The  slave  trade  not  only  aggravates  the 
danger  of  the  West  Indian  settlements,  by  in- 
creasing the  disproportion  between  blacks  and 
whites,  but  still*  more  by  introducing  that 
Very  description  of  persons  which  has  been 
acknowledged  by  the  most  approved  West 
Indian  writers  to  be  most  prone  to  insurrec- 
tions. Here  let  us  refer  agam  to  the  hbtorian 
of  Jamaica.  '*  The  tnith  is,"  says  he, 
•*  tlmt  ever  since  the  introduction  of  Africans 
'*  into  the  West  Indies,  insurrections  have 
*♦  occurred  in  every  one  of  the  colonies, 
•'  British  as  well  as  foreign,  at  times.** 
Again,  *•  Tlie  vul^r  opinion  in  England 
'<  confounds  all  the  blacks  in  one  class,  and 
*'  supposes  them  equally  prompt  for  rebel- 
**  lion ;  iln  opinion  that  is  grossly  erroneous. 
**  The  ne^^roes  who  have  been  chief  actors  in 
*«  the  s€»ditions  and  mutinies  which  at  differ- 
**  ent  times  have  broken  out  here,  were  the 
^'  imported  Africans."t  Ag^in ;  **  If  in- 
^'  surrections  should  happed  oftener  in  Jar 
*^  maica  than  in  the  smaller  islands,  it  would 
**  not  be  at  all  surprising ;  since  it  has  gcne- 
•*  TaHy  contained  more  negroes  than  wi  the 
'*  windward  British  islands  uken  together : 

.•  V4l.iup,442w-4.  tftW.  p.44*. 


'^  Its  importations  to  some  years  have  been 
**  very  great: 

*♦  In  1764  imported,  .     .     .     .  10,223 

"  And  from  January  I765  to 
*'  July  1766,  a  year  and  a 
"  half,     .......  16,760 

*'  So  large  a  multitude  as  27,000  introduced 
"  in  the  space  of  two  years  and  a  half,  fur- 
**  nishcs  a  very  sufficicni  reason,  if  there  was 
•*  no  ottttr,  to  account  for  plots  and  muti- 
"  nies."*  Let  it  be  remembered,  that 
since  Mr.  Long's  book  was  published,  in 
1774,  there  have  been  retained  probably 
above  200,000  negroes. 

This  danger  certainly  is.  not  diminished 
by  the  events  of  which  St.  Domingo  haft^ 
lately  been  the  scene ;  and  how  far  Bona- 
parte in  revenge  may  succeed  in  detaching 
emissaries  with  full  powers  from  that  is- 
land to  the  British  islands^  cannot  easilj 
be  determined. 

5.  The  defence  of  the  West  India  is-^  ' 
lands  by  European  troops,  is,  undoubted'^ 
ly,  very  expensive  of  money  and  lives. 
Yet  we  dare  not  leave  them  to  the  protec* 
tion  of  their  own  natives,  whites  and 
blacks,  lest  the  latter  should  execute  those 
purposes  which  are  stated  in  the  former 
argument.  We  remember  that  M.  Nec- 
ker  tells  us  when  France  was  commencing 
war  against  Britain,  M.  de  Sartine  gave 
him  a  proposal  for  sending  40^000  troops 
to  the  West  Indies )  wherein  w^  a  note, 
"  Deduct  for  deaths  the  first  year,  in  the 
seasoning,  one  third,  13,330!'*  By  di- 
sease, without  seeing  an  enemy  !  What 
the  proportion  may  now  be,  since  a  for- 
midable malady  has  swept  off  its  victims  bjr 
myriads,  we  do  not  enquire. 

6-  Colonial  legislatures,  notwithstand- 
ing  th^  time  this  subject  has  been  under 
discission,  have  not  efiectually  suppressed 
the  misconduct  of  planters,  &c.  in  the  is- 
lands, in  respect  to  their  slaves. 

In  the  year  1796  a  committee,  consisting 
of  the  most  respectable  West  Indian  proprie- 
tors, having  been  appointed  to  take  into  con- 
sideration what  stens  should  be  taken  respect^ 
in^  the  slave  traaet  resolved  among  other 
things,  "  that,  for  the  joint  purposes  of  op- 
•'  posing  the  plan  of  Mr.  Wilberforoe,  and 
«  establishing  the  character  of  the  West 
"  Indian  planters,  it  is  essential  that  thej 
"  shmild  manifest  their  willingness  topro^ 
''  mote  actively  the  caus^  of  the  n<^TQcs,  by 
'*  such  steps  aa  ^lall  be  consistent  with  safiqr 
*'  to  the  prcf>erty  of  individuals,,  and  tb« 


aB4 


•  Vol.  ii.  p.44«. 


Digitized 


by  Google 


1 


2  J  5]  Mr.  tFUlerforce'i  LeUet  em  the  jlbolilion  bf  the  Slave  Trade. 


[1215 


'  general  interest  of  the  colonies ;  "  and  they 
tequested  a  most  justly  respected  membei  of 
the  House  of  Commons  to  move  in  parlia- 
Inenl,  *'  I'hat  an  address  be  presented  to  His 
'•  Majestv,  requesting  him  to  recommend  to 
**  the  colonies  the  adopiioh  of  such  mca- 
"  sures,  as  may  promote  the  iiicrease  of  the 
**  negroes,  gradually  diminish  the  necessity 
•*  of  the  slare  trade,  and  ultimately  lead  to 
*'  its  complete  termination ;  and  als^as  may 
*'  conduce  to  their  moral  and  religious  im- 
•'  provement,  and  secure  to  them  the  cer- 
••  tain,  immediate,  and  active  protection  of 
*'  the  law."  ITiis  address  was  moved  and 
tarried  with  the  warm  support  of  all  the  West 
Indiaii  party  in  parliament ;  and"  was  trans- 
mitted to  the  governors  of  all  the  blands  by 
the  Duke  of  Portland,  accompanied  by  let- 
ters urging  the  colonial  legislatures  to  second 
the  wishes  of  the  House  of  Commons  ;  pri- 
vate and  confidential  letters  being  written  to 
explain  to  the  coimcils  hi  thediflierent  islands, 
the  amicable  purpose  with  which  this  other- 
wise perhaps  questionable  measure  had  been 
foroposed,  and  assuring  them,  **  that  the 
**  adoption  of  some  legislative  pro\'isions  re- 
*'  lative  to  the  negroes  was  indispensably  ne- 
••  cessary,  not  only  to  stop  for  the  present, 
"  but  gradually  to  supersede  the  very  preten- 
**  sions  at  a  future  period,  to  a  measure  of 
*'  direct  abolition  of  the  slave  trade  by  the 
<*  mother- country.'* 

But  how  diflferent  has  been  the  issue !  You 
%re  already  aj^rized  of  the  conduct  of  the 
island  of  Barbadoes,  to  which  Lord  Sea  forth, 
tiiost  honourably  glad  to  avail  himself  of  an 
epportimity  of  introducing  the  measure  un- 
der such  favourable  auspices,  recommended 
the  renderiitg  a  capital  crime, .  the  wilful  mur- 
dc{  of  a  negio,  wbicli  is  now  punishable 
%nlv  by  a  fine  of  about  j£l  1.  10#,  sterling. 

iThe  assembly  of  Jamaica  assert,  "  that 
**  the  ri^t  of  obtaining  labourers  from 
•*  Africa  is  secured  to  them  on  the  most  so- 
*'  lemn  engagements ;  and  that  they  never 
**  can  give  up,  or  do  any  act  that  may  ren- 
"  der  doubtful,  this  essential  right/*  The 
General  Council  and  General  Assembly  of 
%11  the  Leeward  islands  state,  *'  that  the  nzht 
*'  i(  procuring  labourers  fiom  Africa,  has 
•'  been  seaired  to  us  by  repeated  acts  of  par- 
,  «•  liament,  &c.  We,  therefore,  never  can 
*'  abandon  it,  or  tio  any  thing  that  may  ren- 
*•  der  doubtfu!  this  essential  right.**  The 
language  of  these  unswers  is  but  too  intelli- 
gible. 

Ihe  legtilatvrre  of  Jamaica  had  passed  a 
law  rendering  the  murder  of  a  slave  a  capital 
Crimej  and  containing  various  other  salutary 
Tcgulations,  before  the  motion  for  abolishing 
the  slave  trade  had  been  brought  forward. 

'About  twQ  years  ago,  on  the  application  of 
lf«  Miyesly ^  secretary  4»f  8tat«  to  the  gover- 


nors of  the  West  Indian  islands,  for  inlonD^ 
tion  as  to  the  manner  in  which  the  late  acts 
for  the  better  protection  of  slaves  had  been 
executed,  it  clearly  appeared,  that  thoogji 
tliose  laws  had  been  pasised  so  few  years  before 
with  so  much  pomp  and  dfcamstaiicey  yet 
that  their  provisions  had  never  been  aimed 
into  effect. 

The  governor  of  the  only  island  from  wbicfa 
any  satisfactory  information  has  been  reiiiro* 
cd,  has  distinctly  stated, — **  The  act  of  tbe 
"  legislature,  entitled,  *'  An  Act  for  the 
"  Encouragement,  Protection,  and  betler 
"  Government  of  Slaves,"  appears  to  have 
"  been  considered,  from  the  day  it  was 
''  passed,  until  this  hour,  as  a  political  Doca- 
'*  sure  to  avert  th^  interference  of  the  mo- 
**  ther  country  in  the  management  of  slaves. 
**  Having  said  this,  your  lordship  \irill  not 
"  be  surprised  to  learn,  that  the  7tn  clause  of 
"  that  bill  has  been  wholly  neglected.** 

We  cannot  but  regret  that  the  colonial 
legislatures  shoiUd  be  insensible  to  the 
force  of  the  argument  arising  from  the 
danger  of  tlie  islands,  by  excess  of  the 
black  population  above  the  white.  Tbcy 
hold  their  property,  and  their  lives  too, 
by  the  feeble  tenure  of  negro  loj-alty : 
lo3ralty  which  is  well  aware  what  socces^ 
others  of  its  cottiplexion  have  met  with, 
and  which  wants  not  opportunity  to  mab» 
the  same  attempt. 

It  would  have  given  us  great  pleasure^ 
had  it  been  our  duty  to  report,  that  the 
colonists^  imitating  the  example  of  soma 
among  them,  had  paid  that  attention  to 
their  slaves  which  humanity  and  cbristia'- 
nity  demand.  Had  they  condescended  to 
study  their  welfare,  their  social  habits  and 
feelings,  the  system  of  reward  as  well  as 
punishment,  the  support  of  their  strength 
and  health,  the  privileged  increase  of  tbeit 
families,  and  the  art  of  ensuring  their  at- 
tachment, one  half  of  the  arguments  in 
the  work  before  us  would  have  been  an- 
swered at  a  word.  Had  the  planters, 
having  no  law^  been  a  law  to  themselves^ 
and  established  the  fashion  of  treating 
their  labourers  like  rational  cireatores  and 
fellow  men,  there  would  have  been  litik 
occasion  to  accuse  the  colonial  kgiaiatuff^ 
of  want  of  attention  to  the  condition  of 
so  great  a  proportion  of  their  populatioo« 
Or,  could  the  laws  enacted  by  the  colo« 
nial  legislatures  have  been  faithfully  exe* 
cuted,-  and  their  regulations  been  esta- 
blished lonajide  in  the  houSfe,  and  in  thm. 
field,  there  would  have  been  equally  lit- 
tle occwoa  £w:  -an  appeal  .40  tha  £xiti||b 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


A  Smestf  MiHUary  Experiments. 


\tl7l 

ParUarocnt,  and  for  interesting  the  mo- 
thcrcountiy  in  this  examination.    But, 
if  the  lavvs  of  the  island  assemWies  are  a 
dead  letter,  if  they  are  never  enforced,  and 
*  if  when  crimes  are  committed  in  direct 
opposition  to  them,  ihey  continue  silent, 
and  ineffective  j   if  murder  committed  on 
a  slave  loses  the  properties  of  murder,  if 
punishments  cruelly  inflicted  are  conti- 
nued, if  miseries  of  whatever  kind  are 
prolonged    by  the  tvorsi  description  of 
planters,  the  inference  is  clear,  the  Bri- 
tish legislature  must  do  that  to  which  the 
colonijd  government  is  inadequate,    the 
feelings  of  the  mother  country  must  de- 
termine that  \vhich  the  want  of  feeling 
in  the  islands  refuses  to  decide  5  what  can- 
not be    accomplished    abroad   must  be 
effected  at  home  5  and  thus  without  re- 
flecting in  the  least  on  the  character  or 
conduct  of  the  worthy  and  generoqs  plant- 
ers, those  steps  must  be  taken  which  shall 
be  felt  by  the  unworthy  and  the  unge- 
nsrous  ;  these  are  the  proper  subjects  of 
censure,  and  of  punishment  too,  if  they 
view  the  present  subject  in  that  light, 
while  approbation  of  every  kind  may  be 
due  to  others.     And  the  time  is  now 
come  when  the  difference  will  clearly  ap- 
pear between  those  who  have  fostered 
their  negroes  to  their  increase,  and  those 
who  have  worked  them  unmercifully.    If 
the  importation   were  to  cease  to  day, 
there  are  planters  who  would  not  feel 
the  prohibition  ;  th^ir  population  is  es- 
tablished :  Lon-importaiion  will  not  di- 
minish it :  they  desire  no  augmentation  : 
while  others  who  have  exhausted  their 
negroes  by  over  exertion,  who  have  ^xrea- 
ried  them  by  the  whip,  who  have  pre- 
vented their  increase,  and  have  exerted 
power  without  mercy,  will  find  them- 
selves distressed  in  their  turn,    by  the 
want  of  labourers ;  so  be  tt :  for  to  plan- 
ters of  this  description,  who  have  used 
tteir  former  property  so  ill,    who  will 
confide  an  adchtional  number  of  lives  ? — 
not  even  of  oxen  or  horses :  much  less 
4)f  human  beings,    fellow  men,    fellow 
imm6rtals ! 

There  are  many  observations  made  in 
-Ae  course  of  this  summary,  whicli  evince 
not  only  a  benevolent  mind,  and  much 
information  on  the  part  of  the  wortliy 
author,  but  also  his  desire  to  attain  his 
<>bject  in  a  sedate  and  dispassionate  way, 
without  fury^    cuthoftiasoi^   ox  cpmmo- 


[I21t 


A    Series    of  Military    Experiments  <f 
Attack  and  Defence,   made  hi  Hyde 
Park  in  1602,  under  the  Sanction  of 
His  Royal  Highness  the  Commander  ia 
Chief,    with    Infantry,    Cavalry,  and 
Artillery;  and  in  the  inland  of  Jersey, 
m  1S05,  with  notes  and  illustrations. 
By  Lieut.  John  Russell,  gdih  Regiment, 
8vcP.    pp.   247.    Price    5s.     Kgertoiu 
London.     iS06, 
A  useful  book ;  but  it  will  prove  most 
useful  if  it  leads  officers  to  make  them- 
selves masters  of  experiments  like  tb^ 
present,  and  of  others  in  thdr  oum  per- 
sons.    Let  them  never  fear  the  acqutst- 
tion  of  too  mtich  practical  knowledge  of 
what  can  be  done.    When  the  ti me  Comet 
for  the  application  of  sudi  knowledge, 
wishing  will  be  too  late  -,  but  those  who 
possess  it  will  find  it  turn  to  good  ac- 
count.   A  principle  may  lie  dormant  ia 
the  mind  for  yc^,  yet  at  last  may  fas 
called  into  exercise ;  and  whoever  leads  a 
regiment  to  victory,  or  what  is  still  a\qm 
di^cult,  brings  it  ofl*  handsomdy  thougk 
hardly  pressed,    will  have  no  reason  to 
regret  his  previous  studies,  under  what* 
ever  name  he  engaged  in  them. 

The  first  experiment  was  a  charge  cf 
light  cavalry  on  artillery  :  a  single  horse- 
man ^  distance  6cX)  yards,  number  of  dis- 
charges  13,   time  J 15   seconds — 2.  In- 
fentry  attacking  artillery :  a  single  soldier  ; 
distance  250  yards,  number  8f  discharges 
12,  time49«econds, — ^3.  Cavalry  charging 
infiitrtry,  distance  400  yards,  numb^  of 
discharges  3  .^-4  Feint  of  cavalry  attacking   ' 
infantry,  in  order  to  draw  away  their  fire; 
distance  250  yards.    The  moment  the  in- 
hntry  has  given  their  fire,  the  dragooa 
wheels  up  and  charges :    arrived  at  the 
soldier  before  he  could  fire :    had  just 
time  to  load  again,  but  not  to  fire. — 5.  Io-< 
fantry  attacking  infantry,    distance  250 
yards,  discharges  5,  time  go  seconds. — 
6.  Infantry  in  a  compact  body,  v  distance 
250  yards,    discharges  7,  time  145  se- 
conds.— 7-  Infantry  in  a  compact  body  at- 
tacking artillery,  distance  2^0  yards,  dis- 
charges 14,  time  1 17  seconds. 

These  experiments  occupy  but  a  small 
partof  the  work ;  the  remarks  and  illus- 
trations contain  a  body  of  information  on 
the  subject  of  tactics,  drawn  from  various 
authors,  and  not  restricted  to  the  invest U 
gation  of  the  immediate  system.  We 
have  very  good  advice  addressed  to  lx)ih 
.    officers  and  soldiers.    We  agree  u  iih  our 


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i^Sl  ^n  tniex  id  th  Term  Repots. ^^ur9s  of  tH  HydropioMd.  fllSO 

afW  the  bite. — A  nMkd  dog,  in  the  hci^i  J 
the  disorder^  has  a  dispositioD  tu  bite  ail  otfacr 
dogs,  aniimib,  or  men.  When  not  pn>- 
yoked>  he  usually  attacks  oolv  such  as  ocMne 
in  his  way  •  but,  having  no  fear,  it  is  jpeca- 
liarlv  dangerous  to  strike  at  or  provoke  him. — ' 
Mad  do^  appear  to  be  capable  of  commtmi- 
cating  the  aitection  early  in  the  disorder,  uni 
as  soon  as  thev  begin  to  quarrel  wfih  or  Wie 
other  dogs.^'The  eyes  of  ntad  do^  do  oo^ 
look  red  or  fierce,  but  dull,  and  iiavt «.  pecu- 
liar appearance,  which  is  easily  di:>tiogBisfaBd 
by  sucn  as  have  been  used  to  observe  it,  but 
not  easy  to  be  described. — Mad  dogs  never 
bark,  but  occasionally  utter  a  most  dismal- 
and  plaintive  howl,  expressive  of  extrema 
distress^  and  which  they  who  have  onoft 
heard  can  never  Forget.  So  that  the  do^ 
may  be  known  to  be  going  mad,  without 
being  8ecn»  when  only  this  dismal  howl  m 
heard. — ^Mad  dogs  do  not  foam  or  CiDth  at  the 
month,  but  their  lips  and  tongue  appear diy 
and  foul,  or  slimy. — ^Thou^h  mad  do^  flcne- 
rally  revise  both  food  and  drink  in  the  tetter 
stage  of  tlxe  disorder,  yet  they  never  shew  «ny 
avhorrence  or  dread  of  water  j  iri//  past 
through  it  without  djfficulti/,  and  lap  U 
eagerty  to  the  last.  But  it  is  remark^>le« 
that  tliough  they  bp  water  for  a  long  time, 
and  eagerly,  and  do  not  seem  to  experieooe 
any  uneasmess  from  it*  yet  they  do  not  ap- 
pear to  swalk)w  a  single  drop  of  it  j  for  honr- 
eyer  long  they  may  continue  lapping  it,  no 
diminution  of  quantity  can  be  perceived. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  madness,  both  of 
which  I  have  known  to  ori^nate  from  the 
bite  of  the  same  dog.  Among  huntsmea, 
one  is  known  by  the  name  of  raging,  the 
other  by  that  of  dumb,  madness.  In  dumb 
madness,  the  nether  jaw  drops,  and  is  fixed, 
the  tongue  hangs  out  of  the  mouth,  and 
slaver  drops  from  it.  Id  raging  mad 
the  mouth  is  shut,  except  when  the  doe  t. 
or  howls,  and  no  moisture  drops  IVom  it. 

The  hairs  of  a  mad  dc^  do  not  stand  eiecC 
more  than  those  of  other  do^,  I  do  noC 
know  that  there  i?  any  thing  remarkable  in 
the  manner  of  a  mad  do^*s  carrying  his 
head  or  bis  uil.  I  do  not  believe  that  dogs  m 
more  afraid  of  a  mad  dog  than  of  anyother  dog. 
M,  Petit s  manner  ^/'disanering  wkeikmr  m 
dead  Dog  had  been  ma^. 
When  a  nerson  hath  been  bit  by  a  dog  tfa^ 
is  apprehended  to  be  mad,  it  commonlv  hap» 
pens  that  the  dog  is  killed  before  one  is  aesarc^ 
of  his  condition.  -*  M.  Petit,  an  emi- 
nent surgeon  in  France,  has  discovered  aia 
expedient  for  putting  an  end  to  thb  unean- 
ncss.  He  mbs  the  throat,  the  teeth,  atid  the 
gums  of  the  dead  doa  with  a  pieoe  of  mcaft 
that  hath  beett  dressed,  taking  €at  that  thete 
be  no  blood  to  ttaiki  it,  and  Oien  oieit  htbm 
Uving  dog.  If  be  iefosaa  h  iwith  arying  a»« 
howrmg,  the  dead  dog  waa  eenainfy  mmi  $ 
but  if  he  eau  U»  Uiere  it  ftotbing  to  (tu* 

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tGthor,  that  cavalry  and  infiintry  ought  to 
be  drilled  together  to  a  oertain  degree, 
k  e,  io  far  as  to  understand  the  prtiK:iple 
of  each  other's  movements,  and  jto  be  able 
to  fohn  a  judgement  of  each  other's  inten- 
tioDS  from  ^Kdiatever  mancRuvres  appear 
preparatory  to  the  execution  of  those  in- 
tentions. €hir  author  insists  that  British 
troops  possess  as  much  fiery  courage  and 
impetuosity  as  the  French  ^  and  are  m«ch 
Krooger  matt  i  that  the  bayonet  is  our  na- 
lional  weapon  $  that  a  rank  of  pikes  is 
freferable  to  a  third  rank  of  firelocks  [the 
mixture  of  Qu«en  Elizabeth's  days  re- 
newed !]  that  soldiers  should  be  Inured  to 
muscular  exercise  ;  that  the  priuciples  of 
jnauoeuvres  should  be  explained  to  tlu^m  -, 
*'  thus  would  a.  soldier  conceive  a  relish 
ibr  his  profession,  become  active  and  vi- 

forotts^  strong  in  arm,  swift  of  foot,  and 
ardv  in  constitution."  We  have  also 
mucn  learning  on  military  subjects,  from 
Roman  and  French  authors,  and  ^om  re- 
ferences to  British  military  accoutrements 
of  former  times,  which  are  by  no  means 
iminteresting,  even  now. 

Cases  and  Cures  of  the  Hydropholia,  se- 
lected from  the  Gentleman's  Magazine. 
pp.  76.  price  28.  Stace,  London.  1*807. 
The  Gentleman's  Magazine  may  be 
quoted  in  proof  of  the  advantages  attend- 
ing periodical  publications.  It  was  the 
first  of  the  kind  ^  and  in  the  course  of  so 
many  years  as  it  has  been  in  circulation. 
It  could  not  well  fail  of  comprising  a 
number  of  valuable  communications.  We 
do  not  perceive  that  any  great  skill  was 
necessary  in  compiling  the  present  pam- 
phlet ;  but  we  know  that  able  practitioners 
may  t^ke  a  hint  from  less  promising  docu- 
ments. We  shall  copy  two  articles^  which 
may  be  useful. 

Symptoms  qf  Canine  Madness,  as  observed 
by  Mr,  Meynelt, 
A  total  loss  of  appetite,  generally  early ; 
though  I  have  seen  dogs  eat  and  lap  water  the 
day  before  dieir  death,  which  generally  hap- 
pens between  seven  and  ten  days  after  the 
nrst  symptom  has  appeared*  A  mad  dog  will 
not,  1  believe,  cry  out  on  being  struck,  or 
shew  any  sipi  of  fear  oti  being  threatened, 
-though  he  will,  very  late  in  the  disease,  ap- 
pear sensible  of  kind  treatment. — I  have  never 
Known  a  mad  dog  shew  symptoms  of  the 
disease  in  less  time  after  the  otte  dian  ten 
days  ;  and  1  have  known  many  instances  of 
do^s  having  died  mad  as  late  as  eight  months 
after  the  bite.  I  think  the  symptoms  gene- 
rally appear  between  three  and  eight  weeks 


Reflections  on  Caftine  Madness.^Tke  KsKermm's  Hut 

his  mind. 


1211]  

Cautioju  and  Reflections  on  CamneMad- 
ness'y  with  the  Method  of  preventing 
the  Hydrophobia  in  Persons  who  Iwve 
been  bitten.  By  George  L'>P«^*>>f ar. 
jon,  8vo.  pp.  2 1 .  Price  is.  6d.  Budd. 
ondon,  1807« 

A  slight  essay,  intended  principally 
to  put  the  public  on  its  guard  against  the 
tK^enceuaf specifics,  f he  autboragrees 
with  Dr.  Moseley  that  caustux  otfer  the 
best  mode  of  treatment ;  and  that  l(^ 
infemalis  is  the  most  advantageous. 

We  are  of  opinion  that  instantaneous 
treatment  is  of  the  utmost  iraportancej 
and  that,  whoever  has  presence  of  mmd 
to  sudt  the  part  wounded  immediately  as 
the  wound  is  inflicted,  applies  the  most 
effectual  medicament.    We  speak  on  our 
own  knowledge  of  such  instances  5  and 
this  may  allay  the  anxieties  of  mothers, 
when  their  children  have  suffered  such  ac- 
cidents.    The  virus,  were  it  swallowed, 
would,  in  the  stomach,  excite  no  disorder : 
but,  indeed,  there  is  no  occasion  to  swal- 
low any  thing  drawn  from  the  patient. 
This  operation  ^ould  be  continued  long 
enough,  and  a  free  discharge  from  the 
wound  promoted.    By  this  means  a  cure 
may  be  V^atly  advanced  before  it  is  pos-. 
^b\e  for  professional  assistance  to  arrive. 

Triomphe    de    I'Evangile     ^^     ^^ 
Triumph  of  the  Gospel,  or  Memoirs 
of  a  Man  of  the  World  who  has  re- 
nounced  the  Errors  of  modem  Philoso- 
x)hy.    Translated  from  the  7th  wiition 
if  the  original  Spanish.    8vo.  4  vols. 
Lyons,  Bruyset  and  Co.  Pans.  Lederc. 
A  work  which  has  passed  through  seven 
editions  may  be  supiK)sed  to  pos^»  « 
considerable  degree  of  ment,  audits  in- 
terest Is  increased  by  the  nature  of  its 
jubiect,  whence  we  derive  some  insight 
ioto  the  prevailing  disposition  of  the  Spa- 
nish  nation.    The  author  is  a  Spaniard, 
who  lived  in  Prance  during  the  jnost  vio- 
lent  periods  of  tbe^  tempest  which  deso- 
lated  that  country.    He  saw  what  he  de- 
fcribes.    He  supposes  a  phik)8opher  who 
had  long  wandered  aond  the  doctnew  of 
ttKKkm  sophists,    and  who    had   been 
kurried  away  by  the  illiisory  power  of  his 
tyatmom,  now  fctced  by  unforeseen  mis- 
fcrtiwe,  to  «e*  a  secret  esylutn,  where, 
in  sphc  of  himself,  the  proefoof  rdigien 
WhUih  hebwrs^rom  an  ecdc^wstu:  who 
Ittd  ^bca  Wm  ^Wter,  f«k*eply  ^^ 


£lM» 


.i,M.  At  first  he  maintains  his  er- 
rors ;  but  by  degrees  the  force  of  truth 
expells  them  ;  and  bis  contrition  is  pre- 
ceded by  reformation.  In  consequence 
he  determines  to  render  himself  useful  iis 
that  station  wherein  Providence  had  jdacrf 
him.  -  - 

This  wwk  is  diought  to  be  extenfle^ 
somewhat  too  fiic  5  a  more  succinct  pM- 
nt^l  would  have  answered  the  purpose 
equally  weU.  It  shews,  however,  thB 
author* ifamiliarity  with  the  motives,  abi- 
lities, and  subterfuges,  of  the  charo^eof 
of  infidelity  5  and  the  exposure  of  thes* 
gives  equal  value  and  iaterest  to  tke  book« 

The  Fisherman's  Hut,  in  the  Hig(lilai|dt 

of  Scotland.    With  other  Poems.    ^ 

Alexander  Yeman,   Esq.     i3mo.  pp* 

15a.  price  5s.   Crosby,  London,  lSQ7-i 

Hail,  gentle  Muse !  O  teach  me  how  10  sias* 

Flcdg  d  by  thy  powers,  to  fly  oft  airy  wing  ; 

Like  thee  to  please,  in  mildest,  meek  controid* 

Glow  thro'  the  vcios,  and  charm  my  very  soitf. 

^,    ...»#•*•'* 
When  wcather-boond,  man's  prmfideoilal  fw» 
The  high  windb,  drift  the  white  increasinc  snOWi 
Nor  dares  to  stir  or  move,  inclos'd  aboot. 
Nor  o*er  the  threshold  even  once  peep  out; 
Their  crop*  are  toss'd  a!ong  the  stormy  air. 
And  now  lose  hope  of  what  was  late  their  cafe  $ 
Where  can  they  look,  or  substance  howobuini 
The  infiwit  cries  distract  the  mother's  brain. 
O  kind  resource !— the  heifer  one*  more  gives 
To  them  her  acreamB,  ihat  eager  want  leceives      y 
Daily  she  thins,  till  atreogth  cm  give  no  n^n^ 
Want  dwells  within^  and  hovers  rowad  <h€  dooc 
Each  day  mosc  scant,  qukk  goes  the  baiky  tod^ 
As  qalcMr  goes  their  fifted  logs  ef  irood. 
Whose  Rowing  embers  make  fhem  troly  Wrtt— 
Ceasebat  to  blaze,  their  tro^Wc^t  «U confessM s  ' 
Wood,  peats,  and  mrf,  their  ftid  and  delight. 
When  o'er  thie  ftre  they  pass  the  dreary  night— 
Keen  hunger  feeU,  tears  fill  th6  languid  cye< 
Sunk  is  the  heart,  and  soul  on  wing  to  fly; 
Loud  blows  the  blast,  as  clouda  of  hcayy  ssi^ 
Advanciag,  sail  slong  the  noftbem  iMia. 

Owretctacd state!  no  teeming  TeMdi  hei*. 
And  sad  fbrcbodtiigt  sbai*  the  solemn  bier  i 
NowooiaesibB  cyi«s*o  ttieana,  4ie  Wfc  ^ 

taint,  ^ 

Warm  flows  the  stibftanee  from  the  Wfer  •  telnsi 

Oatmeal  commUt  with  the  yet  ttdring  blood; 

Thus  Nature's  voice  demands  the  sorry  food! 

Inured  to  waat,  with  conptless  cme%  to  know. 

While  welcome  death  now  takes  the  famish'd  cow, 

Whate  blood  hat  king  suppltedlhe  wrcKbcd  iatt« 


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1123] 


ActouM  of  ike  Bank  of  AusterUtz. 


{^tU 


A  Detailed  Recount  of  the  Battle  of  Am- 
ierlilx.  By  the  Austrian  General  Stut- 
terheim.  Translated  from  the  French 
by  Major  Pine  Coffin,  Assistant  Quar- 
ter Master  General  to  the  British  Army. 
8vo.  pp.  146.  price  Goddard.  Lon- 
don.    I8O7. 

We  have  read  this  useful  little  work 
with  attention,  and  believe  we  understand 
it  J  but  the  want  of  a  map  of  the  opera- 
tions is  so  great  a  defect,  that  we  are  un- 
able to  determine  whether  the  censure 
passed  by  the  writer  on  the  commander 
ia  chief  be  well  founded  or  not.  We 
must,  however,  praise  the  management 
•f  Bonaparte,  who  did  every  thing,  by 
doing  nothing  till  the  moment  it  was 
necessary,  and  then  he  did  it  effectually. 
Several  practical  inferences  may  be  de- 
duced from  this  detail :  in  stating  which 
we  shall  adopt  the  words  of.  the  author. 

Among  the  most  promineot  causes  of  defeat 
k  placed  that        tolly  of  never  anticipating 
a  check  j  and  of  not  establishing  magazines 
Sn  the  rear ;  as  a  consec{uence  of  that  pre- 
(ttinpHon.     To  these  circumstances  it  was 
owing,  that  the  army,  while  in  the  jpositaon 
of  Olmutz  was  almost  destitute  of  provi- 
sions.   It  had  only  been  there  one  day,  be- 
fore it  was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  forced 
requititions ;  a  violent  ipcpedient,  which,  by 
the  disordedy  manner  in  which  it  was  exe- 
cuted, had  much  influence  on  the  discipline 
of  tiie  army,  into  which  a  spirit  of  licentious- 
ness began  to  insinuate  itself  from  that  day 
forwards.    In  the  then  state  of  politics,  the 
gaining  time  was,  at  that  moment,  nearly  of 
equal  unportance  with  ihe  pining  a  battle : 
and,  the  mstant  it  was  decided,  not  to  ma- 
noeuvre, it  became  of  the  highest  importance 
to  be  enabled  to  subsist  in  the  position  of  Ol- 
mutz,   for  the  puroose  of  maintaining   it. 
TJijere  still  renoainea  countries,  from  whence 
it  would  have  been  possible  to  draw  provi- 
tions ;  but  thev  were  at  a  distance,  and  the 
convoj^  were  ooliged  to  make  a  long  circuit. 
T(f  this  it  was  necessary  to  apply  a  speedy 
remedy.    The  officers  of  the  commissariat 
recehed   orders,    incessantly    reneated,    but 
never  suflkiently  urgent,  to  establish  convoys 
-oi  provisions,  with  all  possible  dispatch,  upon 
the  different  roads ;  but  some  of  this  depart- 
mept  wanted  both  activity  and  inclination ; 
their  systematic    conception    of  things  not 
,  allowing  them  to  feel  the  extent  of  the  emer- 
aency ;  while  others  experienced  great  em- 
barrassment,   from   the    detention,    by   the 
Russians,  of  a  great  part  of  the  horses  belong- 
ing to  the  Country,  which  were  employed  in 
thf  transport  of  prpvisidbs^    and  were#  in 


consequence,  at  a  loss  for  the  means  of  coa- 
veyance.     p.  37. 

The  bread  was  pfundered  on  the  roads  bodi 
by  the  detachments  appointed  for  its  escort, 
and  by  a  number  of  marauders  who  followed 
the  army.  The  strict  discipline  that  ought 
to  have  existed  was  not  vigorously  maintained, 
under  the  pretext,  that  the  army  was  stanr- 
ing.  Relaxauon  of  discipline  is'  always  suc- 
ceeded by  excesses,  and  the  licentiousness; 
attendant  upon  it,  gives  'full  latitude  to  tht 
disaffected,  and  to  all  those  who  have  not 
courage  to  support  the  nun^erous  privations 
attendant  upon  modem  warfare.  It  wai 
thought  impossible  tf>  subsist  the  army  in  the 
position  in  front  of  Olmutz,  and  it  was  re- 
solved to  abandon  it,  for  the  purpose  of  su 
tacking  the  enemy,     p.  39. 

During  the  whole  night  there  was  no  ck<uM 
of  out-posts  established  in  front  of  the  post- 
tion  occupied  hy  the  combined  army. 

The  out-posts  on  the  left  of  the  allies  sent, 
continually  patroles  during  the  night,  to  their 
ri^ht,  in  order  to  estgblisti  a  communication 
with  the  Russian  advanced  posts,  but  could 
never  fall  in  with  them.     p.  02. 

An  army  which  fought  for  want  of 
food,  which  had  not  tJe  discretion  to 
establish  outposts,  which  w^  totally  ig- 
norant of  the  position  of  the  enemy,  and 
of  his  designs,  of  course,  which  had  ma* 
nceuvred'  the  whole  day  previous  to  the 
battle,  under  the  eye  of  the  enemy,  who 
might  count  every  battalion, — an  army 
which  had  no  central  mass,  and  the  co- 
lumns which  were  detached  from  its  main 
body  were  divergent,  and  were  led  by 
officers  wbo  literally  adhered  to  their  or- 
ders, though  when  in  the  presence  of  th« 
enemy  these  orders  were  no  longer  appli- 
cable, must  have  beeri  victorious  by  mira- 
cle, if  at  all.  We  may  regret  the  battle 
of  Austerlitz,  but  we  cannot  wonder  at  its 
issue.  A  powerful  batter}'  to  have  protected 
the  centre,  with  effect,  would  have  pre- 
vented the  ruin,  if  not  the  defeat— no 
such  resource  existed. 


jin  Index  to  the  History  of  English  Poetry, 
.  by  Thomas  Warton,  B.D.  Quarto  pp. 
.  70  Price  Qs.  Lackington  and  Co.  I8O6. 

This  is  a  useful  companion  to  War- 
ton  :  from  the  nature  of  it  w^  can  do  no 
more  than  register  it,  for  the  advantage  of 
those  who  possess  the  valuable  work  to 
which  it  refers.  We  have  no  reason  to  doubt 
its  correctness.  The  indexes  are  printwl 
separately,  and  may  be  placed  to  each  vo* 
I  lume  at  the  pleasure  of  tlie  purchaaer. 


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Purthtr  Particulars  relative  to  the  Death  of  Louis  XFI. 


tl22S 


FURTHER  PARTICULARS  RELATING  TO.  THE 
DEATH  OP  LOU  Is  XVI. 

To  the  Editor  qf  the  Literary  Panorama. 

8IR« 

I  have  read  with  great  satisfaction  the  very 
curious  anecdotes  you  have  collected  in  proof 
of  the  prediction  of  M.  de  Cazotte,  which 
ivas  found  among  the  papers  left  hy  the  late 
M.  de  la  Harpe.  Allow  me  to  b^  your  at- 
tention to  an  extract  from  Soulavie*8  History 
of  Louis  XVI.  describing  Ihe  particulars  of 
the  King's  death ;  which,  although  not  ma- 
terially differing  from  the  one  you  have  in- 
serted in  Panorama,  p.  1003,  written  by  the 
Abb^  £dgeworth*s  sister,  yet,  perhaps,  as 
farther  corroborating  the  circumstances,  may 
prove  not  unworthy  a  place  in  your  entertain- 
ing work.  Anxiously  waiting  for  your  ac- 
(Dount  of  the  conversion  of  M.  de  la  Harpe 
himself  to  Christianity,  as  the  only  thing  re- 
maining to  complete  your  interesting  history 
of  all  the  parties  concerned,  and  distinctly 
inentioned  in  his  paper, 

I  remain,  with  great  respect. 
Your  constant  reader^ 

B.T. 

Loob  dedicated  his  last  moments  to  acts  of 
piety  and  devotion,  in  which  there  was  nei- 
.  thcr  weakness  nor  vanity.     •  Thosewho  en- 
tertain any  friendship  for   mc,^    said  he  to 
iCl^ry,  *  ought  to  rejoice  at  seeing  me  arrived 
at  the  end  of  so  many  sufferings.*    He  per- 
formed his  last  christian  duties  with  piety  and 
fortitude.    As  they  were  leading  him  to  the 
scene  of  execurion,  he  recited  the  prayers  ap* 
pointed  for  persons  in  their  last  moments. — 
On  his  arrival  at  the  foot  of  the  scaffold,  he 
finished  his  oraisons,  took  off  his  coat  and 
cravat,  untied  his  hair,  and  opened  his  shirt 
'  to  expose  his  neck  •and  shoulders.     He  then 
threw  himself  on  hb  ktiecs  to  receive  from 
his  confessor  the  absolution,  in  articulo  mor^ 
tis.    As  he  rose  to  ascend  the  scaHbld,  hb 
confessor  himself  fell  upon  his  knees,  and 
exclaimed,   as  if  by  ins|)i ration,  "  Go,  son 
*'  of  St.  Lduis,  ascend  to  heaven !"     Ar- 
rived on  the  scaffold,  LouiS  looked  sted&stly 
on  the  instrument  of  death  ;  one  of  the  ex- 
ecutioners tied  his  hands  and  cut  off  his  hair : 
when  he  said  to  the  people,  in  an  elevated 
tone  of  voice,  *'  I  die  perfectly  innocent  of 
**  all  pretended  crimes  tney  have  charged  me 
**  witn,  aqd  I  forgive  my  enemies." — San- 
terre,  giving  the  signal  for  the  drums  to  beat 
a  roll,  repliSi,  "  1  have  not  brought  you 
*'  here  to  harangue,  but  to  DIE.*'    The 
three  executioners  then  seized  the  person  of 
Louis^  and  tied  him  to  the  instrument  with 


leather  straps ;  his  head  was  instantly  struck 
off,  and  hekl  up  to  the  populace  amid  the 
cries  of  Five  la  liherti  et  la  ripuhli^l 
Several  persons  having  gathered,  vrith  pieces 
of  linen^  some  drops  and  threads  of  blood* 
which  fell  on  the  ground  and  on  the  scaffold, 
they  af^rwards  caused  a  representation  of  the 
nails  which  fixed  Christ  to  the  cross,  and 
some  sacrh  coeurs  to  be  ensraved,  and  colour* 
ed  them  with  the  blood  of  Louis.  My  col- 
Jection  contains  several  copies  of  these.  The 
Abb^  le  Due,  an  acknowledged  son  of  Loujs 
XV.  and  Madame  de  Cavanac,  had  the  cou-'l /" 
rage  to  ask  the  Convention  for  Ac  body  of  hit«/*^' 
^Miiil>L  It  w^,  however,  carried  without  m 
coffin  to  the  burying  ground  of  la  Ma^Se- 
laine,  thrown,  v^thout .  any  funeral  cereal** 
ny,  into  a  grave,  and  covered  over  with  qakt 
hme* 


We  are  much  obliged  to  our  correspondenft 
for  the  flattering  encomiums  he  has  passei 
upon  us,  relative  to  the  pains  -we  hm 
taken  in  elucidating  M.  de  la  Harpers  paper. 
We  do  not  pleny  that  it  was  a  work  of  some 
trouble,  but  not  so  much  to  us  as  it  might  haite 
been  toothers,  as  we  personally  knew  most  of 
the  parties,  and  have  anecdotes  in  store,  never 
before  published,  of  many  others  of  the  moa* 
ster-heroes  of  that  accursed  revolhtion.  We  are 
at  the  same  time  well  aware  of  the  <;ircuiii* 
stance  which  M.  Soul&vie  has  mentioned^ 
and  which  was  not  nodced  by  Miss  Edge- 
word),  viz.  the  unmanly  expression  nttereil 
by  the  regicide  brewer  Santerre  to  hb  dy* 
ing  Sovereign — ^nay,  farther,  it  has  beenov 
misfortune  to  know  the  subaltern  wretch  wb» 
b  said  to  have  acted  9b  aid-de-camp  on  that 
occasion  to  Santerre,  and  who  delivered  the 
order  **  almost  with  the  lightnings  speed,** 
for  the  4hrums  to  beat  and  drown  the  KxDgm 
voice,  we  mean  Dugazon^  a  play-actor,  who 
at  that  moment  was  a  pensioner  of  hb  mon 
narch,  as  almost  all  those  actors  were  wh« 
belonged  to  i^Thi^reFramfois.  We  be- 
lieve  that,  in  thb  instance,  M.  Soultvie  ms:f 
be  credited  as  a  faithful  historian — ^we  have 
therefore  inserted  hb  narrative  in  Compliance 
wMth  our  correspondent's  request.  But  im- 
plicit reliance  b  not  on  all  occasions  to  be 
placed  on  what  he  says ;  we  shall  instance  pffr* 
ticulariy  his  puerilities  against  England,  and 
more  especially  hb  libels  against  the  much- 
injured  Maria-Antoinbtta,  whom  he  has 
deeply  calumniated,  9Tid  this  we  speak  of  our 
own  knowledge ;  many  interesting  anecdotes 
of  whom,  of  indbputaUe  authority,  we  are' 
obliged  to  defer  to  some  future  numben  of 

Digitized  by  ^OOQ IC  '  ^ 


ISIff  tfiiotsea^  -^Urnn^  Lane 

•M  w«r6«  tetidbig  to  rescue  her  character 
ftom  the  foul  aspenionfl  cast  upon  her  by 
ikoBc  who  had  no  opportunity  of  knowing, 

CTsonalty,  her  heroic  mind  and  amiable  afla- 
lity,  "  One  is  mterested  that  bcinga  made 
•*  for  suiering  should  suffer  well,*'  as  Mr. 
Inrlta  lus  saki  of  this  Princess,  and  that  she 
^  so  bear  **  her  aceuim^ed  wrongs**  is 
nvell  knowit.  Indeed,  she  sostaioed  with 
«)nioeiit  ibrtitttdct  that  dignity  of  mind  and 
Ch«6e  lefty  sentiments  which  she  derived 
fbott  her  nH»tber,  who  was  '*  so  much  distin- 
.  gttkhed  for  her  pkiy  and  courage."  Would 
tiM  had  bad  as  many  loyal  subjects  near  ber 
proon  as  those  who  assisted  Maria  Theresa  * 
^  Whose  swords  leaped  from  their  scabbards 
•> atenge  her"— For  when  that  Empressad* 
f£ressed,  in  Latin,  which  she  spoke  well,  the 
Palatine  States  at  PrcsbHTgh,  tlufjng  her  great 
tioiibles,  informing  them,  "  she  was  on  the 
brink  of  ruin,  and  that  she  had  no  other  re- 
flDuroe'but  in  their  zeal  and  affection,''  they 
•U  hiatantaneously  rose  up,  and;  stopped  her 
m  the  Qlkklle  of  her  oration,  and  drawing 
their  swords,  exclaimed  aloud,  *'  Moriemur 
pro  ^ege*  noHra  Maria  Thewa  /**— "  7Fe 
miadiefor  our  King*  Maria  Theresa  r  and 
lmI^lediate^y  brought  into  the  field  an  army 
^hkk  re-aitaUi«hed  her  oa  th«  throne  of  her 


Theatri.-^AssignaHojri 


V229 


We  tf^  with  for  mrespoo^nit,  in  1ms 
ftmarks  on  Santene's  forockms  oMiducC,  and 
(tg  htm  «•  recoMeet,  what  heaeesas  to  have 
An^  that  when  S.  wcsU  to  inform  the 
King,  atstx  o*clodL  on  Swrfay,  th«  wening 
fHeoeduig  his  muider,  Jan.  80,  1793*  dut 
Che  CoBTention  had  passed  to  the  order  of  the 
4»y  on  his  demand  of  a  respite  for  three  days^ 

»■    COWTEMPTtJoisLY  tAV«HED   AT  HIM*'- 

which  gava  the  King  occasion  to  say  to  our 
friend  Cier^f,  *'  I  really  thou^t,  from  S«i- 
*'  tarre*s  behaviour,  that  he  oame  to  infofin 
^  me  that  the  Ks^pitt  had  been  granted.** 

ficspectiog  our  correspondent's  allusion 
Id  the  conversion  of  M.  de  la  Haq)e  to 
Christianity,  we  refer  him  to  what  we 
have  already  sAid,  in  page  1006  of  Panorama, 
therein  we  promised  that  the  life  of  this  cele- 
brated writer  (in  which  will  be  found  many 
anecdotes  of  his  contem|X)raries^  should  be 
given  at  the  beginning  of  our  next  volume. 
'f  ■  — — ^— — — — — ^-^— — 

♦  This  singularity  of  speech  is  owing  to 
the  prt^iudice  of  the  PcJatioes  for  weir 
Wing  governed  by  Ku^gs. 


DIDASCALIA.     ' 

PRVJIY-LANS  THEATRE. 

Jan.  28,  a  new  Comedy  was  presented  U> 
the  public  at  this  Theatre,  entilled' Assie^ir/v- 
TiON,  said  to  be  written  by  the  author  of  Tk^ 
Chapter  qf  Acddent$  ;  aiKi  the  just  repi»ta« 
tioa  which  Miss  Lee  had  gained  by  tliat  pro- 
duction, occasioned  an  overflowing  house^ 
filled  with  the  most  respectable  pefaona  in  rank 
and  literature  in  town,  all  <*  on  the  tip-to«  of 
expectation.**  But  "oh,  what  a  &ai|ig  otf 
was  there  I'*  Never  %vas  curiosity  more  dis- 
appointed, never  was  author  so  rapidly  clotK^od 
in  literary  fame ;  for  before  the  close  of  the  sc» 
cond  act  the  audience  was  completely  tired; 
by  a  continual  sameness  of  drawling  sentuneot 
without  animation  :  Ungthened  scenes  witi^ 
out  interest,  and  hunour  (if  it  could  be  a^ 
called)  without  the  power  of  exciting  a  laug^ 

The  plot  exhibited  a  gay  young  rake 
(Sir  Hairy)  who  after  marrying  an  Italiaa 
Marchioness,  runs  away  from  his  wife,  and 
ialls  in  love  with  a  sentimental  youn^  ladj 
who  is  attached  to  anolhcr.  The  Mascdua- 
ness,  disKuised  in  the  dreai  of  a  Fioacb 
Abb^,  foltows  her  husband  to  England.  Tb^ 
young  lady,  the  object  of  Sir  Harry *8  attm» 
tiouy  happens  to  be  the  friend  of  his  wife,  anil 
helps  to  produce  a  happy  reunion,  by  making 
an  Assignation  with  Sir  Harry,  and  surptising 
him  with  his  lady ,  when,  in  the  true  atile 
of  our  modern  tosh,  caUed  novels*  ,die 
Baronet  repents,  and  the  lady  for  ever  afi^ 
reclines  on  a  bed  of  roses. — In  the  under  plo^ 
we  see  a  most  accomplished  youn^  laay  of 
about  twen^',  full  of  sentiment,  of  an  jmmcn^ 
fortune ;  and,  of  course,  as  beautiRil  as  ^tt 
ancel,  fall  in  love  with  her  guaidian,  who  ia 
ontif  fifty-two ;  but  he  b  a  peer,  wiears  th/^ 
Wmdsor  uniform,  and,  thougib  stiff  as  buck- 
ram, bears  his  star — ^his  son  too  (a  natuml 
one  b^  the  bye,  a  Mr.  SomerviUe)  is  also  in 
love  with  another  romantic  miss.  There  ^ 
likewise  a  Lady  Laura,  a  rich,  vain,  old  wi- 
dow, who,  in  every  thing  she  does,  affects  t0 
ape  youth  ;  learns  to  ride,  siB^;  and  dance  ; 
and,  that  nothing  may  be  wanting  to  aoooo)-* 
plish  this  ikir  dame,  we  see  her  with  a  gram- 
mar in  her  hand  learnioff  her  French  lessous ! 

An  Admiral  too  of  the  British  Fleet  ia 
introduced,  for  tbe  purpose  of  uttering  low, 
degnided,  common  place  sentimeots  agaio^t 
Pafihhet,  Popet^,  and  wooden  im<^ges : — so 
exclusively  vulgar,  that  they  could  not  have 
forced  applause  from  any,  except  perh^ 
the  late  ianatic  Lord  George  Gordon,  of  sL 
George's  Fields'  memory^— •— The  author^ 
who  malignantly  makes  the  stajge  a  vehicie 
for  abusing  forms  of  Religioo,  diverse 
though  they  be  Qrom  our  own,  deserves  the 
severest  censure :  we  therefore  coincide  with 
the  audience,  who  jusdy  marked  their  abhc^- 
rence.—  Qther  sentiments  he  likewise  ei-. 
pressed  in  a  manner  so  very  coarse^  pleutifuQv 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


IM^I  SUascaRa. — Drurt/  Lant 

Meriaided  wHIi  9weafifig»  that  the  audience 
w6uld  haidty  peni>k  him  to  proceed.  On« 
wUl  snftce  for  example,  "  Champagne  is 
"  the  only  good  thing  that  damn'd  country 
♦*  ^Fmnce]  produces.**  This  was  during 
Miss  Lee*s  ga//an#  admirers  sober  moments  $ 
but  when'  he  came  in  drunk,  scarcely  could 
any  person  in  the  theatre  understand  one  word 
he  uttered  :  so  exasperated  were  the  audience 
)i^;ainst  him  $  and  although  he  attempted  to 
sing  Rule  Briiannia,  yet  tney  insisted  on  his 
sheering  off,  expressing  their  contempt,  by 
Fiie  !  off!  off!  Do  not  disgrace  the  Navy  ! 

A  Philosopher  was  likewise  /introduced, 
and  placed  in  (he  company  of  servsmts.  We 
\indeTStand  this  character  was  thought  to  be 
an  original ;  and  in  some  respects  it  might  be 
ao,  for  in  truth,  he  was  a  batlomn  philosopher ; 
and  of  so  much  consequence  as  to  be  em- 
gloved  in  drinking  with  the  lowest  domestics, 
ana  in  deliveriilg  to  them  lectures,  which 
neither  the  audience  nor  his  fellow-servants 
oould  understand.  With  respect  to  this  phi- 
losopher, we  have  too  mucn  charity  to  sup- 
pose the  ^r  author  had  any  of  the  incom- 
parable Mo)iere*s  works  in  view,  nor  can  we 
m  a  moment  imagifie  '*  she  disfigured  them 

hb  make  them  pass  for  her  own.** But, 

lobe  candid,  our  remembiancer  hinted  to  us, 
ie  MaUre  de  Philosophie  6f  le  Bourgeois 
Gentithomme,  and  Pancrace  in  le  Mortage 
!Kwc/—- without  any  of  their  wit  and  humour. 
'  A  Pofti/Hon  likewise  once  appeared,  and 
#fily  once,  'for  the  sole  purpose  of  settling  a 
Quarrel  between  two  of  his  fellow-sen-ants, 
who  were  disputing  which  should  have  the  pre-> 
Ibreoce  in  delivering  a  ktter  to  their  master  ; 
when,  he  very  s:^cioos!y  took  the  letter  from 
^hera,  and  dividing  it  into  tu'o  parts  pr(»?ientcd 
each  with  a  piece,  advising  him  to  carry  his 
Jwrt.  This  might  have  told  very  well  in  Mother 
Goos€*s  pantomime,  but  surely  nothing  c6uld 
be  more  contemptible  in  legitimate  ^oinedy. 

Though,  when  attending  our  duty  at  the  re- 
presentation of  this  comedy,  vire  could  hardly 
express  our  feelings  in  witnessins  such  a  de- 
dine  of  geniuiB  from  the  popubr  piece  of 
the  Chapter  of  Accidents,  yet  we  must  can- 
didly confSrss  that  in  some  mstances  the  fair 
iiuthor  was  not  generou^  used  $  as,  at  all 
events,  she  was  entitled  to  an  iantpartial  hear- 
ing ;  when,  according  to  the  laws  of  our 
irountry,  sentence  should  hove  been  passed — 
and  this  was  granted  by  armistice  mutually 
wreed  on,  between  the  audience  on  one  side  ; 
the  author,  manager  and  actors,  on  the 
btber ;  when  Wrou^ ton  addressed  them  thus  : 
*'  Ladies  and  GenUemen,  sufler  us  to  pursue 
^'  our  duty  to  the  end  of  the  play,  and  we 
**  will  then,  with  respect,  obey  t/our  award.*' 
This,  which  was  delivered  in  the  early  part 
of  the  fourth  act,  was  unanimously  agreed  to; 
and  yet  in  the  second  or  third  scene  that  fol- 
lowed, not  a  word  could  be  Understood.  Al- 
Ihougii  the  audience  mi^t  be  di^usted  with 


Lady  Lania't  (Miss  Pope)  iadeUcate  ap 
pearance.  her  attitudes,  and,  her  beautinii 
elbow,  as  vvcU  as  with  the  Admiral*s  wretched 
character,  vet  still,  in  common  justice,  thejr 
ou^it  to  have  heard  the  Comedy  out,  anxl 
delivered  their  sentence  *  at  the  close ;  this 
decorum  was  not  wanting  on  the  other  side, 
and  at  the  end  of  tde  5th  act  Mr.  WrouKhtos 
again  stepped  forward,  according  to  promise, 
and  announced,  **  that  Uie  author,  bo>ving 
to  their  opinion,  had  withdrawn  her  play." 

The  performers,  which  consisted  of  the 
strenjgth  of  the  company,  used  every  effort; 
and  it  is  but  justice  to  say  that  they  exerted 
themselves,  in  proportion  to  the  oppoaitioB 
they  experienced;  particularly  Ellistnn — ^hb 
parsevemnoe  for  his  Bath  frieud,  when 
one  wonl  could  not  be  heard  in  uie  <*  wild 
uproar  of  the  storm  ;**  reminded  us  of 
the  technical  language  of  a  cricket  joalch, 
Bath  against  all  England.  The  epilegiy 
(see  Panorama,  p.  1£S1.)  was  weU  delivcrad 
by  Miss  Duncan  \  we  never  saw  her  appear 
to  such  advantage  in  breeches  as  in  the  div 
guise  of  a  French  Abb^;  those  of  our  readeif 
who  were  present,  and  have  frequented  the  uj^ 
per  circles  m  a  neighbouring i*oun try,  'ere  that 
creat  point  of  honour,  its  mighty  monarchy, 
nad  sunk,  will  vouch  for  thecorrednof  of  o^r 
opinioQ.  

Feb.  19,  a  new  Play  was  presented  at  iht 
same  Theatre,  entitlod  The  Corfew,  an- 
nounced in  the  bills  to  have  been  written  by 
the  late  Mr.  Tobin,  author  of  the  Bon^ 
Moon ;  and,  if  in  the  preceding  article  we  had, 
unfortunately,  the  lot  to  recc^id  a  decline  of 
genius,  we  have  the  pleasure  in  the  pn^sent 
mstance  to  notice  an  improvement, — for  ws 
have  no  hesitation  in  asserting  that  Tks 
Curfew  is  superior  to  Th^  Houey  Mootu-^ 
The  following  are  the  Dramatis  Persome* 
Normans. 

Iluch  dc  Tracy  -    -    -  Mr.  BarrymoPt. 

Robert     -----  Mr.  Banni»:er, 

Bertrand      -    -     -    -  Mr.  H.  biddona, 

IVahcr Mr.  PeuUw. 

PMlip Mr.  Eyre. 

Dunstan  -----  Mr.  Cooke. 

MaHlda Mrs.  Powell. 

Florence  -    -    -    -    -  Miss  Duncan, 
Danish   Banditti. 

Fitzharding  -    -    -    -  Mr.  ElHston. 

^Armstrong    -    -    -    -  Mr.  Pahner. 

Conrad    -----  Mr.  Maihewf. 

Herman  -----  Mr.  Carles. 

Fitzharding,  a  Dane,  bearing  an  impla* 
cable  hatred  against  Hns;h  de  Tracy,  a  Nor- 
man haron,  for  having  branded  him  on  tho 
shoulder  wi  A  a  red  hot  iron,  for  a  military  of- 
fence committed  in  Normandy,  previous  to 
the  conquest  of  Lnfflaud,  pursuea  his  project 
of  revenge  with  such  violent  rc«enuneiit  as  to 

*  1^  the  Piocp  first,  tUcu  damn  it  it  you  iwii^     ^ 

MU£PUY. 

Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


1231} 


I>ldas€aUa^'^Drwry  Lane  ThecUre.^^TTte  Curfeur. 


flAM 


induce  his  oommander,  the  hanm,  to  stab  his 
wife,  Matilda,  io  a  fit  of  jealousy ;  who,  on 
lecorery,  fled  from  her  husband  with  her  son, 
and  by.  a  tempest  was  thrown  on  the  coast  of 
England  close  to  the  future  castle  of  her  bid, 
where  she  lired  unknown,  in  extieme  jpo- 
¥tTty,  subsisting  even  by  the  robberies  of  ner 
ton,  smd  from  her  peculiar  situation  regaided 
by  the  country  people  as  a  witch.  Fitzhard- 
.  iijg,  the  better  to  cany  on  his  plot  against  the 
baron,  follows  him  to  Enckmd,  and  puts 
himself  at  the  head  of  banditti,  who  infest 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  castle,  and  at  length 
by  personating  the  monk  Dunstan,  whose 
garments  he  robs  htm  of  as  he  is  going  to 
confess  the  baron  (but  who  had  never  yet 
•een  him)  he  gains  admission  to  the  castle, 
where  he  finds  opportunity  to  ^t  three  of 
bis  banditti  friends  also  introduced  under  the 
ifoguiseof  poor  itinerant  minstrels,*  not  know- 
ing where  to  get  a  night's  lodging.  The 
baron  (very  unhappy  on  account  of  his  wife 
aad  son)  confesses  to  Fitzharding  all  the  cir- 
cumstances of  his  life,  and  the  Dane  having 
contrived  the  last  meeting  with  H.  de  Tracj- 
in  the  chapel  of  the  castle,  in  order  to  gi\'e  him 
absolution,  is  on  the  point  of  assassinating 
]^m,  when  he  is  rescued  by  the  sudden  ap- 
]pcanince  of  his  wife,  and  his  vassals— just  af- 
ter "  the  Curfew  had  toU'd  the  knell  of  part- 
•*  iog  day,**  when  the  whole  of  the  gang 
pos  to  have  stormed  the  castle. 

Out  leaders  will  easUy  ])erceiTe  that  the 
leading  fieature  of  the  plot  b  not  new  to  the 
•lasf ,  and  the  characters  of  lago  and  Zanga 
wiH  inmiediately  recur  to  their  minds.  We 
bare,  therefore,  merely  given  a  slight  sketch 
of  the  &ble  without  alluding  to  the  under 
plot,  as  the  piece,  though  evidently  borrow- 
ed, in  respect  tathe  idea,  is  so  well  contriv- 
cd»  and  tne  interest  mano^  with  such  skill, 
that  we  wish  not  to  deprive  our  readers,  by 
a]>ticipation,  of  the  pleasure  they  will  receive 
inseemg  it  either  represented  or  in  readine 
it  when  published ;  as  in  the  present  degraded 
state  of  dramatic  literature,  we  have  no  doubt 
they  will  find  their  time  and  trouble  well  re- 
jMiid*,  for  it  abounds  with  good  language,  fine 
poetiy,  and  excellent  sentiments,  nor  does 
the  conduct  of  the  play  ever  transgress  the 
bounds  of  probability.  It  is  true  that  it  has 
its  faults,  out  we  willingly  overlook  them, 

•  Gke  composed  hy  Atwood,  sung  hy  minsirtU, 
Hark !  the  curfew's  solemn  sound, 
Silent  darkness  spreads  ■round ; 
Heavy  it  beats  on  the  lover's  heart. 

Who  leaves  with  a  sigh  bis  tale  half  told : 
The  poring  Monk  and  his  books  mu^t  pa»t. 

And  fearful  the  Miser  locks  Ml  gold. 
Now,  whilst  labour  sleeps,  and  dunned  sorrow. 
O'er  the  dewy  green, 

By  the  glow-worm's  light. 
Dance  the  elves  of  ni^t^ 
Unheard,  onseen; 
Yet,  where  their  midnight  pranks  have  been 
The  ci.  cled  torf  will  betray  to-morrow. 


where  there  is  so  much  to  applaud.  Soaift 
imitations  of  Shakespeare ;  some  [dagiarisoift 
will  be  found  ;  but  they  are  by  no  means  ao 
numerous  as  in  The  Honey  Moon. 

Notwithstanding  the  Curfew  it  of  a  yrery 
serious  nature,  yet  the  author  has  contrived 
to  introduce  a  "  fellow  of  infinite  bumoai^ 
called  Conrade,  who  was  well  personated  by 
Mathews.  Many  of  his  observationt  had  ^ 
very  good  efiect,  although  some  were  evidently 
too  long.  For  instance,  when  asked,  **  what 
•*  is  the  meaning  of  the  Curfew  bell  }**  he 
answers—"  Why,  it  is  an  extinguisher  in- 
**  vented  by  our  great  statesmen  to  keep  the 
'*  folks  in  the  dark'*— this  explanation  was 
received  with  great  applause,  but^whcn  the 
metaphor  was  continued,  and  he  added,  **  I 
*'  sup)>ose  the  moon  will  be  prevented  firom 
"  shming  shortly— nay,  I  should  not  wonder 
*'  if  we  had  orders  to  coi^ne  it  in  a  warm- 
"  in^  mn** — the  audience  expressed  a  little 
dissatisfaction,  which  was  the  case  with  his 
too  minute  description  of  the  sanguinary 
Herman— and  with  Robert's  answer  to  Flo- 
rence's enquiry  **  is  he  dead  ?**  **  ay,  and 
**  buried  too  r  which  appeared  likucrous. 
We  just  mention  these  naaeages,  as  they  weve 
the  only  few  in  whicn  any  disapprobation 
was  expressed,  hoping  they  will  be  cortaikd 
in  future  repveseiRations. 

Not  one  of  the  performers  lost  si^t  of  fJkt 
least  opportimity  of  doing  justice  to  the 
author,  whom  we  are  sorry  is  not  alive  to 
enjoy  the  triumph  of  his  muse.  £I]iaU)a 
was  very  successful.  Mrs.  Powell  (in  Matilda) 
was  particularly  impressive  in  her  delivery  of 
the  following  lines  to  her  son,  desciibiiig  the 
effects  of  a  vicious  course  of  life,  and  appealii^ 
to  the  skeleton  of  a  wretch  hanging  in  chains 
near  her  dwdUng : 

You  are  a  robber. 
And  he  who  robs,  by  sharp  resistance  pveaa'd 
Will  end  the  deed  in  blood — .'twasso  wit  h  him— • 
He  once  possess'd  a  soul,  quick  as  your  owa 
To  mercy,  and  would  quake  as  you  do  now. 
At  the  bare  apprehension  of  the  act 
That  has  cortsignM  him  to  yoa  naked  tree. 
Where  every  blast  to  metaonze  his  shame  • 
May  whistle  shrilly  through  his  hollow  bones* 
And  in  his  tongueless  jaws  a  voice  renew. 
To  preach  with  more  than  mortal  eloquence ! 
We  never  saw  Mr.  H.  Stddosa  to  such  ad- 
vantage as  in  the  character  of  Bertrand ;  he 
well  merited  the  great  appbuse  he  received^ 
when  the  Baron  reflecting  on  the  lowocss  of 
his  birth,  he  rendered  such  justice  to  the  au- 
thor, in  enthusiastically  retorting, 
That  is,  indeed,  past  cure!  Tisnow  too  late 
To  summon  back  the  dost  of  ^y  progenitors^ 
And  sump  it  with  nobility— What  then  ? 
'    Am  I  to  hang  my  head  ?  creep  into  ooroers. 
Because  my  fiuher  was  a  hind  ?    I  know  ooc 
Why  I  was  prest  into  this  bustling  world  ; 
But  here  I  am,  and  let  my  deeds  proclaim  n^. 
Our  actions  are  our  heral(&,  and  they  fix^ 
Beyond  the  date  of  tombs  and  epitaphs* 
Rciiowa  or  infamy^  ^ 


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1 133  J 


On  the  cwit  ttei  of  Beth. 


ON  THB  CIVIL  USES  OF  BELLS. 

To  th§  EdUor  qf  th9  litbrary  isavorama. 

8IR, 

My  former  letter  having  described  some  of 
Ibe  religioaa  vries  of  belb,  and  illttstnitod  the 
opinion  entertained  of  their  sanctity  iu  Ca- 
Iholiooountries,  1  b^  leave  now  lo  neqMttt 
your  attention  to  the  civil  uses  in  which  they 
yarttXG  en^jaged  in  ages  long  since  departed. 
•    *1.  It  may  readily  be  supposed,  that  the  in- 
formation which  might  be  communicated  by 
the  sound  of  a  bell,  in  cases  of  alarm   and 
danger,  could  not  well  escape  the  notice  of 
tfiose  acquainted  with   the  imnlement.    We 
find  them,  therelbre,  used  in  (oris  and  castles 
(PartheniusEro/.  7).  on  the  walls  of  cities, 
iknd  other  places  where  watrfi  and  ward  was 
kcpt»  and  ^rrisons  were  establislitd ;  for  so 
it  appears  from  Thucydides,  iv.  136.  and  Plu- 
tarch, in  his  tife  ot  Araiiis.     For  the  lime 
burposc,  those  who  went  the  roumls  during 
night  carried  bells  with  them,  as  we  gather 
ftom  the  scholiast  on  Aristophanes,  Aj),  843. 
1 160. ;  these  they  rang  at  the  sentry  boxes  as 
they  came  to  them,  to  see  whether  the  guards 
were  awake,  and  no  doubt  to  keep  them  alert 
in  their  duty.     Also,  2.  BelU  were  used  at 
,  !>aths,  to  give  notice  of  the  entry  and  exit  of 
fehthew,  &c.   (Martial  xiv.  103.  and  Orsini, 
6n  Ciacconius   dt  TricL  p.    130.)  and  for 
much  the  same  purpose,  as  we  may  suppose, 
they  were  hung  behind  the  doors  of  houses 
of  ill  fame;   whence,  says  Pawlus  Diaconus. 
"  Includebant  in  angusto  prostibula,  et  ad- 
mittentes  tintivabula  percuttebant,  ut  eo  tono 
Illarum   injuria  fieret  roanifesta:"  and  they 
were  also  hung  occasionally  to  the  doors  of 
private  houses,  as  we  are  teld  in  Suetonius, 
hctav,  91 .  and  by  Seneca,  De  M,   iii.  35. 

3.  Bells  were  also  employed  to  call  up  the 
servants  of  a  great  house  in  the  morning,  to 
assemble  the  tamily,  and  to  call  them  to  ta- 
bic  (Lucian  de  Merc.  Cond.  24,    31).— 

4.  They  were  bung  about  the  necks  Jof  ani- 
mals, especially  of  rams,  by  which  the  flock 
was  led,  and  we  have,  in  collections  of  anu- 
iquitics,  images  of  rams  thus  decorated. 

CeUa  ccrvicc  cmincns, 
Claruraque  coUajacians  tinunahulum, 

5.  Notice  of  the  sale  of  provisions,  especially 
of  fish,  was  given  by  the  ringing  of  a^  bell ; 
but  Fabridus,  after  Mercurialis,  for.  LeH. 
\.  25.  observes,  that  however  i\\x%  might  be 
castomaiy  amoM  the  Greeks,  the  Romans 
bad  not  adopted  It;  but  sold  their  edibles  by 
public  outcry,,  wtfgiia  rorf,  as  Juvenal  ex- 
Bressetit  (Sat.  iv.  32*),  et  quadam  tnstgnUa 
iwdulatiMt  (Stneca.  Ep.  36).;-Moreover, 

6.  Notice  was  given,  by  the  ringing  of  a 
Wl,  that  thev  should  water  the  streets  to  lay 
Ihe  dust  (Sextus  Empiricus,  viii.  193),  per- 
liaps,  also,  on  other  occasions,  when  a  kind 

Vol.  1.     iLit.  Pmn.  March  1807] 


of  proclamadoD  was  to  be  made 


tm4 

hence  we 


have  a  Greek  word  signifying  to  chime,  used  in 
th^  seflse  of  reporting,  as  ^Idas  observes,  in 

Other  applications  of  this  instrament 
mav  be  gathered  from  ancient  authors; 
and  it  might  be  observed,  that  we  find  among 
theoi  tlie  same  services  as  modem  days  derivo . 
from  belb :  the  alarm  bell,  the  entiy  bell, 
the  dinner  bell,  the  bell  worn  by  animals, 
the  hawker's  bell,'  and  the  dustman's  bell  i 
but  the  parish  bell,  or  bell-man,  as  a  crier  of 
lost  floods,  does  not,  I  believe,  occur  in  an- 
tiquity, though  among  oursdveii  he  is  a  useful 
omcer  in  a  populous  city,  to  saynothTng  of  his 
pre-eminence  in  poetry,  and  in  moral  admo*  . 
nition,  which  he  annually  yindicates  on  the 
thirtv^first  of  December  at  midnight, 

We  have  not,  that  I  know  of,,  any  descrip*  i 
tinn  of  the  ancient  tocsin,  the  insurrection 
b^  of  the  modem  French ;  neither  had  the 
ancients  any  idea  of  the  musical  effect  of  a 
set  of  bells.    They  were  not  annexed  to  tern* . 
pies,  as  diey  now  are  to  churches,  so  that, 
they  did  not  theiv  call  the  people  to  worship  ; . 
neither  could  they  nng  for  victories,  or  other 
rejoicings  j  neither  could  they  produce  a  peal, 
as  b  now  done  by  our  Society  of  Cumberland 
Youths,  of  5040  triple  bob-majors,  with  the 
great  bell  at  home :  neither  could  they  salute 
a  noble  visitor,  noir  mark  the  solemn  services 
which  attend  tlie  departed.    Modem  times 
alone  can  say  (with  Shakespeare)  they  have- 
With  boly  boU  bce&  knsU'd  ted«fcb» 

or  have  gratified  the  ear  of  livdy  meditatioD^ 

such  as  that  of  Milton,  when 
Sometimes  with  secure  delight 
Tlie  upland  hamlets  will  invite. 
When  the  merry  belh  rings  round    » 

Modem  times  alone  have  felt  the  solemnity, 
of  evening,  "  in  sober  livery  dight,**  when 

On  a  plat  of  rising  ground^ 
We  hear  the  far>off  curfew  sound. 
Over  some  wide  watered  shore, 
Swinging  slow  with  sullen  roar. 

Or,  as  another  poet  (Gray)  macks  the  tima^ 

The  curfiBW  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day. 
Modem  times  alone  liave  taught  bells  to  re* 
mind  us  seriously  of  our  passing  hours : 
The  bell  furlkes  one ! 
We  take  no  note  of  tim<*  but  from  its  loss! 
To  give  it  then  a  tongue  were  wise  in  man. 

It  is  trae,  that  in  this  country  some  of  the 
superstitions  connected  with  bells  are  abated, 
nnd  others  are  abolished :  we  no  longer  dread 
the  vengeance  of  '*  clerkes, 
Whe  mowc  by  lawc*  as  that  they  sain, 

Us  curse  and  dampne  to  hell'is  briiike } 
And  thus  thei  pmtin  us  to  paine 

With  candlis  quicnt  and  bcll'is  cUnVe.  .  .  . 
And  Christ' is  peplc  proudly  iiu^e 
W^th  brode  booke  and  bra) ing  bell ■> 
2S 

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1235] 


OmlkedvUthe$of  BeOs. 


{\m 


IVseaod-wlayQtlwrimpositiOQt  of  poray 
we  are  ha^^fMiy  rid  of,  ocver  «>  return :  (or 
this  dcUvmnoe  may  our  oouduct  cxprest  our 

Wefaxreiio  reason  to  conclude  that  the 
Cmcy  %armmt  heils  obtauwd  among  the  an- 
cienls.  "niey  would  |nobabty  have  stami  In 
aaaauemcut,  firom  irore  causes  than  one»  at 
the  great  belt  of  Mowow,  of  which  Hanway 
ekes  this  ilescriptna. — It  is  in  diameter  at 
bottom  tn^enty-tRTO  feet  6ve  inches ;  in  per- 
pibndicular  bet^t  twenty-one  feet  finir  inches 
and  a  half;  tlK  nanowest  diameter  at  the  to|> 
is  serfs  feet  five  inches;  of  course,  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  nxHith  is  .rixty-<wo  feet 
three  inches ;  the  car  or  tanmm  is  three  feet 
«ix  iuchcs  high  5  >^  w^ng^s  near  12,527  poods 
=443,775lb8.  It  cost  a  wery  mat  sum 
i£65,6eG);  lor  cvciy  one,  ambitious  of 
contributing  aomething  towank  it,  threw 
dtfacr^d  or  silver  into  the  fumaoes,  whm 
if  was  nwited.  These  furnaces  wne  four  in 
number,'  and  had  immense  cocks,  which  let 
off  the  metal  into  die  mould.  Wdl,  Sir, 
and  when  it  was  sinick,  the  aound  of  it  rather 
deafened  than  delisted  the  inhahi^ts  of 
Moscow :  from  its  mmiense  weight,  it  could 
not  be  nuscd  lo  any  hei^t ;  but  was  hung  as 
wdl  as  might  be,  and  a  pit  was  dugundcr  it. 
A  great  fire  happening,  the  beam  which  sup- 
ported it  was  burnt,  and  the  bdl  feU  down 
into  the  pit,  receiving  irreparabk:  damage  in 
the  fall.  Thh  bdl  greatly  exceeded  the  fa- 
mous bdls  at  Nankin  in  China,  on  which 
that  city  prided  itsdf:  and  the  ring,  o  cmT,  of 
which  beu^  hung  in  a  lower,  brou^  down 
the  edifice,  and  was  nei^er  raued  affun.  The 
kfgat  of  these  was  only  twdve  feet  high, 
diameter  seven  and  a  naif,  drcumfb^cpoe 
rwcnly-three  feet ;  its  weight  50,000  lbs.  Fa~ 
thrcLeCompte,  indeed,  mentions  se^-en  other 
bells  in  Pd^in,  which  we^^bed  lS0,O0Olbs. 
each,  but  these  scarcely  exceed  a  quarterof 
rtie  weijrfii  of  die  Moseow  bdL  Nettfier 
haH  theChinesebelk  ihatpo^vet  whfehmidit 
be  expected  from  such  enomioas  masses,  be- 
ing strick  with  uocdrn  clappers :  of  course, 
their  tone  must  have  been  porerty  itself  i 

At  Huueu,  in  Fzaoce,  I  h»ve  aeen  the 
great  bell  called  Cardinal  dTAmbois  the  dia- 
meter of  whicli  b  marked  by  a  circular  pasr- 
ing  before  ilie  door  of  the  cathedral:  but 
wlwtlKir  tills  bcU  has  «uivivcd  the  revolution, 
1  do  iioi  know,     it  was  thus  inscribed : 

Jr  suis  George  de  Ambois 

^Gt  tfcste  cinque  mille  pois. 

Mrt  lui  qui  me  peseta, 

trcntp  «ix  mUte  me  oroaveia. 
1  am  Gcoffic  d* Ambois,  the  great, 
TJiiriy-Affc  ihowaad  pounds  in  weight: 
Bntkicmbo  wcighe  me  caiefuUy 
'yhnif<it  choufiutMi  t:hall find  me* 

We  bad  in  l«!ngland  bcMs  with  similar  in- 
^ipiiom  j  iji  iui»umee,  Wcever  rejioc ts,  that 


«<  in  the  Little  SaactaiiT  at  Westminster, 
Edwiftid  III.  erected  a  clodier,  or  bdfiy,  and 
placed  therein  three  bdls  for  the  use  of  St 
Stephen's  chapd  (the  present  House  of  Com- 
mons) ;  about  the  biggest  of  them  were  cast 
in.  the  metal  these  woida-^ 


Kih^  Edmud  maile  mee  ihifiie  t 

and  three; 
Tdoe  mee  down  and  wcy  mee,  and  noie  yoa 

sball^rodi 


These  beUs  bdng  oidered  to  be  remored  mi- 
der  Heniy  VIII.  a  wag  added 

But  Heniy  dght 

Will  bate  mee  of  my  wei^t. 

In  the  ciockier  near  St.  Paurs  stood  tbc 
four  greatest  bdls  in  England,  called  Jesuit 
btlU:  against  these  Sir  Miles  Partn<kpestakd 
j^lOO,  and  won  them  of  Heniy  Vlil.  ata 
cast  of  dice.** 

In  fact,  bdl  riogimg  b  studied  as  a  sdenoe 
in  £ngbnd  only,  and  the  art  of  ringiog 
charges,  or  peak,  is  said  to  be  restricted  lo 
thu  nation ;  nence  Britain  has  been  tenad 
the  ringtfig  ti/oadL  Certainly  this  exetcitt 
may  be  taken  in  proof  of  our  popular  attKk- 
ment  to  music :  we  are,  therefore,  io  direct 
variance  witli  the  Turks,  who  tolerate  m 
bdb  in  their  dominiom ;  and  the  only  ooa 
extant  in  the  Ottoman  Empire  are  tmse  at 
the  monastery  of  Canobine  on  Mount  Leba- 
non, which  are  fiu-  enough  out  of  the  hear- 
ing of  the  Mussulman  fiiuatics. 

There  isanotlier  exercise  of  bdls,  in  whidi 
they  are  struck,  aiKl  played  on,  as  an  instru- 
ment of  music  -J  these  are  ckimu^ :  they  are 
sometimes  pkyed  by  hand  extempore,  in 
which  case  th^y  are  capable  of  a  i-arieiy  of 
tunes;  sometimes  they  are  actuated  by  the 
macbinciy  of  the  clodc  to  which  ihcy  are 
oonnecteo,  and  play  only  such  nieces  as  that 
determines.  I  remember  to  have  listeod 
with  great  attention  to  the  carillon  at  dw  So- 
mimrituine,  ,€m  the  Pont  Keuf  at  Paris ;  but, 
livefy  as  French  airs  are  u^aMy  thoi^t  lo 
be,  thty  were  nothing  canal  to  the  w3d 
nirigbthness  of  those  whicn  ddidiied  me  ia 
the  chimes  of  Sc  Giles's  chtuoi  at  Edio- 
buigh.    Yet,  I  think,  I  was   never  betkr 

g eased  than  when  perambubtiDg  Bleoheim 
irk,  I  beard  the  chimes  at  Woodstock 
strike  up  the  &mous  air  "  Marlbrauc:"  a 
perpetual  compliment  this  to  the  noble  frmily 
at  the  mansion.  I  have  also  heaid  pntlj 
chimes  at  Hatfiekl,  near  the  seat  of  the  Mar < 
quis  of  Salt^Niry,  and  in  other  pbetf.  The 
d&ct  of  ihtat  itKlkatk>a6  of  the  '<  cbetffid 
haunts  of  men,^  a&er  an  evening's  excur- 
sion, is  better  fidt  than  described,  espeetailr 
oopiii^over  an  extensire  piece  of  water.  I 
wish  r ooukl  say  any  thing  iotiavoiiN>f  thoit 
which  play  in  some  of  ourXondDH  ehaichci; 
Will  you  permit  mc,  Sir,  to  renaark  m 
the  addiiioD^  with  wbidi  you  bmutcd.  mj 


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J43;j 


Jn  Account  •fsoiht  Antiquiiies  in  Mgek. 


[i2as 


former  letter,  that  I  liave  seen  differently 
quoted  some  of  the  inscriptions  pkced  on 
bells.  We  have  in  Wee\'er,  Funeral  Mo- 
num.  492,  the  following,  which  is  more  com- 
l>lete  than  the  copy  of  it  you  have  given  it : — 

Funera  plango,  Fulgura  firango,  Sabbato  pangO| 
Excite  lento-,  Dissipo  ventus,  Paco  cruentos. 

Accept  the  following  off-hand  translation : — 

At  fiineiah  I  sadly  toll,  and  slow ; 

In  tempests  I  avert  the  dreaded  blow  ; 

To  Saboatb  days  I  solemn  service  owe ; 

To  church  I  bid  the  slack  their  speed  increase ; 

The  wind  I  bid  its  ravages  to  cease ; 

Malignant  sprites  I  cerriiy  to  peace. 

Another  distich  sums  up  their  powers  with 
8ome  variation,  but  not  unequal  melody  \-^ 

Laudo  Deum  verum,    Plebem    voco,    conjugo 

Clenim, 
Defuncco  ploro,  Pcstcm  fogo,  Festa  decoro. 

I  praise  the  God  of  truth  5  the  people  call ; 
And  priests,  to  speak  of  tilings  divine  to  all ; 
'The  dead  I  mourn ;  the  plague  I  cause  to  flee ; 
And  add  to  festive  joys  sonorous  glee. 

The  dislike  of  evil  spirits  to  the  sound  of 
bells  is  extremely  well  expressed  by  Wpikin 
lie  Worde,  in  the  Golden  Legend:  "It  is 
said,  theevillspirytes  that  ben  m  the  regyon 
of  th*  ayre,  doubte  mocHe  when  they  nere 
the  belles  rongen  :  and  this  is  the  cause  why 
the  belles  ringen  whan  it  thondreth,  and 
Irvhan  grete  tempeste  and  outrages  of  wether 
happen,  to  the  ende  that  the  feinds  and  vjryck- 
cd  spirytes  should  be  abashed  and  dee,  and 
cease  of  the  movyngeof  tempeste." 
•  Of  the  names  given  to  bells,  I  take  leave 
to  add  a  few  instances. — ^The  bells  of  Win- 
tiington,  in  Bedfordshire,  were  thus  describ- 
ed in  hexameter  verse,  inscribed  about  the 
Verge  of  each.— Weever,  Fun.  Man.  122. 

^  Nomina  campanis  haec  indita  suntquoque 
nostris. 

1.  Hoc  signum  Petri  pnlsatur  nombe  Christ!. 
^  Nomen  MagtUUeiut  campana  sonat  melode. 
8.  Sit  nomen  Domini  benedicmm  semper  in  eum. 
4.  Musa  Rftphaellt  sonat  auribus  Immanuclis. 
&.  Sam  ftosa  pulsata  mundique  Maria  vocau. 

The  bells  of  Little  Dunmow  priory,  in 
Essex,  new  cast  A.  D.  1501,  were  baptized 
by  the  following  names  :— 

Prima  in  honore  Saneti  AfichaeRs  Archangel i. 
Secnnda  in  honore  S.  Jokamis  Evangelist!. 
Tenia  in  hOnore  S.  Jokanms  Baptisti. 
Quarta  in  honore  Assumptimis  beats  Maria, 
Chiinta  in  honore  Saneii  Triiiitatis,  et  omnium 
Sanctorum. 


^  The  present  wrtttr  has  not  fiivoured  us 
^ith  a  version  of  th^K  and  the  following 
lines :  we  recommend  them  to  the  attention 
•f  our  poetical  oon«spoiidcDt9» 


These  peals  of  five  bells  may  dq,  but  a  peal  is 
not  perfect  under  eight:  the  variety  of 
changes  being  sreatly  increased  by  the  addi- 
tion of  the  perfecting,  three. 

I  dose  by  remarking,  thdt  others  beside 
the  Romans  have  earned  bells  away  from 
their  enemies  as  trophies  of  triumph  :  it  is  a 
common  tnrdition,  that  the  bells  (lately)  of 
King*s  College,  Cambridge,  were  taken  by 
Henry  V.  from  some  church  in  France,  after 
the  battle  of  Agincourt  ^  and  it  is  certain 
that  th^  bell  which  rings  night  and  morning 
in  Lincoln's  Inn  was  taken  from  the  Spa- 
niards, at  Cadiz,  by  the  Earl  of  £«ex,  in 
Queen  Elizabeth's  time,  and  was  by  him  pre^ 
sented  to  that  learned  Society. 

I  am.  Sir,  &c. 


AN  ACCODNT  OF  80MB  AHTIQtTrmS  tV 
RUOEJr. 

The  following  account  of  antiquities  in 
the  island  of  RQgen,  with  which  we  have 
been  fevoured  by  a  gentleman  since  the  pub* 
lication  of  our  last  Number,  is  not  only  in* 
teresting  in  itself,  but  becomes  more  ao  to  us» 
when  we  recfillect  the  similarity  which  these 
objects  bear  to  some  in  our  own  ^ountry ;  the 
remarkable  circumstance  of  their  being  found 
in  an  island,  and  so  many  of  them  within  a 
small  district.  How  far  they  contribute  to 
establish  an  identity  of  people,  in  ancient 
times,  the  prevalence  of  the  same  religious 
rites,  or  the  migration  of  a  people  or  colony 
from  one  country  to  the  other,  are  questions 
which  we  content  ourselves  with  recalling  tt> 
the  recollection  of  our  readers. 

In  the  plain  near  the  mountains  of  Quol* 
titz  lies  a  mass  of  granite,  between  four  and 
five  ells  long,  and  nearly  two  in  hei^t,  in 
the  direction  Trom  S.  E.  to  N.  W.  It  a  sup- 
posed to  have  been  an  altar.  A  groove  has 
been  cut  diagonally  across  the  stone,  nearly 
five  inches  deep,  and  broad  enoqgh  to  lay  ot)e*s 
hand  in.  Immediately  beliind  tne  groove  the 
surface  on  both  sides  has  been  hewn  out  so  as 
to  form  a  kind  of  architrave,  with  two  holes 
on  the  right  side,  and  three  on  the  left,  in 
which  the  bowls  used  in  sacrificing  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  placed. 

About  two  miles  from  Bergen  is  a  Crom- 
lech compos^  of  large  blocks  of  stone  of  an 
ash-grey  colour.  They  form  a  bne  hollow 
covered  with  another  stone  three  elk  long,  in 
the  direction  from  E.  to  W. 

Near  the  villa^  of  Krahn  is  a  sepulchrt 
thirty-six  paces  m  length,  surround^  with 
large  stones.  The  stone  at  the  west  end  is 
above  four  dls  long.  Hie  diameter  of  the 
area,  from  the  latter  to  the  stones  on  the  op 
aS3 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


i)^}         Statement  of,  tks principal  AttitUt  tf  TratUt  Uihe  ikikerlanis.         f  V24a 


potite  side,  k  twdre  paees.    It  U  rabcd  in  the 
centre. 

Another  lies  near  the  villa^  of  Stnusnw 
fbrft'  It  \s  a  mound  enclosed  with  stones 
two  or  three  Ceet  asunder.  The  length,  is 
above  sixty  pace^,  and  the  hrea  jdi  between 
four  aild  five,  tbi  position  is  irom  W.  to  E. 
ivher^  it  obliqudy  terminates  in  a  point.  The 
form  is  sitnitax  to  that  of  an  inverted  knead* 
Ins-trough. 

In  the  neighbourhood  of  Fintzig  are  eigh- 
Uen  conical  barrows.  The  largert  measures 
112  paces  V  circismfereoce  at  its  base;  a 
'smaller  one  106  \  and  the  peir|>endicular  ele* 
Vation  of  the  highest  is  about  nine  ells. 

Another  barrow,  called  Dubberworth,  mea- 
sores  170jpaces  in  circumference,  and  about 
sixteen  ^ts  in  height. 

The  stone  coffins  which  have  been  disco- 
vered bear  all  the  marks  of  art ;  for  the  stone 
is  cut  smooth,  and  tbe  form  is  itgulat.  But 
the  conveyance  and  airaogemento^  such  enor- 
mous bloeks,  particulady  the  raising  of  the 
covering,  presuppose  a  certain  knowledge  of 
the  prmciples  of  mechanics,  which  may 
Verv  weH  be  attributed  to  the  Vandals  who 
built  ships,  Jmd  foUowed  navigation.  We 
should  there£ore  be  induced  to  consider  them 
as  relics  of  the  SUvico-VandaliaQ  ose.  ^ 

Howdittle  posterity  is  acquainted  with  tbe 
dead  whose  ashes  tney  contain,  is  proved 
by  the  following  considerations;  the  most 
ancient  records  know  nothing  of  them,  not 
cren  the  names  of  those  who  are  entombed ; 
nor  is  theke  any  satis&ctory  traditkm  oonoem- 
ing  their  origin  ;  of  all  the  centurict  whictK 
are  jxi98ed,  each  has  carried  off  something  of 
their  history ;  and  they  now  stand  as  monu- 
rnents  of  ages  qua  cali^nosa  nocte  premit 
Deut.' 

•TATEMEKT  OF    THE    ?RIKCIPAL    SUBJECTS 
'•7  TRADE  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS. 

Tlie  following  *  articles  are  taken  from  a 
work  compo^  Dv  order  of  Government,  but 
not  published:  they  describe  the  sUtc  of 
Flanders  and  Holland,  a  very  few  years  aco.. 
In  reference  to  tlte  natural  productions  of  the 
country,  they  may  be  considered  as  equivalent 
to  die  latest  information.  Tbe  political  state 
toidsemimcnts  of  the  iohabitants,  we  hope 
,    to  be  able  to  de^jribe  from  the  information  of 

■  a  gentleman  who  quitted  Bruges  not  many 
days  ago. 

TJdf  statement  rrfers  principally  io  those  coun- 
tries Jormerly  under  Austrian  dominion,     ' 
,  The  principal  natural  productions  of  this 
omintry  are  as  follow  :•  corn,  of  which  tbb 

•  The  facts  upon  which  tlie  reasonings  on 
this  article  proceed  were  furnished  from  a 

■  commercial  survey  of  ihe  Netherlands,  by  a 
gentleman  not  less  distinguished  for  his  cona- 

'mccciai  than  his  financial  informauon. 


country^  tipon  an  areraQc,  produced  ananaUjf 
more  Uian  was  equal  to  the  ooosomptioD  o£ 
its  inhabitants  for  two  ^eafs;  the  surphis 
formed  its  most  valuable  export;  a  laigequan- 
tity  was  taken  off  by  the  French  on  theii 
northern  frontier,  and  paid  for  in  French  coin 
(which  had  a  mneral  circulation  in  the  Ne* 
therhnds),  and  with  nUanufactured  silks  aiuf 
wioef.  Beiidea  the  com  sent  to  Franoe  by* 
the  frontier,  ooosidenble  quantitica  woe  skip- 
ped  (rom  Ostend  to  die  aouthera  p«m  of  that 
kingdomt  and  to  other  sodtliem  parts  of 
Europe ;  proportioesalso  of  it  weie  ezporlbd 
occasionally  from  0«tend  to  Hambuigli,  and 
to  the  Baltie ;  but  the  greatest  quantity  wai 
sent  to  Holland  bv  the  Scheldtand  the  Maese. 
both  to  supply  tne  Dutch  and  for  espona* 
tion. 

J?/at---was  the  next  article ;  and  in  quality 
is  superior  to  an^  raised  in  Europe.  Tnis  ar* 
ticlc  may  be  culuvated  in  Flandfers  with  suc- 
cess to  almost  any  excuit.* 

i^If  e-^eetj— was  cultivated  in  considerable 
quantities;  the  oil  expressed  from  it  was 
chiefly  sent  to  Holland,  and  formed  a  very 
material  artidft  of  meicbaildiie  with  that 
country. 

7V)2,'tfcco-^was  culttvatad  ia  the  cosntry  \m* 
tween  Brussels,  Louvain,  and  Tiriemoot.— 
In  quality  it  is  inferior  to  the  Marybod  to- 
bacco, and  was  consumed  chiafiy  by  tbe  inba* 
bitants  in  smoking, 

Hops-^Tht  country  between  Bcusselt  -and 
txmvain  produced  tbe  finest  hops  in  Enropa} 
and  in  such  abundance,  that  it  supplied  aU 
the  breweries  in  the.  Netherlands 

C^a/.f'— The  best  mines  aoe  in  thentigh* 
bourhood  of  Namur. 

The  principal  manufiictured  productkm 
are:-- 

Zineni^^-Tliough  this  article  was  chieAy 
made  in  the  country  about  Ghent,  branches 
of  the  manufacturo  were  to  be  fbnnd  over  all 
^e  provinces.  It  was  in  part  exported  to 
Poctugai,  bilt  chiefly  to  Spain ;  ana  from  the 
latter  wasshipped»  lioth  in  a  ^v^te  and  print* 
ed  state,  for  South  America. 

Laces^— known  under  the  nomtt  of  Btat* 
sels  and  Mechlin,  were  not  made  byanyool* 
lected  body  of  people,  but  wove  in  private 
houses,  by  woinen>  children,  and  old  men* 
The  quantity  smuggled  into  Briuin  was  mori 
<!dn$idenible  some  years  a^  than  at  tliis  time« 
The  best  judges  are  of  opinion,  that  the  ma- 
nufacture of  fine  laces  in  Britain  can  never 
be  carritd  on  witli  success. 

Lcalher^-^vfM  manufactured  in  conaidetabit 
ouan titles  both  in  Flanders  and  in  ^bant  | 
though  inferior  in  quality  to  En^ish  icathciy 
it  was  chea|)er,  and  in  general  use  with  the 

*  The  flax  used  hi  the  manofactnre  of 
kces    and  fine  diread,   for  exportation,    19 
pulled  when  green,  and  .prepared  l»y  t  parti«' 
I'  cuiar  process  for  tbat  purpose. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


J241]  Siatetnentof  thtprincipal  Arlicksof  Trade  in  the  Ndherlands.        '[1242 


inhabttants.  It  \va8  exported  in  coosiderabie 
quantities  to  various  parts  of  Germany. 

Uaii^-o^  the  finest  kind  were  equally  gotod 
with  the  English.  The  English  coarse,  or 
felt  hats,  were  superior  to  the  Flemish,  but 
the  high  duty  xk^ti  them  prevented  their  find- 
ing a  market.* 

Snperfine  woollen  cloths — ^were  manufac- 
tured in  the  Duchies  of  Limboun;  and  Ju- 
liers,  and  in  different  parts  of  Brabant,  at 
from  five  to  twelve  per  cent,  lower  than  En- 
^tsh  cbths  of  the  same  quality.  The  coarse 
cloths,  however,  for  men,  such  as  bear  skin, 
duffles,  and  e\en  coarse  stockings,  were  chiefly 
brought  from  England. 

Beer — was  manufactured  in  large  quanti- 
ties at  Louvain,  and  was  of  two  kinds,  hierre 
hlanche  and  hierre  hrune ;  the  former  of  a 
very  inferior  quality,  the  latter,  even  the  best 
sort  of  it,  called  tierre  Picterman,  was  not 
80  good  as  our  ordinary  ale.  It  was  chiefly 
^nsumed  in  the  country,  and  was  but  a  very 
inconsiderable  article  of^  export. 

Black  silks—oi  which  the  principal  manu- 
factory was  at  Antwerp,  were  superior  in  qua- 
lity and  coloitf  to  any  in  Europe. 
.  Outing  of'  'diamonds .r— A  great  body  of 
people  was  employed  at  Antwerp  in  this  sin- 
gle branch.  In  1792>  a  considerable  pro- 
portion of  the  diamonds  in  Europe  were  sent 
to  this  place  to  be  cut. 

•  Sulti — A  considerable  manufacture  of  this 
article, was  carried  on  at  Antwerp,  but  the 
Dutch  extorted  a  duty  on  the  vessels  bringing 
the  sea-water.  '    ^ 

Printed  cditons.—A  very  small  quantity  of 
the  white  cloth  for  printing  was  made  in  Flan- 
ders ;  the  chief  supply  was  from  the  sales  of 
the  English  East  Inclia  Company,  and  from 
the  coarse  white  cloths  of  Manchester,  Glas- 
ffow,  and  Dundee.  The  importation  from 
Holland  has  been  very  trifling,  since  the  de- 
cline of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company.f 
.  Pottery — was  of  a  very  inferior  kind,  and 
in  little  estimatiotr;  but  to  protect  this  article 
a  duty  of  four  pence  per  pound  weight  was 
laid  upon  pottery  importea.  Hence  the  use 
- 

*  The  cheapness  of  hate  in  Flanders  vras 
owing  io  the  following  circumstances: — to 
th?  great  quantities  of  cheap  materials  for  the 
manufacture  of  hate  founa  in  the  north  of 
Germany ;  to  the  ttxture  of  the  hat,  being 
less  ha^  than  tbeSngHsh.and  therefore  tak- 
ing in  the  dye  or  colour  better ;  and  to  the 
greater  quantity  of  madder  used  in  all  black 
d'ye  stufls  in  Flanders  and  Holland,  than  in 
Oreat  Britain. 

t  "The  inferiority  of  the  printing,  both  in 
taste  and  workinanshipj  to  the  English,  b  so 
great,  that  if  the  restfjctions  h^  been  taken 
off,  c\en  with  a  very  considerable  duty  to  t]|« 
•Emperor,  the  tiadc  might  have  been  estab- 
lished. 


of  china  and  plate  was  greater  in  Flanders 
than  in  any  country  in  Europe.^ 

Iron  manufactures  of  Liege. — ^The  princi- 
pal articles  were  caniu)n,'  guns,  pistqls^  cut- 
lasses, and  nails.  Tlie  greatest  part  of  the* 
fire-arms  was  exported  to  the  coast  of  Africa* 
and,  to  give  them  vahie,  tliey  had  theEngU^ 
.  mark  upon  them.  From  tne  use,  howover# 
of  macninery  in  facilitating  labour  in  Eng- 
land, and  &om  the  expertness  of  the  wors- 
men  at  Birmingham  and  Sheffield,  we  hare 
undersold  the  Liegjeois  in  every  one  of  these 
articles, '  except  nails,  of  which  very  consi^ 
derable  quantities  wrre  sent  to  Holland,  to 
Brabant,  and  to  Flanders,  by  the  way  of 
Louvain.  On  comparing  the  prime  c(^t  of 
the  penknives,  buckles,  scissors,  &c.  made 
at  Liege,  with  that  of  the  saaie  artides  macie 
in  England,  there  was  from  thirty  to  forty  per 
cent,  m  our  favour.^Wliat  enabled  the  Lie- 
g^is  to  carry  on  this  manufacture  was  their 
coal  mines,  the  veitis  of  which  were  found 
near  the  surface,  and  therefore  worked  at  a 
less  expence  than  in  England ;  but  in  quality, 
the  coals  of  Liege  were  Trom  fifteen  to  twenty 
per  cent,  less  valuable  than  the  medium  qua- 
lityof  Newcastle  coals. 

The  land  carriage  from  Liege  to  the  heads 
of  the  navigable  canals  is  from  thirty  to  forty 
miles,  so  that  the  price  of  a  ton  ot  ooa|s  at 
Antwerp  was  about  thirty  shillings. 

The  British  exporte  to  Ostend  progressively 
increased  from  1740  to  1765,  ai^  at  that  pe- 
riod consisted  chiefly  of  the  British  colony  ip- 
bacco,  rice,  and  raw  su^. 

The  value  of  the  Bntish  manu&cttires  sent 
to  Ostend,  and  in  smaller  vessels  to  Nieuport, 
in  1792  amounted  to  somewhat  more  than 
jf  400,000,  and  the  value  of  the  foreign  mer- 
chandize to  upwards  of  j^6dO,000 ;  of  which 
about  j£400,000  was  in  East  India  mnslinl, 
calicoes,  pepper,  China  and  Bengal  «lk»; 
and  about  ^^,000  in  the  pi^ucte  of  Ame- 
rica and  the  West  Indies.  On  an  aven^  •£ 
three  ytsa%  preceding  the  war,  302  Bntish 
vessels,  carrying  33,422  tons  (including  their 
repeated  vo\ages  in  the  same  year),  deared 
out  from  the  porta  of  tliis  kingdom  lor  the 
Austrian  Netherlands,  and  288  British  vet- 
sels,  carrying  27,646  tons,  arrived  from 
thence  in  Britain.  The  value  of  the  frdghte 
cannot  be  easily  aseertained.  It  must,  how« 
e\-cr,  be  an  object  of  considerable  mercantile 
profit,  as  well  as  of  political  importance,  by 
giving  eo^ployment  to  so  great  a  body  of  Bn* 
tish  seamen.  The  imported  goods  of  Ostend 
were  sent  by  the  canal  to  Bruges,  and  thence 
to  Ghcnt,t  at  as  little expenceas they cnuld  be* 

*  If  a  moderate  duty  bad  been  taken  on 
English  pottery,  the  EmjieRir  w^mld  have 
diawn  a  considecable  revenue. 

t  Ghttit  ntaj  be  considered  as  the-centxe 
^  of  the  markete  m  Flanders. 

^^^         Digitized  by  ^OOgie 


)  24$!         Statement  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Trade  in  the  Netherlands.     "   1 1344 


by  way  of  Antwerp ;  a  circumstance  which 
proves  that  the  opening  of  the  Scheldt  would 
not  be  of  such  commercial  importance  to 
Planders  as  has  been  generally  supposed* 
whatever  might  be  its  political  conseouences. 
The  general  regulations  under  which  the 
commerce  in  the  Netherlands  was  conducted 
were  as  follow  : — Ostend  was  the  princijial, 
if  not  the  only  port ;  the  goods  were  landed 
and  deposited  in  the  warehouses  of  the  mer- 
chants without  being  inspected  by  the  reve- 
nue officers,  aiid  in  tSis  view  of  the  subject, 
Ostend  was  a  free  port.  Before,  however,  the 
goods  were  allowed  to  pass  the  barrier  gate  to 
besent  to  markets  in  the  country,  the  merchapt 
or  his  ag^nt  was  obliged  to  give  a  manifest  to 
tiie  Imperial  olHcers,  declaratory  of  the  con- 
tents of  each  package,  and  of  the  place  to 
which  the  goods  were  to  be  sent.  The  pack- 
ages were  then  plombed,  so  that  the  contents 
could  net  be  touched,  till  the  goods  reached 
their  place  of  destination,  where  they  were 
examined  by  the  revenue  officer  who  collected 
the  duties.  In  some  cases  the  duty  was  ratcc], 
in  others  there  was  a  rated  duty,  and  a  duty 
ad  valorem,  in  the  same  way  as  on  our  East 
India  calicoes  \  on  some  articles  the  duty  (id 
valorem  only  was  paid.  If  the  declared  va- 
lue appearea  to  the  officer  to  be  too  low  rated, 
he  might  take  the  goods  on  his  own  account, 
xm  hufting  prompt  oajment  to  the  merchant  of 
15  percent  above  the  declared  value,  and  the 
KingV  duty.  Besides  these  public  duties, 
local  imposts  were  levied,  applicable  to  the 
fevcnucs  of  towns  or  districts.  Goods  intend- 
ed ft)r  Germany  or  other  countries,  ^ndflomh^ 
ed  upon  the  entrance,  paid  at  the  last  frontier 
•about  one  per  cent  for  the  transit.  It  was 
difficult  to  ascertain  the  average  amount  per 
cent :  because  such  duties  Were  in  some  in- 
stances collected  at  a  certain  rate  on  the  ell, 
hundred  wieight,  &c.  and  in  others  on  the 
value.  "At  a  meditoi  the  imports  from  Bri- 
tain were  not  subject  by  law  t#a  higher  duty 
thaftlen  per  cent.  It  appears  from  these  facts 
thctthe  trade  to  the  Austrian  Netherlands 
took  off  annually  upwards  of  jf  1,000,000  of 
Our  merchandize,  employed  opwards of  25,000 
tons  of  our  shipping,  and  must  be  r^ardcd 
as  an  pbject  of  ^reai  national  advantage. 


Statement  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Trade 
\  in  those  Countries  of  the  Netherlands  un- 
der the  Dutch  Government,       ' 

In  taking  a  review  of  the  constituents  of 
the  trade  of  the  Dutch  Netherlands  widi 
Britain,  we  must  recur  to  the  historical  events 
which  gave  rise  to  the  Dutch  navigation,  and 
affected  its  prooress;  to  the  circumstances.  In 
the  situation  of  the  United  Provinces,  which 
l>ave  created,  and  which  must,  in  some  de- 
f^,  continue  with  them  a  d^t  trade  in 


Europe ;  to  the  recent  state  of  the  trade  b&. 
twcen  Britain  and  Holland. 

From  the  union  of  Utrecht  1579j  to  Ac 
treaty  of  Munster  l648,- which  acknowledg? 
ed  the  independency  of  the  Sutes,  the  Dutch 
chiefly  directed  their  attention  to  the  estab? 
lishment  of  their  foreign  frade  and  settlemenls 
in  the  East  and  West  Indies.  In  logs,  Houi- 
man  established  their  connection  with  Ban- 
tam, in  the  Island  of  Java  j  and  in  1598  their 
East  India  Company  was  formed,  which  in  a 
short  time  established  setdements  at  Baoda, 
and  in  the  Moluccas.  Soon  afterwards  they 
fixed  establishments  ^t  Sumatra,  Ceylon,  &c. 
and  by  1640  got  possession  of  the  ptrincipa) 
Portuguese  settlements  in  the  East  Indies ;  at 
the  same  period  their  West  India  Company 
attempted  establishments  upon  the  coast  (tf 
frazil,  in  which,  though  they  failed,  the 
Company,  when  revived,  got  possession  of 
|he  Islands  of  Tobago  and  Cura9oa.  They 
afterwards  established  themselves  at  New  Ne- 
therlands or  New  York,  at  Surinam,  Beibice, 
Essequibo,  and  Denierara,  and  in  Europe 
they  extended  their  navigation  to  Germany, 
the  Baltic,  the  Austrian  Netherlands,  Eog^ 
land,  France,  Spain,  and  the  Levant.* 

Such  articles  of  European  manufactured 
produce  as  they  either  consumed  themselves 
or  exported,  they  brought,  during  the  early 
periods  of  the  republic,  from^  the  European 
countries  with  which  thev  had  already  formed 
connections,  or  treaties  of  commerce. 

The  comtnercid  as  well  as  political  conr 
nection  between  Holland  and  England  was 
kept  open  from  the  epoch  of  the  union  ot 
Utrecht,  1579,  to  the  peace  of  Munster, 
1648 ;  and  as  the  Dutch  had  little  intcrt 
course  with  Flanders,  the  English  wooifcos, 
&c.  supplied  equally  their  consumption  an4 
their  ex|X)rt  trade :  at  last,  however,  they 
established  the  woollen  manufacture  at  Ley« 
den,  which  supplied  them  with  broad  and. 
narrow  clotlis,  camblets,  serges,  dniggets,  kc. 
and  a  linen  manufactory'  at  Harlaeni,  of 
which  also  there  were  branches  at  Groningen, 
Friesland,  and  Overyssel.  At  Delft  diey 
established  a  manufactory  of  earthen  ware, 
in  imitation  of  China;  and  this  article  not 
only  supplied  the  hOme  market  but  that  of 
most  of^  the  countries  in  Euro]^,  till  the  ri«e 
of  the  English  pottery,  which  complel^ 
took  tlie  market  from  Delfu  At  Amsterdam 
there  was  a  manufacture  of  tapestry,  now  ih 
disuse,  and  manufactures  of  sugar,  salt,  yd- 
low  wax,  &c.  which  arc  still  carried  on.  At 
Schiedam  and  its  neighbourfaopd  the  distil- 
lery of  com  spirits  has  been  long  esublished, 
and  its  gin  served  equally  as  an  article  of  con- 
sumption in  the  countty,  and  of  export  to  all 


•  La  Ridiesse  de  la  HoUande,  torn.  !• 
passim,       •    • 


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1245} 


Camper  on  iie  Properties,  Shape,  an  I  Bequidtes  oj  Shoes.  '  [124S 


the  different  coontries  to  which  the  Dutch 
tiade  extended, 

Th€f  Dutch  fisheries,  particulaily  their  her- 
ring  fishery,  were  principally  carried  on  in 
North  Holland. 

The  situation  of  Holland,  relattvely  to 
Germany,  formed  it  for  the  dq)6t  trade,  both 
b)r  a  branch  of  the  Rhine  communicating 
with  the  Zuydcr  Zee,  and  by  the  exports  of 
that  couiitry  coming  down  the  Rhine  and  the 
Maese  ^t  a  moderate  expenoe.  Dordrecht 
was  long  tt^e  principal  dep6t  of  Rhenish  wine, 
and  (as  weRits  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  &c.) 
I^fts  of  timber  fiofited  down  these  riven  for 
ship  building. 

From  France  the  Dutch  broii^t  velvets, 
silks  of  all  kinds,  and  gold  and  silver  stui&. 
Jn  1664,  they  obtained  a  tariff,  which  set 
aside  the  duty  of  50  tout  per  ton,  imposed 
upon  goods  brought  from  Holland  into 
France;  but  the  war  which  broke  out  in  1()78 
put  a  stop  to  this  commerce  till  I678.  Thourfi 
^he  trade  was  restored  in  some  degree  (the 
war  in  I69O  having  asain  interrupted  it),  the 
Dutch  began  to  establish  manuractures  for 
themselves  in  velvets,  satins,  and  other  silks, 
fiold  and  silver  brooides  \  and  in  Brabant  of 
lace,  paper,  &c.  in  which  they  were  assisted 
4>y  a  n«hiber  of  French  rcfng^ ;  but  from 
this  period  to  1713  the  tariff  with  France  was 
not  renewed. 

From  these  facts  it  appears,  that  the  Dutch 
owed  the  resources  which  raised  and  support- 
ed them,  as  an  independent  people,  to  their 
navigation  to  the  East  and  West  Indies,  ami 
to  the  settlements  for  trade  which  they  esta- 
blished in  both;  because  those  settlements, 
At  ^e  sanie  time  that  they  formed  their  ma- 
rine, furnished  them  with  foreign  merchan- 
^dize,  to  be  esochanged  for  European  produce : 
That  the  sterility  of  natural  productions  in 
the  United  Provinces  pre\'ented  the  Dutch 
from  manufiicturing   articles  properly  their 


That  their  effort t  to  create  manufactores 
jfrom  materials  brought  from  other  countries, 
oould  not  keiep  pace  with  the  manufactures  of 
'those  nation^  who  were  possessed  of  crude 
materials ;  such  were  the  woollens,  the  hard- 
ware, and  die  pottery  of  England  :* — 

That  when  tne  poutical  situation  of  neigh- 
^XHiring  countries,  partioulariy  of  England, 
in  the  Ions  peace,  from  the  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht  to  tne  war  of  I739,  enabled  it,  trom 
^e  raw  materiab  which  the  country  af^^rded, 
lo  institute  manufactures,  such  asnardware, 
pottery,  arid  linen*  which  last  was  also 
I>roagtit  from  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  the  Au- 
strian Netherbnds,  the  Dutch  manufactures 
of  the  same  descriptions  gnuiually  declined. 

*  A  propor^n  of  the  clay  used  in  the  ma- 
nufacture of  Delft  was  imported  from  En- 
^nd. 


iNsmucnyi  jeu  d*esprit  of  u.  campir, 

OV  THB  PR0PSRTI£S>  SHAPE,  AND  RBQUZ* 
SITES  OF  SHOES. 

Ih  our  last  number,  p.  1035,  we  hinted 
at  our  intention  of  sobmitting  to  our  resders 
the  incidenial  dissertation  of  M.  Camper,  on 
the  forms  and  properties  of  shoes.    The  his- 
tory of  that  insuuctivejffv  desprii,  b  this  : 
during  a  free  conversation  with  some  of  his 
elder  pupils,  he  was  vmug  them  to  write— 
they  msisted  in  return  that  all  subjects  worthy 
of  being  written  on  were  exlymsled  :  "  No, 
said  the  professor,  '*  subjects  apparentfy  the- 
least   important,    may    become    interesting, 
when  treated  bv  one  who  understands  them 
thoroughly,  ana  possesses,  at  the  same  time, 
the  spirit  of  ol»ervation. — ^Even  shoes,    or 
slipBcrs,  may  afford  a  theme.**    This  was  de* 
nied ;  the  professor  was  challenged  00   the 
subject;  and  the, result  of  his  hbours  was 
the  essay  of  which  we  are  now  to  give  an  ac* 
count.     Since  it  was  published,  a  reforma* 
don  has  taken  place  among  the  ladies,  in  the 
construction  of  their  shoes,  so  that  a  oOb- 
siderable  part  of  M.  C.*s  remarks  are  no  kx^^ 
ai)plicable.    We  believe  that  hji$  censure  con- 
tributed greatly  to  the  banishment  of  high 
heels :  certainly,  he  might  say  with  justioe, 
Ridendo  ealceos  corrigit :  and  equally  certain- 
ly he  would  have  rejoiced  to  have  seen  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  faJiion  like  that  whidi  now 
prevails,  at  once  rational,   and  safe  for  the 
wiearer. 

It  is  astonishing,  says  M.  C,  that  mge- 
nious  men,  in  all  ages,  have  minutely  attend- 
ed to  the  feet  of  horses,   dHiles,  oxen,  and 
other  animals,  while  they  have  abandoned: 
those  of  their  own  species  to  the  ignorance  of 
workmen,    who,    uken  collectively,    know 
not  how  to  make  a  shoe,  otherwise  than  by 
rote,  according  to  the  depraved  and  ridicnlom 
fashion   of  the    day       Accordingly,    what 
should  be  defences  to  our  feet,  serve  only  to 
defonn  our  toes  from  our  infancy,  to  generate 
corns,  and  to  lame  us  for  life.  '  We  compas- 
sionate with  reason  the  fete  of  the  Chinese  wo- 
men, whose  feet  are  dislocated  by  adherence 
to  barbarous  custom,  yet  we  adopt  chearfully. 
from  age  to  age,  a  confinement  not  less  cruel. 
The  antiquity  of  this  confinement  appears 
from  those  descriptions  of  the  diseases  of  the 
feet  which  have  been  left  13s  by  C.  Cekos, 
who  lived  before  the  Christian  era,  by  Paul 
Eeinetus  and  Aetius  among  the  Greeks,  and 
which  couki  have  arisen  only  from  ill  made 
shoes  and  sandals. 

Xenophon,  that  illustrious  ^cral,  did  not 
disdain  to  transmit  to  postenty  judicious  in- 
structions by  what  means  to  preserve  the  feet 
of  horses !  A  Duke  of  Newcasde,  and  va- 
rious other  celebrated  persona^,  have 
prided  themselves  00  investigating  and  de- 


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20471  Camper  mi  Ike  Propertim,  Shc^  and  MeqnisUis  ^  Skus. 


^cribiog  the  propflrties  and  IpcoMof  lb*  «hoeB 
of  horses !  At  any  rate,  our  feet  are  as  much 
intided  to  attention  as  those  of  that  nobk  ani- 
nal.  Charity,  well  tindentood,  b^tis  aft 
home.  I  devote  then  to  mankind  all  my 
study  and  all  my  solicitude.  I  kboiir  for  the 
good  of  my  fellow  laen,  and  this  mothe, 
combined  with  the  examples  of  the  great  men 
I  have  mentioned,  while  it  justifies  my  exer- 
tions, communioates  also  an  air  of  digioity  to 
my  work. 

Different  cities  rei|uire  shoes  of  different 
properties :  where  the  streets  are  strewed  with 
gravel,:  where  they  are  paved  with  flints  in 
their  natural  state,  as  at  Hamborah,  Berlin, 
ike.  and  where  they  are  paved  with  flat 
stones,  those  who  frequent  them  are  oblioed 
to  acquire  habits  of  walking  essentially  diffe- 
rent ;  In  order  to  avoid  sundry  disagreeable 
incidicnts,  to  which  they  would  otherwise  be 
subject*  A  sboe^  therefore,  which  is  fit  for 
London,  is  not  fit  for  the  Hague;  a  good 
shoe  at  the  Hague  i&noi  good  uiAxxiaibeMam, 
,&c. 

I  recollect,  that  in  my  younger  days  the 
toes  of  the  shoes  were  somewhat  turned  up : 
when  those  new  fashioned  ones  were  intro- 
duced, which  were  very  low  and  shallow, 
with  high  heels,  I  procwed  sonae,  and,  not 
beinff  aware  of  the  difference,  was  cruelly 
taunt  it  at  the  expence  of  my  toes,  which  t 
kicked  against  every  rising  in  ray  way.  All 
men  do  not  walk  alike :  women  do  not  walk 
.  like  men,  because  they  are  broader  at  the 
hips :  children  differ  also  in  their  manner  of 
walking,  because  their  kg$  are  sliort.  Old 
*meo»  whose  head  with  much  of  their  body, 
also  projects,  aie  obliged  to  bend  the  knees, 
in  order  to  maintain  the  center  of  gravity ; 
which  of  necessity  M\i  forwarder  over  tiie 
instep.  On  the  contrary,  women  advanced  in 
pregnancy^  to  maintain  the  center  of  ^vity, 
throw  a  considerable  part  of  their  weight  be- 
hind ;  and,  in  consequence  the  major  part  of 
fhem  walk  on  their-heels.  Educaiionu  habit 
hat  also  its  influence  on  the  form  of  the  feet. 
A  gentleman  turns  out  his  tees;  a  rustic,  and 
especially  a  boatman,  turns  them  in.  It  is 
incontestJble,  that  a  good  position  of  the  feet 
contributes  to  the  support  of  our  penooa, 
when  we  stand  upri^t;  and  when  our  feet 
are  turned  outwards,  they  form  a  kind  of 
triangle*  which,  Hke  a  tripod,  produces  firm- 
ness. 

Some  anatomical  knowledge  of  the  confor- 
mation of  the  foot,  is  absolutely  neoessaiy, 
before  we  can  determine  the  true  shape  of  the 
•hoe  intended  to  contain  it.  The  human  foot 
is  divided  into  three  parts .  1 .  the  Tarsus,  N. 
E.— 2.  the  Meu-tarsus,  E.  D.— 3.  the  toes, 
D.  A.  Fig.  1.  The  tarsus  comprises  sev«n 
hones ;  the  meta-tarsus  five ;  the  toes  have 
each  three  small  booca.  except  the  great  toe, 
whidt  has  only  two.    The  bones  oC  t^  tar- 


[1348 

Mishava  but  little  motion;  those  of  the  msta- 
tarsus  have  much  more ;  those  of  the  toet 
have  moat  of  all:  insomuch,  that  I  remem- 
ber to  have  seen  at  Amsterdam,  a  man  who 
performed  with  his  toes  all  the  offices  which 
we  perform  with  our  fingers. 

When  we  examine  the  structure  of  the 
bones  of  the  foot,  we  see  at  once,  that  the 
bone  of  the  heel  touches  the  ground  :  so  does 
the  bone  K.  and  the  whole  length  of  ihe 
great  toe  to  A.:  but,  if  we  stand  up,  the 
superincumbent  weight  of  the  pecBon  de- 
presses the  central  parts  of  the  foot;  and,  if 
we  attempt  to  lift  a  great  weight,  these  pani 
are  still  further  depressed,  as  if  to  meet  sup- 
port and  resistance  from  the  ground.  It  fol- 
lows also,  that  the  points  of  the  heel  B.  aod 
of  the  great  toe,  A.  recede  somewhat  bmn 
ecch  other,  in  proportion  to  the  pliancy  of  ibe 
joints  between  tnem. 

The  change  which  takes  pbce  in  the  fiwt 
when  we  walk,  is  of  the  greatest  impotttna: 
for  then  the  great  toe,  A.  to  K.  lemaius  oo 
thejjrounii ;  but  the  meta-tarsus  rises  from  D. 
to  £. ;  and  from  d.  K.<— in  which  action  ^ 
length  of  the  parts  is  iucreased  rather  mote 
than  an  inch,  as  is  evident  by  measurii^  the 
length  of  the  line  on  the  ground  A*  b.,  (rom 
d.  on  the  line  d.  B.  it  now  falls  short  of  B«» 
by  the  interval  c.  B. 

Thus  we  have  two  principles  of  variatiai 
in  the  dimensions  of  the  foot ;  so  that,  if  a  shoe 
were  made  precitefy  to  fit  the  foot  when  at 
rest,  it  would  tembly  pinch  the  saaoe  foat, 
when  the  person  stood  upright;  aod  still 
more  when  in  the  action  of  walking.  Tfcis 
the  heel  would  feel,  in  the  first  place ;  but  die 
toes,  at  length,  wocdd  feel  it  with  acovDO- 
latfd  violence. 

The  sole  of  the  (bot  is  generally  of  ^ 
form  represented  by  the  course  of  the  Kiie  B. 
N.E.  A.  a  M,  kg,  3.;  the  toes  aieosrfy 
one  third  of  the  length.  They  natunJly  9mnd 
straight  forward  from  the  foot ;  but  ill .  toA 
shoes,  by  amudioiously  adoptitig  a  fuhioQ- 
able  shape,  force  the  great  toe  to  asaaae  •Q 
oblique  aeviation  towards  the  others  of  which 
deviation,  the  longest  toe  next  to  it  pHtshes 
also :  thias  are  the  toes  which  shoukl  9fft$td, 
squeezed  into  a  space  so  narrow,  tlMrtODetoe> 
Or  more,  rides  on  the  othen.  The  little  toes 
suffer  the  same  violence,  which  produces  the 
same  deformity.  The  line  described  bytkc 
ouiiide  of  the  sole  of  the  fiiot,  from  B.  toM. 
and  D.  differs  considerably  from  that  described 
by  the  inside,  from  B.to  N.  and  E,:  ^  ap- 
pears undeniably  on  insipection. 

In  the  villages  of  Holland,  it  is  custotnaty 
among  the  boors  (o  hare  a  shoe  for  each  ioot : 
and  the  i^ole  made  to  the  natoml  shapeof  ^ 
fioot.  Wooden  shoes  are  also  made  with  the 
same  autiuion,  as  these  do  not  give  wav  io 
any  uart.  This  principle  is  ^ood;  forw' 
should  a  last,  holh  sides  of  wluch  are  9ii»ihkr« 


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Camper  on  the  PfperHes,  Shape^  and  SeqUkites  of  Skoei  ^ilSO 


uuifonD,  -and  even,  'produce  a  thoecapdkle  of 
accomodauoff  itself  to  the  varied  shapes,  of 
loik  feet.  We  may,  therefore,  beside  the 
evils  *we  have  nie;nUoned,  add  that  of  the 
shoe  l>eing  always  worn  most  on  one  side, 
notwithstanding  every  attention  of  ihe  wearer 
to  change  the  shoes  frequently. 

The  shoe  is  divided  into  1.  the. sole;  S.  the 
upper  leather.  The  sole  is  made  of  hardened 
leather,  which  being  of  considerable  sub- 
stance and  strength,  is  incapable  of  assuming 
any  other  shape  than  what  it  has  received  from 
the  workman. 

The  upper  leather  Is  composed  of  I.  the 
front,  and  2.  the  quarteni : .  the  quarters  fi* 
nish  3.  in  straps,  wnich  are  coiinected  by  a 
buckle,  ribbarid,  or  tye,  &c.  The  situation 
of  thistle,  or  connection,  is  of  consequence ; 
yhen  it  is  placed  high,  so  that  the  whole  foot 
is  included  in  the  shoe,  the  foot  looks  large 
and  long,  but,  unless  the  wearer  walks,  as- 
cending or  descending,  Tery  much,  this  is  the 
best  ^odanted  to  the  eonfomiation  of  the  parts, 
when  tne  oonnection  is  very  low,  the  shoe 
can  hardly  be  held  tightly  on  the  foot :  the 

Suarters  roust  bind  the  heel  very  closely,  or 
le  shoe  will  slip  off  the  foot  though  but 
slighUv  pulled.  'lUe  lntcr>'al,  as  between  £. 
and  U.  Fig.  i.  is  b^t,  on  the  whole;  and.will 
be  found  so  on  going  up  a  mountain,  or  a 
ilight  of  stairs. 

It  resulu  from  these  observations,  that  the 
shoe  to  suit  an  active  man,  should  be  of  suf- 
ficient length  to  alk>w  ibr  the  bending  of  the 
loot ;  the  shoemaker,  therefore,  shoukl  mea- 
sure the  foot  when  flat  on  ^  sole,  and 
again  when  bent,  as  in  the  act  of  walking. 
2.  Each  foot  requires  a  diflerent  last.  3.  'Ilie 
true  width  of  the  foot  should  be  taken  across, 
from  £.  to  D.  Fig.  3.,  %vith  a  blunt  pair  of 
compasses,  (or  small  calibers)  that  the  proper 
swell  of  the  foot  may  be  ascertained. 

Most  shoemakers  err  in  making  the  soles 
too  narrow ;  expecting  that  the  upper  parts 
will  give  way,  in  oider  that  tliey  u^  appear 
without  wrinfkles,  perfecUr  careless  of  what- 
ever evils  the  wearer  eecfuics.  Making  the 
coles  wider  would  couutenict,  in  some  d^ree, 
the  iqjurious  tendency  of  having  only  one 
last  to  both  feet.  4.  The  toe  of  ihe  shoe 
should  be  round,  to  afford  space  for  all  Uie 
toes  of  the  foot.  5.  It  should  be  a  little 
'  turned  tip,  te  pass  moce  easily  over  small 
stoues,  &c.  6.  The  heel  ihouki  never  be 
high  ;  it  should  be  brought  auich  more  for- 
wand  than  is  cusiomsnry.  %  The  upper  lea- 
ther and  the  quarlen  aliouM  be  m  dis|KMed, 
that  the  bucklemay  be  plaoed  in  the  middie, 
between  the  fint  j<niil  of  the  great  toe  D.  and 
tUe  instep  £.  Fig.  1.  8.  These  rafts  of  the 
shoe  should  be  made  of  soft,  piaat,  stuff: 
never  of  hard  leather,or  too  mucK  stretched  on 
.  jthe  last ;  for  in  this  cqhp  it  wiU  shrink  when 
woroj  and  will  most  cruelly  pinch  the  foot. 


Our  author  exposes  the  evils  imd  dai^rs  gf 
.  hif^h  heels  very  fully :  as  these  arc  now  ex- 

ElxKled,  we  mecely  mention  th^  dis-articu- 
iting  the  bones  of  tliefoot;  stretching  some 
of  the  muscles  of  the  leg ;  affecting  ihe  mus- 
cles of  the  spine,  ai^  even  distorting  the 
spine  itself;  also  rendffing  parturitjoji  more 
diBicult  and  hazardous  to  women  of  theupp^ 
classes,  who  have  chiefly  afiectod  such  dange- 
rous distinctions,  than  it  is  to  others,  or  than 
it  need  to  be  to  them. 

The  inconveniencies  latribu^ed  by  our  &tk- 
thor  to  shoes  badly  made,  are,  1 .  they  cause 
callosities  of  the  skin,  2.  indurations.  And 
3.  corns.  For  tlie  cure  of  ca'losities,  he  re- 
commends, 1.  agooflfshoe.  2.  Emplastrum 
e  gummi,  or  of  c;albanum,  orof'igreen  wax, 
and  odier  emollient  remedies.  2.  A  callosity, 
or  kind  of  bulb,,  formed  under  the  nails  of 
the  toes ;  sometimes  it  runs  ai4eep  as  a  Quar- 
ter of  an  inch  uud^r  the  nails:  a^oo(/shoe 
suffers  these  excrescences  to  subside ;  die 
plaisters  mentioiied  before  may  assist:  on  no 
account  touch  thesi  "wkk  any  caustic.  3* 
Corns,  .says  our  author,  are  a  disease  of  the 
greatest  antiquity,  and  have  been  wdt  de* 
scribed  by  the  ancients :  they  usually  appear 
on  the  prominent  articulation  of  the  tnei; 
they  begm  with  a  small  induration,  the  s^ 
of  a  pin*8  head,  this  increases  till  it  beoomea 
a  **  perpetual  thorn,  and  causes  a  most  horn* 
ble  pain ;  which  my  readers  may  know,  per* 
haps,  hyexperienoe,  much  better  than-by  the 
most  exact  description  in  my. power  to  09m* 
pose.**  Corns  also  come  between  those  to^ 
which  rub  ajgaiost  each  other;  and  sOttietima 
also,    tb^  hnade  the  sole  of  the  foot.     A 

food  shoe  is  the  first  remedy:  aTter  that,  I 
now  nothing  better  than  Vngwntum  e  rank 
dim  mereurio  quadrupUcato  ;  of  this  a  smaH 
plaister,  retained  by  a  larger  of  sticking  plais- 
ter,  and  the  whole  bouu3  on  as  convenient^ 
Paulus  Eginetus  advises  that  they  should  bo 
carefully  riibbed  with  pumice  stone,  bcfci-f> 
the  placii^' of  any  plaister:  he  recommends 
an  application  of  atrameiUum  kisioricum^ 
whicn  did  not  differ  much  from  our  writinfl^ 
ink,  and  contained  a  great  .proportion  of  n:^ 
triol :  he  ako  recommends  C9ulharidcs.  A 
pleasaoter  prescription,  if  effectual,  is  that  of" 
Mareellus  (Med.  Art,  princip.  Tom,  If.  p, 
3J)9).  "  The  best  remedy  tor  curing  corna 
which  are  occasioned  by  compression  of  the 
shoes,  is  to  burn  the  shoes,  and  apply  their 
ashes  mingled  with  oil.'' — [In  this  vindictive 
iiii^lcament,  if  the  ashes  possess  no  highlr 
curative  powers,  tlie  lubricating  properties  of 
the  oil  are  far  from  dc>»picable,  apphed  with 
perseverance.] 

Such,  says  M.  C,  are  my  reflections  and 
remarks  on  the  best  form  of  shoes.  Judge 
then,  whctlier  this  subgccl,  so  trifling  at  tlit 
^rst  nientian  of  it,  does  not  descn'C  to  be 
trcaticd  will)  considerable  aucuiiun.    Deter* 


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nine  Mo,  wliether  Pcsidomiis  reasoned  ill  or 
well,  ^'hen  he  pve  it  as  his  opinion  that  the 
an  of  sboeirikking  had  heen  invented,  and 
would  be  perfected,  hy  the  sagacity  of  philo- 
sophers I  How  extensive  how  multifarious  is 
that  knowledge  Tvhiiih  is  competent  to  the 
treating  of  this  jobjecl  in  a  manner  ^equate 
lo  its  importance] 
rig.  1. 

3EI 


^^ 


BcrLANATIOW  OF  THE  FlCJURBS. 

Our  first  figure  represents  the  bones  of  the 
foot  in  a  state  oi  rest,  when  ])laced  flat  on  the 
grovnd.  In  which  we  obserre  the  very  con- 
siderable arch  between  B.  and  K.  which  does 
pot  touch  the  ground.  The  most  noticeabk 
joints  arc  at  E.  and  D. 

Figure  9.  represents  the  foot  in  the  action 
of  walking;  the  heel  B.  being  raised  from  b. 
vbcre  it  stood  before.  The  pliancy  of  this 
feot  appears  most  evidently  at  the  articulation 
of  the  toes  with  the  metatarsus,  D.  and  itf. 
Tfom  p.  to  E.  rises  very  strongly,  from  E.  lo 
^,  D(it  so  ii^uch.  The  point  of  resistance 
against  the  ground  isd.;  and  K,  also,  if  a  great 
wekbt  w^ie  supported.  The  extension 
of  t&  joints  at  d.  K.  is  the  cause  that  the  in- 
terval d.  b.  now  reaches  no  farther  than  C. 
It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  shoe  which 
tiVtA  precisely  from  A.  to  B.  Fig.  1.  wiH  be 
|oo  short  for  A.  K.  B.  Fig.  2. 

Fiffote  3,  is  a  plan  of  the  sole  of  the  foot, 
whim  any  person  may  procqre  by  standing 
^nnlyon  the  ground,  and  drawing  with  a 
piece  of  chalk  the  outline  of  the  foot  on  the 
Rnmnd.  It  wiH  be  seen  that  the  inside  B.N.E. 
^as  a  considerable  curvature  inwards  espe- 
cially from  N.  to  £.  while  the  outside  of  the 
foot,  on  the  contrary,  assumes  a  rounding 
form,  from  B.  to  M.  ^his  contrariety  can  ne- 
ver be  adequately  accommodated  by  a  last 
wiiich  is  precisely  the  ^amc  on  belk  sides. 


'The  shaded  nart  of  this  f^rc  shevms  ti» 
usual  form  of  tne  sole  of  a  man's  shoe  as  it 
comes  off  the  last^  which  may  also  be  ob- 
tained by  chalking  an  outline  of  it.     By  this 
it  appears  that  the  great  toe,  and  thftt  next  to 
it,  nave  reason  to  complain  of  being  dts>plaocd 
and  squeezed  against,  or  even  on  to,  the  mid- 
dle toe ;  and  the  aame  is  the  case  of  the  little 
toe :  only  the  middle  toe  retaining  its  pionEr 
place  and  dimensions.    The  Ime  within  tins 
ts  the  precise  form  of  the  sole  of  a  fbshionable 
lady's  shoe,  as  lately  worn.    By  this  may  be 
seen  how  much  wiaer  it  ought  to  be,  in  or- 
der to  insure  a  safe  and  proper  firmness  of 
tread.     We  mnst  remark  also,  that  the  extent 
of  the  upper  leather,  properly  to  accommo- 
date the  foot,  and  to  allow  of  its  motions* 
ought  to  be  more  than  it  generally  is ;  wfast* 
ever  is  taken  away  from  the  sole,  ought  to  be 
fully  compensatea  in  the  upper  leather. 


TRAINING  OF  FIGBOS8  F^R  MESSACBSv 

An  incident  of  the  same  kind  as  oocasioiied 
M.  Camper's  dissertation  of  whidi  we  bava 
given  an  account,  was  the  origin  of  the  treatise 
of  Michael  Sabbagh  the  Arabian  poet^  enti* 
tied.  The  Messenger  Dove  more  rapid  iktm 
Lightning ;  a  slight  account  of  wkidi  may  be 
seen  Panorama,  p.  81 

He  happened  to  be,  some  time  since,  ia 
company  with  some  French  learned  men, 
who  were  fond  of  Oriental  literative,  when 
Arabic  poetry  became  the  subject  of  their 
conversation.  He  was  desired  to  give  them  an 
example  of  it,  by  composing  two  lines  exiem" 
pore;  the  subject  of  whicn  was  to  be  the 
message  of  a  lover  to  his  mistress,  lirom  whom 
he  is  separated.  After  a  moment's  reflectioD, 
he  reeited  the  following  lines  i 

**  Sweet  Dove,  hasten  thy  flight  towards  my  1^ 
loved; 

«  Be  quick  in  bringing  back  the  answer ; 

^  For  love  has  distracted  my  mind. 

*<  The  paper  of  this  billet  is  as  dear  to  me  as  liie 
globe  of  my  eyes ; 

*'  The  characters  which  my  hand  has  been  tra- 
cing on  it,  are  as  precious  to  me  as  my 
eye-ball. 

*•  Adieu,  sweet  and  lovely  messenger!^ 

The  errand  with  which  he  had  entrastej 
the  dove  drew  the  attention  of  the  audience^ 
and  excited  their  liveliest  curiosity;  Ixit  as 
most  of  them  refused  to  believe  it  was  posn- 
ble  to  educate  and  train  a.  dove  so  as  to  induct 
her  to  carry  a  message,  ht  determined,  in 
order  to  remove  their  doubts,  to  compose  a 
little  work  not  only  proving  by  hbtoriod  and 
undeniable  facts  the  wonderful  sagacity  of 
pigeons  for  that  service,  but  also  deacribiDg 
the  most  proper  means  of  training  them 
for  if.  7 


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SoUmn  Doming  informer  Timtg. 


t12M 


SOLEMN  DAKCINO  IN  FORMER  TIMBS. 

7*0  Ike  Editor  of  the  Literary  Panorama. 

SIR, 

Your  observations  ou  the  origin  of  dancing, 
Panorsnia,  p.  IplSl,  in  which  yo^i  refer  it  to 
imitation,  has  very  much  struck  my  ima^- 
natioa;  and  I  think  the  origin  of  pantomimi- 
cal  attitudes  and  expression  may  feirly  be 
traced  to  the  causes  you  have  assigned.  Whe- 
ther you  intend  to  pursue  the  ini^uiry  any 
further,  I  do  not  know,  but,  beiag  desirous 
of  contributing  my  mite  of  aspistance  in  that 
design,  I  wish  to  call  your  attention  to  the 
popularity  of  which  the  art  of  dancing  could 
Ibnnerly  boast  in  this  nation ;  and  the  im- 
portance attached  to  it,  as  an  indispensable 
acquisition  among  the  grave  and  learned  of 
our  isle.  I  suppose  that  I  need  not  lecall  to 
your  memory.  Sir,  the  instance  of  Lord 
I^per  Hatton,  who  danced  himself  into 
Queen  Elisabeth's  fovour,  beyond  all  his 
competitors ;  and  of  whom  Gray  writes,  in 
}m  Long  Story, 

FuH  oft  within  the  spacious  walls, 
When  he  bad  fifty  winter*  o'er  him, 

Mv  grave  Lord  Keeper  led  the  brawls  ; 
The  scab  and  maces  danced  bpfore  him. 

Hii  fipe  dancing  was,  in  feet,  the  occasion  of 
his  pfomotion  by  that  splendour-loving  mo- 
narch ;  and  we  need  not  doubt,  but  tiiat  the 
^ood  fortune  which  had  attended  the  exercise 
of  thb  qualification  in  him,  contributed  to 
the  consideration  in  which  such  brawls  and 
rcveb  were  held  by  the  societies  of  lawyers  at 
the  time.  They  were  not  only  pennitied, 
they  were  et^joined,  and  fines  were  levied  on 
those  who  refused  to  Uke  their  turns  in  per- 
forming them.  What  might  bethought,  in 
the  present  dayV  of  the  grav^  Lord  Chancel- 
lor asiisHng  at  a  public  ball,  among  his  bre- 
thren of  the  long  robe,  and  with  the  Judges, 
sitting  in  judgment  on  similar  performances 
of  agility,  may  be  more  properly  imagined 
than  described.  My  preseqt  business  is  with 
the  fiict;  and  this  b  established,  beyond 
doubt,  by  the  ard^ves  of  the  Temple  Socie- 
ties, and  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  con- 
tempotafj  hbtorians. 

All-hallown,  Candlemas,  and  Ascension 
day,  were  anciently  kept  at  the  inner  Tem- 
ple with  great  splendour :  All-hallown  and 
Candlemas  were  the  chief  for  cost,  solemnity, 
Swicing,  revelling,  and  music,  and  ww  ««!. 


ducted  by  a  Master  qf  the  Rebels :  the  order 
was  as  follows : 

First,  the  solemn  revels,  after  dinner,  and 
the  play  ended,  were  begun  by  the  whole 
house,  judges,  Serjeants  at  law,  benchers, 
and  the  uiter  and  inner  bar,  led  by  the  mas* 
ter  of  the  rtveh :  after  this  ceremony  one  d 
the  gentlemen  of  the  utter  bar  was  chosen  to 
sing  a  iong  to  the  jiidg^,  Serjeants,  or  mas- 
ters of  the  bench,  which  was  usually  per- 
formed, or  in  default  of  it  was  an  amercia- 
ment. Then  the  judges  and  benchers  took 
their  places,  and  sat  itown  at  the  upper  end 
of  the  hall :  which  done,  the  utter  barristers 
and  inne|t  barristers  performed  a  second  so- 
lemn revA  before  them.  This  ended,  the 
utter  barrttters  took  their  places  and  sat  down ; 
and  some  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  inner  bar 
presented  the  house  with  dancing,  whick 
was  called  the  post  revels.  These  dances 
were  continued  till  the  jud^  or  bonck- 
thought  proper  to  rise  and  depart 

The  revels  and  dancings  continued  the 
twelve  days  of  Christmas,  and  each  day  after 
dinner  aiid  supper  the  senbr  nia  ter  of  the 
reveb  sung  a  *'  caroll  or  song,  and  command- 
ed other  gentlemen  then  there  present  to  sIimj 
with  him  and  the  pomnany,**  which  was 
•*  very  decently  performed.'* 

These  Christmassings  lasted  several  days^ 
and  on  each  day  the  oeremony  diffifred.'  The 
proceedings  were  regulated  by  a  parliament 
exprf<siv  siunmoned,  which  haviiiz  enteral 
inio  a  ^*  solempne  consultation,'*  the  result 
was  communicated  to  the  other  members  of 
the  house  by  one  of  the  senior  benchers ;  the 
eldest  butler  was  directed  to  publish  the 
names  of- the  various  officers  appointed  for 
the  occasion,  "  and  then  in  token  of  joy  and 
ffood  liking,  the  bench  and  company  paae 
beneath  the  h;irth,  and  sing  a  caroll^  an<i  39 
to  boyer.'* 

Other  formalities,  too  long  to  detail,  suc- 
ceeded the  above,  and  the  ceremony  conclud- 
ed with  the  actual  hunting  of  a  fox  and  e 
cat,  virith  nine  or  ten  couple  of  hounds  round 
the  hall,  whose  deaths  terminated  thb  veiy 
exlraordinaiy  and  singular  species  of  amuse- 
ment. 

During  these  '*  revels,**  as  they  were  rcrr 
properly  called,  defaulters  were  to  be  com- 
mitted to  the  custody  of  the  Hentcnant ;  but 
if  they  could  make  their  escape  to  the  but- 
tery, and  bring  into  the  ban  •«  a  manchet 
upon  the  point  of  a  knife/*  they  were  free : 
for  the  buttery  in  thb  case  was  allowed  for 
•*  sanctuary.** 

lyiricoln^  Inn  had  anciently  its  dancings  or 
r€oels  allowed  at  partioular  *season«,  as  well 
as  the  Temple,  and  that  by  the  special  order 
of  the  society.  For  it  appears  tliat,  in  9 
Henry  VI.  it  was  ordere<l,  "  that  there 
should  be  four  reveb  tliat  year,  and  no  more ; 
one  at  the  feast  6f  All  ilallown,  another  at 

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42i»j 


4he  (east  of  St.  firkenwtlJ  $  the  tfaiid  at  the 
feast  of  the  PurificatioD  of  our  Lady ;  and 
the  fourth  on  midsummer  day  j  one  person 
yearly  elected  of  the  society,  being  made 
choice  of,  for  the  director  of  these  pastimes, 
called  tlie  master  of  the  revels.  But  these 
sports  were  used  loii^  before  that  time^  as  ap- 
pears by  an  order  of  council,  made  on  AR- 
ballown  day,  8  £llz.  that  the  musiciang,  at 
the  ancient  and  solemn  revels  (for  so  they 
were  then  called)  should  have  their  stipend 
increased,  for  their  service  on  the  two  princi- 
pal feasu ;  Allhallown  tide  ai^d  Camiremas  j 
ihat  is  to  say,  whereas  they  were  wont  to  have 
for  their  service  done,  for  Allhallown  even, 
Allhallown  day  at  noon,  and  Allhallown  day 
at  night,  3s.  4d.  -,  that  thenceforth  they  should 
have  for  their  said  senice,  at  that  time, 
6s.  Sd.  and  the  like  sum  at  CamUemat,  having 
had  but  3s.  4d.  before. 

Nor  were  these  exercises  of  dancing  merely 
'permitted ;  they  were  insisted  on.  For,  by  an 
Older  made  6th  Feb.  7  Jac.  I.  it  appears, 
*'  tliat  the  under-barristers  were  by  decima- 
tion put  out  of  commons,  for  example's  sake, 
because  the  whole  bar  were  oHeiioed  by  nol 
dancing  on  tlie  Candlemas  day  preceding, 
ncccrdtng  to  the  ancient  order  tf  this  society ^ 
ichen  /he  judges  were  present  ;**  with  a  threat, 
that  if  the  hke  fault  were  committ^  aflcr- 
Ivaids,  they  shouki  be  fined,  or  disbarred, 

I  shodd  be  glad.  Sir,  if  Bome  of  your  cor- 
tespondents  would  favour  you  with  their 
thoughts  on  the  policy  of  the  taste  diffused 
among  the  people  by  those  reforming  sove* 
reigns  Henry  VIIL  and  Qiieeii  Elizabeth. 
I  am  inclineid  to  think  that  we  are  not  to  at- 
tribute to  their  personal  inclinations  all 
the  pomp  which  their  Majesties  affected ;  but 
that  it  was  a  political  device,  to  attract 
the  attention,  discourse^  and  curiosity  of  the 
public.  Could  it  be  a  succedaoeum  for  the 
brilliant  processions  and  the  xaagntficent  so- 
lemnities of  Popery?  By  the  opposition  it 
inet  with  from  the  puritans,  I  am  sometimes 
mclined  to  fancy  thai  this  was  the  fact.  And 
perhaps  a  contemporary  writer  may  allude  to 
the  similar  effect  of  the  clerical  exhibitioiis, 
vhen  he  tells  us  of  the  ^ries 

Their  songs  were  Ave  Maries ; 
Their  dances  were  processions. 
That  the  clergy  should  dance  in  the  dai^s  of 
Chaucer,    though,    as  he  describes  it,    not 
moch  to  their  credit^  appears  from  his  Plow- 
man's Tale : 

At  the' wrestling  and  at  ihc  vvake. 
And  the  chief  chantours  at  the  nsik. 
Market  beters,  and  medling  make, 
Uofpevk"  and  houtin  with  hicve  and  kaie.^-^ 


SMmn  Dmcing  informer  Ttrnm. 


£l2Si 


But  we  are  not  to  snppoBe  tiiat  ail  iIk  dsiiea 
of  the  time  were  brisk  and  liT/%.  Sir  Jobs 
Hawkins  has  proved  that  some  were  gia« 
an^  solemn ;  and  has  happily  tx>rrected  a  pas- 
sage in  Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Ni^t,  whick 
had  baffled  the  skin  of  former  ocnniiientatiMs. 
It  stood  thus— "then  he  fe  t  logne,  aud  a 
pazty  measure  pa^nim:  I  hate  a  dmnkcn 
rogue."— But  it  appears  that  we  shottW  i«d, 
"  after  apozttz  mezzo,  or  a  pmvon,  J  hate  a 
drunken  rogue."  The  following  is  the 
knighfs  note  on  the  passage : 

The  pavan,  from  pavo,  a  peacock,  b  a 
wave  and  majestic  dance.  The  method  of 
toicing  It  was  aneiently  by  gentlemen  ^es- 
aed  in  a  cap  and  swojd,  by  those  of  ^  Iom 
robe  in  their  cowns,  by  pnnces  in  theiT  nn- 
Ues,  and  by  ladies  in  gowns  with  long  tiaiBs, 
the  motion  whereof  in  the  dance  reaemblcd 
thatof  a  peacock's  tail.  This  dance  is  sap- 
posed  to  ha^-e  been  invented  by  the  Spaniari. 
and  its  figure  is  giten  with  the  charicteis'foJ 
the  steps  in  the  Orchesorrapkia  of  TihimH 
^eaU'  i-veiypavinhasitsgriUaid^alidita 
kmd  of  air,  made  out  of  the  fonaer.  ^Tbc 
coumnt,  the  jig,  and  the  hompipi,  ansvfi- 
ciently  known  at  this  day.        *  ^    •  * 

Of  the  po^MMimo  little  19  tobe'tei^,  %. 
ccpt  that  It  wae  a  favourite  air  in  the  days  of ' 
Queen  Huabeth.  Ligon,  in  his  Hlilon''^ 
iiartodoes,  mentions  a  pasmmezwo  nBonL 
which,  m  die  year  1647,  a  padre  uTtta 
ishmd  pla>-cd  to  him  on  the  fute;  die  very 


t  -^  ""  "'*^  *"^^>  "«c  very 

sraie  he  says,  with  an  air  of  tfiat  kind 
which  m  Shakanere's  pby  of  ifm. /f.  was 
onpnally  playerf  to  Sir  John  Falstaff  and 
Uoll  learsheet,  by  Sneak,  the  musiciaD  there 
named.  This  little  anecdote  Lim)n  might 
hare  by  tradition,  but  his  conclusion,  thS 
because  It  was  phyed  ma  dramatic  represen- 
tation  of  the  history  ofHen.ir.  it  most  be 
80  anci^t  as  his  time,  is  very  idle  anA  injuat- 
o^"-PMy-measUre  is  therefore  undoubt- 
edly a  corruption  from  pasiamezzo. 

I  take  tht  pazza-mezzo  to  bcttther  a  ^^ngf 
of  steps  of  middling  sbwneaa  :  or  aotae  ^n 
of  a  danc^,  in  which  part  moat  of  the  9te{» 
were  of  this  description ;  as  we  hav«  psu 
grave  in  the  minuet. 

But,  1  think  this  exercise  wai  more  pmo- 
tised  among  the  public  than  weaic  at  piesest 
aware  of;  possibly  evm  to  ezcss. 

Whether  our  immortal  poet  did  not  giaace 
at  the  good  fortune  of  Lord  Hatton,.  orvtieatt 
at  the  general  dancing  humour  x)f  the  times^ 
I  submit  to  your  readers.  Something  of  a 
sarcastic  alluaioB  appears  to  aae  to  be  inteodcd 
in  his  ^uaUfyiag  Sir  Andrew  Agnechcek 
viritli  expertness  in  dancing.    ♦*  I  deliglht  m 

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\aSfi  Uemhri  of  ParUammU 

mm9que$  .anir  repek  altogether— >1  can  cat  a 
caper,  and,  I  think,  I  have  the  hack  trick 
dimply atstroo^ as an^ man  in  Illyria.^ — Sir 
Tol^  raplica :  <<  Wherefore  are  theae  thingi 
hid  ?  [in  a  lover  addressing  his  mistress]— 
Wherefore  have  these  gifts  a  curtain  before 
them  ?  Why  dost  thou  not  go  to  church  m 
Sigailiard,  and  come  horns  in  a  coratttaf 
M.J  very  vnik  should  be  a  jig,  or  a  cinque 
pace.    Is  it  t  worid  to  hide  virtues  in  V 

That  accomplbhment  must  have  been  very 
general  and  prevailing,  to  which  such  allu- 
sions could  be  applicable  with  propriety.  It 
is  a  feature  of  the  times,  though  hitherto  not 
^listinguished.  This  comedy  b  full  of  simi- 
lar ailasions. 

I  will  not  take  up  more  of  your  time,  at 
present.  Sir ;  but  if  the  subject  should  piove 
amusing  to  your  readers,  as  the  exercise 
itself  is  delightful*  I  may  ag^  trouble  you 
with  my  lusubrations  -y  being 

Youfs,  &c. 

A  Davcbr. 

a«iBeet9ec=RaKS9BaHnav«0KaBBnBeasaBaB 
MEMBERS  OP  PARLIAMENT. 

In  I^inbrtma,  p.  595,  we  gave  an  instance 
•f  iJie  acceptance  of  the  office  of  Member  of 
PsarUanAent,  as  a  favotw  done  to  the  city  re- 
presented. Our  historians  have  taken  up  this 
idea  as  general,  and  hare  described  the  party 
tepresented  as  under  obligation  to  its  represen- 
lative;  but  it  appears  from  earlier  records 
than  those  of  John  Harryngton,  that  the  situ- 
ation of.  Member  of  the  Commons  House  of 
ParUament,  was  sought  with  some  anxiety, 
imd  thai  considerable  expenccs  were  incurred 
in  the  attainment  of  it.  We  may  remark  fur- 
ther that  many  fcattires  of  the  following  de- 
scriptions agree  perfectly  with  those  of  later 
times  ;  and  that  mutotif  mutandit  they  might 
i|i|ily  wdlcnaufl^totefaBiory  of  a  modem 
election.  The  letters  arc  from  the  Pastern  col- 
lection. 

1^  my  ryghl  trusty  ffrend  John  Carenton 
Jiaylye  of  Maldon. 

RrottT  trusty  ftend  I  comand  roe  to  vow 
pR^'ig  vow  to  call  to  yor  mynd  that  lyek  as  ye 
anul  conionyd  of  it  were  necessary  for  my  Lady 
and  y^u  all'  hyr  Serunts  and  tcnnts  to  have 
fehys  p'lemcnt  a!i  for  on  of  the  Burgeys  of  the 
tpwae  of  Maldmi  ^ohf  a  -man  of  worchep 
and  o4  wytt  aswer  towanlys  my&eyd  Lady 


and  also  syche  on  as  is  in  favor  of  the  Kynp 
and  of  the  Lords  of  hys  oonsayll  ny'ghe 
aboucht  hys  p'sone.  Sertjrfytg  yow  that  my 
^d  Lady  (or  hyr  parte  and  syche  as  be  of  byr 
consayll  oe  most  agreeabyll  that  bothe  ye  and 
all  syche  as  be  her  fermors  and  tienntys  and 
wellwyllers  shold  eeve  your  voyse  to  a  wor- 
chepfull  knyght  and  on'  of  my  Ladys  consayll 
Sr.  John  Pasfion  whyche  standys  gretly  in  fo- 
vore  wt  mv  Lord  Chamberlevn  and  wliat  my 
seyd  Lord  Chamberleyn  may  do  wt  the  king  and 
wt  all  the  Lordys  oflnglond  I  trowe  it  be  not 
unknowyn  to  you  most  of  cny  on  man  aljrve* 
Wherefor  by  the  mcenys  of  die  seyd  Sr  John 
Paston  to  my  seyd  Lord  Chamberleyn  boUie 
my  Ladyandyeof  thetowne  kowd  not  have  a 
meeter  roan  to  be  for  yow  in  the  perlement  ta 
have  yor  needys  sped  at  all  seasons.  Wherefor  t 
prey  yow  labor  all  syche  as  be  my  Ljidys  scr<« 
uQtts  tennts  and  wellwyllers  to  gcve  ther  voy-* 
ses  to  the  seyd  Sr  John  Paston  and  that  ye 
fayle  not  to  sped  my  LMyt  intent  in  thya 
mater  as  ye  entend  to  do  hyr  as  gret  a  pleuiv 
as  if  ye  ge\e  her  an  CU.  And  God  have  yow 
in  hvs  kepig  Wretyn  at  Fysbeley  the  xx  da/ 
of  ifcptebyr, 

J.  Ar BLASTER. 

I  prey  yow  be  redy  wt  all  the  Acoptant^ 
belong)'g  to  my  Lady  at  the  ferthest  wtin  viij 
dayes  next  aftyrPerdon  Sonday  for  then  t  shall 
be  wt  yow  wt  Grods  grace  wno  have  yow  in 
kccpvg.  1472.  I3f.  Kd.  IV. 

The  Reader  will  observe  not  only  the  re- 
commendation of  this  agent  and  of  his  Lady» 
but  the  insinuation  of  the  &vour  of  Sir  Johr» 
Riston  **  with  the  Lord  ChambcrlaSn,'*  at 
court*  and  his  interest  among  "  aH  the  Lords 
of  England,*^  whereby  they  might  **  have 
their  needs  sped  at  ait  seasons.''  In  another 
letter,  from  the  Duchess  of  Norfolk,  we  read 
plainly  that  it  is  thought  right  **  necessary  foe 
divers  causes,  that  my  Lord  have  at  this  tume- 
in  the  P*iement  suche  p*sones  as  ionge  ttntt^^ 
him  and  be  of  his  mcnyail  sevttunts,**  Thia^ 
was  temp.  Hen.  VI.  and  in  another,  horn 
John  de  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  >va  leanv 
thai  **  my  Lord  of  Norfolk  (John  Mowbray, 
Duke  of  Norfolk)  met  wt  my  Lord  of  York 
(Richard  Plant^enet,  Duke  of  York)  at 
Bury  on  thursday  and  there  were  togedre  tili 
firidky  ix.  of  the  Ciokke  and  then  thev  depV 
ed  and  there  a  Gentilman  of  my  Lord  of 
York  toke  unto  a  Yeman  of  n\yn  John  Deye 
a  Tpkcne  and  a  sedcU  (schedule)  of  my  Lords 
en  tent  whom  he  wold  hnve  Knyghtts  of  tha 
Sbyre  '*  This  soiled ide<  b  a  strip  -of  paper, 
fastened  to  the  original  letlcr  with  wax,  con- 
taining the  names uf  •*  Sr.  Will'm  Chanobir- 
layn,  Henry  Grey.*'  TJiis  letter  must  have* 
been  written  before  1456  j  and  it  shews  plain* 
ly  ihaA  oonsttltations  were  hekl,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  influencing  the  choice  of  the  Com- 
mons In  these  early  days  of  our  ConstitutioOr. 


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To  my  rygki  tporrhepfull  Brodyr  Sr^  John 
Pasion  knit^JU, 

Ryght  worchepfull  Sr.  I  recomand  me  to 
▼ow  lelyng  }  cvv  wet  yt  yor  desyer  as  lor  the 
iny^hte  of  the  Shevr  was  an  ipossovbyl  to  be 
trov  >:;htii  bowght  flfor  my  Loid  of  NoVilT  and 
my  Lord  of  SuiF  wcr  agreid  i  mcr  then  a 
IbrtnviB^bt  go  to  have  Sr.  Uobt  Wynefeid  and 
St.  Rychard  Harcort  and  that  knew  1  not  tyll 
it  was  fiyday  last  past  1  had  sent  or  I  rod  to 
FtamlynH'ni  to  warne  as  man\  of  yor  frends 
to  be 'at  Norwyche  as  thys  liionday  to  ser^'e 
Tor  entent  as  1  koud,  but  when  1  cam  to 
^ramlynh*m  and  knew  the  apoytmet  that  was 
taken  tor  the  ij  Knyghts  I  sent  warnyg  ayen 
to  as  many  1  niyght  to  xcry  at  honi  and  yet 
Aer  cam.  to  Norwyche  ttiys  day  as  many'  as 
Aer  costs  dreavc  to  ixs.  id.  ob.  payid  and  rek- 
liyd  by  Pckok  and  R.  Capron  and  yet  they 
SfA  but  brak  ther  fcst  and  depcrtycl  And  I 
ifiaDkyd  hem  in  yor  name  and  told  them  that 
je  wold  hare  noo  voyse  as  thys  day  for  ye  sup- 
^osyd  not  to  be  in  Inglond  when  the  perlc- 
Kent  shold  be  And  so  they  cam  not  at  the 
iherhoQs  for  if  they  had  it  was  thought  by 
■yche  as  be  yor  frends  her  that  yor  adii'sarys 
wold  have  raportyd  yt  ye  had  niiad  labor  to 
iare  been  on*  and  yt  ye  koud  not  bryng  yo* 
f'pose  abowght. 

I  icnt  to  Yermowthe  and  they  have  p'my- 
ayd  also  to  Doctor  Aleyn  and  John  Ruffe  to. 
Wmor  thei>  iij  wekys  goo. 

Jamys  Arblast*  bathe  wrctyn  a  Ictt*  to  the 
kiyle  of  Maldon  in  Essex  to  nave  yow  a  fier- 
geys  ther  howe  Iwde  shall  sped  let  hym  tell 
yow  when  ye  spek  to  gedyr. 

If  ye  mysse  to  be  Burgcys  of  Maldon  and 
mj  Lord  Chamb'leyn  wyfl  ye  may  be  in  a 
Bother  plase  ther  be  a  dose^-n  townys  in  Ing- 
fcnd  that  cliesse  no  bergeys  whyche  ought  to 
do  and  ye  may  be  set  in  for  on'  of  those  tow- 
nys and  ye  befrcndyd.  Abo  in  no  wyse  for- 
get not  in  all  hast  to  get  some  goodly  ryng 
pryse  of  xxs  or  som  praty  flow\r  of  the  same 
piyse  and  not  undyr  to*  geve  to  Jane  Rodon 
lor  she  hathe  ben  the  most  specyall  laborer  in 
yoF  mater  and  hathe  promy^d  hyr  good  wyll 
foorlhe  and  she  doeth  ail  wt  hyr  mastresse 
And  my  I-ord  Chamberleyn  wyll  he  may 
eause  my  Lord  of  NorfT  to  com  up  soner  to 
die  plement  then  he  ^hold  do  and  then  he 
map  apyont  wt  h\m  for  yow  or  je  ferm  com 
fee  gadryd.  I  pfomd  but  xlH  ana  if  my  liOrd 
Chamberleyn  profyr  my  Lady  the  remennt  I 
I  can  thynk  it  shall  be  taken  my  Lady  must 
Save  somwhat  to  bye  her  Kovercheft  besyd 
mv  Lord  a  Sopcr  yt  I  payd  for  \yher  all  the 
cohsayll  ti-ns  at  Framlygh'm  ijs  iijd  and  my 
^ohts  'at  Framlygh'm  twyis  lyig  ther  by  viij 
^^^^%  wt  ixs  id  ob.  for  costs  of  the  contre  at 
A* n\Tche  dratvyth  abowght  xxs  1  trowe 


by  our  Lady  if  hbefessestan^  to  70Cl^btI' 
niys  and  sic  remanet  vU  xtijs  tiijd. 

Wretyn  ai  Norwyche  the  xxj  day  of  Sep- 
tember Ao.  E  iiijd  xyo. 

This  letter  proves  plainly,  that  the  jmie- 
tion  of  interests  which  had  taken   place  be- 
Uteen  my  Lord  [Duke]  ^  Norfolk  and  my 
Lord  [Eari]  of  Suffolk  was  sufficieody  pow- 
erful to-  def)rivic  any  other  candidatesy  tban 
those  they  had  patronized,  of  all  hope  of  ne- 
ceas.     2.  That  the  candidate  did  only  accom- 
modate the  voters  with  such  refreaJhinent  » 
the  occasion  required,  having  no  ftau-  of  the 
Trtaling  Act  before  his  eves,    but    that  Ni 
agent  paid  the  bills,  amounting  in  this  iih 
stance  \o  Qs,  i|d.     S.  That»  though  dtsconi- 
fited  at  one  place,  yet  application  vras  made 
to  a  second,  Yamiouth,  which  was  promised 
to  an  earlier  proposal.     4.  Maldon  was  there- 
fore thought  of  J  and  the  inducements  to  thb 
borough  tochuse  Sir  John  Paston  wc  have  al- 
ready seen.     5.  That  my  Loid  Chambedaia 
cott/Sget  him  in  for  some  other  town.    6. 
That  there  were  many  towns  in    En^and 
which  did  not  send  burgesses  to  Parliament, 
though  they  cught  to  do  it.    7.  That  a  pre- 
sent to  Jane  Rodon,  who  had  been  the  most 
special  labourer  in  the  matter,   was  to  he  drc- 
pared  in  all  haste— not  that  this  could  poasUr 
be  denominated  Mbervy  though  it  anKKmM 
to  as  much  as  all  the  other  expences.    8.  TK# 
my  Lord  of  Norfolk  might  be  brought,  sooner 
or  later,    to  the  Parliament,  by  the  influcoee 
of  the  Lord  Chamberlain.    9.  That  my  I^ 
dy   ^nust  have  her  ^tiiicaiion  also,    inde- 
pemiciit  of  her  receipt  from  her  husband: 
and,  as  usual,  it  is  expressed  by  a  part  of  fe- 
male dress,  the  coverchief,  kerchief,  cap,  or 
bonnet  J  we  might'  say,  at  this  lime,"  a  veiL 
10.  The  supi)er  jgiven  to  all  the  Dnchessof 
Norfolk's  council,  on  this  business ;  no  doubt, 
to  ensure  their  promotion  of  it,    with  tte 
price,    for    them    all,    2s.   3d.— In     ^Mxt, 
this  agent,  had  spent  in  this  exp^sive  uiukr- 
taking,    at    least,    208..    II.  The    forwaid- 
ness  of  other  parties  shews  that  they  had  so- 
licited the  *' honour  of  being  a  lepresenta- 
tive**^  na  less  than  Sir  John  PSMton ;  for  the 
county  of  Norfolk  was  apDotnted  -ior  moie 
than  a  fortnight  before^  and  Yarmouth  was 
promised    more    than  three  weeks  earlier: 
which  promptitude  is  very  expreKive. 

It  appears  by  another  letter,  that  Sir  John 
Paston  sent  a  ring  with  a  diamond  to  Jane 
Rodon,  with  a  letter,  oontainiog  hisdiiee- 
tions  for  its  proper,  and  apparently  geeret^  de- 
livery; with  hb  great  anxiety  thai  Ais  letter 
**  should  not  be  seen  by  some^^ks.** 

Whatever  may  be  tnoogfatof  the  nw^M^ii 
state  of  our  representatioB,  or  whaiem  may 
be  bniked  of  the  pun^  of  — ■—  -* 


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[i^ea 


these  confidential  letten  prove  pretty  deark-f 
that  ages  past  were  no  less  capable  than  the 
current  century  of  private  nq^octations :  that 
candidates  hao  their  stents  :  that  ladies  re- 
eved presents :  that  nobles  recommended  or 
commanded :  and  that  the  human  heart  was 
the  same  then  as  now,  the  sport  of  ambition, 
iateresta  connection,  convenience,  and  ex- 
pectation— sometimes,  no  doubt,  including 
patriotism  also,  and  public  spirit^— but  in 
what  proportion  does  not  appear  in  this  cor- 
respoodenee. 


ClVTXIXATIOir  OF  AMBRICAIT  IVDIAK3* 

In  Panorama  p.  353,  we  g^ve  a  specimen 
of  the  style  and  manner  of  speaking,  adopted 
by  our  red  ^rWAeren  of  America :  not  with- 
out expressing  our  sense  of  its  powerful  ex- 
pression. It  will  be  pleasing  to  our  readen 
to  be  informed  that  steps  are  taking  by  sundiy 
pious  persons  and  institutions  in  America,  to 
civilize,  and  christianize,  various  tribes  of 
that  people.  In  July,  1803,  the  Stockbridge 
Indians  ddivered  the  following  speech  to  a 
Ptrotestant  Missionary. 

Father,  there  is  reason  of  thankfulness 
that  the  great,  miod  spirit  has  preserved  us,  g^at  attention. 
that  we  are  able  to  meet  together  at  this  '■ 
Hose.— We  will  improve  this  cf»portunity  to 
let  you  know  further  concerning  our  customs.  1 
-^We  have  agreed  to  obey  the  voice  of  the 
^leat,  good  spirit,  in  for  ever  focsakine  the 
wicked  practice  of  excessive  drinking,  which  ' 
we  and  our  ancestors  have  folbwed,  and  also 
all  other  wicked  pxactices.  We  see  your 
bouse  of  worship,  where  you  meet  once  in^ 
while,  particularly  one  day  in  a  week  to 
-  worship  God. — ^We  think  it  right  that  all 
should  go  into  that  house  to  hear  the  woid  of 
Che  great,  good  spirit.  We  believe  that  all 
who  go  there  to  please  him  most  go  with 
their  spirits  \  if  they  do  not  thus,  thev  cannot 
please  him.— Further,  it  is  one  article  of  our 
LUth  u  be  veiy  attentive  to  parents,  and  the 
iged ;  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  cbiklren 
ever  to. compensate  iheir  parents  for  their  care 
of  them  in  their  infancy. — ^We  have  another 
aitide  of  belief  4hat  it  is  the  will  of  the 
great,  good  spirit,  that  man  and  wife  shoukf 
always  live  toj^ether,  and  never  part  only  by 
death.— ^We  wish  you  to  persevere  to  inculcate 
imon  your  children  the  neceasi^*  of  a  reforma- 
tion, or  we  shall  be  a  ruiped  people. 

May50y  1805^  they  uttered  the  fblkming 
ieadments. 

Fathers  attend ;  we  wish  to  speak  a  few 
words  to  you ;  we  are  happy  to  see  you  by 
the  skle  of  our  fire-place.  We  thank  the 
mat,  good  spirit,  tmt  he  hat  protected  yoa 
mou^  your  long  journey  ivoin  the  eastern 
tfpiuuvf «  MaA  that  yon  are  aniired  safe  hcie. 


Having  infonnatioa  from  oar  fiithcr»  Mr. 
Sergeant,  that  you  wished  to  see  the  chie& 
and  principal  men  of  our  nation,  so  many  of 
us  are  come.— ^Fathers,  when  I  kxA  upon 
you,  I  see  your  tears  are  Gilfins  down  your 
cheeks  on  aoxmnt  of  many  dismu  objects  you 
have  seen.  Now  aooonfaog  to  the  ancteni 
custom  of  our  foiefiahess,  I  stretch  forth  my 
hand,  and  wipe  off  the  tears  from  your  eyes» 
thatyou  may  see  clearly;  and  likewise  I  see 
your  ears  are  stopped  by  the  dirt,  that  itiea 
about.  I  now  clear  your  ears,  that  you  may 
hear  distinctly.  I  also  loosen  ]^'our  toqguesv 
that  you  may  speak  freely.  Having  done  this» 
I  see  your  1^  and  feet  are  muddy  by  season 
of  the  wet  path  through  which  you  travel. 
I  likewise  wash  your  legs  and  feet.  While 
I  do  this,  I  feel  some  briars  stick  in  vour  feet. 
I  pluck  them  out,  and  take  the  hisding  oO^ 
which  our  forefathen  used  to  keep  fbr  that 
purpose,  and  oil  them,  that  they  may  fed 
comfortable,  while  you  sit  by  the  side  of  our 
fire-pbce.  Our  nation  give  you  hearty  wd- 
come  here.  Now  you  may  proceed  4mk  your 
business^** 


Since  that  time  a  deputadon  from  the  In- 
dian Tribes  has  visited  Boston,  where  the 
members  of  it  have  been  entertained  witli 
The  following  is  the  bis- 
toiy  of  their  «aking  leave,  to  return  to  tfam 
own  homes. 

March  6,  1S06. — Pbfsoant  to  the  tesohi* 
tion  taken  in  both  Houses,  the  ten  Indian 
chiefs,  accompanied  by  the  Adjutant  and 
Commissary-senerd,  by  an  officer  of  th^ 
army  of  the  United  States,  and  then-  inter- 
pTeter,  were  introduced,  first  into  the  Coun- 
cil Chamber,  where  the  Governor  recei^-ed 
ihera  with  great  cordiality  and  afibetion :  he 
farther  expressed  hb  satisfactton  at  seeioff 
them  in  good  health,  and  hb  sincere  wish 
that  they  might  have  a  pleasant  journey  on 
their  way  bade:  he  added,  that  it  was  also 
his  ardent  wish  that  all  thor  friends  and  re- 
lations sliould  be  found  well,  and  enioying 
peace  and  quietness.  Tlie  Sachem  then  re- 
turned hb  pest  thanks  to  the  Governor^—* 
They  were  then  broittht  before  the  Senate^ 
and  the  President,  Mr.  Otis,  iMidaes 
in  ^ie  following  woids : 

**  Friends  and  brethien,  be  yon 
near  the  fite-flaoe  oC  the  senate  of  Masnchu- 
set :  .may  its  blaae  be  tMe  emblem  of  the  lively 
ardent  amity  whidi  will  ever  be  entertained 
between  the  United  Slates  and  yoor  nations ! 
You  havo  passed  an  immense  distance  to 
come  and  visit  us.  The  I^eiidft  of  the 
United  States  b  your  fiiend,  and  he  hu  in«> 
vited  yon  to  these  parts  that  you  migfu  know, 
from  your  own  experience,  that  all  onrdueft 
and  the  whole  natioB  iMretkaa 
ship  for  you. 


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Chnuxaiiott  rf  Afititi^ftlntSiutf* 


[m 


•*  Wt  hare  Mtiiiobed  the  chief  of  #Qr  go- 
▼eminenc  to  offer  you  silver  chains,  to  weaf 
routid  your  i^fHcs  with  the  portmits  of  our 
common- chieP,  which  are  intended  as  pre> 
tents  to  yon  all.  These  chains  will  contmu- 
alfy  make  you  think  of  those  bonds  which 
ought  to  unite  every  State  to  the  general 
father. 

««  Tell  this  to  yoordiildren. 

"  May  the  Great  Spirit  who  presides  over 
these  extensire  lands,  both  cultivated  and  bar- 
ren, protect  your  abodes  and  families  during 
votir  absence,  and  bring  you  back  safe  to  your 
iioines  throu^  paths  unencumbered  with 
thorns." 

This  discourse  having  been  explained  to 
the  Indian  chiefs  by  their  interpreter,  Tata- 
schaga,  the  Sochem,  came  forward,  stretched 
out  his  hand  to  the  President,  and  answered 
him  thus : 

'*  Brothers,  we  hare  journeyed  from  the 
Ewt  to  the  Wtst,  to  come  and  pay  you  a  visit. 

**  Our  complexion  differs  from  yours,  but 
our  hearts  arc  of  the  same  coloar-;  n-ou  ought 
to  cherish  us,  for  we  are  tiie  original  and  true 
Americans^ 

"  Whenever  yoa  reacf  the  inscription  on 
the  mcdalb  that  nang  at  our  side,  you  will  be 
able  to  read  within  our  hearts. — [The  motto 
yn»  •'  Prate  and  Friendship.**'] 

•*  We  thank  your  nation  for  all  the  kind 
pffcrs  that  art-  n»:ide  to  ns. 

"  We  rejoicu  at  our  father  having  brou«^t 
us  here  to  meet  with  you  in  this  city  of  fios- 
tofii  for  wc  have  been  told  that  it  is  an  aji- 
cient  city,  and  that  all  your  other  towns 
sp£u£g.from  it ;  we  are  likewise  pleased  with 
your  intention  of  gv.  ing  us  neckbces,  and 
will  report  to  our  cl.iidTcn  aud  countrymen 
all  that  you  have  been  saying  in  th'^ir  favour. 

*«  Wc  should  wish  to  see  \-our  nation  un- 
der axmsf  our  brothers  who  were  at  New 
York  last  year  have  seen  your  warriors,  ami 
were  delighted  with  the  cyand  spectacle.  It 
would  be  no' small  mortification  for  us,  not 
to  have  it  in  our  power  to  say  as  nmch  about 
their  noble  appearance  to  our  countrymen, 
as. those  deputies  have  recounted. 

«*  W^e  will  ever  be  your  friends." 

Id  tlve  House  of  UeprL*scntauves,  seats  had 
been  prepared  for  the  Indians  opposite  the 
tribune  of  the  Speaker,  to  which  they  were 
conducted  by  au  appointed  committee. — 
When  they  entere<l  tne  house,  the  senators 
rose  and  stood  uncovere4 :  then,  every  one 
J>eingseated  ajiam,  Mr.  Bij^clow,  the  Speaker, 
XQSC,  aiul  addressed  the  Indiaii  chiefs  iu  the 
follo^ving  words: — 

'•  Brothers,  l^  welcome  within  the  Mralls 
of  the  Council  of  Stale. 

**  We  congratulate  you  on  your  good  jour- 
ney, ar'  '"^ ••'•»1.     Our  forefathers  were 

xiev«»  you;  let  it  be  other- 

•w»  jostcrity. 

ere  u  iali  that  the  bond 


of  amity  may  henccfottfc  unite  tsandoiiri 
spritu^  also. 

•*  Soth  our  Coimcils  have  mjwsted  m 
g^aciouj  and  illustrious  chief,  the  Gomoi; 
to  present  each  of  you  with  a  silver  chain,  u 
token  of  our  attachment. 
•  "  Althou]^  we  be  of  different  compl& 
ions,  grant  us  your  friendship  and  ^ 
wishes;  let  no  rivabhip  exiit  betwcfco  ■; 
cxcejjt  when  an  opportunity  may  <&r  d 
shewing  the  greatest  eagemesr  to  sort « 
another. 

**  Let  perpetual  peace extst^betitwou. 

"  Brotnecs,  repeat  to  your  respccto* 
tioiis  that  their  prosperity' and  succesaiih 
objects  of  our  most  ardent  wishes.  Wepnj 
to  the  Grieat  Spirit  to  grant  them  compb 
success  in- the  chase,  and  other  lUKksttbif: 
to  send  them  favourable  seasons,  tuipA 
abundance  of  fruit. 

*'Tell  them  likewise  that  thewhites,asditi 
people  of  the  United  States  havcreortrcln 
treated  vou  with  courtesy,  and  that  we  fi^ 
they  will  be  treated  in  the  same  manaffnto 
they  visit  yourcountiy. 

**  When  you  are  ready  to  depart  we  id 
pray  to  the  Great  Spirit  to  protect  yoo,  m 
the  sky  be  bright,  and  jour  daysba(i(i;. 

*'  Brothers,  once  more  be  weksonjeinib 
the  wall^  of  the  Council  df  StjUe." 

Tataschaga  then  diew  near  the  tkir,  ^ 
pronounced  the  foiiowing discourse: 

"  Brothers,  we  hat'c  received  oskpc 
of  friendship  and  good  wi^es  since  «c  kr 
been  with  the  whites.  Fiom  the  placev^ 
our  father,  the  President  of  tlie  Ud* 
States,  whose  imaee  wc  bcaronouriK^ 
resides,  we  hate  always  been  tiwted  vri 
kindiM?s8  and  cordiality,  and  we  expect  tt 
same  usage  on  our  return :  we  are  but  * 
vjrith  you;  although  our  complaiQO  > 
tawny,  our  hearts  are  white  Iikeyiwir5.-Vf 
have  ht^rd  whatever  yoa  have  saii-^ 
ears  arc  open  to  the  discourses  of  our  fm^ 
Wc  will  report  to  our  ooimtfyaien  the  ^ 
treat^nent  we  have  eTrperieitet^,  and  tbc*- 
vice  you  have  given  us.  It  will  gift  ^^ 
satisfaction  to  them,  and  secure  pew  asi 
friendship  between  both  nations." 

The  Indian  paused  tliree  times  whUe  p 
nouncing  the  above  speech*  whick  w^  ^ 
pcated  by  the  interpreters. 

In  consequence  of  a  wish  mamle^  -• 

.  tile  Indians,  the  Senate  has  obtaiaoio!'^ 

Excellency  the  Commander  in  Chief  fcf  -' 

garrison  to  appear  in  arms,  and  fuUyact* 

tred,  pn  the  fulLowing  morning 

Whnt  effects,  moral  or  poUtioil,  thisi* 
tcrviewmay  produce,  time,  w^  sbew.  ^' 
hope  that  these  trihc»  of  nuBftinU  hca^ 
toestabKnii  amons  themschee  die  advasa^ 
of  civilization;:  labour,,  aod  seuteDOiLi-' 
May  they  never  know  the  viciout  icfiDCfflf j* 
of  a  state  of  manners  too  highly  culttotoi- 

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M51 


Thoughts  on  CAlicism  and  Satire. 


Cl2«J 


THOUGHTS  OK  CRITICISM  AND  SATIRE. 

To  ike  Editor  oj  the  Literary  Panorama. 
The  chatactcrialic  of  a  genuine  critic,  is 
moderation  andjusticc;  though,  to  confess 
the  truth,  there  are  production*  which  really 
deserve  so  much  censure,  that  it  is  extremely 
difficult  to  a  moral  mind  to  preserve  its  tem- 
per in  exposing  them.  In  such  cases,  how- 
ever, 1  would  prefer  satire  to  acrimony ;  it  is 
infallibly  the  best  remedy  for  arrogance,  and 
is  the  severest  punishment  for  vice.  But  I 
inust  nevertheless  observe,  that  there  is  an  es- 
sential difference  between  lampoonery  and  ge- 
nuine satire.  The  former  consbts  in  a  ridi- 
culous exposure  of  every  thing,  whether  good 
or  bad,  which  happens  to  eng^,  for  a  mo- 
ment, the  attenUon  of  the  satirist.  The 
most  scurrilous  abuse  is  generally  its  peculiar 
Quality.  Tlie  language  degenerates  into 
neannesses  at  which  a  genuine  satirist  would 
blush:  for  such  an  one  emplojrs  his  skill 
with  such  delicacy,  that,  though  every  line 
exerts  its  full  strength,  it  does  not  injure,  by 
fixing  ignominy  on  the  chanuiter  which  it  ex- 
poses. 

The  keenest  lash  of  censure  should  rather 
be  directed  to  punish  vice  and  licentiousness, 
than  to  shame  ignorance  and  folly. 

Ithasbeen  urg«d,  as  an  objection  to  mo- 
deration in  Reviewers,  that  the  critic  is  ex- 
pected to  censure,  not  to  panegyrize ;  to  point 
out  faults  rather  Uian  to  select  beauties.    This 
b  a  weak  and  sel6sh  argument ;  not  a  maxim 
for  those  who  wbh  to  distinguish  themselves 
by  impartiality  and  justice.    The  genuine  cri- 
tic if  he  distinguishes  excellence,  is  more  for- 
ward to  dbulay  thb,  than  to  publish  imper- 
fections,    if  he  does  notice  these,   it  is  as 
an  act  of  duty,  in  a  manner  too  delicate   to 
wound  the  feelings  of  his  author.    He  men- 
lions  them  as  objects  of  improvement ;  but 
does  not  nride  himself  on  the  discovery.    This 
js  perfectly  consistent  with  the  principle  of 
censuring  faults,  or  exposing  vices  and  immo- 
ralities.   Lewdness,  above  all,  should  never 
be  spared.     Under  this  description  we  may 
tank  works  which,  by  libellous  and  scandal- 
ous aspersions,    stain  the  characters  of  the 
bri^test  ornaments  of  our  senate,    and  of 
those  who  are  really  the  bulwarks  of  our  con- 
stitution. Nor  let  ill-timed  lenity  screen  those 
writers  who  attempt  to  insnire  rebellion  and 
disloyalty  in  the  breasU  of  nb  Majesty's  sub- 
jectt ;  or  those  who,  by  painting  vice  in  fas- 
cinating ooknirs^  ootrupt  the  understandings, 
wsA  deprave  the  dbpositions  of  the  younger 
branehes  of  the  community.     No  punish- 
ment, tiO  shame,    is  too  seirre  for  themj 
they  are  the  very  pests  of  society,    ipd  de* 
lerve  that  pannhment  which  the  Lydians  de^ 
.  tereed  (or  scandal  *\    Is  it  possible  tbat,  in  ci- 

*  llie  Lydbns  had  :kn  inviolable  law  to 


vilized  countries  like  our  own,  the  man  whose 
writings  have  depraved  the  morals  of  the 
people,  and  destroyed  the  tranquillity  of  do- 
mestic happiness,  may  bid  defiance  to  the 
law,  while  the  highwayman  who  robs  pa 
of  a  trifle,  in  the  open  face  of  day,  is  doomed 
to  expiate  his  offence  by  death  ? 

It  IS  a  true  observation  of  a  modern  writer, 
that  the  book  which  inculcates  atheistical  and 
loose  morals,  is  the  caase  of  more  real  iiyury 
than  the  author  himself  could  possibly  effect, 
were  he  ever  so  inclined,  by  his  utmost  exer- 
tion :  his  book  (says  he)  will  fall  into  all 
hands,  and  be  perused  by  a  thousand  differ- 
ent dispositions ;  it  will  msinuate  it>elf  into 
every  circle :  the  contagion  mres  acquiret  am" 
do :  some  minds  will  l)e  found  too  well  guard- 
ed, and  instructed  in  the  school  of  virtue,  to 
be  aflected  by  it ;  others,  on  the  contrary, 
finding  it  congenial  to  their  own  ideas,  will 
imbibe  the  poison  with  extacy ;  and  the  evil 
will  spread  its  baneful  effects  into  the  minda^ 
of  thousands. 

To  sources  such  as  these  may  be  tracccl  die 
dreadful  catastrophe  of  the  French  revolution ; 
for,  at  the  period  when  its  fury  was  at  its  ze- 
nith, and  the  minds  of  the  people  were  in- 
flamed, by  the  speeches  of  its  principal  lead- 
ers, those  Quixouc  notions  which  were  inter- 
mingled with  the  philosophy  of  Rousseau  and 
Voltaire,  were  every  where  received  with 
transport,  and  served  as  additional  incentives 
to  rapine  and  plunder.  Can  we  recur  to 
these  scenes  of  blood,  without  shrinking  with 
disgust  from  those  dangerous  maxims,  which, 
though  decked  in  the  most  gaudy  colours, 
having  found  admission  into  the  mmds  of  the 
Frencn  people,  were  a  leading  cause  of  the 
horrors  which  ensued  ?  Is  it  possible  that  any 
among  us  would  wish  to  transplant  the  seeds 
of  those  evils,  or  to  corrupt  the  minds  of 
their  countr}*men  with  such  romantic  ideas  } 
—Extremes  should  be  guarded  against  with 
equal  caution.  Super sMion  occasioned  the 
dreadful  massacre  of  St.  3strtholomew  some 
centuries  ago;  and  a  soi-disant  enlightened 
morality,  the  very  opposite  of  superstition, 
produced  the  overthrow  of  the  French  mo< 
narchy  in  the  present  senii 

Sentimental  writing,  as  it  b  termed,  hai) 
been  equally  pernicious ;  though  on  a  more 
contracted  scale.  Thb  species  of  literary 
composition  was  first  adopted  in  England  by 
a  clerg^man^  I  allude  to  Sterne,  who, 
throughout  the  whole  course  of  his  life,  and 
from  what  b  known  of  hb  general  conduct, 
appears  to  have  paid  very  little  regard  to  tha 
functions  ot  the  sacred  order.     His  profession 

puhbh  detractors  with  death ;  but  homicides 
were  only  condemned  to  labour  in  their  gal- 
lies  ;  so  that,  among  those  barbarians,  £r  a 
person  to  defame  the  character  of  another  was 
aonsidered  a  far  grealer  cxiaae  thui  if  he  bod 
killed  him. 

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j/necdoies  of  two  Russian  Generals, 


operated  not  on  him  as  a  restraint  of  his  pas- 
sions, or  e\'en  of  those  baser  desires,  to  which 
he  acknowledges  too  freouently  to  have  yield- 
ed. That  sentimental,  romantic  feeling 
which'  he  affected,  destroyed  those  more 
manly  sentiments,  those  nobler  principles 
which' he  seems  to  have  possessed,  but  sel- 
dom to  have  exerted  ♦.  His  sermons  partake 
more  of  the  romance  than  of  sober  and  se- 
rious exhortation  to  duty.  They  ubound  vviih 
absurd  metaphors,  and  luxurious  comparisons ; 
yet  they  are  neither  calculated  to  fatigue,  nor 
diminish  attention ;  and  they  draw  pleasing 
pictures  of  men,  manners,  and  virtue.  His 
*  Sentimental  Journey*  has  an  air  of  truth, 
and  it  is  generally  thought  that  he  actually 
made  the  tour  of  France  and  Italy.  It  was 
received  with  an  ardent  enthusiasm,  not  un- 
uttlike  that  which  awaited  the  works  of  Vol- 
taire and  Rousseau.  Every  novel-writer  prac- 
tised the  sentimental  strain ;  the  magazines 
teemed  with  sentimental  nonsense,  notwith- 
standing the  remonstrances  of  some  who  were 
too  wise  to  be  affected  by  its  pernicious  prin- 
ciples, and  who  exposed  the  new  sjstem  with 
all  the  powers  of  reason  and  ridicule. 

To  the  discouragement  of  such  doctrines  as 
these,  such  inroacU  on  the  purit)-  of  our  reli- 
gion, and  to  the  preservation  of  sobriety  and 
good  order  in  the  several  ranks  of  society,  the 
utmost  efforts  of  the  critic  should  be  directed ; 
the  slightest  approach  of  e\'ils  should  be  early 
observed  and  repelled,  lest  perseverance  should 
embolden  them,  and  familiarity  should  endue 
them  with  strength. 

To  conclude : — Every  attempt  which  tends 
to  disturb  the  tranquillity  and  happiness  of  so- 
ciety, or  instils  pernicious  doctrines  into  the 
minds  of  the  people,  should  be  treated  with 
the  greatest  se\^eritv  ;  but  where  ignorance  is 
the  only  crime,  the  keenness  of  satire  will 
be  a  sumcient  discouragement,  and  acrimony 
will  be  needless. 

Cynthio. 
II''—  

ANECDOTES  OP  TWO  RUSSIAN  GEKBRALS, 
ONE  ACKNOWLEDGING,  THE  OTHER  WISH- 
ING TO  CONCEAL,  HIS  ORIGIN. 

In  17l^»  when  Peter  I.  was  at  Copen- 
hagen, planning  with  the  King  of  Denmark 
m  descent  upon  the  Swedish  province  of  Scho- 
nen,  Lieutenant-General  Bohn,  the  son  of  a 
clergyman  of  Bomholm,  was  in  his  suite. 
His  mher  was  dead,  and  left  nothing  save 
tills  SOD,  of  whom  no  one  knew  whether  he 
•was  still  alive,  or  where  he  lived.  At  last, 
his  mother  heard  that  he  was  at  Copenhagen, 
A  a  Russian  General.  Her  joy  at  the  news 
•ngaged  her  to  undertake  a  voyage  to  that  ca- 

*  A  modem  writer  has  not  scrupled  to  as^ 
iert,  that  Stcmc  possessed  a  weak  h$Qd  and  a 
lad  h$*rt. 


nital.  On  her  arrival,  she  found  out  hb 
Jo<kincs,  but  the  General  was  not  at  home* 
"Iwill  call  again  to-morrow,**  said  she, 
grieved  at  the  disappointment ;  **  tell  your 
master  that  I  am  his  mother,  and  have  c^xne 
from  Bomholm  on  purpose  to  embrace  him.** 
I'he  good  old  lady,  by  this,  thoi^t  to  at- 
tain her  end ;  but,  perhaps,  it  was  the  cause 
of  the  reverse.  Had  she  surprised  her  soo. 
Nature  would  have  conquered  ;  but  the  mes- 
sage could  not  operate  very  powerfully  oo  a 
heart  hardened  by  prosperity.  Pride  bore 
down  every  sentiment  of  feeling ;  and  the 
General  was  highly  indignant.  *•  My  mo- 
ther has  been  dead  many  years  !'*  he  exclaim- 
ed;  *'  it  must  be  some  beggar  or  mad  womaa, 
who  is  interested  in  her  pretensions,''  We 
may  imagine  with  what  delight  the  mother 
renewed  her  visit  in  the  morning :  but  in- 
stead of  seeing  her  son,  she  received  ten  de- 
cats  from  an  Adjutant,  with  an  intimation 
not  to  molest  the  General  again.  She  threw 
the  money  at  his  feet.  **  1  am  notcooAe,'* 
said  she  weeping*  *'  to  crave  an  alms,  but  to 
embrace  my  child ;  if  he  disowns  and  de- 
spi^  his  mother,  I  will  also  reject  him  Ibc 
ever." 

This  circumstance  coon  spread  through  the 
city,  and  at  last  reached  the  ears  of  the  Em- 
press. Bohn  could  not  have  met  with  a  more 
ardent  heroine  than  Catharine,  who  aWrtys 
avowed  her  origin  in  the  strongest  terms  of 
gratitude  towards  her  benefactor.  She  sent 
for  the  widow ;  and  was  soon  conTinced  that 
she  actually  was  the  mother  of  the  hanl- 
hearted  General.  Bohn  was  then  called  in, 
severely  reprimanded,  and  obliged  to  alhyur 
his  mother  l^OO  roubles  per  arm,  during  her 
life.  He  not  only  felt  the  momentary  shame, 
but  received  the  punishment  due  to  bis  un- 
feeling behaviour,  by  being  univeraally  de- 
spised. 

Among  others,  it  is  said,  that  Catfaarine 
represented  to  Bohn  the  conduct  of  Geucial 
Bauer,  \vho  was  not  ashamed  of  his  orinn ; 
though  his  parents  were  in  a  still  lower  situ- 
ation.   The  history  is  this  : — 

In  1718»  when  the  Russian  amy  occupied 
Holstein  under  Menzikoff,  General  Baner 
commanded  the  cavalry.  No  one  knew  any 
thing  of  his  origin  ;  ev^en  his  ruti^e  comnnr 
was  almost  a  secret.  He  was  then  encampcS 
near  Husum.  One  day  he  invited  to  dinner 
all  his  brother-officers,  and  some  other  petsdos 
of  distinction.  Wh^n  the  party  were  asseio- 
bled,  he  sent  for  a  miller  and  nis  wife  horn 
the  neighbomhood.  Such  an  invitatioQ  from 
a  commandioe  officer  alarmed  the  'wrofdiv 
couple.  But  Bauer  did  every  thing  in  ha 
power  to  inspire  them  vnih  confkknee.  He 
wished  tbcm  to  dine  with  him ;  he  wramrd 
some  information  respecting  the  cooniiy.'*— 
They  were  seated  by  him  at  table,  and  durntg 
dimtr  he  asked  the  auUer  a  number  of  ^oer* 


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12691 


Soli  and  Ashes,  instead  of  Sugar,  with  Tea, 


[127 


lions  conteming  his  family.  This  had  the 
desired  efiect,  and  loosed  the  miller^  tongue. 
He  related  to  his  Excellency,  «*  that  the  mill 
had  belonged  to  his  fiither^  that  he  inherited 
it  as  the  eldest  son.  Two  brothers  were 
tiadesmeny  a  sister  was  married  to  one  of 
the  same  business ;  and  God  had  blessed  him 
with  a  family  of  four  children.'*  **  So  you 
were  three  orothers,**  said  the  General. — 
•*  There  were  four  of  us,"  answered  the  mil- 
ler (wl)o  did  not  wish  to  rank  perhaps  a  fa- 
mous soldier  with  tradesmen  and  millers)  ; 
the  fourth  enlisted  as  a  soldier,  but  we  have 
never  heard  of  him>  he  must  have  been 
kUled." 

It  is  easy  to  conceive  the  effect  this  conver- 
sation produced  on  the  other  gnests.  But 
Bauer  would  not  notice  their  astonishment 
till  he  could  raise  it  still  higher,  '*  Gentle- 
men l"*  he  exclaimed,  **  you  were  always 
anxious  to  know  my  orizin.  I  was  bom  here, 
and  you  liave  heard  the  histor)'  of  my  family.*' 
He  then  embraced  the  miller  and  Fiis  wife  as 
their  long  lost  brother.  The  next  day  he  re- 
galed them  all  in  the  mill  where  he  was  bom, 
made  valuable  presents  to  his  relations,  and 
sent  the  miller's  only  son  to  Berlin,  who  af- 
terwards had  the  honour  of  propagating  the 
name  of  Bauer. 

Sonntag't  Rustian  Extracts. 


AITECDOTES  FKOM  THE  SAME  WORK. 

At  the  coronation  of  the  Tzars  formerly, 
which  very  much  resembled  those  of  the  Im- 
perial Greek  Court,  a  holy  ointment  was 
poured  on  the  head,  on  both  ears,  the  breast, 
tlie  shoulders,  the  arms,  and  on  the  hands  both 
inside  and  out.  As  the  ointment  was  consi- 
dered as  sacred,  the  Tzar  and  the  Patriarch 
were  not  allowed  to  wash  themselves  far  the 
next  seven  days  ! 

The  use  of  sealing-wax  was  not  introduced 
before  the  l6th  crntoiy  into  Russia,  and  was 
only  used  then  in  very  friendly  correspond* 
ence.  About  a  century  ago  a  Russian,  in  an 
ofHcial  capcity  at  Krasnojarsk,  in  Siberia,, 
-was  fined  fifty  roubles  because  he  had  sealed  a 
letter  to  his  niece  with  sealing-wax. 


In  a  letter  from  the  Taar  Alexis  Michaelo- 
vitsdi  to  Prince  Tscherkasky,  he  says,  "  The 
Prince  need  not  acknowledge  any  obligation, 
as  the  letter  was  written  in  black  ink,''*  Won- 
derful, to  a  person  ignorant  of  ancient  court 
etiquette !  In  the  earliest  times,  the  Greek 
Court  always  preferred  red  ink  ;  and  it  became 
to  much  in  use  among  the  Emperors,  that 
no  Imperial  rescript  was  valid  witnout  such  a 
•ignature.  *rhc  Tzars  had  introduced  this 
custom,  with  many  others,  from  Constant!- 
nople.  The  letter  is  dated  from  the  camp  be* 
foxe  So^lenak^  and  jprobahlT  (he  red  ink  was 


forgotten,  or  not  immediately  at  hand.    It  if 
in  the  possession  of  the  family. 

SALT  AND  ASHES,  INSTEAD  OF  SUGAR,  WITH 
TEA. 

We,  enlightened  Europeans,  are  not  the 
only  people  who  injure  our  constitutions  by 
warm  beverages;  for  this  strange  custom 
reigns  among  many  other  nations.  The  Mon- 
gols .and  Buraetes,  as  well  as  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Russian  provinces  bordering  on  China, 
are  extravagantly  fond  of  warm  liquors.  The 
rich  make  use  of  brick- tea,  which  is  pre- 
pared from  the  leaves  of  a  wild  shrub  in  the 
northern  provinces  of  China;  and  being 
formed,  with  the  help  of  tiie  blood  of  ani- 
mals, into  cakes,  receives  that  name.  The 
poorer  classes  drink  infusions  of  indigenous 
plants,  particularly  of  the  bilberry,  liquorice, 
and  a  very  aromatic  species  of  fern. 

To  render  these  beverajres  more  palatable 
and  nutritious,  they  soineiliiies  add  tat,  meal, 
butter,  or  niiik,  but  mostly  Kudsclur.  This 
is  a  kind  of  white  snlunatc  of  magnesia, 
which  the  Buraetes  like  the  better,  the  nearer 
it  approaches  to  urine  in  taste.  It  is  imme- 
diately boiled  with  the  tea,  or  has  been  pre- 
viously dissolved  in  tea-water;  and  renders 
the  be\'cragc  thick  and  soapy.  This  salt  is 
collectetl  in  the  greatest  abundance  around  the 
lake  of  Baikal.  The  Russians  lake  coujmon 
salt  with  their  tea,  and  in  lent  add  hemp-oil 
and  meal.  The  Buraetes,  on  the  contrary, 
are  so  accustomed  to  the  piquant  taste  of 
Kudschir,  that,  when  it  is  not  to  be  pro- 
cured, they  bum  in  a  pan  rotten  brick- v.ood, 
or  the  brown  bark  of  that  tree,  and  put  the 
ashes  which  contain  carbonate  of  pot-ash  into 
the  tea.  This  addition  is  called  Schutla,  and 
often  causes  incurable  disorders. 


PATRIOTISM   OP  A   RUSSIAN   DRUMMER. 

About  fifty  yeara  ago,  the  Baschkirs  re- 
volted. Near  Krasno-lJmmske  (in  the  go- 
vernment of  Perm)  they  had  cut  in  pieces 
some  companies  of  dragoons,  and  devised  to 
take  by  treachery  the  fortress  of  At«chitskaja. 
They  dressed  themselves  in  the  uniforais  of 
the  dragoons,  mounted  their  horses,  and 
marched  towards  the  fortress.  To  keep  uj> 
the  ruse  of  being  really  Russians,  they  had 
spared  a  drummer,  whom  they  ordered  to 
play  the  dragoon  march.  On  approaching  the 
fortress,  the  gates  were  thrown  open  ;  whea 
the  drummer,  instead  of  the  march,  beat  the 
alarm.  The  garrison  then  perceived  the 
treachery,  and  prepared  for  resistance.  As 
the  Baschkirs  could  not  make  a  regular  attack, 
and  were  obli^  to  retreat,  tliey  cut  the  poor 
'dimmer  to  pieces !  His  fete  ne  might  have 
foreseen,,  ana  ilicrefore  his  voluntary  sacrifice 
was  the  more  praise*wortby. 

Digitized  by  CjOOQ IC 


11711 


On  M^ses  and  Oxen. 


[1572 


ACCOtlVTOFATUEATRICAL  REPRBSBNTATIOir 
AT  RIGA  Ur  THE  TBIRTBBKTIB  CENTURY. 

History  only  mentions  one  of  the  methocU 
adopted  by  tlie  priests  of  instructing  the  people. 
It  bsinguiarenoughy  but  certainly  not  the  woist 
of  those  times.  It  would  be  difRcult  to  find 
any  German  company  of  corned  ian9  contem- 
porary with  thatatlliga.  In  1204,  apiece 
was  performed  there  entitled  •*  An  Epitome 
of  the  Old  and  New  TesUment  dramatized." 
-~Ti»is  was  given  with  a  view  of  converting 
the  heathen,  partly  tx>  confirm  proselytes  in 
their  new  fpligion  through  the  pleasure  of  the 
senses,  and  partly  to  instruct  them  in  the 
history  of  it.  mptizcd  and  heathen  Liflanders 
flocked  in  great  numbers  to  the  theatre,  and 
an  interpreter  explained  the  piece  to  them. 
It  was  proba.bly  in  Latin ;  and  neijrly  in  the 
taste  of  those  biblical  representaticTiS  per- 
formed in  France  and  Germany  during  the 
l6th  and  17th  centuries.  Tlie  nuud^er  of 
actors  must  have  been  considerable  (perhaps 
the  cha)>ter  and  the  whole  order  were  the 
Dramatis  PersoncB),  as  battles  were  intro- 
duced from  the  hlstoiy  of  Gideon,  David, 
and  Hemd.  But  the  first  outset  was  near 
being  attended  with  serious  conscciuences. 
When  the  Israelites,  unr!«r  Gideon,  were 
attacking  the  Midianttes,  liij  heathen  part  of 
the  audience  thought  that  the  combatants 
meant  to  foil  upon  them^  they  t.i  !»'*ore 
fought  i!i«ir  safety  in  flight :  but  when  they 
were  convinced  of  their  erroY,  and  had  return- 
ed, the  piece  was  concluded. 

Pieces  of  a  like  nature  were  aftenvards  pre- 
valent in  all  parts  of  Europe  5  some  of  them 
will  hereafter  furnish  entertainment  to  our 
readers. 


ACCOUNT   OF  THE   ORDER    OF  THE    HOLT 
ALEXAVDBIt  VEWSKOt. 

■  It  was  instituted  by  Peter  the  Great  in 
1722,  but  he  died  before  any  knights  were 
inrcsied  with  it.  The  first  installatioQ  was 
by  Catherine  I.  in  Jimc,  1725,  at  the  nui>- 
tials  of  the  Duke  of  Holstein  with  the  Prin- 
cess Anne.  The  ribband  is  dark  red,  and  the 
cross  of  red  enamel  with  golden  eagles ;  in 
the  centre  oval  is  the  figure  of  Alejcander  on 
horNclwck,  in  oliasfd  work.  The  star  is  of 
silver,  with  the  initials  S.  A.  fSanr/us  Alex- 
amkr)  ;  the  motto,  Principibug  patritp. 
The  order  i*  given  to  no  one  below  the  rank 
of  a  i  Jwiti-iu'int  General,  in  the  court  al* 
inanacU  of  i/J^f).  there  were  132  knights, 
anion.;  whom  aie  tlie  Kings  of  Prussia  and 
Sweden.  The  annivcmarj^  is  on  the  30th  of 
August,  Old  Stvle,  aud  is  celebrated  with 
great  rrjoicint>?i  in  l!»e  most  considerAbl«»  towns 
in  Riusia.  'I'he  Ernpn^s  gcncnJIy  prcceedt 
ffu  iuot  that  day  to  \Xw  conV«at. 


ACCOUNT  OF  A  FEMALE   ORDER    IN    SIBERIA. 
[from  GEOROI'S  TRAVEL^.] 

This  institution  is  in  the  Government  of 
Frkatzk,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  lake  <^ 
Baikal,  it  is  called  Bilbyrkyn^  and  appoint- 
ed for  women  who  have  buried  three  hus- 
bands. They  cannot  marry  again,  but  be- 
come Sisters.  Also  widows,  who  sun-ive 
their  first  or  second  husbands,  can  be  admit- 
ted, if  they  vow  never  to  marry  again.  TTiis 
may  be  very  easy  to  such  as  cannot  find  a 
lover.  Young  women  arc  not  received ;  as 
their  parents  sell  ihcm  to  their  husbands,  and 
consider  them  as  a  capilai  that  is  to  produce  a 
certain  interest,  before  it  is  |<ut  into  the 
funds* 

The  order  is,  a  band  made  of  silk,  velvet, 
or  of  a  silver-stuff,  mostly  ornamented  with 
coral ;  it  hangs  across  the  shoulder.  Three 
round  pieces  of  the  same  are  attached  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  order,  on  whidi  are  some- 
times festened  coins.  The  Sisters  have  the 
credit  of  sanctity.  All  the  hair  they  oomb  off 
their  heads  is  braided  mto  tresses,  and  pmin- 
to  the  bag  which  contains  the  Lares,  or  idob. 
These  are  images  understood  to  represent  their 
deceased  husbands. 


ON  horses  and  OXl^N  USED  IN  FARMXKO. 

In  our  last  Number  we  inserted  a  calcula- 
tion of  the  number  of  horses  maintained  in 
Great  Britain.  The  superiority  of  bofscs 
over  oxen  for  the  purposes  of  agriculture  hat 
been  considered  as  undeniable  by  some  prac- 
tical men  y  but,  as  it  is  no  more  than  fair  to 
consider  what  may  be  said  on  the  other  side 
of  the  question,  we  insert  the  folloAving  arti- 
cle, taken  from  a  provincial  publication.  The 
subject  is  of  some  importance  to  the  Publie : 
but  is  not  Ukely  to  unite  all  opinions  in  the 
pi:esent  stage  of  die  discussions  which  it  lias 
occasioned. 

"  A  South  Down  iarmer  in  the  ocigfiboiir- 
hood  of  Lewes,  who  uses  land  to  the  amount 
of  about  ^500  |)eT  annum,  is  so  sensible  of  the 
ad\'antagcs  which  are  to  be  derived  in  agricui- 
tural  pursuits  from  the  employment,  of  oxen 
instead  of  horses,  that  he  has  not  one  of  the 
latter  in  keeping  upoti  his  whole'  farm.  We 
know  that  many  experimental  and  well- 
informed  farmers  have  expressed  their  doabts 
strongly  upon  this  subject ;  but  if  any  confi* 
dence  is  to  be  placed  in  the  following  comns- 
rativc  and  important  statement,  we  thmk 
they  must  become  converts  to  a  (jractiee  from 
the  general  adoption  of  which  the  greatest 
national  benefits  mi^t  be  derived. 

Oxen  will  draw  the  plough  on  tough  <^yey 
soils,  and  hilly  lands,  while  horses  stand 
still ;  and  though  it  must,  in  son^e  instances* 
be  admitted,  that  the  preference  is  due  to  the 
horse,  which,  on  light  i^round,  will  'wock 


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1273] 


Curious  Maehincry. 


UV* 


faster,  and  for  carriage  possesses  more  suita- 
ble activity,  yet  when  the  jrrcat  difference  of 
maintenance  is  taken  into  the  account,  these 
are  but  minor  considerations. 

Oxen  are  supjx^rtcd  at  a  small  expencc,  the 
price  of  two  horses  being  computed  equiva- 
lent to  that  of  nine  oxen  ;  whose  foodciuring 
Ihe  sununer  consists  merely  of  grass,  and  in 
the  winter  of  slraw ;  upon  which  provender 
they  will  perform  moderate  bbour,  and  when 
hard  worked  require  in  acklition  a  Utile  hav. 
On  the  contrary,  the  food  of  horses  generally 
is  hay,  oats,  beans,  &c. 

Tne  number  of  cart-horses  constantly  em- 
ployed in  Gn;at  Britain  is  calculated  at 
500,000,  of  which  300,000  are  allowed  by 
the  most  competent  judges  to  be  superfluous. 
These  consume  daily,  upon  an  average,  dur- 
ing nine  months  in  the  year,  a  peck  of  com 
each,  which  amounts  to  sixty-three  bushels 
per  horse  per  annum  j  that  is,  allowing 
It  to  be  wheat,  and  giving  a  quartern  loaf  per 
week  to  each  person,  computing  only  twelve 
loaves  to  the  bushel,  as  much  com  as  would 
supnort  seven  persons ;  so  that  300,000  su- 
perfluous horses,  moderately  fed,  require  for 
their  support  a  quantity  of  corn  sufficient  to 
maintain  2,100,000  persons ;  which  number, 
if  the  inhabitants  ot  Great  Britiiia  auiount 
to  ten  millions,  is  nearly  one-fourth  of  the 
whole  population. 

Warwick,  Dec,  27,  1806. 


CURIOUS  MACHINERY. 

Having  in  some  of  our  former  numbers  alluded 
to  the  extensive  employment  of  machinery,  and 
its  effects,  we  presume  that  it  may  be  inte- 
resting to  know  to  what  extent  the  prrnciples 
and  performances  of  machines  may  be  carried. 
The  subject  is  important  under  several  views. 

1.  As  it  respects  the  immediate  members  of 
^y  craft  enga^  in  producing  by  hand  that 
article  which  is  to  find  a  market  m  the  world 
at  large.  If  this  article  was  of  limited  use, 
and  restricted  to  the  nation  wherein  it  is  made, 
very  specious  objections  might  be  raised 
Agamst  the  employment  of  machinery.  This 
becomes  still  more  evident,  if  we  suppose  that 
•nly  a  single  town,  or  a  family,  were  to  be 
supplied  ;  for,  in  this  case,  why  produce  more 
than  is  wanted  ?  2.  As  it  respects  the  wel- 
fare of  a  community  wherein  such  machines 
abound ;  and  the  general  effect  which  they 
are  likely  to  produce,  when  distributed  every- 
where and  m  full  operation.  3.  The  con- 
f  traction  of  machines  affords  a  subject  of  in- 
terest to  whoever  delights  in  beholding  the 
effects  of  intelli^nce.  Bodily  labour,  task  it 
never  so  severely,  can  only  accomplish  so 
much ;  but  let  the  rational  powers  be  cdled 
in,  let  mind  be  consulted,  and  the  powers  of 
bodily  labour  arc  lost  in  the  comparison. — 
Mind   itself  does  not  perform  accumulated 


labours^  but  it  enables  other  power  a 
90  to  do:  it  contfoiUs  their  action^  seg- 
ments or  diminishes  it,  varies  it,  changes  it» 
and  sometimes  even  leveraes  it.  It  derives 
from  their  obedience  every  result  which  bodi- 
ly labour  can  produce,  and  multiplies  these 
resvdts  almost  iniinitely.  It  realizes  the  an- 
cient fable  of  Bi  iarcus  with  his  hundred  hands, 
all  of  them  directed  by  the  volition  of  a  iinglc 
head.  It  diffuses  actions  of  which  it  is  itself 
the  principle,  and  gives  all  but  hte  to  inani- 
mate masses  of  wood  or  metal.  Nothin^j 
short  of  absolute  impossibility  can  resist  its 
endeavours.  The  following  may  serve  as  au 
instance : — 
(Trom  Macphcrson^s  Annals  of  Commerce.) 

In  1797>  the  manufacturing  interests  of 
Great  Britain  sustauied  a  very  heavy,  and  (as 
,  it  has  nnce  turned  out)  perhaps,  an  irreparable 
loss,  in  the  death  of  Mr.  Stephen  Doliguou, 
the  ingenious  inventor  of  a  hishly*  improved 
kind  of  weaving  machinery,  adapted  to  the 
manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  staffs,  frooi  tho 
coarsest  to  the  finest,  and  from  the  narrowest 
to  the  broadest  'Die  looms  may  be  wrought 
by  the  power  of  Avind,  water,  steam,  weights, 
or  animal  strength :  and  they  differ  from  all 
other  weaving  machinery*  in  possessinz  (if  I 
may  be  allowed  the  phr<ise)  an  instinctive  ca- 
pacity of  knowing  when  any  thread  of  the 
warp  or  weft  is  oroken ; '  in  which  case  tha 
loom,  wherein  such  an  accident  has  hap- 
pened, ceases  its  motion^  while  the  others^ 
actuated  by  the  same  moving  power,  uroceed 
in  their  work ;  thereby  calling  upon  the  per- 
son attending  it  to  repair  the  damagp,  which 
being  done,  it  immediately  goes  on  as  before. 
Six  of  these  looms  may  with  ease  be. attended 
by  a  girl  of  fifteen  years  of  age,  or  by  an  in- 
firm or  aged  person  of  either  sex. 

This  invention  possesses  the  important  ad- 
vantage over  most  other  species  of  machinery, 
for  the  abridgment  of  labour,  that  the  general 
use  of  it  can  give  ito  alarm  to  the  people  en- 
gaged in  the  inanoal  fabrication  of  the  goods 
which  may  be  made  by  it  if  the  art  is  laid 
open  to  the  public  ^  for  a  weaver  who  has  beeii 
accustomed  to  work  upon  one  loom  may,  as 
the  expence  of  the  machinery  is  moderate, 
easily  set  up  six  looms,  to  be  wrought  by 
weights  or  other  moving  power,  and  immedi- 
ately furnish  she  times  as  much  cloth,  at  half 
the  former  |>rice  of  weaving,  and  earn  three 
times  as  much  as  before. 

His  increased  profits  may  enable  him  very 
soon  to  set  up  six  more,  to  be  attended  by  his 
wife,  or  his  children  -y  and  so  he  may  proceed 
till  he  is  master  of  a  srcat  factory. 

Thus  the  use  of  this  machinery,  instead  of 
threatening  tiiem  with  the  lo^s  of  cuq)Iny- 
mcnt,  may  in  the  verj-  first  instatici?  i>c  a 
blessing,  and  a  fund  of  wealth  to  the  British 
operative  weavers,  who  need  only  sucii  assist- 
ance to  counteract  the  euQrpious  cxpencs  of 

aT3 

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1275] 


Curious  Machinery , 


tiaTe 


living,  to  enable  them  to  become  the  maiiu- 
facturers  for  the  whole  world. 

This  itiost  useful  invention,  which  crownS 
«nd  completes  what  Arkwright*s  machinery 
becan,  would,  'ere  now,  have  enabled  the 
British  manufacturer  \o  bring  cotton  from  its 
raw  state,  as  it  dropped  from  the  weighing 
engine,,  to  a  finished  web  tit  for  immediate 
use,  all  by  the  agency  of  a  quiet  and  cheap 
working  machinery,  bad  the  inventor  been 
spared  10  establish  his  works  on  a  scale  suffi- 
ciently exten^^ivc.  But  this  friend  of  man- 
kind 'died  February  7,  1797»  w)on  after  he 
had  brought  his  machinery  to  a  state  of  pcr- 
feciiou  satisfactory  to  himself^  who,  had  he 
flourished  in  ancient  times,  would  have  been 
honoured  with  statues  and  altars,  now  lies  in 
a  village  church-yard  (Bcdjes,  near  Hertford) 
■without  an  inscription  to  record  his  merits, 
or  even  his  name. 

A  note  in  the  same  page  contains  t!he  fol- 
lowing additional  information :— - 

A  relation  whom  Mr.  Dolignou  instructed, 
■with  a  view  to  make  him  his  pariner  and  suc- 
cessor in  the  business,  understands  the  con- 
struction and  use  of  the  machinery ;  and 
there  are  many  young  women,  now  dispersed 
in  service  and  other  employments,  whom  he 
taught  to  work  on  the  looms :  it  is,  there- 
fore, not  yet  too  late  for  any  who  feel  them- 
selves called  upon  by  motives  of  patriotism, 
philanthropy,  or  interest,  to  act  as  the /rt/flr- 
dians  of  British  mamifqctures,  to  produce 
beneficial  and  reputable  employment  to  young 
women,  or  to  improve  their  own  fortunes  by 
a  most  profitable  branch  of  industry,  to  re- 
scue this  oq^hata  manufacture  from  annihila- 
tion, and  to  nurse  it  up  to  maturity  an^ 
strength,  with  great  benefit  to  themselves, 
and  incalcidable  advantages  to  the  commerce, 
the  wealth,  and  the  power  of  Great  Britain. 


MACHINERY  FOR  MAKING  PAPER. 

In  proof  of  the  extensive  power  of  machi- 
nery, we  add  the  following  instance  in  the 
manufacto^-  of  paper,  as  recently  improved, 
and  conducted  by  j-iatent,  by  Messrs.  Foudri- 
nier,  who  th\is  express  themselves  : — 

*'  It  is  not  a  little  remarkable,  that  an  art 
of  so  much  consequence  to  society  as  that  of 
the  paper-maker  should  have  remained  with- 
out any  mechanical  improvement  till  within 
a  few  years  past. 

«*  From  the  firi?t  discovery  of  the  funda- 
mental principle  of  our  meclianical  process, 
till  its  arrival  at  its  prticnt  high  degree  of  per- 
fect i<m,  we  have  been  incessantly  engagca  on 
its  improvement.  We  have  pursued  this  in- 
teresting national  object,  during  five  years  of 
experimental  investigation,  at  an  expense  so 
great  as  would  have  discouraged  most  'men. 


na 


and  even  ruined  any  fortune  of  looderate  cz^ 
tent.  Our  confidence  in  the  principle  has 
supported  us,  under  long  continued  exer- 
tions aild  much  anxiety  of  mind  :  it  has  enn 
couraged  us  to  spare  no  charge  in  obtaining 
the  first  mechanical  skill  to  organize  and  dis- 
se  its  component  parts ;  and  our  success 
as  at  last  exceeded  our  most  sanguine  ex- 
pectations. 

**  Our  first  machine  was  constructed  at  our 
mill  at  Frogmoor ;  we  erected  a  second  upon 
our  mill  at  Two  Waters  adjoining,*  on  a 
larger  scale;  and  have  lately  built  a  third 
mill  at  St.  Neots,  where  two  machioes  of 
still  greater  magnitude  will  shortly  be  com* 
pleted.  The  excellent  performance  of  the 
two  machines,  which  have  been  in  a  state  oC 
activity  for  the  supply  of  the  market  for  a 
considerable  time  pe^t,  has  completely  estab- 
lished the  proofs  which  a  method,  so  differ- 
ent from  tne  former  mode,  would  naturally 
demand.  By  this  new  art,  we  manuficiiBe 
pper  of  a  width  befote  unknown*  and  of 
unlimited  length,  in  a  state  of  very  high  per- 
fection, and  of  any  thickness,  from  bank- 
post  to  that  of  paste-board.  The  simplicity, 
speed,  and  power  of  our  machines,  render 
tnem  of  the  highest  value  to  the  manufoctD- 
rei,  and  have  excited  the  admiration  of  every 
professional  and  6cienti^c  inan,  who  has  seen 
them  at  work. 

**  *rhc  machine  performs  the  work  of  six 
vats  in  fourteen  or  nfteen  hoqrs.  The  pro- 
prietor whose  business  requires  the  labour  of 
only  one,  tjyo,  or  three  vats,  wiU  be  able  to 
complete  his  quantity  of  work  in  a  propor- 
tionate number  of  hours  each  day  t  theretore, 
the  same  men  who  have  already  attended  the 
machine  will  easily  do  the  duty  of  sizers,  drv- 
workers,  finishers,  &c.  The  proprietor  wiU 
thus  conduct  his  bus.iness  upon  a  very  reduced 
establishment,  as  well  as  economical  arrange- 
ment; the  savings,  as  appears  in  the  esd- 
mate,  being  at  least  £'^iyQ  ii|Hm  each  vat  an- 
nually. 

«*  The  proprietors  must  material^  benefit 
from  being  able  to  suspend  their  mills  as 
often,  and  for  as  long  a  perio<)  as  they  please, 
without  being  subject  tO  the  difficulty  which 
masters  frequently  encounter,  in  procuring 
suitable  journeymen  when  they  desire  to  re- 
sume business.  The  machine  requires  only 
the  attendance  of  fouj[  men,  who  need  not  be 
acquainted  with  the  manufacturing  process, 
but  who  can  be  taught  their  duty  in  a  few 
days.  Heretofore,  when  a  mill  was  stopped 
by  an  accident  to  the  wheel  or  geers,  or  from 
any  other  cause,  a  very  great  ex  pence  wa^ 
incurred,  by  a  multipircitv  of  hands  reoor-; 
ing  wages  although  junempk>yed.. 

♦  Frogmoor  and  Two  Waters  are  conti* 
gnous  to    Hemel-Heuips^d^    id  Hertfeid* 

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History  of  ike  MM  Prlnd,  an  Italian  Adventurer. 


tiays 


**  The  machine  possesses  another  peculiar 
advantage,  by  making  good  papers  from 
pulp  which  has  been  beat  for  a  shorter  time 
than  that  which  is  used  at  the  vat  j  and  this 
U  one  reason  that  much  more  work  is  done  in 
less  time. 

**  From  the  great  pressure  which  the  pa- 
per receives,  it  dries  very  quickly,  therefore 
thi*  proprietor  will  get  his  gootls  round  and 
dispiVed  of  mucii  sooner  than  hitherto;  con- 
sequently, employ  his  capital  to  greater  ad- 
vantage. 

**  VV'c  engao^e  to  deliver  in  nine  months,  or 
sooner  if  possible,  from  the  day  on  which  the 
order  i-.  received,  a  machine  complete,  such 
as  will  protluce  in  twelve  hours  the  same 
quantity  of  work  as  five  vats.  The  paper 
will  be  without  any  mark  of  water  drops  or 
water  bubbles,  and  equal  in  manufacture  to 
that  w»iich  is  made  daily  in  our  milU  at  Two 
Waters  and  Fn^aioor.  "  We  do  not  engage  to 
deliver  the  stuH-cliest,  water-wheel,  or  to 
bear  the  expences  attending  the  fall.  We 
further  engage  to  furnish  correct  plans  for  the 
construction  of  tiic  stuit-chcst,  water-wheel, 
and  fall,  and  to  point  out  such  wo?kmen  as 
are  fully  competent  to  carry  those  plans  into 
execution. 

**  Specimens  may  be  seen,  of  e\'ery  sub- 
stance, quality, 'and  dimonaions." 

•**  In  a  mill  containing  ti\e  vats  ten  men 
may  do  the  work  of  thirty,  as  done  at  the 
mills  of  the  former  construction. 

We  understand  the  inventor  of  this  inge- 
nious machinery  is  a  French  artist,  who  not 
findmg  sutficieni  encouragement  in  his  own 
country  came  to  England,  and  offered  it  to 
the  present  proprietors.  It  mav,  perhaps,  be 
proper  to  inform  our  readers,  that  the  I'rench 
fcrovernmcnt,  though  aware  of  its  utility, 
would  not,  or  eoul<l  not,  give  that  j^ecuniary 
assistance  necessar}'  for  the  final  completioii 
of  such  an  extensive  undertaking  j  as,  accord- 
ing to  their  present  system,  every  thing  is  sa- 
crificed in  maif^ce  country  to  the  splendor  of 
the  military,  the  maintenance  of  the  senate, 
and  the  public  functionaries,  and  the  protec- 
tion of  that  immense  system  of  esplonnase 
which  perva<les  every  spot  of  the  Great  Na- 
tion, and  which,  notwithstanding  represen- 
tations to  the  contrary,  Bonaparte  has  found 
absolutely  necessary  for  h»s  satety  to  support, 
and  which  swallows  up  all  the  resources  of 
the  jot-rf/ACw/ republic.  In  short,  commerce 
and  trade'  there  find  no  encounigement : 
here  they  **  sitenthroDCd>'  giving  audiuice  to 
the  world.'* 

PRIKTING-MACHIKERT. 

'  An  ingenious  foreigner,  a  German  weberieve, 
has  lately  submitted  to  an  eminent  printer  in 
I>ondon  a  pbh  by  which  thai  part  of  the  print- 
ing business  which  is  confineil  to  the  press, 
jnay  be  performed  without  re(j»iiring  the  assis- 
tance of^mofe  than  a  boy  to  each  machine, 
which  at  present  eiaployi  two  workman.-— 


The  machine  is  so  constructed,  that  the  im- 
pression of  each  sheet  is  invariably  the  same* 
the  ink  being  always  distributed  in  equal 
Quantity,  and  with  the  greatest  nicety,  over 
the  face  of  the  tyjje,  and  thereby  is  free  from 
those  blemishes  which,  from  the  carelessness 
of  the  workmen,  we  have  hi^rto  too  oftea 
met  with,  even  in  the  best  executed  works. 
The  plan,  we  understand,  has  been  submit- 
ted to  the  Imperial  nrintins-office  at  Vienna, 
and  is  about  to  be  auopted  uiere. 

PRINTING  TYPES  STRUCK   BY  MACHIVBRr. 

We  also  learn  that  an  invention  for  form- 
ing the  types  used  in  printing,  with  an  accu- 
racy of  tbrm  superior  to  any  now  cast,  and  at 
an  inconsiderable  proportion  of  the  expence, 
is  in  progress,  under  the  management  of  an 
eminent  type-founder  in  this  city.  The  pro- 
perty is  secured  by  patent,  and  specimens  are  - 
ex|)ccted  speedily  to  appear.  The  nature  of 
the  machine,  with  its  powers,  will  soon  be 
communicated  to  the  public. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  AUBB   PRIMr,    AK  ITALIA|r 
ADVETrrCRBR  INTHECOURT  OF  LOUIS  XIV. 

The  Abb^  Prim  i  was  bom  at  Bologna  t 
and  was  the  son  of  a  capmaker.  Beside  a  gooa 
fijfure,  he  possessed  a  lively  wit>  and^a  deter- 
mined a'solution  to  make  his  fortune.  With 
this  intention  he  came  into  France,  and  at 
Lyons  took  his  place  in  the  diligence  for 
Paris.  One  of  his  fellow-travellers  happened 
to  be  a  man  of  talent,  named  Duval,  who 
took  a  liking  to  Primi.  Among  the  travel- 
lers was  one  whose  person  was^  so  offensive, 
that  the  others  heartily  wished  to  get  rid  of 
him.  Duval  attempted  this  service,  and 
making  use  of  Primi»  after  harins  concerted 
the  scheme  together,  he  inquiseu  of  Primi 
w  hethcr  any  credit  might  be  given  to  the  ru* 
mour  current  in  France,  that  tliere  were  per- 
sons in  Italy  who  could  foretell  what  would 
hapjjen  to  an  individual  by  only  seeing  his 
hand-writingi  Primi  answered,  that  al- 
though he  could  not  take  upon  him  to  alfirm 
the  absolute  infallibility  of  this  art,  yet  it 
was  often  practised  successfully  ;  ai^d  that  he 
himself  having  made  this  kind  of  study  an 
amusement,  harl  seldom  failed, of  informing 
persons,  from  the  inspection  of  their  hand- 
writing, what  actually  had  happened,  or 
what  would  happen  to  them. 

Duvaf  appenrm^  somewhat  emboldened  by 
the  modesty  ^f  Pnmi,  shewed  him  his  hand- 
writing. After  having  carefully  examined  it, 
the  Italian  enumerate,  at  great  length,  a 
variety  of  extraordinary  events,  diseases,  sue* 
cessions,  and  gallantries:  these  Duval  ac- 
knowledged to  be  true  as  to  the  past,  and 
therefore  he  trusted  in  the  truth  of  what  was 
foretold  him. '  llie  other  travelLen  also  sub- 
mitted their  writing  to  the  inspection  of  Primi, 
who  related  to  them  what  had  already  be- 
^leu  them,'  which  tliey  atikiiowledged,  and 
2T4 

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1279]     '^'^^^-    History  of  the  jihhi  Primiy  an  Italian  Adventurer. 


[I2M 


foretold  what  tiwaited  them,  which  they  af- 
fected to  believe.  The  stinkard,  surprised  at 
what  he  had  heanl,  spurred  on  by  his  curio- 
sity, and  convinced  by  the  succci^  of  Priini, 
shewed  him  his  hand-writing,  intrcaling  his 
prediction  of  what  awaited  him.  Primi's 
countenance  fell  in  perusing  it,  and  he  re-^ 
turned  the  paper  saying  only,  that  **  he 
hoped  he  was  mistaken.*'  The  party  so  stroOg- 
)y  urged  further  explanation,  that  Primi  at 
length  acknowledged,  that  the  journey  he 
was  the|l  taking  would,  prove  fetal  to  "him, 
and  that'  he  Would  be '  assassinated  at  Paris, 
liesides  being  infective,  as  already  mentioned, 
this  man  was  suspicious  and  cowardly.  .  He 
reflected  on  the  predictions  he  had  heard,  and 
fearing  to  come  to  an  untimely  end,  he  quit- 
ted the  carriage,  and  returned  to  his  home. 

Delightefl  with  the  riddance,  and  the  suc- 
cess of  the  plan,  Duval  complimented  Primi, 
adding,  that  his  talents  coula  not  fail  of  at- 
taining distinction,  if  he  would  follow  a  course 
th^t  might  be  trace<l  out  for  him.  Primi 
promised  docility,  and  Duval,  whert  arrived 
at  Paris,  presented  him  to  the  Abb^  de  la 
Raume,  afterwards  Archbishop  of  d'Hm- 
brun,    who   was    a  handsome  man,  '  with 

Pleasing  manners,  and  a  well*6ultivatecl  mind^ 
le  was  also  well  received  among  the  women, 
and  ©f  very  general  acquaintance  with  them, 
especially  with  Henrietta  of  England. 

The  Abbd  de  la  Baume,  after  several  con- 
i\prence^  with  Primi,  perceiving  in  his  cun- 
ning, in  his  boldness,  even  in  his  jargon  com- 
pNOunded  of  Italian  and  French,  the  male- 
rials  for  imposition,  shut  hiin  up  during  six 
weeks,  without  suffering  him  to  see  any  b(;dy 
but  the  Duke  de  Vendome,  and  the  Great- 
prior  of  France,  his  brother,  to  .whom  he 
introduced  him.  They  eniploycd  the  time 
of  this  seclusion  in  teaching  the  Italian  the 
genealogies  of  the  principal  persons,  their 
connections,  friendships,  amours,  rivalships, 
hatreds,  &c.  and  when  they  thought  him 
sufficiently  instructed,  the  Abb^  de  la  Baume 
reported  among  his  acquaintance  that  he 
knew  ffn  Italian  to  whom  the  past  and  the 
future  were  perfectly  well  known,  merely 
from  a  sight  of  the  hand-writing.  Men  and 
women,  the  court  and  the  citv,  crowded  to 
Primi,  and  all  returned  astonished  at  his  an- 
swers, belie\'ing  what  he  foretold  of  the  fu- 
ture, on  the  strength  of  what  he  revealed  of 
the  past.  The  Countess  of  Soissons,  especi- 
ally, patronized  him,  and  having  a  strong 
inclination  to  intrigue,  it  is  extremely  urobable 
that  she  entered  into  this  ot  Primi.  Madamfe 
of  France  visited  Primi,  who  related  to  her 
with'great  particularity  the  e\'enis  of  her  life ; 
andeven  spoke  without  reserve  of  her  then 
connectioiw  with  the'  Comte  dp  Quiche, 
which  •  so  effectually  surprised  h^r,  that  she 
described  Brimi  to  tfie  King  as  a  most  extra- 
ordinary man^    and  pressed  his  Majesty  u> 


send  his  hand-writing  for  his  opinion.  Afier 
repeated  solicitations,  Louis  gave  a  billet  ap- 
parently of  his  own  wriring,  which  Madame 
instantly  communicated  to  Primi,  who,  oa 
seeine  it,  pronounced  it  to  be  the  w  riting  of 
an  old  miser,  of  a  curmud^on,  of  a  maD,  in 
short,  incapable  of  any  thm^  handsome  aod 
becoming. 

The  astonishment    of   Madame  was  ex- 
treme, at  finding  her  fortune-teller  thus  mis- 
taken ;  she  took  away  the  billet,  assuring  him 
that  for  once  he  was  completely  wrong,  bat 
the  Italian  maintained  that  he  was  perfectly 
correct,     Madame  gave  the  billet  back  to  twe 
King,    repeating  the  aftinnation  of    Priaii. 
The  monarch  was  astonished  in  his  tuni,  ao4 
the  more,  as  this  billet  which  he  had  given  as 
his  own  writing,  was,  in  fact,  the  writing 
of  M.   le  Pr6ident  Rose,    sccreuiy  of  the. 
cabinet,  who  so  well  counterfeited  ihe  hand* 
writing  of  Louis,    that  the   King  ocnnmis- 
sioned   him  to  answer  many  things,  whicb 
answers  he  intended  should  pass  for  his  own 
writing.     This  Primi  knew  from  M.  de  Ven- 
dome; and,  moreover,  M.  Rose  was  accused 
of    all  the    faults  with   which    Priini    had 
charged  the  writer  of  the  billet. 
'    The  King,  intent  on  clearing  np  the  m^ 
tery,    directed    Bontemps,    his     confidenUal 
valet  de  chambre,  to  bring  the  Italian    the 
next  day  into  his  cabinet,  whom  he  thos  ad- 
dressed :  '*  Primi,  I   have  only  two  wonb  to 
say — your  secret — which  I  will  pay  for  with 
a   pension  of  two  thousand  livres— or  else — 
hanging!*'  '  The  pension  having  more  attrac- 
tions for  the  Italian  than  the  cord,  he  divert- 
ed the  King  with  the'  history  of  his  depa'rtuie 
from  Bologna,  his  adventure  in  the  Lyons 
coach,  the  expulsion  of  his  offensive  feuow- 
travelier,  his  connection^  with*  Duval,   those 
with  the  Abbd  de  la  Baume,  and  Messrs.  da 
Vendome,  his  six  weeks  seclusion  ;  in  sho^ 
the  whole  secret  of  his  preparation,  and  tht 
various  pleasant  scenes  which  t]^is  '  assunic<^ 
chara?ter  had  opened  to  him,'  with  whatever 
else  the  King  desired  to  know.     After  this 
interview  witli  the  Italian,  the  King' went  to 
the  Qaeen*s  apartment,   and  there  reported 
before  the  whole  court,  "  After  hiAvin^*^long^ 
resisted  the  request  that  I  would  see  Prmil^  7 
have  at  la^  viekied,  and  am  just  come  ffom 
this  extraordinary  man,  and  I  most  acknow^ 
led^e,    that  he  has  been  telling  me  things 
which  no  being  of  his  kind  has  ever  befuiq 
revealed   to  any  body."    AH  the  world  per- 
ceived in  this  repohof  his  Ms^esty  additional 
proofs  of  the  singular  jwwers  of  Primi ;  hn 
reputation  increase<f,  an4  with  it  his  czpoc* 
tations  of  fortune.*  *     ■•      '    « 
'  The  Abb^  ^primi  conUnued  this  Reception 
some  time :  he  afterwards  attempted  to  oo6upy 
a'  more  serious  situatioii,  b^*  writing  the  his- 
tory of  the  actious  of  Loms  XIV.  Lonvoi^ 
permitted  hiia  to  accompaoy  the  ariny  m  tlai 


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llSll         Description  of  the  Shawls  of  Cashmlre,  and  of  the  Sheep,  tsfc,  fl^®* 


war  against  the  Dutdi.  He  composed  the 
history  of  the  first  campaign,  Wnich  was 
printed  ia  Italian^  This  litue  book  is  sufBci- 
ently  ill-written,  but  is  remarkable  for  de- 
tailing too  minutely  not  to  be  understood  the 
private  negociations  between  Charles  II.  of 
England  and  his  sister,  concluded  by  th(i  pro- 
foundly secret  treaty  of  Dover,  lOjO.  This 
transaction  had  been  kept  so  perfectly,  that 
M.  de  Croissi,  then  minister  for  foreign  af- 
fairs, no  sooner  saw  this  book,  than,  struck 
with  the  no\'elty,  he  brought  it  to  the  Coun- 
cil. The  King  affected  surprise,  sent  Prinii 
to  the  BasuHe,  seized  his  papers,  &c.  This 
was  in  July  1682 ;  but  in  JJecember  Primi 
was  released,  and  at  Quitting  his  prison  re- 
ceived an  ample  gratihcation  paid  down. — 
ITius  did  Louts  vent  his  spite  agiinst  his  for- 
mer intimate,  Charles,  who  was  now,  by 
the  voice  of  hi^  people  and  his  parliament, 
detaciied  from  his  subjection  to  the  French 
Monarc|ue. 

Primi  afterwards  changed  his  name,  called 
himself  Visconti,  Comte  de  Saint  Mayol 
and  Ammonlo.  Under  this  name  he  is  men- 
tioned by  the  poet  J.  B.  Rousseau.  He  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  the  celebrated  printer 
Frederic  Leonard;  and  lived  at  Paris. 


A 


PESCRIPTION  OP  THE  SHAWLS  OF  CASH- 
MIRE,  AND  OP  THE  ANIMALS  WHICH  PUR- 
yiSH  THE  MATERIALS  FOR  THAT  MANU- 
PACTURE  :  WITH  THE  HISTORY  OF  THEIR 
TREATMENT,    WOOL,    &C. 

Ffom  the  French  of  M.  Legoux  de  Flatx, 
The  wool  of  the  Cashmire  sheep,  known 
under  the  name  of  tousi,  is  the  most  beau- 
tiful and  silky  in  the  world,  as  is  proved  by 
the  shawls  which  arc  procured  from  lliat 
country.  The  word  shawl  expresses  a  veii 
for  the  head,  in  the  idiom  of  the  Cashmi- 
rians.  This  veil  is  made  of  wool,  which  is 
90  very  soft  that  it  might  easily  be  mistaken 
tox  silk.  Cashmire  is  one  of  tlie  mo6t  aaree- 
^bly  diversified  countries  on  the  face  of  the 
earth ;  it  is  an  epitome  of  all  other  climates. 
Those  plants  which  grow  between  the  tropics 
prosper  in  the  plains  and  on  the  sides  of  the 
nills  in  this  little  province,  and  ^t^ose  which 
4elight  in  the  northern  regions,  oceupy  the 
mountains  which  surround  it^'  whos^  sum- 
jfhitsare  covered  with  snow  during  the  greater 

eirt  of  the  year.  By  reason  of  ihis  variety, 
ashmire  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  coun- 
Uies  of  Uindoostan,  thougl>  that  country  it- 
^If  is  highly  favoured  by  nature. 

A  sky  constantly  pure  and  serene,  spark- 
ling nights,  continual  dews,  and  innumera- 
ble fountiins  and  sprinn,  which  stream 
around,  water  and  tcrtiUze  the  hills  and 
plains  of  this  delightful  region,  the  city  of 
^inagar,  situated  amid  the  most  fertile 
fieUs,  pieieofiai;  delightful  prospecu  in  end- 


less variety,  all  the  terraces  of  the  houses 
forming  so  mauy  gardens  suspended  in  the 
air,  as  history  describes  those  of  Semiramis.-^ 
Such  is  an  imperfect  idea  of  the  country. 

The  mountains  which  surround  Cashmire 
produce  spontaneously  the' most  beautiful 
platanes,  with  an  infinite  variety  of  aromatic 
vegetables,  fit  for  the  food  of  sheep ;  ther 
are  covererl  almost  all  the  year  long  wito 
thyme  and  marjoram. 

To  sudi  advantages  combined,  Cashmire 
owes  great  part  of  the  su|)eriority  of  its  wod^ 
and  the  beauty  of  its  flocks.  The  attentjoa 
of  those  who  keep  these  flocks,  with  certain 
practices  not  adopted  among  us,  complete  the 
advantages  which  nature  has  Lectin. 

The  sheep  of  Cashmire  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  its  kind :  the  mod  urn  lengUi  of 
these  animals  is  about  a()  lo  tO  inches,  the 
height  from  20  to  22  inches,  the  weight  about 
65  to  COlbs.  One  of  the  most  striking  cha- 
'  raclers  of  this  species  is,  a  sniail  head,  lively 
eyes,  the  forelop  somewhat  stilhsh,  thedew« 
lap  long  and  wrinkled,  llie  lambs  are 
bom  with  their  wool  crisped,  and  wreathed, 
but  on  the  back  it  is  110  more  tiian  curlings 
and  the  same  along  the  spine.  Each  ani« 
mal  yields,  one  with  another,  three  seers, 
of  30  ounces  each,  of  clean  wool,  for  it  it 
never  sold  till  washed ;  once  on  the  animal 
before  shearing,  and  again  in  the  mgpnfr 
I  shall  afterwands  dei>cribe. 

I'he  form  of  this  creature,  well  piopor* 
tioned  in  all  iu  ixirts,  gives  it  a  light»  ftee, 
and  easy  gait.  From  the  care  taken  in  rear- 
ing it,  it  derives  a  vigorous  air,  a  lively  aivd 
even  bold  aspect,  an  established  state  of 
hcalih,  a  coat  beautifully  white  without  mix- 
ture, in  short,  along,  hne,  silky,  and  flex- 
ible staple. 

One  of  the  essential  and  most  valuable 
qualities  of  the  sheep  of  Cashmire  is,  iti 
ability  to  resist  heat  as  well  as  cold.  This 
nroN  iiice  is  situated  between  32°  and  33°  of 
K.  latitude,  inclosed  throughout  its  whole 
circumference  by  a  double  chain  of  high 
mouniains,  subject  equally  to  the  heats  of  the 
torrid  zone,  and  the  lower  degrees  of  tempe- 
rature as  exjjerienced  among  ourselves  in  Eu- 
rope. But  the  air  of  this  country  is  con« 
stantly  dry. — This  alteration,  some  times  ra- 
pid, (rum  the  buhryscorchings  of  tummerto 
the  chills  of  winter,  is  in  no  wise  prejudicial  to 
the  sheep.  This  arises,  as  I  have  reason  to  be- 
lieve, from  the  hardness  of  the  cranium  in 
these  creatures,  and  from  the  usage  of  never 
housing  them.  This  effect  is  generally 
observed,  in  India;  produced,  not  only  in  Uie 
organization  of  men,  who  are  constantly  bare- 
headed, and  in  the  habit  of  very  fiequentlr 
washing  will)  cold  water,  but  aJso  in  that  of 
animals  of  e^ery  kind.  Iht  sheep  of  Cash- 
mire are  ijot  subj^t  to  the  vertigo,  nor  to 
the  fatal  distempers  which  elsewhere  occasion 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


Ja83]         Descripiwn  of  the  Shawls  of  Cashmvre^  and  of  the  Sheep,  Wc.        ( 12$4 


lavages  and  destruction  among  the  flocks.  I 
have  made  the  same  observation  on  the  sheep 
of  the  pastures  of  Arcadia  and  those  of  Par- 
nassus, which,  when  kept  carefully,  with 
great  attention  to  cleanliness,  and  associated 
jlke  those  of  Cash  mire,  are,  in  many  re- 
ipects,  not  unlike  them. 

Whether  it  be  an  effect  of  barbarism.  Or  a 
mechanical  attachment  to  antiquated  habits 
of  the  pastoral  life,  the  onlv  occupation  of 
the  Tatars,  the  tendenice  of  sheep,  is  more  as- 
«duously  attended  to  in  Turkey  than  any 
other  branch  of  rural  economy.  The  me- 
thod of  foWing,  and  that  of  breeding,  has 
preserved  the  beauty  of  the  wool,  and  pr^:- 
^nted  the  deterioration  of  the  breeds.  In 
Cashmire,  as  in  Greece  and  Spain,  the  sheep 
are  removed  from  one  district  to  another,  in 
onler  to  keep  them  the  whole  year  round  in 
an  equal  temperature :  they  pss  the  winter 
in  the  plains,  and  the  sunmier  on  the  moun- 
tains. This  advantage  is,  however,  more 
jeady  in  Cashmire,  as  they  have  no  long  and 
tiresome  journics  to  perform,  because  this 
small  province  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
high  mountains.  But  further,  jn  order  to 
preserve  their  sheep  from  the  effects  of  exces- 
sive heat  in .  summer,  the  Cashmirian  shep- 
herds arc  particularly  careful  to  drive  their 
flocks  several  tim^s  *in  a  day  through  a  river 
or  a  lake.  Never  do  they  croud  them  in 
houses,  or  close  dwellings,  as  if  nature  had 
not  given  them  a  clothing  of  fur  sufficient  to 
protect  Uiem  from  the  inclemency  of  the  sea- 
tons.  It  is  admitted  that  an  atmosphere 
loaded  with  moisture  is  unfavourable  to  tnema 
but  it  is  also  demonstrated,  that  an  impure, 
aad  almost  mephitic  air,  which  prevails  in 
9heeprpens,  closed  on  all  sides,  aSSect  these 
aniraait  with  putrid  and  inftammatory  disor- 
ders, from  which  those  of  Cashmire  and  of 
Citeece  arc  exempt.  The  humidity  which 
alx>ttnds  iit  the  comers  and  obscurities  of 
Wilding^i  and  pens,  however  krge  they  be, 
tay  the  Hindoos  of  Cashmire,  is  mnoh  more 
hurtful,  and  dangetpus  too,  than  any  humi- 
fbty  which  they  might  experience  from  the 
fktmo^phere. 

The  experience  of  ages  hat  proved  to  tho 
Ca^mirian  shepherds,  that  tlie  immediate 
fusion  of  the  open  air,  daily  bathing*,  repeat- 
ed frequently  even  during  the  great  heats, 
ffcquent  rains,  and  dews,  as  well  as  daily 
lemoyals  from  place  to  place,  far  from  being 
iDJiuious,  are  really  fovourable  to  the  health 
pf  the  flockS;^  while  at  the  same  time  they 
^whiten  au<i  soilen  their  fleece.  These  atten- 
tions, moreover,  produce  in  the  wool  a  fine- 
ness and  smoothness;  and  the  lays  of  the  sun 
vhiten  them.  The  sheep  are  always  abroad 
during  the  whole  winter  in  Cashmire.  In 
i^e  midst  of  the  snows  and  frosts  of  the 
Mounts  Athos  and  Olympus,  the  sheep  are, 
^  \ike  vm^^i  ab^oad'atl  tl^e  winter. 


But  another  attention  of  the  shepherds  of 
this  province,  as  well  as  of  those  ot  Boutan 
and  Thibet,  is  to  choose  the  male  lamb  of  the 
second  bearing,  to  resen-e  as  a  ram  for  breed- 
ing. Constant  experience  has  taiizhtthem 
that  almost  alwap  the  rams  of  this  birth  are 
stronger  and  handsomer  than  those  of  the 
first  bearing,  and  even  than  those  of  succeed- 
ing births.  By  following  this  custom  they 
have  improved  and  strengthened  the  breeds  j 
and  to  this  care,  as  well  as  tp  that  of  ne\er 
mixing  their  breeds  with  others  of  inferior 
race  (like  the  Arabs,  who  ne\er  debase 
that  race  of  horses  which  they  call  noUc), 
they  are  beholden  for  the  productkm  of  a 
wool  extraordinary  fine,  white,  silky,  and 
long,  being  commonly,  (on  the  back)  from  20 
to  22  inches  in  the  staple.  The  wool  of  other 
parts  is  of  the  same  qualities,  but  not  more 
than  five  or  six  inches  in  length.  Tliese 
wools  surpass,  in  fineness  aiwi  whiteness, 
those  of  the  Merino  sheep,  and  even  the 
sheep  of  Algiers,  and  those  &mous  breeds  of 
Angora. 

Sea  salt,  mixed  with  the  root  which  is  vul- 
garly called  Indian  saffron,  but  by  botanists 
curanna  or  terra  merita,  a  plant  of  the  ft- 
mily  of  halisiers,  given  at  times  more  orka 
distant,  according  to  the  season  and  quality  of 
the  pastures,  less  frequently  in  wiuter,  and 
when  the  season  is  ver)  cold,  more  firequenliy 
when  the  weather  is  very  hot,  and  the  aJmo- 
sphere  very  damp,  is  the  only  means  used  by 
the  Cashmirian  shepherds  to  prevent  diseases 
among  their  ilocks.  A  milky  plant,  named 
in  Hindoostan  ard^pal,  of  an  extremely  bit- 
ter taste,  is  employed  by  them  with  the  great- 
est  success,  given'as  food  to  sickly  individuals. 

This  useful  plant,  I  have  reason  to  think, 
would  succeed  in  our  climates.  It  flourishes 
without  culture  on  the  mountains  equaUy  as 
in  the  plains,  in  dry  soils  no  less  than  in  wa- 
tery levels.  It  is  of  the  greatest  advantage  to 
cattle  of  all  kinds,  but  especially  to  sheep 
and  goats ;  it  is  a  specific  against  the  itch, 
by  using  its  juice  in  the  , nature  of  em- 
brocations, against  the  scab,  the  swelling, 
and  contagious  disorders,  to  which,  indeed, 
these  animals  are  but  little  subject.  These 
are  gh'en  them  as  food,  under  such  circum- 
stances, with  the  greatest  success. 

In  Cashmire  green  vegetable^  are  never 
given  to  cattle,  except  creeping  tl\ymc,  and 
marjoram;  in  the  cotes  they  are  fed  on 
the  straw  of  maixe,  aad  of  jouariy  thelcavo 
of  which,  and  the  stem  also,  resemble  those 
of  maize,  but  arc  more  tender.  The}-  are 
also  fed  on  the  straw  of  rice,  chopped,  with 
which  is  minded  a  very  small  quantity  of 
barley,  or  the  jSed  otjouari.  In  thdr  journeys 
cure  IS  taken  to  feed  them  even  on  the  plain* 
with  dry  vegetables,  and  on  the  mountains 
with  the  lea-ve^  Yfl^ah  they  pick  off  ^ 
bushet^ 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


1^85]  Description  of  the  Shawls  of  Cashmire,  and  of  the  Sheep,  Vc.        [128(1 


In  no  part  of  Hinjoostau  is  there  a  mea- 
dow ;  the  Hindoo  is  convinced,  that  a  single 
sheaf  of  rice,  of  com,  or  of  any  other  grain, 
is  preferable  to  ten,  or  to  a  hundred  trusses 
of  hay. 

The  fleeces  of  the  Cashmirian  sheep  are 
generally  in  good  condition,  because  the 
flocks  are  never  led  among  brakes  and  bram- 
bles, which  tear  the  wool  from  off  the  back 
of  the  animal. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  only  the 
white  wools  take  perfipctly  the  delicate  and 
brilliant  colours :  tor  this  reason  they  suffer 
no  black  or  spotted  lambs  in  the  flock.  They 
know  also,  that  the  longest  staples  are  the 
best  for  weaving,  and  for  ensuring  the 
strength  of  the  stuffs  when  woven,  especially 
(or  the  fabrication  of  shawls. 

The  general  custom  of  Cashmire  is  to  shear 
the  sheep  only  once  in  a  year  ^  by  this  they 
obtain  wool  of  a  greater  length  and  more 
perfect  in  its  properties.  But  the  shepherds 
know,  that  if  the  wool  was  suffered  to  remain 
any  k)nger  on  th^  body  of  the  animal,  espe« 
fnally  on  the  females,  they  could  neither 
suckle  their  young  nor  become  pregnant. 
The  shearing  take&  place  about  fiAeen  or 
twenty  da\*s  after  the  return  of  the  great 
lieats,  thai  the  sheep  may  sweat,  and  this 
fweat  may  more  fully  impregnate  the  wool, 
thereby  becomes  more  supple.    * 

An  essential  quality  of  the  Cashmirian 
fleeces  is  their  having  no  clots.  This  is  a 
truly  valuable  quality,  since  clots  are  fbund  in 
the  fleeces  of  both  the  Spanish  and  tlie  Bar- 
bary  sheep. 

At  the  period  of  shearing,  the  Cashmirian 
fhepherds limit  their  washings  of  the  sheep  to 
twice  a  day,  aqd  this  when  even  the  increas- 
ing heats  require  it  more  frequently :  in  the 
inorning  two  hours  after  sun-rise,  m  the  af- 
ternoon when  the  rays  of  the  sun  begin  to 
weaken.  They  have  observed,  that  washing 
when  the  rays  of  the  sun  dart  vertically  on 
the  sheep,  renders  the  wool  crisp,  less  silkv, 
less  strong  ;  it  impedes  transpiration,  and  sub- 
iects  the  nock  to  tne  hazard  of  receiving  a  sun- 
stroke, which  would  produce  the  vertigo. 

The  wools  of  Casnmire  are  divided  into 
two  kinds;  those  from  the  young  of  tl)« 
flock,  callol  avouci,  those  of  the  old  sheep, 
called  duaume.  The  fleeces  of  the  lambs  un- 
der eiffhtecn  months  or  two  years  arc  sold  se- 
parately ;  the  Cashmirians  make  of  them  fur 
trimmings  for  their  cloaks,  or  adorn  their 
vvinter  bonnets  with  them. 

The  first  oi  these  kinds  is  not  quite  so  long 
fis  the  other ;  it  is  taken  from  sheep  of  two 
or  three  years  old,  when  the  shearing  Ix^as, 
)o  those  of  seA'en,  eight,  or  nine  years. 

The  duaume  is  the  longest  wool ;  it  is  ra- 
ther leas  smooth,  silky,  and  stmns.  It  is 
employed  in  manufacturing  those  cloths  called 
^anal^s^  which  the  English  have  imitated^ 


and  which  are  known  in  Europe  under  the 
appellation  of  Cassimere. 

I  have  already  observed,  that  before  the 
the  shearing  the  wool  is  washed  upon  the 
animals.  I'he  wool  from  the  back  is,  mor^ 
over,  separated  from  that  furniiihed  by  the  bel- 
ly :  but  before  they  are  sold  for  use  the  wools 
undergo  two  preparations,  by  which  they  are 
improved.  First,  they  are  exposed  to  the 
vapour  of  a  slight  ley,  nuide  ot  aboi^t  fiftv 
quarts  of  vrater  to  about  ten  or  twelve  pounds 
of  ashes  of  the  leaves  of  the  banana,  or  of  an 
earth  greasy,  barren,  and  white,  which  is  easily 
reduc^  topowder:  it  is  called  by  the  Hin- 
doos oU,  Then  they  are  washed  with  the 
meal  of  a  very  small  cylindrical  bean,  green- 
ish in'  colour,  of  a  sweet  taste,  and  of  an 
agreeable  relish,  named  moungue,  and  called 
bv  botanbts  mungo.  With  this  meal  the 
snawb  themselves  are  washed  in  India.  Thb 
mtin^o  is  an  excellent  food,  which  is  prepared 
in  a  thousand  diflcrent  ways.  Broth  made 
from  it  is  given  to  sick  people  with  ad\'anta^  ^ 
it  is  a  febrifuge  of  no  mean  powers  against 
fevers  of  all  kinds,  but  particuktriy  against 
bilious  and  putrid  fevers. 

The  flrst  of  these  processes  consists  in  sub* 
jecting  the  wool,  dunng  seven  or  eight  hours, 
to  the  steam  of  the  ley,  in  order  that  it  may 
penetrate  the  wool  which  is  heaped  on  it,  but 
not  entangled,  above  the  jar  or  >'a$e  of  bake4 
earth  containing  the  ley.  It  is  wasiied  ii| 
running  water,  and  dried  in  the  open  air. 

The  wool  being  thoroughly  dry,  the  se- 
cond operation  begins.  It  consists  in  soak-* 
ing  the  wool  in  an  earthen  pan,  containin|; 
fifty  quarts  of  river  water,  in  which  is  min- 
gled ten  or  twelve  pounds  of  mungo  meal. 
The  water  should  be  luke-warm :  the  lockq 
of  wool  are  repeatedly  rubbed  in  this  liquor, 
in  the  same  manner  as  our  washerwomen  em- 
ploy soap  in  soaping  of  linen.  After  which 
they  are  pai^sed  through  several  dear  waters, 
or  are  rinced  in  a  river  or  lake,  to  disenga^ 
from  them  all  the  glutinous  meal  with  wiiich 
they  have  been  washed.  These  labours  add 
greatly  to  the  suppleness  and  silkiness  of  tiie 
wool,*  they  whiten  it  and  invigorate  it,  to 
such  a  degree,  that  it  will  not  break  or  split. 
The  farinaceous  past^^  of  the  mungo,  to  use 
Hindoo  language,  has  also  the  property  of 
removing  the  sweat,  and,  by  its  tnucifage, 
of  softening  the  yx(to\,  and  giving  it  a  dead 
white  colour,  which  is  particularly  beautiful 
to  the  eye,  without  rendering  it  crisp ;  a  pro- 
perty which  is  not  knovtm  to  belong  to  any 
other  substance. 

Soap  is  injurious  to  the?e  wools  :  for  which 
reason  tho^^e  who  clean  shauU  use  only  the 
dccoctiim  of  the  fruit  of  a  shrub  called  kasp- 
ikai,  wiiich  has  the  proj>erty  of  softeninjo; 
water.  This  decoction  of  the  kasUkai^ 
which  botanists  call  soap-making,  has  a  pe^ 


Digitized  by  CjOOQ IC 


1287] 


State  of  Universities  on  the  Continent, 


[I'm 


ciiliar  facility  of  reinoving  grease,  without 
affecting  the  woo),  and  without  injuring  the 
colours.  This  shrub  would  succeed  in  the 
•outhtrn  provinces  of  Europe,  since  it  is 
found  in  Cashniii;e,  where  the  cold  is  equal  to, 
perhaps  greater  tha^  that  in  the  south  of  Eu- 
lope. 

1  do  not  know  on  the  authority  of  what 
travellers  it  has  been  said,  and  repeated,  that 
thawb  were  made  of  the  hair  of  a  kind  of 
goat.  I  tlitnk  they  might  i^  well  have  said 
they  were  made  of  stags*  hairs  Another  no- 
tion, not  less  remote  from  truth,  is,  that 
shawls  were  made  of  the  wool  of  abortive 
tambs. — ^This  barbarous  idea  is  abt«rd  also. 
The  wool  of  such  lambs  is  extremely  short. 

The  sQiierline  shawls,  I  must  admit,  ace 
not  made  of  the  wool  of  sheep,  how  beau- 
tiftil  soever  that  may  be,  but  of  the  hair  of 
the  single-humped  cancel  of  Hindoottan. — 
This  extremely  valuable  material,  superior  ta 
the  woo)  of  the  vicima,  is  eoually  dear  in 
^rice  and  scarce  in  quantity.  It  is  procured 
«n}y  from  the  forehead  and  around  the  ears  of 
the  camd.  The  beautiful  shawb  made  of 
this  material,  besides  being  very  dear  (their 
ordinary  price  at  the  loom  is  three  guineas), 
are  very  rare,  and  procured  with  difficult]^. 
OAen,  even,  they  must  be  bespoke  at  Sici- 
nagar,  the  capital  of  Cash  mire,  the  only  ma* 
Dutactory  of  this  valuable  commodity. 

The  most  beautifVd  shawls,  of  the  ordi- 
nary kmd,  made  in  Cashmire,  are  the  white. 
They  sell  for  two  guineas,  or  thereabout.  They 
have  two  long  ends  decorated  with  flowers, 
&c.  and  a  border  from  one  to  two  inches 
ivide,  according  to  the  price :  Uicy  are  three 
clis  and  a  half  long,  by  one  and  a  half  wide. 
Only  the  common  ones  are  dyed,  MvXtsi  ex- 
pressly 4ie6ired  ;  these  are  sola  for  a  guinea. 

The  shawls  made  of  camePs  hair  are  des- 
cribed by  tlie  term  caehe :  tlie  white,  wo\en 
of  the  prime  wool  of  the  sheep,  are  called 
9^mmt ;  and  the  others,  passali. 

The  wools  are  never  sold  till  after  tliey  have 
Veen  cleansed,  washed,  and  steeped  m  the 
ley  made  of  the  meal  of  murrso:  the  shep- 
herds have  assured  me,  that  tlie  diminution 
whkh  they  suffer  in  weight;  by  this  opera- 
tion does  not  exceed  one  fourth.  The  wool 
from  the  belly  of  the  animal  is  ncvtr  used  in 
weaving  shawls  ;  a  kind  of  stuff  resembling 
camblet,  is  made  of  it,  in  the  environs  of 
Skinagar.  It  is  used  in  that  nei^bourhood, 
and  the  adjacent  provinces. 

.  The  price  of  the  wool  is  from  Q  pence  to 
18  pence,  the  seer,  of  30  ounces.  The 
whole  is  sold  in  the  country,  and  made  into 
shawls,  or  girdles,  or  borders  for  turbans, 
which  the  Arabs  and  Turks  are  extremely 
fond  of.  The  pieces  for  these  latter  articles 
arc  but  half  an  ell  in  width,  but  about  five 
elh  in  lengtli,  aiM  onameuted  with  various 
rich  and  fj^ciful  devices. 


Those  pieces  of  Cashmire  cloth  which  we 
call  Casimir,  are  in  length  more  than  60  elk, 
and  are  about  five  eights  of  an  ell  io  width 
their  price  in  the  manufactories  b  not  more 
than  lour  or  five  shillings.  These  cloths  iit 
greatly  superior  to  those  which  arc  made  in 
France,  or  in  England,  though  not  one 
quarter  of  the  price  of  those  made  in  the 
eouDtry  last  named.  There  is  also  a  piodi- 
nous  superiority  in  their  duration,  those  of 
Cashmire  being  extremely  lastine.  1\m 
superiority  they  derive  intitely  fiom  the 
softness  and  lenirth  of  their  staple,  and  die 
manner  in  which  they  are  deaned  and  pie* 
pared. 


STATE  OT  UVIVBR8ITIES  AND  OTHER  ESTAi 
BLISHMBVTa  FOR  INSTRUCTIOV  OV  TBI 
CONTlNEjrr. 

Goftingen. 

In  PftnoFuna  p.  599  wc  mentioned  the  &• 
vour  extended  oy-  Bouspart^  to  the  Uoi- 
yersity  of  Gottingen :  with  some  acoooBt  o( 
its  establishments  and  ofReers.  The  (blkm- 
ing  papers  evince  that  equal  aood  foftone  hai 
attended  thb  institution  amid  the  late  ckaoga 
to  which  the  countries  around  it  hare  been 
subjected.  They  were  first  published  b^ 
M.  Archenholz  in  the  July  number  of  ha 
Minerva;  a  journal  rich  in  interesting aiti* 
cles. 

Address  of  the  University  of  Crottingeii  to 
his  Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia,  &c 
Most  illustrious  Sovereign,  &c. 

The  University  of  Gottingen  through  ms 
approaches  the  elevated  throne  of  your  Maje^ 
ty  with  equal  confidence  and  veneratkn.  la 
tnis  period  of  general  over-turning,  when  «• 
many  ancient  establishments  have  sunk;  die 
University  sees  the  most  certain  assuraaoes  of 
its  safety  and  preservation  in  hs  destiny  being 
olaced  by  Providence  in  your  Majes^'s  bawU. 
in  what  other  hands  could  our  security  here 
been  so  complete  ?  And  to  what  other jxwrer 
could  we  have- confided  our  security  witniodi 
joyful  hopes,  as  to  that,  which  is  beoome,  for 
the  last  century,  the  supreme  pretecting 
power  for  the  progress  of  scientific  reseaichei 
in  Europe  i 

We  ground  these  hopes  on  what  the  Phe- 
sian  throne  has  always  acknowledged  to  be  in 
original  destination,  but  they  are  so  much  the 
more  encouraged  by  what  your  Majesty  has 
already  done  for  the  sciences,  that  we  are 
thereby  emboldened  most  humbly  to  beg  of 
your  gracious  Majesty,  a  confirmation  of  the 
privileges  of  our  University,  and  a  soothing 
assurance  of  the  continuance  of  our  existence^ 
even  in  this  momentous  period,  when  the 
hij;h  attention  of  wur  Majesty  is  occapi«l 
with  the  fate  of  Europe  rikI  the  prpgiesi  •% 


Digitized  by  ^OOQ IC 


10991 


CoUttisnea  ofBriiish  AniiquiUi. 


£1300 


lesty's 


events  throughout  the  world. — ^Your 
most  humble  and  devoted,  &c. 

D.B.G.  Plank, 
Prorector  of  the  Universfty. 
CoUingen,  June  II,  1806. 

Armoer  ^f  the  King. 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia  perceives 
wiih  satifdction  from  the  address  of  the  Pro- 
rector  of  the  University,  Dr.  Plank,  that  this 
rightly  famed  institution,  in  perfect  confi- 
dence of  the  protection  which  his  Majesty  af- 
fords the  sciences  in  his  states,  resigns  its  conti- 
nuation ar.d  existence  completely  into  the  hands 
of  his  Majesty. 

His  Majesty  b  fully  acquainted  with  the 
importance  wliich  thb  University  b  of  to  the 
country,  and  especially  to  the  learned  world, 
and  considers  it  as  one  of  his  most  indispen- 
sable duties  consequent  on  hb  acceptance  of 
the  Hanoverian  oouu tries,  to  watch  over  an 
institution  which,  from  its  first  establish- 
ment, has,  contributed  in  so  dbtingubhed  a 
manner  to  the  furtherance  and  dissemination 
of  scientific  cuUure  and  iiseful  fundamental 
studies. 

His  Majesty,  therefore,  most  willingly  granU 
the  prayer  ofthe  University  for  a  confirmation 
of  its  privileges,  and  a  soothing  assurance  of  the 
continuance  of  its  existence,  and  principally 
with  thb  view  has  commanded  the  Bureau 
de  Domains  to  take  especial  care  that  the  re- 
venues of  the  University  be  strictly  applied  to 
its  uses.  But  hb  Majesty,  willing  to  give 
the  UnWersity  a  greater  proof  how  near  it  lies 
to  his  heart  not  only  to  preserve  the  activity 
of  the  University*  but  to  raise  it  to  the 
most  flourishing  state  by  every  possible  means, 
His'Majesty  has  resolved,  as  soon  as  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Hanoverian  states  is  finish- 
ed»  to  take  upon  himte(f  the  Bectorthip  of 
the  IJmvernty,  Until  that  period,  the  Uni- 
versity will  entrust  its  passing  affairs  to  the 
management  of  a  provisory  Curatorio  in  Ha- 
nover, and  receive  the  directions  of  this  Cu' 
raiorio  for  its  conclusions  in  the  more  impor- 
tant affairs  of  the  University,  as  the  nomina- 
tion of  professors,  increase  or  appropriation  of 
salary,  annunciation  of  new  important  ordi- 
nances, establbhinents  of  new  bstitutions, 
and  propositions  for  new  important  buildings. 
1*0  tlib  end,  and  in  general  to  the  fulfilment 
of  the  assurance  made  to  the  Uulversity, 
thb  day,  directions  are  given  to  the  Genend 
and  Stateminbter  Count  Schulenbeig,  and  as 
the  University  will  hereby  dbinly  perceive  the 
f;mcious  ratentions  of  hb  Afajesty,  his  Ma- 
jesty hopes  and  expects  that  the  University 
will  exert  itself  in  a  consciencious  fulfilmest 
of  its  duties  to  merit  the  same. 

Frbdbric  William. 
€iMrloH9f^g,  94th  Jum,  \9Q6. 


JPrani^fort  on  the  Oder, 

The  University  here  among  the  many 
proofs  of  attachment  and  esteem,  which  many 
of  its  former  pupils  in  foreisn  countries  have 
manifested  towards  their  Alma  Mater,  has 
recently  received  one  near  home.  The 
Syndic,  Danus,  of  this  place  has  presented  to 
the  University  Library,  his  rare  colleciion  of 
some  thousands  of  select  Juridical  Disserta* 
tions,  with  an  alphabetical  catalogue ;  as  like* 
wise  some  larger  juridical  works,  accompanied 
by  a  Congratutatory  Address,  on  the  com- 
mencement this  year  of  the  fburth  cen* 
tury  of  its  establishment :  a  praiseworthy  in* 
stance  of  generosity,  which  will  be  especially 
acceptable  to  the  faculty  of  Law. 

Halle. 

The  University  liere,  through  the  gracious 
attention  of  our  monardi,  now  possesses  two 
clinical  institutions.  1 .  Of  medicine,  under 
the  direction  of  M.  Berg,  Councellor  of 
Mines  ;  2.  Of  surgical  midwiferv,  under  the 
direction  of  privy  Councellor  Loder.  Tho 
former  has  an  annual  revenue  of  2550  rix- 
dollars,  and  the  latter  of  ^GOO :  likewise  a 
sufficient  sum  is  ap|X)inted  for  the  establbh- 
ment,  to  procure  beds,  clothing,  instnimenti, 
&C.  &c.  &c. 

Holland. — Censurafe  of  Books. 

In  the  instructions  to  the  diicctor  general  of 
justice  and  police,  in  the  kingdom  of  Hol- 
land, among  other  things  we  find  the  follow- 
ing. The  said  director  maintains  the  liberty 
qf  the  press,  but  is  charged  to  take  care  that 
no  writings  are  sold  or  published,  which 
have  not  the  name  of  the  printer  and  pub- 
Ibher.  A  chef  de  bureau  'has  the  special 
oversight  of  all  journals  and  periodical  works. 
Of  each  work,  published  in  the  kingdom, 
one  copy  must  be  sent  to  the  director^  ami  two 
to  the  Hoyal  Library. 

COLLECTAVEA  OP  BRITISH  AVTIQDITIES. 

No.  n. 

In  continuation  of  an  article  which  we  find 
has  given  great  satisfaction  to  the  public,  we 
proceed  to  transcribe  additional  instances  of 
the  reffulations  established  anH>ng  the  descend- 
ants of  the  ancient  Britons. 

We  shall  now  advert  to  the  dii^ity  in  which 
Music  was  held  by  the  chiefs  ofthe  principa- 
lity, and  the  protections  which  those  who  pro- 
fessed it  derived  from  the  laws. 

The  steward  ofthe  household,  judge  ofthe 
court,  head  groom,  chief  of  song,  master  of 
the  hawks,  page  of  the  chamber,  and  domes- 
tic chaplain,  are  alike  in  rank. — In  satisfaction 
for  their  insult  shall  be  paid,  nine  cows,  and 
nine  score  of  money,  [i.  e.  as  is  auppost-d 
^n«  score  of  silver  pennies.]  In  satisfacUuu  {^ 


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1^1^ 


CoUecktnea  bfSriHsh  Jnli^uiliel 


their  murder  shall  he  paid,  nine  hundred  and 
nine  cows,  with  three  advancements. 

The  lodging  of  the  patron  of  the  family 
^U  be  in  the  largest  house  in  the  town,  for 
tiound  him  shall  be  the  lodgings  of  all  the 
fiunily ;  so  that  they  may  be  riady  in  every 
exigency  of  the  king. 

The  domestic  bard  (or  chief  of  song) 
and  the  physician,  shall  be  in  the  lodging  of 
^epatron  of  the  familv. 

From  the  bard  when  he  obtains  a  chair,  the 
judge  of  the  court  shall  accept  his  bugle  liom 
and  his  gold  ring,  and  the  cushion  that  is  put 
in  his  chair. 

The  chief  of  song  shall  begin  the  sinpng 
in  the  common  hall. — His  land  shall  be  free, 
and  he  shall  have  a  horse  in  attendance,  from 
the  king. — He  shall  be  next  but  one  to  the  pa- 
tron of  the  femily. — He  shall  have  a  harp  from 
the  king,  and  a  gold  ring  from  the  queen, 
when  hb  office  is  secured  to  him.  The  harp 
he  shall  never  part  with. 

When  the  king  has  a  desire  for  poetry,  let 
flic  chief  of  song  sing  two  songjs,  one  address- 
ed to  God,  the  other  to  the  chieftains. 

Every  chief  musician  is  entitled  to  a  harp 
from  the  king. 

Every  disciple  is  entitled  to  his  gains,  his 
principal  having  a  third  ;  and  when  the  disci- 
ple shall  leave  him,  the  chief  musician  is 
obliged  to  give  him  a  harp. 

iTie  chief  of  song  is  entitled  to  his  land 
freely,  and  his  place  is  by  the  side  of  the 
judge  of  the  court. — He  ought  to  commence 
singing  in  the  praise  of  God,  and  then  of  the 
king  who  holds  the  court,  or  of  another. — 
None  but  the  chief  of  song  is  entitled  to  ask 
a  gift ;  and  in  dividing  with  his  companions, 
two  shares  come  to  him.  He  claims  from 
c\'cry  minstrel  on  leaving  off  learning, 
twenty-fouf  pence. 

Such  were  the  distinctions  bestowed  on 
music  by  the  laws  of  HowelDdda,  907 — 94b. 
In  the  vear  1100,  Gruflyddab  Cynan,  prince 
of  Wales,  summoned  a  grand  congress  of  mu- 
sicians J  and  it  appears  from  other  institutions 
amon^  the  musicians  themselves,  that  they 
strenuously  eindeivoured  to  maintain  the  dig- 
nity of  their  order.  For  this  purj)ose,  they 
forbad  a  disciple  from  mimicking  his  master, 
or  deriding  him  with  respect  to  his  genius  and 
talents :  wso,  from  publickly  sinein^  a  song 
which  he  micht.have  composed,  till  his  master 
Lad  judged  of  its  correctness. 

Every  one  is  commanded  to  refrain  from 
the  practices  of  strolling  orwandring  about. 

In  times  of  festivity  or  wakes,  no  one  shall 
depart  from  the  house  he  first  comes  into, 
while  the  ban(juet  continues  there,  without 
the  leave  of  his  host,  or  an  invitation  from 
another,  under  the  penalty  of  losing  his  cir- 
cuit fees.  If  he  should  go  from  house  to 
house,  he  must  be  taken  up  as  a  vagabond, 
}^}»  fees  taken  from  hiai>  and  be  cousigned 


over  to  the  power  of  the  church.  If  be 
should  become  intoxicated  in  the  fbst,  ht 
shall  loose  his  ^ift;  if  lie  commits  anyinde- 
cen<?y  or  mischievous  trick  where  he  comes  to, 
with'  respect  to  an;^  woman  married  or  sinde, 
he  shall  DC  fined,  imprisoned,  and  divested  of 
hb  circuit  fees  for  seven  years. 

Disciples  shall  not  frequent  public  houses, 
nor  secret  retreats,  to  play  at  dice  and  cards,  or 
other  game  on  which  any  stake  b  depending  | 
if  they  do,  any  one  has  power  to  take  from 
them  all  that  may  be  in  their  purses. 

Also,  they  are  not  to  leam  lampoons,  or 
scandalizing  rhimes ;  nor  to  deride,  modL, 
swear,  nor  pry  about,  nor  to  invent  falsehood, 
nor  to  report  it,  under  pain  of  fine  and  im* 
prisonment. 

Also,  they  are  not  to  raise  contentioQ  nd 
tumult,  nor  to  commit  fraud,  theft,  nor  way- 
laving  ;  nor  to  keep  company  with  tltic\"es,  or 
other  transgressors  of  the  law,  under  pam  of 
fine  and  imprisonment ;  for  men  devoted  to 
music,  ought  to  shew  themselves  of  amiable 
conversation,  peaceful,  obliging,  humble  and 
obedient  to  every  subject  of  the  king,  so  as  to 
strengthen  and  maintain  the  state. 

A  montli  before  every  {esrival,  the  disciplo 
must  enquire  of  their  masters  to  know  where 
each  intends  to  go,  lest  too  many  should  repeir 
to  one  place.  No  more  than  one  shall  go  to 
a  person  whose  income  doth  not  exceed  tea 
pounds ;  two  to  a  person  of  twenty  poaod5, 
and  so  according  to  that  ratio  to  one  possessed 
of  a  greater  rent. 

The  gift  to  a  graduated  disciple  is  twehe 
pence  on  each  of  the  three  great  festivals. 

The  gift  to  a  ddctorial  disciple  on  each  of 
the  three  festivals,  is  three  shiHings  and  fonr- 
pence ;  and  on  e\ery  marriage  solenmity,  and 
circuit  of  clera  every  three  years,  twelve  pence 

The  gift  of  a  master  of  music  is  the  same* 
with  superior  entertainment  than  to  a  disciple. 
Camb.  liegist.  p.  395. 

Poetry  was  of  course  allied  to  music,  and 
we  find  that  in  the  twelfth  centiirv,  to  a  pa- 
duate  disciple,  for  a  poem,  was  paid  three  shil- 
lings and  fourpence,  to  a  doctorial  disciple  for 
a  poem,  six  shillings  and  ninepence,  to  ja  doc- 
tor the  same,  with  superior  entertsinment 

As  we  have  seen  that  the  chief  of  sot^  was 
first  to  sing  tuGbd,  we  shall  insert  a  speamep 
of  the  religious  songs  <Jf  antient  time.  It  is 
the  death-bed  of  the  baid,  by  Meilyr,  chief 
bard  of  Gruffyd  ab  Oynan,  1 13?.  It  ^J 
serve  to  shew  tne  religious  opinions  which  pi^ 
vailed  at  the  time,  with  the  adaptation  of  w- 
die  expressions  to  Christian  ideas.  We  miy 
have  occasion  to  refer  to  it  when  attempting 
to  narrate  the  progress  <if  Christitnity  among 
the  antient  Britons,  who  have  niOrt  traces  ot 
its  early  introduction  among  them,  than  are 
extant  any  where  else ;  and  nonces,  which  «|« 
stronfi^lv  corroborath^  of  hints  met  with  it 
the  £sithersof  theChutch. 


Digit 


zed  by  google 


1293] 

T)ie  Death-led  of  the  Bard. 
The  King  of  Kings  is  accessible  to  be  adored  I 
To  my  Lord  supreme  1  wUl  prefer  a  prayer. 
Sovereign  of  the  region  of  necessity, 
The  most  exalted  circle  of  bliss, 
Beneficent  being,  make  a  reconciliation 
Between  thee  and  me  ! 
Retoming  memo.7  iterates  a  groan,  that  thou 

shouldest  be  contemned  for  my  sake  5 
Yet  repenting,  it  was  done ! 

I  deserved  shame  in  the  preseuce  of 
God,  the  universaT  ruler, 
In  not  serving  truly  in 

My  duty  of  derotion* 

My  Protector  and  king ! 
Thou  wilt  serve  me  nevertheless. 
E'er  I  am  become  an  earthly  clod ! 
A  faithful  prediction 
To  Adam  and  his  sons. 
Foretold  in  ancient  days 

The  prophets—— 
The  being  of  Jesus  m  the  worab  of  martyidom  1 
"Die  good  Mary  the  burden  did  sustain. 
A  btttricn  have  1  accumulated 
Of  tormenting  sin ; 
Severely  have  I  bee  >  agitated 

By  its  perturbation ! 
Sovereign  of  all  life,  how  good  art  thou  when 

worshiped ! 
May  I  worship  thee ;  may  1  become  most  pure 
befdre  I  am  uied ! 
The  king  of  all  powers 
Knows  that  he  will  not  refuse  mc 
Of  his  mercy  for 

My  evil  deeds. 
Many  were  the  tirats  when  1  received  their  geld 

and  velvet 
From  frail  princes,  for  my  loyalty,  to  them  ; 
But  after  the  gifted  muse  I  feci  another  impulse ; 
Faultering^is  my  tongue,  urging  roe  to  silence. 
I,  the  recording  poet,  Meilyr,  am  a  pilgrim  to 

Peter, 
A  porter  that  regulates  appropriate  merits. 
On  that  appointed  day,  when  *ere  shall  a  ris- 

ing  up  take  place 
Of  those  who  are  in  the  grave,  1  will  then  look 
forward. 
When  I  am  in  my  allotted  rest. 
There  waiting  for  the  call. 
To  strive  to  win  the  goal 

In  time  of  need ;        '   ■ 
And  let  that  h^  a  solitode,  a  place  by  ptssengen 

|K>t  trodden. 
And  around  its  walls  the  bosom  of  the  briny 
sea; 
The  fair  isle  of  Mary, 
The  holy  i«»le  of  saints. 
The  type  of  renovation,  ^ 

There  to  rest  in  happmett. 


CollectaneaofBriiish  Antiquities,  [II9* 

Christ,  the  predicted  cross> 
Will  recognize  me  there. 
And  guard  me  from  the  rage  of  h^l, 
A  place  of  exiled  beings. 
The  Creator  who  formed  me  will  give  me 
room  amongst  the  blest  conunoiittj 
Of  the  inhabitants  of  Enlli ! 

EniU  is  the  Welsh  name  for  the  island «( 
Bardsey,  where  was  formerly  a  reJigious  house, 
where  people  of  note  desired  to  be  buried,pat** 
ticularlv  bards. 


AAer  having  sung  to  God,  the  bard  was  to 
sing  in  honour  of  his  prince.  We  shall  so  far 
conform  to  the  bardic  regulations  as  to  plact 
»ext : 
Ferses  tung  hi/Ci^nddelu)  to  Oumin  Cyveilwct 

Prince  of  Powys. 
The  liquor  of  Owain,  yonder  oa  the  other  side  of 
Digoll  mount. 
How  fretjucntly  is  it  served  round, 
Of  clear  sparkling  wine  without  lacking. 
And  mead,;  all  from  the  bu^io's  horn. 

The  liquor  to  me  shall  be  appropriated,  to  me  it 
shall  come  from  a  patron 
Who  gives  it  from  his  while  hand  : 
The  chief  of  battle  distributing  treasures. 
The  head  of  the  ciirle,  I  am  chief  of  song  l» 

htm. 
Liquor  he  will  be  sending  plenteously  to.ns; 
Wine  out  of  the  goblet,  a  gracious  gift. 
In  the  court  of  the  Lord  of  Leision,  the  benefit  of 

chieftians. 
In  the  hand  of  the  lion  of  conflict  are  the  over- 
flowing horns  of  liberality. 
The  liquor  of  Owain  the  mild,  is  joyfully  distn* 
buced 
In  the  Itnd  by  the  Side  of  Havien,* 
With  a  truly  amiable  profusion ; 
Yonder  it  comes,  rhey  bring  it. 
The  liquor  of  Owain  the  mil4,  whose  Ctmok  %« 
gleaming  flanie 
On  the  borders  of  his  foe. 
Proudly  it  comes  in  the  wrath-dealing  hand. 
Whose  host  is  exhilirated,  and  Whose  circling 

vrave  is  mead. 
The  liquor  is  pressed  upon  us  by  the  light  of  start 
and  moon. 
From  the  leader  of  generosity,  withniddy 
spears. 
About  Hirory  stately  and  grrat  is  the  eagle  \ 
About  Havren,  happy  is  the  smile  of  men* 
In  the  hand  of  Owain  (he  generous,  who  mcoful* 
ly  pursues  his  claim. 
Behold  the  golden  flagon  ; 
Splendid  is  the  honour  of  bearing  wine  ; 
A  sovereign's  prime,  and  precious  gift. 

•  The  river  Severn. 

Digitized  by  V^OOQlC 


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Behold  my  prince  this  day  mounted  on  his  cars ; 

Him  not  a  lion  beneath  the  moon 
Will  dare  assail  with  couched  lance,  in  the  trying 

day. 
Through  the  assault  of  impetuous  conflict  in  the 

golden  mail. 

The  bard  insensible  to  beauty  could  be 
no  honour  to  his  profession.  "With  what  ele- 
gance and  strength  the  tender  passion  may  be 
delineated  in  the  Welch  language,  the  follow- 
ing eflubion  of  sentiment  may  instance. 

THB  CHOICE. 

Sung  hy  Hytvcl,  son  of  Ottmin,  1 169. 

y/iy  choice  is  a  lady,  elegant,  slender,  and  Mr, 
VTbose  ull  "white  foim  is  seen  through  the  thin 

blue  ve:l; 
And  my  choicest  faculty  is  to  muse  on  superior 
female  excel  cnce, 
When  she  wi'h  diffidence  utters  the  becom- 
hig  sentiment; 
And  my  choicest  participation  is  to  become  united 
with  the  maid. 
And  to    ^hare  mutual   eonfidence    as    to 
thoughts  and  fortune 
I  choose  the  bright  hue  of  the  spreading  wave. 
Thou  who  art  the  most  discreet  in  thy  country, 
with  thy  pure  Welch  sp  ech. 
Cliosen  by  me  ai  t  thou ; 

What  am  I  with  thee? 

How!  dost  hou  refrain  from  speaking? 
Fair  is  thy  silence !  — -«-> 
I  have  cho  en  a  maid,  so  that  with  me  there 

should  be  no  hesitation  : 
It  is  right  to  choose  the  cboicesi  fair  one. 

These  examples  of  antient  lyrics  will  meet 
the  readers  candour,  as  they  cannot  but  appear 
to  a  disadvantage  in  the*  form  of  a  literal 
translation,  and  inevitably  deprived  of  that 
metrical  cadence  which  they  possess  in  their 
Bati\^  tongue.  The  sentiment  cannot  appear 
equally  powerful,  when  the  expression  is  coo<^ 
fessedly  to  greatly  enfeebled. 

The  foregoing  may  be  taken  as  specimens 
of  some  of  the  measures  adopted  among  the 
Welch  bards.  They  had,  howe\er,  difierent 
modes  of  arranging  their  versification,  and 
different  measures  of  verse,  to  the  number  of 
at  least  twenty-four.  Of  these  some  are  long 
lines,  some  sKort  lines,  some  mixed  short  and 
lon2.  The  form  also  of  the  stanza  varies^ 
fVuliam  Liu  en,  B.  A.  in  I66O,  composed  an 
ode,in  which  are  introduced  all  these  twenty- 
four  kinds  of  verses.  We  may  safely  pro- 
nounce It  to  contain  more  variety  than  any 
«'le  extant  among  the  Greeks. 


PROPOSITA  PHILANTHROPICA. 

Flotno  sum, 

lltuMoni  nihil  a  me  alienum  put  a. 

ESTABLISHMENTS  FOR  FRENCH  EMIGRaSTf. 

**  The  uifortunaie  arc  the  adopted  children  of 

the  man  of  feeling."— Pythagoras. 

The  Abb^  Carron,  junior,  encoi^rased,  pa- 
tronised, and  constantly  assisted  by  the  zeal 
and  credit  of  the  late  right  re^ereiKl  biiJvop  of 
lieon,*  whom  he  loved  as  a  father,  amf  br 
whom  he  was  cherished  like  a  son,  has  bad 
the  happiness  to  erect,  from  the  beginning  of 
the  French  re\olution,  three  bcveral  estab^in 
ments  in  favour  of  his  imfortunaie  oounuy- 
men. 

In  the  6rst  there  is  an  assemblage  of  &rty 
old  and  infirm  people,  the  generality  oT  whom 
nearly  approach  the  80th  year  of  their  agc^ 
The  second  is  devoted  to  the  sick,  and  con- 
tains 26  beds.— The  third  consists  of  two 
academies'  ior  youth  of  both  sexes. 

Several  of  these  pupils  are  the  chik2ien  of 
French  parents,  who  have  no  other  means  of 
defraying'the  ex|)ences  of  their  board,  edn. 
Ration,  andckmthing,  but  the  allowance  whidi 
government  makes  to  emigrant  ch  ildien.  It  ii 
unnecessary  to  observe,  how  inadequate  thit 
allowance  must  be  to  answer  the  benevokni 
end  for  which  it  was  granted,  at  a  period  when 
most  of  the  neccssanes  of  life  bear  so  enor- 
mous a  price. 

Among  the  children  committed  to  the  caie 
of  the  Abb^  Carron,  there  are  sevefal  entiidr 
dependant  on  him,  whom  he  has- to  this  mo- 
ment supported;  but  his  friends  being  now  at 
a  distance,  and  the  principal  one  amoise 
them,  his  powerful  protector,  his  setond  fe- 
ther,  his  providence  on  earth,  the  Bishop  of 
Leon,  being  no  more,  all  his  resources  areva- 
nished  ;  and  the  only  hopes  that  iramn  of 
being  enabled  to  contmue  his  assistance  to  the 
dearest  part  of  hb  young  flock,  is  that  of  ex- 
citing  the  beneficence  ot  the  friends  to  huma- 
nity m  favour  of  orphans,  without  an  asylum* 
who  claim  their  care.  The  Abb^  Canon  in 
contemplating  the  dieadfid  fate  which  threat- 
ens this  precious  part  of  his  family,  cannot 
enjoy  a  moment's  tranquillity.  Oh  !  may  the 
benc\'olent  and  humane,  w'hose  aid  he  im- 
p^res  this  day,  adopt  these  unfortunate  httle 
ones,  and  declare  themselves  their  protecton 
and  fathers. 

To  other  free  schools  for  the  poor  oithobe 
children  established  in  England,  Abb^  Carron 
has  added  two,  extremely  nunacrous,  at  hit 
owix  expence,  but  in  whk?h  he  admits  i 
but  children  of  Roman  Catholic  parents. 
Polygon,  SommcrsTown, 


•^Vi<}ePkoorama,  p.  ma,  Obituaxf^ 


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Proposita  PhUanikropica.'-Quaiers*  SchooL 


[I2g8 


QUAKERS'  SCHOOL  AT  ACKWORTH. 

To  tlie  Editor  qf  the  Literary  Panorama. 
Sir,— The  following  account  of  the  Qua-* 
kere'  School  at  Ackworth,  in  Yorkshiite,  partly 
collected  by  myself  on  the  spot  about  three 
years  ago,  and  ixirtly  communicated  to 
me  in  a  series  of  letters  from  the  Reverend 
George  Heuderick  of  Haclaxton  in  Lincoln* 
•hire,  formerly  Curate  of  Ackworth,  may 
supply  some  useful  hints  for  establishments  of 
a  similar  nature.  A  service  may  perhaps  be 
rendered  to  the  society,  by  insetting  it  in  your 
excellent  publication. 

I  am  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

G.  Lipscomb. 
Frith'Streef,  February  4,  1807. 

Ackworth  in  Yorkshire,  has  always  been 
distinguished  by^e  salubrity  of  the  air,  the 
wholesomencss  of  its  situation,  and  longevity 
of  its  inhabitants.    On  an  inspection  of  the 

earochial  register,  the  average  number  of 
urlals  annually,  is  found  to  ue  little  more 
than  one-sixtieth  part  of  the  ihhabitaiiu ;  and 
the  births  more  than  double  tlie  number  of 
burials. 

The  building  now  appropnated  to  the  pur- 
pose of  a  school  for  the  children  of  persons 
belonging  to  the  relieious  persuasion  called 
Quakers,  was  originjuly  crecuxl  (about  the 
year  1756)  for  the  reception  and  support  of 
destitute  and  deserted  children,  by  the  Trus- 
tees of  the  Foundling  Hospital  in  London,  of 
which  charity  it  was  a  princi^^^al  branch. 

The  building  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  ris- 
ing ground  at  the  extremity  of  the  village, 
and  near  the  turnpike  road  leading  from  Pon- 
tcfract  to  Bamsley,  commanding  a  beautiful 
and  extensive  prospect  to  the  east  and  south, 
over*  a  rich  and  fertile  country,  which  from 
its  being  very  seldom  visitetl  by  storms  of 
•now,  rain,  wiud,  or  thunder  and  lightning, 
has  been  long  denominated  the  happt/  vale. 

The  house  is  built  of  free  stone  dug  from 
quarries  near  the  spot,  and  presents  a  striking 
object  for  near  two  miles  along  the  road  from 
Doncasler  to  Wakefield.  It  forms  three  sides 
of  a  quadrangle,  being  divided  into  a  main 
body,  and  two  wings  connected  with  it  by 
colonnades,  which,  excepting  the  cobur  of 
the  stone  with  which  they  are  built,  greatly 
resemble  those  at  the  Quceu*s  palace  in  St. 
^mes*s  Park.  . 

In  the  central  building  are  the  dming 
rooms,  committee  room,  library,housckeeper*s 
offices,  and  the  apartments  of  the  supcrintend- 
ant.    The  east  wing  contains  the  chapel,  the 


The  brew-house,  •  bake-house^  ^^y  &c.  are 
behind  the  main  building. 

From  the  period  when  the  house  was  first 
built,  till  about  tlie  year  1775,  this  institution 
continued  under  the  management  of  the  Re- 
verend Timothy  Lee,  D.D.  Rector  of  Ack- 
worth, Sir  Rowland  Winn,  hart  and  others 
of  the  neighbouring  gentry.  The  children 
after  having  been  properly  instructed,  ^ere 
either  bound  apprentices  to  decent  trades,  or 
sent  out  to  service;  but  P^liament  having 
thought  proper  to  discontinue  their  former  li- 
beral grants  to  the  Hospital  in  London,  it  wa^ 
found  necessary  to  abolish  thb  branch  of  the 
charity. 

The  building  remained  afterwards  for  a 
long  time  unoccupied,  but  at  length  engaged 
the  attention  of  the  late  learned,  amiable,  and 
philanthropic  Dr.  FothergiU,  who  set  on  foot 
a  subscription  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing 
the  buildings  and  site. 

This  was  accomplished,  together  with  about 
sixty  acres  of  land,  for  £1000^  a  sum  which 
was  little  more  than  half  the  amouut  of  the 
orimnal  cost  of  the  buildings  only. 

fir.Fothergiirs  plan  was  designed  toembrce;: 
nearlvall  classesol  theQuakercommunityauii 
to  afiord  them  the  benefits  of  such  an  English 
education  as  might  fit  them  for  the  oomuion 
purposes  of  useml,  industrious,  and  domestic 
life ;  and  at  the  same  time,  might  strei^ien 
and  enlarge  that  friendly  disnosition  towards 
one  another,  which  distinguishes  the  society. 

The  school  was  opened  in  1778,  and  still 
continued  to  flourish.  The  mode  by  which 
it  is  supported,  is  by  the  |)ayment  of  a  small 
sum  for  each  chilj,  (about  £q)  annually; 
and  when  the  circumstances  of  the  parents  do 
not  enable  them  to  make  the  whole  of  the 
necessary  deposit,  the  deficiency  b  supplied  by 
voluntary  subscriptions,  contributions,  or  le- 
gacies. The  above  mentioned  sum  of  £g^ 
includes  every  charge  at  school,  for  Inxird, 
lodging,  clothing,  and  education. 

The  established  number  of  children  is  300, 
of  which  180  arc  boys,  and  ISO  girh :  but 
there  are  usually  a  few  more.  Tliey  are  admit- 
ted at  the  age  of  eight  years  or  iipwards,  and 
remain  till  fourteen,  unless  their  friends  think 
proper  to  remove  them  sooner.  None  are 
allowed  to  remain  beyond  that  a^,  excepting 
those  who  are  taken  as  apprentices  into  the 
house. 

During  their  residence  in  this  seminary^ 
every  attention  is  pakl  to  their  health  and 
morals ;  they  are  allowed  plenty  of  time  for 
exercise  and  amusements,  their  diet  is  whole- 
some and  substantial,  their  school  and  bed 
moms  are  airy  and  commodious,  and  in  shorr, 
nothing  it  wanting  which  can  in  any  mannir 
contribute  to  render  them  useful  and  respect- 
able in  their  several  stations.    A  skilfiil  phy- 


b^ys'  schools,  and  Beeping  rooms  ;  thfc  west  I  sician  (Dr.  Binns)  superintends  the  house.  In 
wing  contains  those  appropriated  to  the  girls.  I  which  he  has  apartments;  and  an  apothecary  • 
Vol.  L     [Li/.  Pan.  March,  I807.J  ^  V 

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PrtfpoutaPJulanthr^pka.^SckaolJor  Indigent  BlinJL 


1130Q 


attends  twice  every  weefc,  olr  oftener  if  re- 
quired. Vacatiofw  or  holidays  are  totally  un- 
known ;  nor  aie  t^e  children  permitted  to  gp 
into  the  village,  unless  attended  by  one  of 
their  teachers  ;  or,  as  an  especial  indulgence, 
wiih  their  relations.  They  are  ne\'cr  permit^ 
ted  to  wear  hats.  Ofiences  are  exemplarily 
ponished,  and  in  particular  cases  of  atrocity, 
public  reproof  and  admonition  b  resorted  to. 
All  scnools  must  be  conducted  with  r^i- 
larity  ;  but  here,  regularity  is  refined  into  pre- 
cision. At  the  hour  of  dinner,  a  bell  sum- 
monses the  children  to  their  respective  eating 
rooms.  Processions  are  immediately  formed, 
end  headed  by  the  teachers,  are  seen  at' the 
tame  instant  advancing  through  the  colon- 
nades towanis  the  refectory;  which  they  se^-e- 
Tally  enter  with  the  most  perfect  regularity, 
«n<f  the  most  solemn  silence.  Having  finisn- 
ed  their  repast,  they  are  conducted  back  again 
In  the  same  order. 

In  the  evening  after  supper,  they  again  as- 
semble in  the  dining  rooms,  where,  after  a 
pause  of  a  few  minutes,  one  of  them  reads  a 
few  pages  from  some  i^ppitned  writer :  and  on 
Sundays  they  all  meet  in  one  of  the  dining 
rooms,  where  a  master  or  mistress,  or  both, 
and  a  boy  and  a  girl  read,  each  rcsiiectively,  a 
portion  of  scripture,  or  other  religious  book. 
They  also  regularly  attend  divine  worship  in 
their  meeting  house  or  chapel,  t^'ice  on  the 
Sabbath,  and  once  eveir  Thursday ;  and  their ' 
deportment  there,  is  beyond  comparison  or- 
deriy. 

The  boys  are  t^u^ht  reading,  writing,  En- 
^ish  grammar,  arithmetic,  and  geography. 
The  ^rb  are  taught  nearly  the  same,  with  the 
addition  of  sewing,  knitting,  and  spinning ; 
and  /those  among  them  designed  for  menial 
service,  are  during  their  last  year  sent  by  turns 
into  the  kitchen,  laundry,  dairy,  housekeeper's 
room,  &c.  in  oider  to  prepare' them  for  future 
situations.  The  aflairs  of  the  school  are  under 
the  management  of  a  committee,  which  is 
appointed  from  amou^  the  neighbouring 
friends.  It  meets  once  in  e\ery  month,  ana 
Occasionally  con^lts  with  the  committee  in 
London. 

The  London  committee  meet  at  Ackworth 
the  last  week  in  July,  annually ;  examines 
the  state  of  the  school,  the  fVinds,  the  chil- 
dren, the  conduct  of  the  teachers,  servants, 
&c. ;  and  the  concourse  of  persons  belonging 
to  the  society  is  then  usually  so  great,  that 
beds  are  very  difficult  to  be  obtained  for  their 
^accommodation. 

The  neatness  of  every  part  of  the  establbh- 
ment  is  very  striking ,  and  the  various  excel- 
lent contrivances  by  which  the  offices  are  sup- 
plied wi^li  water  for  every  doroesric  purpose, 
such  as  brewing,  vitishing,  &c.  as  well  as  the 
adoption  of  steam  kitchens,  for  dressing  food, 
bespeak  much  ingenuity  and  attention  on  the 
^t  of  those  who  x^ulate  t)ie  economy  of 


this  institution.  It  is  amusing  toobserre,  that 
an  open  play  ground  b  divided  in  the  middle 
by  a  line  drawn  longitudinally  dawn  a  walk 
of  flag  stones,  from  the  centre  of  the  princi- 
pal buildins  to  the  bottom  of  the  garden  ; 
and  that  this  boundary,  which  separates  the 
different  sexes,  as  completely  and  efiiectually 
answers  its  purpose  as  the  Chinese  wall,    or 
as  Of&*s  dyke  in  the  time  of  the  Heptarchy. 
The  minutiiB  of  regularity  which  have  been 
before  noticed,  extend  even  to  the  means  and 
opportunities  of  recreation.     For  the  Iktla 
pleasore  gnidens,  cultivated  by  the  childieB» 
are    all    laid  out  on  a  particular  plan  and 
model,  from  which  not  the  smallest  deviation 
is  permitted.    Such  precinon  of  neatness  may 
have  its  admirers,  but  the  example  appears  la 
have  too  much  toidency  to  oonnne  the  exer- 
tions of  genius  in  a  manner  vastly  un&rour- 
able  to  the  progress  of  science.    It  forms  a 
barrier  to  emulation,  and  obstructs  the  native 
eflbrts  of  ingenuity.    The  expansion  of  tha 
mind  is  a  great  and  principal  purpose  of  edu- 
cation ;  '*  to  teach  the  young  idea  bow  lo 
shoot,**  necessarily  requires  the  utn^t  fieedom 
to  be  allowed  to  the  virtuous  energies  of  the 
mind.      An   examination  into  the  sobject 
would  lead  to  coiM:lusions  which,   however 
excellent  and  laudable  the  school  of  Ackworth 
may  be,  would  tend  to  expose  the  delects  of 
a  species  of  religious  profession  which  owes  no 
less  to  the  influence  of  exteraal  a|»earance, 
and  peculiarity  of  manners,to  the  semblance  of 
tranquillity,  and  peaceableness,  than  it  does  1^ 
justice^  morality,  and  troth. 


SCHOOL  FOR  THB  IMDIOBHT  Bl^IlTD. 

SL  George's  Fields^  Swrretf, 
The  committee  having  obtained  poasesstoQ 
of  some  premises,  a(i(joinii|g  the  present 
school-house,  propose  to  add  m*teen  male  pu- 
pils to  the  present  establishment.  Consisting  of 
21  male  and  l6  female  pu^b.  Tbsre  is  at 
present  on  the  books  of  the  institution,  a  list 
of  candidates  for  admission  ;  but  as  the  coa^ 
mittec  have  hitherto  returned  diseouragins  an- 
swers to  manyappUcations,  and  are  appr&n- 
sire  that  theenuy  of  some  names  on  their  list 
ina^r  have  been  tnereby  prevented,  they  think. 
it  right  to  give  this  public  notice  of  the  in- 
tended augmentation. 

The  committee  will  proceed  to  elect  tha 
fifteen  additional  pupils,  as  soon  as  the  new 
premises  can  be  prepared  for  thdur  reoepiioa ; 
and  all  persons  who  may  wbh  to  proct^n*  tha 
admission  of  an  obiect,  are  desired  to  apply* 
without  delay,  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Grindlay,  at 
the  School  for  the  Indigent  Blind;  St. 
George's  Fields,  Surrey,  for  a  printed  form  of 
the  quesdoDS  to  be  answered  by  the  parents 
or  friends  ol  the  party  on  whose  behali  ap» 
plication  b  niade.<>-Thi^  9i^€|p  of  I>mhaaL 
u  the  president 


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British  InstifuHon  for  promoting  the  Fine  Arts, 


[1302 


BRITISH  IHSTITDTION  FOR  PROMaTINO  THE 
FINE  ARTS    IN  TUB   DNITED    KIlTODOM.— * 

Founded  June  4,  1805,  opened  January 
18,  1806.— The  Klag|s  Most  Excellent 
Majesty,  Patron.  His  JRoyal  Highness  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  Vice-patron.  The  Earl 
of  Dartmouth,  President.— [rAe  place  of 
Exhibition  it  inPuii-maU:  formerly  the 
Shakespeare  Gallery.'] 

The  British  Institution  is  an  establish- 
ment in  fitvour  of  the  fine  arts,  to  which  we 
most  cordially  wish  success.  It  may  be  de- 
scribed as  an  association  of  a  number  of  noble- 
men and  gentlemen,  with  his  MAjesty  at  the 
head  of  tnem,  to  favour  and  encourage  the 
genius  of  this  kingdom.  We  are  not  of  opi- 
nion that  it  is  the  character  of  our  country  to 
suffet  genius  to  expire  unnoticed,  or  unre- 
'  warded,  generally  speaking.  That  some  un- 
happy exceptions  have  occurred,  we  acknow- 
.  ledge  with  regret,  but  these  do  not  really  im- 
peach our  observation.  Genius  is  too  often 
combined  with  other  qualities  which  coun- 
teract its  efforts :  the  repulsive  powers  of  these 
are  stronger  than  the  attractive  power  of  that. 
Who  can  endure  profligacy  of  manners,  or 
dissoluteness  of  conduct,  with  whatever  abi- 
lities they  may  be  combined  ?  The  pity  for 
talents,  lost,  rained,  murdered  by  such  as- 
sociates, is  a  Suffering  too  painful  for  those  to 
encourage,  who,  happily  for  themselves,  have 
the  choice  of  more  agreeable  feelings.  But, 
We  readily  ^ant  that  the  public  is  not  always  so 
alive  to  merit  as  the  meritorious  artist  himself 
imagines  it  should  be.  He  knows  the  labour 
and  pains  a  performance  has  cost  himj  he 
knmvs  the  hazards  of  failure ;  he  knows  the 
anxiety,  the  throes  of  mental  travail  he  has 
undergone;  and  he  presents  his  production 
to  the  public,  which  sees  the  resiilt  only,  not 
the  preparations;  the  complete  effect,  not 
the  progress.  But,  wherefore  should  we  ex- 
pect to  nnd  the  parental  feelings  in  an  indif- 
ferent spectator?  how  should  any  igno- 
rant of  tne  profession,  as  the  public  at  lar^ 
must  be,  enter  into  those  minutiae  of  sonti- 
inent  which  an  artist  himself  allo>vs  can  only 
be  acquired  by  study,  and  are  understood  only 
by  persons  who  have  long  been  familiar  with 
the  principles  of  art  ?  **  Give  me,  then,  pa- 
trons,** exclaims^  the  artist,  "  who  under- 
Itand  my  merit,  and  duly  value  my  distinction.*' 
In  this  Institution,  Sif,  you  have  them  :  but 
do  not  flatter  yourself  that  even  here  you  will 
Ineetwith  a  patronage  equal  to  those  ideas 
which  ydu,  naving  long  meditated,  almost 
exclusively,  on  this  subject,  have  fondly  in- 
dulged. The  error  lies  not  in  patrons  wholly : 
it  is  partly  in  profbsors,  whose  habits  of 
lifbglvc  importance  to  many  things  which 
less  absorbed  judgment  considers  as  trivial. 
In  fact,  the  worid  is  a  large  space,  full  of  va- 
jritm  iockicDtt-^it  u  a  spectacle  of  ever  new 


.devices, — a  r^ion  of  diversity —  but  the 
stud^  of  an  artist  is  one  secluded  dejxartment, 
his  ulcas  center  in  his  art,  and  he  attaches  to 
this  an  iniportanco  which  not  infrequently 
marks  an  incipient  abberration  of  ideas.  To 
moderate  overweening  expectation  is  no  less 
serviceable  to  the  arts  than  to  rouse  genius 
from  its  languor,  and  to  direct  its  expecta- 
tions io  that  applaud  and  reward  which  gene- 
rally await  its  exertions.  To  this  latter  in- 
tention the  Institution  under  consideration 
happily  contributes  assistance — in  a  manner 
truly  honourable,  and  by  means  every  way 
deserv  i  ng  of  encouragement.  Our  best  wishes 
most  heartily  attend  it. 

It  first  opened  Jan.  18,  18o6,  with  ^ 
shew  of  pictures,  all  of  them  works  of  Bri- 
tish artists,  and  many  of  them  of  Rreat  me- 
rit :  of  these  were  soki  to  the  value  of  j^5,45o. 
This  closefl  June  lo,  18o6.  After  which  a 
number  of  very  fine  old  pictures  were  sent 
by  their  owners,  and  permitted  to  be  co- 
pied, by  students  and  others,  who  ooukl  not 
tail  of  profiting  greatly  by  this  permission. 
This  was  a  real  service  done  to  thcarts ;  and 
the  more  particularly  felt  as  such,  because 
our  youth  cannot  now  visit  Italy,  as  they 
used  to  do,  to  study,  in  their  places,  those 
chefs't^ceuvre  of  ItaJian  eminence,  which 
formerly  were  objects  of  their  imitation  and 
emulation.  But,  though  forbidden  by  cir- 
cumstances in  which  the  arts  have  no  other 
concern  than  that  of  deep  regret,  from  avail- 
ing ourselves  of  that  mode  of  instruction, 
Britain  has  resources  within  itself;  and  the 
great  augmentation  which,  within  these  few 
vears,  has  been  made  to  oar  national  col- 
lections of  foreign  masters,  enables  us  to  de- 
rive much,  if  not  equal  advantage,  without 
forsaking  our  native  isle.  Art  can  receive  no 
greater  service  from  the  liberality  of  those 
who  possess  valuable  cabinets  of  excellent 
works  than  permission  to  visit  them,  and, 
under  proper  r^trictions,  permission  to  copy 
theui.  I'his  will  eventuaJIy  produce  distm-» 
guished  merit,  as  cultivation  produces  fruit 
uf  superior  flavour ;  to  ensure  its  maturity 
and  permanence,  requires  a  favourable  ex- 
posure, with  the  free  aceess  of  those  solar 
beams  which  communicate  at  once  both  light 
and  heat. 

We  are  glad  to  see  this  Gallery  a  second 
time  filled  with  valuable  performances: 
there  are,  as  in  every  collection,  some  of  su- 
perior excellence ;  and  there  are  a  few,  but 
not  many,  which  we  should  have  wished 
omitted:  even  these,  perhaps,  have  motives 
attached  to  their  admission  which,  properly 
explained,  deserve  applause.  We  find  some 
difficulty  in  modelling  our  report;  be- 
cause those  of  our  readers  who  reside  &rfrom 
town  can  enter  but  little  into  the  propriety  of 
our  remarks.  We  can  neither  aescribe  co- 
lourii^  nor  composiQon ;  these  must  bt  t 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


SOS] 


Briiish  InstUutwnftrr  prct/noihig  the  Fine  ArU, 


[rsM 


to  be  judged  of.  We  can  communicate  a 
general  idea  only  ;  bat  so  far  as  our  recom- 
mend jtion  extends  in  the  metropolis  our 
readers  who  esteem  these  studies  (as  who  does 
notf)  will  visit  thb  Institution,  and  judge 
for  theroseWes. 

Criticism  may  be  con»dered  as  detecting 
errors,  or  as  pointing  out  deficiencies.  The 
exposure  of  mcoiisistencies,  or  absurdities, 
is,  unquestionably,  the  first  step  towards  re- 
finement ;  but  refinement  is  incomplete 
while  any  improvement  which  might  be  at- 
tained icmains  unadopted.  The  imperfect 
thoughis  or  expressions  of  art  are  fair  subjects 
of  examination.  Ai  present  we  seldom  witness 
gross  absurdities,  and  we  have  not  discovered 
any  in  the  present  exhibition.  But  some  of 
the  subjects  under  remark  might  have  com- 
bined additional  expressbn  with  that  which 
they  at  present  possess.     For  example. 

One  of  the  finest  pictures  in  the  roons, 
and  worthy  of  any  cabinet,  is  No.  3.  The 
Fall  of  Phaeton,  by  J.  Ward  :  yet  the 
clouds  into  which  the  horses  are  falhng,  on 
the  right  hand,  especially,  have  too  great 
semblance  of  rocks,  at  least  they  suggest  an 
to  a  gross  terrestrial  atmosphere. 


his  imperfection  limits  the  expression, 
which  would  approach  nearer  to  the  sublime. 
If  the  event  were  supposed  to  take  ^hct  m 
the  upper  regions  of  the  heavens,  and  in  un- 
limited space. 

Onie's  Belitariuf,  No.  24,  has  merit; 
l^ut  by  what  authority  has  he  represented  this 
general  as  $hacen  f '  Had  his  subject  been 
Narses,  that  commander,  indeed,  might  with 
propriety  liave  appeaved  beardless ;  but  the 
jiiodem  air  whicn  this  omission  giv^  to  the 
ancient  hero,  deprives  us  of  the  pleasure  of 
believing  that  we  arc  looking  on  the  real  Be- 
lisarius. 

The  picture  of  Nathan  reproving  David, 
by  Cook,  does  credit  to  the  artist's  talents : 
but,  we  rather  think  it  a  boldness  in  him  to 
place  Egyptian  architecture  in  a  Hebrew 
acene.  We  deny  not  tliat  there  might  be  a 
resemblance  between  the  architecture  of  Sy- 
ria and  that  of  E^ypl:  but  we  object,^  k. 
This  architecture  is  known  to  be  that  of 
Egypt,  of  course,  it  raises  the  idea  of  that 
country  in  the  mind  of  a  spectator :  2.  The 
object  is  an  Egyptian  temple,.  If  the  pamter 
intended  this  for  any  part  of  the  palace  of 
David,  it  may  beaskea  him,  what  reason  he 
has  for  supposing  such  an  adaptation  ?  If  he 
intends  it  for  the  Hebrew  temple,  we  add  to 
our  objection,  that  that  CempLe  was  not  then 
huilt. 

In  this  artist's  picture  of  tRc  Deafh  qf 
jihel,  Cain  is  at  least  twenty  years  older  than 
Abel — contrary  to  credibility :  Cain  is  a  mus- 
cular man  of  Herculean  limbs;  Abel  has  not 
even  a  beard.  The  artist  has  also  omitted  to 
uke  advantage  of  the  smouldeting  of  Cain's 


altar,  and  the  clear  burning  of  Abel's  sacri- 
fical  fire.  This  contrast  would,  at  Icait, 
have  contributed  to  expression  :  possibly  also 
to  effect. 

No.  48.  Athenian  Youth  taking  the  Oath 
of  Fidelity  to  their  Country  at  the  Altar  of 
Aglaurus,  by  Fiearson,  is  a  new  subject,  and 
well  thoudit*  The  artist  has,  very  proyerly, 
consulted  Stuart  for  the  front  of  the  Propy- 
lea ;  hut  we  think  he  has  made  the  Ionic 
temple  too  conspicuous ;  as  it  does  not  corre- 
spond with  the  Dorie  of  the  opposite  wing.  , 
We  suppose  he  has  autliority  for  seating  three 
magistrates  in  one  marble  chair.  Has  he 
equal  authority  for  all  the  parts  of  the  mili- 
tary dress  whicn  he  has  given  to  his  youthfod 
warriors  f 

N.B.  Had  the  artist  duMen  some  particular 
expedition  against,  an  enemy,  it  would  have 
gjven  additional  interest  to  this  scene  by  va- 
riety, by  movement,  &c.  &c. 

Isfo.  02.  Copley's  picture  of  King  Charles 
demanding  the  Jive  Members  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  has  variety  and  movement  enough ; 
but  the  desire  of  marking  so  great  a  nuinfaer 
of  portraits  has  rendered  the  preservation  of 
the  keeping  impossible.  We  are  sorry,  also, 
to  observe,  that  the  House  had  not  at  that 
time  a  single  clerk  in  its  employ^  nor  a  single 
standish  on  its  table;  neither  papers  (of  any 
kind),  pens,  nor  ink! 

Among  the  best  pictures  of  tiie  Fuseli  kind 
that  we  have  ever  seen,  we  willingly  reckon 
No.  83,  The  Jfttch  sailing  to  Aleppo,  by  HaU. 

But  in  a  mevt  I'll  thhher  sail,— - 

Yet  in  this  the  artist  has  forgot  how  much 
the  shewing  a  part,  at  least,  of  the  meshes 
of  this  sieve  would  have  augmented  the 
expression  of  witchcraft :  the  repulsive  power 
of  this  hag's  charms  must  be  uecessarify 
in  strong  exertion,  if  able  to  prevent  tfaie 
rushing  of  the  watei  ^roo|[h  those  meshes. 
The  venicle  has  now  the  air  of  a  washing 
tub,  which,  though  certainly  no  pleasant 
conveyance  .on  the  main  ocean,  yet,  m  point 
of  witchcraft,  is  not  e^ual  to  a  sieve. 

The  foregoing  are  instances  of  those  ti»- 
perfect  expressions  which  reflection,  carried 
a  little  further  than  it  is,  would  have  greatly 
improved  in  vigour  and  completeness.  We 
have  purposely  selected  resp^table  perform- 
ances, because  such  cannot  suier  by  misap- 
prehension of  our  comments. 

There  are  many  pleating  subjects  among 
the  landscapes,  and  some  of  great  merit.-— 
We  noticed  also  various  dravyings  which  air 
highly  OomfQendable.  In  eeneial,  the  views 
of  particular  places  are  the  Diest  painted :  and 
Mr.  Daniell's  views  in  the  East  Indies  must 
always  be  distinguished  as  unconunon  sub-» 
jccts,  very  respectably  executed.  Tliere  arc 
several  articles  of  natural  hbtory,  &c.  A 
groupof  mioiatuns  is  not  the  least  vafejeaMc 


Digitized 


by  Google 


1305]     DetcnptUm  of  the  new  Window  in  St.  Mary's  Church,  WhUechapeL     [1308 

ing  pari  of  the  collection.     In  fact,  mioiature 

ahd  enamel  painters  have  lately  executed  pieces 

which,  a  few  years  ago,  would  have  been 

thought  altogether  beyond  their  powers.    But 

of  these,  and  some  other  departments  of  art, 

we  shall  say  more  when  the  ensuing  Exhibi- 
tion at  Somerset-house  affords  us  an  occasion. 
There  are  also  a  few  articles  of  sculpture ; 

the  only  Jigure  is  a  Venus,   by  N<Jlekens; 

she  is  too  old  by  seven  years  for  a  representative 

of  the  Goddess  of  eternal  youth  and  beauty. 
A  considerable  addition  is.  made  to  the  in- 
terest of  the  present  year,  by  the  exposure  of 

those  models  for  the  monuments  of  Mr.  Pitt, 

Lonl  Cornwallis,  and  Lord  Nelson,  on  which 

public  sratitude  has  employed  the  art  of  sculp- 
ture.   They  exhibit  great  variety  of  tliought, 

itfnd  some  of  them  are  highly  commcndaule. 

We  must,  however,  pioiest  against  the  adop- 
.  tion  of  a  Roman  dress  for  the  figure  of  Lord 

CornwalHs,  especially  as  groupra  with  East 

Indian  figures,    whether  divme  or  human. 

His  Loroship,  dressed  in  his  British  parlia- 
mentary   rooes,     looks    sufficiently  bizarre 

among  brunins  and  goddesses  ;  but  this  may 

be  justified,  by  what  we  know  might  be  fafct  j 

the  other,  as  an  impossibility,  is  fncapable  of 

defence.    This  collection  b,  with  propriety, 

admitted  into  the  rooms ;  and  if  designs  or 

models  of  those  national  building?  on  which 

the  science  of  architecture  is  engaged  were 

also  submitted  to  public  inspection  in  this 
« Institution,  before  they  were  ultimately  ex- 

^uted,    there    can    be  no  doubt    but  that 

artists  would  derive  many  valuable  hints  from 

incidental  observations  -,  and  the  public  would 

not  be,  as  it    now   loo  often   is,  ashamed 

mA  disgusted  at  structures^  which  are  erected 

as  instances  of  national  skilly  together  with 

national  liberality.    We  should  still  further 

recommend,    that  specimens  of  whatever  is 

national  in  the  arts  should  be  added  to  those 

already  comprised  in  this  Gallery :  there  is  no 

department  of  art  that  is  unworthy  public 

protection,  thougjh  in  all  departments  of  art 

tome  instances  w)Il  inevitably  prove  to  be  so. 

Qn  the  whole,  we  hope  that  this  under- 
taking will  answer  the  purposes  of  the  noble 

patrons  who  have  so  handsomely '  supported 

It,  and  that  both  parties,  the  artists  and  the 
\  public,  will  reap  lasting  benefit  from  it, 

llie  number  of  subscribers  is  considerably 

increased  in  the  course  of  the  last  year   They 
are  divided  intp  cla«ses  of  100  guineas  in  one 


5iffn— of  5  guineas,  3  guineas,  and  1  gui- 
nea, annually.  Besides  the  services  we  have 
mentioned  aliiove  as  done  to  the  arts  by  ama- 
teurs, they  received  no  small  favour  from  the 
liberality  of  the  Marquis  of  Stafford,  who,  in 
the  course  of  the  last  summer,  opened  his 
magnificent  collection  of  pictures,  on  certain 
days  of  the  week,  to  the  inspection  of  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  public,  by  means  of 
tickets,  custribttted  vvith  selection,  yet  with 
^  exemplary  generosity  and  freedom. 


DESCRIPTION    OP   THB      NEW    WINDOW     IN 
ST.MAftY's  CHURCH,  WUITECHAPBL. — Tht 

Nativity  of  Christ,  and  the  Adoration  of 
the  Shepherds ;  executed  on  Glass,  by  Mr. 
Pearson,  of  Iligh^te;  after  a  Picture 
called  «•  La  Notte  di  Corrcgio,**  or  "  '11j« 
Night  of  Corregio." 

The  time  is  night,  towards  the  break  of 
day,  which  be^ns  to  dawn  on  the  distant 
hiils  in  the  back  ground.  The  figures  in 
front  derive  their  light  from  the  infant.  Christ 
calb  himself,  in  Scripture,  **  The  Light  of 
the  World.*'  The  child  lies  upon  some 
stj!aw,  spread  on  a  manger,  and  rests  upoo 
the  arm  of  the  Virgin  Mary  :  she  leans  over 
hini,  and  the  lower  part  of  her  face  is  most 
enlightened  :  had  she  not  been  drawn  incUn- 
ing  forward,  jhit  upper  part  of  her  face  must 
have  been  thrown  into  deep  shade,  which 
would  have  had  a  bad  efiect.  The  infant  it 
seen  foreshortened.  Its  head  is  visible,  and 
part  of  its  face ;  and  one  hand  and  one  foot 
shew  themselves  through  the  swaddling- 
clothes.  An  old  shepherd  stands  rather  ob* 
liquely;  a  younger  one,  addressing  him  with 
emotions  of  joy,  pnesents  heaiiy  a  full  faoe^ 
This  contrast  marks  the  iudsnlent  of  the  ar- 
tist. A  shepherdess  behind,  with  a  pair  of 
doves  in  a  little  basket,  holds  up  one  hand  to 

Krevent  her  eyes  from  being  dazzled  by. the 
^ht  emanating  from  the  child.  Betiina  |he 
Vugin  is  Joseph,  and  behind  him  again  ara 
two  shepherds ;  this  management  gives  great 
depth  to  the  picture.  An  ass  and  an  ox  are 
discernible,  and  a  ladder  is  dtstinguisliable, 
reared  against  a  wall  of  the  ho^'eh  Above 
are  angels  conducting  the  shepherds :  one  of 
them,  in  purple  drapery,  is  addressing  other 
persons  out  of  the  picture,  and,  bv  the  ex» 
presbion  of  his  hands,  is  pointing  the  Way  to 
the  new-born  Saviour  of  the  World.  The 
light  upon  the  angels  is  also  derived  from  tho 
child. 

Thb  work  b  not  to  be  looked  at  as  an  or* 
dinary  window  in  a  church,  made  up  of 
patches  of  gaudy  colours.  Corregio  having 
shewn  some  strilcing  effects  of  light  in  the 
original,  it 'became  a  proper  subject  for.  a 
transparency,  A>  the  time  is  night,  how<» 
ever,  we  might  naturally  expept  some  strong 
shadows,  and  a  good  deal  of  that  sober  hue 
which  painters  call  '*  repose."  Th«  piece 
should  Devie\%-ed,  as  one  would  look  at  a 
good  picture  of  that  great  master,  setin  a  fa«i 
vouraple  position. 

Antonio  AJlegri,  called  Da  Corrc^o,  from 
the  place  of  his  birth,  was  born  A.D.  149Q; 
and  died  March  5,  1534  (the  i^ih  of  Henry 
VIIL);  Pearson  b  still  living,  J8Q6, 

The  original  of  thb  picture,  in  the  Diis« 
seldorf  Gallery,  has  e%-er  be^n  famous  among 
artists  :  and  sir  Joshqa  Reynolds  has  not  dis- 

Idained  to  comppfc,  on  the  same  principles, 
his  celebrated  Nativity;  in  the  window*  of 
AU  SouU  College,  Oxford. 


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by^OOglc 


13073 


ParliomevtQTy  Hutor^. 


{\m 


PARLIAMENTARY  HISTORY. 

Chap.  II. 

AMitlnn  of  Slave  Trade, — Ordnance  Esti- 
mates,— frajning  Act. — Treaty  withAme- 
rica—^Armtf  Estimates, — Finances. 

On  the  night  that  the  Negociation  Papers 
were  discusstd  in  the  House  of  Lords,  Lord 
prenville  presented  an  Act  for  the  alolition  of 
the  Slave  T%ade  in  Africa ;  on  which  Lord 
Hawkesbury,  alluding  to  what  had  passed  in 
the  preceding  fission  on  the  discussion  of  a 
similar  bill,  wished  to  be  informed  what  com- 
munication had  taken  place  between  his  ma- 
jesty's government  and  foreign  powers  respect- 
ing the  most  effectual  n^eans  of  alwli^hing 
this  trade  in  all  foreign  parts.  Lord  Hldon 
exprcsstd  a  similar  wish,  but  Lord  Grenville 
dei'iined  entering  into  the  subject  until  the 
bill  came  regularly  to  b^  discussed.  The  bill 
was  then  read  a  nrst  time,  and  ordered  to  be 
printed.  On  the  motion  of  Lord  Grenville 
(January  13)  for  summoning  the  house  to  at- 
tend the  second  reading.  Lord  Hawkesbuiy 
again  adverting  to  the  proceedings  of  the  last 
session*  otnerved,  that  two  resolutions  had 
been  ailopted  relative  to  the  proposed  abolition 
pf  the  Slave  Trade.  Tlie  iirst,  expressive  of 
a  desire  to  put  an  end  to  the  traffic ;  the  se- 
5»nd,  praying  his  majesty  to  ascertain  the 
opinions  and  intentions  of  foreign  powers  up- 
on that  subject.  France,  Spain,  Holland, 
Pbrtugal,  and  America,  were  extensively  en- 
gaged in  that  branch  of  trade  ;  Denmark  and 
Sweden,  rather  inconsiderably.  As  it  was  im- 
portant to  effect  a  similarity  of  opinion  on 
this  subject,  it  was  necessary  that  tneir  lord- 
ships should  be  in  possession  of  the  docu- 
ments of  the  proposed  corresfjondence,  if  any 
,  had  taken  place ;  or  that  they  should  know 
iht  &ct,  if  no  such  documents  existed.  With 
France  an  opportunity  midit  have  occurred 
during  the  progress  of  the  late  nesociation  ; 
the  opinions  of  Spain  might  |)ernaps  have 
been  ascertained  through  the  same  channel, 
and  his  majesty's  government  could  at  all 
times  procure  the  determination  of  the  Re- 
gent or  Portugal,  and  of  tlie  executive  go- 
yeroment  of  America.  He  therefore  moved 
an  address  to  his  Majesty,  '<  That  hb  Ma- 
jesty would  be  graciously  pleased  to  order  tt)- 
pies  of  such  corres))ondence  as  his  Majesty 
oad  thought  proper  to  enter  upon  with  fo- 
reign power*  on  the  subject  of  the  Slave  Trade 
since  June  26,  1806,  to  be  laid  on  the  table 
of  that  bouse.'* 

Lord  Grenville  had  no  objection  to  the  ad- 
dress under  certain  modifications.  During 
the  progress  of  the  late  negociation  with 
France,  some  communications  had  taken 
place  betweathe  respective  governments  relat- 
mg  to  the  Sl«ve  Traae ;  and  had  a  treaty  been 
fc^uded^  an  amm^aiem  on  tliat  subject 


would  have  formed  one  of  its  articles.  Those 
communications  would  not  be  withoWen 
from  the  house.  With  respect  to  Portw^, 
his  Majesty's  nunlsieni  had  not  jud,^  it  ne- 
cessary to  consult  that  powder  ur.til  the  dcier- 
i.iination  of  Trance  and  America  were  ascer- 
tained. The  suhjcct  had  nm  been  coofiufd 
to  comniuuiaitioDS  with  the  Americau  go- 
vernment, but  S:u!  been  actuallv  matle  an  ar- 
ticle of  the  treaty  recently  concluded  between 
the  two  countries.  It  was  not  tlie  custom, 
however,  of  the  British  empire,  to  publi4i 
the  provisions  and  articles  of  a  treaty  not  ra- 
tilicd,  and  formally  promulgated.  Ou  the 
suggestion  of  his  lordship,  it  was  at  itngth 
agreed,  that  the  address  should  be  for  •*  such 
copies  as  his  Majesty  should  think  proper.** 

January  7. — In  the  House  ol  Commons 
Mr.  Calcraft  in  a  Committee  of  Supply  oq 
the  Ordnance  Estimates  obser\ed,  that  consi- 
derable reductions  between  this  yeai^and  the 
last,  were  visible  in  the  estimates,  for  which, 
however,  he  did  not  claim  the  slightest  credit 
for  the  present  board  -,  the  reductions  arosQ 
chiefly  from  the  ample  provisions  made,  and 
the  lajge  sums  applied  in  former  years  for  tb( 
purposes  which  CM^lonsed  to  the  Ordnance.  A 
quantity  of  stores  had  been  laid  in  last  year) 
to  meet  contingencies  which  had  not  occurred, 
particularly  on  the  coast  of  Kent  and  Sussex.' 
For  Great  Britain  alone,  the  estimate  this 
year  would  be  less  by  j^  600,000  than  la4 
year's  5  the  reduction  for  Ireland  woukl  also 
prove  consideioble  j  and  whoever  should  han 
the  honour  of  moving  the  Ordnance  Esti- 
mates next  year,  would  have  the  satisfactkn 
of  submitting  them  on  a  scale  still  more  re- 
duced. The  reason  was,  that  the  linei  of 
Chatliara  and  Dover,  and  the  works  on  the 
coast,  would  he  com  pleated  before  the  ensuing 
session  y  consecjuentJy,  the  expence  of  tboi£ 
works  must  cease.  Since  the  estimates  had 
been  first  laid  on  the  table,  the  sum  of 
^400,000  had  been  voted  for  thera  in  die 
Committee  of  Supply  j  therefore,  he  had  to 
move  for  £  400,000  less  than  had  been  pro- 
nosed  in  tlie  first  instance.  The  Honourable 
Member  then  moved  tlie  following  sums, 
which  were  agreed  to.  For  ordnance  laaq 
service  for  the  year  1805,  jg  301,^000.  5».  Qd, 
not  made  good  by  parliament.— For  the  oid- 
nahcesenice  of  I80J,  ^202,365.  146. 2d. 
not  provided  for  by  PaiHament.-^Charge  of 
ordinaries  for  1807,  -£*?,2y7,000.  Os.  Xoi-^ 
For  the  charge  of  the  Office  of  Oninauccia 
Ireland,  .€1479,246.  lys.  id. 

January  8. — Mr.  Windham,  inanswertq 
a  question  from  Ix)rd  (^astlereagh,  "  Wbedicr 
it  were  intended  to  put  into  rxecution  thf 
Training  Act  passed  last  session;  or  to  sub- 
stitute any  otner  measure  ?*'  stated,  that  the 
bill  alluded  to  was  already  passing  into  execu- 
tion, so  far  as  related  to  tne  preliminary  pans, 
and  after  certain  r^;uJatioa9  sboold  bi^ve  bcc} 


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1^09] 


PMrHdmMarj  Hisiorj, 


[1310 


adopteil,  it  W2S  the  ihtentioii  of  ^premment 
to  cany  it  still  farther  into  execution,  ami  to 
extend  it  over  all  the  kingdom ;  it  was  how- 
erer,  a  measure  subject  to  the  discretion  of  the 
executive  government,  and  might  be  limi^  by 
circumstances,     [^f^ide  page  1320.] 

January  12. — ^Loid  Castlereagh,  pursuant 
to  a  notice  formerly  given,  rose  to  demand  in- 
formation relative  to  the  militaiy  establish- 
mentf  of  the  country.  The  first pomtw^s,  the 
Actual  effective  strength  of  our  army,  including 
militia  and  artillery  corps,  from  March  8, 
1806,  (the  last  period  up  to  which  returns  had 
been  inade  to  Parliament)  to  January  1,  1807, 
inclusive,  distinguished  under  >'anous  heads, 
and  distinguishing  the  force  at  home  and 
Abroad  at  those  penods,  in  order  that  the  house 
might  ascertain  whether  the  army  were  really 
increasing  or  diminishing.  The  second  point 
wal  relative  to  the  sources  by  which  that  ar- 
my was  kept  up,  in  order  that  the  house 
toight  see  what  sources  of  supply  they  ou9;ht 
now  to  rely  upon,  as  likely  to  Keep  up' the  ar- 
my to  that  standard  which  the  military  policy 
ot  the  country  reauired.  There  were  also 
two  other  points  relating  to  the  collateral  sup- 
ports of  the  army  ;  the  e£Bective  strengtlj  of 
the  volunteers  in  January  1,  1806,  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  tneir  standard  at  the 
pe&ent  day ;  and  also  the  state  of  proceed- 
ings in  reaard  to  the  ^neral  training  of  the 
people.  It  was  desirable  that  something 
should  be  done  respecting  the  volunteers,  to 
tender  them  more  completely  applicable  to  the 
defence  of  the  country  ;  and  as  to  the  Train- 
ing Bill,  nothing  could  be  more  vague,  or  less 
satisfactory,  than  the  answer  he  \vm  received 
Ofi  this  flucject  from  one  of  his  Majest^*s  ini- 
iMSters  on  a  former  evening ;  he  therefore  felt 
himself  under  the  necessity  of  calling  for  an 
abstract  of  such  instructions  as  had  been 
issued  by  his  Majesty^s  commands  to  Lord 
Lieutenants  of  counties  in  conseouence  of  tlie 
Act  for  training  his  Majesty's  subjects.  If  he 
found  that  the  information  which  that  motion 
would  bring,  did  not  dve  him  a  more  favour- 
able opinion  of  the  o^ciency  of  that  system 
than  he  had  yet  collected,  he  should  certainly 
not  think  it  consistent  with  his  duty,  to  per- 
mit that  foundation  which  the  right  Honour- 
able Secretary  had  chosen  for  his  system  (he 
meant  the  change  in  the  Mutiny  Act)  to 
pass  unnoticed.  If  the  new  plan  had  not 
xreatly  and  rapidly  increased  our  military 
-ferce,  it  was  evident  that  it  had  sown  the  seerfs 
of  the  ultimate  decrease  of  the  British  army. 
His  |or4ship*8  first  motion  for  a  return  of  the 
monthly  elective  stren;;th  of  his  Majesty's 
military  force,  distinguishing  the  respective 
regiments,  &c.  having  been  put,  Mr.  Wind- 
ham considered  it  as  liable  to  obiection,  on 
accoont  of  its  conveying  too  much  informa- 
tion to  out  enemies.  If  it  could  be  modifieil, 
y     |0  at  to  |a«vaitt  that  improper  eflect,  he  ^dd 


not  oppose  it.  Lord  Castlercagh  accord- 
ingly consented  to  render  the  motion  less 
particular ;  after  which  it  was  put  and  car- 
ried, as  were  his  other  motions  relative  to  the 
desired  information. 

January  14. — Lord  Howtck  in  answer  to 
a  question  from  General  Gascoignc,  respectinis; 
certain  prohibitory  laws  of  the  American  go- 
vernment, stated,  that  a  treaty  had  b«5n  sign- 
ed by  the  comtnissioners  appointed  by  his 
Majesty,  and  by  the  plenipotentiaries  of  the 
United  States  of  America ;  and  that  whea 
the  treaty  should  be  ntiBed  by  the  respective 
^vemmente,the  Prohibitory  Laws,  or  Non- 
importation Act  alluded  to  by  the  honourable 
gentleman,  would  naturally  cease. 

This nening  also.  Lord  Howick,  alluding 
to  the  order  of  council  of  the  7th  instant, 
respecting  the  trading  of  neutral  ships  to 
and  from  the  enemy's  ports,  observed  that  his 
Majesty  had  made  a  reserve  j  but  it  was  in 
ther  province  of  his  Majesty's  prerogative  to 
exercise  that  reserve  as  circumstances,  the 
conduct  of  the  enemy,  or  that  of  neutrals,  re- 
quired, and  which  certainly  wobld  be  the  case. 

January  21. — ^The  House  of  Commons 
in  a  Committee  of  Supply,  took  into  consi- 
deration the  Army  Estimates  which  had  been 
presented  by  the  Secretary  at  War  on  the 
]4th,  and  the  estimates  of  the  barrack  de- 
partment presemed  by  Mr.  Vansittart  on  the 
15th  preceding. 

Previously  to  the  formation  of  the  commit- 
tee, Mr.  \Vindham,  in  answer  to  a  question 
from  Lord  Casdereagh,  stated,  that  not  any 
of  the  men  belonging  to  the  army,  who  had 
completed  twenty-one  years,  haa  been  dis- 
charged, but  that  they  had  the  advantage  of 
pay  and  allowances. 

ilr.  Hobhouse  havins  taken  the  chair.  Ge- 
neral Fitzpatrick,  the  Secretary  at  War,  ob- 
served, that  he  found  the  dilTerenoe  between 
the  present  estimates,  and  those  voted  in  for* 
mer  years  so  very  immaterial,  that  it  was  not 
requisite  to  enter  into  a  minute  detail  of  the 
items.  The  cavalry  rc^jrments  would  continue 
at  an  establishment  of  800  men,  the  infantry 
battalions  at  1J?00,  1000,  800,  600,  or  400, 
as  circumstances  mi^ht  require.  The  two 
first  estimates  were  for  guards,  garrisons,  and 
plantations  ;  which  of  course  Included  the 
whole  body  of  our  military  force  both  at  home 
and  abroad.  On  these  estimates  there  was  an 
increase  this  year,  of  £241,537.  The  first 
article  of  this  increase  was,  a  new  regiment  of 
infantry  for  Itcland  ;  the  secotxl,  six  garrison 
battalions  to  recdve  those  men  who  had  bce^ 
raised  under  the  Defence  Act,  and  limited  to 
home  service.  There  was  also  an  increase  un- 
der the  following  heads  of  service  : — ^Tcu  bat- 
talions for  Canada,  two  compunici  to  the 
African  corps,  and  the  regiments  in  the  VVest 
Indies;  eleven  comj^nies  of  Sicilian  troo)»». 
now  serving  in  Sicily,  and  the  sialT  lor 
2U4 


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J  3 1 1]  ParUametitary  IRsiory. 

foreign  service,  owing  to  the  different  icxpcdi- 
tions  which  bad  been  undertaken.    The  in- 
j:;rease  under  the^e  and  other  colUtcral  heads, 
ivas  jfU 0,000  since  June  last}  the   total 
amount  was  j£  439,732  ;  from  that  sum  was 
to  be  deducted  the  decrease  of  expenoe  on 
'  pther  estimates : — First,  the  reduction  of  the 
i25th  Dragoons  in  India ;  second,  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  Royal  Wasgon  Train  to  four  com- 
pnies  J  third,  the  reduction  of  different  bat- 
talions. The  decrease  in  consequence  of  thdte 
reductions,    left    the    balance    of    increase 
j£24l,573,    ITic  next  estimate  was  an  in- 
crease for  the  public  department,  j6  44,222  ; 
jj  40,000  to  defray  a  deficiency  of  j^  20,000 
last   year,    and  ^20,000    the  year  befoijC. 
There  was  a  farther  increase,  in  conswjuencc 
of  a  number  of  offices  havinsc  being  included 
in  the  estimates,  that  were  fcrmerij*  paid  out 
of  the  extraordinaries  of  the  army,     lliesc 
were,  the  Commander    in  Chief,*  jf75(iO; 
Adjutant- General,  j£3077;  Quarter^M aster- 
General,  £2467  ;  these  with  the  Inspector- 
General  of  Recruiting  Ser\ice,  and  the  Army 
TMedical  Board,  made  a  total  of  ^19,361. 
There  was  also  some  addition  to  other  olBces, 
particularly  that  of  Jud^  Advocate,   in  the 
whole,  about  ^  4223.'    On  the  next  estimate 
for  the  out-pensioners  of  Chelsea  Hobpital, 
there  was  an  incj^ase  of  ^  }  13,17  J .    On  the 
tstinjate  respecting;  volunleer  corps,"  although 
there  was  a  considerable  sum  to  be  provided 
for,  the  decrease  was  £  248,5bf  ;  the  decrease 
would   have  amounted  to  j^ 368,000,  had  it 
jiol  been  necessary  to  retain  the  volunleer  sys- 
tem  in   Ireland  four  months  on  i^rmanent 
duly,  instead  of  one.  On  the  estimate  for  thf 
foreign    corps,    there    was    a    decre4se    of 
4,'  153,368,  but  with  no  saving  to  the  public ; 
this  arose  from  the  transfer  of  the  German 
Xigion  Artillery  to  the  war  estimates.    The 
last  estimate,  called  the  Com|)assionate  List, 
was  entirely  new  ;  it  had  hitherto  been  voted 
out  of  a  fund  supposed  to  arise  from  savings 
on  the  half-jxiy,  but  in  fact,  no  such  fund  ex- 
isted. He  had  taken  the  estimate  at  ^  12,000, 
but  should  any  extraordinary  causes  arbe,  a 
farther  sum   vvould  be  requisite.     That  the 
present  estimates  had  been  made  with  the  ut- 
most attention, and  strictest  economy,  he  truste- 
ed  would  be  obviods.     Those  of  last  year 
amounted  to  £  13,936,321  j  those  now  \pted, 
Including  the  additional  pay  and  allowances, 
were  j£;i3,7lO,929»  niakiuff  a  difference  of 
jg  225,492.     The  additional  expence  of  the 
whole  of  the  military  measures-  adopted  last 
year,  was   jg 450,000,  and  was  composed  of 
the  following  heads  : — ^Additional  pay  for  re- 
gulars, additional  pay  for  jnilitia,  out  pension- 
ers, and  widows*  pensions.     In  1800,  when 
the  present  Ministry  came  into  office,  the 
Establishment,  if   provided  for,   would  have 
amounted  to  £  14,800,000.     With  respect  to 
the  volunteers,  all  the  alarm  which  prevailed 


[V3I3 


las^  year  had  sub$J4^>  3s»  with,  few  cKCcp- 
tions,  they  adhered  to  the  causein  which  th!e^ 
had  engaged,  though  their  pay  had  been  c^- 
minish^.  Their. number  taVea  frooa  the 
esublishment  was  363,446.  As  to  the  alte- 
ration in  the  system  of  recruiting,  he  beiierad 
that  as  far  as  it  had  been  tried  it  h^  succeeded  ; 
the  present  regulations  had  taken  up  a  srnt 
deal  of  time,  and  it  was  not  tiD  the  monui  of 
October  last,  that  the  measure  oouM  he  sakl 
to  be  in  activity.  Two  great  and  material  ob- 
jects had  been  attended  to ;  the  bcninties  ba^ 
been  lowered,  atul  there  had  been  a  consider^ 
able  diminution  of  deserters.  General  Fits^ 
patrick  concluded  with  moving  the  first  leso- 
Wion  : — '•'That  113,795  effective  men,  in- 
cluding commissioned  and  non-com mis^ocicd 
officers,  be  employed  in  the  service  of  his 
Majesty  for  Gr4at  Ipritain  and  Ireland,  from 
the  25  th  of  December  I8O6,  10  die  25th  of 
December  I8O7,  inclusive." 

Lord  Castlereagh  conceived  that  it  was  al- 
most impossible  for  any  peiwn,  e^en  after 
giving  the  utmost  attention  to  the  subgect,  10 
state  his  opinion  therenu  with  accuracy  and 
precision.  He  had  imagined  when  P^iam^it 
was  convoked  at  an  unusual  period,  that  some 
great  measure  of  public  utility  was  to  be  pn>- 
posed  ;  instead  of  which,  excepting  the  late 
discussion  on  the  Negociation,  nothing  had 
been  brought  forward  beyond  the  conunoa 
routine  of  business.  A  new  Parliament  ws 
placed  in  ah  aukward  predicament,  in  being 
railed  })pon  at  the  very  moment  of  its  assem- 
))li4ig,  to  vote  for  a  system  with  the  nature  of 
which  it  was  impossible  that  it  could  be  tlKv 
roughly  acquainted.  In  his  opinion  it  would 
have  been  more  proper  to  vote  a  certain  sum 
On  account.  As  to  the  boasted  economy  of 
ministers,  the  j^240,(900  alluded  to  as  saved, 
was  a  saving  on  the  establishment  ^one,  and 
not  on  the  actual  strength  of  tht'coimtiy,  or 
on  the  effectual  means  of.  defending*  ourselves 
affainst  the  enemy.  It  fi>rmed  part  of  the 
plans  of  the  late  minbtry,  to  add  an  effecttv« 
force  of  from  20,000  to  25,000  men  to  the 
army,  Mr,  Fox,  loo,  had  expressed  a 
marked  dissatisfaction,  and  even  indignation, 
at  the  idea  of  diminishing  the  ariuy;  aod  it 
had  been  fully  intended,  that  fi  greet  aog^ 
mentation  of  military  force  should  take  place; 
beyond  that  of  last  session.  The  boose; 
therefore,  had  a  right  to  expect-  mudi  from 
his  Majesty*8  present  Ministers^  particu^y 
from  Mr.  Windham,  >vho  had  attacked  Lord 
Sid{nouth*s  administration,  as  vrell  as  Mr: 
Pitt's,  which  succeeded  it  The  rank  and 
file  of  the  afmy,  at  the  banning  of  bsC 
March,  (Wh^n  the  change  of  ministers  took 
place)  afnounted  td  248,782 ;  the  gross 
amount  on'  the  1st  o^*  January  last  wav 
254,665,  making  an  increase  in  the  coorse  of 
ten  months  of  5,883  men.  The  increase,  as 
far  as  lesoecled  the  oplitta^  was  dtiriiig  ^ 


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Parliamentary  History, 


t>3l4 


same  period  sometbing  better  than  1000  men. 
J£ven  with  respect  to  the  nature  of  this  in- 
crease, it  appeared  from  the  accounts  on  the 
table,  that  between  the  beginning  of  January 
and  the  middle  of  June  last,  5,8^4  m^n  had 
jbeen  raised  under  the  Additional  Force  Act ; 
so  that  had  it  not  been  for  the  increasing  ope- 
ration of  that  Act,  the  army  would  not  have 
received  any  increase  whate^'cr  since  Parlia- 
ment last  deliberated  on  the  subject ;  and  had 
pot  the  motion  of  an  honourable  friend  of  his 
been  acceded  to,  in  relation  to  the  recruiting 
the  army  in  Ireland,  the  Minister  must  at 
jlhis  time  have  appeared  before  Parliament  un- 
der the  humiliating  circumstance  of  a  decreas- 
ed army.  Government  in  the  mean  time, 
had  been  diverted  from  the  idea  of  active  ope- 
rations on  the  Continent,  by  the  late  protract- 
ed negociation.  The  result  of  one  single  ef- 
fort of  Lord  Sidmouth*s  Ministry  had  been  to 
jraisc  the  army,  from  July,  1803,  to  July, 
1804,  from  99,342  mep,  to  140,199,  an  in- 
crease of  40,777  men.  That  administration 
continued  in  ofiice  till  Februar}-,  1 806,  when 
the  military  force  actually  amounted  to 
173,600  men,  making  ah  additional  increase 
fbf  33,481  j  whereas,  from  the  middle  of  Fe- 
bruary last,  to  the  present  time,  thc^e  had 
l)ecn  an  increase  of  scarcely  5,000  n>eij.  Lord 
Castlereagh  declared  that  he  anticipated  the 
failure  of  Mr.  Windham's  plan,  from  the  ab- 
surdity of  the  object  that  was  aimed  at,  which 
■was  the  rex'erse  of  adopting  ^  sober  practica- 
ble system  of  military  policy.  The  produce 
of  1805  did  not  differ  beyond  ],000,  or  from 
that  to  2,000  above  the  average  produce  of 
former  years ;  with  regard  to  the  produce  of 
I8O6,  it'  amounted  to  1 1,800,  including  the 
nevr  r^ment  of  Yagers  j  whilst  the  produce 
of  1805,  was  11,677*  exclusive  of  that  new 
regiment.  Tht  right  honourable  gentleman 
had  also  had,  during  the  last  five  months,  the 
^advantage  of  men  coming  directly  into  tlie 
service  instead  of  the  former  circuitous 
mode.  In  1805,  there  were  obtained  on 
the  exploded  system,  above  33,000  men,  ex- 
clusive of  above  9,000  foreigners,  while  the 
whole  amount  of  the  new  system,  with  all  the 
advantages  atteiKlhig  the  nulitary  volunteering 
in  Ireland,  was  between  13  and  14,000  men. 
Thus  the  new  plan  had  occasioned  an  increas- 
ed expence  of  ^493,000,  without  producing 
to  the  country  a  single  man.  Nor  was  this 
ihe  whole  expence ;  for  the  noble  Lord 
YHowick)  then  at  the  head  of  the  Admiralty, 
found  the  necessity  of  carrying  forward  the 
additional  exoences  of  the  Kavy,  in  a  corres- 
pondence with  the  increased  pay  to  the  army ; 
ho  that  this  unfortuiuite  experiment  might  be 
computed  at  j^500,000  ;  and  including  the 
additional  expences  of  the  Navy,  at  between 
!^  and  jf800,000,  without  producing  any 
practical  advantages  to  the  country.  The  new 
i]lan  too,  liad  been  (breed  upon  rarliamcut, 


even  at  a  time  when  the  AdditionalForce  Act* 
under  a  very  imperfect  admin istiaiion  of  its 
power,  \vas  cont^rurng  to  pro4|ice  above  300 
men  weekly;  or  from  15  to  16,000  yearly. 
It  appeared  from  the  speech  of  the  n.  ho- 
nourable the  Secretary  at  War,  that  37^000 
men  were  proposed,  above  the  present  efTective 
strength  oC  the  army ;  yet  no  attempt  had 
been  made  to  produce  those  men,  though  ere* 
dit  was  wisheci  to  be  taken  in  the  estimate  for 
them.  Here  a  new  Parliament  was  bound  to 
iiiake  a  stand,  and  not  to  commit  thcm&elvea 
to  the  disadvantages,  mischiefs,  and  dangen^ 
of  such  a  system  ;  especiallv  when  accompa- 
nied by  a  new  code  ot  regulations.  This  new 
code  went  so  far  as  to  allow  tlie  soldier  to 
claim  his  pension  on  the  footing  of  a  legal  de- 
mand, instead  of  being  introduced  by  a  repre- 
sentation from  his  superior  officer;  claims 
were  also  to  be  established  oathc  part  of  the 
soldier  who  should  be  found  unfit  for  service, 
of  from  6d,  to  Is^  6d.  per  day*  Noticing  the 
respective  pensions,  allowances,  &c.  granted 
to  the  armv,  according  to  the  new  plan.  Lord 
Castlereagh  here  entered  into  a  series  of  cal- 
culations on  the  principle  of  life  insurances, 
to  prove  that  the  expence  so  incurred,  would 
be  greater  than  the  country  could  possiblr 
bear.  Towards  the  doec  of  his  speech,  hts 
Lordship  accused  Ministers  of  neglecLing  to 
send  timely  succours  to  the  new  conquer  o£ 
Buenos  Ayres. 

Mr.  Windham  commenced  his  speech  in 
reply,  bv  vindicating  the  conduct  of  his  Ma- 
jesty's Ministers  resi>ecting  Buenos  Ayres; 
clearly  proving  the  impossibility  of  sending 
(;at  a.yeinforceincnt  which  could  nave  reached 
that  settlement  by  August  12,  the  day  oa 
which  |t'>vas  recaptured.  Mr.  Windham  ob- 
served, that  the  basis  on  which  the  noble 
Lord  had  founded  his  arguments,  respecting 
the  expence  of  the  military  pensions,  was, 
tliat  a  soldier's  life  was  to  be  calculated  after 
tlie  fatigues  of  twenty^one  years  service,  like 
the  life  of  any  other  qian.  ''Give  the  noble 
Lord  his  daium,**  said  he,  *'  and  then  he  tri- 
umphs ;  but  take  away  that,  as  I  am  bound 
to  do,  and  all  his  conduaions  fall  to  the 
ground  ;  though  I  doubt  whether  even  hit 
data  would  bear  him  out  in  the  inferences 
which  he  draws  from  them.*^  f  he  noble 
Lord  calculated  abstractively  upon  the  ex- 
pence,  but  he  considered,  tliat  expence  ought 
always  to  be  proportioned  to  the  object ;  andhe 
considered  also,  that  it  was  an  important  ob* 
ject  to  encourage  the  soldier,  by  contributing 
to  his  ease  and  comfort.  The  volunteer  ex- 
pences, it  should  be  remembered,  had  been 
reduced  above  ^300,000  sterling,  and  that, 
chiefly  by  equafising  the  expences  of  those 
corps.  The  noble  Lord  had  asserted,  that  an 
increase  of  pay  to  the  Navy  was  the  conse- 
quence of  the  system  which  made  an  addition 
to  the  allowanoes  of  the  Anny^  but  here  he 


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[1319 


liad  been  ^iilty  of  an  anachTonism ;  for  the 
increase  of  pay  to  the  Navy  was  not  only 
prior,  in  point  of  time,  to  that  of  the  Army, 
out  the  naval  increase  made  a  proporliona\e 
aogmestation  of  military  pay  ausolutely  ne- 
cessary. To  say  that  the'country  was  unable 
to  afford  the  efficient  subsistence  required,  was 
to  assume  a  proposition  to  which  the  resour- 
ces of  the  empire  were  the  \^  refutation. 
EreB  with  respect  to  the  princiiple  of  econo- 
my, the  present  system  had  strong  claims  to 
pne^rence  ;  for  under  its  auspices,  not  only 
bad  the  recruiting,  compared  with  the  corres* 
ponding  periods  of  the  last  year,  actually  in- 
cieased  in  the  proportion  of  two  to  one ;  but 
«n  a  comporison  with  respect  to  the  bounties, 
there  was  an  actual  reduction  of  five  guineas 
in  each  bounty.  He  was  convinced,  that 
when  the  system  should  be  thoroughly  known 
«n^  acted  upon,  the  total  extinction  of  the 
bounty  would  be  the  consequence. 

Mr.  Perceval  made  a  number  of  objections 
•sainst  the  new  military  system  ;  and  renew- 
ed the  attack  upon  Ministers  ibr  neglecting  to 
tend  reinibrcements  to  Buenos  Ay  res  within 
the  proper  time.  This  attack  was  Tepelled 
liy  a  clear  statement  of  (acta  on  die  part  of 
Loid  Howick.  Hb  Lordship  also  dehvered  a 
variety  of  observations  in  favour  of  the  new 
BDtUtary  system.  After  a  short  explanatoiy 
conrersation,  the  original  resoiutiOD  was 
agreed  to. 

Lord  Henry  Petty  then  rose  to  move  csti- 
■ntet  for  two  departments  of  the  public  ser- 
Ttcc,  which  formerly  used  to  be  included  in 
the  Army  Extraonunariea ;  these  were  the 
Commissartatf  and  the  Barrack  Estimates. 
The  expenoe  of  the  former,  was  neither  in- 
creased nor  diminished  since  last  year^  but  it 
inchided  one  charge  which  would  soon  cease, 
namely.  j€57»000  for  the  Royal  Military  Ca- 
f»al.  With  respect  to  the  Barrack  department, 
the  expence  had  last  year  been  reduced  from 
jl^I,  100,000,  to  550,000,  and  in  the  {iresent 
ytn,  there  was  stiU  a  farther  reduction  of 
about  j^50,000.  The  estimate,  however,  in- 
daded  a  n^w  charge,  which  amounted  to 
i^57,000;  an  expence,  which,  perhaps 
nitj^t  not  be  all  incurred,  as  it  was  determined 
ftoi  to  uiMicrtakeany  new  works,  unless  found 
to  be  absolutely  necessary^  Of  the  ^57,000 
charged  in  the  Barrack  Estimates,  ^£^47,000 
^vras  mr  the  works  at  Hilsea.  His  Lordship 
concluded  with  moving  resolutions  for  the 
ibllowing  sums  : — For  the  Commissariat  De- 
portment, j(p84 1,526,  for  the  Barrack  De- 
partment, £506,237'  These  resolutions  were 
^rcod  to  nem.  con, ;  after  which,  the  soeral 
military  estimates,  returns,  &c.  &c.  which  had 
^n  presented  to  the  house,  were  ordered  to 
be  printed. 

On  the  23d  of  January,  General  Porter 
brought  forward  a  motion  on  the  subject  of 
Mr.  Cawthorae't  vetakuog  a  seat  in  rarlia« 


ment.  He  professed  himself  not  to  be  acta- 
aied  by  any  moiivcs  of  a  personal  natotc 
against  Mr.  Cawthorne  ;  but  as  that  gcatk- 
nian  had  been  tried  by  coort-martialy  on 
fourteen  charges,  and  convicted  on  eleven  of 
them,  he  considered  him  as  an  unfit  penoa 
to  hokl  a  seat  in  that  House.  He  thought  that 
the  best  mode  of  proceeding  in  the  bist  ra- 
stancc,  would  be  to  have  a  recurrence  to  the 
Journals  of'  the  House  in  1795-6  ;  and  be 
accordingly  moved,  *<  That  the  proceedings  of 
the  court-martial,  and  the  sentence  juo- 
nounced  upon  J.  F.  Cawthorne,  Esq.  andTibc 
proceedings  of  the  House,  which  took  plaee 
thereon,  be  now  read."  This  nootion  whkh 
was  considered  as  involving  a  constitutiooal 
point  of  material  importance,  was  at  kogtb 
superseded  by  the  following  amended  kummb 
of  Lord  Howick  as  a  preliminary  step: 
*'  That  a  committee  be  appointed  so  aeaicii 
the  Journals  and  Records  of  P^Iiament,  far 
precedents  of  orders,  by  which  members  hav- 
mg  been  expeUed,  were  thereafter  returned^ 
and  served  in  P^rKament.** 

On  die  same  evening,  Mr.  T.  GrenviDe,  h 
a  Committee  of  Supply,  proposed  a  vote  «f 
10,000  seamen  for  tne  Navy,  in  addition  t» 
120,000  already  gjrantcd  for  the  year  180?.  lo 
the  course  of  his  speech,  he  alao  staled  ^ 
outline  of  a  new  plan,  which  it  was  intended 
to  follow  in  fotore,  in  making  up  ihe  accoanCi 
relative  to  the  Na^7 ;  by  which  the  expeafi- 
ture  incurred  under  each  particular,  ot  tiiD- 
ber,  cordage,  &c.  &c.  would  be  separately  bid 
before  Parliament.  The  resolution  wa«  at 
length  put  and  agreed  to ;  as  were  also  vari- 
ous resolutions  under  the  foHowins  heads  of 
estimates: — Wages,  jf240,d00.  Victualling 
£247,000,  Wear  and  tear,  £3gO,€MX},  Cm- 
nance,  j^32,500.  Ordinaries,  jf  1,135,434  Qi. 
2d.  Building  and  extra  works,  j£2,134,g08. 
Transports,  j^l, 500,000,  Sick  and  wounded, 
at  home  and  abroad,  jC300,000,  Prisonen  of 
war,  .£500,000. 

Mr.  Vansittart  then  moved  a  number  of  ie» 
solutions  for  services  of  a  misoeilaneous  na- 
ture, the  principl  of  which  vrere ;  Alien 
office,  je6,85d,  Public  offices,  j£l9,O0O.  Sub- 
sistence  of  convicts,  ^51,350,  Conttn^eats 
in  the  department  of  the  three  secietariet  of 
state,  .£15,000,  Messengers  belonging  to  the 
same,  .£12,000,  Foreign  and  secret  servi- 
ces, jgl  75,000,  Law  chaigcs,  j£20,000.  Con- 
viction of  felons,  j^l  1,600,  Relief  of  French 
Emigrants,  j^l  40,1 89.  17s.  Deficiency  of  for* 
mer  grant  for  this  purpose,  ^1 ,432.  13s.  6d. 
Officers  of  the  two  Houses  of  Parfiameot^ 
.£5,210,  Repairs  and  new  works,  in  and  about 
both  houses,  j^34,7<>0.  Deficiency  of  fbnncf 
grant  for  this  purpose,  jCll»801.     Agreed  to. 

January  26. — Lord  Folkstone  moved  for 
reprinting  of  some  papers  on  the  Oude 
charge,  against  Marquts  Wcllesley,  witl| 
the  view  of   moving  certain  reaokitious  os^ 


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ti3l«. 


those  papers,  but  without  any  reference  to  the 
measure  of  an  impeachment.  On  the  ques- 
tion of  the  Camatic,  Mr.  Sheridan,  and  Ma 
Whitbrcad  both  pledged  themselves  to  give 
to  the  gentleman,  who  shoidd  suhmit  it  to  the 
consideration  of  tiie  Hoase,  their  most  acti\e 
and  cordial  support. 

JyiNUARY  '2^j. — Lord  Henry  Petty  moved 
the  Order  of  the  day  for  the  House  of  Com- 
mons going  into  a  committee  on  the  state  of 
the  Public  Finances.     He  then  addres^  the 
chairman,   by  confessing  that  it  was  unusual 
to  open  a  knowledge  of  the  supplies  prior  to 
the  negociaiion  ot  a  Loan  ;  but  lie  hoped  to 
satisfy  the  Committee  of  the  pioprieiy  of  this 
procedure,  by  the  nature  of  the  statement  he 
should  make  to  it.  His  Lordship  then  eniuncra- 
ted  the  various  sen'ices,the  expences  for  which, 
had  been  voted.   Navy,  jglO\077,837,  Army, 
jf  10,202,9^)7,  Anny  inlrcland,  ,i'3,44J,l3l, 
Barracks,  ^^506,237,  diito\n.lmd,£4C)gAoO, 
Extraordinaries,      ^2,718,474,     Ordnauce, 
£3,964,469,      ditto     Ireland,     jf479»246, 
which,  with  various  other  items  amounted  to 
jS43, 81 1,340,    to  which    mnst    be    added, 
j^200,000.  Deficiency  of  Malt,  £280^000, 
Discounts  to  Lottery  and  Loan,  Interest  of 
Exchequer    Bills,    .CI, 200,000,    and    some 
othi^r     articles^    making    the    grand    total, 
jf 46,84 1)340.     Deduct     the    nrrportiou    of 
Ireland  2-17th8,  £5, 3^4,275,  left  charge  on 
Great  Britain,  £40,52f^,065.    To  meet  these 
expences,  his  Lordship  enumerated  as  Wa^s 
and   Means,  the  Duties  on  Malt  and  Pensi- 
ons, jff3,500,000.  War  Taxes,  jg  1 9,900,000 ; 
the     Property     Tax,     formerly    stated     at 
j^l0,500,000,  will    it    is  expected  produce 
jf  1 1,600,000,       Customs      and       Excise, 
jf  9*000,000 ;  but  his  Lordship  thought  pro- 
per   to    take  th^  whole  of  tnese    at  only 
j6?  19,900,000,  Lottery.  jff45O,0O0,  Exche- 
ouer  BUb,  if2,400,000.  Loan,  j£i2,200,000, 
the  toul  j£4 1,600,000.     But  the  Committee 
ought  to  look  forward,  not  only  to  the  supply 
of  the  ensuing  year,  but  to  the  ftiture  exigen- 
cies of  the  state.     We  might  continue  bor- 
rowing on  the  present  system,  taxes  might  be 
imposed,  though  this  has  its  difficulties  ;  but 
the  system  was,  he  hoped,  canable  of  varia- 
stiop  for  the  better,  especially  by  a  proper  at- 
tcntkm  to  two  great  otjects,  the  War  Taxes, 
and  the  Sinking  Fund.     The  War  Taxes  are 
intended  to  rant  a  great  proportion  of  the 
Public  Expenditure  vnthin  the  year.     The 
Sinking  Fund  was  first  adopted  by  Mr.  Pitt,  in 
1786,  "and  I  cannot  advert  to  that  great 
statesman,  on  thisor  any  other  occasion,  with- 
out feeGog  all  that  satis^tion,  and  warm  en- 
thusiastic approbation,  which  naturally  arise 
in  the  contemplatioD  of  extraordinary  talents.'* 
f  hear  J  hear!  hear  J)  In  I786,  jCU000,000 
;was  appropriated  to  the  Sinking  Fund,  when 
^he  National  Debt  was  j£ed8,23l,248,  being 
^-d38th  part  of  the  whole.  •  It  oo&timicd  to 


operate  gradually  till  1799,  when  je400,000 
vk  as  voted  in  addition  it,  and  j£^200,000  annu- 
ally. In  1793,  there  was  .another  Smkine 
FuikI  created,  of  1  per  ant.  on  the  capitsU 
borowed,  which,  it  was  calculated,  would  le- 
deem  the  princinal-in  forty-five  years.  Lord 
Siduiouih  united  this  Sinking  Fund  with  the 
former.  In  Febriary,  1803,  the  Debt  was, 
jef^ 00,872, 476,  the  whole  Sinking  Fund, 
^6,3!  1,0*22,  being  l-77th  part  o**  the  Debt. 
The  Dtbt  at  present  is  je?580,35 1,684,  the 
Sinkic^  Fund,  ^^8,339,709,  bemgoDa  l-()3d 
part  of  the  Debt  ^  or  in  other  words,  i-4Sd 
)}art  of  the  money  value  of  the  Stocks  which 
foim  that  Debt.  The  attempt  at  raisins  the 
War  Taxes,  was  first  made  m  1797,  Uuting 
the  Assessed  Taxes  for  the  basis  of  inipott ; 
but  this  was  laid  aside  the  following  year, 
and  the  principle  of  income  wp  substituted. 
The  taxes  so  raised,  were  charged  with  th« 
interest  of  the  Loan  by  way  of  mortgage,  in-, 
tended  ouly  to  continue'daring  the  war ;  so  that- 
in  1 8U1 ,  tHerc  was  charged  on  the  Income  Tax 
a  debt  of  .^66,000.000,  which  by  iu  interest 
svvlllowed  up  the  whole  produce  of  the  In- 
come Tax. 

This  rendered  it  necesstry,  when  the  Feaoe 
took  place,  to  find  in  one  year,  jf  96,000»00a 
of  Stock,  in  order  to  fiee  tlie  country  froin 
the  Income  Tax.  Afterwards  when  waf 
aenin  broke  out,  the  Property  Tax  wa&  resort- 
ed to  ;  and  though  certainly  an  unequal  and 
vexatious  tax,  ytt  it  was  lound  productive, 
and  a  lai^e  proportion  of  the  War  Taxes  wtm. 
raised  within  the  year.  They  amounted  hok 
year  to  j^  18,000,000.  His  plan,  therefore,, 
was  that  the  Loan  for  thepresent year shoukl 
be  charged  on  the  War  Taxes  for  its  interest 
and  security ;  and  the  succeeding  Loans  in  tlM 
same  manner,  taking  10  per  cent,  of  the  pro- 
duce of  these  taxes  ;  .5  per  cent,  for  the  inte- 
rest, and  5  per  cent,  as  a  Sinkloff  Fund  for 
.  the  redemption  of  the  principal ;  which  would 
hereby  be  effected  in  fourteen  years.  If  in- 
deed the  War  should  dontinue  tburteeo  years, 
the  Loans  in  the  latter  part  of  that  period 
inight  increase  from  twelve  to  fourteen  or 
sixteen  millions  ;  but  at  that  period,  ttie  loan 
of  the  present  year  wouM  be  redeemed,  and 
the  Loan  of  the  following  year,  at  the  jear 
succeeding  that,  so  that  Uie  resources  of  the 
country  would  continue  unimpaired.  It 
would,  however,  be  necessary  to  have  a  small 
Supplementary  Loan  of  about  j^200,000; 
but  m  the  year  I8O7,  annuities  would  fall,  in 
j^l3,056,— in  1808,  jC83,000,— in  I8O9, 
jf  173,343,  in  all,  £279,y9g ;  the  surplus  of 
this  sum  over  the  interest  of  the  Supplemen- 
tary Loan,  to  be  divided  among  the  next  se- 
ven years ;  and  if  expences  should  increase, 
there  was  a  prosjpect  of  the  income  increasing 
also ;  and  at  the  end  of  ten  \  ears,  stating 
things  very  unfavourably,  the  new  taxes  would 
not  exceed  ^,469,000.    The  too  sudden  ». 


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[13» 


duction  of  the  Nttional  Dtht,  he  considered 
»  a  great  evil,  us  it  would  depress  the  va!ue  of 
lU  soods,  wares,  and  merchandizes;  and  ruin 
Ixrth  Stock-holder  and  Merchant.  According 
to  the  pbn  now  stnmted,  in  the  course  often 
years,  the  proposedSinking  Fund  will  be  in- 
creased to  I'-iyth  part  of  the  present  debt ; 
iand  the  excess,  by  meansof  the  proposed  plan, 
will  amount  to  j£90,000,00(>  more  than  by 
the  present  system,  shortening  the  period  of 
complete  reclemption  five  years.  Upon  the 
whole  the  Property  Tax  would  be  carried  no 
further^  and  he  hoped  diat  the  War  Loans, 
and  War  Taxes  would  shortly  be  raised  with- 
out infringing  on  this  tax  -y  and  that  at  the 
end  often  veais,  should  the  War  last  so  lone, 
that  tax  mfght  be  repealed.  His  Loidship  af- 
terwards observed,  that  beside  the  Resolutions 
which  he  moved  shoukl  be  read,  and  taken 
into  consideration  on  a  future  day.  there 
would  be  delivered  to  each  member  %  table, 
which  could  not  with  propriety  be  laid  before 
|he  House. 

[Our  Readtrs  will  ehterve,  that  these  Tables 
ttferred  to  by  the  Noble  Lord,  with  other 
p&pers  on  the  subject,  which  we  have  been  so 
fiHunate  as  to  procure,  axe  the  foundation  of 
ih§se  reasonings  which  we  have  submitted  in 
ihe  Jirst  article  of  the  present  Number  ;  and 
ms  the  plan  is  confessedly  of  great  import* 
once,  we  have  given  specimens  of  these  calcu- 
httions,  with  some  other  papers  entire.  To 
that  article,  therefore  me  must  refer,  for  a 
view  of  the  subject  at  large,'] 

Mr.  Johnstone  observed  on  the  omission  of 
the  Irish  finances,  and  the  poverty  of  that 
country,  [denied  by  Mr.  Corry,  ana  the  next 
day  by  Sir  John  Newport^,  and  cautioned  the 
proposer  of  the  |)lan  against  being  led  away 
w  the  usual  partiality  of  projectors.  I/)rd 
Henry  Petty  replied,  that  there  being  no  War 
T^e^  iq  Ireland,  this  system  of  course  could 
not  apply.  Mr?  Pamell  obscn;ed,  that  the  re- 
venue of  Ireland  had  lately  incr^sed  half  a 
million,  in  consequence  of  regulations. 

Mr.  Wilberforce  introduced  the  subject  of 
the  abolition  of  the  Slave  Tryle,  by  moving 
that  the  Resolution  of  the  House  passed  May 
9,  should  be  read ;  he  concluded  that  no  de- 
finitive measures  would  be  taken  on  this  sub- 
ject, till  the  House  had  received  communica- 
tions from  another  branch  of  the  Legislature, 
which  was  understood  to  be  occupied  with  it. 
But  if  any  delay  should  arise,  he  should  think 
it  his  duty  to  propose  additional  Resoltitions 
on  the  suoiect. 

The  BiU  has  suice  been  pasted  by  the  House 
of  Lords  i  and  has  been  read  in  the  House  of 
Commons. 

Mr.  Wilberforce  has  since  published  a 
Work  on  the  subject,  for  a  iqwrt  on  which^ 
vide  panorama,  p.  120^, 


TRAiNiVG  ACT.'— [Vide  page  13O9.3 
Jn  Apportionment  of  200,000  Men,    out  »f 
820,420,  being  the  whole  Number  reittnui 
as  liable  to  serve  kts  Majesty  in  the  ttverel 
Counties  of  England  and  PtaUs,^ 

Liable     Apportfe 


Counties. 


to 


oordeo 


Anglcsca 

. 

.    . 

9440 

i97 

Bedford 

- 

• 

SB70 

^4 

Berks 

- 

- 

13430 

S089 

Brecon 

- 

V 

S058 

ft48 

Backs        - 

• 

- 

11006 

9094 

Carnbridge 

- 

- 

800S 

910t 

Cardigan 

- 

- 

4174 

1018 

Carmarthen 

. 

- 

55Sft 

ia5o 

Carnarvon 

. 

» 

3271 

:»7 

Chester 

. 

SI185 

5184 

Cornwall 

. 

- 

15409 

87i4 

Cumberland 

• 

- 

07tO 

«370 

Denbigh 

- 

- 

,  4»41 

1180 

Deiby 

- 

- 

14054 

3648 

Devon 

. 

- 

^8054 

7058 

Dorset 

. 

- 

7079 

1794 

Durhain 

- 

- 

18033 

4306 

Essex 

- 

- 

23170 

5©3l 

Flint 

- 

- 

3101 

771 

Glamorgin 

- 

- 

10823 

9658 

Gloucester 

• 

- 

21134 

515S 

Hants 

- 

- 

15558 

»78« 

Hereford 

* 

- 

65ftO 

1508 

Hertford 

- 

. 

10418 

9540 

Hontingdon 

. 

- 

3097 

738 

Kent 

• 

■    ■• 

18006 

4631 

Lancaster 

- 

- 

58051 

14151 

Leicester 

• 

- 

13460 

3983 

Lincoln 

. 

• 

940^ 

5803 

Middlesex 

. 

- 

67185 

163«8 

Merioneth 

- 

- 

1034 

472 

Monroimih 

- 

• 

5551 

1353 

Montgomery 

- 

. 

4145 

1010 

Norfolk 

- 

• 

18159 

4495 

Northampton 

• 

. 

8804 

9108 

Northumberlaad 

• 

I47I8 

S588 

Nuttingham 

• 

- 

15945 

S716 

Oxford 

• 

. 

10963 

0509 

Pembroke 

• 

. 

5364 

J064 

Radnor 

• 

• 

1581 

385 

Rutland        ' 

. 

• 

017v 

««4 

Salop 

• 

16537 

4044 

SomerMt 

• 

- 

17037 

4378 

Stafford 

- 

- 

93638 

5709 

Suffolk 

- 

• 

91800 

S3I4 

Surrey 

• 

• 

?03,10 

7S9I 

Sussex 

• 

• 

16740 

403I 

Tower  Hamlets 

. 

14080 

3654 

Warwick 

- 

9^08 

5144 

Westmorland 

- 

4184 

I008 

Wilts 

-. 

13069 

3184 

Wight  (Isle  oQ 

- 

1589 

S74 

Worcester 

. 

17841 

4340 

^  (*  North  Riding 
^i  East  Riding 

• 

19401 

3093 

- 

13800 

3388 

?•  (.West  Riding 

- 

57457 

14O07 

890,490 

900,000 

4  Qur  readers  are  requested  to  torn  to  pace* 
935,  936  and  937  of  Panorama,  vrhere  tbey  will 
find  the  abstr^  quotas  of  armed  men,  &c  fur- 
nished by  the  nation  in  Edward  Vl's  and  EKcabeflTt 
reigns:  for  comparison  ^ptb  the  present. 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


432f] 


Poelfy.^'Epilogue  to  '^ssignatigit.'-^Fersts,  ftfc. 


[1332 


POETRY. 

BFIVOdVt  *  TO   ASSIGNATION. 

[FlJe  page  1428.] 

SPOKKM  BY  MISS  DUNCAN. 

«  What  foe  to  Genius,  Hi  an  evil  hour« 
.  ««  That  make-weight  threw  into  th^  Muse's  powV 
*«  An  Epilogue !    That  extra,  useless  jest, 
*«  Like  garnish  lavbhM  on  an  ample  feast, 
«  Which  neither  proves  it  ^Dod,  nor  better  drest." 
Thus  cries  our  fircucd  author — ^**  Custom,  Madam, 
"  Creeps  into  law  among  the  sons  of  Adam ; 
"  And  hertf  in  treating,  as  in  greaur  places, 
<*  The  Mti  possidetis  forms  a  basis  ; 
«•  Else  why  should  we  such  beaten  paths  retread, 
«  Why  say  again  the  things  so  often  said  ?- 
But  «!•  so  sweetly  says—"  then,  only  try  :- 
Her  (lattery  had  its  charms— for  here  am  /. 
*Say,  in  which  character  shall  I  appear  ? 
The  playful  wife,  who  raiU  her  heart's  food  fear  ? 
Or  sapient  dealer  in  predictions  bold. 
Who  only  tdls  you  what  she  first  was  told  ? 

Oh,  ywi  would  all  your  fortunes  gladly  learn- 
Well  then,  1  ware  my  wand— and  now  discern 
A  fair  horizon  there— no  stormy  traces— 
DcKghtful  sight!  whole  rows  of  happy  faces  I 
Eager  for  mirth,  in  social  pairs  ye  came. 
Your  hopes,  fears,  prospects,  still  thro'  life  the 

satne: 
To  you  1  nought  can  promise,  and  but  pray. 
Fortune  such  sweet  content  may  never  take  away. 

Thus  to  survey  you,  l^rJs  of  ike  Crtatiom, 
Will  you  not  say— I  quit  my  sea's  station  ? 
Tis  dangerous  looking,  Sirs,  tho'  I'm  a  spouse. 
Along  the  potent  circle  of  jostr  brows ; 
So  prudence  bids  me,  as  the  maner  stands. 
More  humbly  to  implore  of  you  your  hands : 
Those  hands  that  bid  the  trembling  Poet  live, 
A^d  to  the  Patriot  nobler  plaudits  give. 
Could  i  in  jour's  wf  Cottntiy'sfirttme  itii. 
How  proudly  would  I  try  my  strongest  spell. 
Ev'n  with  the  glorious  thought  my  bosom  fires. 
And  forms  the  vision  which  it  most  desiresw — 
Oh !  while  you  grace  the  bust  of  Dead  Renown, 
For  Heroes  yet  to  come  prepare  a  crown— 
Britannia'sl^r  tncUnes  not  to  the  grave. 
But  upward  points— a  magnet  to  the  brave. 
And  ye  surrounding  fair,  with  eyes  so  bright, 
Ye  wou'd  not,  sure,  resort  to  second  sigAt, 
When  to  secure  such  si^t  of  beauty's  throne, 
1  need  but  bid  you  well  employ  your  own. 

Our  author  wishes  I  her  fate  would  tdl. 
But  oh !  'tis  now^ovr  turn  to  cast  a  spell ; 
This  wand  has  lost  its  power,  and  thus  I  break  it. 
Her  foftnne  /bat  promiie— ^^  can  make  it. 


•  Want  of  room,  obliges  us  to  defer  the  inser- 
tion of  the  Prologue  and  Epilogue  to  Tut  Cut- 
tew  till  our  next  Number. 


VERSES  BY  A  LADY  ON  UlR  LITTLE  OlHt. 

I  love  thee,  dear  Mary,  1  know  not  how  well. 
On  each  little  fcamrc  with  fondness  I  dwell ; 
May  infantine  graces  expand  with  thy  years. 
And  smiles  on  thy  face  be  more  fr^ent  I 

tears. 
To  form  thy  sweet  mind  may  it  still  be  my  pan. 
And  to  know  thou  i^t  good,  what  delight  to  nj 

heart! 
When  age  shall  steal  o'er  me,  what  joy  wiW  it  bn 
To  derive  all  my  comfort  and  pleasure  from  thecl 
When  summer  enchanting  wafts  health  in  <he 

May  thine  be  the  rosiest  cheek  in  the  vale; 

Yet  beauty  of  feature  I  do  not  desire, 

Good  seme  and  sweet  temper  1  valve  auwli 

higher. 
In  winter,  when  icicles  hang  all  around. 
Thy  voice  sweetly  soothing  the  pagp  shaM  ot- 

pound ; 
Thy  dear  little  hands  from  the  window  be  ipreaA 
To  caH  the  poor  robiasto  pick  up  their  breU. 


ELEGIAC  LINES  WRITTEN  ON  THE  »EC«AS«  «» 
A  YOUNG  LA5T. 

And  has  thy  gentle  spirit  wing'd  Hs  ii^t? 
Is  Susan  summon'd  to  the  realms  of  light? 
Mild  as  soft  gales  which  Zephyr  lighdy  biowi 
To  fan  the  bosom  of  the  fragrant  rose ! 
Thy  accenu  fell  like  music  from  thy  tongne. 
While  friendship  on  thy  voice  eoamoar'd  bung; 
Thy  form  replete  with  elegance  and  grace. 
The  soft'n'd  charmi  that  pUy'd  aromid  thy  f^ce, 
1]hy  polish'd  wit,  that  shone  devoid  of  guik. 
Thy  lips  of  coral,  and  thy  graceful  smile. 
All  swept  away  by  Death's  relentless  power,— 
As  the  fierce  storm  uproots  the  tender  flower ! 
Could  fond  affection,  or  fratetnal  care. 
Or  the  strong  pleadings  of  a  parent's  pr^'r. 
Avail  to  deprecate  thy  early  doom. 
Then  hadst  thou  triuroph'd  o'er  thr,  fatal  tomb. 
But  Death's  cold  ear  no  eloquence  can  charm  ; 
Nor  Love,  nor  Beauty  can  arrest  his  arm : 
Yet  spotless  Innocence  his  power  defies. 
And  mounts  on  Faith's  bright  pinions  to  the  skies. 
So,  lovely  maid,  and  as  thy  spirit  fled, 
Did  kindred  seraphs  watch  around  thy  bed ; 
With  pious  care  assuagd  thy  sufTring puins. 
And  softly  sooth'd  thee  with  melodious  strains. 
Sweet  maid,  whom  Heav'n,  in  its  bounty  kind. 
Sent  for  awhile  to  captivate  mankind: 
But  form'd  to  Woom  beneath  a  purer  sky. 
Withdrew  from  Earth  to  happier  realms  on  high. 
The  tender  blossom  wither'd  ere  'twas  blown- 
Sought  brighter  worlds,  and  Heav'n  reclaimed  its 


New  street,  Birmingham. 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


13tt3j 


Oisetponda  Externa,-^ Amtrica,  CMna,  Frambe. 


[OT4 


OBSERVANDA  EXTERNA. 

AMERICA. 

Slaic  of  Population, 
In,  the  statistic  tablet  of  the  Upited  States 
of  America,  published  in  1905  by  M.  Blod- 
glD4»  the  process  of  population^  cooimeree, 
and  industry,  is  thus  stated. 

1774  1805 

Number  of  inhabi- 

tants,    including 

slares       .     .     .      2»486«ooo     6,28o,ooo 
~  Capable  of  bearing 

arms         .     .     .         42l»doo      ],loo,ooo 
Sailors    ....  13,ooo  6CI,ooo 

Value  pf  goods  ex- 

ported>    piasters^     6,loo,ooo    95,566»Cil 
ATerage  price  of  day 

labour      .     .     .  '  6rf.  15^- 

ATerafle  price  of  a 

bushel  of  wheat  12rf.  g6</. 

Expences,  civil  list, 

and  incidents,  pi- 
asters ....        4oo>458         604,795 
Estimated  Quantity 
.    ofeifeulattugcoin 

piasters     .     .     .      4,000,000    1 8,000,  ooa 
Bauik  securities  in 

circulation     .     .      2,000,000    1 5,000,000 
Number  of  Banks  3  7^ 

Funded    Debt    in  > 

1784        .     .     .    72,237,301    97,232,ooa 

CHIKA. 

Vaccination, 
Sir  Geoige  Staunton,  son  of  the  secretary 
who  accompanied  Lord  Macartney  to  China, 
resides  alternately  at  Canton  and  Mafeao.  He 
has  translated  into  the  Chinese  language  a 
work  on  Vaccination  ;  a  report  aHirms,  that 
the  Chinese  at  Canton  have  adopted  the  prac- 
tice. Whether  this  usage  will  become  perma- 
nenk,  or  will  spread  in  other  parts  of  this  im- 
mense empire,  time  will  shew. — (Compare 
Ptmorama,  p.  978.) 

FRANCE. 

Prize  Questions. 
Paris, — The  distribution  of  the  Prizes  on 
account  of  the  exposition  of  the  productions 
of  French  industiy,  lately  took  place.  The 
rewaidsfdecreed  to  the  manufacturers  who  had 
not  been  rewarded  on  any  former  occasion  of 
the  like  kind,  were  divided  into  five  classes; — 
1.  Those  deserving  of  gold  medals  to  the  num- 
ber of  twenty-six.  2.  Those  deserving  of 
silver  medals  of  the  laiKj^^  size,  to  the  num- 
ber of  sixty-four.  3.  Those  who  received 
silver  medals  of  the  second  size,  in  number 
fifty-four.  4.  Honourable  mentions.  5.  Cita^ 
tions.  The  number  of  manufacturers  present 
at  this  fair,  was  much  greater  than  on  former 
ocoasioas  5  and  the  reporter  stated  that  evident 


improvement  had  been  made  In  t^cirptodv' 
tions. 

Effed  of  Criittism^ 
The  Society  of  Sciences  and  Arts  at  Moot- 
auban,  have  projx>sed  among  other  qoestioa 
for  I8O7;  the  consideration  to  tohmi  de^ 
harsh  trifirism  is  injurious  to  the  progress  tf 
talent.  Thi'i  subject  is  of  cOtwideraNe  ilfc- 
portancc  to  liferaturc,  especiallv  if  the  opoum 
of  our  English  bard  may  be  taken,  that 


Ten  censute  witmr,  for  one  who  writes  s 
Critics  from  Heaven  must  derive  tbcit  ligbt, 


These  bom  to  jud^c,  as  well  as  ihose  to  ^ 
More  fnsfances  to  Return  ofform^  Idtos. 
The  Council  General  of  the  dcportOMat  of 
the  Upper  Loire,  has  lately  solicitetl  from  t)ie 
Prefect,  the  restoration  ol^  the  anciefU  VmA 
of  Bcrtrand  du  Guesclin,  who  died  during  ik 
siege  of  Chateau-ncuf-Radnor,  near  the  tows 
of  Puy.  The  Council  General  has  voled  tfae 
sum  of  3,000  francs  to  repair  this  monunMsi, 
which  was  erected  July  J^8,  1380. 

The  citizens  of  Niort,  propose  a  subscrip- 
tion for  the  purixwe  of  erecting  a  amouineiit 
to  the  memory  of  Dm  PIcssw'  Mmmaf ,  tk 
loyal  and  foithfol  friend  of  Henry  IV.  Tkc 
subscription  is  12  francs  (haif-a-giiiiiea). 

Prisoners  of  War.  Engftth^  Jbusiaa, 
Prussians,  Swedes. 

A  letter  from  Lorraine  dated  Jannarj,  1  Wf, 
describes  the  towns  in  that  province  as  derir* 
ing  considerable  advantage  from  the  lundbtt 
of  olBcers^  prisoners  of  war  resident  aaioog 
them ;  some  of  these  officers,  axe  doubtks 
under  the  necessity  of  maintaining  the  striel- 
est  frugality,  but  others  are  in  better  circom- 
stances,  and  some  spend  tlieir  money  firedy. 

The  English  are  fixed  at  Verdun.  These 
have  preser>'ed  their  national  character,  asweS 
as  manners  an^customs,more  tenaciously  than 
the  officers  of  any  odier  nation.  They  live 
very  much  to  themselves,  imd  associate  bet 
little  with  the  inhabitants ;  bat  a»  they  spod 
considerable  sums,  their  nesidence  is  cuidticidif 
beneficial  to  this  town,.which8afimd  severe^ 
in  1792,  and  1793. 

Metz  is  the  residence  of  the  moot  port  d 
the  Riusian  officers  :  many  of  them  are  set' 
tied  iq  small  towns  in  the  neighbourhood. 
Some  of  them  are  very  rich,  but  many  arp  in 
deep  distress.  This  is  the  more  wonderful,  as 
their  appointments  are  punctually  paid;  and 
all  of  tnem  moreover  receive  directly,  or  in-* 
directly,  assistance  fVom  their  court;  bot 
gambling  ruins  most  of  them.  It  is  Anost 
the  only  oecupatioo  of  the  officiKSy  whodier 
Russians,  English,  op  Prussians. 

Nancy,  is  the  priooipal  estahl^meotorthe 
Prussian  ofi^cers  -,  but  as  their  nomber  is  gireiC 
and  ^rpasses  by  far  that  of  the  prisoners  of 
the  other  nations,  they  are  divided  among 
sundry  of  the  adjacent  towns.  These  an 
more  faJniHar  among  thft  tnliabitaiitsy  and 


Digitized 


by  Google 


1325] 


Ohservunda  Externa. — G^rmanf^ 


in'M 


best  undentaui}  the  manner  of  rendering 
themaehres  beloved  by  them.  Prince  Augustas 
and  many  generals  are  at  Nancy  \  others  are 
fxpected,  whose  presence  will  greatly  enliven 
this  city. 

The  Swedish  officers,  of  which  ih^re  are 
not  many,  are  at  present  placed  at  Luneville. 
The  major  part  of  these  officers  are  perfectly 
well  bred,  and  appear  in  mxry  respect  to 
inuch  greater  advantage  than  those  of  the 
9ther  nations. 

Commerce, 

lBorc2raK«.— During  the  fifteen  months  and 
ten  days  previous  to  January  1,  I807,  there 
have  entered  into  this  port  1711  vessels,  navi- 
gated by9715  men,  and  measuring  168,421 
tons.  There  have  sailed  from  hence  17i?5 
vessels,  navigated  liy  1 0,0 11  men»  and  mea- 
#Hring  175,619  tons/ 

Religious  Impostors, 
Mmni  Cenis, — ^Not  long  since,  a  number 
of  swindlers  professing  themselves  to  be  reli- 
gious of  the  nospital  of  St.  Bernard,  on  this 
mountain,  perambulated  the  southern,  and 
other  ports  of  France ;  also  some  places  in 
oihet  countries ;  they  solicited  charity  for  the 
suf^rt  of  the  institution,  and  especially  of 
the  buildings.  The  government  has  thought 
it  necessary  to  give  notice,  that  the  monks  of 
Mount  Cenis  never  quit  their  monastery  ex- 
cept to  assbt  travellers  lost  in  the  snows,  or  to 
procure  articles  with  which  they  cannot  be 
siif^ed  by  agency.   Vide  Panorama,  p  734. 

OERMAKY. 

Theatrical  Diversions, 
The  state  of  public  taste  for  the  Theatre  in 
^flerent  towns  of  Germany,  may  be  partly 
inferred  from  the  profits  of  benefits  lately 
given  in  fevour  of  the  heirs  of  Schiller,  the 
poet :  at  Riga,  a  city  of  36,000  inhabitants,  the 
feo«ipt  was  1800  florins,  at  Hamburgh,  a, 
city  of  1 1 ,000  inhabitants,  four  times  at  least 
aa  rich  as  Ei^,  800  florins,  that  is  to  say, 
half  of  an  ordinary  receipt ;  at  Berlin,  a  city 
ef  160,000  inhabitants,  but  few  very  great 
fortunes,  and  no  commecce,  the  icoeipt  was 
nearly  6,000  florins. 

Haffdn, 
TVmudt  the  eqd  of  the  month  of  Aufost, 
"hkme  suffiered  a  great  loss,  in  the  death  of 
John  Miehael  HxTnir,  the  hvother  of  the  fa- 
naons  Joseph  Haydn,  This  professor  had  con- 
ileciated  his  talo&ts  particularly  to  Churdi 

Discovery  tn  My«iV. 
Siua2>ta.— Hie  Jate  M.  Stoitz,  phjrsician  at 
tiie  little  town  of  Gnund,  was  kubous  for  a 
new  method  of  treating  the  tetanuf,  or  those 
horrit^e  convulsions  whidi  prove  fatal  to  great 
liuinbers  of  wounded  soldiers.  The  apdogy 
of  a  simple  fvx  led  M.  Stutc  to  this  valuable 
dbopvety.    M.  de  Hurmboklt  bwt  leportei^ 


in  his  work  on  rfie  nerves,  that  In  subjecting 
the  ner\*Otts  fibre  to  the  alternate  action  ^ 
opium  and  carbonate  of  pot-ash,  it  may  be 
made  to  pass  four  or  five  tiroes,  from  the  high-, 
est  decree  of  irritability  to  the  state  of  absolutd 
privation  of  that  power.  The  method  em- 
ployed by  M.  Suits,  and  adopic^d  with  the 
greatest  sueoess  in  the  Austrian  Hospitals,' 
consists  in  administering  the  opiiun  and  car« 
bonate  of  pot-ash  alternately  and  internally* 

Cases  have  occurred  in  which  36  grains  oC 
opium  administered  in  the  space  of  twenty- 
four  hours,  produced  no  effect ;  but  the  alka* 
line  solution  being  given,  10  grains  of  opimaa 
have  afterwards  greatly  relieved  the  patient 
The  German  Journals  speak  highly  in  praise 
of  this  practice ;  whence  it  may  be  thought 
to  be  jusdy  entitled  to  great  atteniioa  irom  the 
faculty. 

New  Umt>ersity, 

Dusseldorf. — ^A  University  is  spoken  of  as 
likely  to  be  established  in  this  city.  The 
Council  of  State  has  akeady  been  occupied, 
durin^several  sittings,  on  the  plan  and  particu- 
lars of  this  instituuon. 

Astronomical  Observations^. 
Jfttnic^— The  Counsellor  Seyffer,  during 
a  late  eclipse  <^  the  sun,  made  sundry  very 
curious  observations  on  the  heists  of  th» 
mountains  of  the  northern  henusphereof  thn 
Moon.  These  observations  have  lately  bec« 
verified  by  the  celebrated  astronomer  ^ehfea* 
ter  of  Lilienthal,  near  Bremen.  He  detem 
mined  that  the  highest  of  three  moMntaiae 
seen  by  him,  was  mne-tenths  of  ageographi** 
cal  mile  iii  hci^t.    It  is  stngnlar  that  of  the 


many  observations  of  this  edipoe 
difi'erent  places  in  Germany,  this  sbeoM  \» 
the  only  atteotioa  paid  ti>  the  Luimt  iboii»- 
tains. 

Breneh  Requisiiiont, 

8chwerin,  January  24.— The  French  faatv 
not  laid  any  contributions  on  Meckleohnrg, 
but  they  have  mode  requiskions  of  1509 
hocses,  I600  oxen,  10(^00»  pairs  of  skoesg, 
40,000  bushek  of  wheat  and  rye,  75,O0Ogid-> 
Ions  of  bramhr,  ia,ooo  quintals  of  h«f, 
12,000  quintals  of  straw,  84,ooo  bushels  at 
oats,  2,000  pairs  of  boots,  l,2oo  hernessea^ 
Loss  qf  Privileges, 

Leipsic.^By  the  new  order  of  thinn  in 
Germany,  this  city  has  lost  iu  privileges; 
end  among  others,  that  of  having  its  garri" 
son  composed  of  troops  nisa^  paid,  anoM- 
cored  by  itself, 

Dr,  Gall's  Lectures. 
On  the  14th  of  August,  Dr.  GaU  ooo^ 
menced  his  Lectures  on  Craniology  in  Mar- 
burg, which  continued  until  the  22d  of  sane 
noonth ;  bui  his  philosophy,  so  called,  fiode 
few  advocates.  On  the  24th,.  he  went  aoeom- 
panied  by  some  leaned  (riends  to  the  Uou^ 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


131)3         Odservanda  Extmma.^HoUani,  tudy,  Indies  (^esij,  Ntnwoj.        [t3» 


tal  of  Hatne.  Of  hisjparticular  obsenrations 
on  Maniacs  nothing  has  transoired.  Dr.  GaH 
went  from  Marbuig  to  HeideJbnrgh,  to  con- 
lute,  his  opponents  Achennan  viva  voce ;.  but 
be  was  not  so  happy  as  to  pipcore.  even  a 
small  number  of  auditors. 

HOLLAMD. 

Decline  qf  Commerce. 
Amsterdam,  Jan.  24. — The  intire  snspen- 
iion  of  trade  with  England  presses  very  heavily 
'  already  on  our  merchants,  it  is  to  oe  hoped 
that,  a  speedy  peace  m\v  put  an  end- to  these 
rigorous  measures ;  for  it  is  feared  that  our 
commerce  may  not  only  receive  a  shock  for  the 
present,  but  that  it  may  even  never  recover 
fiom  its  losses ;  especially,  if,  as  is  said,  the 
•eat  of  commerce  should  be  removed  firom  this 
city  to  another  situation.  (Compare  P^no- 
xama,  p.  683-916.) 

ITALY. 

Theatre. 
Milan, — The  troop  of  French  actors,  under 
th^  direction  of  Mademoiselle  Raucour,  began 
its  representations  October  10,  with  the  tra- 
gedy of  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  and  the  False  In-- 
Jidelitifs^ 

Forced  Faccination. 
Lucca,  January  7. — An  edict  dated  De- 
cember 2d,  directs  that  in  order  to  extirpate 
intirely  from  these  states,  that  cruel  pestilence 
the  Small  Pox,  three  days  ader  this  publica- 
tion, every  father  of  a  family  shall  be  bound 
to  report  every  one  of  hb  household  who 
may  be  taken  with  the  Small  Pox,  under  pe- 
nalty of  loo  livres.  Reward  for  detecting  a 
concealed  case  of  Small  Pox,  5o  livfes  ;  every 
bouse  in  vHiich  the  Small  Pox  shall  occur, 
shall  be  surrounded  with  soldiers,  and  all 
cpmmanication  with  the  citizens  cot  off ; 
whoever  attempts  to  escape,  shall  be  confined 
forty  days ;  fifteen  days  after  publication  of 
this  edict,  all  chiklren,  and  otfier  nersons  who 
have  not  had  the  Small  Pox,shall  be  vaccmat- 
ed ;  all  children  hereafter  born,  shall  be  vac- 
cinated within  two  months  from  the  birth  ; 
parents  or  guardians  disobeying  this  order,  to 
be  fined  loo  livres,  or  imprison^  fifteen  days , 
the  vaccination  to  be  performed  gratis  j  a  gold 
medal  to  those  members  of  the  faculty  who 
promote  this  object  with  most  zeal ;  a  case  of 
bmall  Pox  after  vaccination  will  receive  loo 
livres. 

Penny  Post.  Reduction  of  Priests. 
Naples,  December  ao.—Tht  Penny  Poet 
is  lately  established  here ;  it  carries  letters  and 
parcels  three  times  a  day.  Report  expects  a 
r^ulation  of  the  Lazaroni;  lights  m  the 
streets,  passages,  and  stair  cases ;  and  porters 
to  the  palaces  and  great  houses  of  the  city. 
The  number  of  Priests  is  to  be  reduced  to  five 
(breach  tliousand  souls.  ^Only  sons  are  to  be 
forbidden  from  embracing  the  ecclesiastical 
lift. 


nrpiES  (WEST). 
Character  qf  Desiolines. 

St.  Ddmingo. — Coati:u:ted  as  our  means  of 
information  are  with  re^rd  to  what  (mi us. 
ed^  or  is  passing  in  this  isbnd,  wetakeainin- 
ta^  of  a  letter  which  has  appeared  m  t  ie- 
reign  journal  of  November  S6, 18o6,  to  tbnm 
some  liffht  on  tlie  character  of  the  late  empe- 
ror of  -Hayti  Dessalines,  whose  fate  we  hare 
noticed  elsewhere.  M .  Roulet,  a  French  phya. 
cian,  who  had  lived  many  years  atSt  Ja^,m 
the  Spanish  part  of  St.  Domii^,  was  takea 
prisoner  in  the  last  expedition  of  the  Ncpct 
against  the  city  of  St.  Domingo.  As  Im  n* 
Icnts  were  esteemed,  he  was  soon  named  fim 
physician  to  the  black  army,  and  in  this  cha- 
racter he  visited  all  the  posts  of  this  people  io 
the  Momes.  He  aflerwards  escaped,  aod  ar- 
riied  safety  at  St.  Domingo;  hesaysthebhcb 
were  busy  in  strongly  ibnifying  all  their  poii* 
tions  in  the  moifntains ;  that  Dessalines  wai 
extremely  anxious  about  Europesn  crest!, 
that  his  troops  were  riotous,  his  fiouxa  dis- 
ordered, and  nb  subjects  discontented. 

M.  Uoulet  asserts  that  the  massacre  of  i 
great  number  of  Spaniards  in  the  cburcfa  of 
St.  Jago,  at  the  first  expedition,  aod  of  whick 
he  was  an  eye  witness,  was  ordered  by  the  nm- 
ktto  Clervaux  ;  who  also  was  the  man  dm 
shot  Father  Vasquez,  priest  of  that  town.  At 
the  fatal  moment,  this  priest  summoned  hh 
executioner  to  appear  in  two  months  time  it 
the  bar  of  God  ;  Clervaux  derided  this  soo- 
mons,  but  at  the  time  prefixed  he  died,  kar- 
ing  a  strong  sensation  on  the  minds  of  dx 
Negroes.  At  that  time  also,  Dessalines  car- 
riea  off  to  the  French  side  of  the  island, 
about  2,ooo  Spaniards  of  all  ages,  and  both 
sexes  'y  of  these  he  directed  the  massaotjoot 
one  escaped. 

Dessalines  had  appointed  Negio  priests  b 
all  the  parishes,  who  performed  the  ssoed 
offices  according  to  their  abilities.  To  pu»  an 
end  to  the  dispute  which  existed  in  the  paiish 
of  PortMaigot,  between  Father  Sibol  and  i 
mulatto  priest  newly  appointed  to  the  same 
church,  ne  caused  that  apostolic  prefect  to  be 
hanged,  which  struck  all  the  negroo  with 
great  horror. 

M.  Roulet  adds,  that  Dessalines  was  via- 
pected  of  intendins  the  same  fate  for  the  odier 
catholic  priests  imaer  his  dominion. 

This  relation  gives  some  colour  to  d»c  in- 
sertions of  those  who  deprived  Dessalines  of 
his  life  and  emperorship.  It  marks  his  cha- 
racter as  equally  impohlic  and  cruel. 

NORWAY.  ^■ 
Discovery  qf  English  Coins 
About  a  year  ago  were  discovered  at  Drct- 
ihcim,  thirty-two  pieces  of  silver  c©in,  strack 
by  Eric,, king  of  romerania.  Since  diat  dipi, 
in  the  district  of  Meklalen,  near  Drontheia, 
have  been  found  in  a  bank  of  sand^  betweca 


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1^20] 


OPiervdnda  Exiimd.^Russia,  ^Sweden,  Spain,  Turkey. 


tl330 


seventy  and  e:{^hty  silver  corns,  and  four  or 
five  vases  of  a  beautiful  metallic  composition, 
which  contaiDcd  only  cendres  bine.  The 
coins  were  of  Etherald,  king  df  England. 
On  one  of  them  the  device  was  a  ttoss,  and 
the  frontispiece  of  a  temple.  They  are  thought 
to  have  been  struck  about  thef  eleventh  cen- 
turjr. 

Ethereld  the  second  was  king  fibm  978  to 
1016;  but  if  the  cross  and  temple  be  sup- 
posed to  allude  to  the  crdisades,  these  coins 
must  be  referred  to  some  later  monarch.  The 

eiblication  ot  these  coins  might  be  useful  to 
ngluh  Antiquaries. 

RUSSIA. 

Voyage  Round  ike  World 

[Vide  Panorama^  p,  lG7-«07. 

^  The  P^tersbiirgh  Gazette  of  September  95, 

gives  the  particulars  of  the  voyage  round  the 

world,  which  has  lately  been  performed  by 

the  capUiins  Krusenstem,  and  Lissanski. 

The  ships  the  Hadesha  and  the  Neva,  left 
Cronstadt'July  26;  18o3,  under  the  command 
6f  Capuin  Krusenstem.  M.  Resandw, 
chamberlain  of  the  emperor,  was  enlarged  by 
government  with  the  commercial  conduct  of 
the  enterprise.  Many  other  men  of  learning 
were  on  board ;  also  professors  of  Astronomy 
and  of  Natural  History. 

December  21. — ^The  two  ships  arrived  at 
Brasil,  near  the  Isle  of  St.  Catharine  ;  they 
sailed  February  4,  doubled  Cape  Horn  ;  anH 
in  the  beginnmg  of  June  reached  Owfiiea, 
one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.  From  this 
croup  the  Neva,  imder  the  orders  of  Captain 
Lissanski,  proceeded  on  its  voyage  with  the 
cargo  intended  for  the  Russian  settlements  in 
America,  steering  for  the  island  of  Kadjak,  at 
which  she  arriv^  in  June.  The  Nadesha 
eoinmanded  by  Captain  Krusenstem,  in  the 
besining  of  July  entered  the  port  of  St.  Peter 
arid  St  Piul,  wnence  she  visited  the  coasts  of 
Japan;  and  at  her  return  to  Kamschatka, 
July  26,  16o5,  M.  Resanow  took  his  depar- 
ture in  a  vessel  belon^ng  to  the  company,  in 
order  to  examine  and  improve  the  state  of  the 
American  settlements,  especially  in  respect  to 
tbeir  civilization  and  commerce. 

The  two  vessels  joined  company,  December 
2,  I806,  arrived  the  27th  ki  Canton,  where 
^  they  hartered  without  diihculty  the  goods  they 
had  on  board  in  exchange  for  Chinese  produc- 
tions, and  were  treated  in  the  most  iriendly 
manner*  by  the  Chinese  governors.  They 
weighed  anchor  February  lo,  and  passed  the 
Straus  of  Sunda.  In  their  retum,  the  Na- 
desha put  in  at  St.  Helena ;  the  Neva  did  not 
totch  any  where  till  she  came  to  Portsmouth ; 
she  arrived  at  Cronstadt  August 4,  and  her 
consort  August  19.  The  Nudesha  has  not 
lost  a  man  of  her  company  in  the  whole  voy- 
age ;  the  Neva  has  lost  only  two  men  by 
death. 

Vol.  I.     ILU.  Pan,  March,  ISOf.} 


SWEDEN-. 

Mild  Season, 


Stockholm- — ^The  winter  is  so  mild,  that 
the  hkes  and  rivers  are  not  frozen  over  suffici- 
ently to  admit  of  being  passed  over ;  so  that 
there  has  hitherto  been  no  opportunity  of  em* 
ploying  sledg^/ 

aPAiir. 

Vaccinatioh. 

The  Madrid!  Gazette  of  October,  ]806,give9 
an  account  of  the  retum  of  Dr.  Francis  Xa« 
Tier  Ballmes,  surgeon  extraoidinary  to  the  king 
of  Spam,  from  a  voyage  round  the  world,  ta- 
ken for  the  sole  purpose  of  conveying  the 
benef]^  of  Vaccination  to  all  the  transmarine 
possessions  of  the  crown  of  Spain,  aiMl  other 
countries  in  the  vicinity. 

This  expedition  set  out  from  Corunna  in 
1803,  carrying  out  twenty-three  chiUren  whiy 
never  had  the  Small  Pox,  as  the  means  of 
preserving  in  due  efficacy  the  Vaccine  matter^ 
by  successively  transmitung  it  from  one  to  an- 
other during  the  voyage. 

It  stopped  at  the  Omaries,  at  P^to  Rtoo^ 
and  at  the  Caraecas.  In  that  province  it  was 
divided  into  two  brtinehes,  one  destined  for 
South  America,  the  other  for  the  Havannah 
and  Yucatan. 

The  latter  by  a  sub -division  spread  Vacci- 
nation through   New  Spain ;    and   uniting 
again  at  Vera  Cmz,  proceeded  wiUi  twenty- 
six  fresh  children  across  the  Pacific  Ocean  to 
the  Philippine  Isles,  where  this  salutary  div> 
ease  was  propa^ted  through  all  the  luand^ 
subject  to  Spain,  and  among  the  natives  of 
the  Visayan  Archipelago.     It  thence'reached 
MacM>  and  Canton,  where  it  was  successful  in 
brinsing  the  matter  in  an  active  state,  in  which 
the  English  practitioners  had  hitherto  &ileJ 
Dr.  Hal  mis  proceeded  to  Europe  in  a  Portuguese 
vessel,  and  touched  at  St.  Helena,  wliere  he 
prevailed  upon  the  English  settlers  to  adopt 
Vaccination,which  they  had  before  nc^octed, 
though  communicated  to  them  by  Dr.  Jenfter. 
The  branch  of  the  expeditbn  sent  to  South 
America,  though  it  underwent  shipwreck,   ' 
was  successful  in  saving' the  children  and  the 
matter  iiv  an  active  state  ;  and  spread  Vacci- 
nation in  New  Granada,  (iom  whence^  in 
March,  1805,  it  proceeded  to  Peru. 

TURKEY. 

Fire. 

Consiantinople,'-^\  fire  in  the  suburb  of 
Galata  has  consumed  2,000  houses.  The  okl 
towers  and  thick  walb,  built  by  the  Geroes^, 
when  established  in  theie  parts,  stopped  the 
progress  of  the  flames,  which  at  some  periods 
tjireatened  the  arsenal,  and  even  the  suburb  of 
Pera. — Another  fire  is  said  to  have  consumed 
6,003  houses. 


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1331] 


dti£rvanduiniema.^MiIatich»ly  Lisoiter.-^Mironomg. 


£133 


OBSERVANDA  INTERNA. 

London,  Feb,  23. 
Mefanchofy  Disaster. 
Itw  many  vcan  since  this  city  ha^bcen 
thrown  into  such  imxicty,  as  agitatet  it 
this  day.  That  kind  of  tnexplieable  spirit  of 
curiosity  which  possesses  a  certain  class  of 
people,  and  those  of  the  youthful  period  of 
life,  principally,  and  impels  them  to  witness 
the  execuuon  of  the  law  unon  criminals, 
was  excited  iti  the  highest  degier,  -by  the 
knowledge  that  two  makiactors,  condemned 
for  the  robbery  and  murder  of  Mr.  Steele  in 
]  8og,  and  a  woman,  condemned  for  the  mur- 
der of  a  man  in  a  £t  of  jealousy,  would  suf- 
fer, acoofdiDg  to  dmr  sentence,  at  the  door 
•f  New^te«  Borne  pemns  took  their  sU- 
tions  rety  early  in  4e  moniaff,  in  order  to 
witness  thb  execution :  and  the  thiong  of 
aenple  prooeedinc  to  the  fiital  spot  was  ob- 
iaweii  by  the  residents  io  the  streets  leading  to 
U,  10  be  vnoommonly  great.  This  observa- 
tion WM  repeatedly  rnade  in  Holbom,  about 
half  an  hour  before  eighto'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing. As  the  criminals  ^eie  to  be  executed 
ftt  eight  o'clock,  the  pressure  of  the  crowd 
became  more  violent,  and  about  that  time 
tht  influx  trottk  Skinner  Street  (the  avenue 
from  Holborti)  was  so  overpowering  as  to 
Wal  a  number  of  these  spectators  off  their 
fret.  SotHe  of  them  falUng,  soon  afterwards, 
a  ioane  of  confusion  ensued,  in  which  many 
othen  also  fell,  and  those  who  were  down, 
being  tramf^ed  on  by  the  immense  waves  of 
ptoiSe,  a  number  were  killed ;  and  a  much 
greater  number  have  susuined  injuries 
.of  which  they  will  feel  the  effiecU  all  their 

.  The  proximity  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
toital  to  the  scene  of  calamity,  was  favourable 
to  the  immediate  assistance  of  those  to  whom 
taedical  aid  could  be  bf  any  avail.  The  re- 
port from  thence  is  twenty  nine  men  dead  j 
aomewhat  more  tlian  half  that  number  dread- 
fully bruised  and  wounded;  hopes  of  reco- 
terv,  various,  of  course  :  three  women  dead, 
several  others  injured.  [On  these  deaths,  the 
coroner's  imquejl  har  reported,  accidental 
death.^  What  other  instances  of  suffering 
may  have  otoirred,  we  dannot  tell ;  as  sun- 
dry individuals  were  removed  by  friends :  but 
we  have  reason  to  believe,  from  cases  that 
have  come  to  our  knowledge,  that  many  per- 
sons have  received  ii^nries  externally,  or  t«- 
ttntnlk^  (the  most  to  bf  dreaded  of  the  two) 
the  effect  of  which  they  m»y  fctl,  when  lit- 
tie  suspected,  in  fiitiire  yean. 

The  Court  of  Comnaon  Council  has  order- 
ed an  enquiry  t6  be  made  into  the  causes  and 
circumstances  of  this  melancholy  event :  and 
we  hope  those  who  ha\-e  the  chaige  of  inves* 
tijaiingit,  will  also  direct  their  ^ittention  to 


the  prevention  of  similar  misfortunes  in  fu' 
ture.  The  last  public  6  reworks  that  were  ex* 
hibited  on  Tower-hill,  according  to  then  an- 
nual custom,  now  nearly  forty  years  a^, 
were  the  occasion  of  a  calaoutv  of  the  lik# 
nature,  by  meansof  a  bar,  whicd  giving  way, 
all  who  nad  trusted  to  it  for  safety,  were 
thrown  down,  and  killed,  or  maimed.  Some- 
thing of  the  nme  nature  prored  firtal  to 
eleven  persons  in  the  entrance  to  the  Hav* 
market  Theatre,  on  the  evening  when  tne 
t>uche88  of  York,  then  lately  arrived  in  Eng- 
land, was  expected  to  be  present. 

These  events  should  induce  cautioo  on 
individuals,  who,  in  a  crowds  ever  risque 
their  persons  and  lites : — and  tliey  call  impe- 
riously on  magistrates  to  foresee  incidents 
which  tnay  happen ;  and  by  their  foresi^t 
to  prevent  them.  It  ought  to  be  reooUectrd 
Aaton  various  occasions,  when  great  crowdt 
have  been  exacted,  precautionary  orders  hare 
actually  been  issued  by  government,  and  some- 
times served  on  individual^ ;  whereby  manv 
lives  have  unquestionably  been  saved,  whict 
otherwise  must  have  been  lost,  by  the  fiiilarc 
of  weak  scaffolding,  old  houses,  ^ngeious 
situations,  and  other  hazards  which  curiosity 
will  run,  though  dan^  stares  i^  evidently^ 
full  in  the  face. 

Astronomy, 
It  has  been  suspected  by  several  astrono- 
mers that  the  sun  is  not  absolutely  fixed  as  to 
the  station  which  he  occupies  in  general 
space.  M.  Lalande  after  the  rotatory  motioit 
of  the  sun  was  demonstrated,  suspected  arM>- 
dier  motion,  viz,  a  change  of  place.  HerschcU 
undertook  to  determine  this  question  by  ob- 
servation ;  he  even  thought  it  might  be  as- 
certained toward  what  point  in  the  heavens 
this  motion  of  the  sun,  with  all  hisplanetarj 
train,  was  directed.  M.  Prevost,  Academician 
at  Petersburgh,  was  led  to  the  same  restrit. 
But,  M.  du  Scjour  having  examined  this 
question  analytically,  considers  it  as  incapable 
of  solution,  when  viewed  on  more  extensive 
and  general  principles.  Her^hell  has  testimcd 
his  enqnirics  into  this  subject  in  the  Philoso^ 
phical  Transactions  for  1 806.  If  the  motions 
which  have  been  observed  in  certain  stars  are 
only  apparent,  being  produced  by  a  leal  mo- 
tion oi  the  sun,  ^-hich  advances  roward 
some,  but,  consequently,  recedes  fVom  those 
in  the  opposite  part  of  the  heavens,  then  all 
these  ap(Arent  motions  will  be  parallel  among 
themselves,  and  the  motion  ot  the  sun  aho. 
These  motions  are  veiy  slow,  and  what  por^ 
tion  of  them  has  hitherto  been  observed, 
forms  tery  small  arcs :  but  if  these  are  j>ro- 
longed  bv  subposition,  they  wouW  fomi 
great  circles;  alt  of  which  would  cat  each 
other  in  the  same  point  of  the  heavens,  and 
this  point  would  oe  that  towaid  which  the 
whole  solar  system  was  ad^-ancing*     Tlif 


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1334 


well  atcertaiQcd  tnotionn  of  two  stare,  are 
suHicient  to  determine  this  point,  if  (he  ob- 
servations arc  exact,  and  if  the  principie  be 
true.  Tlie  same  examination  of  two  other 
stars  should  lead  to  the  same  coiKlusion  as 
the  two  first,  and  the  same  rCault  would  be 
csublishcd  bV  the  othtf  stars  also,  any  two  of 
which  may  Be  combined  in  the  calculation. 
"This  investigation  Mr.  Herschell  undertook  in 
reference  to  some  of  the  brighter  stars.  But 
it  still  remains  dubious  whether  the  sun  alone 
moves,  while  the  stars  are  perfectly  at  rest, 
or  whether  the  stars  also  move,  and  if  the 
whole  visible  haiven  moves,  then  the  pro- 
blem is  pronounced  by  M.  du  Sejour  to  be 
incapable  of  solution.  Notwithstanding  this 
opinion  M.  Burckhardt  has  lately  renewed 
the  analytical  examination  of  this  question. 
His  forms  arc  more  convenient,  and  facile  of 
appHcatioh  than  those  of  M.du  Sejour;  and 
much  less  laborious  than  the  trigonometrical 
calculations  of  Herschell.  He  has  very  dextrously 
approximated  the  distances  of  the  stars  whicfi 
we  behold,  and  wliich  form  one  of  the  neces- 
sary elements  of  this  calculation,  but  which 
probably  we  shall  never  be  accurately  ac- 
<)uainted  with.  If  the  sun  only  moves,  we 
may  attain  in  time,  and  after  careful  observa- 
*  dons,  to  the  knowledge  of  this  fact,  and  to 
tome  information  as  to  the  quantity  of  his 
motion  ;  b«t  if  the  stars  poasest  their  motion, 
also,  the  separation  of  the  unknown  elements 
of  the  calculation  will  be  impossible.  Hence 
would  retult  a  degree  of  embarrassment  lo 
future  astibnomers,  if  similar  observations 
should  be  interrupted  during  several  a^,  and 
if  after  a  period  of  unlevned  ages,  when 
jcience  should  again  revive,  the  astronomers 
should  endeavour  to  calculate  anew  the  celes- 
tial motions,  by  comparing  their  own  obser- 
vations with  those  now  made.  Neverthdeas, 
if  such  an  event  shoukl  happen,  though  the 
observations  of  the  eighteenth  century  mi^t 
in  that  case,  be  thoucht  rather  inaccurate, 
y*et  they  would  furnish  much  superior  as- 
sistance to  what  science  in  these  later  ages 
derived  from  the  few  and  rude  observa- . 
tions  which  have  been  tnuismitted  to  us  from 
the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Medical  NoHces. 

The  London  Medical  Society  proposes  to 
confer  the  Fothergelian  gold  medal  upon  the 
authora  of  the  l^t  essays  en  the  following 
subjects  : — 

fbr  thetfear  \S(\7.  Tlie  best  account  of 
tbe  epidemic  diseases  which  have  prevailed  at 
se\*eral  times  in  Nprth  America,  Spain,  and 
GibralUr,  since  the  year  1793,  and  whether 
they  are  the  same,  or  different  diseases. 

For  the  pear  1808.  What  are  the  beat 
methods  of'^pieventiog  and  of  curing  cpidt- 
i&ic  dysentery. 

For  the  year  ISOQ.    What  are  the  criteria  1 
by  which  epidemic  disorders  thSit  are  not  in-  | 


(prtious  may  be  distinguished  from  those  that 
are? 

For  the  year  1810.  What  arc  the  qua- 
lities in  the  atmosphere  most  to  be  der.ved 
under  the  various  circumstances  of  the  pul^ 
monary  consumption. 

Commercial  Shares, 

The  avenuce  prices  of  navigable  Cani^ 
shares,  and  Dock  stock  for  January  1807, 
were :  The  Coventiy  Canal  j£4?0  to  jC4d8  ' 
per  share;  the  last  half-yearly  dividend  w«i 
j^  12  per  share  nctt.  Ashton  aiKl  Oldluun 
i£  100  per  share.  Grand  Junction  £96  to 
^87  ex  dividend.  Rochdakj£451  including 
the  last  call  of  £5  per  share.  Worcester  and 
Birmingham  at  £3g  per  share  all  calls  paid. 
Lancaster  ifigl.  Monmouthbhire  Naviga- 
tion at  £^  ex  dividend.  West  India  D^k 
Stock  £\U  ex  dividend  of  jf 5  per  cent,  fbr 
the  half  year  to  Christmas  East  India 
Dock  ifiso  to  jflSd  per  cent.  London  Dock 
£iOO  to  £106  ex  dividend  of  £9.  15.  per 
cent,  nett  half  yearij  dhridend  to  Christmas. 
Globe  Insurance  iS  108  per  cent,  ex  dividend 
of  3/.  10#.  per  cent,  half  yeariy  to  Christ- 
mas. 

HBRtTOItDSRlltB. 

Cfrf«^.— ^The  restilt  of  a  course  of  expert- 
menu  was  laid  before  the  Herefoid  Agricultu«> 
ral  Society  a  few  days  since,  by  T.  A.  Knight, 
Esq.  by  which  itapf>eaTed  that  the  iircngik 
of  the  juice  of  any  cider  apple  was  in  exact 
proportion  toitt  weight.  Thus,  the  juices  of 
the  mferior  apples  vrere  light  when  compved 
with  the  juices  of  the  oW  and  approved  sorts. 
The  fiorest  Styre  outweighed  every  other  until 
it  was  put  in  oomjpetttion  with  the  new  varie- 
ty produced  by  Mr.  Knight,  from  the  Siberian 
crab  and  the  Lulham  peamiain ;  nor  cDuld 
any  other  juice  be  (bund  equal  in  vireiirht  to 
the  latter. 

LAirCASHIRE. 

Natural  Curiosity. -^n  Monday  the  Ofh 
Feb.  as  the  men  belonging  to  Messrs.  Brad- 
shaws,  of  Lancaster,  were  sawing  an  Ame- 
tican  Maple  Log  in  two,  they  were  much 
surprised  at  finding  a  cavity  in  the  ceftfre  of 
it  containing  about  fi\-e,  or  six,  quarts  of 
wheat,  which  must  have  remained  there  for 
many  vears,  as  there  was  no  hole  on  the  out- 
side of  tlie  log,  which  was  about  25  feet  in 
length,  and  13  inches  square.  The  cavity 
was  about  the  centre  of  the  Ic^  6*  feci  iu 
length  and  about  3  inches  in  diameter. 

NORFOLK. 

Jmprovementi  of  Noncich.^His  Majeslv 
havinggrantcd  the  castle  of  Norwich,  wiih 
the  gaol,  hill,  and  land  adjacmt  thereto 
and  vtstrd  the  same  by  an  Act  of  Par- 
liament in  the  Justices  of  the  Pteice  for 
the  said  county,  it  has  been  by  them  ordaed 
that  the  same  should  be  improved  on  an  ex' 
tensive  scale.  In  the  first  place,  both  courts 
in  the  Shire-liall  arc  to  be  jinracdiatcly  altered 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


J  3353  Oheroanda  Interna. — JPales. -^Ireland. 

*ml  enlargttf,   and  galkries  erected  therein, 
when    finished    they    will  po8se«8  the  four 


[133$ 


grand  requisites  for  such  pubttc  places;  viz. 
accommodation,  ventilation,  adaptation  for 
liearing,  and  exclusion  from  external  noise. 
The  bridge  is  to  be  reijaired  and  palisaded  on 
each  side,  and  except  towards  the  north-west, 
the  hill  is  to  be  inclosed  at  its  ba»e,  with  a 
wall  and  nalisatkd,  rrvcr  water  is  to  be  con- 
ducted to  the  conniy  gaol  from  the  main  pipes 
m  the  Golden  Ball  Lane,  and  other  improve- 
ments effccied  on  an  improved  plan  of  that 
able  architect,  Mr.  F.  Stone*  under  whose 
direction  the  whole  will  be  completed. 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 

Wedntflmry  Church.—  A  conespondent 
fequests  us  to  notice  a  circumstance  highly 
iiitprestino  to  antiquaries.  In  repairing  the 
roof  of  Wednesbnry  Church,  th>  workmen 
found,  very  carefufly  wrapped  up  in  lead,  a 
'  piece  of  oat,  on  which  was  engraved  the  date 
of  the  erection  of  the  church.  711.  With  a 
view  to  preserve  this  curious  relic  it  is  now 
placed  over  the.  vestry  door.  The  discovciy 
proves  beyond  doubt,  that  the  church  of 
Wednesbnry  is  the  most  ancient  in  the  county 
of  StaiSbrd.— -Jii  whU  characters  was  this 
daief 

9V9SBX. 

New  Roarf.^— To  aid  the  convenience  of 
travelling,  a  new  road  it  is  siud  will  soon  be 
formed  between  Brighton  and  Steynmg, 
which  will  completely  avoid  the  dangerous 
hills  of  Beeden,  and  Steynmg,  and  mcrease 
^e  distance  not  more  than  a  ro^.  The  new 
road  we  undentand  is  to  branch  off  by  Beed- 
»ng-bridge  along  the  east  side  of  the  river,  near- 
ly to  Shoreham  Bi4dge,  and  from  thence  pass- 
ing  by  Adur  Lodge,  the  Villa  of  General 
l\)rter,  it  will  run  throiMh  part  of  Mr. 
Bridger*s  land,  and  part  ofMr.  Gorinoe's, 
andjoin  the  present  road  to  Shoreham  from 
Briehton.  Such  an  alteration,  we  conceive 
will  be  much  approved  of  by  the  public. 

WALES. 

,  NeuT  Road  cmd  Doc^.— A  plan  has  been 
ag^n  revived  and  sanctioned  by  some  of  the 
principal  gentlemen  of  the  counties,  to  im- 
prove the  great  turnpike  road  between  Car- 
marthen and  Milford.  It  »  intended,  not 
only  to  lower  such  of  the  smaller  hills  as  are 
.  found  in  that  part  of  the  road  meant  to  be 
preserved,  birt  to  ffv^  a  new  direction  in  part 
to  avoid  the  larger  eminences ;  with  this  view 
it  is  proposed  lo  make  a  new  road  between 
Haverfordwest  and  Si.  Clere,  commencing 
near  Canston  bridge,  and  by  that  route,  avoid- 
ing the  hilly  staf;e  betwan  the  two  towns. 
The  estimate  of  the  expense  is  upwards  of 
jfi;6,000.  A  plan  for  a  graving  dock,  on  a 
lai^  scale,  at  Milford,  is  likewise  under 
consideration. 


IRELAirD. 

Catholic  Meeting. 
The  following  is  an  account  of  the  proceed- 
ings at  the  Catholic  Meeting  in  Dublin,  Ja- 
nuary 24,  I8O7. — Lord  French  in  the  Cliair. 
Resolved,  Tliat  a  Petition  to  Parliament, oa 
behalf  of  the  Catholics  of  Dubhn,  be  pre- 
pared, and  laid  before  our  next  Meeting;  ts 
be  held  on  Saturday,  7  th  February  next 

Resolved,  That  tvireoty-one  persom  be  ap- 
pointed  as  a  Committee,  to  prepare  such  Pe- 
tition. 

Resolved,  That  our  Secretary  be  instnictd 
to  give  imnnediate  notice  of 'our  next  Meeting 
on  the  7th  of  February,  to  the  absent  Noble- 
men  and  Country  Gentlemen  ;  and  to  asiUR 
them,  that  tlieir 'attendance  will  give  geoenl 
satisfaction. 

Resolved,  That  the  Coinmittee  apfwraled, 
in  pursuance  of  the  foregrnn^  Resolution,  be 
also  empowered  to  communicate  lo  the  pria- 
cipal  Roman  Catholic  Gentlemen,  of  the  dif- 
ferent counties  of  Ireland,  the  proceedii^of 
this  Meeting  on  the  subject  of  a  Petition 
Edward  Hay,  Secretary. 
Sir,— I  am  directed  by  the  Comioitta of 
the  Catholics  of  Dublm,  to  transmit  to  you 
the  above  Resolutions,  which  were  uoani- 
nK)usly  agreed  upon,  at  a  very  numerous  ssi 
highly  respectable  Meeting,  on  Saturday,  tk 
24th  inst. 

I  am  further  directed  to  state,  for  yoor  in- 
formation, that  thooe  Resolutions  were  adopt- 
ed, as  the  Result  of  much  consideration,  m 
many  previous  Meeting*;  and  after  baring 
made  a  respectful  communication  of  die  et 
pectations  and  the  cla'uns  of  the  Cadwteof 
Dublin,  to  the  persons  entrusted  by  his  Mort 
Gracious  Majesty  with  the  Govcroiucnt  of 
Ireland.  It  is  at  the  same  time  neocsswy  thai 
you  should  be  apprized,  that  sufficient  time 
has  not  as  yet  elapsed  to  enable  those  penom 
to  make  any  decisive  reply.— This  interval  »■ 
casioned  by  the  distance  from  the  seat  of  Go- 
vernment,'will  be  employed  by  us,  in  prepl^ 
mg  the  Form  of  a  Petition  to  Parliament ; 
upon  the  adoption  or  postponement  of  whi»i 
the  Catholics  of  Dublin  are  likely  to  deter- 
mine at  their  next  Meeting. 

It  is  the  aiixious  desire,  as  well  as  the  confi- 
dent hope  of  the  Catholics  of  P^^^n,^ 
the  line  of  conduct  they  have  puisuedwitt 
meet  with,  not  only  the  sanction  of  yow  ap- 
probation, but  also  the  support  of  yoor  acuve 
and  zealous  co-opeiatlon. 

}  have  the  honour  to  be 
Your  obedient  Servant, 

Edward  Hat. 
DuhEn.  No.  4,  CapeUstreet,  26M  Jan,  1807 
[We  understand  that  Lord  GienriUe^ 
advised  the  postponement-of  this«w***  ^ 
the  present.} 


Digitized 


by  Google 


1337] 


lAterary  Retrospect. 


[1338 


UTERAKY  RETROSPECT. 

AMERICA. 

Philology. 
NoqH  Webster,  Esa.  author  of  several  va- 
]ua(ble  works,  has  lately  published  a  compen- 
dious Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  in 
Which  five  thousand  words  are  added  to  the 
number  found  in  the  best  English  compends ; 
the  orthography  is,  in  some  instances,  cor- 
rected, the  pronunciation  marked  by  an  ac- 
cent, or  other  suitable  direction,  and  the  defi- 
nitions of  many  words  amended  and  improv- 
ed. For  the  benefit  of  the  merchant,  the 
student,  and  the  traveller,  the  following  Ta- 
bles arc  added :— 1 .  Tables  of  the  monies  of 
mosf  of  the  commercial  nations  in  the  world, 
with  the  value  expressed  in  sterling. and  cents. 
2.  Tables  of  weights  and  measures,  ancient 
and  modem,  with  the  proportion  between  the 
several  weights  used  in  the  principal  cities  of 
Evropc.  3.  Divisions  of  time  among  the 
Jews,  Greeks,  and  Romans^  witli  a  table 
exhibiting  the  Roman  manner  of  dating.  4. 
An  official  list  of  the  post-officci  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  the  counties  in  which  they  are  si- 
tuated, and  the  distance  of  each  from  the  seat 
of  government.  6.  The  number  of  inhabit- 
ants in  the  United  States,  with  the  amount 
of  exports.  6.  New  and  interesting  chrono- 
logical tables  of  remarkable  events  and  dis- 
coveries. 

Mr.   N^jG.  Bufief,    of  Philadelphia,  has 
published  a  work  ^titled  Nature  Displayed  in 
tier  Mode  of  teaching  Language  to  Man  ;  or 
a  new  and  infallible   method  of  acquiring  a 
language  in   the   shortest  time  possible,  de- 
duced from  the  analysis  of  the  human  mind; 
and  consequently  suited  to  every  capacity :  it 
is  adapted  to  the  French  language.     Mr.'Du- 
fief  aaopts  as  a  principle,  that'^language^are 
most  readily  dcquired  by  the  ear,  by  memory, 
and  practice^  or,  as  it  is  usually  termed,  by 
rote.     Several  instructors  in  different  part3  of 
the  United  States  now  teach  the  French  lan- 
guage on  Mr.  Dufiefs  principles, 
Theology, 
The  Rev.  AJbel  Flint,  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Hahford,  has  translated  a  volume  of  Ser- 
mons selected  from  Massillon  and  Hourda- 
loue :  the  work  alsp  coimjnses  a  spiritual  pa- 
raphrase of  some  of  the  nialms,  in  the  form 
or  devout  ineditations  and  prayers. 
Topographi/, 
Mr.  R.  Mgnro  haspublished  at  New  York 
a  Description  of  the  Grenessee  Country  in  that 
State:    it  notices  its  situation,  extent,  civil 
divisions,  soil,    minerals,   productions,  lakes 
and  rivers,  curiosities;    plimate,    navigation, 
trade,   and    manufactures,    popubtiouy    and 
other  interesting  information  relative  to  that 
country:  an  appendix  contains  a  description 
of  ^e  military  lands. 

FKANCC/ 

M,  Kvm6  has  published  a  Dissertatipa  on 


the  origin  of  the  oompass,  in  order  to  prove 
that  the  French  were  ilie  first  who  ma<fc  uic 
of  it :  it  was  known  in  France  so  early  as  the 
twelfth  century,  under  the  name  of  marittihc ; 
it  was  used  under  the  rei^  of  Lewis  iX« 
Givia  d'Amflai,  wlio  ,  is  said  to  be  the  in^-e:.* 
tor,  lived  not  earlier  tlian  aboat  the  vear 
1300.  The  flower-de-Iis  has  been  adopted  ia 
all  countries  for  the  compass.  The  same  au* 
thor,  in  hb  Navigation,  observes,  that  **  Fa* 
tl^r  Ximenes,  a  c^ebrated  Italian  astrono- 
mer, proved  the*  priority  of  the  French,  ia 
his  work  entitled,  DelGnomowM  FioretUinoi 
p.  69." 

OERUAVT. 

Chemitiry, 
M.  Frdhlich,  in  Berlin,  has  pnblishtd  a 
German  translation,  by  F.  WoflfT,  of  T. 
Thomson's  (of  Edinburgh)  System  of  Che- 
mistry, in  four  volumes,  from  the  second 
English  edition. 

The  translator  of  this  work   has  proved 
throughout  that  he  possesses  not  only  a  com- 
petent knowledge  of  the  English   langqi^, 
out  an  intimate  aoquaintanot  with  the  sob* 
ject  of  the  work.    The  sense  of  the  original 
is  strictly  kept  to.    The  remarks  are  appropri- 
ate, in  part  complete  later  discoveries,  ana  in 
part  elucidate  some  passages  of  the  origitiaL 
Mucelhniei. 
M.   Geisler,  artist,  and  trarelltog  compa* 
nion  of  the  celeBreted  Pallas,  assisted  by  M. 
J.  Richter,  who  published,  two  years  ago* 
Miscellanies  relating  to  Russia,  haspublished 
a  work  entitled  (Spiele  und  Belutiigutigen  dir 
RussenJ    The  Sports  and  Pastimes  of  the 
lower  classes  of  the  Russians :  it  is  printed  in 
folio,  on  vellum  paper,  and  embellished  with 
twelve  coloured  plates.     This   may  be  regard* 
ed  as  a  continuation  of  the  works  publbhcd  at 
the  same  place,  entitled.  Picturesque  Travels 
in  Russia  ;  and,  the  Manners,  Cuitoms^  au4 
Dresses  of  the  Russian  People, 
History, 
At  Pest,  in  Hungry,  M.  Martin  Georw 
Kovachlch  has  publisheid  the  first  part  of  a  coN 
lection  of  small  unpublished  Pieces  of  Hun* 
garian  History.    This  first  part  contains  six 
pieces  :  these  M»  Kovachich  proposes  to  con- 
tinue,  as  he  says  there  are  more  than  oite 
thousand    of   them  well  worth  publishing. 
This  work  is  a  ki|id  of  su|»plement  to  Mr*. 
Ko\'achieh's  former  work  in  two  volumes^ ' 
Scrip  tores  Rerum  Hung,  mlnoru.     It  is  pub^ 
lished  in  the  German  language. 
Mc^hematica, 
M.  von  Muhr,  of  Nureaburg,  h^s  sent  to 
his  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Russia  three  ma- 
nuscripts of  the  great  mathematician  Jolian- 
nes  Regiomontanus,'  toother  with  some  rare 
printed  works  of  the  same  author )  these  have 
Xxtii  placed  in  the  Imperial  library,  and  M. 
von  Muhr,  has  bedn  honoured  by  bis  Miye:ity, 
with  a  present  of  a  superb  briUiant  ring. 
2X3 


Digit 


zedby^'OOgle 


i»39r 


Liierary  Prospective, 


[1340 


UTERARY  PROSrecnVE. 

In  the  press,  md  io  a  few  dji3rs  will  be  pub- 
lished, a  Collection  of  Debates  in  PtrU^nieDt, 
on  the  Act  6f  Navigation,  on  the  'l>ade  be* 
tween  Gieat  Britain  and  the  United  States  of 
Anerica,  and  the  interoourse  between  the 
latter  and  the  British  West  India  Islands,  on 
the  Tortola  Free  P6rt  Bill,  &c.  from  1783  to 
IH&J,  inclusive ;  with  a  variety  of  important 
documents. 

Mr.  Beloe  is  ananging  materials  lor  two 
more  volumes  of  his  Anecdotes  of  Li^ra^- 
turc. 

Mr.  Gifibrd's  edition  of  Ben  Jonson  b 
feady  for  the  press)  be  has  been  assisted 
gseatW  by  some  manuscripts  of  the  late  Mr. 
WhaOey. 

Q.  E^ar  begs  leave,  through  the  medium 
of  the  jLitenuy  Panorama,  to  apprize  his 
iViends  and  the  public,  that  he  is  proceeding 
with  the  '*  Inquirjr  into  |he  State  of  the  Pubn 
lie  Libraries  of  this  Kingdom,*'  which  was 
suM>ounced  by  hin^  some  time  ago.  He  had 
Ipee  access  to  various  public  libraries  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Euglmid,  apd  has  visited  every 
one  of  those  in  Scotland.  The  Inquiry  will 
make  three  volumes,  and  comprehend  a  short 
account  of  every  public  library,  of  a  particu- 
lar description,  in  the  island,  with  biographi- 
cal sketches,  and  literary  observations. 

Mr.  Banks  has  a  little  volume  in  the  press, 
entitled  a  Manual  of  Nobility. 

A  fourth  volume  of  the  Lounger*s  Com* 
monplace  Book  is  in  preparation. 

Nt:w  and  enlargjcd  editions  of  theRcr.  Mr. 
Danld's  Jlural  Sports  are  in  great  forward- 
ness. 

Mr.  Isaac  CrookerKlen  has  just  completed 
for  publication  a  Treati^  on  ^e  Human  Soul, 
ihwhidh  he  cotjtroverts  many  opinions  of  Mr. 
Diew,  Dr.  Priestley,  and  other  writers. 

The  Works  of  ISallust,  transited  by  the 
late  Arthur  Murphy,  Esq.  will  hfe  published 
immediately. 

'    Mr.  Bryant's  cdebrated  work  on  Heathen 
Mythology  is  reprinting. 

Mr.  Kidd  has  collected  all  the  scattered  re- 
mains of  that  eminent  critio  Kithnkenii^, 
4nd  is  about  to  publish  them  vinder  the  tMe 
of  Opusatla  Ruinkeniana. 

The  Musical  Essays  by  Dr.  Callcott,  are 
in  great  forwardness,  and  will  be  publis)ied  in 
the  course  of  the  year. 

The  prospectus  of  a  new  periodionl  work, 
to  be  published  by  subscription,  has  just  ap- 
peared. It  is  to  consi6t  of  a  scries  of  ^hort 
and  simple  essays  and  songs,  caku^ted  pro- 
gressively to  assist  the  musical  education  of 
young  ladies  at  boarding  schools,  it  will  be 
calM  The  Musical  Mentor,  or  St.  Cecilia  at 
Scho^;  by  Mr.  Dibdin.  The  publication 
will  otipaifii  of  |weDty-iU(  uun^bepj  oi^  of 


which  will  be  issued  every  fhrtoig^t  Price 
of  each  number  Is.  6d. 

,  A  Catalogue  of  the  Psrticnlars  of  the  MSS. 
Collations  and  Books  with  MSS.  Notes,  of 
the  late  James  Philip  D*0bville,  Esq.  pur- 
chased by  the  University  of  Oxford  in  I8O59 
for  j£iOS5,  will  shortly  be  printed. 

A  Catalogue  Raisonndf  of  the  very  extea* 
sive  and  valaable  collection  of  Books  dcpo*^ 
sited  in  the  British  Museum,  is  in  contcm* 

{>lation ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  not  be 
ong^  before  the  public  will  bt  favoured  with  a. 
specimen  of  it.      x 

Mr.  Lawceoce,  of  St.  Barth^oinew*s  Hoe-. 
pital,  has  in  the  press,  a  translation  from  the 
German  of  Blumenbach*s  ComDaxaitive  Ana- 
tomy, with  numerous  additiooai  notes* 

A  new  work  is  nearly  ready,  by  Dr.  Bar* 
clay,  of  Edinburgh,  on  Mascubf  Motion. 

A  new  edition  of  Dr.  Lind  on  the  Diseeseo 
of  Hot  Climates  is  in  the  pres^  and  wiU  ho 
published  in  the  course  of  the  spring. 

Speedily  tvill  be  published,  in  one  quarto 
volume,  a  Pathological  Disquisition  concern* 
ing  the  Gout,  by  George  D|)scomb,  surgeon.- 

Dr.  Bardsley,  physician  to  the  Manchcstrt 
Infirmary,  will  speedily  publish  a  Selection  of 
Medical  Keports  of  Cases,  Observations,  and 
Experiments,  chiefly  derived  from  hosnpital 
practice ;  including  clinical  histories  of  £>ia- 
Detes,  Chronic  Kheum^tlsmf  and  Hydro- 
phobia. 

Dr.  P.  A.  Wilson,  of  Worcester,  ha» 
nearly  ready  for  publication  an  Essay  on  the 
Nature  of  Pever. 

Speedily  will  be  published  the  Moderrt 
Practice  of  Physic,  which  points  out  the 
Characters,  Causes,  Symptoms,  Prognos- 
tics, Morbid  Appearances,  and  improved  mo* 
thod  of  treating  the  diseases  of  all  climates, 
by  Robert  Thomas,  M.D. :  second  ^tioa* 
revised,  altered,  and  enlarged. 

Rev.  Mr.  Crutwell,  of  Bath»  has,  forse* 
veral  years  past,  dexoted  his  whole  time  tot 
preparing  a  new  edition  of  his  General  Ga- 
zetteer, which  is  in  the  press. 

Thesecohd  edition  of  Rev.  liint  CaipeiK 
ter*8  Geography  of  the  New  Testauient  u  ia 
the  press. 

R.  H.  Peckvirell,  Esq.  Barrist^  at  Law, 
who  has  published  a  Collection  of  Cases  of 
Contested  Elections  of  the  last  Parliament,  is 
engaged  on  a  Treatise  uppn  the  Laws  of  Ejec- 
tions, with  a  Collection  of  the  Statutes,  Re* 
solutions  of  the  Hoqse  of  CoqixxMna,  &c. 
relative  to  those  sul^ects. 

Mr.  Parkinson  will  shortly  publish  a  new 
and  enbugiBd  e^iUtbn  of  bis  Experienced  Fais 
incr. 

The  London  Booksellers  are  engaged  iq 
bringing  out  a  Translation  of  Cicero*s  Works, 
which  will  be  sold  separately»  as  vydll  as  o^t 
lectivcly. 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


1341 1 

The  Clarendon  press  is  about  to  issue  Tlie 
Public  Orations  of  Demosthenes,  with  va- 
rious readings  and  notes ;  twoTohimes  octavo. 

Speedily  will  be  published,  A  History  of 
Birds,  for  the  use  of  young  people,  by  the  kte 
Mrs.  Charlotte  Smith. 

The  seventh  volume  of  Dr.  Shaw's  Zoo> 
logy,  containing  Birds,  is  nearly  ready  (or 
piiblication. 

Mr.  S«uthey*8  Specimens  ofEnglish  Poetry, 
in  continuation  of  Mr.  £Ris*s  much  admired 
works,  will  appear  this  month. 

A  new  translation  of  the  Eptstks  of  Ovid 
is  in  the  press,  from  the  pen  of  tl^  hite  Rev. 
Mr.  Fitzthomas. 

Partonepex  de  Blois,  a  poem  in  three  books, 
with  notes  from  the  French  of  M.  le  Grand, 
by  William  Steward  Rose,  Esq.  will  appear 
very  soon  from  the  pre«  of  IBallantyne,  of 
Kdmburch ;  with  fine  engravings  from  paint- 
ings by  Smirke,  Esq.  jun.  in  which  the  cos- 
tume of  the  time  has  been  an  object  of  un- 
common attention. 

Mr.  Nathaniel  Howard,  of  Plymouth,  has 
completed  a  translation,  in  blank  verse^  tf  the 
Inferno  of  Dante,  with  notes. 

A  new  edition  of  Warton's  History  of 
English  Poetry  is  prenaring  for  the  press;  it 
wilibe  continued  to  tne  time  of  Pope. 

The  volume  of  Poems  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Noble,  of  Bhickheath,  will'  iwt  be  much' 
longer  delayed.     He  has  added  a  canto  to  the 

Srincipal  poem  (entitled  Blackheath,  or  a 
lommg  Walk  in  theSpringof  18o4),  which 
embraces  a  variet)*  of  subjects,  commerce  and 
agriculture.  A  translatioii  of  the  6rst  book 
of  the  Argonautica  of  C.  Valerius  Flaccus, 
concludes  Uie  volume,  in  ouarto,  ornamented 
with  views  on  and  near  Blackheath,  by  Mr. 
William  Noble,  and  engraved  by  Mr.  Samuel 
Noble  (both  brothers  of  the  author),  and 
with  wood  cuts,  as  vignettes,  by  Austin. 
Price  24s.  The  prospectus  forms  a  handsome 
specimen  of  the  type  and  engraving. 

Dr.  Percy,  of  St.  John*s  College,  nephew 
to  the  Bishop  of  Dromore,  b  preparing,  with 
his  approbation,  a  fourth  volume  of  the  Re- 
liques  of  Ancient  English  Pdetry. 

Wm.  Wordsworth,  Esq.  author  of  Lyrical 
Ballads,  has  neariy  readv  for  publication  the 
Orchard  Pathway,  a  coltection  of  Poems. 

Mr.  Northmore  has  been  for  a  considerable 
lime  engag^  in  writitig  an  Epic  Pbem,  to  he 
romple^  in  ten  books,  entitled  Washington, 
or  Liberty  Restorrd. 

In  the  press,  to  be  published  by  subscrip- 
tion, A  new  Translation  of  Ovid*s  Metamor- 
phoses into  En^sh  blank  verse  by  J.  J.  How- 
ard, Esq.  two  vols. 

Will  be  ])ablished  in  the  jprespt'  month. 

The  Poems  of  Ossian  in  the  CJriginal  GaeHc, 

with  literal  translations  into  Latin,  bv  the 

late  Robert  Macfarlan,  A.M.  with  a  Disser- 

'  tation  on  the  Authenticity  of  the  Poems,  by 


Literary  Prospective*  \  1342  ^ 

Sir  John  Sinclair,  Bart,   and  a  Translation 

from  the  Italian  of  the  Abb^  Cesarotti*s  Cri- 
tical Dissertation  on  the  Controversy  respect- 
ing their  authenticity,  with  notes  and  a  sup- 
plemental Essay,  by  John  M'Arthur,  LL.U. 
three  vols,  royal  octavo. . 

Mr.  Byeriy*s  long  promised  volume  of 
Poems  may  be  expected  to  make  iu  appeat-* 
ance  about  the  nifddle  of  the  present  month.. 

A  novel,  entitled  Griffith  Abbey,  by  the 
late  Mn.  C.  Mathews,  is  in  the  pVess ;  two 
volumes. 

Soon  win  be  publi^ied,  Gabriel  Forester, 
or  the  Deserted  Son,  by  J.  Lathy. 

Mr.  Belfour,  translator  of  the  Mustca,  and 
Fabnlas  Literarias  of  Yriarte,  b  about  to 
publish  a  new  and  improved  edition  of  Jar- 
vis's  version  of  Don  Quixote,  embellished 
with  superb  engrayingi,  and  illustrated  by 
not€s  historical,  critical,  and  literary,  from 
the  pens  of  Mayans,  Bowk^,  Vicente  dc  lot 
Rios,  PeHicer,  and  other  able  commenutors : 
containing  remarks  on  the  life  and  writing! 
of  Cervantes,  anecdotesof  his  contemporaries, 
and  particufairly  of  the  manners,  customs,  arxi 
state  of  literature  of  the  time  in  which  he 
lived;  fbrmiiu; a fiiithfnl,  spirited,  and  das* 
sical  edition  of  that  immortal  work. 

Mr.  Byerly's  translation  of  M.  dc  St  Ve- 
nanCspopuhur  novel  of  Leopold  de  Circ^,  or 
the  effects  of  Atheism,  will  be  published  ia 
the  present  month. 

Mrs.  Pilkinffton  b  ennged  on  a  novel  en- 
titled Ellen,  Heiress  of  ttie  Castle. 

The  Benevolent  Monk,  a  novel,  by  the 
author  of  the  Kni^t,  will  soon  appear. 

The  author  of  the  Familj  in  bwitzeriand 
will  soon  publish  a  novel  enuded  the  Sokiier^' 
Family. 

Mrs.  Bvron,  authoress  ot  Anti-Delphine, 
will  shortly  produce  a  novel  entitled  Drelin- 
court  and  Rodalvi,  or  Memoirs  of  Two  No^ 
ble  Families. 

The  author  of  Louisa,  and  the  Orphan  of      ' 
Lenox  Abbey,  is  preparing  for  publicatioh  a 
romantic  Lescnd,  in  tv\  j  volumes,  under  ther 
title  of  Mandeville  Castle. 

Mr.  Dibdin  has  in  the  press  a  novd  in 
three  volumes ;  it  will  be  ready  for  publica- 
tion about  Easter. 

The  Ruins  of  Rigonda,  o^  the  Homicidal 
Father,  a  romance,  is  in  the  press. 

A  translation  of  Edwarti  and  Annette, 
from  the  German  of  Lafontaine,  will  be  spec- 
dilypublished  by  \\ F,  Weise. 

Tne  lint  number  will  very  shortly  be  ready 
of  lllonrations  of  the  most  remarkable  Sccni^ 
in  Scotland,  from  Pictures  by  William  Scrope, 
Esq.  F.  L.S.    Numbers,  eix'h  one  guinea. 

Soon  will  he  published,  in  lar^  quarto^ 
No.  L  of  the  Briush  (yaUery  of  lectures,  \vk 
tH'o  series.  The  first  series  contatnins  a  de- 
scription of  the  cabinets  and  f^nlleries  of  Pic^ 
tures  in  Great  Britain>  cmballished  witb  €»• 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


J3431 


Literary  Prospective, 


[1344 


graviDgs,  on  a  small  scale,  from  all  the  best 
and  most  interesting  painting^.  Eaeh  coUeo- 
tion  of  magnitude  bemg  illubtrated  by  a  con- 
pse  history  of  its  formation  and  a  description 
of  its  contrints. 

,  The  second,  containing  a  history  of  paint- 
ingand  its  professors,  e\nbellished  with  higbif 
finished  specimens  from  the  works  of  the 
most  cekbrated  masiei?,  selected  from  the 
finest  examples  in  Qreat  Britain  \  with  a  de- 
scriptive elucidation  of  tiie  peculiar  excel- 
lence of  each  paintiuj^,  and  anecdotes  of- the 
pictures.  The  historical  and  descriptive  part 
oy  William  Young  Ottley,  Esq.  The  en- 
gravings by  Mr.  P.  W.  Tom  kins,  historical 
f  ngraver  to  her  Majesty,  who  conducts  the 
executive  part  of  the  work;  Mr.  L.  Schiavo- 
netti,  Mr.  A.  Cardon,  and  other  eminent 
engravers :  the  whole  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Henry  Tresham,  Esq.  R.  A. 

Mr.  Edward  Onne  will  publish  by  sub- 
scription An  Essay  on  Transparencies;  it 
will  be  dedicated,  by  permission,  to  her  Ma- 
jesty, and  their  Royal  Highnesses  the  Prin- 
cesses the  Princesses  Augusta,  Elizabeth, 
Af ary,  Sophia,  and  Amelia ;  one  large  quar- 
to volume,  price  two  guineas. 

The  same  gentleman  has  issued  proposals 
for  a  new  work,  entitled  British  Field  Sports, 
from  drawings  by  Sarnuel  Howett,  to  be  ex- 
ecuted under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Orme; 
same  size  as  the  Oriental  Field  Sports,  just 
completed,  and  in  the  same  manner ;  in  ten 
/nonthly  mmibers,  at  21s.  each,  containing 
two  highly  finished  coloured  engravings. 

Mr.  Landseer  is  engraving  an  Emblemati- 
cal Monument  in  honour  of  Admiral  Lord 
jSelson,  in  which  will  be  introduced  tlie  bust 
of  his  Lordship,  and  aUusion;^  to  his  most 
celebrated  victories ;  from  a  drawing  by  P.  J. 
de  Loutherboura,  R.  A. 

Rev.  G.  S  I^licr,  auihorof  a  Dissertation 
on  the  Prophecies,  is  prepariptc  for  the  press  a 
work  on  the  Restoration  of  Israel  and  the 
pestruction  of  Antichrist. 

Mr.  White  Wilkinson  intends  to  publish, 
in  the  course  of  a  few  Weeks,  A  Re>iev  of 
the  Bishop  of  DandafTs  Two  Apologies  for 
Christianity  and  the  Bible.' 

Mr.  W.  W.  intends  also  to  publish  a  com- 
panion volume  to  the  above,  and  about  the 
same  time,  under  >the  title  of  The  Religion  of 
^Reason. 

Rev.  Mr.  Hewitt,  Fellow  of  Hertfi)rd  G)J- 

S^,  will  issue  from  the  Clarendon  press,  a 
ew  Translation  of  Grotius  on  the  1  ruth  of 
the  Christian  Religion.  The  numerous  tes- 
timonies in  the  notes,  wbich*  in  the  edition 


of  the  origin&l,  now  issuing  ^om   the  same 

^ress,  are  accoromodaled  tp  editions  prior  to      .^v.^.^  ...  ^«.»«.,,    *,.^  .  —.^      - 

^(>80,  will  in  t)iis  translation  be  adapted  to  ^   engraving:  these  gravels,  and  those  oTDr* 

recent  edidons.    A  few  notes  will  be  added      ^   ^   '      '  ••  «--v  -jn-Jm 

by  the  translator. 

'    Proposals  have  been  oirculated  for  pub)ish- 


ing.  by  subscription,  a  Tcdume  of  SeriDQoi 
by  Dr.  Bc^min  prosvenor,  seledsd  bom  i 
IX)Uectionr  in  the  possession  of  Rev.  JohnDi- 
vies,  of  Lymington,  Hants.  The  fokupe 
will  contain  his  most  admired  Sermons,  which 
jtre  exceedingly  scarce,  and  others  cqmlly  ex- 
cellent whicn  arc  little  known.  The  woijc 
will  be  edited  bv  Mr.  Davics ;  with  a  recom- 
mendatory preuu:e  b;  Bi»^-  Da^iid  Bogue, 
A.  M.  ^  price  seven  sUillirigB  to  suj^scriben. 

Rev.  Dr.  Mant  is  printing  a  small  Vobi^ 
of  Lectures  on  the  Pccarreoces  of  die  hi- 
sion  Week. 

The  Rev.  William  Tamer,  of  Ncwcssik 
upon  Tyne,  has  reidy  for  publication,  ta 
Abstract  of  the  History  of  the  Bible,  for  the 
use  of  young  people,  witli  quesuont  for  n- 
amiuation,  and  a  sketcb  of  Scripture  gcogra- 
phvy  illiutrated  by  ma^. 

Dr.  Toulmin,  of  Birmingham,  is  prepii- 
iuganew  edition  of  a  scarce  and  valuable 
tract,  entitled  the  Student  and  Pastor,  .by  the 
Rev.  John  Mason,  A.M.  author  of  the  .ce- 
lebrated treatite  on  Self  Knowledge;  to  thji 
edition  it  is  intended  to  add  the  author's  Let- 
ter to  a  Young  Minister,  with  notes  and  «• 
lar^ments,  particularly  an  Essay  on  Cut- 
chising,  by  the  editor. 

A  new  olition  of  Harmer's  Obsenratwwoo 
divers  Pbssaaes  pf  Scripture,  enlarged  and  cor- 
rected by  the  Rev.  Adam  Clarke,  A.M.« 
nearly  readv  for  publication. 

The  Rev'.  W.  Shrubsole's  Christian  M$- 
rooirs,  or  New  Pilgrim's  Progress,  the  thim 
edition  improved,  with  a  Life  of  the  Author, 
by  his  son,  is  in  the  pfcss. 

Lord  Valentja,  eldest  son  of  the  Eaii  of 
Moupt  Norris,  repaired  a  few  yean  since  to 
India,  with  a  view  to  contribute  to  the  extan 
sion  of  science,  and  tp  gratify  his  oivn  curio- 
sity. From  Calcutta  he  repaired  oyerUwlto 
Lucknow,  and  haying  accepted  an  invilaiioo 
from  Mr.  Pkull,  an  eminent  merchant  ibcret 
he  resided  at  his  house  during  several  months, 
when  the '  rainy  season  commenced:  he^ 
aecompiuiicd  by  that  gentleman  ^f'^^ 
Gangw ;  and  piey  had  an  opportunity  of  b^ 
oopning  acquainted  with  whatever  relaied  to  i 
river  so  famous  in  the  annals  and  reli^w^ 
rites  of  the  easterp  wofld.  In  tbecoane« 
seyer^I  year*  residence  abroad.  Lord  ^?*"*J 
has  visited  and  examined  a  I4rp  P**'^!*!^ 
Asia*  and  has  seen  parts  of  Africa.  He  b^ 
made  a  verv  valuAle' collection  of  whaterers 
rare  or  wortliy  pf  notice :  and  we  arc  inlo^ 
ed  that  the  public  will  speedily  be  gratiticd 
with  an  account  pf  bis  extensive  trayels 
printed  at  the  expence  of  his  kwdsbipj  U  » 


suppose^  tbi^  it  will  consist  of  two  or  thwj 
volumes  in  qparto,  with  a  folio  vohiBie^w 


Buchanan  (announced  in  onr  last),  wdl  wg 
us  better  acquainted  with  our  vast  p 
in  Asia.— Comp.  Panprama,  p*  8^> 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


13453 


Polilical  Periscope. 


l^4S 


POLITICAL  PERISCOPE. 
In  our  last  article  on  this  subject,  p.  11 22, 
Jve  si^gested  our  doubts  as  to  the  extent  of 
those  calamities,  which  report  described  as 
having  befallen  the  French  armies  in  Poland : 
later  information  has  justified  those  doubu 
po  more  than  their  full  extent.     It  is  however 
;ickiM>vvledged  on  the  part  of  the  French, 
that  their  force  is  withdrawn  to  this  side  of 
Uie  Vistula;  a  retrograde  movement,  which 
certainly  was  not  adopted  without  a  cAuat, 
We  find   that  cause  in  the  nature  of  the 
country,  and  the  privations  suffered  by  the 
French  armies,  which    are  exposed  at  the 
same  time  to  the  inclemency  of  the  weather, 
the  disadvantages  of  marshes  and  forests,  the 
predatory  warfare  of  their  opponents,  a  war 
of  posts,  and  a  want  of  brandy.     Whether 
^hese  suffering^  are  likely  to  affect  the  health 
.of  the  soldierj,  will  be  the  subject  of  better 
reasoning?  than  those  too  pompou  Ay  displayed 
to  be  tnic,    which  appear  m    the   French 
lulletiut.     In  the  mean  time,   an  immense 
army  is   assembling ;    from    France,    from 
-  Jlolland,  from  wherever  it  can  be  spared  in 
Germany :    a    pretty   sure    proof  that    the 
former  army  has  proved  inadequate  to  its  pur- 
pose.    Nor  IS  this  all :  for  French  intri^e  has 
excited  Turkey  to  a  struggle  with  Russia  :  for 
what  purpose  ? — that  a  portion  of  the  Russian 
'  army  may  be  drawn  away  from  opposing;  the 
French  forces,  in  Poland,  to  keep  the  1  urks 
in  check.    To  counterbalance  this  in  part, 
at   least,  Britain   has  sent  a  fleet  of  eight 
or  ten  capital  ships  to  visit  Coustantinonle, 
and  to  cruize  in  the  Black  Sea.    The  effect 
of  this  fleet  may  be  considerable  <  it  is  cer- 
'  tainlv  very  embarrassing  to  the  French  party 
in  tne  Di\'an :    and  the  least  result  of  its 
pperatioqs,  will  be  a  command  of  the  supplies 
'which  reach  ConstantirK>ple  by  water.  'Inese 
are  two  ^irds  of  its  coosumption.  We  say  no- 
thing as  to  offensive  proceedings,  because  we 
hope  they  may  be  dispensed  with :  and  because 
we  mean   to  state  the  opportimities  afforded 
by  the  nature  and  defences  of  the  coast,  with 
the  condition  of  their  works,  and  the  charac- 
ter of  their  defenders,  from  sources  not  known 
in  this  country  ;  some  of  them  derived  from 
M.  S.   Joomals  of   British  officers ;    others 
from  surveys    made  under  the  direction  of 
Buonaparte ;  and  for  hb  use. 

Russia,  for  self-defence,  will  meet  Buona- 
parte with  corresponding  numbers ;  and  with 
forces,  some  of  them  ef  .a  peculiar  descrip- 
tion. We  have  no  fear  for  the  behaviour  of 
the  Riissian  troops ;  the  Superior  skill  of  their 
coixunanders  remains  to  be  decided  by  events. 
We  'shall  be  glad  to  hear,  that  tlie  system 
adopted  holds  Buonaparte  in  check :  when 
bid  ad^'ance  is  rendered  impossible,  *he  is  on 

the  very  point  of  being  bea^ when  the 

French  h^  nothing  to  brag  of,  they  are 
ll^mfitcd :   if  they  do  not  ffdtx,  they  )ose. 


Sweden  still  holds  Stralsund,  and  the  pro- 
bability is,  that  the  Fri^nch  oannot  spare  an 
array  to  bestoze  it :  but  should  they  t>e  aUe 
so  to  do,  the  afiair  would  be  serious. 

Denmark  remains  as  it  did :  it  may  thank 
Danish  bravery  at  the  battk  of  Copenhagen^ 
in  part,  for  its  tranquillity :  the  French  le- 
spect /iio/ bravery,  which  they  have  not  yet 
bou&ht. 

Holland  is  mortified  by  the  loss  of  Curas- 
soa ;  the  particulars  of  which  capture  w» 
have  given :  neither  are  its  expectations 
improved  by  the  loss  of  its  spice  ships,  as 
reported  from  Batavia:  they  cost  1,000,000 
dollars.    - 

SjKun  has,  after  a  manner,  regained  tlie 
odoDV  of  Buenos  A3rres :  we  doubt  mudi 
whether  the  gain  proves  permanent;  and 
moreover,  whe^ier  this  instance  of  colordq} 
exertion  will  ultimately  benefit  the  mother 
country.  Had  the  mother  country  herself  ef- 
fected this  recovery,  the  action  had  been  diffe- 
rent, and  so  had  die  event  been,  also :  but 
now  the  colonies  have  given  a  proof  of  their 
strength,  wh|ph  will  not  escape  recoUectioo* 
at  some  futufe  period.  We  shall  be  extreme- 
ly sorry,  if  fact  should  justify  what  is  whis- 
pered as  to  the  misbehaviour  toward  the 
inhabiuots  ofsomeuartof  the  British  forces 
at  Buenos  Ayres.  We  are  reluctant  to  give 
these  reports  credit : — but,  if  they  be  true—! 

Sir  Home  Popham  is  arrived  in  En^and 
from  Rio  de  la  Plata,  where  he  left  the 
Britit»h  army  encamoed  at  Maldoilkado,  after 
a  feeble  attack  on  Alonte  Video.  We  have 
every  reason  to  expect  further  advices  of 
importance  from  the:ie  places,  in  a  short 
time.  Sir  Home  is  under  arrest,  and  will 
be  tried  by  a  Court  Martial,  without  delay. 
It  is  understood,  moreover,  that  Governor 
Putton  at  St.  Helena,  is  also  suspended,  for 
weakening  the  defence  of  that  island,  by 
furnishing  troops  for  the  expedition  against 
Buenos  Ayres.  We  hope,  nevertheless,  that 
these  ei'ils  will  end  in  gcMxl. 

Malta  and  Italy  continue  much  as  befote  : 
but  the  impprtanotiTof  Mai  la  as  a  pkce  of 
refreshment  for  our  ships  in  the  Levant,  and 
as  giving  a  command  over  the  Morea,  and 
other  parts  of  the  Turkish  dominions,  will 
be  felt  very  sensibly,  should  Britain  have 
occasion  to  exert  her  power  in  those  seas. 

We  understand  by  recent  information  that 
India  is  quiet :  long  may  it  continue  so, 

Auierica  has,  it  is  said,  icttled  her  differ- 
ences with  us :  but  on  what  tenns  is  npt 
publicly  known .-*Our  merchants  and  ship- 
owners, are  not  perfectly  easy  on  the  subjeol. 

If  the  ^ce  of  humanity  could  be  heard 
amid  the  clashing  discordances  of  politics* 
we  would  willingly  raise  that  voice :  but,  alas! 
for  the  hopeless  suiierings  of  mankind,  when 
a  sax-tfge  thirst  of  bkxxl  deludes  their  rulen, 
under  the  disj^ceful  disguise  of,  would-b^ 
gtorious  amotion  i  ^.^^^^^^  ^^  I^OOglC 


W471 


State  qf  Tradi. 


p34t 


STATE  OF  TRADE. 
Lhyd'9  Coff ee-ffouse,  February  $0,  1 807. 
The  inconveniencies  of  a  stale  of  warftre 
have  certainly  been  experienced  among  our 
merchants  during  the  course  of  the  present 
month :  the  activity  of  the  French  marauders 
in  picking  up  neutral  Yesseh  per  Jos  et  nefat, 
bis  somewhat  ^contributed  to  this ;  the  uncer- 
tainty respecting  the  terms  of  the  treaty  with 
America,  the  smister  events  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
and  other  occurrences,  have  rather  Kept 
tirade  from  ad\'ancing.  The  East  India  trade 
has  apueared ,  so  tempting  to  the  meidumta  of 
Irdana,  that  a  disposition  has  beexr  mani- 
fested in  that  country  tor  engaging  in  it  to 
a  ereater  extent  than  the  present  system  is  cr- 
emated to  focilitate.  While  all  the  nxxb  in- 
tended for  India  most  be  shipped  from  the 
port  of  London,  there  certainly  is  a  de6ciency 
of  accommodation  to  those  distant  phtcei 
which  incline  to  renture  a  part  of  their  own 
productions  as  articles  of  sale  in  this  com- 
merce. The  same  may  be  said  of  the  returns  5 
while  all  Indian  goods  are  landed  in  London, 
distant  towns  must  fetch  them  under  certain 
expcnce^,  and  at  certain  disadvantages. 

The  West  India  trade  labours  under  the  dis- 
advantage of  a  glutted  market,  and  expecta- 
,tion"of  future  events.  Expectation  alone 
is  alv^ys  sufficient  to  effect  ;;  kind  of  sus- 
pension of  trade;  but  when  so  considerable 
a  branch  of  traffic  as  the  Slave  Trade  is  on  the 


point  of  being  abrogated,  the  various  interests 
which  are  concerned  in  it,  will  naturally  be 

Jookingout  with  anxiety;  and  till  the  measure     /-r— o / '  -  - • 

be  decided,  and  its  effects  be  understood,  if  I  These  nave  since  been  formed  into  a  petitioB 
not  also  till  they  are  felt,  a  kind  of  suspicion  I  and  presented  to  the  House  of  Coiumoos. 


as  to  what  ia  ohfaimd  fiaom  Spain  and  Poitn. 
gal,  we  know  that  circomstatices  counterbi. 
lance  the  evil,  which,  indeed,  is  not  justi;  to 
be  described  as  of  the  first  magnitode. 

Another  step,  taken  to  diminish  what  Vmn 
might  have  occurred  in  the  specuhtioDi  sem 
to  fiuenos  Ayres,  has  been,  to  open  the  trade 
to  St.  Domingo  by  the  following  proehmatin. 
George  R, — Ad^tional  instructions  to  tht 

commanders  qf  our  ships  qf  tear,  gken  ti 

our  court  at  St,  James's,   Ftbruanf  11, 

I8O7. 

Our  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  all  British 
vessels  which  have  cleared  out  from  any  of 
the  ports  of  our  United  Kingdom  to  BoeDa 
Ayres  and  the  River  Plata,  may  be  pensitied 
either  to  proceed  without  interrapiion  to  aoj 
port  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingp,  not  in  tlte 
immediate  possession,  and  under  the  ooDtnoi 
of  France  or  Spain,  there  to  dispose  of  their 
cargoes,  and  to  lade  produce  in  return,  and  10 
carry  the  same  to  anj  port  of  oar  United 
Kingdom,  or  to  tranship  their  caigoes  00  boaid 
neutral  vessels,  and  to  send  the  same  (br  sale 
to  any  hostile  colony,  and  to  bring  back  it- 
turns  on  board  such  neutral  vessels  to  any  port 
of  our  United  Kingdom.  By  his  Majeityli 
command,  (Signed)        '   Spbvcsr. 

As  the  French  party  in  America  had  M 
reason  to  repine  at  the  trade  which  it  had  is* 
advertently  thrown  into  the  hand^of  tbeEs' 
glish,  this  permission  cannot  fail  of  adding  to 
to  its  present  vexation. 

The  Resolutions  of  the  Ship  Owncn,  eon- 
l^aining  of  the  present  depressed  stuta  of  Bii* 
tish  shipping  may  be  seen.  Panorama,  p.  \M 


hangs  over  the  mind  and  judgement,  and 
repdts  that  confidence  which  is  the  life  and 
soul  of  a  brisk  and  vigoioas  commerce. 

To  relieve  the  West  India  merchants,  the 
Minister  has  propostd  a  bounty  on  exportation 
of  sugars  :«^lf.  perewi,  on  raw  sumrs  worth 
from  40s,  Us  45t. — %s.  per  cwt,  on  those  under 
49s.— 4uid  10$.  per  cuft.  on  double  refined 
fugars.  TVsse  bounties  will,  no  doubt, 
act  as  a  diminution  of  the  expense  of 
fireight,  and  as  a  premium  of  insurance  against 
capture,  and  ascaiust  detection,  in  favour  of 
the  Continentu  porduieer;  who,- if  he  can 
have  his  su^rs  delivered  to  him  carriage  free, 
will  certainty  be  enabled,  as  well  as  tempted, 
to  purchase  :  and  what  he  has  bought  he 
will  sell,  and  to  aood  profit,  in  spite  of  ail 
the  niohibiiions  of  Bonaparte. 

A  second  measure  adopted  by  tlie  Minister  is 
half-crown  a  gallon  duty  on  brandy  }  {uirpos- 
ing  hereby  to  uromote  tne  home  consuuiiuion 
of  rum.  If  the  people  of  Britain  could  be  | 
persuaded  that  rum  is  superior  to  brandy,  more 
wholesome,  and  more  genuine,  this  measure 
would  not  foil  of  its  effect  Whatever  French 
brandy  is  consumed  in  our  army  and  navy,  is 
a  premium  to  the  commeixG  of  ou£  enemies ; 


By  what  we  can  learn,  Manchester  has  1^ 
eulaied  pretty  lara^ly  in  some  kite  adventureii 
our  letters  from  thence  describe  trade  as  ntho 
dull.«  Sheffield  and  Birmingham  b&>e  littk 
more  to  boast  of,  at  present. 

The  tiade  to  America  offers  no  svin|)toiD3 
of  decline.  The  exporU  to  the  East  ludws  ait 
as  much  as,  and  perhaps  more  than  e\er.  The 
trade  to  Africa  may  be  esqoected  to  be  this  yew 
immense.  The  trade  to  Portugal  suffen  little. 
We  have  lately  received  from  thence,  a  fleet 
containing  13,iOG  pipes  of  wine.  The  tnoc 
to  Malta  may  be  considered  as  extending » 
Italy  in  g^eral;  it  suffers  till  the  new  re^ 
tions  fulminated  against  it  bv  the  Continentii 
de8|)ot,  shall  eitlier  be  eluded,  or  theirviolence 
abated.   To  the  Islands  trade  passes  as  befoft. 

The  Continental  manu£M:tories  cannot 
work,  for  want  of  those  materials  with  whi« 
Britain  used  10  supply  them.  Whatever  uWe 
mischief  the  Corsican  can  do  to  this  island,  he 
is  doing  an  hundred  times  more  to  those  wboai 
he  ought  to  protect,  ^f  they  cannot  procwc 
the  raw  material,  how  can  they  produce  6- 
niehcd  ^oods?  If  tlwy  cannot  export  then 
productions,  ho.w  long  will  ihey  contiW 
to  produce  ? 

*  E^gitizedby^OOgie 


1849] 


Extraordinary'  ChxeitC'^C^piure  of  Curatsoa, 


[tasd 


CAfTVEE  OP  CV11A8M)A* 

Eztraordinqry  Gazette,  Feb,  23,  IgO?. 
Copy  Letter  from  Vice  Aim,  Daeres,  Com* 
tHunder  in  Chirf  of  Hh  M^ieit^  Skips 
amd  Vessels  at  Jamaica,  to  Wm,  Marsdm, 
Esq,  dated  Fori  Royal,  Jan.  U,  1807. 
Sir,-»I  have  nuch  satisfiEiction  in  oongntu- 
lating  my  Lovds  Commtssionera  of  the  Ad- 
miralty on  the  capture  of  the  islatid  of  Cura- 
coa,  OD  new  year*8  day  in  the  morning,  by 
the  frigates  Arethoaa,  Latona,  Anson,  and 
Fifigaid,  under  the  orders  of  Capt.  Brisbane, 
of  the  Arethnsa;  a  copy  of  whose  letter  I  in- 
close,— ^Whilst  I  contemplate  the  immense 
strength  of  tlie  harbour  of  Amsterdam,  and 
the  superior  force  contained  in  its  difFbent 
batteries  opposed  to  the  entrance  of  the  fri- 
gates, I  kxiow  not  how  sufficiendy  to  admire 
the  decision  of  Capt.  Brisbane  in  attempting 
the  harbour,  and  the  determined  bravery,  and 
conduct  displayed  by  himself,  the  other  three 
'  captains,  and  all  the  ofiloers  and  men  under 
his  command:  it  b  another  strong  instance 
of  the  cool  and  determined  bravery  of , British 
seamen.— -Capt.  Brisbane '  being  uom  his  si- 
tuation obliged  to  act  as  governor,  1  have,  as 
aa  ackoowwigment  and  nigh  approbation  of 
his  conduct,  continued  him  in  that  situation, 
until  his  Majesty's  pleasure  shall  be  known ; 
and  request,  in  the  strongest  manner,  that 
their  libidships  will  be  pleased  to  recom- 
mend him  for  that  appointment. — Capt.  Ly- 
diard,  (who  will  have  the  honour  of  deliver- 
ing this,  and  who  fully  partook  of  the  con- 
quest, and  has  before  distinguished  himself 
off  the  Havannah),  I  beg  to  refer  their  Lord- 
ships to  for  any  information.  I  shall  put  an 
acting  capt.  into  the  Anson,  until  his  return 
or  I  receive  directions  thereon. 

I  am,  &c.  J.  R.  Dacrbs. 

Copy  Letter  from  Capt,  Brisbane  to  Vice 
Adm.  Dacres,  dated  on  board  ff.  M,  S, 
Aretkusa,  Curassoa,  1  Jan,  180?. 
Sir, — It  is  with  the  most  lively  and  heart- 
felt satisfaction  I  have  the  honour  to  inform 
you,  that  his  Majesty*s  squadron  under  my 
command  has  this  day  opened  the  new  year 
with  wh^t  I  humbly  flatter  myself  will  be 
deemed  an  enterprize'  of  considerable  conse- 
quence to  my  country. — I  proceeded  in  the 
execution  of  your  oniers  the  29th  Nov.  with 
every  possible  avidity,  but  the  adverse  wind 
aud  current  prevented  me  from  reaching  this 
island  before  the  1st  inst.  In  my  way  1  met 
Capt,  Bolton,  of  the  Fisgard,  going  to  Ja- 
maica;  I  took  him  under  my  orders,  accord- 
ing to  your  directions,  and  proceeded  with  the 
squi^lron  off  this  |iort,  having  previously  re- 
solved on  that  system  of  attack  which  British 
seamen  are  so  capable  of  executing.  My  ar- 
rangemants  having  been  previously  made 
IcmoH'n  to  the  res|?«.Hive  captains,  I  was  satis- 
fied uothipg  further  remain(*d  for  me  than  to 
put  it  in  execution. ,  Wy  line  of  battle  consist - 
f4  of  the  Arcthusa,   Latoua,    Aiuion,   and 


Fisgnd;  and  very  hoon  after  the  breab  of  day, 
I  made  all  possible  sail  with  the  ships  in  clom 
order  of  bottle»  passing  the  whole  eaaeosif« 
line  of  sea  batteries,  and  anchored  the  squi^ 
dron  in  a  style  far  surpassing  my  expectations. 
Being  stilt  desirous  of  having  the  effusion  of 
hunmn  blood  spared,  I  writ  tne  enclosed.  No  > 
],  on  the  capstan  of  the  Aretliusa,  duriag 
the  action,  wnich  was  not  r^rded,  as  they, 
did  th^r  utmost  to  destroy  us.  Woida  cannot 
express  the, ability  of  the  squadron.  Tb% 
harbour  was  defended  by  regular  f6rUf\catioaa 
of  two  tier  of  i^ns.  Port  Amsterdam  alone 
consisting  of  6b  pieces  of  cannon  i  the  wh 
trance  only  50  yards  wide,  athwart  whidh 
was  the  Dutch  firigate  Hatslaar,  of  36  guns# 
and  Surinam  of  22,  with  two  lam  schoooera 
of  war,  one  commanded  by  a  Dutch  com* 
modore ;  a  chain  of  forts  was  on  Miselbur^ 
commanding  height ;  and  that  almost  im- 
pregnable fortress,  Foit  R^publiaue,  withia 
the' distance  of  grape  shot,  ennlading  tho 
whole  harbour.— At  a  i  past  6  o*clock  we  en« 
tered  the  port ;  a  severe  and  destructive  eanno-. 
n^e  ensued,  the  frigate,  sloop  and  schooners 
were  carried  by  boarding;  the  lower  fortg,, 
the  citadel,  and  town  of  Amsterdam,  by 
storm;  all  of  which,  by  7  o'clock,  were  ia 
our  possf^sion.  For  humanity's  sake  1  granted 
the  annexed  capitulation;  and,  at  10  o'clock 
the  British  flag  was  hoisted  in  Fort  R^pub« 
lijque  i — the  wii<4c  island  is  in  our  quiet  pos* 
session.  The  strength,  commerce,  and  vt* 
lue,  1  understand,  is .  immense.  It  is  now 
become  a  pleasing  part  of  my  duty,  although 
impossible,  to  do  justice  to '  the  merits,  g;il* 
lantry,  and  determination  of  Capts.  Wood* 
Lydiard,  and  Boltun,  who  so  nobly  headea 
their  respective  ships*  companies  to  the  storm* 
ing,  and  the  same  gallantry  and  determitiatioa 
^  aYc  due  to  the  officers,  seslmcn,  aud  marineSj^ 
for  following  up  so  dorious  an  example.  In* 
closed  is  a  nst  of  the  killed  and  wounded  iit 
his  Majesty's  squadron.  I  have  not  yet  been 
able  to  ascertain  that  of  the  enemy,  except 
those  in  the  ships.  The  Dutch  commodqr^ 
was  killed  early  in  the  action,  and  the  captaiiv 
of  the  Surinam  severely  wounded.  I  have 
apixiinted,  by  proclamation,  Wednesday 
next,  the  7th  inst.,  for  the  inhabitant^ 
(which  amount  to  30,000),  to  take  the  oatl^ 
of  allegiance  to  our  most  gracious  sovereign  ; 
those  that  do  not  choose  will  be  instautlr 
ombarked  as  prisoners  of  war.  For  any  far-k 
flier  particulars,  I  must  beg  to  refer  you  ta 
that  gallant  officer  Capt.  Lydiard.— »I  have  the 
honour  to  be,  &c.  Cuarlks  Brisbanc. 
No.  1. — To  the  Governor  ofCuracoa, 
SiR,-^The  British  squadron  arc  here  to 
protect,  and  not  to  conquer  you';  to  preserve 
to  you  your  lives,  liberty,  and  property.  If  a 
shot  is  iired  at  any  one  of  my  squadron  after 
this  summons,  I  shall  immediately  stonu  vour 
baiicrics.  You  have  5  minutes  to  accede  to 
this  deter miiiaiion. — 1  haNc  the  honour,  &c. 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC 


IWI] 


Capture  of  Curassoa. 


[m 


Tfcis  Gazette  further  contain!  the  aftidfs 
«C  cspttalation,  which  stipulate  for  the  pro- 
tccti<m  of  person  and  property  5  the  garrison 
to  be  prisoners  of  war. — Also,  Capt.  Bris- 
bane*s  proclamation  appointing  him!»clf  go- 
vernor of  the  island. — Also  his  proclamauon 
lor  the  inhabitants  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
aance  to  his  Britannic  Majesty  on  the  7th  of 
Xanoaiy,  or  to  quit  the  island.  The  Governor 
pledges  himself  to^o  all  in  his  power  to  pro- 
oiolc  the  prosperity  of  the  colony. 

Total  killed,  6,— wounded,   28. 

IBxtmet  of  a  Letter  from  Jamaica,  Jan.  12. 

On  Saturday  arrived  at  POrt  Royal,  his 
Maiesty*s  frigate  Anson,  of  40  guns,  Capt. 
Lydiard,  from  Cuiassoa,  with  300  prisoners 
and  the  colours  captured  at  that  island,  which 
was  taken  in  tne  most  extraordinary  and 
gallant  manner,  by  a  squadron  of  frigates, 
consisting  of  the  Arcthusa,  38,  Capt.  Bris- 
bane 5  Latona,  38, Capt.  Wood ;  Anson,  40, 
Capt.*L\diard;  and  Fisgard,38,  Capt.  Bol- 
ipn.  For  skill  in  planning,  singitlar  boldness 
in  executing,  this  exeni  will  rarrk  amongst 
the  first  of  neroic  actions — ^it  is,  indeed,  per- 
fectly in  unison  with  evcrv  thing  glorious  in 
the  past,  and  an  example  of  every  thing 
l^rious  to  the  future. 

As  our  squadron  did  not  possess  the  means 
of  laying  regular  siege  tq  the  place,  Capt. 
Brisbane  came  to  the  determination  of  sailing 
into  the  port,  and  storming  forts  hitherto 
considered  as  impregnable,  or  perishing  in 
ihe  attempt,  for  retreat  was  impossible.  The 
time  chosen  was  day  dawn  on  the  morning 
4)f  the  1st  of  January,  when  all  boats  were 
hoisted  out,  and  the  squaclron  stood  in  with  a 
strong  breeze,  the  Arethusa  leading.  The 
enemy  were  panic  struck  at  such  unexpected 
temerity  j  all  was  confusion — here  soldiers 
without  officers — their  officers  without  sol- 
diers— alarm  drums  beating  in  all  directions 
—A  British  squadron  in  their  very  harbour, 
and  within  pistol  shot  of  their  batteries  before 
son-rise.  Troops  collected  at  Otra  Bandy 
were  prevented  troin  crossing  the  water,  our 
ships  interposing.  Not  more  than  three 
broadsides  were  fired  from  our  frigates,  when 
the  ships'  companies  and  officers  of  the  Arc- 
thusa and  ^nson,  with  the  Latona,  headed 
by  Captains  Brisbane  and  Lydiaid,  were 
landed.  Fort  Amsterdam  stormed,  and  all 
the  out-works  had  British  coloun  flying 
before  eight.  Fort  Republic  on  the  hill,  and 
Caraccas  Fort  excepted.  The  Fisgnrd  had 
orders  to  act  against  Otra  Bandy,  two  bat- 
teries distinct  from  the  main  land,  she  took 
possession  of,  to  one  of  which  the  men  abso- 
lotely  swaAi,  the  enemy  being  previously 
dislodffed.  The  guns  of  Fort  Amsterdam 
were  n  red  but  once ;  on  our  people  storming  the 
place  the  Dutch  did  not  act  m  a  body,  but 
retreated   in  confusion  firing  round  po'mers. 


and  from  hooses.  The  Militia  amountins  to 
3000,  had  not  time  to  collect,  nor  ooaM  lEcj 
cross  the  water  io  boats.  The  Dutch  fijotte 
Kenan  Hatslaar,  was  boarded  by  Capt  Bm- 
bane,  the  Latona  warped  along-side  sad  took 
possession,  wh«i  Capt.  Brisbane  proceeded 
to  the  shore.  The  Surinam  cottetie  wis 
boarded  from  the  brboaid  bow  of  the  Anson, 
while  her  starboard  gems  were  firing  at  the 
batteries.  The  Flying  Fish,  a  large  nstknal 
schooner,  was  boarded  by  the  boats  of  the 
Arethusa;  the  officers  and  crews  of  diose 
vessels  foueht  mo2>t  gallantly;  Cdnaiodore 
Comelius  Everti  was  killed;  die  Capt  of 
the  Surinam  mortally  woanded,  and  tk  fim 
Lieut,  dangerously,  besides  screfil  odifa 
The  moment  the  town.  Fort  Amsterdam,  &c 
were  oompletely  in  Capt.  Brisbane's po«e«oo, 
a  Lieut,  of  Marines  was  sent  with  a  flig  of 
tru\x,  requiring  Fort  Republic  to  surreDoer. 
The  officer  discontinued  firing,  but  wouU 
not  surrender  without  an  order  from  lieot 
Gen.  J.  P.  Changoion,  the  governor,  who 
n-as  at  this  time  a  prisoner,  with  all  hb^, 
in  Fort  Amsterdam.  We  understapd  thit 
Captain  Brisbane  desired  the  oonnai  tobc 
collected,  and  gave  them  fire  minotn  it 
capitulate  for  the  whole  island,  but  at  tbey 
intrcated  for  a  longer  period,  it  was  extewW 
to  half  an  hour ;  in  the  meantime,  thcawt 
active  preparations  were  made  for  the  storming 
thb  almost  inaccessible  fort.  The  tbip'i 
company  of  the  Fisgard,  commanded  by  Capt 
Bolton,  were  in  boats  ready  to  proaed  bf 
water.  The  Marines  of  the  squadron  witli 
about  300  sailors  of  the  Arethusa  and  Anw 
were  prepared  to  advance  by  land,  the  l^ 
mainder  of  the  sailors  on  shore,  inclodiii|an 
officer  and  GO  men  from  the  Latona,  iniiron 
such  guns  as  could  bear  on  ibe  olgect  of 
,  attack,  every  thing  was  ready  on  a  ^wl 
being  made,  when  a  capitulation  was  wgnd, 
and  the  troops  in  Fart  Republic  alone,  imw** 
e:l  out  vwith  the  honours  of  war,  piling  tb«t 
arms  and  beeoming  prisonen.  All  private 
property  is  respected,  and  the  troops  *>w 
sent  to  Europe  and  exchanged.  Cap^  Bol- 
ton took  possession  of  the  Fort  Bepubuf* 
Captains  Brisbane  and  Lydiard  landed  najf 
together ;  the  former  was  the  first  iw^]^ 
scaled  the  walb,  the  latter  the  second,  cioidy 
(pllowed,  and  supported  by  their  '^'K^ 
officers  and  ships  companies.  Capt  Wow 
remained  afloat  in  the  command  of  thi 
squadron ;  about  200  of  the  enemv  wflj 
killed:  our  loss  is  very  trifling,  about  D  WW 
and  30  wounded  in  the  whole  •q«?^ 
had  our  ships  been  half  an  hour  1*^  |^ 
attack,  the  slaufl;hter  roust  have  been  dieaonu 

— ^nothing  couklbc  better  thned.  The  ^ 
thu*a  may  be  cxnected  in  a  few  days  witH 
the  remainder  of  the  prisoners  and  the  pw 
the  ci-de%'ant  Governor  comes  a  \naf^' 
on  his  way  to  Europe.  Capt.  Brisbane  itnaias 
at  Curasapa^  in  the  situation  of  Gotcmot* 

Digitized  by  V^OOQ  l€ 


1353'] 


Army  FromoHmii. 


ilZSA 


ARMY  PROMOTIONS. 
November  18,  1800. 
18M  J^o»/.— tieut.  A,  Dcane  ro  be  capt.  by  purcb. 
•».  Loscombc  promoted. —J.  E.  P.  Lsughaine  to 
be  ens.  by  purch.  v.  Ferguson  promoied.— 
Scij.  Maj.  F.  Fmlay  to  be  quarter  master,  -p. 
Haythorne,  dec. 
M</  Jk^^  \ssltt.Surg  G,  Pdwer  to  be  surgeon 
a0/il  do, — Lieut.  J.  E.  Hunt  to  be  adj.  v.  Hagger- 

stone,  who  resigns  the  adjutancy  only 
97/jl  1/0.— Ens.  J.  Garland,  4 4  foot. — ^Ens.  R.  Han- 
cock, H.Hall,  Brown,  P.  Gordon,  B.T.  Du- 
higg,  Mc.  Phcrson,  H.  P.  Davison,  J.  Young. 
Ens.  and  adj.  W.  Mc.  Lean  to  be  Heuts. 
C.  Manley.  G.  Lloyd,  J.  Peddle,  C.  Chiity,  T. 

Miner,  E.  Hughes,  E.  Dcwar,  to  be  ens. 
0%tk  Jn. — ^Eqs.  J.  Grem  to  be lieut.  without  purch. 
9.  Patterson,  promoted. — J.  Potter  to  be  ens.  t. 
Green 
37M  do, — G.  H.  Glover  to  be  ens.  without  parch. 

v.  Gibbons  promoted  in  16  foot 
4  If/  ^.-'-H.  Westenra  to  be  pns.by  purch.  v  C6lt 
4ttk  4^.— C.  R.  Beauclerc  to  be  ens.  without 

purch.  V,  Walton. ^W.  Hemphill  to  be  tns. 

without  purch.  v.  Stchdm 
SO/A  <^.— Ueut.  G.  KillikeUy,  18  It.  drag,  to  be 

lieut.  v.  Plunkett 
SSV/#.— Lieut.  T.  P^ppkton  60  foot,  to  be  capt. 

without  purch.  t.  Tliomton  promoted 
54/A  d9, — Lieut.  F.  Ruodell  to  be  capt.  by  purch. 

*».  Campbell  retired 
tAtk  d», — Ens.  G.  Jobbing,  New  Bruns.  Fencibles 

to  be  lieut.  without  purch.  t.  Middleton 

t%th  d; — J.  Burrell  to  be  ens.  without  purch.  v. 

Tkmm  whose  appointment  has  not  taken  place 

70/Jl  do, — Ens.  J.  Keir  to  be  lieut.  without  poich. 

T.  Owen  promoted.^-Ueut.  J.  Anton,  08  foot, 

to  be  eapt.  v,  Lyons  deceased. — T.  Moore  to  be 

ens.  9.  Keir 

74/A  Foot, — Ens.  W.  Tew,  19  foot,  to  be  ens.  v. 

Baynet  whose  appointment  has  not  taken  place 

tAtk  do. — Ens.  S.  Prendergast,  S5  foot,  to  be  lieut. 

by  purch.  9.  Nicholson,  retired 
t^tk  do. — Lieut.  Col.  H.  Cuyler,  3  foot,  to  be  lieut 
col.  V,  Mellifont,  deceased — Capt.  H.  Worsley, 
60  foot,  to  be  capt.  v.  Grant,  deceased 
%9tk  i».— Lieut.  J.  Hogg,  85  foot,  to  be  capt.  nt, 

Worsley 
90/A  do,-^-^.  P.  Henslow^  Est^.  to  be  paymaster  of 

the  9d  battalicm 
Nrm  Somik  ffitUi  Csr;^.— Brig.  Maj.  J.  Johnstone 
to  be  maj.  without  purch.— Lieut.  J.  Piper  to 
be  capt.  V.  Johnstone.— Ens.  H.  Piper  to  be 
Kent.  V.  J.  Fiper.— Ens.  W.  Lawson  to  be  lieut 
l«/  W.  L  tL^},  Mc.  Namaia  to  be  ens.  v.  Man- 
ning 
siidb.— -P.  8.  Hunt  tc  be  ens.  without  purch.  v. 

Campbell 
4tk  do,-^F,  Thompson  to  be  ens.  9.  Burgess.— ^A. 
W.  Malben,  to  be  do.  v.  Langstaff.— Ens.  R. 
PMdock,  14  foot,  to  be  ens.  v.  Grant. 
5tkdo.^UcuX.S.  D.  C.  Mc.  Kay  to  be  adj.  1^. 

Safe 
M  do^EoB,  B.  Langstat;  4  W.  L  R.  to  be  lieut. 
▼  Dungette,  dec.^Ens.  W.  E.  Grant,  4  W.LR. 
to  be  lieat.  v,  Heshusius,  dec.— Lieut.  J.  Rains 
to  be  adj.  9.  Elensker 
7tk  ^.r-Bfts,  Timbrell  York,  U  L  V.  to  be  Heut. 

without  purch.  v.  Bnnn  ivsigued 
•/i  i9.— Ueut.  N.  O'Donnell,  4  W.  L  R.  to  b« 


capt.  v.  Dougan,  dec— -Ens.  J*.  Donaldson  to 
be  lieut.  without  purch.  v.  Casey,  resignej.-*- 
Ens.  and  Ac^j.  W.  Ryan  to  rank  as  lieut. — iL 
Yates  to  be  ens.  v,  Donaldson. — A.  Garke  do. 
without  purch.  r.  Lorimer 

R»yaJ  fr.  I.  Rangers. Lieut.  J.  Britton,   York 

L.  L  V.  to  be  capt.  without  purch. — Lieut.  T. 
E.  G.  Tiddeman,  38  foot,  do. 
J.  Barney,  T.  Donald,  R.  Hopwood,  to  be  ens. 

without  purch. 
Rofal  African  C^i.-^Maj.  R.  Uoyd  to  be  lieut. 
ct>l.  without  purch. — Capt.  W.  Thornton,  53 
foot,  to  be  maj.  or.  Lloyd.— Lieut.  M.Towet, 
50  foot,  to  be  capt.  v.  Short,  dec. — Ens.  W.  H, 
Scott  to  be  lieut.  without  purch. 

York  L,  I,  K P.  Quartel  to  be  ens.  without 

inirch.  V,  Timbrell 

Mm,  <?«r.  Chamt'ainfs  Reg. Capt.  M,  Prager, 

Nova  Scotia  Fencibles,  to  be  capt.  v.  Downet 
who  exchanges 
MfiJ.  Gen.  Rttmsayt  Reg. — Maj.  A.  Chaplin,  H.P. 

9  G.  B.  to  be  maj.  v,  Stewart,  each. 
H^tttnfili/t  Reg. — Capt.  R.  De  May  to  be  maj. 
without  purch. — Lieut.  F.  Hecken  to  be  capt. 
V.  De  Granger.— Ens.  W.  MtttelboUer  to  be 
lieut.  V.  Hecken 
Nova  Scotia  Fencihln. — Capt.  C.  Downts,  Cbam- 
pagny*s  reg.  to  be  capt.  -v.  Prager 

Hospital  fUaff. 

3.  Phelan,  M.  D.  from  II.  P.  to  be  physician  «» 
the  forces 

Barracks, 
C,  Drodibussel  acting  quarter  master  to  a  corps  of 
Sicilian  Vohmteers,  to  be  assistant  bar.  m.is.  at 
Ma»ta,  V.  While,  dec.— Dcp.  B.  M.  J.  Caldwell 
to  be  bar.  may.  in  Great  Britain,  v.  Boys,  re- 
tired. 

Memorandum. 

Lieut.  T.  Macdermott,  gth  It.  drag,  is  superseded^ 
being  absent  without  leave 

November  %l  — Ordnance, 

J.  Harper  to  be  3d  lieut.  v.  Holberton,  promoted  ' 
November  25. 

Ttk  Lt.  Drag, Lieut.  S.  G.  Duckkifield'  ta  be 

capt.  by  purch.  v.  Champion 

I4tk  4^.— Comet  C.  Reade  to  be  lieut.  by  pofch. 
V.  Stevenson,  retired 

ig/i  1^.— Comet  R.  J.  Edgar  to  be  lieut.  by  porch 
V.  Cobb,  retired 

utfiot. — ^W.  T.  Graham  to  be  ens.  by  purcb.  «. 
Gibson,  promoted.— ^Mc.  Donald  to  be  ans. 
without  purch.  v.  Galbraith, promoted.-^.  In- 
gram to  be  ens.  without  purcb.  v.  Hare 

6tk  ^0.— Capt.  R.  D.  Pattison,  Ramsay's  rcgimeiK 
to  be  capt.  tr.  Steel,  exch. — Lieut.  C.  Peat,  54 
foot,  to  be  lieut.  IT.  Barbault,  exch. 

7/^4^— Ens.  W.  Smith,  50  foot,  to  be  lieut.  with- 
purch.  r.  Crowder,  promoted.— —Em.  J.  H. 
Colt,  S4  foot,  to  be  lieut.  by  purch.  v.  Pfevey.^ 
promoted. 

Utkdo. Capt.  J.  L.  Wintl^w,  77  foot,  lo  be 

maj.  whhout  purch.  t.  Greaves 

17 tk  A.— Lieut.  W.  Croker  to  be  capt.  by  purcb. 
V.  Sanders,  retired 

*iCik  ^0.— 41  Law  to  be  ens.  by  purch.  v  Chevers 

3W/  1^.— J.  Gudlestone  to  be  ciu.  by  purch  ir. 
Hutton,  promoted 

43^yo.-«-G.  Houlton  to  be  ens.  by  purch.  v.  Pol- 

i'    lock,  promoted 
AAtkdo. — C.  Mortimer  to  be  ens.  wiihout  purch. 
-y.  Ga       ' 


.Garland 


Digitized  by  V^OOQ  IC 


13^57 


Army  Promoii^m, 


\\^5§ 


49r* /ao/— Lieut  F.  Hcriot  to  be  capl.  by  purch.ir 

Plenderleathy  promoted 
51J  do.-^Ucut.  A.  8hiw,  43  fool,  to  be  licut.  and 

adj  *.  Wallis  who  resigns  the  adjutancy 
3Si/  do, — H.  B  Mends  to  be  ens.  without  purch. 

t»«  Young»  promoted 
54M  do. — Lieut.  F.  Barbault,  0  foot,  to  be  licut.  v. 

Peat 
i9tM  do.'^T,  Mair  to  be  eni.  without  porch,  ir. 

Smith,  promoted 
CoMi*.— Serj.  M«y.  F.  Strobcck  to  be  adj.  with 

rank  of  ens.  v.  Green  who  resigns  theadjuuncy 
08/i  1^.— Lns.  G.  Archbold,  Royal  African  corps 

to  be  ens.  *p.  Dei  isle,  who  exch. 
70M  do, — Lieut  W.  Cosgrove  to  be  paymaster 
W/A  ^o.-rLieut.  W.  JoVinstone,  59  foot,  to  be  lit 

lieut.  without  purchase 
Royad  ^frkan  6^/.— Eni.  G.  Delisle,  08  foot,  to 

be  ens.  v.  Archbold 
8/A  IV.  /.  /r.—  A .  Kirwati  to '  be  ens.  ir.  Mc.  Car- 

thy,  whose  appointment  has  not  taken  place 
"Kew  South  Wales  Corps — Capt.  J.  Cummings,  1 

G.  B.  to  be  capt.  without  porch.— —-nLieut.  i. 

Mill,  1  W.  L  R.  to  be  lieut.— J.  Hendeison  to 

be  ens.  v.  Piper,  promoted. — Masters  to  be  ent. 

9.  Lawson 
JlojMd  fV  L  Rawgen.-^Eas,  E.  Hughea,  a;  foot, 

to  he  lieut. 
Ramsax*s  Reg, Capt.  C.  H.  Steel,  0  foot,  to  be 

capt.  V  Pattison 
Meurotfs  Reg. — J.  dTverdun  to  be  ens,  v,  Corsy, 

promoted. — ^LicuL  €•  de  Rhamm  to  be  a^j.  v. 

Gachter 
Zd  G,  B. — ^Ens.  Haire,  royals,  to  be  ens.  v.  Drake 

promoted  in  4  G.  B. 
4M  i/o.~Lieut  Gen.  Sir  C.  Hastioes,  Bt.  05  foot, 

tobe  C0I.-7-C0U  F.  Carruthere,  H.  P.  Oi  foot, 

to  be  licut.  co1.--^Capt.  John,  Earl  of  Portar- 

lington,  10  light  drag,  to  be  ibi^.— Capt.  H. 

Rogers,  a  W,  L  R. Lieuts.  G.  Prescoft,  75 

foot.— J.  Trewen,  l  drag,  guard.*.— E.  J.  Eliot, 

oa  foot.— S.  Hext,  50  foot.— .J.  Payler,  52  foot. 

E.  A.  Angeio,  52  foot. — J.  Gibbes,40  foot. — J. 
S.  Cocks,  10  light  drag.— Hon.  H.  Neville,  14 
light  drag,  to  be  captains.— Ens.  H.  R.  Drake 
5  G.  B. — J.  J.  Maling,  87  foot. — J.  Shearman, 
ao  foot. — E.  Dewar,  a7  foot,  to  be  lieuts. — — 
Galpine,  J.  Snow,  J.  Robe,  G.  H.  Semphill, 

F.  Elliott,  W.  Bruce,  R,  J.  Nealson,  G.  Lind- 
say,  to  be  ensigns 

.5/i  ^ii.— Lieut.  Gen.  E.  P.  Trench,  H.  P.  of  27 

foot,  fobe  col.— Maj.  J.  Greaves,  14  foot,  to  be 

lieot.  col. Capt.  W.  Bclford,   18  foot,  to  be 

maj.— Capt.  N.  Ramsay,  a  foot,  to  be  do 
0/i  idb.— Lieut.  Gen.  G.  Bcckwith,  87  foot,  to  be 

col. — B.  Lieut.  Cc*l.  K.  G.  Daiia,  13  foot,  to  be 

lieut.  col.— Capt.  R.  Dale,  3p  foot,  to  be  maj. 

Capt.  C.  Crigan,  24  foot,  do. — Licut.  J.  Elliott, 

Oa  foot,  to  be  capt. 
^thd^ — Maj.  Gen.  P.  Wauchope,  50  foot,  to  be 

col. — Maj.  H.  Poulctc,  44  foot,  to  be  lieut.  col. 

Capt,  C.  Powell,  9  foot,  to  be  maj.— Capt.  R. 

Davey,  85  foot,  do 
^thdo, — Maj  .'Gen.  F.  Champagne,  50  foot,  to  be 

col. — Maj.  J.  Gubbins,  18  foot,  to  be  lieut.  col. 

— Capt.  W.  Sullivan,  31  foot,  to  be  maj. — Cap. 

J.  Welsford,  00  foot,  do 
^th  </o.— Maj.  Gen.  B.  Spencer.  40  foot,  to  be  col. 

— B.  Lieut,  Col,  B.  D'Urban,  80  foof,  to  be 

lieut.  col. 


Omrisom, 
J.  Kirkman  to  be  girrtson  (uig.  at  Hall,  v.  Md- 

ling,  daceased 

Barracls. 
Lieut.  W.  H.  Carrington  on  H.  P.  of  the  marines, 

to  be  dep.  bar.  master  in  Great  Britain 
Germam  Legion. 
%i  Drag. Cornet  W.  Quentin  to  be  lient.  v. 

Bomeniann  who  res^s. — ^Eua.  L.  de  Hugo,  7 

line,  to  be  comet,  v.  Quentin 
OM  Litie. — Cadet  Seij.  Arnold  Volgcr  to  be  ens. 

V,  Brela,  re^i^ned 
7/i  d*.— Cadet  Seij.  C.  de  'Viv  indfaam  to  be  eoa.  v. 

de  Hugo 

Mtmoratodsim, 
Lieut.  T.  Macdermott  of  9  light  drag,  who  was 

superseded  in  the  Gazette  ot  i8Ch  inst.  is  ic  in- 
stated in  his  rank. 

November  20. — Bjfal  Emgtmter$, 
Gentleman  Cadet,  W.  B.  lylder,  to  be  2d  Itegt. 

V,  Mc.  Cullock,  promoted 

R^ai  ArttUery  Drirers. 
T.  Peall  to  be  Veterinary  surgeoo 

December  a 
4/i  Drag,  Gsutrds.^-Cornct  H.  W.  Hatfoa  to  bt 

lieut.  without  puich.  v.  Douc^any  prom.— T. 

Comber  to  be  comet  by  purch.  v,  Pblbbe.r-U. 

Traflford,  do.  >».  Hutton 
lOtk  Light  Drag, ^B.  Harding  to  be  comaky 

purch.  V.  Darby 
11/i  do. — Ed^;.  J.  Duberlyy  S5  foot,  to  be  oonet 

bv  purch.  V.  "Worsop 
la/i  do. ^Ueut.  G.  W.  Stamer  to  be  cm.  % 

purch.  T.  Lyons,  retired.— Lieot.  Hon.  W,  E. 

Cochrane,  I5th  light  do.  to  be  cape,  by  puck. 

V.  Bird,  retired.— —Comet  A.  Saundeta  to  be 

lieut.  V.  Stamer 
13M  do. Comet  S.  C.  Turner  to  be  licut.  by 

purch.  V,  Bund 
lOM  <^9.— Licut.  Col.  C.  D.  Smith,  H.  P.  Taifc- 

ton's   late  drag,  to  be  capt.  without  purch. «. 

Lord  Portarlkigton. Cornet  W.  Berce  to  be 

lieut.  by  purch.  v.  Murray 
18M  </o.— Cornet  and  adj^  R.  Russel  to  bave  rank 

ef  lieut. — Cornet  G.  Ball  to  be  Heiit.  by  purc^. 

V.  Clements 
1st  foot. Capt.  G.  A.  Wetherall,  Novm  Scoia 

fencibles,  to  be  capt.  v.  Cbisbolmc,  cxcfa. 
3</  </(?.— Ens.  A.  Herbert  to  be  lieut.  withoot 

purch.-Ens.  J.  Shepherd,  do,— W.  S,  Tmtt- 

linson  by  purch. — S.  Beamish,  J.  Fenwick 
13/-6  i/a.— B.  Major  F.  Weller  to  be  maj.  withoot 

purch.  V.  Dana.— Capt.  A.  Moncricfre,  so  foot, 

V.  Mc.  Leod,  Lieut.  Jas.  Blake,  lieut.  J.  F. 

0*Reil  ly,  to  be  captains  without  purch. 
\5tkd0, — M.  Irwin  to  be  ens.  without  puich. v. 

Irving,  superseded 
ntkdQ.--H,  A.  Holder  to  be  eiis.^by  puich.  ». 

Goff 
18/A  ^<?.— B.  Lieut.  Col.  R.  Honyman,  os  fooc»to 

be  lieut.  col.  without  purch.  v.  Smith 
24M  ri».— Ens.  P.  Kelly  to  be  lieuu-C.  A.  Sttnit 

to  be  ens.  by  purch.  v.  Hail.— R.  Adams,  do. 

^.  Kelly.  -J.  Maxwell,  do.  without  puicfa.  ». 

Vardy 
ao/A  do.—C.  B.  Turner  to  be  eot.  without  purch. 

T.  Shearman 
a;/*  </o.— Stuart,  do.  v,  Hughes.— Jamesoa,  do. 
V.  Dcwrar.— Assist,  tui^.  H,  Wcat,  M  iboc  » 
be  surg.  v,  Dcgan  ^ 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


1357) 

BANKRUPTCY   SUPEKSKDED. 
Dec.  23.    S.  Burbage»  late  of  Fennf  Stratford, 
Bucks,  innholder     - 

BANKRUPTS. 
J>ec,  33.    J.  Spearing,  Brighthelmstone,  Sussex, 
cabinet-maker.     Jttomey,   Evatt,    Warwick- 
court,  Gray*s-in;i 
Gw  A.  Child,  Bristol,  scrivener.  Att,  W.  Thomas, 

Bris^  , 

W.  Berridse,  Maiden-lane,  Wood-ttreer,  Cheap- 
side,  London,  hosier.    ML  Baxter  and  Martin, 
FuTnivol's-inn 
T.  Cooke,  late  of  the  city  of  Gloucester,  merchant. 

jitt.  Egerton,  Gfay*s-inB-square 
J.  F.  Cartas,  Minoriea,  London,  linen-draper.  Att, 

Dobie  and  Thomas,  Crane-oourt,  Fleet-ttreet 
A«  M'Ciaitb,    Lower  Brook-street,    Grosvenor- 
•quare,  Middlesex,  wire-merchant.  Att,  Wilde, 
jun.  Cattle-street,  Falcon-square 
Vf^.  Hughes,  Queen-street,  Southwark,  porter  and 

cyder  dealer.    >#£C.  Buro,  Old  Jewry 
J,  1,  Lcvy,'lateof  Haydon-strect,  Minories,  mer- 
chant.   Att.  Keys,  Somerset-street,  Aldgate 
S.  C.  Pringle,  Newcitde-upon-Tyne,  grocer.  Att. 

Moggison,  Hatton-garden 
W.  Waller,  late  of  Exeter,    ironmonger.    Att. 

Williams  and  Darke,  Bcdtord-row 
W.  WHliams,    of  BedweUty,    Moiunouthshire, 

maltster 
T.  Jones,  Htgh-street,  St.  Mary-le-Bone,  Middle- 
sex, carpenter.    Att.  Rogers,  Fritb-str.  Soho 
T.    Warwick,   Great  Sutton-street,    Middlesex, 

wmtchmaker.    Att.  Lyon,  Comhill 
Dec.  VJ.    C.  Clarke,  Bristol,  oom-factor.    Att. 

Blandfoid  and  Sweet,  Inner  Temple 
T.  Bailey,  late  of  Liverpool,  timber-meichant. 
Att.  Cooper  and  Lowe,  Southampton-buildings 
W.  Knight,  late  of  Stonebreaks,  Yorkshire,  do- 

thier.    Att.  Townsend,  Staple-inn . 
O.  Oxlade,  Hoddesdon,  Herts,  moncy-sciivener. 

Att.  Williams,  Cunitor-street 
J.  Smith  and  E.  Meredith,  of  Bladnnoof-atreet, 
Drury-lane,  linen-drapers.  Att.  Harman*  Wine- 
office-court,  Flcet-stftet 
M.  Gillies,  Southampton-place,  New-road*    Att. 

Shawes  and  Le  Blanc,  Tudop^treet 
A.  M'Craith  and  J.  Marshall,  late  of  Lower  Brook- 
street,  Middlesex,  winc-mcrchantt.    Att,  Sher- 
wood, Cushion«Mcourt,  Broad-street 
W.  Harrison,   of  Berwick-street,  Oxford-street, 

currier.    Alt.  Popkin,  Dean-street,  Soho 
Dec.  30.    J.  Yates,  of  Shelton,  in  the  parish  of 
Stoke-upon-Trent,  in  the  county  of  Stafford, 
manufacturer  of  china-wars,  deakr  and  chap- 
'  man.    Atl.  Leigh  atul  Mason,  New  Bridge- 
street,  London 
C.  S.  Richaidson,  of  Cambridge,  in  the  coun^  of 
Cambridge,  linen-draper.    Att,  Long,  Middle 
Temple,  London 
R.  Cundall  the  younger,  of  the  suburbs  of  the 
city  of  York,  common-brewer.     Att.  Edge, 
Inner  Temple,  London 
P.  Pliillips,  late  of  the  parish  of  Marshfield,  in  the 
county  of  Monmouth,  coal-merchanr,   dealer 
and  chapman.    Aft.  Edmunds  and  Sou,  Ex- 
chequer Office  of  Pleas,  Lincoln*s-inn,  London 
I807.  Jan.  2-    C.  Chard,  of  High  Holborn,  in 
the  county  of  Middlesex,  chemist  ajjddmg^ist. 
itf<r.  Smith,  1  laiiun-garden 


List  of  BanlrupU^ 


£1353 


T.  Goodyer,  now  pr  late  of  Marie pt-street,  in  the 
county  of  Herts,  grocer,  /lit.  Fielder,  Duke* 
street,  Gros\cnor-square 
J.  Tumner,  of  Mary-le-bonne-street,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Middlesex,  vintner,  dealer  and  chapman. 
Alt.  Rogers,  Manchester-buildingt,  Wcstm. 

W«  List,  late  of  Cateaton-street,  in  the  city  of 
London,  warehouseman,  dealer  and  cha{hnan. 
Att.  Pasnu)re,  Wamfbrd-ct.,  TbrogmoitOn-st. 

A.  M.  Pcreira,  of  Old  Bethlcm,  in  the  city  of 
London,  merchant.  Att.  Hunter  and  Rikards, 
Charlotte-row,  Mansion-house 

H.  Green,  of  Southgate,  in  the  county  of  Middle- 
sex, farmer,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att.  Brem- 
ridge,  Temple,  London 

J.  Rutter,  late  of  Orcbskiik,  in  the  comity  ef 
Lancaster,  hmkeeper,  dealer  and  chapman  (but 
now  a  prisoner  for  debt  in  Lancaster  Castle). 
Att.  Hulme,  Brunswick-square,  London 

J.  He^eth  and  W.  Jones,  of  Liverpool,  in  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  grocers.  Att.  Wiatt,  Li- 
verpool 

W.  Branwhite,  of  Tobacco-roll-court,  Graoe- 
chorch-strect,  in  the  citr  of  London,  ware- 
houseman, dealer  and  chapman.  Att.  Rear- 
don,  Corbet-court,  Gracechurdi-stieet 

C.  Potts,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  linen-draper^ 
dealer  and  chapman.  Att,  Berry  atMl  James, 
Walbrook,  London 

B.  Bates,  of  Shcrringham,  in  the  county  of  Nor- 
folk, shopkeeper,  dealer  and  chapman.  Attt^ 
Harmer,  Norwich 

J.  L.  Topping,  of  Bishopsgate-street,  in  the  city 
of  London,  grocer,  tea-dealer,  and  chapman. 
Att,  Glcadhilland  Payne,  Tokenhouse-yard 

Jan.  6,  T.  Shepley,  of  Selby,  in  the  county  of 
York,  brewer,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att, 
Sykes  and  Knowlcs,  New-inn,  London 

J.  Julian,  of  Bobber's  Mill,  in  the  county  of  Xat- 
ringham,  miller,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att. 
Macdougall  and  Hunter,  LincoIn*s-inn 

C.  N.  Lan^ale,  of  Thirsk,  in  the  county  of  York, 
wine  and  spirit  merchant,  dealer  and  chaprnaiu 
><</.  Chippendale,  King's  Bench  Walks,  Inner 
Temple,  London 

B.  Hunt,  late  of  Brighthelm<;tone,  in  the  county 
of  Sussex,  builder,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att. 
Smith,  Fumival*$-inn,  l^ndon 

J.  Jackson,  of  Sculcoates,  Yorkshire,  cabinet- 
maker, dealer  and  chapman.  Att.  Allen,  Ex- 
ley,  and  Stockcr,  F'.irnivars-inn,  f-ondon 

W.  Butt,  ot  Page's  Walk,  in  the  county  of'  Surrey, 
hair-merchant.  Alt.  Lcdvvich,  Baldwm*s- 
court.  Cloak-lane 

Joji.  10.  J.  Epworth,  of  Spalding,  in  the  county 
of  Lincoln,  grocer,  dealer  and  chapmsn.  Att. 
Harvey  and  Bryant,  Stone-buddings,  Ljncoin*^^ 
inn,  LoiKion 

T.  Kidd,  late  of  the  town  and  county  of  New« 
casde-upon-Tyne,  sail -manufacturer.  Ait, 
Wortham  and  Stephenson,  Casde-strcet,  Hol- 
born, London 

B.  Trickcy,  of  the  borough  of  Plympton  Earl,  in 
the  count/  0:  Devon,  butcher.  Att^  Street  ard 
Woolfe,  I'nil^t-lanc,  L5hdon 

J.  L,  Cox,  of  High-sircct,  Ltfmbcih,in  the  county 
of  Surrey,  victualler,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att. 
Mcymoit,  ChHrlotie-sucet,  B!ackfriars-road 

J.  Lucy,  ol  L'veipool,  meichani.  Ait.  BlakJ  jck. 
'J'empla,  Lundoa 


Digitized 


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12^59] 


Usi  of  Saniru^is, 


t\i66 


T.Tiilf,  of  Wjrmondhara,  in  the  county  of  Nor- 
folk, cordwainer,  dealer  and  chapman.  jiU, 
FoLiett,  Paper-b  uUdings,  Inner  Temple,  London 
'  W.  Blindell,  of  Welwyn,  in  the  county  of  Hert- 
ford, maltster,  dealer  and  chapman.  ^/<.  Tay- 
lor, Old-street-road,  London 

J.Osmenty  late  of  Yeovil,  in  the  county  of  So- 
merset^ victualler,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att. 
Batten,  Yeovil,  Somerset 

T.  Barton,  of  Liverpool,  in  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, merchant.    Att,  Greaves,  Liverpool 

G.  Boorne,  of  the  city  of  Norwich,  in  the  county 
of  Norfolk,  draper.  Att,  Harmer,  Norwich ; 
Colvard,  Wake6e1d 

•fan.  13.  J.  W.  Dixon,  of  the  Cresccni,  near  the 
MinoricSy  in  the  city  of  London,  merchant, 
ship  and  insurance-broker.  Att,  Hillyard, 
Copthall-court,  Tbrogmorton-street 

1.  Hawkey,  of  Piccadilly,  in  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesei,  arm^  accoutrement-maker.  Att,  Cole, 
Southampton-street,  Bloomsbury-squace 

6.  Godwin,  of  Stafford,  m  the  county  of  Stafford, 
cordwainer  and  shoemaker.  ,Att*  Puniony 
Hind-court,  Fleet-stree)»  London 

R.  Wearer,  of  Hardwick,  in  the  county  of  He- 
reford, miller,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att, 
-  Lowndes  and  Lambert,  Red  Lion-sq,,  London 

J.  Taylor,  of  Micklehurst,  in  the  county  of  Ches- 
ter, cotton-tpinner,  manufacturer,  dealer  and 
chapman.    Att,  Milne  and  I^rry,  Old  Jewry 

W.  Garland,  of  Shepton  Mallet,  in  the  county  of 
Somerset,  trmholder,  dealer  and  chapman.  Att, 
Kin^y  TookVcourt,  Chancery-lane,  London 

T.  Smith,  of  Coseley,  in  the  county  of  Stafford, 
coal-seller,  dealer  aiid  chapman.  ^£/.  NichoUs, 
T&vi^tock-place,  London 

A.  Thomas,  of  Duke-street,  St.  James's,  in  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  and  C.  H.  Roslein  and 
C,  Schenling,  of  No.  9,  Arundel-street,  Strand, 
in  the  said  county  (lately  carrying  on  trade 
together  at  No.  30,  Walbrook,  in  the  city  of 
London),  merchants,  dcalera  and  chapmen. 
Att,  Berry  and  James,  Walbrook 

C.  Swannack,  of  Russell-street,  Covent-gardcn, 
in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  grocery  dealer  and 
chapman,  yitt.  Catty  and  Haddan,  Angel- 
court,  Throgmorton-strcet,  London 

CERTIFICATES. 

Nov,  25.  M.  Fumiss,  J.  White,  and  R.  Styring, 
Sheffield,  silver-platers.  T.  Jackson,  Liver- 
pool, hatter.  J.Lowis,  jun.  Spilsby,  Lincoln, 
linen-draper. 

Nou,  29*  J.  Pcndrcd,  Brook-green ^  Hammer- 
smith, dealer.  G.  Sidgreaves,  Preston,  cotton- 
manufacturer.  W#  Sherman,  Penton-strect, 
Pentonviile,  ladies  shoemaker.  E.  M'Cabe, 
Broad-stroet,  Bloomsbury,  hat-maker.  F. 
Beesley,  and  T.  Owen,  late  of  Rood-lane,  wine- 
$  merchanrs.  J.  Moore,  Walworth,  merchant. 
W.  Biunt,  Hartwell,  Northamptonsh.  farmer. 

Pec.  2,  M.  Whife,  Portsmouth,  wine-merchant. 
S.  Lenton,  Market  Harborough,  Leicester, 
horse-dealer. 

Dec,  6.  J.  Holland,  Gray's-inn-lane,  oilman.^ 
F.  Reynard,  Scotton,  Yorkshire,  butcher.  J. 
M'Nis.i,  Wigan,  Lancashirei  timber-merchant. 
W.  Beattie,  St.  Paul's  Church-yard,  pocket- 
book-maker.  T.  WilKams  and  Maiy  Field, 
Aldersgate-stieet,  packeft^    J.    Oigill  and  J. 


•  Burton,  Manchester,  manuftictnrert.  W.  Guy, 
Devtzes,  tinman.  H.  R.  Bowen,  Bath»  duo- 
man.    G.  L.  Gibson,  Colchester,  taylor. 

Dec,  a.  J.  Morgan,  Noyaddfach,  Carmarthn- 
shtre,  timber-merchant.  T.  Simpson  and  N, 
Simpson,  Northallerton,  Yorkshire,  merchants. 
J.  Partiny^ton,  Fen-court,  Fenc^orcfa-sticet, 
broker.  T.  Hobson,  Louth,  Lincolnshire,  far- 
fier.  S.  Davies,  Manchester,  dealer  in  ootioo 
twist  and  weft. 

Dec.  13.  C.  Chcrvet  and  J.  Fletcher,  Walbrook, 
London,  merchants.    G.  Rayson,  Leeds,  diug- 

,  got.  M.  Eumis,  J.  White,  and  R.  Styrmg, 
Sheffield,  silvcr-plaicrs.  J.  Ayres,  Son-street, 
Bishopsgate-street,  tallow-chandler.  J.  Wateis, 
Old  Bethlem,  turner.  W.  Skinner,  East-laar, 
Greenwich,  victualler.  H.  Hancock  and  J.  BL 
Hoffmeyer,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  merchants. 

Dec,  16.  F.  Bate,  Vigo-lane,  printscUcr.  S.  So- 
lomonson.  New-street,  Bishopsgate,  merdsaat. 
J.  Nevil,  Blackburn,  Lancashire,  grocer. 

Dec,  70,  E.  Cheverton,  Newport,  linen-draper. 
J.  Collier,  Chorley,  Lancashire,  cotton-maao- 
facturer.  T.  Hadfield  and  W.  Hwificld,  Wake- 
field, dealers.  J.  Woodford,  Oxford-street, 
cheesemonger.  J«  Critchley,  Orford,  conoe- 
spinner.  G.Swain,  Birmingham^  tobacoonisL 
A.  Durham,  Birmingham,  grocer.  R.  Madievs 
and  T.  Jones,  Abcrystwitb,  CaudiginshiR, 
merchants.  W.  Leith,  Su  Margaret,  RocbesKXt 
rope-maker. 

Dec,  23,  W.  Aldiam,  Tokenhonse-Tard,  1 
broker.  W.  Surtees,  J.  Suttees,  R. 
J.  Brandling,  and  J.  Emblcton,  of  Bcnndk- 
upon-Twecd,  bankers.  C.  Fia«ile,  Camdei^ 
street,  St.  Mary,  Islington,  coal-fnerciiaiit.  R. 
Rawlinsoni  Liverpool,  sadler.  W«  Htadnoi 
late  of  Whaley,  Cheshire,  irmkeeper.  . 

Dec,  27.    F.    Scurry,    Kent-road,    Soudiwaik, 
- ooal-dealer.     J.   Unthank  and   R.    Mcradidt, 
Manchester,  manufiu:turersi 

Dec.  30.  S.  Goodwin,  of  the  Haymarlcet,  basd- 
wareman.  J.  Lythgoe,  Liverpool ,  tobaocooBt. 
W.  S.  A.  Middleton,  Liverpool,  tobacconist.  J. 
Bams,  Tiuro,  Cornwall,  mercer.  E.  Howari, 
Henrietta-str.  Covenl-garden,  money-scrireiier. 
'  I8O7.  Jan.  3.  W.  Smalley,  Nanncrch,  Flint, 
wire-maker.  J.  Wakefield,  Bouverie-strm, 
wine-merchant.  W.  Parr,  Lower  Shadwdl, 
grocer.  J.  Brewer,  Richmond-hill,  vktualkx. 
J.  Wake,  Whitby,  York,  staip-bullder.  B.  Holr, 
Painswick,  Gloucester,  dotbier. 

Jan,  6,  T.  Smith,  Mawdesley,  Lancaster,  tanner. 
J.  Horth,  Ncfrwich,  upholsterer.  A.  Midgtudl, 
Liverp^l,  joiner  and  builder.  A.  Harvey,  Ww 
gan,  Lancaster,  milliner.  W.  Vinicomte,  Batir, 
umbrdla-manufactorer.  T.  Walley,  Liverpool, 
merchant.  J.  Chadwick,  Manchester,  manu- 
facturer. M.  Swanoott,  Foster-lane,  Cheapside; 
wdtehousemaa.  R.  Ockcnden,  Bexhill,  Sussex, 
shopkeeper. 

Jan.  10.  F.  Kampf,  Rathbone-place,  cabisct- 
maker.  D.  Reed,  Wapping  High-sti«et»  vic- 
tualler. J.  Hopkms,  Alcester,  Warwick, gfocer. 
T.  Taylor,  Bimiingham,  oommoa-caniar. 

Jan,  13.  T.  Hester,  New  Cfoss,  Deptfofd,  car- 
penter.   W.  Burwoody  Sim  Wharf,  Wa^pin^ 

wharfinger. 


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xaCiJ 


Produce  ofPenuMent  and  Wat  Taxes  for  18(M  and  ISOfl. 


[I3e^ 


THOUGHTS  OK  TBB  IVCRBA8B  OP  THE  PBR- 
MANBirr  AVD  WAR  TAXES  FOR  THB  YEARS 
1805  AND  1806  :  TO  WHICH  ARE  APPEND* 
BD,  TABLES  SHEWING  THE  RELATIVE 
INCOMB  OP  BACH  QUARTER  OP  THOSE 
TBAR8,  FOR  THB  PURPOSE  OP  BEING  COM- 
PARBD  WITH  BACH  OTHER. 

Thb  foregoing  pages  have  comprised  a  sac- 
oioct  aooount  ofthe  state  of  foreign  ooantrits; 
composed  chiefly  with  a  view  to  render  in- 
telligible what  allusions  to  the  state  of  those 
countries,  or  what  information  as  to  their 
principal  ev*enl^^  as  they  occur,  may  appear 
in  oar  Work.  But  a  more  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  sources  of  British  power 
and  welfare  is  the  natural  wish  of  every  friend 
to  his  country.  This  we  have  endeavoured  to 
gratify  on  various  occasions,  according  to  our 
opportunities  and  abiHties.  The  subject  of 
the  finances  of  Britain  has  repeatedly  occupied 
our  PAjges.  Particularly,  in  consequence  of 
the  Ministers  late  proposal  for  suspending  the 
progreseive  increase  of  taxation,  we  liave 
Uiought  it  our  duty  to  'contribute  all  in  our 
power  to  the  elucidation  of  that  important 
}>roposition.  But  it  is  natural  when  the  dif- 
ficulty of  suggesting  fresh  subjects  of  taxation 
b  mentionea  and  acknowledge  on  all  hands, 
that  inquiiv  should  be  made  as  to  what  has 
been  already  taxed,  and  what  has  been  the 
produce  or  those  taxes.  We  are  therefore 
nappy  in  an  opportunityof  submitting  to  our 
leaders  the  following  Tables,  which  shew, 
J .  Tlie  articles  tax^.  2.  The  produce  of 
these  taxes  quarterly,  for  the  years  1805  and 
1806,  whereby  we  learn  the  comparative, 
state  of  each  article,  and  its  eflect  on  the 
whole,  for  these  two  years.  3.  The  divisions 
of  thc^  taxes  under  their  respective  heads, 
enables  us  at  one  view  to  distinguish  their 
nature,,  and  the  sources  which  support  them. 
ita|»ears,  that  the  total  for  the  year  1805 
is  i£l3,t71,449;  for  J806,  the  .total  is 
i^  14,82 1  ,S52.  The  increase  beingj^  1 ,649,756. 
Moreover,  this  increase  does  not  appear  to 
have  affected  the  enjoyments  ofthe  public,  in 
any  essential  degree,  for  the  result  is  derix'ed 
from  a  general  advance  on  most  ofthe  articles, 
not  from  a  sudden  or  exorbitant  requisition 
from  any  in  particular.  IF  we  take  what  are 
commonly  called  the  Assessed  *l^axes  as  in- 
stances, we  find  that  in  1805  the  produce  of 
the  tax  on  Inhabited  Houses  was  jCr47  M  85  ; 
in  1807  it  was  j£684,86o.  Riding  Horses 
produced  in  1805  je496,ll9;  in  1806, 
j£683,986.  Male  Servants  are  increased  from 
iC249,820  to  338,435.  Carriages,  from 
iCf260,083toj£302,349.  Dogs,  from  jt^g^i,  45 
to  Jti  12,628.  The  same  may  be  said  of  va- 
rious other  articles:  llutt  tax  which  might 
be  supposed  to  solfer  essentially  in  times  of 
distress,  the  Licences  for  Lotter\'  Offices,  is 
Vol-  I.     [L^.  Pan.  Manh,  180/ j 


angmented  from  £5, 1 08  to  jCB,2g2.  As  th^ 
purchase  of  lottery  tickets  is  a  tax  not  im- 
posed, but  willingly  submitted  to,  it  should 
seem  that  this  can  only  occupy  the  spare  cash 
of  the  purchasefs>  and  if  th^re  were  a  fidling 
off  of  purchasers,  we  should  hardly  find  an 
increase  of  offices  for  the  sale  of  tickea. 

These  Tables  also  shew  the  arrears  of  ttxes 
which,  tliough  left  outstanding  in  former 
years,  have  been  gathered  in  the  present  years ! 
for,  after  the  utmost  dill^ce  m  collection, 
arrearages  are  unavoidable.  These  Tables 
are,  as  their  titles  express,  the  register  of  the 

5 reduce  of  the  Permanent  Taxes  and  War 
'axes.  They  enable  us  therefore  to  jtt(%e^ 
in  some  degree,  of  the  nature  of  those  taxes, 
which  the  Minister  proposes  to  pledge,  and 
of  the  propriety  of  pledging  them.  They 
afford  many  points  of^  compari^n  applicable 
to  the  state  of  public  aflairs,  and  shew  the 
resources  of  the  kingdom  in  a  striking  point 
of  view. 

We  are  far  from  considering  the  powers  of 
any  nation  upon  earth  as  infinite,  or  inex- 
haustible, as  mcapable  of  abuse,  or  of  being 
dissipated  "  like  a  summer  cloud,**  by  in- 
creasmg  prodigafity.  At  the  same  time  as 
we  wish  to  prohibit  despondency,  we  e<{ually 
wish  to  proriibit  that  pride  and  self-sufficiency 
which  is  usually  the  forerunner  of  evils,  and 
not  unfrequenijy  the  occasion  of  calamities. 
The  medium,  the  golden  mean,  is  the  most 
desirable,  and  the  most  safe :  the  liappiness 
of  a  nation  should  be  the  object  of  its  go>*era- 
ment,  and  this  depends  on  other  causes  aUo. 
For,  however  the  exchequer  of  a  people  may 
abound,  and  the  conveoienoes  or  elegancies  of 
life  may  be  studied :  there  may,  nexerthelem, 
be  much  misery,  mnch  immorality,  and 
much  discontent,  which  are  more  than  ade- 
quate drawbacks  from  the  geneml  sum  of 
national  prosperity.  Thb  has  appeared  so 
evident  to  our  i^ost  considerate  sutesmen, 
that  they  seem  to  be  determined  to  examine 
it,  with  all  their  powers,  and  we  heartily 
wish  that  every  pkn  may  meet  with  success, 
which  has  fo^  its  •bjectt'hr  alleviation  of  the 
public  burdens,  together  with  aa  ameiioratioii 
of  the  public  manners. 

If  tliat  alleviation  of  ^lose  very  burdensome 
rates  which  are  collected  for  tli^  poorr  no- 
minally, but  which .  include  oilier  expences, 
of  various  kinds  also,  that  lias  lately  been  pro-^ 

eiscd  by  Mr.  Whitbread  iu  ihc  Commons 
ouseoi  Parliament,  should  take  place,  it 
may  lead  us  to  expect  an  improvement  m 
morals  as  well  as  in  finances,  throughout  the 
nation.  In  every  point  of  view,  tlie  immense 
sums  drained  from  the  public  uixlcr  that  ux 
deserve  investigation,  and  wc  doubt  not  but 
tlie  wisdom  of  Parliament  will  devise  joooe 
mode  by  which  th'*  efiect  of  their  omu  may 
U  diinm'shctl.— Fii^  Lonl  ^u2olk*s  PLn, 
Panoratna,  p.  10^  and  iOJ. 


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137?1  Description  oj  the 

The  following  are  extracts  from  letters 
written  by  a  gentleman  whose  description  may 
be  rdied  on,  as  he  writes  from  actual  ob- 
servation. He  is  personally  known  to  us  : 
but  as  part  of  his  family  has  not  been  so 
fortunate  as  himse^Jf,  in  escaping  to  his  nar 
tive  land,  there  are  reasons,  evidently  pra- 
dential, .  for  concealing  his  name. 

As  it  is  our  earnest  desire  that  Great  Bri«> 
tain  may  be  properly  eniighieued  before 
JBonaparte  favours  us  with  a  visit,  to  jinish 
our    education;    and  as    we  wish   to  save 

tllS'    MAIESTV    THE    BMPEROR     AND    KINO 

from  trouble,  we  take  the  liberty  of  en- 
treating that  our  readers  will  read  these  let- 
iers  tiU  they  mre/utty  masters  of  the  subject^ 
and  have  formed  a  clear  and  distinct  acquiiint- 
Ance  with  (he  present  inexpressibly  felicitous 
ftate  of  the  Low  Countries :  by  tlih  nieaos, 
wc  hope -and  trust,  that  when  the  Chief  qf 
the  GREAT  NATION  makes  his  appear- 
ance OB  our  «h<^te8,  our  countrymen  will  be 
prepared  tt>  give  him  a  reception  suited  to  his 
character,  aiid  be  perfectly  well  acxjuaioted 
%ith  ei'cry  point  of  their  duty. 

On  Monday,  January  5,  1807,all  the  young 
men  in  France  that  had,  since  the  cotiscrip- 
tiou  of  1806,  attained  their  twentieth  year 
(except  those  who  laboured  under  such  inlir« 
luities  as  rendeied  thfcm  incapable  of  bearing 
arms)  drew  Idts,  as  conscripts,  at  the  prcfisc- 
tures  in  the  departments  throughout  France  \ 
in  order  t»  raise  80,(KX)  men>  agreeable  to  all 
Hrritlf  or  decree  of  the  senate*  The  lower 
tiumberi  fell  into  the  ctMscription^  and  were 
^aijtily  marched  ofl'  the  next  day,  to  tlieir 
diHcrcat  depou,  or  fortresses  on  the  Rhine,  to 
be  organized.  The  hijt^her  numbers  fell  into 
the  reserve,  from  which  they  take  those  who 
4rew  the  next  lowest  numbers,  to  nil  up  the 
Vacancies  occasioned  by  the  desertion  ot  the 
conscripts.  One-fifth  of  the  conscripts,  at 
kast,  (tesert;  half  of  them,  at  least,  are 
taken,  and  in  time  of  war  conducted  to  their 
ciep6ts  in  the  manner  represented  [^io  the  op- 
posite page].  Such  as  oo  not  attend  at  tlift 
prefectures,  to  draw  lots,  agreeable  to  the  ar*- 
teUs  at  the  commencement  of  the  yeor,  are 
brought  in  this  manner,  and  are  Uiuscon- 
ductod  to  the  dep6ts.  Ttierefoce^  by  filling 
up  the  vacancies  uiCasioned  by  desertion,  from 
the  rescrxe,  and^  by  refractory  conscripts 
brought  in,  their  ^con«criptiou  of  80,000  is 
thereby  augmented  to  100,000  conscripts  at 
least.  '  They  have  also  in  each  department  a 
departmental  or  prefect's  guard,  consisting  of 
a  company  of  grenadiers,  and  one  of  ciias- 
teuiB,  of  100  men  each^  f^rmtl  out  of  ^he 
teserve  of  the  OMUcription.  Fifty  men  from 
each  company  have  been  draughted  and  sent 
Vol.  1.  ILU,  Pan.Mojth^  I8O7J 


French  Conicriplsi.  [  1 378 

to  the  grand  army  (t  presume  they  will  be 
conipleicd  from  this  year's  conscriptory  re» 
serve).  In  each  departmcui  tltere  are  also 
from  twenty  to  iwenly-five  gendarmes  em-, 
ployed  on  the  police  servicc>  to  bring  in  cri* 
iniuals,  desericre»  and  refractory  conscript*. 
They  consist  chifUy  of  cavahry,  though  ir 
smaU  numb«r  of  them  are  infaiitry;  and 
they  are  all  picked  men,  from  different  r^- 
meuts  of  the  line,  that  can  read  and  write^ 
as  that  is  required.  They  have  also  a  na-^ 
tional  guard,  from  the  northern  departments 
(which  only  are  organiaed),  consisting  of 
15^000  men,  taken  from  the  different  or  i^ 
veral  towns  and  arfondUsements,  or  districts, 
within  those  departments.  The  most  weal« 
thy  and  ea^  ciroumstauced  citizens  are  se^  ' 
lected  for  tliat  service.  The  officers  are  nomi- 
nated by  the  senators  Grenerals  Rampon  and 
Jaqitcmmat,  chiefs  of  Irgtons,  and  must 
march  in  person  down  to  acoiporal.  lliose 
nominated  common  soldiers  may»  at  their 
own  expence,  send  substitutes*  The  active 
were,  in  November  and  December  last,  all 
marched  to  St.  Omer's,  from  the  different 
northern  departments,  to  be  there  armed  and 
organised.  These  15,000  men  are  now  su« 
tioned  at  Su  Omers,  chef  lieu,  Boulogne, 
Calais,  Dunkirk,  and  Ostend.  They  hava 
also  a  sedentaiy  reier\e»  consisting  of 'tbeia- 
liabttanu  of  the  towns  and  villages  of  these 
Dorthero  departments,  from  the  age  of  21  u{kv 
to  60,  who  do  town  duty  in  turn,  but  are, 
hitherto,  not  armed,  exercised,  or  organized* 
When  cohorts,  or  detachments,  of  the  Na* 
tional  Guards  are  ordered  to  be  tbrnied,  they 
have  only  eight  or  ten  days  notice  ta 
march  to  the  general  dcp/h  at  St.  Omcr's.— » 
Thus,  under  Bonaparte's  usarpatioo,  no  man 
is  certain  for  a  moment  of  pcrsouai  Hberty. 
By  conscription  the  father  is  deprived  of  h'ui 
sons,  or  may  be  required  to  march  himself, 
in  the  National  Guard,  and  leave  all  hit 
concerns.  If  he  proves  rcfracUtry,  force  it 
insuiitly  employed ;  rigprous  persecution  and 
imprisonment  ensues.  The  dissatisfaction  h 
general  throughout  the  country,  particularly 
in  the  maritime  to%vns  along  ttie  coa;»t; 
where  miserj'  is  at  the  highest  pilch 
Extract  of  a  Letter,  Ibth  Jj.iuary,  I8O7. 

Enfeliihmeu  experience  no  lenity  at  the 
hands  of  tlie  French,  but  the  most  cruel  per- 
secution, as  you  will  read  of  in  the  new.-pa- 
I)era,  in  tliei'r  late  arrite,  wherein  they  de- 
clare England  in  a  state  of  blr>ckade.  The 
English  prisoners  that  are  Likoa  in  our  nicr- 
cliautmcii  by  their  privateets/and  carrie<l  in- 
to HolUmd,  are  murched-^rom  thence  to  Va- 
lenciennes and  Verdun,  at  the  rate  of  from 
20  to  30  miles  a  day.  Tliey  have  only  bread 
and  water  allowed  iUem  on  tlieir  marcli,  and 
straw  to  sleep  on.  On  the  Oih  insi.  there  were 
no  regular  troops  in  France  or  FlauJers,  tht-f 
were  all  g«i^  10  vhe  i^raod  armv.  At  <;h;ett4,  ^V 

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^^M 


Siogrophical  Memoirs. — Mr,  Barter. 


[r3E0* 


<x^l■^p!f ,  there  arfe  oulv  SO  cannoniers  to  man 
the  uew  battery  at  the  c;istcrnniObt  pier  or 
jeity  h.'at!.         *         • 

ihe  rcfjactorj'  cor.scripts  are  brought 
in  by  gcjidarmeSf  hotivd  irith  cords  round 
t/ni^- aims,  two  and  two.  I  have  seen  one 
HUNDRED  AND  TWENTY  broiiglit  in  together, 
in  this  way,  by  four  gendarmes,  two  in  front, 
and  two  in  the  rear.  In  each  departaient,  at 
prcscni,  iherc  arc  ahotii  CO  to  2j  geudai  mcs ; 
they  are  picked  n:en,  regnhra,  foot,  and 
horse,  alicgether  about  oOOO  nien.  The 
Frencb  rr- great  Gascons  :  ihey  tell  us  of  the 

C0ns<TiptS  1  LYING  TO  THE  ARMY,  AND  BURN- 
INCr  WITH  ARDOR  TO  DIS'lINGUISH  THEM- 
SELVES; whetCiis,  the  greater  poji  of  tlwm 
are  brought  in  ?s  refraciorv,  as  aDo\c  recited, 
and  near  onr- fifth  part  of  them  desert  before 
thev  reach  the  dcjii*  ts. 

it  frequently  happens  that  on  (he  day  ap- 
pointed for  the  cor.scripts  to  depart,  ihey  cau- 
i\ot  be  found  ;  and  wbcn  tJiat  is  the  case,  the 
parents  are  oUiged  immediately  to  receive  into 
their  liouse  a  certain  nunjber  of  men,  ralk<l 
^aryiiiaircv ;  to  ma  in  to  in  and  pay  each  of 
them  half-a-crown  a  day,  till  the  expirntion 
of  a  paiticular  period;  when,  provided  tbe 
conscript  U  neither  Rtunied  nor  taken,  their 
goods,  whither  few  of  many,  and  whliout 
con^it'c  n»'on  about  the  convenience  orcircuui-' 
etanr'tsof  the  parents  drc  a^l  sold,  and  the 
c  ns^ripfs  share*  of  the  property  is^confis- 
e  ted  to  government ;  moreover,  he  subjected, 
if  ever  found,  to  be  shot  as  a  deserter. 

On  the  4th  inst.  1  saw  on  Uic  stock?,  at 
Antwerp,  nine  soil  f]f'  the  Hh",  which  are  in 
RiTch  a*  state  of  forwardnes?,  as  I  |)resuuie 
thei^'may  be  launched  by  the  end  of  this,  or  the 
be^inuin^  of  next  year.  At  IHavhi  ng,.  on  t  he 
pin  inst.  I  siiw  ihem  at  work,  widening  the 
wet  dock,  or  bason  gatjes,  to  receive  them. — 
They  had  on  that  day  liove  down  in  the  siiid 
wet 'dock  a  t'reuch  frigate  of  44  guns,  built 
at  Antwerp,  and  were  sheathing,  Ikt  bt^ltom 
with  copper;  They  had  also  a  bri;j  oi  18 
guns  lying  there,  ready  Cor  sea,  built  ut  the 
samis  place ;  and  •  tliey  have  in  the  Frendt 
docks  laid  down  the  frames  o£  two  rine  of 
hitttle  shi|)8.  As  tiiey  have  overrun  the  Con- 
tinent, and  arc  in  possejision  of  the  principal 
sea  ports,  thev  will  bOon  have  plenty  of  ships  ; 
but,  as  they  have  no  seamen ,  if  they  dare  ven- 
ture out,  they  will  save  us  the  trouble  and 
exj)ence  of  building. 

Our  readers  will  please  to  observe,  that  this 
information  refers  to  the  state  of  I'l.nulers 
and  the  adjoining  provinces  of  France*,  chief- 
ly -y  what  other  intelligence  thei'e  letters  con- 
l:iined,*wilh  what  I'ira  rorc*  evidence  was  in 
the  })Ower  of  tha  writer,  has  been  communi- 
cated where  duty  and  lovaltv  diaclvd. 


*  The  present  laws  of  yjr/',  rrc:''>icni'rd 
France,  roi  |KrmIitinp;  j>,iTcnti  to  ka\c  ihtir 
property  from  their  children. 


i:' 


BIOGRAPHICAL   MEMOIRS 

OF  EMINENT    PERSONS    DECEASED,    IN   \S06i 

Mr.  Barker  inventor  of  the  l^inoraina, 
was  born  in  Kells,  in  the  county  of  Meath, 
and  began  business  in  Dublin,  btit  becnmin|( 
enibarassed,  was  led  to  the  profession  hfc  saN 
terwards  adopted,  of  miniature  and  porti?a 
irainx.  Leaving  Ireland,  hewentuo  Scnt- 
nd,  nTid  settled  in  Edinbui^h*  whwc  he  foU 
lov\ed  ibe  line  of  a  |)crnaii  painter.  It  wai 
contcn.plating  the  varied  ."-cene  of  beauiy  aud 
giaiideur,  on  ihe  Calton  HiU',  which  lirsi  led 
Mr.  Barker  to  tliink  of  p;imting  en  an  entire 
circle.  \\'hen  he  considered  that  the  Iocs! 
heniities  were  heiglitened  by  a  ccinibinaiion  cf 
the  whole  ;  he  regretted  tiie  rottfined  rules  of 
art,  and  determined  to  trv,  at  least,  if  they 
.could  net  be  extended.  Koi  bciug  regularly 
bred  an  artist,  was,  in  this  instance,  pcrliapa, 
of  advantHpe  to  him.  Pc^scsMUf^a  clear  miiid^ 
and  a  quick  understanding  he  hud  acquirrd  a 
perfect  knowledge  of  the  Taws  of  perspective; 
and  w^s  enabled,  by  that  means,  li»  sunoMK^t 
the  manv  diflicuUies  which  so -new  and^bbM 
an  undertaking  presented  to  hku-  About 
I7f^7,  he  dciermmed  to  execute  a  suiftil  half 
circle  to  prove  x\\c  piissibiliiy  of  the  undertak- 
ing ;  fi)r  which  purpo:;e  a  view  of  Hdinbundi 
was  ))ainted  by  him,  in  water  colours,  and 
ta^en.  up  to  Ixndon.  Sir  Joshua  Reyookk  was 
tiie  first  person  he  communicated  his  idea  to; 
who  treated  it  as  an-exJtraordinar}- thought,  bnt 
iirtpractkrable.  Notwiihstandinp,  Mr.  Bal<ke^ 
look  out  a  patent  for  his  invention,  under  tbe 
title  of  la  Nature  h  CdupHfceiL  The  firrt 
entire  circle  was  a  view  of  Edinburgh,  naini)>- 
ed-  in  water  colours,  and  exhibised'by  lampo 
li^ht  in  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Loodoo. 
From  the  smalhiess  of  the  circle,  it  was  not 
snftlciently  striking  to  attract  w4iat  is  cnjkd 
the  p'd'fic,  tIioup;ii  k  met  wilh-the  genemj  ap— 

?robation  of  those  who  saw  it.  A  view  of 
^ondon  taken  from  the  Albion  Mills,  war 
the  next  subject  of  jnibKc  exhrhition.  From 
its  size,  and  thcdifficully  of  procuring  gwuodi 
in  a  central  situation.  Mr.  Barker  wa»  obl^>;e(^ 
to  put  up  an  half  cir«le,  which  contained  bi»p 
half  the  view.  This  picture  attracted  mudfc 
public  attention;  and  Sir  Joshua  Revnokis 
when  he  saw  the  deception  producecf,  wa* 
astonished,  and  paid  Mr.  Barker  the  highest 
compliments'.  A  piece  of  ground  b«?comin5' 
vaca  n  I  i  n  1  A'iK'ster  Sq  uare ,  M  r .  Barker  loot 
it,  a!id  erected  the  prcseiH  r^^tunda,  ibq  dtan)e- 
ter  of  which  is  ()0  fc*et.  The  fir^^  jActiire  lie, 
exhibited  upon  this  great  scale,  was- a  view  of 
the  Uuj>sian  Armament  at  S^itheadi  His  Ma- 
jesty with  the  ^uccn  and  Pnucesees,  honour* 
ed  tluj  fust  oi)ening  with  their  presence,  and* 
it  became  the  object  of  general  curiosity  and- 
attraciiiMi.  'j'hus  was  compleated  one  of  tbe 
mot  c:Ltiaordinary  efforts  of  thehartwn  H'ind*; 

an  elfort  which  eive;}  unlkuiU34,>{V<fp^  dieaa 

[Jigitized  by  VjV 


/i  . 


18813 


.  Biographical  Memoirs,-^  James  Barry,  Rev,  John  Brand* 


tinei 


of  patnt'ih^,  and  leads  the  astonished  ohserver 
to  fancy  bimself  upon  the  spot  represented. 

The  appellation  Panorama,  is  coinjMrnnfl- 
red  of  two  Greek  worcU,  Pan  signifying  all, 
^ra,  signifying  seringy  k  is  not  how^ner. 
ali'scein^,   in  the  sense  in  which  that  wortl 


and  some  say,  ingratitude  to  his  friend?.  It  is 
at  least  certain,  that  he  harf  many  frivnds  in 
the  course  of  his  hfc,  bijit  last  every  one.  He 
was  constantly /|uarreling  with  brother  artists, 
eoinplainini:  biilcily  of  want  of  patronage  for 
the  arts,  yet  rcpelloi  themostiioble  patrona/e 
18  used  as  an  attribute  of  deity;  but  rather  I  when  ofl^red  to  himself  by  the  premier  duke 
circanigpection;  lookmq:  to  r.ery  port  of  the  ]  ^f  ^^'-^^  ^^'  He  had  hoarded  up  about  £200, 

of  which  he  was  robbed  ;  but  bore  the  loss 
with  stoicjd  compo.nirc.  His  houfC  was  almost 
a  counter  part  to  dirty  Dick's  in  I^adeuhill- 
srrcct ;  his  npwat.ince  was  that  of  a  working 
plajlcrer  ;  his  manners  those  of  a  wild  Iri  li^- 
tTwn,'  utii'ed  to  talents  and  science  of  no  or- 
dinoiy  description. 


'Ttrcanupeciton; 

horizon  :  beholding  the  whole  picture  o^red 
to  .the  K^ght.  It  is  also  used  for  mental  pei^ 
^i*ption,  intcUii^ncc  or  c(*iisidcrnflon  ;  to  s'.^ 
•*vith  the  eyes  of-tht?  nmlerstnndlni;:  and  to 
-notice  what  is  seen.  We  hope  ttint  thi.i  elu- 
cidation of  our  title;  will  l)e  justitied  in  the 
xx)nduct  of  the  Literary  PanoraIvia. 

February  29. — James  Barry,  U.  A.  His- 
tory PaitJier.  Hewashornin  I7;>ii-().it  Cork.  \ 
His   parci>ts  intended  him  f)r  the  pricsiho,.d,  J 
'fcut  his  bias  wastowarris  the  arrs.  j 

He  first  distinguished  himself,  snddcnly,  by  ; 
■0  prize  picture  painted  for  the  Society  for  pro-  I 
•rioting  arts, &c.  at  Dublin.  Thep-Hormaucc  ' 
•was  thought  wonderfd  for  his  vcarsnrul  r;>-  j 
-Jjortnnities,  and    raised    him   m.my  faends.  , 
J"Tiese  furnished  the  Rteans  for  prDSteuiiu*:^  his 
studies;  and  he  visited  Itnlv  in  Xli^h.     He  re-  j 
turned  toEn|srland  aWu  1770.  The  first  |jic- 
•ture   he  exhibited,  wjs  that  of  I'cnus  rising 
Jrr,m  the  sea.     This  bronsht  him  e^ectiuJIy  ' 
into  fame.     It  is  un<|onbtfdly  his  best  perfop-  ! 
•inance.     It  was  concttircJ  in  a  bold  ,\m\  nio!*  ' 
terly  manner,  and.wa;  well  cxeeutcd  :  but  the  | 
c^dnitring  had  its  defect.'^.     It  procured  for  its  I 
anthor  the  honour  of  birns^  elected  an  Aca-  ; 
«leniician.  Ilciiflerward.sir\hib>H'd  Adam  and  • 
J^ve,  but  this  was  niit  equal   to  his  Venus,  i 
Jupiter  and  Juno,  an  attempt  at   the  snl»^  | 
-lime  of  art.     He  omposctl  a  fall  of  the  an-  \ 
gels,  for  an  intended  decoration  of  St.  PanlV 
Cathedral,  in  which  subject  lwsp;ema8  w:>sat*! 
home.     H^  also  com|X>sed  a  Taudora,  and  had 
forwarded    this    picture,    coniaining    nearly 
twenty  figures,  on  a  lar^e  scale.     0«  this  Irc 
intended  tp  rest  his  reputation.     Bat  the  most 
distinguishefl   of  his  works  are  the  jMcturcs  at 
the  rooms  of  the  Society  for  encouragement  of 
arts.    manufactures>   and  commerce,  at  the 
Adelphi.     These  do  great  honour  to  his  sci- 
ence, genius,  and  art.     Tliey  will  pr.>bably 
come  under  our  in.si)ection  on  a  future  .ecca- 
sion. 

A  few  months  ago  a  subscription  was  open- 
ed for  his  benefit,  and  an  annuity  of  .^1-00 
was  bought  for  him ;  but  hedied  before  he  had 
receivc<l  the  first  quarter's  income,  ilis  re- 
mains were  laid  in  state,  at  the  rooms  in  the 
Adclphi,  whence  thev  were  removed  in  pro- 
cession to  St.  Paprs  Church,  Mar:h  14,  and 
deposited  in  a  grave  bcneaih  the  church,  close 
to  that  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  near  to 
that  of  Sir  Cbristo{)her  Wren.  He  was  m  his 
6bth  year. 

Barry 'is  an  instance  of  genius  lost  bv  j^ross- 
«us  ot'  maoDcny  iuatteniiun  to  prouieiies^ 


A\^^^^$t.*^Rev.  John  Brand,  A.  "M. 
Rector  of  the  united  parishes  of  St.  Mary 
Hill,  and  St.  Andrew  Hubbard,  London,  and 
resident  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
This  society  has'susta'med  a  very  j];reat  loss  in  tlie. 
decease  of  this  worthy  |)ersf)n,  wlto  was  always 
rJ  horfir\n  the  concerns  of  thii  institution,  and 
discharged  the  duii^  of  hia  office,  not  a«4  a  duJv* 
n^civly,  but  a**  a  pleasure.  He  was  a  nitive  of 
Newcastle  up'^n  Tvne,  vi'as  editc^ucd  at  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford,  of  whirh  he  was  B.A. 
In  OMober,  1774,  he  was  presenter!  by  M;v-* 
thew  liMley,  Esq.  to  the  curacy  of  Cramling- 
ton  about  ei^it  miles  from  Newcaftle.  In 
177''*  he  pabtisbed  a  pretty  poecn,  suppo<«d  to 
be*  written  among  tlie  ruins  of  Godsiow  Nurv- 
nery,  the  retreat  of  the  famous  fair  Rosamond  ; 
the  subject  was  "  Illicit  Love."  He  was  a'l- 
miited  F. S.  :\.  in  1 777-,  and  that  year  jmb- 
lislmllHs  **  Ob;cn*aiionso.)  Popular  Antiqui- 
ties," being  l^oirrne's  Antiqniiaics  Vitlintres^ 
with  addcn.la,  appendix,  ivr.  After  tie  had 
taken  orders  he  wji.  admitted  into  the  family 
of  the  Duke  of  N<»rfhuml>eTlaiul,  by  whom 
he  was  p.esented  to  St.  Mary  Hill,  in  178-', 
In  this  year  he  wis  also  elected  Sccr'tary  to 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  Morell.  In  1789,  he  inddished  ihi  li's'- 
lory  and  Antiquities  of  Newcastle  ujX)nTyne, 
*J  vols.  4to.  a  splendid  and  taluaole  work, 
whic^  cost  its  author  great  labour,  and  evi- 
denced very  resolute  perseverance.  He  con- 
tribnled  alsf/  several  articles  to  tlie  Archajolo- 
gy  of  this  socit.ly.  Mr.  Brand  having  apart- 
ineiKs  at  Somerset  House,  was  repeatedly  trou- 
bletl  for  non-residence  on  his  cure ;  notwith- 
standing, he  i^nstantly  performed  ]>arochial 
duties  with  punctuality.  The  day  before  hit 
death,  he  had  taken  a  long  ramble  with  two 
friends ;  he  was  well  at  7  o*clock  on  thfc  morn- 
ii?j;  of  his  death,  and  died  before  9  o'clock  in 
his  study.     He  was  unmarried. 

February  l().— Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter,  . 
one  of  t!io;c  few  among  the  ladies  who  have 
d.eply  studied  what  are  ca|l»^l  thcleametl  Ian- 
gua'ies.  She  was  familiar  with.  Latin,  delightr  . 
ed   in   fTicek,"  understood   Hebrew,  and  xerxi 
Atabic  with  discrimination,  havioe  formed  1 

2  z  2  .6 

Digitized  by  V^OOQIC" 


biographical  Menwhrs.-^Georgiana  Duchess  of  Devonshire, 


1383] 

dictionary  of  that  hneustge.  Slie  appears  also 
to  have  attained  a  proficiency  in  Spanish,  Por- 
tuguese, German,  Italian,  and  French^  of 
these  she  preferred  the  first  two.  Of  the  ici- 
ences,  she  was  iposi  interestrd  by  Astronomy, 
but  had  considerable  knowledge  in  others. 
.Her  religious  opinions  were  eminently  strict 
.fnd  orthodox  i  her  piety  was  unaficctcd,  her 
conversation  fainiliar,  and  divested  of  every  ap- 
pearance of  superior  learning.  Her  dress  was 
not  captivating,  and  her  person  suflfered  at  last 
by  time ;  but  uer  conversation  never  sufFered, 
to  the  vcrv  last.         , 

Misa  Carter  was  tlie  eldest  daughter  of  Rev. 
Is'icholas  Carter,  D.  1>.  bv  Margaret,  only 
daughter  wicj  helrws  of  Richard  ^wayne  of 
jjere,  Porset,  Esq,  She  was  born  at  Deal, 
|n  Kent,  December  I?,  1717, 

Her  fiuber  bestowed  uncommon  pains  on 
her  oducation,  which  he  in  a  great  measure 
conducted  himaelf.  She  corresponded  with 
tlie  Gentleman's  Magazine  so  early  as  1734. 
About  the  age  of  twenty  she  translated  from 
the  Italian,  Al^iarotti^  Kewiomanismo  per  le 
J)ame ;  and  was  certainly,  at  this  time,  not 
0f  a  recluse  character.  Not  long  after,  she 
formed  an  Acquaintance  with  Sam,  Johnson, 
$hen*an  assistant  to  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, and  mutual  civilities  continued  to 
pass  between  them.  In  1738,  she  gave  an 
English  version  of  Crpusaz's  Exameu  of  i^)pe's 
pssay  on  Man. 

Richardson  the  Novelist  ws^s  another  of  her 
IVicudSj  but  their  friendship  began  in  a  man- 
Tier  not  ^Try  promising.  That  writer  had  in- 
troduced into  the  early  part  of  hi^  Clarissa, 
an  Ode  to  Wisdom,  the  com^posiiion  of  Mi^is 
Carter ;  bqt  he  did  not  know  the  author.  Of 
this  $lie  complaincrl  to  him  in  a  lette?  from 
Canterbury,  i)ecen»ber  17*7.  His  enplana- 
tions  brought  on  a  cor rcsiKHKlcnce  which  last- 
ed seven  years. 

She  contributed  two  papers  to  iho  R.^mblcr, 
jCo.  44,  and  100.  Her  most  c  i;  itnl  work  if, 
the  Translation  of  Kpktetus  from  the  Greek, 
which  first  apjv-arcd  in  17^'»8.  This  has  jiisily 
placed  her  not  oniv  among  the  most  learned 
ladies,  but  araono;  the  ^K^st  competent  trans- 
lators, About  171)2,  slit  coUcct^-d  iier  Furtive 
Pieces,  in  a  small  volume. 

Our  learned  female  was  never  married,  but 
is  commemoRiled  by  Mr.  Haylev ,  as  pre-emi- 
nent amon.*;  the  worthy  sisterhtwd  of  old 
maids.  Her  time  was  i\\\  i'dcd  latterly  l)et\vecn 
her  native  town  Dail,  whore  she  had  built  a 
neat  little  houtej  and  I^udon,  where  she 
Oict  v^ith  a  respectful  recvpiion  in  the  feest  so- 
-ciety.  Lcr^s  Pultency,  Littleton,  the  bishop 
of  London,  Mrs.  iMoutagae,  Miss  Hannah 
I^forc,  ai;d  uiany  oibcns,  were  her  fricmls. 
Tlow  far  fricndbfiip  of  any  description  can 
fompensa.ie  tlic  w^ntof  tiiui  fiinily  afteciion, 

Close  vx\<xtA  with  the  fibres  of  the  heart, 
ivhich  nature  has  app*>i^te^l,  is  not  for  us  to 
saj  ;  but  we  «ii^'  ^t  uUowc4  to  add,  that  the 


ll9Mr 


picture  would  have  been  more  ooiiip]ete,eoald 
we  have  concluded  it  by  deteribHig  her  sttett- 
tions  and  example  to  her  family  in  early  life* 
as  repaid  by  the  re^rd  and  delights  of  the 
third  generation,  to  their  venerable  anmmr, 
at  the  age  of  ei^ty-nine. 

March  3a — GEORoiAirA  Ducbbss  err 
Dbvovshirb.  She  was  the  eldest  daughter 
of  the  Earl  Spencer,  and  Georgiaiiahi»  Cmo- 
tess,  daughter  of  Stephen  Poynts,  Esck  wa» 
bom  June  7,  1757>  and  married  to  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  June  6, 1774,  Slie  was  ciiiK- 
cated  with  sreat  caxe  by  her  mother.  Lady 
Spencer,  and  on  her  appearance  in  public  Ufie, 
attracted  all  eyes  by  the  elegance  of  her  person 
and  deportment.  After  h&r  marriage,  tbe 
realm  ol  fashion  iook^  to  her  as  its  bead,  and 
eveiy  article  of  dress  was  recommenfied  by 
her  name  imposed  on  it.  On  herjnesentatton 
at  court  after  marriage,  she  was  literally  load- 
ed with  jewels.  Several  year^  ebpscd  with- 
out ^ny  prospect  of  issne;  but  in  I7&S.  waa 
bom  her.  eldest  daughter,  now  ViscouDtcas 
Morpeth ;  and  four  years  after.  Lady  Henri* 
etta  Cavendish  \  after  four  years  more,  Wil- 
liam George  Cavendish,  JVIamuis  of  Ilttrtuiff* 
ton,  1790.  She  had  the  good  seme  to  snckle 
"  her  own  chiWreo  ;  and  herTnemory  ought  to 
be  venerated,  for  her  intnKluction  into  the  fe- 
male >\'or'd  of  fashion,  of  a  practice  whkrb 
ever  was  the  intention  of  nature,  and  the  re- 
nunciation of  which,  had  proved  cverv  way 
injurious  to  the  higher  ranks  of  Kfc.  In  tbe 
course  of  the  sumitier  1702,  the  l>uchess  «•» 
sited  the  Cnntiuent  ii^  coiujKiny  with  her  de- 
clining niother,  and  si«itcf,*nov/  the  Countess 
of  Besborouf;h.  In  tliis  tour  she  was  atten- 
tive to  the  foreipi  literati,  and  visited  the  QK3bt 
eminent  amonj£  them .  She  also  composed  s(^ 
veral  poetic  ^lieces  with  considerable  taste.  She 
was  uiiloed,  a  patroness  of  the  Mtuca,  of 
their  votaries,  and  of  thw^e  polite  arts  which 
claim  alliance  with  tlie  diviaitiesof  l^roaasus. 
It  is  even  thought,  that  her  bcnrvolcnce  on  such 
occasions,  not  infrequently  suflered  imposttioii 
from  the  frauf-ls  of  the  de>iQcninp ;  and  hence, 
ainon^  other  causes,  .sherx^jericiKcd  inoonve- 
niencies  which  should  not  have  attaehed  to 
her  TATik.  Politics  for  awhilo  cngai^  hw  at- 
tention too  $iron;:ly ;  neither  lier  pen>on,  her 
manners,  nor  her  rank  qualified  her  tor  an 
elcciidn  canvasser,  nor  for  that  iiiborioiis  a^t- 
tendancc  on  political  debates  which  occasion- 
ally tries  tlie  utmost  j)owers  of  a  masculine 
con5tit«4ion.  Her  doanmion  was  the  re^km 
of  fa.<ihi<;A  and  taste.  VV'lien  her  fandily  rn-v 
creased,  she  viras  at  home,  the  aitenti^-e  none, 
and  tlic  careful  niotln-r.  Benevolent  henelf^ 
not  apt  to  tiiink  iil  of  otners,  nor  to  anticipate 
evil ;  she  was,  nevertheless,  the  sul^ect  of  un- 
easiflcss,  and  at  length  was  carried  off  by  i\ 
disorder  of  which  none  of  the  physicians  who 
attended  her  a>uld  discover  the  nature,  or  the 
origin.   Tikv  e\*en  ohtaiocd leave  ip ojam  )Mef 


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1385] 


Biographical  Memoirs, — Admiral  Getl, — Admiral  itiiig. 


[138d 


body  after  her  decease,  yet  siiU  remained  ig- 
norant of  the  true  cause  of  that  event.  What- 
ever it  might  be,  or  from  whatever  source  de- 
ri^ctl,  her  friends  of  the  highest  rank,  affec- 
tionately deplored  her  loss.  The  truly  inge- 
nious, united  in  the  same  afBiction,  and  Ui<S 
public  opinion  which  censured  some  parts 
of  her  conduct  with  no  little  sc\criiy,  sub- 
sided into  a  softened  recollection  of  her 
beauty,  her  a^bility,  and  her  benevolence. 


JoBN  Gbil,  Esq.  Admiral  of  the  White^ 
died,  about  the  month  of  October,  at  his 
•eat  near  Crickhowell,  Brecknockshire.  This 
gentleman,  the  descendant  of  a  respectable 
fami^  in  Derbyshire,  was  made  a  Lieute- 
nant in  17(>0,  Commander  in  176C,  Post 
Captain  in  17^ ;  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Lancaster,  the  flag-ship  of  Vice  Admiral 
Durell,  on  the  American  station.  Captain 
Gell  served  there  for  three  years ;  after  which 
he  was  without  a  ship  till  1776.  when  he 
commanded  the  Thetis  trigate.  In  this  ship 
he  served  10  Aiperica,  the  IVfeditcrninean, 
and  the  channel  fleet,  till  1 7 80,  when  he 
was  appointed  to-  the  Monarca,  of  70  guns, 
4akea  the  same  year  by  Sir  George  Hmlney 
from  the  Snaniards„. off  Cape  St.  Vincent. 
Captain  Geli  sailed  with  the  Monarca  to  the 
East  Indies,  where  he  served  during  the  rc- 
juaindcr  of  the  war,  and  was  present  in  the 
numerous  actions  which  took  place  with  the 
French  squadron,  under  M.  Suffrein,  tlie 
Monarca  being  constantly  stationed  in  the 
line,  as  one  of  the  seconds  to  the  Commander 
in  Chief.  Captain  Gell  returned  to  Kurope 
in  1784,  and  neld  no  snbsequent  command 
till  1790,  when  htf  was  appointed  to  the  Ex- 
cellent, of  74  guns,  the  last  c3mmission 
'  which  he  received  as  a  pti^-atc  captain.  In 
1793.  having  been  made  Rear- Admiral  of 
the  Blue,  he  hoisted  hit  flag  on  board  of  the 
St.  George,  and  sailec)  with  one  of  the  divi- 
sions of  the  fleet  which  had  been  ordered  for 
the  Mediterranean.  On  hb  passage,  he  took 
the  General  Dumouricr  Frencli  privateer,  and* 
her  prize  the  St  Jago,  a  Spanish  raster 
ship,  which,  together*  formed  one  of  the 
most  valuable  captures  ever  brousht  to  En- 
land.  In  October,  1793,  the  Kcar-Admi- 
ml  sailed,  with  his  division  of  the  fleet,  to 
Genoa,  where  ht  procured  tlie  surrender  of 
the  Modeste  French  frigato— a  vessel  which 
had  frequently  broken  the  neutrality  of  the 
port.  On  account  of  ill  health,  he  returned 
overland  to  England,  in  the  ensuing  year; 
and,  without  being  a^in  employed,  he  passed 
through  the  iutervenma  jzradatbns  of  naval 
rank,  till  he  became  Admiral  of  the  White. 

Sir  Richard  Kivo,  Bart.  Admiral  of  the 
Red,  who  was  born  August  10,  J  730,  went 
to  sea  at  the  early  age  of  eight  years,  with 
his  materfkil  uncle,  the  late  Comiiiodorc  Bat- 
^t^    tie  8erYc4  flat  114  tl^  Mtdilcnanean, 


and  afterwards  in  the  East  Indies  ;  where  he 
was  made  Lieutenant,  February  1,  1746.  He 
returned  to  England  at  the  end  of  the  war. 
At  the  recommencement  of  hostilities,  in 
17^4,  he  again  went  to  India,  as  Lieutenant 
of  the  Bristol,  from  which  he  was  removed 
into  the  Tiger,  and,  after  his  artfval  in  the 
countr}',  into^  Admiral  Watson's  flag-ship» 
the  Kent.     In  the  spring  of  1736  he  distiiw 

?'ui3hed  himself  at  the  attack  upon  Gerioh, 
or  which  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  <)£ 
Master  and  Commander,  in  the  Blake  fire- 
ship.  In  October  following  he  commanded 
a  detachment  of  seamen,  under  Colonel  Lord 
Clive,  at  the  attack  of  fort  Bonjee  Boniee» 
which  was  carried  without  bloodshed.  Mr. 
King  also  ei^joyed  the  post  of  honour,  in 
commanding  a  (^rty*  of  seamen,  at  the  attack 
upon  Calcutta  in  January  1757.  He  had 
been  dangerously  ill  when  the  squadron  sailed 
from  Madras,  but»  recovering,  he  followed 
the  Admiral  in  one  of  the  Company^s  ships, 
but  had  the  misfortune  to  find,  that  his  fir&* 
ship,  the  Blaze,  had  sprung  a  leak  andbeea 
sent  to  Bombay.  Thus  he  became  merely  a 
volunteer ;  and,  though  en^ployed  on  the 
mf>st  active  and  dangerous  sen'ice,  the  cap-> 
tains  of  the  squadron  resisted  his  sharing 
prize-money  with  them,  by  which  he  losi 
many  thousand  pounds.  His  character,  how  « 
ever,  forcourage>  promntitude,  and  perse^e* 
ranee,  was  fully  establistied ;  and  the  attadr 
upon  the  city  and  fortress  of  Houghley  hav^ 
ing  been  determined  upon,  he  was  expressly 
appointed  to  acton  shore,  with  150seaQiea 
under  his  command.  The  fortress  having 
been  cannonaded  for  some  hours,  a  practica- 
ble breach  was  made,  ond  the  place  was  taken 
by  storm  ;  Captain  King,  with  his  tore,  firs% 
entering  the  breach.  After  demolishing  tho 
fort,  and  spiking  the  guns,  he  rejoined  the 
Admiral,  who  subsequently  sent  him  to  Eng- 
land with  the  official  dispatches  announcing 
this  success.  He  sailed  from  Bengal  in  Fe-s 
bruar)-  17^7«  on  board  a  pilot  sloop  of  about 
90  tons.  "^  In  this  diminutive  vessel,"  saya 
the  Naval  Chronicle,  *'  he  sailed  round 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,,  during  tlie  roost 
temnesiuous  season  of  the  year ;  and,  from 
the  high  seas,  and  violent  winds,  which  pre- 
vail there  in  winter,  he  was  fVequently  in 
great  danger.  He  arrived  in  Ireland  in  July, 
without  having  stopped  at  any  pboe  from  tho 
time  he  left  Bengal ;  so  th#t  he  was  almost 
six  months  on  board  a  vessel  of  68  feet  Ions 
and  17  broad,  and  so  deep  when  she  sailed 
from  Bengal,  that  her  gunwale  was  only  two 
feet  from  the  surface  of  the  tea.*'  He  ex- 
pected, on  his  arrival  in  England,  to  be  made 
Pbst ;  but  hb  expectations  were  not  acoom- 
nlishcd.  In  1/68,  he  was  appointed'to  the 
Bonetta  sloryp,  and  sent  to  the  Leeward 
Islands ;  and,  in  Jaou^^ry  17^9,  Coipmodora 
Modre  promoted  him  t  j  his  desired  rank,  in 
the  llye  fri^te,  frcai  wbicii  l^  was  removed 


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iisr] 


^BUgmpiiccl  Memoir.^. — Gesrge  FcrJ  of  Macerlmy', 


O5S0 


.mo  the  Liwlloir  Cattle,  and  from  that  ship 
*n«o  the  Argp.  In  tUc  Arj;o»  .u  the  coin- 
ttcnctrmcnt  of  host iliik*  with  Spain,  in  17<>2, 
Captaio  King  made  a  jKirticularly  cxiKditioiis 
-lassr^  to  lndb»  with  the  'int^Hi^^^nce ; 
whtcJ^i  h;Kl  he  am  cJonc,  the  cntfr|»»iic  a;iraiii?i 
Manilla  mn.>t  h;ivc  failed.  The  Ar<;(>,  in 
comuinv  wli-h  the  Paulher,  alivTwanis  c.\\i- 
riirw  .1  Spanr:>h  giUeon,  the  S-intifciaia  Tii- 
nklac!a»  eslimiicfl  at  3,(KK),or>>  dulljr.--. — 
With  tors  priirT!  in  charge,  Captain  Ki.ic, 
who  had  removed  into  the  Gratunj,  arri\c\l 
inEnt^land  m  17*^4.  In  177 1  >  he  wr.s  a^>- 
pocmed  to  the  Northumhorland,  next  to  lijc 
Ardent,  and  aftcrivards  to  the  Asi:i.  puard- 
ship  at  Pbrtsmouih  ;  in  \vhich  he  ontvnucd 
-  three  years.  In  1777,  he  convowd  a  n;xt  at 
mercSantmcn to  Quebec,  in  the^Pallxs;  and, 
©n  his  retwm,  in  1778,  he  ^ras  sent  to  a.ssi5t 
m  seizing  the  islands  of  St,  Hcrrc  ami  Mi- 
«tieTon,  at  Newfonndland.  In  March  1 77-), 
vaptam  Kmi^was  nominated  second  inc<n»i- 
inand  to  Sir  Edwanl  Hughes,  in  India,  whi- 
ther he  sailed  in  ilie  Kxeter ;  and,  on  his  ar- 
rrral,  was  made  Ammodore-.  He  remained 
•n  this  station  during  the  whole  of  the  war, 
and  w:t5  in  a!*  the  actions  with  Suffrein's 
ft{aadnKi.  In  that  off  Fort  St.  Geoi^t*,  Fe- 
brnary  15.  17J'2,  his  ship  had  to  subtain  an 
nneqoal  contest,  first  with  three,  and  then 
\wih  fire  French  ship ;  the  snialL'st  of  thcai 
of  equal  force,  and  superior  to  her  in  size  — 
The  Exeter  was,  at  length,  almost  reduced 
fo  a  wreck!  hrr  cnpta'm  was  killed  c!i>ae  by 
the  side  of  Commwiore  King;  H)  men  were 
kiHed  afrd  45  wounded.  Atnid  this  scene  of 
Ikntot  ComtiKKlore  King  di-^playcd  the  mo=it 
unshaken  fortitude.  Towards -the  clojc  of 
the  action,  as  two  of  the  cnemy'i  ships  were 
liearin^  dovm  to  attack  the  Exeter,  tlie  mas- 
ter asked  him  what  he  should  do  with  the 
•hip?  to  which  he  bravely  replied, — *•  There 
is  nothincf  to  be  dhne,  bat  to  fight  her  till 
•he  sinksl**  Tlic  Exeter,  howercr,  was  prc- 
•ervwl ;  but  was  so  completely  disabled,  that, 
lor  t\ro  d\v3  after  the  action  she  wtis  nnder 
the  necessfty  of  bcin^  fctken  in  tow.  In  the 
•econd  action  with  SufFrein,  April  8,  the 
Exeter  susUined  a  farther  loss  of  44  min 
killed  nnd  wounded.  During  the  List,  and 
indecisive  combat,  June  20,  1783,  (''/omino- 
dore  Kinp;  very  narrowly  escaped  being  kilLd 
by  the  lx»h  of  a  j^rapc-shot,  which  struck  tiic 
speaking-inimpct  oat  of  his  hand  while  he 
wvns  giving  orders  on  the  |K>op  of  his  s^hip  — 
When  jrace  had  faken  place,  he  returned  to 
Fngland,  wiih  the  first  division  of  the  tlcet ; 
shortly  after  his  arrival  lie  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood;  and,  in  17()C?,  the  farther 
bf»nonr  of  a  b^irortctaijit.  Scpieniber  1*4. 
)7«7,  he  was  mads  Hear  Admiral  of  the 
While  ;  in  1701,  Rear- Admiral  of  the  Re  I ; 
relmiary  J,  1793,  Vice- Admiral  of  the 
pljtt  i  in  1794,  Vice- Admiral  of  tlic  Red  ; 


June  I,  17Q5,  Admiral  of  t';c  Blue  ;  in  Fo- 
br'ury,  17i)9,  Admiral  of  the  White  ^  and 
Nf>\einl>cr  (),  ISO.'*,  Admind  of  tlw  lUxl.  In 
179f\  Sir  Richard  Kin;^  served  as  Coui- 
niaiKler  ni Chief  in  the  Downs;  in  !7}>i»  he 
was  iipi>om;ed  to  the  third  division  of  the  fleet 
r.l  Spitfii'id  ;  in  17y->  he  \va5  ajrpointijd  Go^ 
vernor  and  ConiuKiuder  hi  C!i!ei"  at  Xe;v- 
ft'u.^ll.i.id  ;  And  from  De-rember  17f>4,  till 
April  i;uj,  he  scncdas  Port  Admiral  at  PI^- 
nioalh.  'i«*\vast'.viceretun»C(l  .\r.Pi  f.irUrx*hea- 
ter.  Sir  Richard'Kini;:>ir4rtirl  Susanna  ^lar- 
p.iref,  adau^itcrof  VViKinm  Cok»T,  Esq.  ot" 
Mayjiowdcr,  in  Dorsetshir.: ;  Ly  whom  hfe 
had' two  sort,,  Riciwrd  and  RolxTt ;  the  lat- 
ter of  w^MJ'n  died  in  I793  ;  and  liirce  datish* 
?rr!,  II.i-rTiCi,  I^ct>nox,  an<l  Elizabeth.  Srr, 
Riclrvrd  cii^d  at  ihi^  latter  end  of  NoTcinberp 
»t  his  hou^e  in  Devonshire  Place,  I^iidoii^ 
afier  an  iiln?s3  of  a  few  days.  He  is  siioccctl- 
rd  in  hii  title  and  estates'by  his  only  sur^i^^ 
in^  son.  Captain  King,  who,  in  18<l3,  nyiT' 
ritd  the  only  daiigbler  of  Sir  J.T.  Durk^ 
^vorth,  il.  h.  and  who,  at  the  battle  of 
Trafalsnr,  commanded  his  Majesty's  ship 
L'Achillc. 

Mardi  31. — The  Rt.  HonooraMeGEORot 
Earl  OF  Macartney.  The  various  duties 
which  this  nobleman  disehanyti  with  Cx- 
emjdaiy  fidelity  and  good  conduct,  together 
with  the  pmmreisive  promo' io.rtwh-jeli  attend^ 
ed  his  exertions  in  behalf  of  i»is  kine;  Aod 
country,  comi^we  a  ptctnrc  at  once  rery  h»>» 
nouralile  to  both  parties,  and  pleasin^^  in  the 
disceminR  reader.  Geo;^  Macartney,  bom 
1737f  was  son  of  Cieorgc  Macartnev,  r>a.  by 
Kli7al)cth.  yoane;est  danchter  of  Ucr.  John 
Wilder,  prJbcndary  of  Kilroot,  in  Antrinu 
He  was  etlHcated  .it  Trinity  Collcpje,  Dobitn; 
where  he  proceeded  M.  A.  175(),  He  was  soon 
distinguisned  at  court  among  diosc  who  paid 
their  respects  to  the  new  forercrgn,  and  his 
abilities  were  thought  worthy  of  honourable 
employ  in  the  ])ublic  service.  He  was  ap- 
poiniocl  Ao^st  22,  17^4,  Envor  extraordina- 
ry to  the  Court  of  Russia.  Kis  address  was 
conspicuous  in  theminac;cn>ent  of  a  Ircaiy  of 
commerce,  then  ncj^ociatina;  with  the  Empress, 
v.hich  he  brought  to  a  happy  concKision,  ami  he 
received  from  the  Uriiish  factory  at  Si.  Peters- 
burgh,  a  conu:ratulau>ry  address  hi<]:hly  honour- 
able ti>  his  cIiaMcicr  as  ambassador.  An  ar- 
ticle in  this  4rcaty  providal,  that  liritish  mer- 
chants should  p.iy  the  same  duties  only  as 
Rus^:imi  s«biects ;  whic'.i  privilegie  has  greatly 
a!ij;menicd  the  inierroursc  between  the  two 
cfnuurics-  In  .fune,  17  '^t  the  kmc  of  inland 
conferred  on  him  the  order  of  the  While  Ea- 
jle.  He  soon  after wanls  returned  to  England,^ 
and  married  February  1»  17(>8,  Lady  Jane 
Stuart,  j«e(  on. I  daughter  of  the  Earl  ol  Bute, 
bv  whom  he  harl  uo  is-'u:-.  By  the  interest  of 
Sn  James  l^owihcr,  to  whom  he  was  now  i»^ 


Digitized 


byGoogk 


I389J 


Biographical  Memoirs. — JJmiral  JUIttcheCL 


Cr^* 


lated,    h?wns  rciumal  in   April,  I768,  for 
Cockerniouih.     la  IJlJQ,  he  was  noiniiiatul 
{>rinciixil    secretary  to  Marquis  Towiislwud, 
Lord  Llemcnantbf  Irdaiwl  j  in  which  luig- 
cloiu  he  had  a  natural  intcie&t,  as  he  was  de- 
scendcd  from  an  anticutfuuiily  settled  there, 
liod  tiicrc  hW c«ia,tc8  lay.  la  177^^,  he  recciveii 
the  Onier  of  i lie  Bath.      In  1 775,  he  went 
.outgcneriiur  of  Greiuula,  where  under  many 
and    ^cat   difiicuities,    arising  from    events 
connizcted  with  the  American  war,  he  arhni- 
Distejvd  tiie  government  in  a  manner  |>ccuJi- 
arly  acct^tabic  to  the  jjeoplc.     In  17/0.  he 
^  as  mad*:  Lord  Macartney  of  ihe  kingdom  of 
Iretand.       lu  1/7.9,  Grenada  was  invadtd  hy 
/t  jxjwerful  FrtiKh  force,  and  the  ^Lill  uud  re- 
iibtauoe  o(  die  governor,  which  wa:i  wtli  se- 
conded by  die  JxrojiJc,  pwncd  uuavailiiig ;  he 
defended  himself  to  the  last.     Previous  lo  his 
Feturn  to  Europe  jjrisoncr,  il\e  inhabiuut<>  ho- 
noured  him  w*th  a  very  resppctful  address  of 
tliai!ks,ibr  his  conduct  whiie  governor.     lie 
*v'as  soon  rcieascd.     During  I^crd  Macartney's 
yebidcnce  in  Grenada,  he  formed  a  fnendsHip 
^iih  Air. Staunton,   (afterwards  Sir  George) 
wlio  after  practising  mcfiiclne  j-ouic  \ears  on 
ike  island,  hiid  become  jjropricior  pf  aiiestite, 
vtnd  became  secretary  to  the  Honourable  Go- 
vernor.    December,   17S(U  i^rd   Macartney 
^*as  a|>]wiuted  •^(n-ernor  01  Fort  St.  Cicorge  iu 
the  Eoftt  Indies,  where. hl'^^iiu.i lion  was  both 
firduousand  critical.  Tip|XH>Siihaun  wa.^  then 
in   the  height  cf  his  power,  harrassin^  the 
territories  of  theKast  India  com j)any.   W^liile 
|he  Olliivrs  of  the  Company  were  too  iitlJc  obe- 
dient to  the  orders  of  tluir  su|)criors.     Gene- 
ral Stiiart,  intent  on  deiwsmj^  the  governor, 
was  takinc;  mcaburcs  for  inat  purpose  j  but  hiS 
lx)rdship  anucipaiing  his  intentions,  directed 
i^Ir.  St4»unton,  bissecrcury,  toarreti  the  Ge- 
xirrjl,  wijich  was  efTcctcd  with  singular  inue- 
|)idltv  and  discretion.      Hk  l^)rdship  after- 
U'arcfs  eP/ected  a  peace  with  Tipj^oo,  which  led 
to  the  litx:ration  of  a  numbtr  of  liritiih  pri- 
fiOQen,  whose  captivity  had  been  truly  wn'tch- 
«d.      The  Coinnany  appointed  him' in  178.'>, 
governor  general,  but  this  station  he  declined. 
He  arri\'ed  in  En^and,  January  1780".     The 
Company  expressed  its  approbation  of  hi*  ser- 
vices, and  sense  of  hi*  iniegriiv,  by  a  pension 
of  jf  1, 5/ K)  per  annum.    Sir  Ocor^t?  Staunton 
also  received  .f  500  per  annum.     In  I7S>J,  be 
took  his  seat  in  the  Irish  House  of  Peers,  and 
(»ecaiue  a  trustee  for  the  linen  mannfarture. 

In  1752,  was  planned  that  vovagc  to  Chi- 
na, in  which  his  Loulshlp sustained  the  im- 
portant situation  of  ambaisadoic  to  the  court 
of  Prkio,  to  which  he  was  nominated  May  3. 
This  is  certaiulv  the  most  brilliant  incident  in 
his  Lordshi|/s  life  j  very  few  individuals  liave 
yisited  Pekin,  still  fewer,  ambassadors ;  and 
•he  objects  of  the  expedition  were  of  thgt  na- 
Uire  as  10  require  tlie  abiliucs  of  a  well-tried 
ttjan.    Uo  wdi  ooW  swoin  a  privy  oounsetior,   , 


I  a  nd  graced  %vi  th  the  additional  title  of  Visobunt 
'   Dcrv ock,  Antrim,  Ireland. 

Ilia  Lirdaliip  uuJed  from  Portsmouth, Sq>> 
tember  20,  with  Sir  Gcoi;gc  biaUnton  ia% 
iriend,  as  his  secretary  and  companion-  hiiay 
rich  i>rt»cnts  were  atni  by  this  cmn  cA^auoc  «» 
tlic  Chinese  c^ovcrci^n  from  tiie  king  oif  Great 
Brilaiu,  the  liidia  conipaiiv,  and  irom  lb* 
amba£sador  himself.    He  arrived  safely  on  ihm 
coast  of  China,,  and  aOcr  some di-liboroiion  itt 
I  he  Chinese  court,  w.is   forn:a.dod  to  Pcklii. 
iilamkuins  of  hi^h    miik  were  apj»iiitcd  t»  - 
cj)ndiict  hiin  ;  his  presents  were  graciously  re» 
ceivcd,   and   what   the  li^sd   laws  of  Oiinft 
would  allow  to  be  dt>ne,  was  done  in  hi*  to- 
vour.    11  ii  Lr^cdsliip  managed  the  ccreuuuiies 
of  this  court,  with  ^rcai  address ;  aiid  pid 
only  those  boiK>nrs  to  die  cnij>eror   whirh 
were  reim-ncd  by  a  noble  of  eqiud  rank  witk 
himself,  to  a  portraitof  his  Britannic  onvjesity. 
It  is  not  die  custom  of  Uuit  court  to  permit 
the  residence  of  foreign  am^^assadors ;  lasidifir 
were  all  the  purposes  of  the  euibaisy  (ulily  itu- 
*wcred  ;  but  ihc  ojK-r.in^  to  a  lavouiable  in- 
tercourse between  the  two  nations  wasaccoio- 
jjlished ;  and  the  interests  ol"  Britain  have  sen- 
sibly feh  itie  advanfa;j;e  ev*ir  since.  His  Lord- 
ship approached  IVkiu  as  nearly  as  iic  could 
by  sea ;  but  rcinrnd  overlaid  ^ting  die  rit- 
uals to   Canto:! .  where  he  arrived  Deoeoiber 
^9»  17(i3.      lie  sailvd,  Marcli  17.  171^*,  And 
arrived  at  PoriiJmoulh,  September  5-    The 
Earl  of  Mucartncy  was  advanced  to  thediz- 
iiiiy  of  a  British  jjter,  June  8,  179^p  by  tSt 
title  of  Baron  MacaJtney  of  ParUnursr, 'Sus- 
sex.    On  die  aojuisition  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  by  Great  Hriiaiii,  his  la>rdsijip  wotset- 
lectcd  for  tiic  oi!ic£  of  gm  ernor,  io  vfiiieh  «ta- 
tion  he  djd  all  thai  could  be  done  for  the  be- 
nefit of  his  cliarjje.     He  rtconmvendod  die; 
English  implciuent^  and  mockjs  nf  Uj;ricuhiMe, 
and  set   the  rxaniplc  of  their  em{>loyiiicnt  t 
but  the  Dutrh  furmeiu  were  little  iinjMVs;«d 
by  his  Lordship's  succc»»s.  Tiicy  rctaiucai  thetr 
old  nrrjudiccs,  and  Dutch  d)ey  cpntiooed. 

llis  Lordship  dyin^  without  issue,  the  titib 
is  exthict.  His  remains  were  iaterml  atChia- 
wlck,  with  the  ntin^>»l  priviicy.  His  propenjr 
he  devised  to  his  niv'ce  Elizabeth  Holme,  fu^ 
life,  and  to  her  family,  in  the  eidet»r  son,  wli» 
is  to  take  the  name  oT  AMacartncy*  His  Coim* 
tess  10  have  J^2A00  per  annum,  withiiithoase 
in  Curzon-stxect,  that  at  Chiswick,  6uL  fog 
life. 


Sir  Andrew  Mitchell,  K.B/and  AJ^ 
miral  o/* //leB/ttf.— This  respecuble  officer, 
who  died  at  Bermuda,  February  U6,  }^a»  boro 
in  one  of  the  southern  counties  <if  PortUckf, 
about  1767,  and  received  his  educationr  at  the 
High  School  of  Edinhurgh.  He  lost  hit  fa- 
ther when  very  young.  Having  been  for 
some  time  on  the  quarter-deck  of  the  Hippon, 
commanded  by  the  la(^  Sir  EcUrord  V  «Mo^ 

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|90ll      BiografAicat  Afemoirs.-^Tsaac  tieed,  Esq.  John  Russell,  Psf,  R.  A.     [isj) 


£e  proceeded  to  India  with  that  officer  in 
1776 ;  between  which  |)eriod  and  the  sum- 
mer of  1778,  he  obtained  a  lieutenant*^  com- 
mission. August  10,  in  the  latter  year,  Sir 
^ward  Vernon's  squadron  fell  in  with  that 
of  M.  Tronjolly,  otf  Coromandel ;  and/ for 
the  manner  in  which  Mr.  Mitchell  distin- 
ffuiched  himself,  in  the  action  whichcnsued, 
lie  was  immediately  made  Post  in  the  comi- 
try.  August  12,  1782,  while  Sir  Edwajd 
Hughes^s  squadron  was  refitting  in  Madras 
Koads,  Captain  Mitchell  fell  in  with  the 
Bcllona,  a  French  40  gun  ship,  off  the  island 
of  Ceylon.  Notwithstanding  his  disparity  of 
for^,  he  fousht  for  two  hours  and  a  half, 
when  the  BelTona  made  sail  and  sheered  off, 
the  Coventry  in  cloie  pursuit.  The  latter 
ihip,  however,  having  sustained  much  da- 
mage, was  unable  to  come  up  with  the  ene- 
my, before  she  joined  the  French  fleet,  then 
lying  at  anchor  in  Battacalo  Road.  Two 
Imc  of  battle  ship  got  under  weigh  and  chased 
Ae  Cox'entry ;  out  she  outsailed  them,  and 
joined  Sir  Edward  Hughes,  at  Madras,  on  the 
l6*tli  of  the  month.  The  Commander  in 
Chief  thought  so  highly  of  this  exploit,  as  to 
make  it  the  principal  subject  of  aii  official 
letttr  to  the  Admindty ;  and  Captain  Mitch- 
ell was  shortly  after  promoted  to  the  Sultan, 
of74jgun8.— In  the  fifth  and  last  battle  of 
Sir  Edwani  Hughes  and  M.  de  Suffrein,  June 
JO,  1783,  off  Cuddalore,  Captain  Mitchcirs 
ship  was  a  considerable  sufferer.     He  had  ac- 

fmreda  handsome  sum  of  prize  money  in 
ndia;  but  on  his  return  to  England,  at  the 
general  peace,  he  found  bb  agent  had  made 
free  with  the  fruit  of  his  toil,  and  had  squan- 
.dered  nearly  the  whole  of  it  in  an  election 
contest.  Captain  Mitchell  was  not  again 
employed  till  the  Russian  armament  in  179O, 
when  be  was  appointed  to  the  Asia,  of  6*4 
ffuns.  The  differences  with  Russia  having 
been  amicably  settled,  he  was  again  without 
A  ship  till  February  1795j  when  he  com- 
manacd  the  Impregnable,  of  QO  guns,  in 
hotA  Howe's  fleet.  This  was  his  last  private 
ctfinmand.  June  1,  1795,  he  was  made 
Hear- Admiral  of  the  Blue:  Februarv  20, 
1797,  Rcar-Admiral  of  the  White ;  Febru- 
ary 14,  17^,  Vice- Admiral  of  the  Blue, 
lie  first  hoisted  his  fliag,  in  April  1799»  ^n 
board  the  Zealand :  ana7  in  the  summer  of 
that  year,  having  shifted  his  flag  into  the 
Ills,  lie  superintended  the  equipment  of  the 
expedition  destined  against  the  Helder.  Hav- 
ing Mststed  in  the  cinDarkation  of  tlie  troops, 
lie  sailed  from  Yarmouth  with  the* squadron, 
and  joined  Lord  Duncan  in  the  North  Seas, 
la  the  middle  of  August  Under  that  ofli- 
cer,  he  conducted  the  whole  of  the  exnedl- 
tioQ;  the  progress  and  result  of  whicn  ai^ 
anffidently  known.  After  his  return,  his 
Majesty  conferred  upon  him  the  order  of  the 
ikuht  and  the  cTtjf  of  Londoa  voted  him  its 


thanks,  and  presented  him  with  atnoidcf 
100 guineas  value.  In  tbe.ooone  of  1800, 
he  had  his  flag  in  the  Windsor  Casde,  unda 
Lord  Bridix>rt,  in  the  channel  fleet.  Jamuy 
1,  1801,  lie  was  made  Vice-Admirri  of  tk 
White,  and  for  some  time  cominaodedadi* 
vision  of  the  channel  ^eet,  under  Adminl 
Comwallis;  but  in  November  he  pfoomM 
wkh  a  detachment  of  the  fleet  to  IidMid. 
He  continued  there  for  some  time;  bat  ot 
the  mutiny  breaking  out  among  the  ibfs 
on  that  station,  he  oiought  the  m^akM 
round  to  Portsmouth,  andafterwards  pRaU 
at  their  trial.  Sir  Anjirew  sailed  for  Hafifia 
in  the  spring  of  1 802,  having  been  appoiolBl 
Commander  in'  Chief  there.  April  23,  I80i| 
he  was  made  Vice- Admiral  of  tlie  Red ;  ani 
No\tMnber  9,  1805,  Admiral  of  the  Hoe. 
Sir  Andrew  lost  his  first  wife  in  1803 ;  botb 
married  ap;ain  (the daughter,  we  beliere,  rf 
the  Judge  Advocate  of  Hali&c),  aod  lis 
left  an  inlant  daughter.  His  Ms^estv  potd 
a  pension  of  ;^100  a  }-e«r  to  Lady  Milchdl, 
and  £Q5  a  year  to  his  daughter.  Sir  Andwr 
went  to  Bermuda,  early  in  the  year,  forrfr 
benefit  of  his  health  ;  but  was  suddcDlysQ> 
ed  with  an  illness  which  carried  him  oflF.— 
His  remains  were  interred  at  Benunda  with 
military  honours,  March  3.  Sir  Andiw 
was  much  esteemed  as  an  oificer,  and  amk 
beloved  as  a  man. 

Isaac  Rsed,  Esq.  Barrister  at  Law,  a  90- 
tleman  Anions  for  his  extensive  acquaiotancf 
with  £ngri5h  Literature,  especially  Dnim- 
tic  works  of  the  black  letter  period.  Thbrei' 
dered  him  peculiarly  fit  for  the  snpcrinifflrf- 
ance  of  those  Edit  ions  of  Slmkespcaie,  whkfc 
uie  London  booksellers  coniidea  lohiscaK. 
His  annotations  on  these  Hditioiis,  aie  ba 
))rinci|)al  works.  He  published  roaiiyyttfi 
ago  the  "  Biographia  Dramatica  ;*'  in  which, 
the  diligeiKe  of  his  enquiries  were  emiaeodv 
usefiiL  He  edited  Dodsley's  collecdoD  of  oW 
plays,  13  vols.  8vo.  I78O.  He  was,  during 
many  vears.  Editor  of  the  European  Magi- 
zine,  but  paned  with  his  property  in  ihit 
work,  after  Mr.  Scwell  the  bookseller'i  deaii 
His  collection  of  English  books,  %k-as  perhaps 
the  most  extensive  of^  any  ever  possessed  bj  an 
individual.  He  was  of  simple  manned,  « 
ereat  equanimity  of  temper,  of  good  ino«aj>» 
friendly,  benevolent,  and  reader  to  assist  «e 
literary  undertakings  of  others. '  Hiswritii# 
manifest  his  candour,  while  his  strictures  ^ 
play  soimd  criticism,  and  correct  taste. 

April  20.— John  Russell,  Esq.  H.  Ai 
son  of  Mr.  John  Russell, booksdkr,GuiWf<wi 
Surry,  where  he  was  bom  April,  l?***  "• 
was  pupil  of  Francis  Coates,  an  eminent  por- 
trait jjaintcf  in  oil ;  but  almost  singularlf  <^^' 
ver  in  craj-ons.  His  manner  consisted  >^ 
keeping  hftcok>iir  as  thin  as  poKibUbu* 

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Bio^aphtcal  Memoirs.'^ John  Graves  Simcoe.'^Georgc  Stubls.  [1394 


I9d3| 

shades,  and  loading  the  lights  with  as  much 
*  colour  at  be  dexterously  could.  He  painted 
»the  qocen  of  DeamarR  belbii  the  quilted 
England^,  and  dbntrived  to  make  /toa  original 
pictures.  Having  copied  the  fiist  (in  crayons) 
to  the  same  degree  of  finishing  as  when  her 
tnaje^  last  saw  the  pictnre  \  he  finished  this 
popy  (rom  the  life,  and  then  finbhed  the  other 
original  fmm  this.  We  saw  one  of  these  pic- 
tures, aiHl  had  the  story  of  it  from  Mr.  Russell, 
in  his  painting  room.  Mr.  Coates  also  paints 
cd  the  Queen  and  Princess  Royal  of  England, 
engraved  by  Ryland ;  and  many  other  porUaits  ^ 
amooff  the  nobility.  His  pupil  Russell  irai-  ^ 
tated  hb  manner  very  closely  for  some  yean, 
but  at  len^  adopted  a  stvle  capable  of  great- 
er  expression;  principally  enriched  by  the 
beautiful  and  temler  tintt/ which  best  suit  fe- 
male subjects,  for  which  he  composed  his  own 
crayons.  His  portrait  of  Dr.  Willis,  had  great 
merit,  and  gave  so  much  satisfaction,  that 
the  queen  luid  other  branches  of  the  royal 
family  sat  to  him.  His  picture  of  the  Pnn* 
oess  of  Waks,  with  the  Princess  Chailotte  on 
her  knee,  was  sent  as  a  present  to  the  Dychess 
of  Brunswick.  He  painted  a  variety  of  tub^ 
jects  as  well  as  portraits ;  and  even  attempted 
History  in  crayons.  Many  engravings  have 
been . executed  after  his  works;  chiefly  by 
Collyer.and  the  late  Nutter.  He  visited  Leetto 
and  Hull  occasionally ;  at  the  latter  place  he 
died.  He  was  a  persevering  student  of  the 
moon's  sur&ce ;  and  in  his  portrait  of  Sir  Jo- 
seph Ranks,  that  philosopher  holds  this  sub- 
ject in  his  hand.  '  He  formed  a  model  of  that 
pUnet,  which  occumed  nearly  twelve  years 
from  1785.  He  baa  also  advanced,  with  a 
view  to  publication,  other  representations  of 
the  moon,  particulars  of  which  may  be  seen, 
Fuiorama,  p.  899.  His  family  intend  to  com- 
plete this  undertaking.  Mr.Rossell  was  also 
a  man  of  piety,  exemplary  in  his  family,  and 
in  his  rdiffious  connections.  He  published  a 
small  work  in  auarto,  on  the  management  of 
crayons ;  but  tnis  was  before  he  had  adopted 
•his  latest  improvements. 


John  Gkaveb  Simcoe,  Lieut.  Gen. 
55.  He  was  a  native  of  Devonshire ; 
possessed  an  estate  called  Walford  Lodge, 
near  Exeter,  where  h^  died.  He  entered  tlie 
army  in  1770,  as  an  ensign  in  the  S5th  regi- 
ment; in  less  than  two  years  was  appointed 
Adjutant;  and  Lieutenant  March  IS,  1774. 
He  went  with  his  raiment  to  America  in 
1775,  was  promoted  to  a  company  in  the 
40th,  and  greatly  distinguished  himself  in 
the  war  on  that  continent.  A  ooq^  of  Ame- 
rican loyalisu  being  rai84xl.  Captain  Si«pcoe 
was  appointed  Major-Commanoant.'  It  was 
called  the  Queen^s  Rangers,  and  was  irm 
actively  employed.  His  <^x^rtions  merited 
from  General  Sir  Henry  Clint^i^  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant  Colonel.    Iti  this  station  he  alio 

Vol.  L IIU.  Pan.  March  1907] 


distinguished  himself;  and  published  a  parti - 
cularwyxnint,  from  his  own  private  joanud, 
of  an  affair  in  which  the  enemy  had  claimed 
the  advantage,  and  reflected  on  the  corps  he 
commanded.  He  returned  to  Engbnd  at  the 
peace  of  1783,  but  was  selected  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  of  a  corps  to  be  raised  in  Ame- 
r^,  for  service  in  Canada.  November  18, 
1790,  he  was  made  Colonel.  In  1791,  he 
was  appointed  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Upper 
Canada,  which  had^been  part  of  the  province 
of  Quebec  On  his  arrival  there,  he  had  the 
pffovince  accuratelysurveyed  ;  allotted  lands  for 
the  purpose  of  increasing  the  population,  fa- 
voured the  loyalbts  all  in  hb  power,  and  en- 
deavoured to  render  the  settlers  as  happy  as 
possible,  whether  officers  or  men,  who  quit- 
ted the  United  States  to  establish  themselvct 
under  Rritbh  piotection.  He  placed  hb  mi<* 
Irury,  now  militia,  on  the  frontiers,  know* 
ing  their  spirit  and  capacity  for  defence,  in. 
case  of  insult  from  the  Americans.  He  sooq 
saw  hb  province  peopled :  provisions,  for- 
merly imported,  were  now  exported;  and 
^ratn  was  sent  to  England,  instead  of  recciv«* 
ins  flour  fiom  thence.  He  encouraged  the 
fisheries  of  the  lakes.  Justice  was  admini- 
stered with  integriw  during  hb  government, 
which  bated  about  ftve  years.  Oct.  3,  17^, 
he  was  appointed  Mj^or-General ;  was  sent 
to  St.  Domingo  in  December  1796 ;  arrived 
in  February  following:  but  hb  health  de- 
clining, he  quitted  thb  bbnd  in  July,  after 
doing  all  that  was  possible,  in  so  short  a  pe- 
riod, for  the  prosperiw  of  the  island.  July 
18,  1798,  he  received  the  command  of  the 
92d  regiment  of  foot.  Oct.  3  he  was  made 
Lieutenant-General.  The  defonce  of  the 
county  of  Devon,  the  town  of  Hyniouth, 
&c.  was  entrusted  to  him.  General  Simcoe 
accompanied  Lord  St.  Vincent  to  Lisbon,  but 
returned  to  England  when  hb  loidship  left 
the  Tagus.  He  was  preparing  to  go  to  India, 
to  ancoeed  Lord  Lake  in  the  chia  oonmumd 
of  the  foioet  there.  To  expedite  the  ne- 
cessary anaajgements  he  went  to  Torbay,  hb 
lady  remaming  in  London.  He  had  hardly 
arrived  when  hb  further  progress  was  arrest- 
ed, and  a  few  days  depmed  hb  country  of 
hb  services.  He  was  ni§^lv  esteemed  as  a 
military  officer,  and  hb  advice  was  usually 
desired  on  military  affiurs.  Hb  judgment 
was  sound  00  al^rs  of  a  more  gimeral  na- 
ture; he  was  a  good  classical  scholar,  and  b 
an  exemplary  instance  of  extensive  learning, 
united  with  the  military  spirit. 


December. — Geokoe  ^tubba,  Eso.  R.  A. 
natixe  of  Liverpool :  bom  in  17S4.  When  a 
young  man  his  attachment  to  the  arts  and  tb 
the  studies  fsonnepted  with  them  overcame 
every  other  inclination;  and  he  has  often 
been  known  to  carry  a  dead-horse  up  into  hu 
Kiriet  of  the  house  where  he  dwelt,  and  keiur 
3A 


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1895]      Biographical  Memoirs.^^ohn  Graves  Simcoe,  Mrs.  Ann  YtarsUy.       [139O 


it  there,  till  he  was  threatened  with  proseci]- 
tion  for  a  notsance.     About  I754  he  Tisiied 
Italy,  'Whence  h^  retnraed  to  settle  in  Lon- 
don ;  and  here  he  became  the  Brat  artist  in 
his  way,  which  was  principally  that  of  ani- 
mal painting.    We  remeaiDer  nis  pictures  of 
a  horse  and  lion,  and  lion  and  horse,  his  tfry 
6ne  large  whole  length  of  a  tiger,  Which  be 
painted,  in  less  time  than  a  tortnight,  pur- 
posely to  exhibit.    This  picture  was  univer- 
sally admired.    It  was  engraved  in  Mezzo- 
'  tinto,  by  Dixon.    The  plate  was  burnt,  in  a 
fire  which  destroyed  great  part  of  the  house 
of  Smith,  the  printer,  near  Gough  Square : 
occasioned  by  burning  hb  oil  in  a  chimney. 
This  Operation  he  afterwards  performed,  as 
always  should  be  done,  in  an  open  field.  Mr. 
Stnbbs  painted  several  pictures  of  Phaeton,  in 
which  the  horses  were  admirable.    Woollett 
enji^ved  his  four  pictures  of  Shooting.     He 
pamted  small  figures  well;  and  landscape: 
but  did  not  succeed  equally  in  lai^e  figures. 
His  large  picture  of  Hope  nursing  Love,  was 
not  to  be  compared  with  his  smaller  ones,  of 
brood  mares,  horses,  colts,  dogs,    &c.      In 
the37ear  1766  he  published  an  admiiable  work 
on  the  "  Anatomy  of  the  Horse,"  on   18 
plates,  all  designed  from  nature ;  with  great 
^boitf  and  accuracy.    The  plates  were  en- 
graved, as  well  as  the  drawings  made,  by  his 
own  hand.    Professor  Camper  compliment- 
ed him  highly,  on  this  work.     He  resided 
many  years  in  Upper  Seymour  Street,  Port^ 
man  Square,  where  his  work-room  was  a 
stable  'y  and  where  wo  have  seen  him  paint. 
He  amused  himself  in  painting  in  a  species  of 
»itamel  on  large  plates,  of  which  he  was  in  a 
manner  the  inventor.    The  curiosity  of  these 
pictures  was,  as  least,  equal  to  the  merit  of 
most  of  them  :  the  smaller  v«rere  better  pen- 
cilled tham  the  larger.     At  the  time  ot  his 
death  he  was  intent  on  finishing  a  work  of 
comparative  anatomy — shewing  the  confor- 
mity or  dissimilarity  of  a  man,  a  quadruped, 
(the  tiger,)  and  a  bird,    (the  common  fowl.) 
Three  Parts  of  this  work  were  published, 
when  he  died :  the  whole  woukl  have  b^n 
comprised  on  30  plates. 

Mr.  S.  was  a  robost  man^inclined  to  fat :  fln 
eariy  riser  5  awid  has  been  known  ,k)ng  after  he 
was  fourscore,  to  walk, from  Seymoitr  Street 
to  Fleet  Street,  and  back  again,  Lefofc  break- 
fast. 

At  one  of  the  exhibitions  in  S]>ring  Gar- 
dens, a  dog  having  obtained  adnussion,  ran 
up  to  Mr.  Stubbs's  picture  of  a  cat,  which 
hawjcned  to  hang  low  j  but  finding  that  it 
did  not  move,  after  smelling  it  all  over  very 
carefully,  he  ran  away,  barking  at  it. 

,  May.— Mrs.  Anh  YEARSLEt,  \V^1  known 
as  the  Milkwoman  of  Hristcil,  celebrated  for 
licr  iKHitical  talents.  To  the  patronage  of 
Miss  Hanah  More  she  was  indebterl  fur  a  t«- 
•tttUHieadaUou  to  Mrs.  Montago ;  and  for  a 


preface  to  her  poems,  in  whidiMrs.  Ycanl^ 
IS  described  as  oerer  lumoc  received  the  leaiS 
education,  except  &at  her  brother  had  tandht 
her  to  write.  Her  mother,  who  was  also  a  mflk- 
woman,  appears  to  have  had  sense  and  pM»f  ; 
and  to  have  ghr^  an  early  tincture  of  idigiQCi 
to  this  poor  vvoman*s  mii^.  She  married  vcsy 
young,  toa  nian  of  a  turn  of  mind  verjp  difie- 
rent  from  her  own.    Repeated  losses,  and  a 
iMfflerous  femily,  (for  they  had  six  duidien  io 
seven  years),  in  concurrenoexwttfa  a  seme 
winter,  reduced  theln  very  km.    Her  poeflw 
were  published  in  1785,  in  one  vohime  4io^ 
They  appear  to  be  the  ofispring  of  a  Tigproos 
mind :  they  abound  in  imagery  and  persanifioi- 
tion.    The  structure  of  her  verse  is  oocasion- 
ally  very  hartnohious;  it  is  sometimes  redon- 
dan^  bat  more  frequently  olMcure  fioQi  com- 
pression and  brevity;    rarely  Uemi^hcd  fay 
false  thoughts,  or  distorted  images,  or  tnooo- 
{l^ruoiis  metaphors.    On  the  whole,  her  poeay 
IS  diking  and  commendable  $  though  not  en- 
richtd  from  the  stores  of  knowledge,  or  refined 
by  art  and  labour  to  undeniable  correctness. 

In  1787.  she  published  also»  <•  Pbems  on 
Various  Subjects.**  In  1788,  she  wrote  a  siion 
poem,  in  which  she  inveighed  against  the  Ss«e 
Trade.  In  179O,  "  Stanzas  of  Woe,"  ad- 
dressed to  I..cvi  Eames,  Esq.  Mi^or  of  BristoL 
In  1791,  she  wrote  a  historical  play,  entitled 
* '  Earl  (Goodwin,**  which  was  perfbnued  widi 
great  applause  at  the  Theatre  Rcyal,  Bri^ol. 
to  crowded  audiences.  In  this  she  endcaTOur- 
ed  to  strike  out  a  new  path  for  tbeaijical 
pieces ;  and  omitted  the  usual  attraction  and 
inteKst  of  a  k>ve  story.  She  attempted  alaQ, 
to  mingle  tragedy  with  comedy;  but  in  this 
even  Shakespeare  fiukd.  In  1795,  she  pub- 
lished a  novel  in  four  volumes  8vo.  **  The 
Royal  Captives,*'  founded  on  the  Histmy  of 
the  Iron  Mask;  adopting  the  idea  or  hia 
being  the  twin  brother  of  Louis  XIV.  She 
deviates  however,  very  gseatlv  from  the  most 
prevalent  conception  of  this  person,  and 
makes  him  a  husbandand  a  father ;  which  al^ 
fords  her  an  opportunity  of  introducioff  the 
adventures  of  his  wife  and  son. 

Renort,  we  hope  unfounded,  accuted  Mis. 
Yearbley  of  ingratitude  to  her  benefacton ; 
and  of  a  behaviour  not  free  frotn  somewhac 
of  that  assuming,  of  which  those  who  have 
been  raised  up  from  very  low  situations  ai^ 
sometimes  guilty.  We  should  beAd  to  think 
her  unblameable  in  this  charge.  She  defend- 
ed herself  against  it  with  ^t  mode^doU 
atid  address,  without  recrimination  or  eftix»- 
terv. 

Whethen  if  her  <jducatIon  had  he«n  h"beial, 
Mrt.  Y.  might  have  been  suj^ior  as  a  port,  or 
happier  asi  woman,  is  a  problem  li^ich  Only 
those  who  had  an  oppor|:unityof  intitnate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  structure  afad  bias  of  bet- 
njind,  cAti  attempt  to  solve  with  anV  boat  of 
success,  or  any  ckpetutitfn,  however  duiaaL 
afsatisfflBctbn. 


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J397] 


Impwtimt  Information, — . 


IMFORTANT  INFORMATION. 

FINANCE. 
We  cannot  better  close  the  intelligence 
comprised  in  the  first  volume  of  our  work, 
than  by  hinfingatsome  ofthose  important  sub- 
jects which  are  likely  to  engage  our  attention 
hereafter.  We  have  already,  p.  U58,  alluded  to 
the  services  which  those  render  to  their  coun- 
try,  who  detect  in  statesmen  errors  of  natio- 
nal consequence  -y  or  who  add  to  the  advantages 
intended  by  the  governors  of  a  community. 
It  therefore,  ^ves  us  sincere  pleasure  to  be  en- 
abled to  state  from  undoubted  authority,  that 
the  finances  of  this  nation  are  at  this  time  the 
theme  of  liberal  and  free  discussion  between 
the  honourable  and  contending  parties,  who 
appear  to  have  differed  on  the  subject.  Dif- 
lerence  of  opinion  on  public  matters,  is  not 
seldom  an  occurrence  extremely  fortunate  ; 
and  the  investigation  to  which  it  leads,  is  the 
very  mean  of  discovering  the  truth  of  facts. 
However  we  may  blame  and  despise  a  captious 
and  vexatious  opposition  to  the  measures  of 
public  men,  we  cannot  but  rejoice  in  those 
coidial  endeavours,  and  that  patriotic  conten- 
tion, the  object  of  which  is  to  render  the  re- 
sources of  Great  Britain  under  a  judicious  ap- 
plication, and  cprrect  intelligence,  adequate  to 
the  maintenance  of  national  superiority;  and 
capable  of  perpetuating  those  exertions,  the 
continuanee  of  which,  to  the  present  moment, 
pvesentsa  phenomenon  unexampled  in  politics, 
and  extremely  perplexing  to  the  enemy  of  pub- 
lic repose.  The  progress  of  this  contention 
will  a0ord  us  further  opportunities  of  express- 
ing our  satisfaction,  and  the  result  must  be 
beneficial  to  our  native  land. 

ARMY. 

The  Annual  Mutiny  Bill  is  undergoing 
«uch  alterations  by  supplementary  regulations 
and  additional  clauses,  as  are  thought  applica- 
ble to  circumstances.  We  need  only  re- 
call the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  new 
principles  adopted  in  the  fonnation  of  this  im- 
porUnt  part  of  the  public  force ;  to  evince  the 
propriety,  and  indeed,  the  necessity  of  corres- 
pondii^jenactmcnts  in  that  law,  under  which 
tb»  immense  mass  is  hekl  in  obedience. 

The  principal  change  in  the  constitution  of 
the  army  and  navy  arises  from  the  admission 
of  Catholic  officers  to  every  rank  in  the  pro- 
fession. This  is  now  made  tbc  subject  of  a 
Kparatc  bill. 


'Fu^ance,  Army,  Poor.  £l39> 

POOR. 
Wc  have  bten  favoured  with  the  perusal  of 
Mr,  Wliitbrcad's  Bill  for  promoting  and  en- 
couraging  industry  among  the  labouring 
clashes  qf  the  community^  and  for  the  relief 
and  regulation  ^  the  necessitous  and  crimi- 
nal poor. 

This  proposition,  for  in  the  light  of  a  pro- 
position we  may  consider  it  at  this  moment, 
must  necessarily  undergo  ample  discussion,  not 
merely  m  the  Commons  House  of  Parlia- 
ment, but  among  the  magistrates  of  the  king- 
dom, the  judges,  and  the  various  public  offi- 
cers who  have  seen  the  eflfecU  of  poverty,  and 
theprogress  of  viee. 

There  are  abo  in  different  places,  local  cus- 
toms, manners,  and  r^ulations  j  in  some  dis- 
tncis,  there  are  also  prejudices,  and  we  fear 
too,  partial  blindnesses,  and  wilfubesses.  To 
conciliate  such  discordances,  is  no  easy  mat- 
ter ;  and  to  laydown  general  principles,  which 
shall  be  appKcable  to  dissimilar  circumstances^ 
requires  die  united  wisdom  andpenetration  of 
the  enlightened  of  our  land.    Tlie  attempt  is 
arduous,  and,  ex  animo,  we  wish  it  success. 
The  bill  itself  does  great  credit  to  the  head  and 
heart  of  iu  benevolent  framcr ;  and,  if  not 
every  proviso  it  contains  should  be  adopted  ; 
yet  we  doubt  not  of  much  good  being  derived 
(rom  it.— -The  benevolent  intention  of  Mr. 
nilberforce,  in  pursuing  the  subject  of  the 
Slave  Trade  to  its  successful  issue,  cannot  be 
qu^tioncd  ;  the  equally  benevolent  intention 
of  Mt.  Whitbread  is    no  less  indispiitable. 
Both  these  measures  will  add  to  the  credit 
of  our  age,  for  humanity,  and  sympathy  with 
the  aflRicted.    We  hope  also,  that  both  of 
them  will  tend  to  the  suppression  of  vice,  to 
the   increase  of  industry  and  employment 
among  the  youthful  poor,  especially,  to  the 
consequent  extension  of  trade,  and  to  the  pro- 
motion of  virtue  and  public  morals  among  us. 
As  a  slight  sketch  of  this  bill  may  be  ac^ 
acceptable  to  our  readers,  we  shall  state  by 
way  of  abstract,  that  it  proposes  to  extend  tltt 
advantages  of  education  to  the  poorer  classc% 
somewhat  after  .the  manner  in  which  educa- 
tion is  generally  communicated  in  Scotland^ 
by  insisting  that  the  children  of  the  poor  shall 
be  taught  to  read  and  write ;  and  shall  be  re- 
quired regularly  to  attend  at  some  place  of  re- 
heious  worship,  or  shall  have  worship  perform- 
ed  in  the  place  of  teaching,  &c. 

We  know  not  whether  the  present  condi- 
tion of  the  kin^om  of  Sweden  has  come  un- 
der  the  notice  ot  the  benevolent  author  of  this 
plan.  We  therefore  hint,  at  the  necessity  laid 
on  all  youth  for  acquiring  the  art  of  wntin^ 
and  reading  of  course  j  inasmuch,  as  no  per- 
son is  allowed  to  do  any  act  or  thing,  as  actr- 
ohs  of  majority,  *'ich  as  marriage,  settlement 
in  houses,  removals,  &c.  who  cannot  write  and 
read.  Hence,  ignorant  Sv.xdci  arc  luikuown* 
2  A3 


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J3991        PuhBc  Ckarilies.^BritUh  Bravery 

Vid  we  have  eonvenecl  with  Swe4ish  com- 
iiion  sailors,  whoK  mannen  and  kiMwledge 


From  (he  London  Gaxeite.        [1400 


were  extremely  honourable^  those  instituu- 
om  from  which  they  were  derived. 

The  fund  to  be  raised  for  the  serviee  of  the 
poor/ the  opportunity  given  to  the  poor  to  lay  by 
any  savings  which  it  may  be  in  their  power  to 
make,  the  establishment  of  offices  for  the 
purpose  of  directing  these  receipts  to  the  best 
advantage,  are  new  features  of  national  legis- 
Jation ;  and  (hey  will  no  doubt  undeigo  correct 
revision,  and  receive  abundant  improvement. 
These  therefore  we  only  mention.    The  ex- 
pences  at^nding  them  it  is  proposed  should  be 
paid  out  of  theConsoliflated  Fund.   But  there 
;|re  othef  novelties  engaged  in  this  purpose  ; 
such  a^  exemplary  punuhment  for  the  r^fmc- 
^ry,  the  obstinate,  the  dissolute,  and  the  cri- 
J^iinal  poor ;  together  ynth  high  rewards  to  the 
obedient  and  industrious.    Whepi  obedience 
and  indusinr  are  rewarded  by  the  state  as  well 
f^  by  the  advantages  attendant  on  thos^  quah- 
ties,  we  may  hope  that  the  combined  effect  pf 
fhese  ^citjemeuts  will    prove  uncopnmonly 
jcflectqal    among  U0.      We  remember  that 
Swift  describes  Justice  ampng  the  Lapu tans,  ^ 
not  only  punisning  but  rewarding;  her  em- 
blems iKould  be,  say^  he,  noj  only  a  awpnj,  but 
a  cornucopia.     J n  the  bill  before  us,  this  idea 
is  reduced  to  action ;  and  while  British  justice 
deters  from  the  commission  of  criqies,  nothing 
can  be  more  honourable,  or  more  advantage- 
ous, than  a  distribution  of  favours,  dbtincti- 
ons,  and  rewards,  among  the  bnlk  of  the  nar 
tion  J  which  is  no  less  sensible  of  such  tokens 
of  suiwority  and  dignity,  than  those  superior 
classes,  to  which,  hitherto  among  us  they 
have  been  confined. 


BRITISH  BltAVEItT. 

We  select  the  fi>llowing  oocnirences  as  very 
characteristic  of  British  seamen :  and  as  de- 
monstrative  of  their  gallant  oondqct,  no  less 
when  opposed  to  an  enemy  on  shore,  than 
when  at  sea.  They  are  extracts  from  the 
London  Gazette. 

Extract  of  a  Lettfrjrom  Capt.  Britbane*^  ^f 
n,  M.  Ship  Aretku^a,  dated  qff  the  //«• 
vannah,  Aug,  23,  1806'. 

I  have  the  honour  to  inform  vou  or 
a  successful  atUck  made  by  his  Majc^v*s 
ships  Arethusa  and  Anson,  on  the  enemy 
near  theMoro  Castle,  in  the  Island  of  Cuba, 
on  the  23d  inst.  The  result  haa  been  the 
capture  of  the  Spanish  frigate  Pomona,  of  38 
guns,  and  347  men,  the  destruction  of  J2 
gun-boau,  each  carrying  a  24-pounder,  and 
100  men,  and  the  explosion  of  a  Castle 
mounting  l6  36-pdrs. — In  justice  to  the  offi- 
cers  and  men  under  my  orders,  1  feel  it  right 
you  shoukl  be  made  acquainted  with  the  parti- 
culars. On  the  morning  of  the  23d  insu  I 
discovered  the'  enemy  within  2  miles  of  the 
Moro  Castle,  rather  to  leeward,  carrying  aU 
possible  sail  to  get  into  the  Havannah.  I 
therefore  made  the  signal  to  lay  the  enemy  oa 
board  oh  coming  up  with  h«r,  but  mj  de«^ 
„«..  ru.-.-«*^  ^y  ^^  Pomona  bearing 


PARISH  APPRENTICES. 
Correspondent  with  the  above  bill  is  ano- 
ther •«  for  the  better  rcqa^ulation  of  Pantfi 
"  apprentices ;"— by  which  is  intended  com- 
pulsion on  masters  and  mistresses,  having  such 
tiharge  to  attend  more  to  theii^  morals  and 
their  religious  duties,  and  on  churchwardens, 
to  see  that  they  be  not  left  wholly,  or  for- 
aaken^  when  apprenticed  by  rarishes*   ' 

jPUBUC  CHARITIES. 

In  addition  to  the  above  intel]igi»nce,  fo 
honourable  to  humanity,  apd  to  the  glory  pf 
pur  country,  we  have  the  pleasure  to  inform  our 
readers,  thaf  aii  ^pilnent  barrister  is  prepaijng 
to  lay  befojw  |^e  ppblio  a  Plan  to  prevent  all 
charitable  donations  for  the  lendit  of  poor 
persona  in  the  s'evef  at  parishes  f^pngioffdand 
Wales,  from  loss,  emf^ezziement,  non-apflicu" 
^ion,  misapplication,  fraud,  and  a^'e,Ufu-' 
ture.  We  have  alrody  been  favoured  with 
^  sight  of  the  manuadript ;  and  as  soon  as 
printed  we  shall  leci^r  to  t^e  subject. 


was  frustrated  by  the  Pomona  oearing   up, 
Wing  been  jo jned  bv  12  gun  boats  from  the 
Hayannah,  and  ancnoring  within  pistol-riiot 
of  a  Castle  mounting  10  34-pdrs,  in  3i  &- 
thomswat^r.    The  gun-boats  advaiMxd  fion 
her  in  a  line  a-breast.    These  boato  weir  acnt 
out  expr^v  to  protect  the  Pomonaat  ho-aiH 
choraae,    "This  line  of  defetic^  oeitainly  sd. 
reared  formidable,  added  to  a  ler  shore,  bat 
difHculties  wi^  British  seamen  ^i^e  essih'  got 
the  better  of,  and  well  knowing  the  able  fnd 
eallant  support  I  should  meet  with  (mni  Cant. 
Lydiaid* ;  I  decided  instantly  to  ttttmdk  & 
enemy  in  their  strong  position,  and  bove  i|p 
for  that  purpose,  havmg  previously  juitrrf  a 
bower  cable  through  the  stem-port,    fng^qg 
down  both  ships  suffered  considerabiy  in  tiictt 
sails  and  ri^mg  from  die  rakina  fire  of  tbe 
gun-boats,  the  Pomona  and  Canie  reserving 
theirs  until  we  anchored.    At  10  «.  w.  I  an- 
chored the  Ai^thusa  close  afonoiide  the  P^ 
mona,  in  one  foot  water  more  than  the  ship 
drew ;  thj^  Ansqp  on  my  larboaid  bovr ;  when 
the  actiop  became  general,  but  not  of  loug  <h». 
ration,    Th^  Ppmopa  having  struck  her  co- 
lours in  3d  minutes,  3  |^n-toats  blew  npi,  6 
were  sunk,  and  3  driven  on  shore  em  die 
breakers.    Notwithstanding   the    aeveic  fii^ 
irvm  the  Castk,  the  Pomona  was  instantlty 
taken  poasessicm  of  by  Lieqt,  I^rith,  first  of 
the  Arethusa,  and  followed  by  Lieut.  S«illi<« 
vaa,  first  of  the  Anson .    Hie  Castle  had  no^ 

••  Compre  Panorama,  pp.  1349,  1^1. 


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1401J 


Gaxeite, — Recaphtre  of  Buenos  Ayra, 


tl40t 


cominenced  firing  red-hot  shot,  which  occa- 
sioned the  Aretbusa  to  be  set  on  fire,  but  was 
soon  extinguished  by  the  anrangemcntt  of 
Ueutenonts  Htgman  and  Griffith,  command- 
ing the  main  dm.  Shortly  after,  a  laelan- 
choly  and  dreadful  explosion  took  place  in  th6 
Castle,  after  which  all  firing  ce&Md. 

Aretbusa.  Two  killed,  32  wounded  ;  An- 
son. None. — Spanish  Frigate,  Captain  and 
99  men  kiUed  ;  2  Lteutenantt  and  30  men 
wounded. 

Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Capt.  Lord  Cock- 
rane^  of  H.  M,  Ship  Imperieuse,  dated 
Jan.7,im7. 

Having  been  led  in  chase  to  the  sonth- 
^rard  yesterday^  as  the  Imperieuse  passed  the 
Bason  of  Arcasson,  in  returning  to  the 
station  you  had  assigned,  Lieut.  Maple- 
ton  volunteered  his  services  to  bring  out  with 
the  boats  whatever  vessels  might  be  found 
there,  and,  as  a  preliminary  step,  attacked 
Fort  Roquette,  whieh  was  Intended  lor  the 
defence  of  the  e'ntrance.  A  larae  quan- 
tity of  military  stores  was  destroyed,  4  36- 
pounders,  ti  field  pieces,  and  a  13-inch  mortar 
spiked,    the    platoons  aud   carijafles   burnt, 

and  die  Fort  laid  in    ruins. IThe  Hon, 

Mr.  Napier  and  Mr.  H.  Stewart,  Midship- 
men, accompanied  Lieutenant  Mapleton;  and 
Mr.  Gibbert,  the  surra's  first  assistant,  em- 
braced the  opportunity  to  shew  his  zeal  even 
in  thb  affair,  foreign  to  his  profession.— -I  am 
happy  to  add,  that  as  it  was  well  conducted^ 
so  It  was  accomplished  without  any  loss. 

Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Mr.  E.  Duck- 
Mwrth,  ofH.  M.  sloop  Superieure,  dated 
off  Isle  of  Pines  y  Sep.  9,  I8O6. 

After  leaving  the  Stork  off  the  Isle  of 
pines,  it  took  us  to  the  2d  of  this  month 
|o  set  off  Point  Gondas,  distance  N.  W.  23 
milet  from  Batabano,  when  I  anchored  with 
the  Flying  Fish  and  Pike  schooners ;  at  mid- 
n^t  wdflhed  and  stood  for  Batabai^o,  to  be 
off  that  pboe  before  break  of  day,  but  owine 
to  bafflii^  wittda  it  took  us  until  day-light*  X 
thought  ]t  expedient  to  land,  whicfi  I  acrord- 
in^y  did,  with  1$  men  from  the  Stork,  35 
from  theSuperieure,  and  10  from  the  Flyfi^g 
Fish,  to  gaaid  the  hosts ;  but  after  landing 
two  miles  to  windward  of  the  battery,  the 
manby  inegqlar  ground  90  impeded  oor 
mareh,  and  the  eotmy  perceiving  it,  sent  a 
party  of  soldicn  to  way-lay  us  in  the.  thick . 
imsocs ;  bat  the  most  forward  of  my  party 
eharnd  and  completely  put  them  to  the  route, 
afWleaving  two  killejl  and  one  badly  wound- 
ed. At  that  period  a  general  alarm  had  spread, 
the  militia  had  joinM  the  stationary  regulars 
in  the  fnmt,  aidied  by  the  men  from  the  ship- 
ping in  the  bay.^— Onr  retreat  being  then  cut 
off,  we  were  Obliged  to  rush  forward  to  gain 
j^  forty  which  f  am  }iappy  to  s^y  was  com- 


pletely carried  in  three  minuses*;  tbe  enemy 
letreatcd  in  all  directions^  after  firing  2  guii 
and  a  volley  of  smaH  arms,  towards  tiie  path 
we  were  obliged  to  pass.  The  battery  con- 
sisted of  6  long  18- pounders,  inounied  on  tra» 
veiling  carria^res,  which  we  spiked,  and  then 
proceeded  to  take  possession  of  the  vessels, 
which  consisted  of  one  felucca,  pierced  for  14 
Buns,  having  1  l8-pounder  and  12  blinder- 
busses  on  board  3  a  schooner,  pierced  for  J  2 ; 
a  French  privateer  of  4,  and  three  other  Spa- 
nish vessels,  with  1  gun  each  5  6oiher  smafler 
with  cargoes,  which  were  saved,  and  the 
vessels  bum^  noi  having  sufficient  men  to 
carrv  them  out.  The  next  morning  came  off 
a  £lag  of  truce ;  from  them  I  learn  their  loss 
was  considerable.  I  am  happy  to  add,  we  had 
only  one  man  badly  wounded  on  the  occasion. 
— ^Two  davs  after  I  captured  a  Spanish  armed 
schooner,  St.  John,  ot  3  guns,  and  32  men, 
afler  a  slight  resistance 

■     '      ■  SB. 

BUENOS  AYRE8. 

The  following  are  the  particukrs  of  the  re- 
capture of  Buenos  Ayres  by  the  Spaniartls.— 
Sir  Home  Popham*s  dispatches  describing  this 
erent  are  of  a  length  which  precludes  us  from 
inserting  them  entire.  We  wait  for^ulditional 
intelligence  from  this  quarter  with  a  lively 
interest 

CapUiin  Edmonds,  late  of  his  M^estv*s 
ship  Diomede,  arrived  Jan.  24,  witn  dis- 
patches from  Commodore  Sir  Home  Popham, 
dated  in  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  the  1st  of  No- 
Tember»  finom  which  it  appears,  thatBnenoa 
Ayres  was  attacked  on  the  9th  cf  August,  by 
aiktachment  of  troops  from  Monte  Video, 
assisted  by  the  town*s  people  and  militia  of 
the  countnr,  and  obliged  tp  surrender  on  the 
ISth,  unM*  a  capitulation,  the  terms  of 
^pHiich  were  not  afterwards  observed.  Gene- 
ral Beresford,  the  ofilicers,  troops,  marines  of 
the  squadron,  and  a  f^  seamen,  remaioed 
prisoners  of  war. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  rdnforoements 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  an  attack  was 
made  upon  Monte  Vuleo,  ^t>t  without  suor 
cess.  Fosscssion  was  taken  of  Maldonada,  al 
the  mouth  of  the  River,  on  the  SQth  of 
October,  where  the  troops  were  stationed 
when  Captain  Edmonds  sailed.  His  Mox 
jesty*6  ships  were  at  anchor  in  ^e  road  of 
thatplace,  and  their  crews  in  perfect  health. 

We  understand  that  the  military  and  in- 
habitants of  Buenos  Ayres,  amounting  to 
about  12,000  men,  haying  organized  and 
armed  themselves  into  a  military  body,  at- 
tacked the  force  under  Major-General  Beres- 
ford, consisting  of  about  1460  men,  on  the 
10th,  1 1th,  and  ISth  days  of  August.  The 
actions  fought  on  these  daj-s  were  bravely  and 
obstinately  contended ;  the  Spaniards  fought 


Digitized 


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14031 


Ecvoluiion  in  St.  Domingo, 


[1401 


in  M>le  uppfoachinc  to  ftiry ;  many  of  our 
bvave  men  were  killed  and  beat  down  by  su- 
perior numbers  at  the  muzzle  of  their  guns. 
Thii  ^rious  defence  was  attended  with  the 
losft  oa  our  part  of  144  men  and  officers, 
killed  and  wounded,  and  of  1300  men  taken 
prisoners,  contrary  to  the  express  ariides  of 
c^itulation.  The  troopa  detained  arc  700 
•f  the  71st  (Highland)  regiment,  160  of  the 
St.  Helena  corps,  and  the  remainder  the  ma- 
noes  and  the  brigade  of  seamen;  part  of 
which  previously  reached  their  shins.  Gen. 
Beie^offd  was  detained.  Capt.  Kennet,  of 
the  En^neers,  and  Lieutenants  MttcheU 
mA  Lucaa,  of  the  7l8t  rceiment,  were  killed. 
The  Spaniaids  lost  about Boo  men.  The  in- 
kdntaotaof  Buenos  Ayres  are  computed  at 
70,000  persons ;  many  of  these  fired  from 
the  tops  of  their  houses  upon  our  troops  as 
iW  were  marching  out  of  the  town. 

On  the  2d  of  October  a  reinforcement  of 
Ibetween  8  and  3000  men  arrived  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  consisting  of  the  38th 
snd  47lh  regiments,  and  350  of  the  21st 
diwgoons.  On  the  S8th  of  that  month  an 
■ttock  was  made  on  Monte  Video.  It  how- 
«?er  soon  appeared,  that  the  men  of  war 
«t>idd  net  enter  near  enough  to  bombard  the 
lown,  with  sufficient  effect  to  cover  the 
fcnding  of  the  troops^  althou^  they  suc^ 
^eiricd  in  tiknekig  tbe  batteries;  and  the  at- 
tRck  was  given  up.  The  Xxoa^  were  taken 
toMaidor^o,  a  strong  post  near  the  mouth 
of  the  River  Plate,  rendered  hnprepiablc  by 
native  i  tbe  idaDd  Gotiti,  which  is  strongly 
fortified  by  Irt,  protects  it.  On  this  penm- 
fula  oor  tmops  are  securely  and  comfortably 
fiuiaied ;  the  men  of  war  flank  them  on 
caohside. 
$iMtement  of  PT9p4rt!f  captured  at  Buenos 

Ayrct^  hut  not  removed  i  and  recaptured 

m$ke  \2tk  (if  August. 

Goods  df  Hhe  Philippine  Company  100*000 
Debt*  due  to  ditto  •  -  -  -  1*011,547 
4000  arob.  B.  tobacco  (at6  dollars) 

told  for  14 24,000 

MO  dktoPaHy  ditto  -  -  -  <  12,00^ 
50,00t  seams  paper  (2  dollars)    -        100,000 

Waykigcard* 50,000 

4000  fluinuU  of  quicksilver  (40 

dollars)     -    ^ 200,000 

40,000lks.  Spanish  snuff  (2  dollars)  80,000 
20,000lbs.  Havannah  ditto  (2  dollars)  40,000 
37*000lbs.ba«k(  I*  dollar)    -    -         bQfibO 


Tesseb  and  floating  property 


1.673,797 
1,500,000 


3,173,797. 

Xptc. — ^^o  valiution  is  mode  in  this  state- 

Hirnt.  of   the  timber,    treasure  in  treasury, 

pmvder  in  the  magazine,  and  of  an^oury  and 

•rdnance  «orc&- 


REVOLUTIOK  IN  ST.  DOMIVGO. 

JFiom  the  composition  of  the  foUovin^ 
extracts,  our  readers  will  judge  of  the  Fieswfa- 
ified  manners  und  notions  which  prevail  in  ti» 
Empire  of  Hayti.  The  style  is  trorthy  of 
tbe  brightest  days  of  the  Eepuhlique  Fran^ 
false,  when  the  Parisians  pronounced  it  or< 
and  indivisih.le.  As  to  their  truths  we  haarm 
not  the  means  of  ascertaining  it :  b«t  it  baa 
been  observed,  by  those  whose  anti-imperial 
imaginations  have  bewildered  themselves  ia 
the  regions  of  politics,  that  if  these  were  all 
the  crimen  with  which  the  Sovereign  ol' 
Hayti  was  chargeable,  they  oouid  name  ao* 
other  Emperor  who  much  more  richly  deaerved 
a  similar  fate. 

From  an  Address  of  the  Army  i^f  Hmsfti  /• 
the  Generalin  Chirf,  Henry  Chrisiop&e. 

*•  Vengeance  has  bad  its  operation,  and 
now  the  army  only  waits  for  your  presence  to 
concur  in  the  formation  of  the  social  compaiet 
which  should  unito  us ;  of  a  constitution  in 
which  every  citizen  shall  at  length  find  secu- 
rity for  his  person,  and  (he  sacred  right  of 
property,  emanating  from  the  general  win ; 
not  like  tliat  mishapen  act  which  we  bare 
trodden  under  our  feet,  made  in  the  siktioe 
of  the  cabinet,  without  the  kitowledee  of  the 
most  interested  in  it,  and  caleiilatedooly  ta 
flatter  the  caprice  of  a  single  individual,  and, 
even  in  the  letter  of  it,  contrary  to  evesy 
principle  of  liberty.  Thus  long  VMiaed,  wt 
nave  sworn  not  to  separate  till  we  baive  seen 
the  new  censtit\itional  act  predaimed ;  t)iat 
act  by  which  we  ought  to  be  governed,  xmvi 
yvt  have  approved  of  it,  and  sworn  to  obcv 
it ;  and  until,  conformably  to  the  usages  or 
ancient  warriors,  we  have  publicly  acxnow- 
ledged  you  for  the  head  of  our  Govemmei^ 
and  borne  you  upon  our  shields. 

From  a  Proclamation  issued  by  iAose  udkm 
had  succeeded  in  their  Enterprise  eigmiftei 
Dcssalines  :  what  will  he  the  character  ^ 
this  new  Govcrriment  we  believe  aumof 
even  he  conjectared. 

Commerce,  the  source  of  plenty  and  piWr 
peritv  to  states,  languished  in  an  apathy  nor 
der  tnis  ignorant  man,  the  chief  causes  of 
which  were  the  vexatipi^s  and  the  hofiocs 
exercised  upon  strangers.  Caigoes  violcDtljr 
seized,  bargains  broken  as  soon  as  they  wep^^ 
contracted,  banished  &r  from  our  ports  dSe 
^ips  of  all  .onuntries.  The  assassinatioa  of 
Thomas  Tbuat,  an  English  merchant,  wl>o 
had  long  resided  in  thecountr)r,  where  ho 
was  resi)ected  on  account  of  his  blameksf 
conduct  and  his  virtues,  excited  |;eneral  in-« 
dignatiop;.   and   why  was    be    mnideiid^ 


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1405] 

Thomas  Thoat  was  rich :  thb  wa*  his  sole 
crime.  The  Havtian  men^ants  were  not 
bdtter  trmted.  Tbe  advantages  whioh  U  was 
afieeted  to  allow  them  weit  only  calcvlattd 
upon  the  profits  which  it  waa  expected  to  ex- 
tract from  them. 

Always  swayed  hy  his  vieious  dispositions 
the  Chief  of  the  Government,  in  his  last 
tour,  disorganized  the  army.  His  cruel  ava- 
rice suggested  to  him  the  idea  to  transfer  the 
troops  of  one  corps  to  anotlier,  for  ihe  pur- 
pose of  bringing  them  nearer  to  their  native 
place,  in  oroer  that  they  should  require  no 
subsistence,  although  he  exacted  ffom  them 
the  most  arduous  service.  The  soldier  was 
deprived  of  his  pay,  of  hts  subsistence,  and 
appeared  every  where  almost  naked ;  while 
the  public  treasure  furnished,  in  profusion, 
annual  stipends  of  80,000  dollars  to  each  of 
hit  nustrenes,  of  which  he  kept  tn-entj  at 
least,  to  sufttort  Uieir  boundless  extravagance, 
which  was  both  a  disgrace  to  the  Got^m- 
ment,  and  an  insult  to  the  general  misery. 

The  laws  were  not  more  respected.  A 
constitution  was  framed  by  order  of  the  £m- 
peror,  solely  for  the  advancement  of  hjs  pri- 
vate interests,  dictated  by  caprice  and  igno- 
rance, put  into  form  by  his  secretaries,  an- 
pnblished  in  the  name  of  the  Generals  of  the 
army,  who  not  only  never  a{^roved  or  signed 
this  oiishapen  ana  ridiculous  document,  but 
never  had  the  least  knowledge  of  it  until  it 
'was  published  and  promul^ted.  No  pro- 
tecting statute  shielded  the  people  from  the 
batbari^  of  the  Sovereign ;  his  supreme  plea- 
eure  sent  a  citizen  to  death,  and  none  m  his 
friends  or  rektives  could  tell  why. 

Until  the  moment  shall  arrfve  when  we 
shall  be  able  to  establi^  it,  we  declare  that 
concord,  brotherhood,  and  friendly  inter- 
course, being  the  foundations  of  oui:  union, 
we  will  never  lay  down  our  arms  before  we 
shall  have  struck  down  the  tree  of  our  hhvcry 
and  debasement,  and  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  Govcniment  a  man  whoae  courage  and 
virtues  we  hare  long  respected,  and  who,  like 
us,  has  been  the  object  of  the-  insults  of  the 
tyrant.  The  people  and  the  army,  whose 
voice  we  speak,  proclaim  General  Henr)' 
Chriftophe  Provisional  Chief  of  the  G«'>vern- 
roent  of  Hayti,  until  the  Constitution  shall 
have  definitively  conferred  on  him  that  august 
title. 

It  does  not  appear  that  any  betides  Detsa- 
lines  had  fallen  in  this  revolution. 

U'll.lll  I  I  il   11  ,        .1  \  i,\    I 

LIST  OP  PATENTS  POR  INVENTIOlTt,    &C. 

Thon>as  Pearson^  of  Raberdashets*  F1ace> 
in  the  parish  of  Saint  Leonard,  Shoreditch, 
in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  wholesale  ud- 
hoisterer;  fur  a  machine  or  machinfery  for 
the  purpose  of  deiAstng,  seasoning,  and  dreju 
sing  feathers  and  other  artidct.  Aug.30»  ItoG. 


I^i  of  PtUentsJbr  Inventions,  Vc. 


Il^dS 


John  Carey,  Dr.  of  Lawt,  of  Camden* 
ttreet,  Islinston,  in  the  county  of  Middle* 
sex  ;  for  various  contrivances  for  preventing 
or  checking  fii^,  and  preserving  persons  ana 
property  therefirom,  by  meaiu  of  divers  im- 
provements in  alarms,  chimnies,  cisterns,  iire- 
tkicentt  and  other  aitkk^.  Au^.  30, 180CL  ' 

Chrittopber  Wilson,  of  Wiodmill-street» 
Tottenham  Court  Road,  Middlesex,  master 
mariner,  for  a  new  svstem  ^  naval  aichi* 
tecture.  Aug.  30,  1800. 

Robert  Newman,  of  Dartmonth,  in  tha 
cooBty  of  Devon,  ship-builder;  for  improve^ 
ments  in  the  forni,  formation,  and  oonstrue- 
tion,  of  ships  and  other  vessels  of  war,  and 
ships  and  otner  vessdt  of  conunerce,  and  of 
tloopt,  barget,  and  other  vessels,  any  other- 
wise emol^ed.  SepL  6,  1906. 

Josepn  Manton,  of  Daviet-street,  l^cirke* 
ley-square,  London,  gun-mal|er;  for  im- 
pnn^ementsindotthk-barreled  ^ant.  Se|it.l5» 
1806. 

Isanh  Birt^  of  Plyfi^oath  Dock,  in  the 
county  of  Devon,  ^ntleman;  tor  a  black 
paint,*  composed  chiefly  of  earthy  and  aoaine- 
ral  substances,  which  will  be  beneficial  to 
our  nary,  and  the  shioping  interest  at  lai^; 
being  partieularly  calculated  to  preserve  wood, 
and  prevent  rust  in  iron,  and  may  be  applied 
lo  all  puaposes  for  whidi  ptint  io  fenccal  ia 
used.  Sept.  18,  1806. 

Marc  isambard  Brand,  of  Portiea,  in  th* 
county  of  Southampton, g^t. ;  for  anew  rood* 
of  cuttingveneers,  or  thm boards.  Sept.  98L 

Henrv  Pratt,  of  Birmingham,  in  the  count 
tyof  Warwick,  steel  toy-maker;  fa  a  ne# 
toast-stand,  or  an  improvement  on  the  artick 
commonly  called  cats  or  dogs,  upon  whtdi 
things  are  olaced  before  a  fixt.  Get  S»  li06. 

Rjobert  Salmon,  of  Wobum,  in  the  oaua^ 
of  Bedford,  Surveyor;  for  nnrlytiweDfeed 
nathematic  principled,  safe  and  ca^  Iwisn^ 
for  the  relief  and  core  of  lopianL  Om.8» 
1806. 

William  Cooke,  of  Chute  House,  lb  di» 
county  of  Wilts,  gentleman  ;  for  ceftam  im- 
provements  in  the  construction  of  waggons 
and  other  carriages  with  moic  tkaa  tw» 
wheels.  Oct.  2,  1806..     .     . 

Ralph  Wedgwood,ofChaflet4t>e6t,NMn|>. 
steady  m  the  county  of  Middlesex,  gentleman  ; 
for  an  apparatus  lor  producing  dripltftttt  of 
writings.  Oct.  7,  ItOO. 

Ralph  Sutton,  of  Macclesfield,  in  tb» 
county  of  Chester,  brasier  and  tm-plato- 
worker ;  for  eertain  improvements  in  an  ap» 
mtatus  for  cooking,  either  by  steam  or  w»t«r. 
Oct.  7.  1806. 

William  Simpson,  of  liverpoal,  ifi  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  millwright ;  for  a  new 
discovery  ox  invention  to  be  acted  on  by  the 
impulse  of  wind,  in  order  to  work  miil^ 
pumps,  and  other  machinery  soitable  to  ita 
applicauon.  Oct.  7#  1806. 


Digitized 


by  Google 


I40n  Bmfal  Society,  Bay  at  Academy^  JnHquaries,  tfc.  Vc. 

omcsR9  orli0eitAL  iNarfrrunoifs, 

Ar  Hk  Ytmt  \  807. 


[W 


HoriL/cociiTV. 

Pafrnu,    Tht  King 

Fretident,  Right  Hon.  ffirlos.  Biiib.  Bairt. 
and  K.  B. 

Old  CmmrUt  Mr.  John  Abernethy )  ^r  Chas. 
fnagden,  M.  D.  Knt.;  Henry  Cmveti^tb,  Lsq. 
r.  8.  A.t  Kdmud  Wbittker  Gmv,  M.  D.  wdA 
Amoc  L.  S.  Stcrtimrf  \  Right  Hon.  ChaHct  F. 
GrevOlc ;  WiUiam  Mandcn,  Esq*  Treasurtr ; 
Rcv.Novtt  Maskcfyne,  D.D.;  Earl  of  Morton, 
K.T. ««  Pftndmt ;  Wm.  Hyde  HoIlastOD,  M  J>. 

SecreUry,  Tbomai  Young,  M.  D. 

iVhc  C^uncil^  Right  Hon.  Charles  Abbot;  John 
llcarlside,  Esq.;  Hon.  Frederic  North  ;  Sir  J.  St. 
Aub3m,  Bart.;  Rt.  Hon.  SirWm.  Scort,  Kt.;  Loid 
Seaforth  ;  Chartet  ^haw  Lcfevre,  Esq.;  Viscount 
Valentia;  Roger  WUbraham,  E»q.;  Cbarlei  Wil- 
^uas.  Esq* 


ROirAL  ACAOftMY. 

Patron,  Hie  King 
■    traidaU^  Bei\iaimn  West,  Esq. 

Pr&ftiMtrt. 
4    XrrAi/tctere ,  John  Soane,  Esq. 

iVitiflt^g,  John  Opie,  Esq. 

Anatomy,  John  Sheldon,  Esq. 

Antitnt  LUercture,  Ch.  Bnrney,  LL.D. 

Secretaries,  John  Richards,  Esq.  Prince  Hoare, 
Esq. 

Academicians,  Francesco  Bartolozzi,  Esq.  tSir 
VTm.  Heechey,  Knt.  Sir  Francis  Bourgeois,  Km. 
Edw.  Bttich,  Esq.  librmriin,  V,  S.  Cofley»  Esq. 
fRtchaid  Copway,  Esq.  fGcofce  Dance,  Esq. 
auditor,  Thomas  0ameU,  Esq.  Jot.  Farriogtoo, 
JEsq.  auditor,  t^ohn  Flaxman,  Esq.  fHcAryFb- 
•ftU,  Esq.  keeper,  Edmund  Garvey,  Es<j.  Saiv^ey 
Gilpin,  Esq.  John  Hoppner,  Em].  Oaas  Hum- 
phfty,  Esq.  Angdica  Kauffrnan,  Thomas  Law- 
irencfe,  Esq.  tP«  J-  l>c  Louthcibourr,  Esq.  Maiy 
Lloyd,  Joseph  Nollekms,  Esq.  f  James  Nortb- 
cofe,  Em.  ^WiUiam  Oiv«r,  Esq.  tfJ.  F.  RlgaiKly 
b|.  fChwIct  Rossi,  Esq.  Pkiil  Sandby,  E«q. 
Rebat  SaMike,  Esq.  tTbomas  Stodhart,  Esq. 
JifartiA  Afehar  6bfc,  Esq.  tHemy  Thtesbam^ 
Esq.  William  Turner,  Esq.  XHenry  Thompson, 
Esq.  fRichardWestall,  Esq.  James  Wyatt,  Esq. 
J6ban  Venn,  Esq.  TtetLtufer,  John  Zoffimii, 
Esq. 

t  Cpnn^Y*  X  Visitor. 

tOCIlTY  or  AHTIQUAaiBS. 

Patron,  The  King. 

JVMufml,  Earl  of  Leicester,  F.R  .S. 

Old  Council,  William  Blay,  Esq*  Treasttrer^ 
Sir  H^  C.  Engkfield,  Bait.  Rev.  A.  Hamilton, 
D.D.  FJI.S.  Samuel  Lysoos,  Esq.  Director, 
Craven  Ofd»  Esq.  Bbhop  of  -  Salisbury,  F.R.S. 
V.  P.  John  Waiet  Willet,  Esq.  Jos.  Windham, 
Esq.  F.R.S. 

Secretary,  Rev.  T.  W.  Wrightc,  M.  A. 

Kew  CowfUily  Edward  Astle,  Esq.  James  Bind- 
ley, Esq.  Francis  pouce,  E^,  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
Hon.  John  P^rachey,  John  Silvester,  Es'4.  John 
Wilkinson,  M.  D.  Hcniy  Norton  Willis,  Esq. 
^ishopof Winchester,  C. W.W.W3mnc, Esq. 

i'ruifcrs,  John  Nichols,  Esq.  and  san 


LITBRART    YU9D. 

Patrim,  ThePnoce(^Wiles,R.a 

President,  Doke  of  SomierMt 

PUe  Presidtnu,  Earl  Spencer,  K.  G.  britf 
CbiehcMcr,  EariofMoirm,  Earl  of  MsoaBHni, 
Lord  Dundis,  LorI  Sheffield,  Sir  l^  SiK^ 
Bart.  Sir  John  Cox  Ffippeilcy,  BaiL  Sir  Rdt« 
Ptecl,  Bart.  Sir  Wm.  WcUer  Pepys,  BaiL  Jcnw 
Clarke  Jervoise,  £m).  Owen  Williams,  Esq.  lab 
Anslty;  Esq.  Aldcripan,  Benjamin  Hobhowe,^. 
Thomas  Rowcroft,  Esq.  Alderman,  Wm.  S^ 
Esq.  and  John  Syromons,  Esq.  FX.S. 

Treasurers,  John  Reeres,  Esq.  Geo.liAK 
Esq.Rev.R.Yaies 

Hegistrers,  Rtv.  Charles  Symmoos,DJ}.T^ 
Dale,  M.D.  John  Nichols,  Eaq. 

kec.  and  Clerk,  Mr.  £dm.  Bakar 

Coliector,  Mr.  C.  Umbora 


aojiRD  OP  AoaicuLTcat. 
.    Patron,  The  King 

President,  Sir  John  SiiK:lair,  Bart. 

yice  Presidents,  Earl  Manvers,  lord  Pesfc^n. 
Sir  Henry  Vavasour,  Bart.  Edward  Lotcdcslnf 
den,  Esq. 

Treasurer,  John  Smith,  Baq. 

Secretary,  Arthur  Youogv  Esq. 

Under  S^srelary,  WilKam  Cragg,  Esq. 

Chi^  Clerk,  Mr.  S.  J.  Vignc 


BOTAL  INSTITUTIOa. 

Patron,  The  King 

President,  Eari  of  Wuchdsea,  K.G.aaaFiJL 

Managers,  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  K.G.  FJ.Fi. 
and  L.S.  Earl  of  Eremont,  F.R.  and  AS.  fjAi 
Chichester,  F.R.S.  Sir  Richard  Joaqtfa  SoHra^ 
Bait.  P.R.  and  A.S.  John  SymiaOM,  Eiq.  FL 
FA.  and  L.8.  Lord  Dundas,  P.R.  and  AJS.Sir 
John  Coc  Hippcaley,  Bart.  LLJ>.  FR.  aad  Ai 
Charles  Haichatt^  E«|.  F  JL  and  LS.  U  if 
Aylesfoid,  FJl.and  A.S.  Besijamin  HoUml 
Esq.  WiUiam  Watson,  Esq  Maiqois  of  Satad, 
EariofMocttn,  K.T.YicePite.  R5.aodFJU^ 
Earl  Spencer,  R.G.  LL.D.  FR.  and  A3.  Tboa* 
Bemaid,  Esq.  LL*D. 

Seeritmy,  James  Peter  Aurtol,  Esq. 

TVeeMirer,  Scrope  Bernard,  Esq< 

Steward,  Mr.  Wm.  Savage 

His  Assistant,  Mr.  James  Riley 

Keeper  rfModeU,  Mr.  Cbailcs  Boyct 
Professorsm 

Chemistry,  Humphry  Davy,  Esq. 

KaUPhiL  Wm.AllenrEaq.  F.L.S. 

JMies  Lettres,  Rev.  J.  Hewlett,  B  J). 

EngUsk  Literature,  Rev.  T.  F.  Dibdia,  MX 

Zoology,  Dr.  Shaw. 

Dramatic  Poetry,  Rev.  W.  Crthre,  LU* 

Botany,  J.  S.  Smith,  MJy, 

Drawing,  W.  M.  Craig,  Esq. 

Pmpeetine,  Mr.  Wood 

Music,  Wm.  Crotch,  D.M. 

Commerce,  Rev.  Edw.  Forster 

On  the  Principles  common  lo  fkr  A»  M 
Mr.Colefidge  I 

Honorary  Ubrarims,  Charles  BoneTi  UJ)' 
F.R.S.  Rev.  Lewis  Dutens,  M  JL  F.ll^  Hutt^ 
phry  Davy,  Esq.  r.R.S. 

Secretary  to  the  Library,  Cha.  BuiHyi  U^ 
and  F.R.S.  a. 

Assistant  Sec,  Mr.  Wm.  Savaga 

Xeepm^  sf  Library,  Mr#  kUma 


Digit 


zedby^obgle 


V4C»] 


Jrmjf  PnmuUnt. 


[1410 


ARMY  PROMOTIONS. 

Deotmber  5, 

9^dk  Fpof.-^Capt.  W»  CreswdL  1  G.B.  10  be  capt 

without  purcb.  v.  Moncricm 
A4fA  <&.-^«>Capt.£.  Gregory  to  be  maj.  without 

parch.  V,  PbuUett 
CSrA  lA^.-^—Lieut.  coU  L.  Smi^,  18  foot,  to  be 

Jicut.  col.  V,  Sir  C.  Hastings 
#9M  d9. — Lieut.  F.  L.  Coore»  15  light  drag,  to  be 
capt.  by  purch.  v,  Munro,  retired 

9t4do, -Lieut.  G.  Burrocs,  6  foot,  to  be  cape. 

without  purch.  T.  Mc.  Mahon 

%7tk  Jo, C.  F.  Baldwin,  Esq.  to  be  pajrmaster 

2d  batt.  V.  FiUgeralOf  resigned 
•9M  <f«.-*B.  Lieut.  Col.  L.  Holland,  permanent 
staff  of  quart,  mast.  gen.  to  be  maj.  without 
purch.  V,  D'Urban 
08i^.— Maj.  R.  Dale,  6  G.  B.  to  be  mij.  with- 
out purch.  V.  Honvman. 
loist. — Ltcut.  G.  KilUkelly,  50  foot,  to  becapt. 
without  purch. 

«  IK  /.  R, Maj.  J.  A.  Prcvost,  7  foot,  to  he 

lieut.  col.  without  purch.  «.  Scott 
Btfal  African  Corps, — Capt.  P.  Henderson,  2^  foot 

to  be  maj.  without  purchase. 
Rojat  JF,  /.  Rangers. — Capt.  T.  Mc.  Mahon,  83 

foof,  10  be  maj. 
Bttiiites  Hi^.— Capt.  H.  de  la  Harpe,  Meuron's 
R^.  to  be  capt.  without  purch.  v.  Walker,  dis- 
mitsed 
Tr^bergs  Rrj .— Licut.  T.  Fitzgerald,  0  foot,  to  be 
capt. — Lieut.  F.  wattcvtlle,  York  L.  I.  V.  to  be 
capt.  with  tempo -ary  rank  in  army. 
11/  G.  B, — Lieut.  J.  White,  60  foot,  to  be  capt.  v, 

Cummings. 
»th  <A».^Licuta.  R.  Finch,  38  foot,  P.  Dumas,  30 
foot,  H.Powell,  47   foot,  J.Nixon,   13  light 
dragoons,  T.  Carter,  3  foot,  W.  Goidon,  93 
foot,  J.Croii,  30  foot,  J.  Prevost,  11  foot,  G. 
Owen,  10  foot,  G.  Goldie,  0  drag,  guards,  to  be 
capuins 
iM  Jo, — Lieuts.  J.  Agrcw,  34  light  dragoons,  W. 
Darm,  71  foot,  B,  WaUop,  New  Bruas.  Fenci- 
bles,  W.  Serle,  10  light  dMg.  S.  Rrid,  36  foot, 
T.  Wcmysd,  ig  foot,  E.  Broderkk,  0  toot,  to  be 
captain^ 
7M  K.  ^.— LIcuts.  P.  Campbell,  49  foot,  A.  Du- 
bourdieu,  5  foot,  A.  Mair,60  foot,  J.  Miirshali, 
50  foot,  J.  Dunlop,  45  root,  J.  Lane,  8  foot,  E. 
Keane,  ^  loot,  to  be  ctptains 
9/i  //o.— Capt.  E.  Coghlan,  06  foot,  Liruts.  W. 
Le  Gland,  61  foot,  W.  W.  Algeo,  83  foot,  A. 
Cameron,   79  foot,  N.  Browne,  35  foot,  G.  F, 
W.  Flukcr,  73  foot,  W.  Filkiagton,  83  foot,  W. 
S.  Willett,  7  foot,  to  be  captains 
9th  </<>.— Capt.  W.  Onslow,  4  drag,  to  be  major. 

Capt.  J.  Grev,  83  foot,  do 
Lieuts.  R.  Co  e,  35  foot,  R.  pale,  84  foot,  J. 
Browne,  30  foot,  W.  Y.  Jehnaon,  60  toot  J.  B. 
Irwin,  5  drag,  guards,  W.  Stevens,  43  foot,  H. 
Mc.  Laine.  64  foot,  R.  Btigle,  54  foot,  fi.  Scotc, 
6  drag,  guards,  G.  Ridge,  27  f«>ot,  lo  be  capss. 
i^Vvtf  &^wyrffci^/rr,-.-Capt.  Chisbolmc,  royals,  to 
be  capt.  V.  Wethcrali 

Decen^ber  9* 
1/f  Fdof .-rCapt.  J.  S.  Smith,  f 3  fxit,  tp  becapt.  v 
•  WoUelcv,  exoh. 

18Mio,—<:apt.^  Walker  to  be  major  without 
purch.  V  OubbijK.— Urac.  J.  Da^iis  to  be  cm*i. 
» Walker  ^  ^ 

Vol.  L     ILii.  Pan,  March,  18Q70 


38i  F«s/.— Capt.  W^E.jWolseley,  royals,  to  be 

capt.  V  Smith. 
97/4  db.^Capti  W.  Moore,  8  W.  I.  R.  to  be  capt. 

V  Aasiotti,  who  exch. 

81#/  db.«— Lieut.  P.  Dowdall  to  be  capt.  without 

purch.  V  Sullivan. 
Qlst  4^.— Major  B.  W.  Ottley,  H.  P.  37  foot,  to 

be  major,  v  Mc.  Dougal,  who  each. 
3d0^,  J,  /{.——Capt.  F.  Assiotti,  27  foot,  to  be 

capt.  V  Moore 
itt  (?..J9.— Ueut.  W.  Gorman  Johnson,  84  foot, 

to  be  capt.  ^  Creswel  1 
ad  ^0. —Capt.  A.  Salvin,  H.  P.  3a  foot,  to  be  capt. 

V  Gray,  who  exch. 

4th  d*.— Ucut.  Col.  E.  Bayncs,  H.  P.  l$'G.  B,  to 

lieut.  col.  9  Carruthers,  whose  appointment  baa 

not  taken  place. 
6ti  i».— Lieut.  J.  H.  S.  Maw,  6  fbot,  to  be  capf. 

Lieut.  W.  H.  Newton,  7  do. 
7/i  4i.— Lieut.  T.  W.  Butler,  9  foot.— Lieut.  J. 

Dickens,  15  light  do.— Lieut.  H.  Gore,  89  foot, 

to  be  captains 
%tk  ^.— Lieut.  Fancourt,  83  foot.— Lieut.  F.  Lin- 

sigen,  bC  foot,  to  be  captains 

Capt.  J.  Dickson,  34  foot  to  be  permanent  assist- 
ant quarter  master  general  wlih  tlie  rank  of  ma- 
jor, V  Holland,  promoted 

December  13. — Roj^al  Rejfiment  vf  ArttUtrj. 
Maj.  B.  Bloomficld  to  be  lieut  col. — Capt.  G.  B. 

Fisher  to  be  major,  tr  Bloomfield. — -id  Capt. 

H.  Holcombe  to  be  capt.  vt  Fisher.  -1st  Lieut. 

A.  Mercer  to  be  3d  capr.  v  Holcombe. 
December  16. 
97M  Foor.— rCapt.  M.  Cloic,  H.  P.  30  toot,  to  be 

capt.  9  Shend^in 
SstkJo, — E.  Evansontobe  ens.  without  purch.  <» 

Stack 
ASjJo, — Lieut.  J.  Ferguson  to  be  capt.  by  purch. 

«  Kepling. 
53JJ0. — Capt.  N.  Ring^cote,  50  fbot,  to  be  major 

by  purch.  v  Jameson  who  retires 
60'h «/«.— Ueut.  F.  Reynauld  to  be  capt.  without 

purch.  T  Nixon. 
69M  Jo^ — r-Licut.  S.  B.  Mlcklethwalte,  8  drag. 

guards,  to  be  capt.  by  purch.  v  Beeves,  retired. 
79M  J . Maj.  Gen.  J.  Mnmy,  84  foot,  to  be 

lieut.,  col.  V  E»lcn,  who  exchanges. 
84/*  ifo.— Lieut.  Co  .  W.  Eden,  79  foot,  to  be  lieut, 

col.  1/  Murray 
5M  ^0.— Capt.  W.  Tuyll.  7  Kght  drag,  to  be  mjg. 

by  purch.  v  O'Connell 
)Vattrviilc*t  Reg, Lieut,  G.  Haas  to  be  capt.  v 

May,  promoted. 

December  33. 
3i  Ao/.— Capt.  Hon.  J.  S.  Cocks,  4  Q.  B.  to  be 

capt.  'v  Gardner. 
loM  1/0.— Capt  C.  J.  Milnes  to  be  major  by  purch. 

V  H(fl>  promoted. — Capt.  H.  John,  H.  P.  106 
foot,  to  be  capt.  9  Aird,  who  cacbanges,  re- 
ceiving the  difference 

18/4  1/0.— -Capt.  J.  Yates,  royals,  to  be  maj.  by 

purch.  "v  Dunlop. 
34/i  <A.— Capt.  W.  Scrle,  6  G.  B.  to  be  capt.  v. 

Crigtn 
97M  di.      '  Lieut.  W.  Wainwri^  to  be  oaj«.  « 

Enright. 
39/>l  W^.v-^Lieut,  \.  PaC^n  to  be  capt.  ir  HenJer* 

ion. 
77M«6.-^apt.  Hod.  H.  l^evUIe,  4  Q«  B.  to  le 

capt.  Tf  Wioalow 


9  a 


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University  Promotions  and  Proceedings.  [I4i^ 


^-^id  Foe/.— 'Lieut.  W.  Greene  to  be  capt.  *  Grey. 

<nstJ0, Lieut.  D.  Mc.  Laren  to  be  ctpt. 

RafaJ  ir,  /.  A/njm.— xMaj.  E.  R-.  Bo^is,   H.  P. 

15  foot,  to  be  tnaior,  nf  Mc.  Mshon,  who  exch. 
At\  C.B,  Lieut.  G.  Gibbons,  M  foot,  to  be  capt.  9 

Neville— Lieut.  C.  L!  Barnard^  14  foot,  do.  v 

Coclu 
6th  th. — LieQt.  J.  Gauntlett,  8  foot/  tcrbc  capt.  v 

Serlc. 
0th  do, — Capt.  J.  Gardiner,  3  lbot|  to  be  nu^or,  t 

Onslow,  whose  appointment  has  not  taken  place 
loM  R^  B.  f^— Lieut.  Gen.  Lowther  Ptnntngton, 

H.P.  I3rfoot,.to'bccol.— B.M10.D  M'Pher. 

son*  0  R.  V.  B.  to  be  major. — Capt.  H.  McLean 

1   R.  B.  v.— Capt.  J.  Enright,  a?  ^or,  tp  be 

capuins 

December  27. 
<^W  L/.  Drag,  B.  Lieut.  Col.  H.  Davi  s  to  be  lieut 

CjLby  purch.vPaicrson,  retired.— Capt.  R.Tra- 

vers  to  be  major,  t  Davies.  ~  Lieut.  J   F.  Pa- 

terson  to  be  capt.  v  Travcrs. 
24t/t  Lij^ht  Drat;.—    Lieut.  W.  H.  Wallis  to  be 

capt  by  purch.  'v  French,  retired 
25M  d9. — Major  H  G.  Wade  to  be  lieut  col.  v 

^Carelton.— Capi.  J.  Jones  to  be  maj.  v  Wade. 
'  Lieut.  J.  Bean  to  be  cape,  v  Jones. 
H/A  Foot. — Lieut.  R  Sale  to  be  capt.  v  Grant. 
out  lib.— Capt.  A.  Warburton,  57  foot,  to  be  maj. 

by  purch.  v  Campbell,  retired 
04th  «/©.— Capi  J.  Jones  to  be  major,  v  Campbell 

Lieuts.  J.  Laing,J.  Bogle,  R.  Campbell,  to  be 

capts. 

December  30. 
1  Itk  Lt,  Dra^. — Lieut.  J.  Jenkins  to  be  capt.  by 

purch.  V  Fowler 
tith  do,^CA\>t.  F.  L.  Coore,  69  foot,  to  be  capt.  v 

Gibson,  exch. 
1st  Foot,, .  Lieut.  R.  Robinson,  30  foot,  to  be  capt. 

by  purch.  9  Yates 
34/ <ft.— Lieut.  J.  Burke,  Ncwfold  Fencibles^  to  be 

capt.  9  Ramsay 
«M</o.— Capt.  E.  Fitzgerald,  Frobcrg's  reg.  to  be 

capt.  V  Gladwin,   exch. 
IBM  Jb.— Capt.  G.  H.  Gordon,  H.  P.  loO  foot,  to 

be  capt.  9  Hill,  exch. 
zgth  do — Lieut.  T.  Landers  to  be  capt.  ▼  Dale 
4BM  <^. —Lieut.  Hon.  E.C.  Cocks,  10  light  drag. 

tb  be  capt.  by  purch.  v  J.  Campbell,  retired 
•0/i  do. — Capt.  J.  A.  Gibson,  15  light  drag,  to  be 

capt.  V  Coore 
tbth  do. — Lieut.  J.  Naish  to  be  capt.  v  D'Arccy 
boM  do, — Lieut.  T.  Browne  to  be  capt.  by  purch. 

T  Waddy 
§ido  — Capt.  Hon.  R.  French,  93  foot,  to  be  maj. 

by  porch,  v  C«chian«: 
Frobfrp  -R*^.— Capt.  C.  T.  Gladwin,  6  foot,  to  be 

cap?.  V  Fiugepdd 


LMVEIISITY 
PROC 


PROMOTIONS  AND 
:i!:EDINGS. 


Clxford. 

Jan.  3.  TheRcv.Samuel.Smiih  latcCliap- 
kiin  to  the  House  of  Commons,  has  been  ap- 
|)ointcd  Canon  of  Chriat  Churi4i,  in  the  ro<im 
<it'  the  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Bangor. 

On  Thursday,  Messrs.  D.  Huglics,'  B. A. 
Ktivvjid  Thoiwii  and  J.  B^  Davison^  of  Je- 


sus ;Cdllcgc,  were  admitted  scholars   of  that 
society 

Jan.  10.  At  the  levee  on  Wednesday  last 
the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Randolph  was  presented 
to  his  Majesty  bj^  Earl  Spencer,  upon  his  be- 
ing translated  from  the  Bbnopric  of  Oxford,  to 
Bangor,  when  the  Reverend  Prelate  did  ho- 
mage before  his  Majesty  upon  the  occasion. 

Jjin.  17.  Wednesday,  the  14th  inst  tke 
first  day  of  Lent  Term,'  the  Rev.  E.  W.  Est- 
court,,  and  E.G.  Marsh,  B.A.  of  Oriel  Col- 
lege, were  adniittcd  Masters  of  Arts. 

Messrs.  R.  Simson  of  Magdalen  Hall;  E 
Herbert  of  Jesus  College,  E.  Lloyd  and  J .  Bur- 
rows of  Brascnose  College,  were  admiaed 
Bachelors  of  Arts. 

The  King  has  been  pleased  to  order  a  Con^i 
dEiire  to  pass  the  Great  Seal,  cmpmvering  ihe 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Christ  Church  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  to  elect  a  Bishop  of  tliat 
Sec,  the  same  being  void,  by  the  translation 
of  the  Right  Rev.  Fathtfr  in  God,  John,  Male 
Bishop  thereof  to  the  See  of  Bangor;  and  his 
Majesty  has  also  lK*en  pleased,  by  his  Royal 
Sign  Alanual  to  recomniend  to  the  said  Dcia 
and  Chapter,  the  Rev.  Charles  Moss,  Doctor 
in  Divinity,  and  one  of  the  Canons  Residen- 
tiary of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  St.  l^ul,  to 
be  by  them  elected  Bishop  of  the  said  See  of 
Oxford. 

Jan.  22.  Rev.  R.  Bryan,  B.  A.  of  Otiel, 
admitted  M.A. ;  'Messrs.  I.  L  Haverficld  and 
G.D.  Eaithftill,  of  Corpus  Chrisu,  and  P. 
Steade,  of  Hertford  College,  admitted  B.A. 

Feb.  13.  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Moss  consecralfd 
Lord  Bishop  ot  tliis  diocese,  with  the  usual 
ceremonies,  in  the  cathedral  at  Christ  Church. 
^is  Lordship  not  being  able  to  attend,  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Hay,  one  of  the  canons,  otficiaied 
as  his  proxy. 

The  Rev.  H.  Richards,  D.D.  Rector  of 
Exeter  College,  and  Vice  Chancellor  of  Um 
University,  unanimously  elected  in  convoca- 
tion one  of  the  Curators  of  the  Theatre,  in 
the  room  of  the  Rev.  S.  Berdmore,  D.D. 
warden  of  Merton  College^  who  had  resigned 
tliat  office. 

The  Hon.  R.  Clements,  of  Oriel;  Messrs. 
W.  B.  Bonaker,  of  Wadham,  aiul  J.  Pea- 
son,  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  adnxitted  B.A. 

C.  Hue,  B.  M.  of  Pembroke  CoU^,  ii 
admitted  M.D. ;  Messrs.  H^  Hinxnun  and 
G.  M.  Maunsell,  of  Oriel,  and  H.  Soaroes, 
of  Wadham,  admitted  B.A. 

Feb.  5.  G.  Ormerod,  Esq.  gent  com.  of 
Brasenose,  admitted  in  convocation  to  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.A. 

Feb.  8.  Mr.  G.  Taunton,  oC  Corpi* 
Christi,  and  the  Rev.  Jl.  Morgan,  of  Christ 
Church,  ^.A^  admitted  M.A.  .  * 

Messrs.  G.  GramieandG.  Cioss,  of  Brase- 
nose; G.  Saunders,  of  Woropstcr,  and  J. 
Radclifl'e>  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  admitted  BA. 


Digitized 


byG00gl( 


1413J 


University  Promoihnt  ond  Proceedings. 


[H14 


The  Rev.  S.  Soikh,  bte  chaplain  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  is  appointed  Canon  of 
"Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  the  room  of  the 
Right  Rev.  the  Bisbopof  Bangor. 
Cambridge* 

Jan.  2.  The  Hulsean  Prize  for  the  present 
vear  has  been  adjudged  to  the  Rev.  S.  B. 
Vince,  B.A.  Fellow  of  King*8  College  for  an 
essay  on  the  following  subject ;  "  7 he  propa- 
gation of  Christianity  was  tiot  indebted  to  any 
secondary  causes."^ 

The  Rev.  H.  Bishop,  M.A.  late  of  St. 
John's  College,  has  been  presented  to  the  Vi- 
carage of  Ardleigh  inKssex,  vacated  by  the  re- 
signation of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Kelly.  Patron  the 
Lord  Chancellor. 

The  Rev.  John  Edgar,  M.A.  formerly  of 
Jesus  College,  and  one  of  the  domestic  cnap- 
lains  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  has  been  present- 
ed to  the  Rectory  of  Spexall  in  Suffolk.  Patron 
the  Lord  Chancellor. 

The  Rev.  N.  Simons,  M.A.  Chaplain  to 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  has  been  pre- 
sented by  the  Ardideacon  of  the  diocese,  to 
the  Rectory  of  St.  Margaret's  church,  in  that 
city,  vacated  by  the  resignation  of  the  Rev.  H. 
W.  Champneys. 

Jan.  9.  The  subject  of  the  Poem  for  Mr. 
Beaton's  prize  for  the  present  year,  is,  The 
Shipwreck  of  St.  PauL 

The  subjects  appointed  by  the  Vice-Chan- 
cellor  for  Sir  Wdliam  Browne's  Medals  for 
tlie  present  year,  are. 

For  the  Ode's In  Obi  turn  Gullelmi  Pitt. 

Epigrams  ..Msya  B/^iov,  Meya  Kaniv. 

The  trusted  of  the  Hulsean  prize  have 
given  notice,  that  a  premium  of  forty  jiounds 
will  this  year  be  given  for  the  best  **  Critical 
Essay  on  the  Ninth  Book  of  Bishop  IVarhur' 
ton* s  Divine  Legation  of  Moies** 

The  Rev.  Claudius  Buchanan,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  tKe  college  at  Fort  William  in  Bengal, 
having  proposed,  that  two  sermons  shall  be 
preached  .before  the  University,  on  the  subject 
of  Translating  the  Scriptures  into  the  Orien- 
tal Languages^  by  such  ujembers  of  the  Uni- 
versity as  the  University  may  appoint,  and  at 
such  times  as  may  be  convenient ;  and  having 
Requested  that  each  of  the  preachers  will  ac- 
cept the  sum  of  thirty  guineas,  to  be  jxtid  by 
Messrs.  Boehm  and'Co.  I^ndon,  on  delivery 
of  a  printed  copy  o_f  the  Sermons  for  the  Cof- 
lege  of  Fort  William  in  Bengal : — The  Vice- 
Chancellor,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  beads 
of  colleges,  has  given  notice,.that  a  Grace  will 
be  offered  to  me  Senate,  early  in  the  next 
term,  for  vesting  the  election  of.  the  said 
preachers,  and  the  appointment  of  the  days  of 
preaching,  in  the  Vice-Chanccllor,  the  Re- 
gius and  riorrisian  ProfesHorsof  Divinity,  or 
iheir  Deputies,  and  tlie  two  Proctors,  or  a 
majority  of  them,  of  whom  the  Vice-Chancel- 
)ojr  shall  be  one. 

The  llc\'.  Thomas  \|ilocs,  late  a  Fellow- 


commoner  of  Christ's  Col  lege,  has  been  insti- 
tuted to  the  valuable  liviug  of  Agnes  Burton, 
with  Harpham  annexed,  io  the  east  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  the  presentation  oC  his  father* 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Milnes,  of  Newark,  and  vacated 
by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Dade. 

Mr.  John  Browning,  of  King's  CoUegje,  was, 
Jan.  7,  admitted  a  Fellow  of  that  society. 

The  Rev.  John  Wooll,  master  of  the  school 
at  Midhurst  in  Sussex,  and  follow  of  New- 
College,  Oxford,  has  been  elected  to  t'ac  mas* 
tership  of  Rugby  school. 

The  Bishop  of  Ely  has  |>fesented  the  Rev. 
J.  Davis,  Chaplain  to  the  Government  Ciiapel 
at  Portsmouth,  to  the  living  of  King's  Lang- 
ley,  in  Hertfordshire. 

'The  Rev.  J.  Parker,  M.A.  is  installed  to 
the  Prebend  of  Riccall,  ni  tlie  Cathedral  of 
York,  vacant  by  the  death  of  xhe  Rev.  ^ohn 
Preston.  i 

The  Rev.  W.  Alkyne  Barker,  of  Swaning- 
ton,  Norfolk,  examining  Chaplain'  to  the 
late  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  Ls  elected  to  the 
Mastership  of  Woodbridge  Grammar  School.. 

Jan.  16.  The  Rev.  H.  C.  Carlcton,  B.A. 
has  been  licensed  to  the  perpetual  curacy  of 
Preston  upon  .Stour,  in  the  uiocese  of  Glou- 
cester, on  the  nommation  of  James  West, 
Es((.  void  by  tlic  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hor- 
ner. Abo  the  Rev.  H.  A.  Pye,  M.A.  has 
been  licensed  to  the  perp-hwl  curacy  of  Ci- 
rencester, void  by  the  rcaignaiion  of  the  Rev. 
W.  S.  WiUes.  ^ 

T.ic  Rev.  N,  Simons,  M.A.  Chaplain  to 
t!u»  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  has  iK'cn  prc- 
s;"ired  by  his  Grace,  to  tlu»  vicara3;e  of  Mins- 
ter in  tliclsle  ofThanct,  vaciied  by  the  death 
of  the  Rev.  F.  Dodsworth. 

Jan.  '23.  This  day  Inirt^  Ba*  '♦  ior's  com- 
mencement, 'the  following  gentlemen,  from 
the  under-mentioned  colleges  will  be  ;id- 
niittcd  to  the  degree  of  B.A. — Kings  Col- 
lege^ Mr.  Lloyd  ;  Trinity,  Mcssr-s.  Ainsl.e, 
Brooksbank,  Burgess,  Cajnp!)cll,Carr,  Cooke, 
Crabb,  Eyre,  Ferraad,  box,  CJo.xlrioh,  Green, 
Marnaiuani,  M»licr,  Morlcv,  Raaiusden, 
Raymond,  Rous,  Scton,  Sharpc,  Sliepherd, 
Siiiiler.Sinylh,  Taylor,  Townley,  Wilkin- 
son, WVay ;  St.  John's,  Messrs.  Ainger, 
Armstrong,  G.  Baker,  L.  P.  Baker,  Brooks, 
Buckland,  Cooke,  CouU)n,  Fisher,  Fol- 
jajnbe,  Gip|>s,  Haviland»  ,R.  Moore,  W^ 
.Moore,  Preiyman,  VVaddUovc^  Wilkinson, 
Williamson;  Peterhou.'ef  Medsr^.  Croft, 
lldph ;  Clare  Hall,  Messrs.  Mason,  llc^vc, 
\V'a8tell ;  Pembroke  J /a  II,  Messrs.  Hctioh- 
man,  Nealc,  Wing;  Cvu^,  .\rc^srs.  Jvlt;ar, 
Jackson,  Kedington,  Wilkina;  Trinity  Hall, 
Mr.  Nelson;  Bene* t  Colt r;rf,  Mem-.  Boys^ 
Stockdale ;  Queen's,  ^  Messrs.  Anderson, 
Chapman,  Gee,  Gray,  Pratt,  Wilson ;  Cathe- 
rine Hall,  Messrs  Macfarlan,  VeroUt  ■.  Jrsus* 
Messrs.  Athon,  Church,  Fellowes,  Gw\nnc, 
Raynes,  Willan;  ChrisCs,   Me^rs^  Brome* 

a  B  :} 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


141^1 


Vkwersihf  FrdmetUnts, 


Cl41(y 


bf«l,  Nelson,  Rowlatt,  Shaw,  Thomlmson ; 
JRmmanud,  Mr.  Smith;  Sidney,  Mesftrs. 
Bavncs,  Kehewic^k,  Pfemble. 

>?ames  of  those  genlemcn  who  obtained 
academical  honours  on  the  above  occasion  :— 
Wranglers. 


Gipps 

Carr 

Cooke 

Goodrich 

Buckland 

J.P.Baker 

Wilkinaon 
Seton 
Show 
Wrajr 
Smith 
,  Aingpr 
Cl^urch 

Armstrong 
•Smyth 
Keeve 
lielph 


'Joh. 
Trin, 

Joh. 
Trin. 

Joh. 

Joh. 


Gwynne 

Miller 

Williamson 

Gee 

Kedington 

Haviland 


Senior  Opiime^, 


Joh. 

Trin. 

Christ's 

Trin. 

Emm. 

Joh. 

Jesus* 


Raymond 

Anderson 

Ainslie 

Campbell 

Chapman 

Jackson 

Fellows 


Junior  Optimes. 


Joh. 

Trin. 

Clare 

Peierh. 


Pemble 
Wing 
Taylor 
Bromehead 


Jesus* 
Trin. 

Joh. 

Queen's 

Caius 

Joh. 

Trin. 
Queen*8 

Trin. 

Trin. 
Queen's 

Caius 

Jesus' 

Sidney 

Pemb. 

Trin. 

Christ's 


Rev.  J.  Webster  and  Mr.  R.  Reddcs  Bud- 
dicomb,  B.A.  are  elected  Felloes  of  Queen's. 

Rev.  R.  Do(ls,  M.A.  has  been  instituted 
to  the  Rectory  of  Fleet,  in  Lincolnshire,  on 
tl)e  nreseniati'on  of  his  father,  vacated  by  the 
dcain  of  Rev.  James  Ashley. 

Rev.  T.  K.  Rogers,  of  Trinity,  has  also 
Ixjen  instituted  to  the  ref!tory  of  Lackford,  in 
SufiV)lk.on  the  presentation  ofSirC'.  Keiit,Bt. 

Row  F.  Apthorp,  M.A.  Prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  is  appointed  domestic  chaplain  to 
the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Adair. 

Jan!  30.'  llev.  F.  Creswell,  B.D.  Senior 
Fellow  and  Tuior  of  Clare  Hall,  is  presented 
by  the  ^Ia5te^  ami  Fcllot^s  of  that  society  to 
the  valuable  rectory  of  Waklingficld  Magna, 
Suftolk,  vacated  by  death  of  Rev.  T.  B<n  ce. 

Rev.  John  Brooke,  M.A.  Fellow  and  Tu- 
tor of  Jesus'  College,  is  pwsenttd  bv  the  Ijnrd 
Chancellor  to  the  vicarage  of  Wfiittlc^ford, 
ill  this  county. 

Rev.  G.Gordon,  B.D.  Precentor  of  Fjtc- 
tfr,  and  formerly  of  St.  John's,  has  surceed- 
rd  to  ihe  vicarage  of  Ilori)ling,  in  Lincoln- 
»  iir«».  on  the  presentation  of  the  Lord  Bishop 
of  Lincoln. 

Feb.  t).  The  late  Dr.  Smith's  tivo  prizes 
of  j£?*i5  each,*  for  two  Comnw'ncing  Bache- 
brs  of  Arts,  the  bwi  proficients  in  mathema- 
tics and  natural  phik)scphv,  arr  this  year  ad- 
iiilqed  to  Mr.  Gipps,  of  St.  John's,  and  Mn 
J.  Carr,  of  Trinity. 

rcii.  4.  Mr.  i'.  E.  Finch,  B.A.  of  Pe- 
ne't  College,  was  elected  Fellow  of  that  so-, 
city.  Al-io  Mr.  B(odie,  of  Trimly,  look 
the  degree  of  B.A. 

Rev.  U.K.  Lonnev.  M.A.  of  ChriM'-,  has 
been  collate^  by  the  Hord  BUhop  of  Li.iCOhi 


to  the  prebcndal  9taU  of  Nassin^tan  in  that 
cathedral,  vacated  by  the  death  of  Kev.  J. 
Lodtngton* 

Feb.  11.  T.  Whittcr,  Esq.  of  Christ's, 
admitted  Doctor  of  Physic.  . 

Rev.  F.  Apthorp,  M.A.  of  Jesus',  is  in- 
stituted by  the  Bishop  of  Lincob  to  them> 
t(ny  of  Crumley  in  Leicestershire,  on  pfeaeot- 
ationof  the  Dean  and'Chapter  of  Lincoln.  . 

Rev.  J.  B.  S.nms,  of  Bury,  and  formerly 
of  Caius  College,  is  presented  to  the  rectory 
of  Honington  in  Suffolk,  vacated  by  tbe 
death  of  the  Rev.  H,  Saffery. 

The  R.  Hon.  Baroness  Abercrombv  has 
appointed  the  Rev.  P.  Leigh,  B.A.  of  Tri- 
nify,  and  Rector  of  Lymm,  in  Cheshire,  to 
be  one  of  her  I^dyship*s  domestic  cbaj^na. 

Rev.  W.  Wing,  M.A.  of  Stibbington^ 
formerly  of  St.  John's,  has  been  presented  by 
the  Duke  of  Bedford  to  the  rectory  of  Thora- 
haugh,  with  Wansford  annexed,  in  North- 
amptonshire, vac^ited  by  the  death  of  the 
Rev.  Dean  Probv. 

Bev.  Charles  tsham,  M.A,  chaplain  to  th« 
Bishop  of  Peterborough,  is  empowered  by  a 
dispensation  to  hold  the  vicarage  of  Ouik11o» 
to  which  he  has  lately  been  presented,  tofee- 
ther  with  the  rectory  of  Polebiook,  both  ia 
Northamptonsh  ire. 

Rev.  J,  Black  is  licensed  to  the  perpetual 
curacy  of  Ramsholt,  in  Suffolk,  on  the  no- 
mination of  R.  Martin,  Esq. 

Feb.  18.  Rev.  F.  J.  H.  Wollaston,  BJX 
Jacksonian  Professor,  and  formerly  Mathe- 
matical Lecturer  of  Sidney  College,  was 
elected  Master  of  that  College,  in  uie  rooni 
of  thelateDr.  Elliston. 

R.  Hon.  Marquis  of  Tavistock,  eldest  son 
of  Duke  of  Bedford,  is  admitted  of  Trinity. 

The  Rqircsentatives  in  Pariiament  for  this 
University  having  proposed,  after  the  exam- 
ple of  his  Grace  the  Chancellor,  to  give  two 
prizes  of  fifteen  guineas  each  to  two  Senior 
B.A.  and  the  like  to  two  Middle  Bachebrs* 
who  shall  oon»]iose  the  best  exercises  in  Latin 
Prose,  which  are  to  he  read  publicly  by  them 
oti  a  day  hereaflcr  to  be  api^pinted  near  the 
Commencement. — ^The  Vice-Chanccllor  has 
ap)K>intrd  the  following  subjects  for  this 
year: — For  the  Senior  Bachelors,  Vtmm 
'Mores  Mores  Cfvium,  emendet  an'  cftfTumpat 
Commerciwn  ? — ^Mkldle  Bachelors,  Utrvm 
Lfietis  prosit  Librorum,  quanta  nunc  e*U 
editorum  Copia  f 

Jiev.  F.  Wrangham, M.A.  of ^rinity,  and 
Rev.  E.  D.  Clarke,  LL.D.  of  Jesus'  are  ap- 
pointed to  preach  the  two  sermons  before  tha 
University  on  the  subject  of  Translating  the 
Scriptures  rnfa  the  Oriental  Languages^ 
agreeably  to  the  proposition  of  the  Rev.  C. 
Buchanan,  Vice-President  of  the  College  a| 
Fcrt  William,  in  Bengal,  for  which  he  re- 
el ucsts  that  each  of  the  preachers  will  accepit 
the  sum  of  thiftr  guineas., 


Digitized 


byGoOgk 


14171 


List  qf  fiankruptf. 


iUlB 


BANKRUPTS. 

Jtn.  J  7.  T.  Ridley,  of  Bow-lane»  in  the  city  of 
London,  victuailer,  dealer  and  chapman,  Att. 
Smith  and  Tilson,  Chapter-hootc,  3t.  PiMirs 
Church  yard.    • 

Jas.  Nabbs,  late  of  Newington  Butts,  in  the  county 
of'  Surrty,  linen  draper,  dealer  and  chapman, 
-/*//.  Philip  Huid,  King's-Bench  Walks,  Temple. 

Wm.  Richmond,  of  Mark-lane,  in  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, auctioneer,  dealer  and  chapman,  if//.  Page, 
Gray's-Inn-square. 

E.  Weaver,  late  of  Newark- upon  Trent,  in  the 
county  oif  Nottingham,  draper,  and  since  of  Sa- 
vannah, in  the  United  States  of  America,  mer- 
chant, dealer  and  chapman,  Att,  Blessdale, 
Alexander,  and  Holme,  New  Inn,  London. 

T.  Parker,  late  of  Kcighley,  in  the  county  of  York, 
cotton-tWMt-spimier,  dealer  and  chapman,  A/t» 
J.  Swale,  Great  Orroond-stieet,  London. 

E.  Pheasant,  now  or  late  of  Three-Crane^ourt, 
near  High-street,  in  the  borough  of  Southwark, 
hop-merchant  and  dealer,  Att.  Waikins^  Pump- 
court,  Temple. 

J.  Harris,  of  the  Old  Jewry,  in  the  city  of  London, 
watch-maker,  dealer  and  chapman.  An.  Ru- 
therford, Bartho  omew-cU>se. 

C.  Greensword,  late  of  Itchenor,  in  the  county  of 
Sussex,  and  also  of  Poplar,  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  shipbuilder,  dealer  and  chapman. 
Aft.  Mayo  and  Pearse,  Cloak-lane,  London. 

W.  Willians,  of  Lad-lane,  in  the  city  of  London, 
victualler,  dealer  and  chapman.  At/,  Adams, 
Old  Jewry. 

F.  H.  Chrisiing,  J.  C.  ClArke,  and  C.  Bowen,  of 
College-hilK  London,  merchants  and  co-part- 
ners, Att.  Blunt,  Old  Pay-Office,  Old  Broad- 
street. 

J.  Coward,  of  Ulverston,  in  the  county  of  Lancas. 
ter,  ironmonger,  dealer  and  chapman,  yiit,  S. 
Anstice,  King's  Bench  Walks,  Temple,  London. 

h  Hcyes,  of  Wigan,  in  the  county  of  Lancaster, 
linen-manufacturer,  dealer  and  chapman,  Ati. 
£l:is,  Cnrsitor-strect,  Chancery-lane,  Lortdon* 

J,  Parker,  of  Gosport,  in  tb«  county  of  Southamp- 
ton, b<iker,  g^nocer,  dealer  and  chapman,  Att. 
Yi  ilkinsiin,  Gosport. 

J.  Carbery,  of  Vine-sirect,  io  the  parish  of  St. 
James,  in  the  liberty  of  Westminster,  and 
county  of  Middlesex,  warehouseman,  dealer 
and  chapman,  j^u.  Sarel,  Berkeley-square, 
London. 

W.  Yal.  Scotnc}':  of  Oxford-Street,  in  the  county 
of  Middlesex,  linen-draper,  dealer  and  ihap- 
man,  A/t.  Few,  New  North  street.  Red  Lion- 
square. 

G.  Longhottom,  of  Holbeach,  near  Lccd<,  in  the 
county  of  York,  clothie/,  dealer  and  chapman, 
Att.  Glcadhill  and  Payne,  Tokenbouse  yard, 
Lothbury*  London. 

G,  Edmonds  of  Chancery-lane,  in  the  county  of 
Middle^x,  law-sutioncr.  dealer  and  chapman, 
yf//.  Rose  and  Munning,  Cray's  Inn-square, 

J.  Smith,  late  of  Broughtou,  in  the  county  ot  Lan- 
caster, calico-printer,  dealer  and  chapman,  Att. 
Miluc  and  Parry,  Old  Jewry,  Louden. 

JtfiT.  w.  J.  Makdm,  of  Brentford,  in  the  covnty 
of  Middlesex,  gardener,  dealer  and  chapman, 
Att.  Willoughby,  ChilbrdVInn. 

J,  WarretH  late  ot  Bishop  gate  street,  but  now  of 
ihc  Crescent,  n.i^  the  MiM9ries,  io  U^e  city  of 


London,  merchant,  ship  and  insuftncc  broker* 
dealer  and  chapmm.  X  Palmer,  Tomlinsons 
and  Thomson,  Copthall -court,  Thtogmocton- 
street. 

J.  Hanuam,  late  of  Sloane  street,  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  but  sow  a  prisoner  for  debt  in  his 
Mjyesiy's  gaol  of  Newgate,  music-seller,  j^. 
Mayhcw,  Boswd-court,  Carey-street,  Lincoln's 
Itm-fields. 

P.  Archdeacon,  of  High- street,  in  the  pariah  of  St. 
Mary-la-bonne,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex, 
scrivener.    A.  Harvey,  John-street,  Addphi. 

W.  Ramsey,  of  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  in  the  county 
of  SufToik,  cabinet-maker,  dealer  and  chapman. 
yf.  Giles,  Great  Shire-laoe,  London. 

R.  Chandler,  of  Shoreditch,  in  the  county  of  MUt^ 
dlesex,  cheesemonger,  dealer  and  chapman.  A, 
Stratton,  Shoreditch,  London. 

J.  Clark,  of  the  North  Country  Sailor,  Wapphig 
High-street,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  vi«<i 
tusSler,  dealer  and  chapman.  A.  Harvey  and 
Bryant,  Stone  Buildings,  L^icoln'f  Inn,  Loos 
don. 

J.  Townley,  ofBoston,  in  the  county  of  LIncolh, 
bookseller,  sthatiouer,  dealer  and  chapman.  A. 
Johnson  and  Gaskell,  Gm/s-lnn,  London. 

J.  Branch,  of  Manchester,  in  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, broker,  cotton-spinner,  dealer  aiKi  chap* 
man.    A.  Mihne  and  Parry,  OldJewry,  London. 

R.  Chamberlain,  of  Wisbech  Sr.  Vttet\  in  the 
Isle  of  Elv,  in  the  county  of  Cambridge,  grocer 
and  wool  merchant.  A.  Worthom  aitd  Ste- 
phenson, Castle-sueet,  Holbora,  London. 

-T.  Longbuttom,  laee  of  Holbech,  near  Leeda,  in 
county  of  York,  clothier,  deiUer  and  chapman. 
A.  Glcadhill  and  Payne,  Tokenhoose-yard,  Lotk- 
bury,  London. 

T.  Stevenson,  of  Liverpool  in  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, merchant.  A.  Greaves,  of  Pteker-ttrcfC^ 
Liverpool. 

A.  Drcwell,  late  of  the  pvish  of  Saint  Thomas  th^ 
Apostles,  in  the  county  of  Devon,  brewer,  but 
now  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet.  A.  Williams  and 
Darke,  Bedford  row,  London. 

Jan,  94.  £.  Meredith,  of  Blackmoor  8tree%  near 
Drury-lanc,  in  the  coiinry  of  Midd  esex,  linen- 
draper,  dealer  and  chapbian.  A.  Harmana 
Wine  Office-court,  Fle:^t-strcet. 

W.  ITingston,  of  Princcs-snect,  in  the  parish  of  Sr, 
Mary,  Rotherhithe,  in  the  county  of  Surrey [ 
master  •  mariner,  dealer  and  chapman.  A.  Pa) > 
mcr,  Tomlinsons,  and  Thompson,  Co[«tbaU- 
coTirt,  Thrt^moiton  strcrr. 

T.  Atkinson,  of  Brown 'a^uay,  Wappinfj,  in  the 
county  of  Mid«!lesex,  v/harfinger,  draler  an.f 
chapman.    A.  Jackson,    Fenchurch  btuldings, 
Fenchurch-strect, 
G.  Scott,  of  Upper  Thaines-street,  in  the  city  of 
London,  grocer  and  tea-dealer.    A,  Codmond, 
Bride  court.  New  Bridge  street. 
W.  Richardson,  of  New  cfoss^  in  the  county  o^ 
Surrey,  baker,  dealer  and  chapman.     A.  Ka^  11, 
Crown-sfcct,  Newngion,  Surrcv. 
W.  Powell, of  Brecon,  in  the  county  of  Brcw>n,Iin 
quor  merchant,  dealer  an<l  ch:i|Mnan.  A.  Smu\x 
and  Setree,  Great  St.  lUien^,   Bi^liop^atr- 
street. 
T.  Garner,  of  Greenwich,  in  the  county  of  Kcii», 
victualler,  dealer  a»"l   rlnipnwn.     ^i,  ^'liin-k- 
h^m,  Ui|ion-strcet,  Whited^apeL 


Digitized 


by  Google 


Sratthfield,  per  stone  of  81b.  to  sink  tht  offiJ, 


4 

8 
2 
0 


Pork.  Lamb. 

Ss.  Sd.  05.  Od, 

6     4  0    0 

6     0  0     0 

5    8  0    0 

5    8  0    0 


Beef.      Mutton.     Veal, 
Jan.  03    5^.  6d.  6s.  Orf.  6s.  6d. 

30    6    0      6    4     7 
Feb.    6    5    8      5    8     6 

13    5    0      5    4     6 

20    5    0      5    4     7 
Newgate  tnd  Leadenhall,  by  the  Carcase, 
Jan.  23    4    <^      5    0     6    0     5    8     0 

304I050646OO 
Feb.    648      4  10      60     600 

I340445858O 

20    4    4      4    4      6458     0 


Hay, 

£3   0  0  je4  18  0 


\Vhitechapel7 

Straw. 

£3    6 


St.  James*.* 

Hay.  straw. 
Jan.  23  jf 5    0  0 

30     500  2  12  0     500 

Feb.    6     4  15  0  2  17  0     4  18*0 

13      4  18  o  300     4  18  0 

20      500  330500 


-*2 

PRIC&  or  uovs. 


Bs^gs. 

.,*      Pockct!i. 

Kent  £4  10  to  £5  15 

Kent  £5-   6  to  £6  i2 

Sussex   4  10         5    5 

Sussex   4  16         5  15 

Essex     4  10         5    5 

Farn.      8    0        9    9 

PRICK    OP    LEATMKR.* 

Butts,  50  to  56Ib.  each    —    —    —    —    23</. 
Dressing  Hides  —    —    —    —    —     l^ 

Crop  Hides  for  cutting     —    —    —    —    23^ 
Flat  Ordinary  —    —    -^    —    «.     jg  4 

Calf  Skins,  30  to  4olb.  per  dozen,  per  lb.      36 
Ditto      50  to  70  —    —    ^^    —    —    39 
Tallow,*   London  average  per  stone 
of  81b.  3*.  7rf. 
Soap,  yellow,  74*.;  mottled,  865.;  curd,  90!?. 
Candles,  per  dozen,   10s.  6rf.;  moulds,  lis.  6d, , 

COALS    IN   THE    RIVER. 

Sunderland.  Newcastle. 

Jan.   26  45 t.  6d.  to   0*.  Od.    42*.  Orf.  to  525.  Od. 
Feb.    2    41  0         42    0    •  37    0        46    6 
9   41  0        42    0      37    6       46    6 
16    39  0         41     0      36    0        47    9 
Delivered  at  12?.  per  chaldron  advance. 


PRICE 

OP    BREAD. 

Peck  Loaf. 

Half  Peck. 

Quartern. 

Jan.   22 

4s.  5d. 

2i.  2Jd. 

15.  Hd. 

29 

4    5 

2    2i 

1     H 

Feb.     5 

4    3 

2     li 

1     01 

12 

4    2 

2     1 

1     Of 

19 

4    2 

2     1 

1     Oi 

Those  marked  thus  *,  are  taken  at  the  highest 
Price  of  the  market. 


LflVBOK  W,ttXl  T   AlTVRirt    OF   WIfflAT. 

Jan.   10  9671     quartcis.    Average  79i.  4^ 

17  8077       —    —    —    —  78    o^ 

24  4837— 786f 

31  7512       —    —    —    —  16    6k 

Feb.    7  6998 74    -tt 

PLOUR. 

Jan     16  12,216  sacks.    Average    74^*  0^. 

23      9,831 73      9i 

30      9.628    — 71      5f 

Feb.     6  16,023    —    —    —    —  69      5i 

13  26,227    —    —    —    —  69     Hi 

METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE, 


It 

§1 

Jan. 

91 

85 

42 

87 

22 

30 

38 

35 

23 

30 

43 

35 

24 

35 

43 

34 

2b 

29 

34 

2«J 

26 

27 

38 

40 

27 

4a 

43 

40 

28 

37 

41 

40 

29 

40 

41 

35 

30 

35 

41 

40 

31 

38 

43 

35 

Feb. 

1 

3a 

84 

20 

3 

20 

38 

35 

3 

31 

39 

35 

4 

36 

38 

30 

5 

37 

42 

35 

6 

30 

46 

35 

7 

35 

43 

37 

8 

39 

43 

45 

9 

46 

52 

44 

10 

40 

49 

40 

11 

48 

56 

50 

12 

52 

56 

48 

13 

46 

54 

40 

14 

46 

53 

45 

15 

43 

52 

49 

16 

49 

53 

40 

17 

40 

46 

39 

18 

20 

27 

25 

19 

25 

33 

32 

20 

34 

40 

40 

;5tS  ^ 

o 


28,85 

29,18 
,66 

30,20 
,42 
>48 
>52 
,50 
,32 
,02 

29,02 

,00 
,29 
,05 
,20 
,32 
,40 
,00 
,65 
,50 
,82 
,82 

30,17 
,10 
,20 
,07 

29  65 


2'^  6 
PI 


Pix 


o 
o 

12 

12 

10 
7 

12 
9 
7 

10 

10 
7 

5 

12 

O 

15 

15 

17 

0 

O 

27 

25 

23 

23 

18 

15 

0 


,01      25 

,65 
30,14 
29,96 


O 

10 
15 


Rairt 

Rain 

Fait 

Fair 

Fair 

Fair 

Fair 

Cloudy 

Cloudy 

Cloady 

Fair 

Show.ofsB 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Snow 

Fair 

Fair 

Fair 

Rain 

Rain 

Fair 

Fair 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Fair 

Fair 

Qoudy 

Cloudy 

Fair 

Fair 

Cloudy 


Amsterdam 
Ditto  at  sight 
Rotterdam,  c.  f. 
I  ramborgh 
Altona       — 
Paris  — 

Ditto  2  us. 
Bordeaux  — 
Cadiz         — 
Madrid       — 
Bilboa        — 
Ix?ghom    — 
Naples       — 
Genoa 
\'enicr, 
*  Lisbon 
Oporto 
Publin 


.c. 


COURSE  OF  EXCHANGE. 

January  23. 
36-7—2  u. 
35-10 

ll-ll— 2  u. 
34»— 24u. 
34-9 -24  u. 
24  10  hv. 
24-14 
2414 
391  effect. 
39i  effect. 
3Si 
50 
40 

45  Itv.  pic. 
5^  ditto 

V* 
61 

121 


January  30. 

February  6. 

February  13, 

36-7—2  u. 

36-7—2  u. 

36-7— a  u. 

35-10 

35-10 

35-10 

11-11-^  u. 

U-ll— 2u. 

11-11—211. 

34-8— 2i  u. 

34-&-^u. 

34  8— 2iu. 

34-9-2i  u. 

34-9-^  u. 

34-9-2iu. 

24-10  liv. 

24-10  liv. 

24-10  liv. 

24-14 

24-14 

24.14 

^.4-14 

24-14 

2414 

391  effect. 

39i  effect 

39*  effect. 

391  effect. 

39*  effect 

39*  effect. 

38* 

38* 

38* 

i2* 

49i 

49f 

40 

40 

40 

45  liv.  pic 

45  liv.  pic. 

45  liv.  pic. 

52  ditto 

52  ditto 

52  ditto 

^1* 

61* 

61* 

61 

61 

614 

12 

12 

12 

m 

12* 

12*      Digitized  b 

PRICES  OF  BULUON. 

00 


£^. 


►  o 


-ell    liK 


London  PREMiims  of  Insurance^  20th  February,  18Q7* 


7a  Bengal*  out  and  home 12  gs, 

Madras  and  China,  ^ ut  and  home  I'^gs^ 

Bengal  or  China ^ 7  gS' 

Senegamhia   lOgs. 

Madeira 6  gs.  ret.  3 

Windward  and  Leeward  Islands  . .  .6  gs,  ret.  4 

Jamaica 8  g4.  ret.  4 

SouUi  Whale-fwhery  and  back   ^0  gs. 

United  States  of  America   3  gs, 

Smvrna,  Constantin.  Mediter.  ?  ,/?  ^    ^.    ^ 
Nii,  Genoa,  Leghorn,  Naples   J^^gf.ret.  9 

Lisbon  and  Oporto 7g>.  ret.    3 

Bremen  and  Hambro* 

Baltic,  Lebaw,  and  Petersburgh 

Carron,  Leith,  Perth,  and  Aberdeen 2  gs, 

Glasgow... ; ^i  gs* 

Dubrin,Cork,Waterfbrd,and  Ncwry  \  ^i 

Belfast  and  Londonderiy    /  ^*^'- 

Limerick    4  gs,  ret.  2 

Portsmouth -'ii  g, 

Poole,  Exeter,  Oartm.  Plym.  Falm.  ...  2  gs, 

Bristol,  Chester,  and  Liverpool '^  gs» 

Yarmouth,  Lynn,  Hull  and  Newcastle    \^g, 

London,  Bristol,  and  Liverpool, 
Africa,  and  thence  to  Place  Sale  in  /    ^^ 

West-India  or  America 5    ^^*' 

Bristol  io  Dublin,  Waterford,  and  Cork,  1  f  g. 

Bristol,  Liva-pool,  Dublin,  and  Cork, 
Madeira Gg5.  ret,  3 


Windw.  and  Leeward  Isl 6gs,  ret.  4 

Jamaica ; 8  gs,  ret.  4 

United  States  of  America  3gs. 

Canada..... 6^*. 

Mediterranean    ,,.,, 18  gs.  reL  9 

Lisbon  and  Oporto J  es.  ret.3 

Poole  fSt  Dartmouih^Exeter  tst  Plymouik 

Newfoundland 8^j.  ret  4 

Dublin  to  Liverpool  and  Chester    £0#. 

Boston,  New- York,  and  Philadelphia  ...6  gc 
AV<r/biiii(i/aa(i^  Jamaica,  W.  &L.  Isl.  15  gs. 

Mediterranean  25  g*. 

Portugal 15  gj.  rcLS 

Bay  of  Honduras  to  Charles-Town,  {     ^ 

Philadelphia,  and  New-York    ...  $    *^«'- 

Efiglaud  or  Ireland  20  gs. 

Jamaica  to  Lond.  Brist.  Dubl.... )     ,  ^ 

Liverp.  f    '2  if*. 

/f  indward  and  Leeward  Islands, 
Ijondon, Bristol,  Dublin, and  ?       ,„ 

Liverpool. S      *^^"  '^^ 

Islands  to  New- York  or  Philadel]>lua,  10  gs. 
Africa  to  Windward  and  Leeward  \ 

Islands  or  America J    '^^^ 

East' Indies  to  London    15  gs. 

St.  Helena  to  Ijondon ^  gs.  ret  4 

Cajii2(/a /o  London ,.  \Q  gs.  ret.  (i 

Baltic  /oJiverp.  Cork, and  Dublin, I2gi\ 

Riga  and  Prussian  Ports  to  London    ,.M  ^^. 


Current  Prices  of  Merchandize,  20th  February,  I8O7. 


American  pot-ash,pcrcwt.;^2    4  Oto;£3  7  0 

Ditto      pearl     2  10  0  3  I(»  0 

Barilla    2    2  0  2  12  0 

Brandy,  Coniac    ....  gsd.    0  19  0  1  I  0 

Ditio  Spanish    0  17  0  0  18  0 

Camphire,  rcfiacd....Ib.    0    5  4  0  5  8 

Ditto       unreiined,cwt.  I9    0  O  21  10  0 

Cochineal,  garbled. ...  lb.     140  1  10  0 

Ditto       East-India    ..030  0  6  0 

Coffee,  line cwt.    6  10  0  7  5  0 

Diuo  ordinary    4  15  0  5  5  0 

Cocton-wool,  Surinam,  lb.    0     1  9  0  2  0 

Ditto          Jamaica    ..     0     1  4§  0  16 

Ditto         Smvrna....     0     I  3  0  16 

Ditto         East-India..     0    13  0  1  4 

Currants,  Zant   ....  cwt.    3100.  4  6  O 

D«ak,    Dantz piece     1   16  0  1  I9  O 

Ditto  Petersburgh . .  H.  22    0  0  24  0  O 

Ditto  Stockholm    ....   39    0  0  4I  0  0 

Elephants  Teeth cwt.  23    0  a  36  0  0 

ScrivelP  16    0  0  23  0  0 

Flax,      Riga ton  7^  10  0*  74  0  O 

Dino  Petersburgh  ....   70    0  0  72  0  0 

Galls,  Turkey cwt.    5    0  0-  6  6  0 

Geneva,  Hollands  ..gal.    0  I9  6  1  10 

Ditto    Bnglisb 083  0  12  0 

Gum  Arabtc,Turkey,  cwt.    6    00  IOI5O 

Ditto  Sandrach 11   10  0  13  0  0 

Ditto Tragacanth  ....   19  10  0  21  0  0 

Gum  Seneca cwt.    5  lO  0  6  10  0 

Hemp,  Riga ton  68    0  0  0  0*  0 

Ditto  Petersburgh  ....    68     0  0  000 

Indigo,  Carraoc lb.    Oil  3  0  12  9 

Ditto  East-India    ....     0  11  0  0  I4  6 

Iron,      British,  bars,  ton  18    0  0  I9  0  0 

^Ditto  Swedish    25    0  0  26  0  0 

'Ditto  Norway    24    0  0  25  O  0 

Ditto  Archangel 25    0  0  26  O  0 

Lead  in  pigs fod.  38    0  0  — 

Ditto  red ton  36    0  0  37  0  0 

Ditto  whUc                     54    0  0  55  0  0 


Logwood  chips  I3 

Madder,  Dutch  crop,  cwt.    4 
Mahogany  ft.    0 

Oak  pUnk,  Dantz.  — last  1 1 
Ditto    i^American  —    9 
Oil,    Lucca,— 25  pi.  jar  13 
Diuo  spermaovti  — ton  68 

Ditto  whale 27 

Ditto  Florence,  ^  chest    2 
Pitch,  Stockholm  —cwt.    0 

Quicksilver    lb.    0 

Raisioi,  bloorti  -cwt.    4 

Rice,     'Carolina  -J*  ■  1 

Ditto  East-India 1 

Rum,    Jamaica gal.    0 

Ditto  Leeward  1.   0 

Saltpetre,  East-India,  cwt.    2 

SheUack .    5 

Thrown-silk,  Italian,  lb.     1 

Raw-6ilk,         Ditto 0 

Ditto  China 1 

Ditto  Beag.  novi     1 

Ditto  argaazine      1 

Tar,  Stockholm ^bar.     1 

Tin  in  blocks  -cwt.    6 

Tobacco,  Maryl.  lb.    O 

Ditto    Viifiaia 0 

Whale-fins  -ton  15 

Red  port pipe  06 

Lisbon 45 

Madeira — . • ■ 70 

Sherry —butt  80 

Mountain  — 7^2 


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-pipe  84 


Vidonia  - 
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Claret hogs.  35 

Talbw,  English cwt.     3 

Ditto  Russia,  white —    2 


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END  OF  VOL.  I. 


^  PKmed  bjr  Cox,  Soo,  vid  Baylis, ;  j,  Gieit  Quent  Street,  Uncoki't  In  l^eMi. 


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